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Management
Information Systems

Business Intelligence
Database and Information Management

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LOGO Database definition

•A collection of information organized in such a way that a 

computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data.
You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.

•Traditional databases are organized by fields, records,

and files.

•A field is a single piece of information; a record is one

complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records.

•For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It

contains a list of records, each of which consists of three
fields: name, address, and telephone number.

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File Organization
Concepts
• A computer system organizes data in a
hierarchy that starts with bits & Bytes &
progresses to fields, records, files &
databases.
• A bit represents the smallest unit of
data a computer can handle.
• 8 bits = 1 byte represents a single
character, which can be a letter,
number or a another symbol.

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File Organization Concepts
Database (Eg.
Student Database)

• A record describes an entity.

File (eg.Course file,
Financial File, • An entity is a person, place,
Personal File)
thing or event on which we
Record store & maintain information.
• Each characteristic or quality
Field ( IS 101 – describing a particular entity is
Course Field)
called as an attribute.
Byte ( 0100 1001) • Eg. Student_id, Date, Grade
are attributes of the entity
Bit ( 0 ) ‘COURSE’
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File Organization
Terms and Concepts
• Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)

• Byte: Group of bits that represents a

single character
• Field: Group of words or a complete
number
• Record: Group of related fields

• File: Group of records of same type

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File Organization Terms and
Concepts
• Database: Group of related files

• Entity: Person, place, thing, event

about which information is maintained

• Attribute: Description of a particular

entity

• Key field: Identifier field used to

retrieve, update, sort a record

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The Data Hierarchy

Figure 7-1

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Entities and Attributes

Figure 7-2
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LOGO Traditional Database approach

In most organizations, the traditional approach to information

processing meant that databases and other systems tended to
grow independently without a company-wide plan.

Problems resulting from the traditional file environment include:

•Data redundancy – presence of duplicate data in multiple
data files – wastes resources- leads to data inconsistency.
•Program-data dependency: Changes in programs
requiring changes to the data
•Lack of flexibility – cannot deliver ad-hoc reports/
unanticipated information in a timely fashion.
•Poor security - no access control features.
•Lack of data sharing & availability

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LOGO Traditional Database approach

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LOGO Database Management System

A database management system (DBMS) is software that:

•Permits an organization to centralize data, manage them

efficiently & provide access to the stored data by application
programs.
•Acts as an interface between application programs and the
data files
•Separates the logical view of the database (how the data is
perceived by end users) and the physical view (how the data
is actually organized on storage media). It also allows
different logical views for different users.
•Helps to reduce data redundancy and eliminate data
inconsistency by allowing a central, shared data source
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LOGO Database Management System

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performance and decision-making

Businesses use their databases to:

•Keep track of basic transactions

•Provide information that will help the company run the

business more efficiently

•Help managers and employees make better decisions

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Components of DBMS:

• Data definition language: Specifies

content and structure of database and
defines each data element

• Data manipulation language: Used to

process data in a database

• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of

data elements and data characteristics

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Types of Databases:

• Relational DBMS

• Hierarchical and network DBMS

• Object-oriented databases

• Hybrid

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LOGO Database Structure

Different database models are used by contemporary DBMS

to keep track of entities, attributes & relationships.
The most popular type of DBMS today for PC’s as well as for
larger computers & mainframes is the relational DBMS.

•Relational DBMS is a type of logical database model that

treats data as if they were stored in 2-dimensional tables.
•It can relate data stored in one table to data stored in another
as long as the two tables share a common data element.

•3 basic operations in a RDBMS : select, join & project.

•SQL- Structured Query Language is the standard data

manipulation language for RDBMS.
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The Relational Data Model

Figure 7-6
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Three Basic Operations in a
Relational Database:

• Select: Creates subset of rows that

meet specific criteria

• Join: Combines relational tables to

provide users with information

• Project: Enables users to create new

tables containing only relevant
information
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The Three Basic Operations of
a Relational DBMS

Figure 7-7
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LOGO Database Structure

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• Network DBMS: Depicts data logically as

many-to-many relationships

• Object-oriented DBMS: Stores data and

procedures as objects that can be
retrieved and shared automatically

• Object-relational DBMS: Provides

capabilities of both object-oriented and
relational DBMS
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Hierarchical and
Network DBMS

• Hierarchical DBMS:
• Organizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-child relationships
• Prevalent in large legacy systems
Disadvantages:
• Outdated
• Less flexible compared to RDBMS
• Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like
queries

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LOGO Database tools in organizations

Data warehouse: a database that stores current and

historical data from core operational transactional systems
for use in management analysis, cannot be altered.

Data mart: A subset of a data warehouse in which a

summarized or highly focused portion of the organization's
data is placed in a separate database for a specific
population of users.

Business intelligence (BI) tools: Data analysis tools used

for consolidating, analyzing, and accessing vast stores of
data to help in decision making, such as software for
database query and reporting, tools for multidimensional data
analysis (online analytical processing), and data mining.
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LOGO Database Warehouse Components

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LOGO Business Intelligence

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LOGO Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) supports

multidimensional data analysis, enabling users to view the
same data in different ways using multiple dimensions,.

example: How many dishwashers were sold in the East in

June.
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LOGO OLAP Characteristics

•A category of software tools that provides analysis

of data stored in a database.

•OLAP tools enable users to analyze different dimensions of

multidimensional data. For example, it provides time series
and trend analysis views.

•OLAP often is used in data mining.

•The chief component of OLAP is the OLAP server, which

sits between a client and a database management systems
(DBMS).

•The OLAP server understands how data is organized in the

database and has special functions for analyzing the data.
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LOGO Data Mining

Data mining finds hidden patterns and relationships and

infers rules from these to predict future behavior.

The types of information obtainable from data mining include

•Associations
•Sequences
•Classifications
•Clustering
•Forecasting

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LOGO Databases and the Web

Databases can be linked to the Web by using middleware

software products, allowing users or clients to access
corporate data through a Web browser interface.

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LOGO Managing Data Resources

An information policy specifies the organization's rules for

sharing, disseminating, acquiring, standardizing, classifying,
and inventorying information.

Data administration is responsible for the specific policies

and procedures through which data can be managed as an
organizational resource.

Data governance deals with the policies and processes for

managing the availability, usability, integrity, and security of
the data employed in an enterprise, with special emphasis on
promoting privacy, security, data quality, and compliance
with government regulations.

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Management Opportunities:

• Business firms have exceptional

opportunities to exploit modern
relational database technologies to
improve decision making, and to
increase the efficiency of their
business processes.

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