 Conventional AM (DSBFC)

 Carrier power constitutes two-thirds or more of the

total transmitted power.
 Utilizes twice as much bandwidth as needed with
single sideband systems
 Single Sideband Systems
- mathematically recognized and understood
as early as 1914
- first patent completed and a successful
communications link established between
England and US in 1923
 AM Single-Sideband Full Carrier (SSBFC)
- form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier is transmitted at full power, but only one
of the sidebands is transmitted.

Full-Carrier Single
SSBFC Waveform
Sideband
 AM Single-Sideband Suppressed
Carrier(SSSC)
- a form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier is totally suppressed and one of the
sidebands removed.

Suppressed-Carrier Single SSBSC Waveform

Sideband
 AM Single-Sideband Reduced Carrier(SSBRC)
- a form of amplitude modulation in which one
sideband is totally removed and the carrier voltage
is reduced to approximately 10% of its
unmodulated amplitude
- Single-Sideband Reinserted Carrier
Pilot carrier

- Exalted Carrier
Reduced-Carrier Single Sideband
 AM Independent Sideband (ISB)
- a form of amplitude modulation in which a
single carrier frequency is independently
modulated by two different modulating signals
- a form of double-sideband transmission in
which the transmitter consists of two independent
single-sideband suppressed carrier modulators
Independent Sideband

ISB Waveform
 AM Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
- a form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier and one complete sideband are
transmitted, but only part of the second sideband
is transmitted.

Vestigial Sideband
 Comparison of Single-Sideband Transmission
to Conventional AM
Peak Envelope Power (PEP)
- the rms power developed at the
crest of the modulation envelope
 Advantages:
 Power Conservation
 Bandwidth Conservation
 Selective Fading
 Noise Reduction
 Disadvantages:
 Complex Receivers
 Tuning Difficulties
Conventional AM vs
Single Sideband
 Example:
For a 500W carrier modulated to a depth
of 80%, find the total power in each of the
following forms of AM: (a) A3E (b) J3E (c)
H3E (d) DSB.
 Recall:
Forms of Amplitude Modulation
A3E – Double Sideband Full Carrier
H3E – Single Sideband Full Carrier
B8E – Independent Sideband
J3E – Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier
R3E – Single Sideband Reduced Carrier
C3F – Vestigial Sideband
 Mathematical Analysis of Suppressed-Carrier
AM

Carrier AM Modulator Vam(t)

Modulating Signal

Vam(t) = [ 1 + m sin (2fmt)] [ Ec sin (2fct)]

Constant + modulating signal Unmodulated carrier

Vam(t) = [ m sin (2fmt ) ] [ Ec sin (2fct) ]

Vam(t) = -mEc/2 cos [2(fc+fm)t] + mEc/2 cos [ 2(fc-fm)t]

Upper sideband frequency Lower sideband frequency

component component
Single-Sideband Generation
- most SSB system has either suppressed
carrier or reduced carrier
Notch Filters – remove carrier from the modulated
wave or reduce its amplitude
- do not have sufficient Q-factor to
remove the carrier without also removing a
portion of the sideband
 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier
Modulators
- modulator circuits that inherently
remove the carrier during the modulation process
- Balanced Modulator
 Balanced Ring Modulator
- Balanced Lattice Modulator
- Balanced Modulator
- made up of diodes and transformers
Semiconductor Diodes – ideally suited for use in
balanced modulator circuits because they are
stable, requires no external power source, have
long life and require virtually no maintenance
 Balanced Ring Modulator

2 Inputs: single carrier frequency and modulating signal

 Circuit Operation
D1 to D4 – electronic switches that control
whether the modulating signal is passed from the
input transformer to output transformer as is or
with a 180 phase shift
 Carrier Polarity: D1 and D2 – FB
D3 and D4 – RB
* The modulating signal is transferred across the
closed switches from T1 to T2 without phase
reversal.
 Carrier Polarity Reverses: D1 and D2 – RB
D3 and D4 – FB
* Modulating signal undergoes a 180 phase
reversal before reaching T2
 Carrier current flows from its source to the center taps of
T1 and t2 where it splits and goes in opposite directions
through the upper and lower halves of the transformers.
 Thus, their magnetic field cancel on the secondary

windings of the transformers and the carrier is suppressed.

Carrier Leak – the small carrier component always present
in the output signal
- 40 dB- 60dB is the amount of carrier suppression
Modulating signal

Carrier Signal

Output Waveform Before Filtering

Output Waveform After Filtering

 Output: Consists of a series of RF pulses whose
repetition rate is determined by the RF carrier
switching frequency.
: The amplitude is controlled by the level of the
modulating signal.
: It takes the shape of the modulating signal,
except with the alternating positive and negative
polarities that correspond to the polarity of the
carrier signal.
 Example:
For a Balanced Ring Modulator, a carrier
input frequency fc= 400kHz and a modulating
signal frequency range fm= 0 kHz to 4 kHz;
determine (a) output frequency spectrum
(b) output frequency for a single-
frequency input fm= 2.8 kHz
 FET Push-Pull Balanced Modulator
FET – a non-linear device that exhibits square-
law properties and produce only second-order
cross-product frequencies
FET Modulator – product modulator and
produces only the sidebands at its output and
suppresses the carrier
FET Push-Pull Balanced Modulator
 Circuit Operation
 Carrier is fed into the circuit in such a way that it is
applied simultaneously and in phase to the gates of
both FET amplifier (QA and QB).
 Carrier produces currents in both the top and bottom
halves of the output transformer T3 that are equal in
magnitude but 180 out of phase.
 Therefore, they cancel and no carrier component
appears in the output waveform.
 Circuit Operation
 Modulating signal is applied to the circuit in such a
way that it is applied simultaneously to the gate of the
two FETs 180 out of phase.
 Modulating signal causes an increase in the drain
current in one FET and a decrease in the drain current
in the other FET.
 In-phase sum of dc and carrier currents

Itb Ita

Idb Iqb Iqa Ida

 Out-of-Phase sum of dc and carrier currents

Iqb Iqa

Idb Ida
Itb Ita
 Sum of dc, carrier, and modulating signal
current
Idb Iqb Iqa Ida

Imb Ima
Itb
Ita
 Balanced Bridge Modulator
- operation is completely dependent on the
switching action of the diodes D1 through D4
under the influence of the carrier and modulating
signal voltages
- carrier voltage controls the on and off
conditions of the diodes
 Balanced Bridge Modulator

How does the carrier signal being suppressed?

 Operation:

Diode biased off Diode biased on

 Output Waveform
 Linear Integrated-Circuit Balanced Modulators
- available up to 100MHz
- LM 1496/1596
- can provide carrier suppression of 50dB at 100MHz
- 65 dB at 500 kHz
- a double-balanced modulator/demodulator that
produces an output signal that is proportional to the
product of its input signals.
Differential Amplifier
AM DSBSC modulator using the LM1496/1596 LIC
 Assignment:
Research on the methods on how single-sideband
is being generated.