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icdVe gge R^ _~ ic _Kee iia fl (45%)e _j[f gl lZe ic^u
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fb Ke[f 1930 \gK i Ehe cjkc^u jA[a Gj icRa\ _dM ^R _Kee Gj
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KhK I gcK gY fMZe fXA Kea ijZ @^K ica\ aaie aW aW Rc\ec^ iVKe
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ja ij Ze _[c KMi @^Z jA[f Gj Zk GKV Kc Kea KV^ jA~A[f
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^Zc^ ejf Cbd _U ce cL aPeK _ae Ehe @[K, icRK Ga eR^ZK iZ @Z
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cy 1917e a_a Kdc ejf Gj Wc Ze i K~Kk _P ah
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New Democracy
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iMc GKZ 28
R^ ae] VK I
@CUiei aai
\g a\g _e [e @c \ge ieKe iae c Ze _ba _WQ
1991 cije agau I @RZd c\_Ye ieKe ^Re @agKZ _eY _A ~CV
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aje a Keja Gj \e ic^ K^c^u I @U ah ah ]e ^dcZ ba ieKe Kc Ke[f
ieKeK @Z ge c^AQ ^~q \a I Kce c ic^u ^~qK ^dcZ Ke~C^ ~e `ke
aje Keae ]^Z \aK PjQ ic^ ieKe KcPeu bk \ec, cjw b,
C\eKeY ^Z @MZ \ge agaue _^i^ @\ ia] i~Me aPZ eja ijZ
Z[K[Z XMZ ic~R^ (Stractural Adjustment) PKee @^ZZ ce Kc KeaK a jCQ
K~KcK fM KeaK ~A K I ab^ eR Za ieKeu \e ^~q VK a Pq bK
ieKec^ LyKU ^e ^~q iKP^ ^Z MjY KcPeu Ve a @je ghY I _a^e gKe
Kea `ke MZ \A \g ce ab^ ieKe @U @CU iei KcPec^ Gc^ ~\I
abMe _ae [a @^K _\aK Cz\ Ke~A @A^MZ ba VK KcPe @U K ic^
ieQ Gj `ke \ge fl fl ~aK/~aZ ieKe VK KcPeu _e ieKeu \e i]ikL
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ieKe abM I iie fl fl Lf _\a ah ah ~KYi icde Kce @e Keae aK eL
]e _eY ^ja `ke iia abMe K~eZ ieKe ab^ NeA VK ii a @CU iei
@^ KcPeu C_e Kce aSU aXa ijZ GR^u Re@e G_e fl fl KcPeu ^dRZ
29 iMc GKZ
KeQ Gj \e ij KcPeu _A ieKe ^R @CUiei KcP ec^ ah ah ]e
KYi \dZ ^a \eKe _Wa^ Ga ae ia^c ieKe Kce ^dRZ jA[f c ic^u
Lye Kc @\d Keja Gc^ ieKeu \e ^dcZ ieKe KcPe K[ QW ieKe VK
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aje a Ke _ea GjK ieKeu jde G ic^ ^dcZ \ec, b, _^i^ _e ic _Ke
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fle ag ja ia^c cRe _Aae a aPZ jCQ @Z Kc
ab ^ NeA @CUiei GR^c^u \ec(ciK Z^e \g jRe Uu)e ic^u ah
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VK KcPec^u PKe ^e_ ^[f c ic^ ic^u _LK @if ak @] a ZVe a Kc
@^ ieKe KcPeu _e ^dcZ \ec, b I QU jA~CQ GR^c^u ibi PR aZZ ieKe
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c^Z _Aae a ia^ ejQ K @CU iei @^d_ ba ^R ^A~CQ ac^ RGiU
KcPec^u lZe ij ia^U a ^j ~\I fM ja _e Gj UKie _ecY 18%K a _Aa
ic^ ieKe Kc a iae ^dRZ @U K `ke KcPeu _A ieKe \C[a __e _d
ieKeu \e i]ikL ^~q jA ^[ae ic^ GK _ci ibi UKi aa\e _^ ieKeu
ieKe KcPe ^j K ieKe KcPeu _e ia] _LK Pf~CQ
I @]Ke _AaK @\ jK\e ^j ieKe VK ieKe @CU iei KcPec^u @Z
KcPeu _e ic^u _Z cie ^dcZ ba \ec Kc aZ^ cka Ga Zj a ci ci ]e ^cka,
Z ck^ ic^u PKeU VK GR^e \de Sf AGi@A, _G` ^e ic^u __ Uu jW_ ja,
ej[G ieKe KcPeu bk ab^ b I QUe ia]
iMc GKZ 30
^cka @\ i]eY K[e _eYZ jA~AQ GjQW ^~q ak ic^ KcPec^u Ve
ieKe KcPeu _e ic^u ^dcZ QUe aai jRe jRe G_eK fl fl Uu fP ^ae ^Re
Z \ee K[ @^K KcPeu ijK QU K ab^ ejQ \ge bdue aeRMe [ae Gbk
RZd \aie iaZ^K QU a \@~C^ ~\ Kc \ece Ga @^ZZ ce a Kc KeaK
Ka QU ^@~G Zjf i icde aZ^K a fK a jCQ GjQW ^~q ak ic^
KU \@~CQ eRe i abM @]^e [a KcPec^u Ve jRe jRe G_eK fl fl Uu
ji _ U f c^ue K~ eZ @CUiei fP ^ae ^R e ej Q \ge bdue
KcPec^ ciK PeU QU \^ _A 26 \^e aeRMe [ae Gbk Kc \ece Ga @^ZZ
j \ec _CQ Gbk _eiZe ^Re Kc \ec I ce a Kc KeaK fK a jCQ
aZ Lybe fM @]Kg VK I @CUiei \ge VK gcK C^k^ @A^ - 1971e
KcPe ab^ i^e \A \AU Kce a \AU ]e 10 @^~d KYi KcPeK 12 cie @]K
fLG i`e Kc KeaK a jCQ icd ]e VKe ^~q KeaK a@A^ Ke~AQ
eRe ab^ iae ah ah ]e ^eaQ^ @[Z ^dcZ Kce ^~q KcPeu VKe ^~q
ba K~ Ke[f c ^ ic^u ^dcZ \ec ^Ke ^dcZ KcPee c~\ \aK @A^e
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c G\Me KYi _\l_ ^C^j ~\ Kj K ieKe gc ie ^e aW aW K^c^u
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Ke KeaK a jCQ KeY PKee iel iLK @CU iei Kc P e @Z \ h cd
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@^K icde ^[ae KcPeU GR^e c^cL iZe KYi _ea^ jA_e^ @^K abMe
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ieKe @]K eu RYZe GR^ c^u ej[f c ic^ue cL\a @[Z @CUiei
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fKu ^~q \A Kc fKu jZe ij KcK ake jf a eRe @CUiei KcPec^
KeAa ij akK fKu \ecK GR^ I ieKe GKZa jA GK \ae @k^ MX ZkaK
@]Kec^ c[ af Ke jW_ Kea \L~AQ ajea ^Z e_ MZ~M @U
31 iMc GKZ
Eh a_a gZahK KcU _le cj^ Eh icRa\ a_ae gZahK (^be iZ) @aiee
aj_ee @^Z eRed ibe ae aRa aRd aj\e, ^kcY ij I eR ieg

Eh a_a gZahK ibe C_iZ aRa I gcRa R^Z


iMc GKZ 32

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