A Project Report On: December '09 Winter Training

A Project Report on
December ’09 Winter Training
Submitted To:
Mrs S.INDU
Lecturer,
Electronics And Communication Engineering
Department,
Delhi College of Engineering.
Submitted By:
SUNDEEP AHUJA 2K8/EC/706
VISHAL BAGLA 2K8/EC/721
SAHIL MAKHIJA 2K8/EC/686
UTSAV GUPTA 2K8/EC/712
A project report on Cadence Orcad: 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

“A project report on Cadence
OrCAD”
At
Delhi College of Engineering
Has been completed successfully

as a winter training report in
December ‘09 and is correct to
the best of my knowledge.
Mrs. S.INDU
Lecturer,
DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Electronics And Communication Engineering Department,

Delhi College of Engineering.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank our respected lecturer

Mrs.S.INDU for guiding us all through the
entire training period. The training would not
have been possible without her sincere, honest
and dedicated efforts .We want to extend our
gratitude on the successful completion of the
training.
We also want to thank other staff members of
E&C dept. for all their support.

CONTENTS
 Introduction
• Introduction to OrCAD
• OrCAD Capture
• Cadence PSpice A/D
• OrCAD PCB Editor
 Working with OrCAD

• List of Symbols
• Commonly Used Schematic Icons
• Starting a Project in OrCAD
• Circuit Simulation
 Electronics-I Circuit Designing and analysis in

OrCAD

Introduc
tion

Introduction to OrCAD©
Cadence® OrCAD® personal productivity tools (including Cadence®
PSpice®) have been designed to boost productivity for smaller design
teams and individual PCB designers, OrCAD PCB design suites the growing
technology challenge . OrCAD is a proprietary software tool suite used
primarily for electronic design automation. The powerful, tightly
integrated PCB design suites include design capture, librarian tools, a PCB
editor, an auto/interactive router, and optional analog and mixed-signal
simulator. The software is used mainly to create electronic prints for
manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCBs), by electronic design
engineers and electronic technicians to manufacture electronic
schematics and diagrams, and for their simulation.The OrCAD Suites are
built upon the Proven OrCAD technologies which include powerful tools
such as:-
ORCAD CAPTURE
Cadence OrCAD Capture design entry is the world's most popular
schematic entry system for a simple reason: fast and universal design
entry. Whether you're designing a new analog circuit, revising the
schematic diagrams for an existing PCB, it gives you everything you need
to complete and verify your design quickly. OrCAD Capture delivers the
intuitive interface and rich feature set that has made OrCAD Capture the
de facto industry standard for schematic design entry
PSPICE A/D
Analog and mixed-signal designers rely on Cadence PSpice simulation
solutions for accurate circuit simulations and the latest in simulation
technology. Since the introduction of the PSpice simulator it has been
continuously enhanced to utilize the latest hardware and operating
systems. Each subsequent generation has addressed numerous
technological advances. The latest edition continues this tradition with
new enhancement to the PSpice simulation engine and user interface.
ORCAD PCB EDITOR
For proven, scalable, cost-effective PCB editing and routing

The Cadence OrCAD PCB Designer suite contains everything needed to
take a PCB design from concept to production with a fully integrated
design flow–including design capture, component tools, a PCB editor, and
an auto/interactive router as well as interfaces for manufacturing, and

mechanical CAD. A common database architecture, use model and library

offer fully scalable PCB solutions for both OrCAD and Cadence Allegro
product lines, giving you the ability to grow and expand as designs and
design challenges increase in complexity. The results are increased
productivity, shorter design cycles, and faster ramp up to volume
production.
OrCAD© Capture
Intuitive Schematic Design Entry

Cadence® OrCAD® Capture design entry is the world's most popular
schematic entry system for a simple reason: fast and universal design
entry. Whether you're designing a new analog circuit, revising the
schematic diagrams for an existing PCB, or a block diagram of HDL
modules, it gives you everything you need to complete and verify your
design quickly. OrCAD Capture delivers the intuitive interface and rich
feature set that has made OrCAD Capture the de facto industry standard
for schematic design entry.
Full-Featured Schematic Editor
 View and edit multiple schematic designs in a single session

 Reuse design data by copying and pasting within or between
schematics
 Select parts from a comprehensive set of functional part libraries
 Place, move, drag, rotate, or mirror individual parts or grouped
selections while preserving both visual and electrical connectivity
 Ensure design integrity through configurable Design and Electrical
Rule checkers
 Create custom title blocks and drawing borders to meet the most
exacting specifications.
 Insert drawing objects, bookmarks, logos, and bitmapped pictures
 Choose from metric or imperial unit grid spacing to meet all drawing
standards
 Design digital circuits with VHDL or Verilog® text editor
Project Manager Coordinates All Design Data

OrCAD's sophisticated Project Manager greatly simplifies the critical job of
organizing and tracking the various types of data generated in the design
process. An expanding tree diagram makes it easy to structure and
navigate all of your design files, including those generated by PSpice®,
CIS and other plug-ins.

 Project Creation Wizard guides you through all the resources

available for a specific design flow
 Centralized management of all design data permits a seamless

interchange of schematic data for OrCAD plug-ins
 Hierarchy browser lets you navigate the entire schematic structure

and open specific elements whether it's a schematic page, a
part, or net instantly
 File tab groups multi-page schematics in folders for flat designs and
creates new folders automatically for added levels of hierarchical
designs
Archive capability ensures the portability of your entire design project
Hierarchical Design and Reuse
OrCAD Capture boosts schematic editing efficiency by enabling you to

reuse subcircuits without having to make multiple copies of them.
Instead, using hierarchical blocks, you simply reference the same
subcircuit multiple times.
 Just one instance of the circuitry for you to create and maintain
 Unlimited referencing and re-use of circuitry throughout your entire
design
 Serve schematic pages from library files
 Automatic creation of hierarchical ports eliminates potential
connection errors
 Sophisticated Property Editor clearly distinguishes properties in a
subcircuit from those in referenced uses of that subcircuit in the
design, allowing you to view and edit them all from one place
Libraries and Part Editor
Libraries and Part Editor we can access OrCAD's Library Editor directly
from the OrCAD Capture user interface. Create and edit parts in the
library or directly from the schematic page without interrupting your
workflow.
 Intuitive graphical controls speed schematic part creation and
editing
 Create new parts quickly by modifying existing ones
 Spreadsheet and pin array utilities make short work of creating and
editing pin-intensive devices
 Bused vector pins reduce clutter on schematics

 Create FPGA and CPLD symbols quickly and easily with the part
generator. Compatible with ten popular place and route pin
reports
 Drag and drop parts between libraries Speed creation and
maintenance of master library sets with design cache
 Revise a part in the original subcircuit only, or propagate the
change to all other uses of the subcircuit in the design
 Control power and ground pin visibility and connectivity on a per-
schematic basis
Verify Circuits Early with Design Rule Check
The configurable Design Rule Check (DRC) function in OrCAD Capture lets
you thoroughly verify your design before committing to downstream
processes, saving the time and cost of late cycle modifications.
 Report identical part identifiers
 Identify invalid packaging Detect off-grid objects (can prevent
connectivity)
 Configure which electrical violations to report and assign severity
warnings
 Check entire design or specific modules
Reports
OrCAD Capture creates basic bill of materials (BOM) outputs, drawing on

the information contained in the schematic database.
 Extract all part properties in the schematic design and output them
to a text file
 Automatically package parts with reference designators prior to
report generation
Part Selection
While placing a component, you can confirm it visually, edit its properties
as needed, then place it all in one smooth sequence.
 Zero-in quickly on the exact library part you want, using wildcard
searches
 Pick your recent part choices from the most recently used (MRU)
menu
 Choose a logic gate or DeMorgan equivalent
 Edit schematic parts graphically prior to placement

 Add, modify and delete part properties at any time

 Place previously used parts fast by grabbing them from the project
design cache
 Automatically assign reference designators during or after part
placement. Update all, or just unidentified parts, or reset all to
placeholder values
 Add libraries to a project from any drive or directory without leaving
the part selector

Cadence© PSpice A/D
Advanced simulations for analog & mixed-signal environments

Cadence® PSpice® simulation provides industry-standard solutions for
accurate analog and mixed-signal simulations. PSpice A/D is a full-
featured, native mixed-signal simulator. To improve design performance,
yield, and reliability use robust PSpice Advanced Analysis (AA) tools in
conjunction with PSpice A/D.
PSpice and The MathWorks MATLAB Simulink package integrates two

industry-leading simulation tools in a powerful co-simulation environment
(SLPS). Together, they give designers the ability to perform system-level
simulations that include realistic electrical models of actual components.
Design and integration problems can be discovered much earlier in the
design process, reducing the number of prototypes needed to execute the
design.
Key benefits
 Single-button simulation and cross-probing and full integration with

Cadence Allegro® Design Entry HDL and OrCAD Capture
 Explore circuit behavior using basic DC, AC, noise, transient analysis
 Automatically identify analog and digital signals and apply A-to-D
and D-to-A interfaces
 Prevents board failures by determining which components are over
stressed using Smoke analysis or observing component yields using
Monte Carlo
 Improve speed without loss of accuracy via integrated analog and
event-driven digital simulations
 Allows system-level interfaces to be tested with actual electrical
designs with SLPS integration

OrCAD© PCB Editor

Cadence® OrCAD® PCB Editor, as part of the Cadence OrCAD PCB
Designer suite, is an intuitive, easy-to-use, constraint-driven environment
for creating and editing simple to complex PCBs. Its extensive feature set
addresses a wide range of today’s design challenges and
manufacturability concerns.
Pcb Editing Environment

OrCAD PCB Editor provides a powerful and flexible set of floorplanning
tools. Powerful shape-based shove/hug interactive etch creation/editing
provides a highly productive interconnect environment. Dynamic shape
capability offers real-time copper pour plowing/healing functionality
during placement and routing iterations. The software can also generate a
full suite of phototooling, bare-board fabrication and test outputs,
including Gerber 274x, NC drill, and bare-board test in a variety of
formats.
Constraint Management
A constraint management system displays physical and spacing rules.
Each worksheet provides a spreadsheet interface that enables the user to
define, manage, and validate the different rules in a hierarchical fashion.
This powerful application allows designers to graphically create, edit, and
review constraint sets as graphical topologies that act as electronic
blueprints of an ideal implementation strategy. Once the constraints are
present in the database, they are used to drive the placement and routing
processes for constrained signals. The constraint management system is
completely integrated with the PCB editor.
Floorplanning And Placement

The constraint and rules-driven methodology drives a powerful and
flexible set of placement capabilities, including interactive and automatic
component placement. The engineer or designer can assign components
or subcircuits to specific “rooms” during design entry or floorplanning.
Components can be filtered and selected by reference designator, device
package/footprint style, associated net name, part number, or the
schematic sheet/page number. With thousands of components on today’s
boards needing precise management, real-time assembly analysis and
feedback increases the designer’s productivity and efficiency by placing
components to corporate or EMS guidelines.

Interactive Etch Editing

The interactive routing capability of OrCAD PCB Editor provides powerful,
interactive features that deliver controlled automation to maintain user
control, while maximizing routing productivity. Real-time, shape-based,
any angle, push/shove routing enables users to choose between “shove-
preferred,” “hug-preferred,” or “hug-only” modes. Shove-preferred mode
allows users to construct the optimum interconnect path while the real-
time, shape-based router takes care of dynamically pushing obstacles.
Routes will automatically jump over obstacles such as pins or vias. The
hug-preferred mode is the perfect solution when a databus needs to be
constructed. In hug-preferred mode, the router contour follows other
interconnect as a priority and only pushes aside or jumps obstacles when
there is no other option. The hug-only option performs like the hug-
preferred mode, but without the push-and-shove aggression on other etch
objects. The real-time, embedded, shape-based routing engine optimizes
the route by either pushing obstacles or contour-following obstacles while
dynamically jumping vias or component pins.
Dynamic Shapes
Dynamic shape technology offers real-time copper pour plowing/healing
functionality. Shape parameters can be applied at three different levels.
Parameters are structured into global, shape instance, and object-level
hierarchies. Traces, vias, and components added to a dynamic shape will
automatically plow and void through the shape. When items are removed,
the shape will automatically fill back in. Dynamic shapes do not require
batch autovoiding or other post-processing steps after edits are made.
PCB Manufacturing
A full suite of photo-tooling, bare-board fabrication and test outputs,
including Gerber 274x, NC drill, and bare-board test in a variety of formats
can be generated. More importantly, OrCAD PCB Editor supports the
industry initiative towards Gerber-less manufacturing through its Valor
ODB++ interface that also includes the Valor Universal Viewer. The ODB+
+ data format creates accurate and reliable manufacturing data for high-
quality, Gerber-less manufacturing.

Working with
OrCAD ©

List of Symbols
Button icon Description
Place a part from the current library or to add libraries to your

project
Click this button to select the selection facility
Click this to place a generic ground. Be careful, as there are

lots of types
of ground. The simulator needs ground 0. IC's expect GND
Click this to connect your components with wires
Click this to place a DC power point in your circuit
Click this to place no-connects on you circuit. This is good

practice to
tell the schematic that you know nothing should be connected
here
Commonly Used Schematic Icons

Components Description
A 220KΩ (220,000Ω) resistor labelled R1
A 100nF (100*10-9 F) capacitor labelled C3
A diode which has had its type field changed to OSCILLATOR

and its
label is D1
A 5volt DC supply source labeled V1
A ground point labeled 0 (node 0)

Symbol to tie the connected node to a node termed VCC. Its

use is to
save on lots of wires, in your design, which would connect
back to the
supply.
OrCAD© Capture
AIM
 How to create and simulate circuit schematics with Orcad Capture

CIS.
 Understand various stimulus types and their corresponding analysis
types.
 Determine desired results and understand how to achieve correct
results.
1. Starting a Project in OrCAD
One can start a project on any PC that has OrCAD installed.
a. Types Of Projects
There are 4 types of projects that OrCAD has to offer. These are:
 Analogue or mixed mode circuit design. This is the type of
project of interest
for this report
 PC board. we select this type of project if we want to target
your project
straight to a PCB design.
 Programmable logic project. You select this type of project if
you want to target your project as a CPLD or FPGA design. The
project will configure libraries based on the vendor
(manufacturer) you choose to target.
 Schematic. We select this type of project if you want to
create a project that is NOT specifically targeted for vendor
specific devices or PCB.
The purpose of specifying your project is to tell OrCAD what
libraries of components you will need. However, we may
change your project and add libraries later in the project.

b. Opening OrCAD Capture
 On your PC go to Start -> Programs -> Cadence PSD 14.2 ->

Capture CIS.
 When prompted with Studio Suite Selection, choose PCB design
expert with Capture CIS from the drop down menu.
 Select File -> Project. From the New Project window, give your
project a name, select “Analog or Mixed A/D”, and select its locatio .
We are now ready to create your schematic.
Note: The directory you place your project in must already exist.
c. Creating Schematics with Capture CIS

 We must draw the desired schematic. To get parts, go to Place ->
Part
 Shift+P allows us to reach this dialog box quickly.
Note: If no parts are visible in the “Place Part” dialog, simply click
on the “Add Library…” button. Inside the Browse File dialog, click
on any *.olb file the press Ctrl+A to select all the files (or
Ctrl+Arrow to select certain library files) and hit the “Open File”
button
d. Let’s draw a simple circuit.
We will find the parts we need by typing the name of the part in the
Part section and clicking “OK.” Before we draw our circuit let’s learn
a few things about electronic components.
To place a component, click anywhere on the Schematic

worksheet to select it (the
window title bar will go blue) and a set of buttons will appear on the
far right hand side on the Capture window. Click on the Place Part
button .
To place a resistor:
From the place part window, just select the Analog library (by
clicking on it)
and then scroll down the parts list window and select the R part. A
resistor
symbol should appear. Click OK and place the resistor on your
worksheet, by
clicking it.
When it is placed, another component will automatically appear.
You may either

press the Esc key on the keyboard or click the right hand mouse
button and
select End mode.
To edit the resistor:
You will need to rotate the resistor by selecting an area around the
resistor (it
goes pink) and clicking on Edit and Rotate.
To change the properties of the default resistor click on the Select
button, .
Double-click on the 1K property, just next to the resistor, to change
the
resistance value from 1K to 220K or 220 depending on which
resistor you are
entering and then click OK. The resistor should now have 220K next
to it with
label R1.
In schematic terms, each component needs a label, but it does not
matter what
the label is (as long as all the labels are different). Therefore, you
may have
different component labels from other figure. However, if we wish,
we
can edit them by double-clicking on a component (not the label),
select the parts
tab on the bottom of the property editor, edit the part reference box
then close
the window.
We have the usual copy and paste facilities. However, this will place
at least 2
components on the worksheet with the same label. You will need
to alter the
label number so as two components don’t share the same label.
To place a capacitor:
Place a capacitor in the same fashion as the resistor, by selecting
part C and
changing its value from 1n to 10n, 100n or 0.47u depending on
what capacitor
we are entering.
To place a voltage source:

Place the DC voltage source in the same fashion as above, but the
voltage source
is termed VDC in the source library. Make sure you change the
value from 0v to
5v when you have the battery on the worksheet. ( Click away form
the
component, then double-click over the 0V).
To place a Ground:

To place a ground symbol we click on the GND button, , select the

source
library, and select the 0 component.
NOTE:-Similarly various other components can be placed from the

library according to our circuit design.
Moving components:
We may click on components, keep the mouse button down and
drag
components around the worksheet.To connect up with wires
Unconnected components have a square box around the area where
the wire is to connect. To place a wire, click on the Place wire
button. We must place the wire into the connection box, rather than
just on the symbol.
Editing The Title Box

Go to the bottom right hand side of the schematic window where
you will find a
title box (need to scroll). Double-click on the word <title> and the
property
editor will appear. Enter a name in the title field and it will appear
in the title box.
We can now print (scaled to paper size) our schematic and it would
be a good idea at this point to save.
Creating a Cross Reference (XRF)

Its often a good idea to have a list of components, their values and
a note of where
OrCAD is getting the simulation details for individual components.
This is done by
creating an XRF.
To do this, you must go to the project window. This can be done
either by
clicking on 'Window' and then select the window with your project
name.opj (opj stands for OrCAD project) or by clicking on the .opj
window itself.
Click on the .dsn file (this is your design file holding the schematic
file), click on
'Tools' and then 'Cross Reference...'. The Cross Reference Parts
window will appear.
As the default settings are adequate, just click on OK. OrCAD
generates an .xrf file.
Creating a Bill of Materials (BOM)

Underneath the Cross Reference option, there is a Bill of Materials
option. Here,
Capture will analyse your circuit and give a textual file that you
might use for ordering components from a manufacturer. To create

the BOM, select the window with our project name.opj. Click on
the .dsn file, click on 'Tools' and then 'Bill of Materials...'. The BOM is
also stored in the outputs folder of the project window as a .bom
file.
One can view contents by double-clicking on it.
For example BOM.
Item Quantity Reference Part
1 1 C1 0.47u
2 1 C2 10n
3 1 C3 100n
4 1 R1 220k
5 1 R2 1k
6 1 R3 10k
Now moving on to our circuit:
Note: When making changes one has to be careful, else parts may
become disconnected.
2.Circuit Simulation
 After all desired components are in place, go to PSpice -> New
Simulation Profile.
 Give a name to simulation profile and click on Create, then the
“Simulation Settings” dialog will appear for naming Simulation and
editing Simulation Settings
 Select the correct analysis type for desired output.
 Then further change the options for a more specific analysis.
 Once desired options are selected, click “OK.” To actually run the
simulation, select PSpice->Run.

Types of Stimulus and Analysis

Each type of source is actually paired with a certain type of analysis,
and in most cases with only one. The
primary sources we will use in this class are VPulse, Vsin, and Vac.
These are available in the standard
PSpice libraries we added when you created the schematic.
VPulse
It is used to measure the transient response of a circuit. For Vpulse, we
control all aspects of generated pseudo-square wave. Factors directly
affecting produced Vpulse function are visible in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Vpulse characteristics [1]
a) VPulse combined with the Time domain (transient) analysis. Let’s take
the following example of an
RLC network. First we draw the following circuit.
Now it is time to change the Simulation Settings to the desired values. We

can access the settings by clicking on the button. So, we will find that
value and in turn set the Run to time to approximately 10us. As can be
see from the Time Domain simulation below, the output is trying to follow
the input and at the end, the output reaches the steady state value of 0
Volts after input becomes zero.

Vsin
This source, used in conjunction with the transient sweep, yields the time
response of a circuit with a constant frequency input. Vsin has the
parameters: Voff (Offset Voltage), Vampl (Amplitude), and Freq
(Frequency). In what circumstances could this tool be useful to us? What
kind of response should we expect?
a) Let’s take the following example. Once drawn, we’ll again use the Time
Domain (transient) sweep as we did in the section above. Select a running
time of approximately 100 ms, just so we can see beyond the point where
the sine wave crosses 0 volts.
b) But what are those little bubble things? They are a trick to naming the
wires that
they are attached to. They’re guaranteed to make our life easier. Simply
find the button on the right of the screen. Once in the Place Power menu
find VCC/CAPSYM identified by . Now,

let’s just change their names.

c) Since we already have the desired simulation settings, let’s simulate by
clicking the button, or by pressing F11. PSpice A/D will appear as before
but nothing will be present. So we will need to find the appropriate
waveforms to add.
d) Click on the button. Once the Add Trace dialog is open, find V(IN)
and V(OUT). Multiple traces can be added (when separated by commas,
as visible in Figure
Add Trace Dialog Our output is now visible as seen in Figure 7, below. Are
the results as we expected? How can we be sure we conducted the
correct analysis? Finally, what does the following graph mean?
Figure :-Vsin Transient Sweep

To have the smooth curves, change the default maximum step size equal
to 10u seconds in the Simulation Settings. Observe the curve, is it smooth
or not? If not then reduce the step size more. If simulations are taking a
very long time, then increase the step size.
Output Display options

We now know how to get the desired results based on either a circuit’s
response to either change in time or frequency. Let’s take what we’ve
learned and find some ways to transform our output data to allow us to
gather exactly the information we need from our circuit.
Gain/Attenuation
Gain or attenuation is a measure of how much of a signal actually passes
through a circuit. In many amplifiers which you have already constructed,
you have witnessed gain. Gain is defined by Vout/Vin.
Let’s see if we can find the gain for a simple RLC circuit.
a) Let’s draw the circuit below and find the smooth output.

b) Remember that we want to use the Time Domain analysis with our Vac
source; otherwise we might not get any results. Are these the results we
expected?
c) What of the relationship between the output and input? Let’s use the
above definition of gain and find the exact gain for this circuit. First, we’ll
keep both of these traces and go back to the Add Tracebutton. In the
Trace Expression window, we’ll divide one waveform by the other as
shown . Next we just have to click “OK.”
What kind of information does this give us?

d) Another useful way to illustrate gain or attenuation is with the use of

decibels. Decibels are best defined as the level of relative strength of a
signal. Follow the directions, but from the Functions or Macros section of
the Add Trace window select Analog Operators and Functions in the drop
down menu. Now select DB() from the list, and make sure the following
appears in the Trace Expression window : then

just click on "OK." What did you observe?


Electronics-I
Circuit Designing
and analysis in
OrCAD ©

Circuits Designing & Analysis in

OrCAD©
1. HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
D 1
V O F F = V0 1 V
V A M P L = 1 V0
F R E Q = 5 0 H z 1 k
APPARATUS
S. Part Qty Refere Value

No. nce
1. Sine voltage 1 V1 VSIN Vamp =10,
source Voff=0,
Freq=50Hz
2. Resistor 1 R1 1k -
3. Diode 1 D1 D1N414 -
8

2. HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER CAPACITOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
D 1
V O F F = 0 C 1
V A M P L = 1V 0 2 2 0 u R 1 V
F R E Q = 5 0 H z 1 k
V 1
APPARATUS
S. Part Qt Refere Value

No. y nce
1. Sine 1 V1 VSIN Vamp=10,
voltage Voff=0,
source Freq=50Hz

3. Diode 1 D1 D1N414 -
8
4. Capacitor 1 C1 220μF -
3. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
D 1 N 4 1 4 8
T 1 D 1
1 5
V O F F = 0 V 6 R 1V
V A M P L V= 1 1 0 1 k
F R E Q = 5 0 H 4z 8
T R A N S F O D R 2 M E R

APPARATUS

No. y nce
1. Sine 1 V1 VSIN Vamp =10,
voltage Voff=0,
source Freq=50Hz
3. Diode 2 D1,D2 D1N414 -
8
4. Centre 1 T1 10-0-10 -
tap
transfor
mer
4. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

D 1 N 4 1 4 8
D 1
1 T 1 5
V 1
V O F F = 0V 6 R 1 C 1V
V A M P L = 1 0 1 k 2 2 0 u
F R E Q = 54 0 H z8
T R A N S F OD R2 M E R
APPARATUS

No. y nce
voltage Voff=0,
source Freq=50Hz
3. Diode 2 D1,D2 D1N414 -
8
4. Capacitor 1 C1 220μF -
5. Centre 1 T1 10-0-10 -
tap
transfor
mer

BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1
V 1 R 1
V O F F = 0V 2 - + 4
V A M P L = 1 0
1 k
F R E Q = 5 0 H z V
3
B R I D G E
APPARATUS

S. Part Qt Referenc Value

No. y e
voltage Voff=0,
source Freq=50Hz
3. Diodes 4 D1,D2,D3, D1N414 -
D4 8
5. BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1
V 1 R 1 C 1V
V O F F = 0 2 - + 4 1 k 2 2 0 u
V A M P L = 1 0
F R E Q = 5 0 H z
3
B R I D G E
APPARATUS

No. y e
voltage Voff=0,
source Freq=50Hz
3. Diodes 4 D1,D2,D3, D1N414 -
D4 8
Capacitor 1 C1 220μF -
4.

6. BJT AS COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
APPARATUS

No. y e
1. Sine 1 V1 VSIN Voff =0,
voltage Vamp=10m,
source Freq =
10KHz
2. Resistors 5 R1,R2,R3, R1=1.5 -
R4,R5 K,
R2=3K,
R3=3K,
R4=15,
R5=500
3. NPN 1 Q1 Q2N222 -
Transisto 2
r

4. DC 1 V2 VDC=20
Voltage
source
5. Capacitor 3 C1,C2,C3 C1=1μf, -
C2=10μ
f,
C3=1μf,
Voltage gain
To calculate VOLTAGE GAIN ratio of the amplitudes of the output and input voltage was
taken. Voltage gain of approximately 2.7 is obtained from the graph.
Current gain

To calculate CURRENT GAIN ratio of the amplitudes of the output and input current was
taken. Current gain of just less than unity(0.85) is obtained from the graph.
Input resistance
To calculate INPUT IMPEDANCE all capacitance are shorted and all DC bias voltages are
converted to zero and voltage across source resistance and input voltage is taken and
current flowing through it is taken and their ratio(Vpeak-peak:Ip-p) gives us the input
impedance.
Ri = 533ohm

Output resistance
To calculate OUTPUT IMPEDANCE all capacitance are shorted and all DC bias voltages are
converted to zero , the input voltage source is also shorted and a voltage source is
applied instead of load and the current flowing through that source is found out . Ratio of
the voltage source (Vpeak-peak) and current flowing through it (Ipeak-peak) gives us the output
impedance
Ro = 3.4kohm
SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Small signal analysis can also be done as will be shown in the case of CB configuration
where a CURRENT CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE(CCCS) of gain beta and a resistance
(Beta Re) is used instead of the transistor after grounding all DC bias voltages and
shorting the capacitances. To calculate Ro and Ri the same above procedure was used.


7. BJT AS COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
APPARATUS

No. y nce
voltage Vamp=10m,
source Freq = 1KHz
2. Resistors 4 R1,R2,R R1=25K -
3,R4 ,
R2=700
K,
R3=100

K,
R4=7K
3. NPN 1 Q1 Q2N222 -
Transistor 2
4. DC Voltage 1 V2 VDC=10
source
5. Capacitor 2 C1,C2 C1=1μf, -
C2=1μf,
Voltage gain
taken. Voltage Gain is unity.
Current gain
taken. Current Gain is approx. 46

Input resistance
converted to zero and voltage across source resistance is taken and current flowing
through it is taken and their ratio(Vpeak-peak:Ip-p) gives us the input impedance.
Ri = 666kohm

Output resistance
impedance
Ro = 50ohm

8. BJT AS COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
V 2
1 0 V d c
2
0
2 R 3
6 . 5 k
R 4
6 5 k 1 1 2
2
R 5 C 1 1 C 3
V
6 0 0 1 0 u 1 0 u R 6
1 2 1 2 Q 2 4 k
Q 2 N 2 2 2 2
1
C 2
2 0 u
1 2
V 1 2
V O F F = 0 V
V A M P L = 1 0 m R 2 2
F R E Q = 5 0 1 0 k
R 1
1 6 0 0
1
APPARATUS

No. y e
1. Sine 1 V1 VAC Voff =0,
voltage Vamp=10m,
source Freq = 50Hz
2. Resistors 6 R1,R2,R3, R1=600 -
R4,R5,R6 ,
R2=10K
,
R3=6.5
K,
R4=65K
,

R5=600
, R6=4K
3. NPN 1 Q1 Q2N390 -
Transisto 4
r
4. DC 1 V2 VDC=10
Voltage
source
5. Capacitor 3 C1,C2,C3 C1=10μ -
f,
C2=20μ
f,
C3=10μ
f,
Voltage gain
taken. Voltage Gain = -100
Input Voltage
Output Voltage

Current gain
taken. Current Gain = -99.75

Input resistance
impedance.
Ri = 10kohm
Output resistance
impedance
Ro = 6.6kohm
9. BJT AS COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH EMITTER

RESISTANCE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2 2 V 2
1 3 V d c
R 4 R 3
6 5 k 6 . 5 k
1 1 0
C 3
1 2
1 0 u 2
Q 3 I V
R 5 C 1 R 6
1 2 1 2 Q b r e a k n
4 k
6 0 0 1 0 u 1
I
2
R 7
2 C 2
5 0 1 2
V 1
V O F F = 0 R 2 12
2 0 u
V A M P L = 1 0 m
F R E Q = 1 k 1 0 k R 1
1
6 0 0
1
APPARATUS
No. y nce
voltage Vamp=10m,
source Freq =
10KHz
2. Resistors 7 R1,R2,R R1=600 -
3,R4,R5 ,
, R6, R7 R2=10K
,
R3=6.5
K,
R4=65,
R5=600
,
R6=4K,
R7=50
3. NPN 1 Q1 Q2N222 -
Transistor 2
source

5. Capacitor 3 C1,C2,C C1=10μ -

3 f,
C2=20μ
f,
C3=10μ
f,
Voltage gain
taken.
Voltage Gain = -29.5

Current gain
taken.
Current Gain = -37.5

Input resistance
impedance.
Ri = 10kohm
Output resistance
impedance
Ro = 6.6kohm

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS BJT CONFIGURATIONS
CC CB CE CE (with Re=50ohm)
Av (V/V) 1 2.7 -100

-29.5
Ai (A/A) 46 0.85 -99.7

-37.5
Ro (ohm) 50 3.4k 6.6k

6.6k
Ri (ohm) 666k 533 10k

10k
Gm (mA/V) 6.35 180 -49.6

-53.1
DISCUSSION
VOLTAGE GAIN
CC is rightly called emitter follower as it has voltage gain of just

less than unity whereas CE has a high gain and CB has a
medium gain. Because of unity voltage gain CC is used to
connect high impedance source to a low impedance source
without significant signal attenuation. For CE with Re, voltage
gain decreases.
CURRENT GAIN
CC and CE has a high current gain whereas CB has a gain of

just less than unity. Therefore it is used as current buffer,

accepting input current signal at low input impedance and

delivering equal current at collector at high impedance.
CE is used in various cascaded stages because it provides high

current and voltage gain. For CE with Re current gain
decreases
INPUT IMPEDANCE
CC has a high input Ri and therefore it is used to connect a

source with high source resistance with low –resistance source
without significant loss in signal strength. CB has low Ri
and CB configuration helps in improving the frequency
response of the combined stages.
CE has moderate Ri. For CE Ri is between that of CC and CB.
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
Ro of both CB and CE are equal to their Rc values whereas for

CC it is very low which show us its use in cascaded amplifier as
last stage to provide the amplifier with low output impedance,
which in turn permits the amplifier to be connected to low
valued load impedances without severe reduction in gain.
10. USE OF BJT AS A SWITCH

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1 0 0
Q 2 V
V 1 0
1 0
V 1 = 5 V 1
V 2 = - 5
T D = 0 0
T R = 1 n
T F = 1 n
P W = 2 0 0 u
P E R = 4 0 0 u
APPARATUS
S. Part Qty Referen Value

No. ce
1. Square 1 V1 VPULSE V1= 5, V2=
wave -5
voltage
source
2. Resistor 2 R1,R2 R1=10, -
R2=100
3. NPN 1 Q1 Q2N390 -
Transistor 4
4. DC Voltage 1 V2 VDC=10 -
source

Input Voltage
Output voltage

11. USE OF FET AS A SWITCH

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1 0 0
V
V J 1 1 0
1 0
V 1 = 5 V 1
V 2 = - 5
T D = 0 0
T R = 1 n
T F = 1 n
P W = 2 0 0 u
P E R = 4 0 0 u
APPARATUS

No. ce
1. Square 1 V1 VPULSE V1= 5, V2=
wave -5
voltage
source
2. Resistor 2 R1,R2 R1=10, -
R2=100
3. JFET 1 J1 J2N3819 -
4. DC Voltage 1 V2 VDC=10 -
source

Input Voltage
Output voltage
12. SIMPLE CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
V 1
1 0
I 1 0
1 0 0 u
I
R 1
1 K
I
Q 2 Q 1
APPARATUS

No. ce
1. DC current 1 I1 100u
source
2. Resistor 1 Rvar 500-1k
3. NPN 2 Q1,Q2 Q2N390
Transistors 4
source

With 1k
With 900

13. WILSON CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R 2
2 V d c
1 k
1 k
I Q 2
Q 1
Q 3
APPARATUS

No. ce
1. Resistors 2 R1,Rvar R1=1k,
R2=500-
1k

2. NPN 3 Q1,Q2, Q2N3904

Transistors Q3
source
With 1k
With 900

14. THREE TRANSISTOR CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT

(CURRENT MIRROR CIRCUIT WITH GAIN)
Circuit Diagram
2 V d c
R 2
I
1 k
1 k
0
Q 1
I
Q 3
Q 2

APPARATUS

No. ce
1. Resistors 2 R1,Rvar R1=1k,
R2=500-
1k
2. NPN 3 Q1,Q2, Q2N3904
Transistors Q3
source
With 1k
With 900

With 500
15. UJT APPLICATION ( RELAXATION OSSCILLATOR )

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V 2 2
5 V d c 2
R 1
R 2
5 0 k 3 3 0
0 1
1
X 2
V
2 N 2 6 4 6
V
2 2
C V
1 R 4
1 . 1 u 4 7
1
APPARATUS

No. ce
1. Resistors 2 R1,R2,R R1=330, R2=50k,
3 R3=47
2. UJT 1 X1 UJT 2N2646
3 Capacitor 1 C1 0.1u
4. DC Voltage 1 V1 12V
Source

Graph
16. SCR APPLICARION (SERIES STATIC SWITCH)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1 0 0 1 0 0
I
V O F F = 0
V A M P L = 1 0
F R E Q = 5 0

APPARATUS
S. Part Qt Referen Value

No. y ce
1. Resistors 2 R1,R2 R1=100
,
R2=100
2. Diode 1 D1 D1N414
8
3. AC 1 V1 VAC Freq=50Hz,
voltage Voff=0,
source Vamp=10
4. SCR 1 X1 2N1595
Input

Output


A Project Report On: December '09 Winter Training

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Project Report On: December '09 Winter Training

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Project Report on

December ’09 Winter Training

This is to certify that

Has been completed successfully

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Electronics And Communication Engineering Department,

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

We would like to thank our respected lecturer

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

• Cadence PSpice A/D

• OrCAD PCB Editor

 Working with OrCAD

• Commonly Used Schematic Icons

• Starting a Project in OrCAD

 Electronics-I Circuit Designing and analysis in

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ORCAD PCB EDITOR

For proven, scalable, cost-effective PCB editing and routing

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

mechanical CAD. A common database architecture, use model and library

Intuitive Schematic Design Entry

Full-Featured Schematic Editor

 View and edit multiple schematic designs in a single session

Project Manager Coordinates All Design Data

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

 Project Creation Wizard guides you through all the resources

 Centralized management of all design data permits a seamless

 Hierarchy browser lets you navigate the entire schematic structure

Archive capability ensures the portability of your entire design project

Hierarchical Design and Reuse

OrCAD Capture boosts schematic editing efficiency by enabling you to

Libraries and Part Editor

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Verify Circuits Early with Design Rule Check

OrCAD Capture creates basic bill of materials (BOM) outputs, drawing on

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

 Add, modify and delete part properties at any time

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Cadence© PSpice A/D

Advanced simulations for analog & mixed-signal environments

PSpice and The MathWorks MATLAB Simulink package integrates two

 Single-button simulation and cross-probing and full integration with

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

OrCAD© PCB Editor

Pcb Editing Environment

Floorplanning And Placement

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Interactive Etch Editing

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Place a part from the current library or to add libraries to your

Click this button to select the selection facility

Click this to place a generic ground. Be careful, as there are

Click this to connect your components with wires

Click this to place a DC power point in your circuit

Click this to place no-connects on you circuit. This is good

Commonly Used Schematic Icons

A 220KΩ (220,000Ω) resistor labelled R1

A 100nF (100*10-9 F) capacitor labelled C3

A diode which has had its type field changed to OSCILLATOR

A 5volt DC supply source labeled V1