BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

OBJECTIVES

 Any time Anywhere

 Mobility & Roaming
 High capacity & subs. density
 Efficient use of radio spectrum
 Seamless Network Architecture
 Low cost
 Flexibility
 Innovative Services
 Standard Interfaces
 Public Land Mobile Network

 INDIA has adopted GSM standard for

PLMN.
 Digital Cellular System.
 Operates at 900 MHz.
 International Roaming facility.
 Power class 0.8 to 20W.
 Cell Radius upto 35 Kms.
 Maximum mobility speed 250 Km/hr.
BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
 FDMA
 TDMA
 Cellular Technology &
Frequency Re-use Scheme
 Speech Coding
 Modulation
 FDMA
 Frequency Division Multiple
Access Scheme
 Uplink Frequency Band = (890 – 915) MHz
 Downlink Frequency Band = (935 – 960) MHz
 Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number
(ARFCN)
 Bandwidth = 915 – 890 or 960 – 935
= 25 MHz
GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS
 GSM uses both FDMA & TDMA

• FDMA Access along Frequency axis

• Each RF carrier 200khz apart

• Total 124 RF Channels available.

One or more carrier assigned to each base station

1 2 3 4 5 6 124

……...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8
Mhz.
GSM
FDMA

890 915 935 960

25 MHz 25 MHz
0 1 2 0 1 2

Mobile to Base Base to Mobile

(MHz)
890.2 890.4 890.6 935.2 935.4 935.6
200 kHz
200 kHz
45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation
 TDMA
 Time Division Multiple Access Scheme
 One Radio Frequency = Eight Time Slots
 One TDMA Frame = Eight Time Slots
 One Time Slot = One Physical Channel
 One Time Slot Duration = 0.577 msec
GSM
TDMA
Amplitude

45 MHz

8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
Frequency
F1 F2 F1’ F2’
(Cell Rx) (Cell transmit)

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

 FDMA/TDMA Scheme
TIME

BP2
BP1
BP8
BURST
BP7
F
BP6
BP5 R
BP4 A
BP3 M
BP2
E
BP1 FREQ
890.2 890.6 891.0
890.0 890.4 890.8 891.2 915.8MHz
 TIME SLOT

3 CC SMS
57 SS 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
T S Encrypted GP
CM
Encrypted Training S T

Normal Burst
 CELLULAR
TECHNOLOGY
 Cellular Technology

 Cell

 Site
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

WHAT IS A CELL ?

• A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF

channels is called a cell

• Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers

within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area)

• Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 Km

(Mature)
CELL
 Each Cell uses a specific set of radio
frequencies
 Each Base Station contains one or
more TRXs
Types of Cells

 OMNI CELLS
 SECTOR CELLS
- Two Sector Cells
- Three Sector Cells
Fundamental problems

 Radio range, or coverage

 no. of channels, or voice
circuits
 Full, seamless service
coverage
 Large no. of subscribers in
the range of millions
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

•RADIO IN LOCAL LOOP

•LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF RF SPECTRUM

•CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
•INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
•INTERFERENCE AND SYSTEM CAPACITY

•FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN

•CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT

•CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS
•FUTURE TRENDS
Frequency Re-use Scheme
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CELL COVERAGE No. Of No. of

RADIUS AREA(KM2) MOBILE CHANNELS
(KM) SUBS. REQD.

1 3.14 100 8

3 28.3 900 38

10 314 10,000 @ 360

25 1960 60,000 @ 2,000

ASSUMPTIONS Traffic /User = 30 mE , GOS = 1%
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

• 360 * 25 KHz * 2 = 18 000 KHz = 18 MHz

FOR A CELL OF 10 KM RADIUS ONLY

• THIS IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE ALLOCATED

• HENCE FREQUENCY REUSE IS A MUST TO

COVER THE TOTAL SERVICE AREA WITH
A LIMITED AVAILABLE RF RESOURCES

• HENCE THE NEED FOR A CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

Frequency Re-use Scheme

 CLUSTER
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

2 GIVEN FREQ.
RESOURCE
7 3

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 4
5

A CLUSTER OF CELLS
 FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN

4/12 7/21
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
N=7
2
7 3 2
1 7 3 Given Freq Resource
R D
6 4 1
5 6 4
5 12 3 456 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern “N”=7
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CO-CHL INTERFERENCE :Interference caused by

another cell/mobile using the same frequency

Co Chl Interference is
a Function of “Q”
the re-use ratio:
D
R Q =D / R

Higher Q Reduced Co-Chl Interference 

Lower Q Increased Co-Chl Interference 
 Co– Channel Interference

Q = D /R = 3N

N =Cluster Size
R = Size (Radius of Cell)
D = Distance between two Co- Channel Cells
Co– Channel Interference

Higher Q Less Interference  

Higher N
More Cluster Size
Less RF freq/cell
Less Traffic Handling 
Capacity of the system
LOWER Q Higher Interference 
Increased System
Handling Capacity 
CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
 MICRO CELL
 MACRO CELL
 UMBRELLA CELL
GSM CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS

1
1
2 With 2 % GoS
1 1 
2.94 E

8 2.94E/25mE=120 Subs
8 Access Channels
1--Signaling
7- Voice

120 Subs/Sector  3 = 360 Subscribers

Speech Coding
 Audio CODEC
 RPE : LTP = Regular Pulse Excitation :
Long term Prediction
Modulation
 GMSK = GAUSSIAN MINIMUM SHIFT
KEYING
 GSM Specifications

Carrier Separation - 200 kHz

Duplex Distance - 45 MHz

No. of RF Carriers - 124

Access Method - TDMA/FDMA

Modulation Method - GMSK

Transmission Rate - 270.833 Kbps

Speech Coding - Full rate 13 Kbps
Half rate 6.5 Kbps
 GSM
Digital Voice Transmission
Speech Coding

- In GSM speech coding a block of 20 ms is encoded in one set of

260 bits.

- This calculates as 50X 260 = 13 kbps. Thus GSM speech coder

produces a bit rate of 13 kbps per subscriber.

- This provides speech quality which is acceptable for mobile

telephony and comparable with wire-line PSTN phones.
 GSM
Digital Voice Transmission
Channel Coding
- It uses 260 bits from speech coding as input and outputs 456
encoded bits.

Interleaving
- These 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech are interleaved forming eight blocks of 57 bits each.

- In one burst one block of 57 bits from one sample and another
block from another sample are sent together.
 GSM
Digital Voice Transmission
Burst Formatting

- To counteract the problems encountered in radio path.

- Additional bits as training sequence added to basic speech/data.

- Total of 136 bits added, bringing overall total to 592 bits.

- Each TS of TDMA frame is 0.577 ms long and during this time 156.25 bits are transmitted.

- One burst contains only 148 bits. Rest of the space, 8.25 bits time, is empty and is called
Guard Period ( GP ).

- GP enables MS/BTS to “ramp up” and “ ramp down”.

 GSM
Speech to Radio waves
Analog Analog

Speech Coding Speech Decoding

Channel Coding Channel Decoding

Interleaving De-interleaving

Burst formatting Burst formatting

Ciphering Deciphering

Modulation Demodulation
200kHz BW 200kHz BW
 GSM Radio Interface - CYCLES
Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes
3 Hours 28 Minutes 53 Seconds and 760 milliseconds
0 2047

Superframe = 26× 51
multiframes
0 6.12 Seconds 50

0 25

26 Multiframe 51 Multiframe
120 mS Approx 235 mS
0 1 2 24 25 0 1 48 49 50

TDMA frame
4.615 mS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Organisation of Speech & Data
Frames 0-11 : TCH Frames 12 : SACCH Frames 13-24 : TCH Frames 25 : Unused
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 – frame
multiframe
Duration: 120 ms
TDMA frame
BP 0 BP 1 BP 2 BP 3 BP 4 BP 5 BP 6 BP 7 Duration: 60/13
ms
=4.615 ms

3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

Tail Data bits Stealing Training Stealing Data bits Tail Guard
bits bit sequence bit bits bits
Normal burst
Duration 15/26
ms
 GSM-- TDMA STRUCTURE

• TDMA 8 Time Slots / RF Channel

• Time slot duration 0.577m sec or 15 / 26 m sec
• Frame 8 Burst Periods ( Time Slots)
= 8 15/26 = 4.615 m sec
• Multi Frame Traffic 26  4.615 = 120 msec
Control 51  4.615 = 235.365 m sec
• Super Frame 51  Traffic Multi frames
26  Control Multi frames
• Hyper Frame 2048 Super Frames = 3 28 52.76
hr min sec
 GSM
LOGICAL CHANNELS
• USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)
• SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)
GSM
CONTOL CHHANELS OVER LOGICAL CHANNELS
• Intended to carry signalling and synchronisation

THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS

• Broadcast control channel BCCH

• Common control channel CCCH
• Dedicated control channel DCCH
 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS

• Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE

• DEDICATED MODE
-- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL
has been allocated during an established call
• IDLE MODE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
GSM
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS
Broadcast control channel BCCH
P- MP For Freq Correction FCCH
For Syncronisation SCH
BCCH
Common control channel CCCH

For ACCESS Management PCH

RACH
AGCH
Dedicated control channel DCCH
P- P For Registration SDCCH
,authentication SACCH
& Handover FACCH
 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
IDLE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
• MS stays continuously in touch with BS
• Listens to transmissions from BS to intercept
Paging Messages ( for incoming calls)
• Monitors Radio Environment in order to evaluate Chl

Quality & choose the most suitable BS

• Listens to BS to avail short message broadcast service
 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
ACCESS PROCEDURE
-- Access to system
( switch over from IDLE to DEDICATED Mode)
• MS indicates to BS that it needs a connection
• BS accepts the request & indicates which
traffic CHL it may use
• For above purpose specific transmission is done over
“ Common Channels”
 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
MOBILE O/G Call

• MS sends access over RACH

• System allocates SDCCH through AGCH
• Set up information exchanged over SDCCH
( Authentication , Measurement Reports, Power Control)
• Lastly TCH is assigned through SDCCH when a
conversation can start
 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
MOBILE I/C Call

• Paging to MS through PCH since MS is monitoring PAGCH

• MS responds by sending a page response over RACH

• As a result system allocates SDCCH to MS over AGCH

• Set up information exchanged over SDCCH

( Authentication, Call set-up messages , Power Control)
• Lastly TCH is allocated to mobile over SDCCH .

Mobile starts conversation.

 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
IDLE MODE ACCESS PROCDURE DEDICATED MODE
• IDLE MODE ----FCCH
---- SCH
----BCCH
• MS O/G Call ----RACH
----AGCH
----SDCCH
----TCH
• MS I/C Call ----PCH
----RACH
----AGCH
----SDCCH
----TCH