MOBILE

TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY:
SUMIT DUBEY
ROLL NO: 30
ENROLL NO: 127/05
SEMESTER : 7TH
BRANCH:
ELECTRONICS
&
COMMUNICATION
 INTRODUCTION

phone in 1915, but were afraid deployment of the technology could undermine its
monopoly According to internal memos, American Telephone &
Telegraph discussed developing a wireless on wired service in the U.S.
The first commercial mobile phone service was launched in Japan by NTT in 1978.
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation commonly known as NTT, is a
telephone company that dominates the telecommunication market in Japan.
Ranked the 40th in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the largest telecommunications
company in Asia, and the second-largest in the world in terms of revenue.
By November 2007, the total number of mobile phone subscriptions in the world
had reached 3.3 billion or half of the human population (although some users have
multiple subscriptions or inactive subscriptions), which also makes the mobile
phone the most widely spread technology and the most common electronic device
in the world.
The first mobile phone to enable internet connectivity and wireless email, the
Nokia Communicator, was released in 1996, creating a new category of multi-use
devices called smart phones. In 1999 the first mobile internet service was launched
by NTT DoCoMo in Japan under the i-Mode service. By 2007 over 798 million
people around the world accessed the internet or equivalent mobile internet
services such as WAP and i-Mode at least occasionally using a mobile phone
rather than a personal computer.
India's first cellular service launched in
Calcutta

July 31, 1995: Today West Bengal Chief Minister made India's first cellular phone

call, inaugurating Modi Telstra's MobileNet service in Calcutta. The company, a

joint venture between India's Modi Group and Australian telecom giant Telstra, is

one of the eight licensed to provide cellular services last year, two for each of

India's major cities.

J&K’s first cellular service

BSNL: Launched on Wednesday,20th aug, 2003.

When honble prime minister Atal bihari bajpayee received call from CM Mufti
Mohammad Sayeed
Manufacturers of mobile phones

Nokia is currently the world's largest manufacturer of mobile phones,

with a global device market share of approximately 40% in 2008.
Other major mobile phone manufacturers (in order of market share)
include Samsung (14%), Motorola (14%), Sony Ericsson (9%) and
LG (7%).These manufacturers account for over 80% of all mobile
phones sold and produce phones for sale in most countries.
Other manufacturers include Apple
Inc., Audiovox (now UTStarcom), Benefon, BenQ-Siemens, CECT,
High Tech Computer Corporation (HTC),Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi
Electric, NEC, Neonode, Panasonic (Matsushita Electric), Pantech
Curitel, Philips, Research In
Motion (RIM),Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, Sendo, Sierra Wireless, SK
Teletech, Sonim Technologies, T&A Alcatel, Huawei, Trium and Toshiba
There are also specialist communication systems related to (but distinct from)
mobile phones.
Mobile service provider in India

 BSNL

 AIRTEL

 AIRCEL

 TATA INDICOM

 IDEA

 RELIANCE

 SPICE

 VODAFONE
DEFINITION:

A mobile phone (also known as a wireless phone, cell phone,

or cellular telephone) is a short-range, electronic device used
for mobile voice or data communication over a network of
specialized base stations known as cell sites. In addition to the
standard voice function of a mobile phone, telephone, current
mobile phones may support many additional services, and 
accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet
switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared,
camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and
receiving photos andvideo. Most current mobile phones connect to
a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn
interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)
(the exception is satellite phones).
TRANSMISSION PROCESSES
1)GSM
2)CDMA
GSM TRANSMISSION PROCESS

The following figure summarizes the GSM transmission process. The

details of transmission from an MS are described later in this section.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERSION

One of the primary functions of an MS is to convert the analog speech

information into digital form for transmission using a digital signal. The
analog to digital (A/D) conversion process outputs a collection of bits:
binary ones and zeros which represent the speech input.

A/D CONVERSION

The A/D conversion is performed by using a process called Pulse Code

Modulation (PCM). PCM involves three main steps:

 Sampling

 Quantization

 Coding
SAMPLING

Sampling involves measuring the analog signal at specific time intervals.

Analog signal sampling

The accuracy of describing the analog signal in digital terms depends on

how often the analog signal is sampled, among other things. This is
expressed as the sampling frequency. The sampling theory states that:

To reproduce an analog signal without distortion, the signal must be

sampled with at least twice the frequency of the highest frequency
component in the analog signal

Normal speech mainly contains frequency components lower than 3400

Hz. Higher components have low energy and may be omitted without
affecting the speech quality much. Applying the sampling theory to
analog speech signals, the sampling frequency, should be at least 2 x
3.4 kHz = 6.8 kHz. Telecommunication systems use a sampling
frequency of 8 kHz, which is acceptable based on the sampling theory.
QUANTIZATION

The next step is to give each sample a value. For this reason, the
amplitude of the signal at the time of sampling is measured and
approximated to one of a finite set of values. The figure below shows
the principle of quantization applied to an analog signal. It can be seen
that a slight error is introduced in this process when the signal is
quantized or approximated. The degree of accuracy depends on the
number of quantization levels used. Within common telephony, 256
levels are used while in GSM 8,192 levels are used.

CODING

Coding involves converting the quantized values into binary. Every

value is represented by a binary code of 13 bits (213= 8192). For
example, a quantized value of 2,157 would have a bit pattern of
0100001101101:

Coding of quantized value 2157

Summary of A/D Conversion

The result from the process of A/D conversion is 8,000 samples per
second of 13 bits each. This is a bit rate of 104 kbits/s. When it is
considered that 8 subscribers use one radio channel, the overall
bit rate would be 8 x 104 kbits/s = 832 kbits/s. Recalling the general
rule of 1 bit per Hertz, this bit rate would not fit into the 200 kHz
available for all 8 subscribers. The bit rate must be reduced somehow -
this is achieved using segmentation and speech coding.

SEGMENTATION

The key to reducing the bit rate is to send information about the speech
instead of the speech itself. This can be explained with the following
analogy:

Person A wishes to listen to a certain piece of music and they know that
person B has it on record. A rings B asking for the use of the record for
some time. Unfortunately, the record is scratched and cannot be used.
Instead, B sends A parameters of how the music is built up - the sheets
of music - together with information about how fast it should be played
- the frequency - and A reproduces the music.

In GSM, the speech coding process analyses speech samples and

outputs parameters of what the speech consists of: the tone, length of
tone, pitch, etc. This is then transmitted through the network to
another MS which generates the speech based on these parameters.

The process of segmentation and speech coding is explained in more

detail as follows:

The human speech process starts in the vocal chords or speech organs,
where a tone is generated. The mouth, tongue, teeth, etc. act as a
filter, changing the nature of this tone. The aim of speech coding in
GSM is to send only information about the original tone itself and about
the filter.

Segmentation: Given that the speech organs are relatively slow in

adapting to changes, the filter parameters representing the speech
organs are approximately constant during 20 ms. For this reason, when
coding speech in GSM, a block of 20 ms is coded into one set of bits. In
effect, it is similar to sampling speech at a rate of 50 times per second
instead of the 8,000 used by A/D conversion.

SPEECH CODING

Instead of using 13 bits per sample as in A/D conversion, GSM speech

coding uses 260 bits. This calculates as 50 x 260 = 13 kbits/s. This
provides a speech quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and
comparable with wire line PSTN phones.

Many types of speech coders are available. Some offer better speech
quality, at the expense of a higher bit rate (waveform coders). Others
use lower bit rates, at the expense of lower speech quality (vocoders).
The hybrid coder which GSM uses provides good speech quality with a
relatively low bit rate, at the expense of speech coder complexity.
Summary of Segmentation and Speech Coding

The GSM speech coder produces a bit rate of 13 kbits/s per subscriber.
When it is considered that 8 subscribers use one radio channel, the
overall bit rate would be 8 x 13 kbits/s =104 kbits/s. This compares
favourably with the 832 kbits/s from A/D conversion.

CHANNEL CODING

Channel coding in GSM uses the 260 bits from speech coding as an
input and outputs 456 encoded bits. The 260 bits are split according to
their relative importance:

Block 1: 50 very important bits

Block 2: 132 important bits and

Block 3: 78 not so important bits

The first block of 50 bits is sent through a block coder, which adds three
parity bits to result in 53 bits. It is these three bits which are used to
detect errors in a received message.

These 53 bits, the 132 bits in the second block and 4 tail bits (total =
189) are sent to a 1:2 convolutional coder which outputs 378 bits. The
bits added by the convolutional coder enable the correction of errors
when the message is received.

The remaining bits of block 3 are not protected.

 Channel coding

INTERLEAVING

First level of interleaving

The channel coder provides 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech. These
are interleaved, forming eight blocks of 57 bits each, as shown in the
figure below.

Interleaving of 20 ms of encoded speech

As can be seen in Figure , in any one burst, there is space for two of
these blocks. (The remaining bits are explained later in this book.) Thus,
if one burst transmission is lost, there is a 25% BER for the entire 20 ms
of speech (2/8 = 25%).

Normal burst

Second level of interleaving

If only one level of interleaving is used, a loss of this burst results in a

total loss of 25%. This is too much for the channel decoder to correct. A
second level of interleaving can be introduced to further reduce the
possible BER to 12.5%.

Instead of sending two blocks of 57 bits from the same 20 ms of speech

within one burst, a block from one 20 ms and a block from another 20
ms are sent together. This causes a delay in the system, because the MS
must wait for the next 20 ms of speech. However, the system can now
afford to loose a whole burst because the loss only affects 12.5% of the
bits from each speech frame. This rate can be corrected by a channel
decoder.

Speech frame CIPHERING/ENCRYPTION

The purpose of ciphering is to encode the burst so that it cannot be
interpreted by any device other than the intended receiver. The
ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm. It does not add
bits to the burst, meaning that the input and output to the ciphering
process is the same as the input: 456 bits per 20 ms.

BURST FORMATING

As previously explained, every transmission from an MS/BTS must

include some extra information such as the training sequence. The
process of burst formatting is to add these bits (along with some others
such as tail bits) to the basic speech/data being sent. This increases the
overall bit rate, but is necessary to counteract problems encountered
on the radio path. In GSM, the input to burst formatting is the 456 bits
received from ciphering. Burst formatting adds a total of 136 bits per
block of 20 ms, bringing the overall total to 592.

However, each time slot on a TDMA frame is 0.577 ms long. This

provides enough time for 156.25 bits to be transmitted (each bit takes
3.7 ms), but a burst only contains 148 bits. The rest of the space, 8.25
bit times, is empty and is called the Guard Period (GP). This time is used
to enable the MS/BTS “ramp up” and “ramp down”. To ramp up means
to get power from the battery/power supply for transmission. Ramping
down is performed after each transmission to ensure that the MS is not
using battery power during time slots allocated to other MSs.

The output of burst formatting is a burst of 156.25 bits or 625 bits per
20 ms. However, in order to regulate the modulator, some dummy bits
are used on either side of the burst. This brings the total to 676 bits per
20 ms of speech. When it is considered that there are 8 subscriber per
TDMA frame, the overall bit rate for GSM can be calculated to be 270.4
kbits/s.

MODULATION & TRANSMISSION

The 676 bits per 20 ms of speech must then be sent over the air using a
carrier frequency. As previously explained, GSM uses the GMSK
modulation technique. The bits are modulated onto a carrier frequency
(e.g. 912.2 MHz) and transmitted.

2)CDMA( CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACESS)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by

various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with
themobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often
referred to as simply "CDMA"), that use CDMA as their underlying channel access
methods.

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several
transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication
channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of frequencies. This
concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a
special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow
multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time
division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division
multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.
CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signaling, since the modulated coded signal
has a much higher bandwidth than the data being communicated.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people

wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns
speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak
in different directions (spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different
languages. People speaking the same language can understand each other, but not
other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared
code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a
particular code can understand each other.

CDMA has been used in many communications and navigation systems, including
the Global Positioning System and the OmniTRACS satellite system for
transportation logistics.

PACKET SWITCHING

Packet switching is a network communications method that splits data traffic

(digital representations of text, sound, or video data) into chunks, called packets,
that are then routed over a shared network. To accomplish this, the original
message/data is segmented into several smaller packets. Each packet is then
labeled with its destination and the number of the packet. This precludes the need
for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination. Each packet is
dispatched and may go via different routes. At the destination, the original
message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet number and
other statistically determined factors. In each network node, packets are queued or
buffered, resulting in variable delay. This contrasts with the other principal
paradigm, circuit switching, which sets up a specific circuit with a limited number
of constant bit rate and constant delay connections between no des for exclusive
use during the communication session.
Features
Mobile phones often have features beyond sending text messages and making
voice calls, including Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, memo
recording, personal organiser functions, e-mail, instant messaging, built-in
cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio, Push-to-
Talk (PTT), infrared and Bluetooth connectivity, call registers, ability to watch
streaming video or download video for later viewing, video calling and serve
as a wireless modem for a PC, and soon will also serve as a console of sorts to
online games and other high quality games. The total value of mobile data
services exceeds the value of paid services on the Internet, and was worth 31
billion dollars in 2006 (source Informa).The largest categories of mobile
services are music, picture downloads, videogaming, adult entertainment,
gambling, video/TV.
Nokia and the University of Cambridge are showing off a bendable cell phone
called Morph 

Applications

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text
messaging, with 74% of all mobile phone users as active users (over 2.4 billion out
of 3.3 billion total subscribers at the end of 2007). SMS text messaging was worth
over 100 billion dollars in annual revenues in 2007 and the worldwide average of
messaging use is 2.6 SMS sent per day per person across the whole mobile phone
subscriber base. (source Informa 2007). The first SMS text message was sent from
a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person
SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
MEDIA
The mobile phone is often called the Fourth Screen (if counting cinema, TV and
PC screens as the first three) or Third Screen (counting only TV and PC screens).
It is also called the Seventh of the Mass Media (with Print, Recordings, Cinema,
Radio, TV and Internet the first six). Most early content for mobile tended to be
copies of legacy media, such as the banner advertisement or the TV news highlight
video clip. Recently unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringing
tones and ringback tones in music to "mobisodes," video content that has been
produced exclusively for mobile phones.

Law enforcement
Law enforcement have used mobile phone evidence in a number of different
ways. In the EU the "communications of every mobile telephone user are
recorded".In other countries, evidence about the physical location of an
individual at a given time has been introduced by triangulating the individual's
cellphone between several cellphone towers. This triangulation technique can
be used to show that an individual's cellphone was at a certain location at a
certain time. The concerns over terrorism and terrorist use of technology
prompted an inquiry by theBritish House of Commons Home Affairs Select
Committee into the use of evidence from mobile phone devices, prompting
leading mobile telephone forensic specialists to identify forensic techniques
available in this area. NIST have published guidelines and procedures for the
preservation, acquisition, examination, analysis, and reporting of digital
information present on mobile phones can be found under the NIST
Publication SP800-101.

Tariff models
When cellular telecoms services were launched, phones and calls were very
expensive and early mobile operators (carriers) decided to charge for all air
time consumed by the mobile phone user. This resulted in the concept of
charging callers for outbound calls and also for receiving calls. As mobile
phone call charges diminished and phone adoption rates skyrocketed, more
modern operators decided not to charge for incoming calls. Thus some markets
have "Recereceiving calls is free. An exception to this is international roaming
tariffs, by which receiving calls are normally also chargediving Party Pays"
 models (also known as "Mobile Party Pays"), in which both outbound and
received calls are charged, and other markets have "Calling Party Pays"
models, by which only making calls produces costs, and

Impacts

Human health and behavior

Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns (both scientific and public)
have been raised about the potential health impacts from regular use. But by
2008, American mobile phones transmitted and received more text messages
than phone calls. Numerous studies have reported no significant relationship
between mobile phone use and health, but the effect of mobile phone usage on
health continues to be an area of public concern.
For example, at the request of some of their customers, Verizon created usage
controls that meter service and can switch phones off, so that children could
get some sleep. There have also been attempts to limit use by persons
operating moving trains or automobiles, coaches when writing to potential
players on their teams, and movie theater audiences. By one measure, nearly
40% of automobile drivers aged 16 to 30 years old text while driving, and by
another, 40% of teenagers said they could text blindfolded.
 Mobile Phone Dermatitis
According to Reuters, The British Association of Dermatologists are warning
of a rash occurring on people’s ears or cheeks caused by an allergic reaction
from the nickel surface commonly found on mobile devices’ exteriors. There is
also a theory it could even occur on the fingers if someone spends a lot of
time text messaging on metal menu buttons. Earlier this year Lionel
Bercovitch of Brown University in Providence,Rhode Island and colleagues
tested 22 popular handsets from eight different manufacturers and
found nickel in 10 of the devices.

Safety concerns
As of 2007, several airlines are experimenting with base station and antenna
systems installed to the aeroplane, allowing low power, short-range connection
of any phones aboard to remain connected to the aircraft's base station. Thus,
they would not attempt connection to the ground base stations as during take
off and landing. Simultaneously, airlines may offer phone services to their
travelling passengers either as full voice and data services, or initially only as
SMS text messaging and similar services. The Australian airline Qantas is the
first airline to run a test aeroplane in this configuration in the autumn of
2007.Emirates has announced plans to allow limited mobile phone usage on
some flights. However, in the past, commercial airlines have prevented the use
of cell phones and laptops, due to the assertion that the frequencies emitted
from these devices may disturb the radio waves contact of the airplane.

Etiquette
Most schools in the United States and Europe have prohibited mobile phones in the
classroom, or in school due to the large number of class disruptions that result from
their use, and the potential for cheating via text messaging. In the UK, possession
of a mobile phone in an examination can result in immediate disqualification from
that subject or from all that student's subjects. Cell phones can also be used for
bullying and threats to other students, or displaying inappropriate material in
school.
Use by drivers

This driver is using two phones at once

The use of mobile phones by people who are driving has become increasingly
common, either as part of their job, as in the case of delivery drivers who are
calling a client, or by commuters who are chatting with a friend. While many
drivers have embraced the convenience of using their cellphone while driving,
some jurisdictions have made the practice against the law

Environmental impacts

Cellular antenna disguised to look like a tree

Like all high structures, cellular antenna masts pose a hazard to low flying aircraft.
Towers over a certain height or towers that are close to airports or heliports are
normally required to have warning lights. There have been reports that warning
lights on cellular masts, TV-towers and other high structures can attract and
confuse birds. US authorities estimate that millions of birds are killed near
communication towers in the country each year.
Some cellular antenna towers have been camouflaged to make them less obvious
on the horizon, and make them look more like a tree.

Our First Future Step – 3110 Evolve

Materials:
•Use of plant based plastics
•Minimization of brominated,
chlorinated compounds and
antimony trioxide
•No PVC or phthalates
Charging:
•Ultra low no load charger,
no load value < 50 mW
•Otherwise the charger
meets US EPA Energy Star
and the EU Code of
Conduct for External Power
Supplies requirements
Small packaging made 60 % recycled material and designed for easy
recycling
“Unplug charger” –reminder to advice consumers
Our first set of environmental software / services
Future Trends

1. Materials and Energy efficiency

Materials made from renewable or recycled; positive

CO2 impact and less dependency on oil
New technologies enabling better integration to save
materials and related life cycle impacts
Energy efficient solutions prolong device usage time and
thus improve user experience
New energy sources (batteries)

2. Engaging consumer
Help consumers to utilize mobile technology to use resources more
efficiently
Better eco-information will raise awareness
Advising consumers to recycle obsolete products

3. How to maximise theuse of mobile technology

Where and how mobile technology can be used efficiently to save

materials and energy, e.g:
•Can we reduce unnecessary resource usage?
•Can we have better control and measuring systems?

4. Regulatory Framework

Enable innovations – do not stick to current technologies

Support proactive companies (IPP type of approaches)
Utilize risk based approaches (like in REACH)
SUMMARY
Mobile phone is an electronic device used for data transmission.

Launched in 1978 by NTT.

In India launched in 1995

In J&K , launched in 2003.

Transmission is done either by GSM or CDMA.

Switching in mobile phones is packet switching.

In future phones will be based on plant based plastics, no load chargers

etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.airtelindia.com

 www.ericsson.com

 Active Library Explorer (ALEX)

 Ericsson system manuals

 www.gsmworld.com

 www.google.com

 Nokia system manuals