MATTER

ELEMENT COMPOUND MIXTURE

 ELEMENTS (UNSUR)
• CONSIST OF 1 TYPE OF ATOM
• EXAMPLE :
I) gold ( atom aurum )
II) diamond ( atom carbon )
III) oxygen (atom oxygen)
IV) Helium (atom helium)
• Not all element are stable on earth
• Elements that stable = gold, diamond, sulphur,
 Compound (sebatian)
• Combination of 2 or more atoms chemically
• Example :
i) water, H2O (2 atom hydrogen combines with
1 atom oxygen)
ii) carbon dioxide, CO2
iii) Oxygen gasses , O2
• All compound are STABLE
Why compound exist????
To make a stable composition.
 How to make unstable element
become stable??

Unstable element Stable compound

 What is meant by stable in form of electron
configuration?
• a stable octet electron configuration is when
the electron configuration have full occupied
electron (8 electrons)
• Example of a stable electron configuration as in
group 18 elements (He, Ne, Xe, Rn, Kr)

2 2.8 2.8.8
 Example of an 2.8.1
unstable atom
with a single
electron in its
outer-most
shell.

Example of an
2.8.7
unstable atom
with 7 electrons
in its outer-most
shell.
2.8 (octet) 2 (duplet)

Example of
stable atom
 How to make unstable element
become stable??

Unstable element Stable compound

2 ways:
a) Donate or gain electrons (ionic bond)
b) Sharing electrons (covalent bond)
 Ionic bond (electrovalent bond)
1. An ionic bond formed when one atom either
donate or gain electron to achieve an octet
electron configuration. (ikatan ionik terbentuk apabila
atom berkenaan menderma atau menerima elektron utk mencapai
susunan elektron yg stabil)
 Ionic bond
2. Occur between metal +
non-metal
3. Metal group ( group 1 ->
group 13)
– Tend to donate electron to
achieve octet electron
configuration

4. Non-metal group (group

15 -> group 17)
– Tend to gain electron to
achieve octet electron
configuration
 Donate electron Accept electron

1 18

2 13 14 15 16 17

Periodic table
 Donate electron (for metal group)

Na atom Na+ ion

2.8.1 2.8

Na -> Na + e
+ -
Accept electron (non-metal group)

Cl atom Cl- ion

2.8.7 2.8.8
-

Cl + e- -> Cl-
 Formation of ionic bond
• Formation of Na atom and Cl atom
Na+atom
Na ion Cl
Cl-atom
ion
2.8.1
2.8 2.8.8
2.8.7

+ -
• Na atom will donate electron to form Na+
ions. It called as cation with positive charge.
• Cl (Chlorine) atom will accept 1 electron to
form Cl- ions (chloride). It called as anion with
negative charge.
• Due to the different charge, the cation and
anion attracted to each other by an
electrostatic force.
ANIMATION
1. Magnesium + Oxygen -> magnesium oxide
metal non-metal
2.8.2 2.6
donate 2 electrons accept 2 electrons

2+ 2-
+ ->
Exercises
Draw the ionic bond for each of the following:
(1) Potassium + Fluorine

(2) Magnesium + Iodine

(3) Sodium + Oxygen

(4) Aluminum + Chlorine

 Example of ionic compound
In chemical terms, salt is a combination of sodium
1. NaCl (salt) and chloride ions. NaCl is a simple ionic compound
that forms a crystalline structure as a solid, and
readily dissolves in water. It is one of the most
plentiful compounds on the face of the earth
 Properties of ionic compound
STATE
Due to strong forces of attraction, all the ionic compounds are exist in solid .
MELTING AND BOILING POINT
Ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points.
CONDUCTANCE
-They are strong electrolytes.
-In solid state they do not conduct electricity.
-But in molten state and in aqueous solution they conduct electricity.
SOLUBILITY
-Generally ionic compounds are soluble in water and in many polar solvents.
- Ionic compounds are insoluble in the organic compounds.
HARDNESS
They are very hard.
REACTIVITY
Generally ionic compounds are very reactive .   
 Covalent bond
• Formed between two or more atoms by the
sharing of electrons to achieve a stable
electron configuration. (terbentuk apabila 2 atau lebih
atom berkongsi elektron utk mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil)

• Occur between non-metal atoms

(elements in group 14 – 17)
 Donate electron Accept electron

1 18

2 13 14 15 16 17

Periodic table
 Formation of single covalent bond
1. Formation between Cl atoms

Single bond
Cl – Cl
Cl atom or ClCl2 atom
2.8.7 2.8.7
 Formation of double covalent bond
1. Formation between Oxygen atoms

Double bond
O atom
O O or OO
2
atom
2.6 2.6
 Formation of triple covalent bond
1. Formation between nitrogen atoms

N atom triple bond N atom

2.5N N or N2 2.5
 PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
• Covalent molecules are held together by weak inter molecular force
of attraction.
• Covalent compounds are either gases or liquids. Some covalent
molecules are solids.
NH3 , CO2(gas)
H2O ,CCl4(liquid)
Iodine (solid)
They are volatile. (mudah meruap)
• They have low melting points and boiling points.
• They are soluble in the organic compounds.
• Non-polar covalent compounds do not conduct electricity.
• Polar covalent compounds conduct small amount of electricity.
 Exercises
Draw the covalent bond for each of the following:

a) H + Cl
b) C + H
c) N + F
d) H + O
1. H – Cl
 As you already knew..
MATTER

ELEMENT COMPOUND MIXTURE

CONSIST OF ONE ATOM COMBINATION OF 2 OR COMBINATION OF 2 OR

MORE ELEMENT CHEMICALLY MORE ELEMENT PHYSICALLY

Gold (Aurum,Au) Water (H2O) Mixture of sand

Diamond(Carbon,C) Carbon dioxide (CO2) and magnet
Oxygen (O) Oxygen gases (O2) Milo ice
Hydrogen (H) Batu kapur (CaCO3)
Some is a stable element Compound is STABLE
- Gold
- Diamond
Some are not stable
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen