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10
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17
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18
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19
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20
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- t"du xd;k ppfwal =umif;udk 0rfq vm;- (64) wGif (vyc)wdkif;rSL;? (72)wGif 'kumuG,f
rdkif;wHkcsef;vrf;twdkif; a&G;cs,fcJhr_@ rSefuefa=umif; a&;OD ; pD ; csKyf (74)wG i f / umuG , f a &;OD ; pD ; csKyf /
awG@&w,f? &efoltaejzihf acgif;rmrmcHppfqifI AdkvfcsKyf}uD; aZ,sausmfxif ol&wifOD; &,fvdk@
jyif;jyif;xefxef ckcHcJhygu rdrd. ypftm;pDrHcsufudk wyfrawmfrSm emrnfausmf=um;/ vl}udKufrsm;cJhol
xyfrH tm;jznfhaygif;pyfEdkif&ef tajr‡muf}uD;rsm; yk*K~d vfx;l tjzpf ordik ;f tpOf tvm}uD; rm;cJh oljzpf
tm; tvG,fwula&$@ajymif;&eftwGuf um;vrf; fygw,f?
ayguw f ahJ e&mjzpfygw,f? rdr&d @J wdu k pf pft&Sed f t[kef avmavmq,f ( N L D ) &J@ 'kOuUX
udk ydkrdkxdrf;EdkifwJhtajctaeaumif; wck&&Sdjcif; jzpf + yD ; (etz)jynf w G i f ; jzpf zuf q pf j yKwf r El ; /
vnf; jzpfygw,f? tm%m&l;/ Adkvf,kwf &l;wck&J@ tjypfrJh tusOf;
- rdrd&J@ ( S R P ) c&D;wdkxdk;azgufa&; om;b0rSm a&mufae&ygw,f? ol@&@J om;}uD;=o&o/
ppfa=umif; rdkif;[efudk OD;wnf xdk;cJhvdk@ &efol@ &J@ OD;oef@ZifO;D [m N LD ( L A ) JAPAN rSm
aoe*F AsL[m t&Hwyfukd v_y&f mS ;r_@rjyKEdik yf J aomif OuUXtjzpfwm0ef xrf;aqmifaew,fvdk@ od&yg
wifatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhwmawG@ &ygw,f? rdrd&J@ w,f?
ppfqifwyftm;udk &efol&J@wyfr_;[m oJoJuGJuGJ tcef; 28
ra0cGJEdkifcJhyJ/ wyftif tm;omvGefrsm;jym;onf[k Armh w yf r awmf & J @ ord k i f ; t&qd k y gvsif
txif&SdoGm;um ol&J@t&Hwyf oHk;pGJr_@udk tv[ jynfyrS usL;ausmfol w&kwfjzLwdk@tay: atmifjrif
ojzpfoGm;apcJhwmvnf; owdjyKrdygw,f? pGm xdk;ppfqif acsr_ef;EdkifcJhwJh/ bk&ifhaemif ppfqif
- w&kwjf zLwd@k tm; olw@kd &@J tajccH a'o a&;}uD;[m or&dk;us/ }uD;rm;us,fjyef@+yD; EdkifiHw
rdik ;f qwf/ rdik ;f wH/k rdik ;f [ef-yGeyf gusi/f w0du k rf S wdu k f um wyfrawmfrsm;uyifvsif tHh=ocsD; usL;axm
cd k u f / armif ; xk w f v d k u f E d k i f I &ef o l w d k @ [ef c suf yemjyK=uwJhtxd awG@jrifod&SdavhvmrSwf om;cGifh
ysuf u m xk d i f ; e,f p yf t eD ; / a0;vH a cgif z sm;aom &cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_@ ESrd ef if;a&;ppfqif
t&yfrsm;odk@ qkwfcGgoGm; apcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? r_rsm;wGif “ tif;pdew f u
kd yf pJG Of ”[m }uD;rm; jyif;xef
- yG e f y gusif t a&S @ buf xd k i f ; e,f p yf e J @ ausmf=um; vlodrsm;cJhovdk/ jynfy usL;ausmfol
uyfvsuftajcjyKxm;wJhw&kwfjzL/ XmecsKyf udkyg w&kwjf zLwd@k tm; ppfqif acsre_ ;f cJ&h wJh “ bk&ifah emif
0if a &muf p D ; eif ; wd k u f c d k u f o d r f ; yd k u f v d k u f E d k i f v d k @ ppf q if a &; ” }uD ; [mvnf ; ord k i f ; wG i f a tmif

21
ausmf = um; atmif j rif c J h w mrd k @ xd k p Of u mvu jzpfajrmuf wm&,fvdk@ r&SdcJhavawmh (zqyv)
Armhwyfrawmf&J@ ppfpGrf;&nfxufjrufr_udk urBm tpd;k &eJ@ “&efuek +f rdK@” udk (KNDO) wd@k vufrus
wcGifrSm jyef@vGifhawmufajymif cJhwmudk owd&rSwf a&;twGuf u,fwif&Sif AdkvfrSL;}uD; ausmfaZmudk
om;rdcJhygw,f? tjrefac:vd@k umuG,u f ,f wifcikd ;f cJ&h wmyJ cifAsm?
Armhwyfrawmf&@J *k%af &mifukd xGe;f ajymif *ED N p mcsKyf t & (7-9-45)rS m jyef v nf
awmufyatmif pGrf;aqmifcJh olu awmh xdkacwf/ pk z G J @ pOf u (oeu-3)ud k A d k v f a usmf a Zmu OD ; pD ;
xd k u mvu wyf r awmf & J @ ppf o l } uD ; &J a bmf o H k ; pkzGJ@cJhovdk (oeu-4)udk Adkvfae0if;u OD;pD;cJh+yD;
usdyf0if rsdK;cspfol&J aumif;/ ppfacgif;aqmif ajrmuf (oeu-5)ud k a wmh Ad k v f a Z,su OD ; pD ; vd k @ pk z G J @
ydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf/ wdkif;rSL; =unf;-3504 AdkvfrSL; cJh=uygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;r&rSDumv ysOf;rem;
csKyf ausmfaZmbJ jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmf e,frmS Adv k w f m&mwd@k vlwpk qlyal omif;=urf; wmudk
aZm[m vGwfvyfa&; t}udKumv wHk;u vnf; +id r f 0 yf y d j ym;r_ & apbd k @ (FLUSH FORCE)
&cdkifjynfe,fwcGifu bHkaygufomausmfeJ@ OD;pENm txl ; ppf q if a &;wck o m Ad k v f a e0if ; OD ; pD ; cJ h w m
wdk@acgif;aqmifaom uGefrsLepf rsm;udk pGrf;pGrf;wrH &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; ordkif;rSm zwfbl;rSwf bl;cJhygw,f?
OD;pD;acsre_ ;f ppfqifco hJ vdk rl*sm[pf ukvm;qd;k olyek f 'g[mvnf;jyif;jyif;xefxef ppfqifESdrfESif;cJh&wJh
rsm;tay:rSmvnf; vsr;f vsr;f awmuf acsre_ ;f atmif wd k u f y G J r sd K ;r[k w f y gbl ; ? ol O D ; pD ; wJ h (oeu-4)u
jf rif/ ordik ;f wGicf o
hJ l ppfqifa&;rSL;vnf;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? +Adwdo#ppfwyfeJ@ aygif;pyf+yD; &Jabmf/ &Jbufa[mif;
tJ'o D rdik ;f tqpftauG@/ &cdik jf ynfppfqifa&; &+yD;csed f Adv
k w f m&m wd@k qlyt l ºkH ur_@ukd pnf;&H;k a&;enf;AsL[meJ@
(4-11-48)rSm/ ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; tiftm;jy avppfqifr_@wckom jzpfygw,f?
tjzpfcef@tyfwm0efay;jcif; cH&ygw,f? aoG;xGufoH,dk usOf;wnf;/ usyf wnf;/
(1949)ckESpf/ ESpfprSm ( K N D O ) wd@k cufcufcJcJ oufpGef@ qHzsm; wdkuf&wm &,fvdk@
olykefxum tif;pdef+rdK@udk odrf;ydkufvdk@ tm%m& rawG @ cJ h & yg? (48)ck E S p f ocif o ef ; xG e f ; wd k @
(zqyv) tpd;k &udk Edik if jH cm;o wif; rD', D mrsm;u (Auy)ykefuefxºu/ olykefxcsdefrSmawmh (oeu-
&efukeftpdk;& &,fvdk@ uifrGef; wyfavSmifajymif 4)wyfcGJrsm;udk jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o ykodrfeJ@ tjcm;
oa&mf ac:a0a&; om;ae=u wJu h mv “wdik ;f jynfu aom+rdK@rsm;udk jzef@usufcsxm; umuG,fr_@,l&+yD;
EkEk rkef;wdkif;u xefxef ”r&SK@om r&_dufom jzpf ol u awmh ud k , f w d k i f O D ; pD ; wd k u f y G J 0 if c J h w m
aewJhtcsdef (5-2-49)rSm emrnfausmf ppfol}uD; rawG@cJh&ygbl;?
AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfaZmudk ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rS ta&; xdkpOfumvwdkufyGJjzpfpOfrsm;rSm (oeu-
ay:ac:,lum awmifydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfrSL;tjzpf 4)&J@wyfcGJrSL; Adkvf}uD;rif;odef; (aemifAdkvfrSL;}uD;)
ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfum tif;pdefwdkufyGJudk OD;pD;wdkufyGJ wdk@uawGom ykodrf+rdK@ (KNDO) wdk@udk OD;pD;
0ifapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? xdktcsdefu wyfrawmf&J@ uG y f u J w d k u f y G J 0 if w m rsm;om zwf b l ; / rS w f b l ;
ppfOD;pD; csKyf[m AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;tm;z,f &Sm;+yD; cJh&ygw,f? xdkpOfu Adkvfae0if;[m AdkvfaZ,seJ@
wdik ;f jynfe@J wyfrawmfukd o'Ngvef atmifzsuq f ;D rJ/h umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;ae&mpm;cGufvkaewmawG +rdK@cdk
ordkif;w&m;cH Adkvfae0if;u ylylaEG;aEG; ppfOD;pD;csKyf (Auy)wuf bke;f }uD;ode;f az/ tjzpfvJ OD;ode;f azjrifh
jzpfcgp tcsdefayghAsm/ ol@&J@ ordkif;pOfwav#mufrSm eJ@ vuf0g;csi;f &du k +f yD; “vuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumf rwD”
ppfqifa&;qdkvdk@ om w ckrS xGef;xGef;aygufayguf rS m OD ; pD ; OuU X ae&m,l v d k @ umuG , f a &;0ef } uD ;

22
Adv
k v f uFsm/ trSL; jyKwJv h +kH cHKa&;aumifpu D kd qef@usif Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a usmf a Zm[m w&k w f j zL usL;ausmf
wdkufyGJ0ifaewmawG AdkvfvuFsmudk umuG,fa&; ol w d k @ tm; “bk & if h a emif p pf q if a &;” eJ @ qif E G J + yD ; /
0ef}uD;ae&mu wGe;f cswu kd cf u
kd af ewmawGyJ zwfb;l / wyfrawmf&J@ordkif;a=u;udk xJxJ0if0if/ yDyDjyifjyif
rSwfbl; cJh&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcgom r,u Adkvfae0if; jyefqyfvdk@ wyfrawmf &J@*k%fa&mifudk xGef;ajymif
OD;pD;+yD; b,fwdkufyGJrSm0ifcJh w,fqdkwmawG/ b,f awmuf y apcJ h w m awG @ &ygw,f ? bk & if h a emif
a'oudk Adv k af e0if; OD;pD;um/ wdu k yf 0JG if OD;pD;umuG,f ppf q if a &;}uD ; &J @ ta&;ygvS w J h “0rf q vm;”
cJhw,fqdkwm/ =um;bl;em;0 bmwckrSr,fr,f && ul;wd@k qyd f wdu k yf }JG uD;udk uk, d wf ikd u
f ,
kd uf s OD;pD;uGyu
f J
avhvmrSwfom;cJhbl;wm r&Sdbl;cifAsm? um wd k u f y G J 0 if a tmif j rif c J h w J h ppf a cgif ; aqmif /
ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmawmhvnf; udk,fwdkif wyf r S L ;wOD ; uawmh (oeu-1)&J @ wyf & if ; rS L ;
OD;pD;wdu k yf 0JG ifwmrsKd ; a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; e,fajrudyk if 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifOD; (aemifwGif ppfOD;pD; csKyf
ntdy/f naeoGm;bl;wmvnf; rawG@b;l / r=um;bl; jzpfvmcJo h l Adv k cf sKyf}uD; aZ,sausmx f if/ ol&wifO;D )
ygbl;? c%wjzKwf rsufESmjy,Hkavmufom/a&muf jzpfa=umif; zwf&/ rSwf&ygw,f? 'Dae@rSm jynfwGif;
bl; wmqdkyJAsm? ppfqifa&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;rSK@ r&SdyJ/ jzpfzufqpf/ tm%m±l;/ OpPm±l;/ jyKwfrEl;/ oef;a&$
ESmx/ jrif; avmif;/ t&ufaomuf/ zJ&u kd ef @J a0av &J@tus,cf sKyfpH ae&ol ( N L D ) &J@ 'kw, d OuUX
av ppfOD;pD;csKyfb0rSmom ,pfrl;aysmfyg;/ t±_wf OD;wifOD;yJjzpfygw,f?
awG v k y f / tcsd e f + zH K ;aeygowJ h A sm? wu,f w ef ; (1984)ckESpfrSm “bk&ifhaemifppf qifa&;”
ppfqif&rJhtvkyfrsdK;=uawmh wuJh ppfol}uD; Adkvf }uD;atmifjrif+yD; ajrmuf+yD; aemufydkif;rSm tcsuf
rS L ;csKyf a usmf a Zmud k o m tm;ud k ; tm;xm;jyK+yD ; / tjcm;e,fajra'orsm;rS w&kwjf zLwd@k ukd armif;xkwf
awmifyikd ;f udk qGcJ s vdu k /f ajrmufyikd ;f udk xd;k wifvu kd ef @J wGef;ypfvdkufEdkifvdk@ e,fajra'orsm; at;aq;wnf
ppfqif upm;cJhwmyJ awG@&ygw,f? tif;pdefudk w +idrfr_@ &vmcJhaomfvnf; w&kwf jzLwyfwcsdK@[m
u,f umuG,fwdkufcdkuf OD;pD;cJholrsm;uawmh Adkvf xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwckrSm cdkuyfae=umao;wmrdk@
rS L ;}uD ; ausmf a Zm/ Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; bvd y f / Ad k v f pd w f c s/ vuf c sawmh r&S d a o;wmud k Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf
rS L ;}uD ; [&ef o D , d k (usqH k ; ) Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; cspf + rd K if / ausmaf Zmu pdwrf at;Edik yf J &Scd u hJ m t+yD;tydik f vuf
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;apmjrifh Adv k rf LS ; }uD;pde0f if; ponfh ppfacgi;f pwH k ; acsr_ e f ; armif ; xk w f E d k i f & ef “&ef } uD ; atmif ”
aqmifrsm;om jzpf=uygw,f? ppfqifa&;eJ@ qifEGJwdkufcdkuf&ef }uH&G,fpDrHcJh &jyef
awmifydkif;u jynfwGif; a&mifpHkolykef awG ygw,f? &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&; twGuf t"du uef@
tm;aysmh c sd e J @ oG m ;csd e f r _ e f w d k i f ; pJ p umvrS m owfcsufu e,fpyfjy\em&Sdaewmrdk@ xdkif;EdkifiHeJ@
w&kwjf zLusL;ausmf olw@kd u wpcef;x vmcsed f (7- em;vnfr_&,lbdk@ vdktyfvmcJhwmawG@&ygw,f?
7-53)rSm Adv k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf Zmudk Adv k rf LS ;csKyfbvdyef @J tjcm;tcuftcJwcku wyftiftm;pkzGJ@
vJvS,fum ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; &ef twGuf wyfxw k Ef w _ &f mrSm jy\emawG@ &jyef
tjzpf c ef @ tyf w m0ef a y;+yD ; w&k w f j zLrsm;ud k ygw,f? tm%m& (zq yv)tpdk;&tzGJ@wnf;rSm
OD;pD;wdkufcdkufap cJhjyefygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm qd k & S , f v pf r sm;u v$ r f ; rd k ; cs,f v S , f a e=uwJ h t
rwd k i f c if u qd k & S , f v pf w yf r S L ;}uD ; wOD ; jzpf w J h avsmuf w&kwjf zLudk wdu k bf @kd xuf uGerf sLepf (Auy)
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; ausmpf ;kd udk OD;pD;um “e*g;Edik ”f ppfqifa&; wd k @ ud k tjywf a csr_ e f ; &S i f ; vif ; vd k = uwJ h qEN u
}uD ; qif E G J a pcJ h & m “e*g;&_ H ; ” ppf q if a &;&,f v d k @ ydrk }kd uD;rm;+yD;/ “armifrmC”ppfqif a&; EGb J @kd zdtm;
ordkif;wGifcJhwm rSwfom;rdygw,f? 'ga=umifh vnf; ay;pDrHpdkif;jyif;ae=uwmawG@ae&ygw,f? wyftif
23
tm;trsm;pkudk xkwfE_wfpkzGJ@um yHkatmppfqif bdk@ ppf q if a&;umvtwG i f ; bmtcuf t cJ r sm;&S d

pdwftm;xuf oefae=u ygw,f? tajctaeu ygovJ vdk@ ar;awmhwmygyJ?
vnf; qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@&J@ }uH&G,fcsufudk 'DrSmwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmu w&kwfjzL
wyf x J u qd k & S , f v pf w yf r S L ;rsm;uyg tm;xuf wdk@tm; xdkif;e,fpyfwckrSm wdkuf &wm xdkif;e,f
oa&m axmuf c H t m;ay; ae=uwm&S d y gw,f ? edrw d jf y\em &Sad =umif;/ w&kwf jzLrsm;[m xdik ;f e,f
txl ; jzif h (Auy)wd k @ &J @ A[d k X me csKyf [ m (r) edrdwfuef@owfr_tay: tcGifhaumif;,lum ckcH=u
oH;k vH;k e,fajr/ rdwv Dˆ m/ jrif;+cH/ rauG; a'ow0du k rf mS aoma=umifh/ xdkif;eJ@ jrefrme,fpyfjy\ emrjzpf
cdkatmif;v_yf&Sm; aewJh owif;uvnf; cdkifvHkpGm a&;udk tav;*&kjyKwdkufcdkuf&vdk@ tcuftcJrsm;pGm
jzpfxGef;aygufajrmuf aewmawG@&ygw,f? &Sda=umif; ususeetao;pdwf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhyg
(Auy) A[dkudk rdrd&& 0dkif;ygwf/ ydwfqdk@ w,f? w&kwjf zLrsm;[m Armhwyfrawmf&@J xd;k ppfukd
acsr_ e f ; vd k u f E d k i f v sif (Auy)wd k @ +yd K uG J c sKyf + id r f ; +yD ; / a&SmifuGif;um xdkif;EdkifiHxJodk@0ifa&muf cdkvSHKa&Smif
(zqyv)tpdk;& tbdk@tm%mwnfjrJum/ ydkrdk&Sif wd r f ; oG m ; =uwJ h t wG u f wyf r awmf & J @
oef v mrS m jzpf o vd k qd k & S , f v pf w d k @ &J @ t"d u &ef ppfqifwdkufcdkuf r_@rsm;[m tusdK;&Sdoifhoavmuf
ol[mvnf;/ wylat;um/ jynfwGif;rSm ydkrdk+idrf;csrf; r&SdcJh a=umif; jzpfEdkifrnfqdkygu w&kwfjzLwdk@tm;
vmr,fvdk@ cef@rSef;,lq wGufcsufxm;=uygw,f? xdkif;e,fajr (3)uDvdkcef@ txdvdkuf ppfqifwdkuf
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf uGyu f rJ @_ atmuf/ acsmuf cdkufcGifhay;yg&ef wifjyvdkufygw,f?
wGif tajcjyKxm;wJh/ wyfr[m (10)&J@wyfrif; Adkvf wqufwnf;rSmyJ Armhwyfrawmf av,Of
rSL; }uD;=unf0if;u “armifrmC” ppfqifa&;udk rsm;udk xdik ;f Edik if &H @J ava=umif; e,ferd w d f (5)uDvckd ef@
}uD ; rm; jyif ; xef p G m qif E G J b d k @ pd w f t m;xuf o ef ysoH ef;cGijhf yK&efEiS hf Armhwyfrawmf&@J tajrmuf/ pdwf
wuf º upG m pD r H c suf a &; qG J j yif q if a eygw,f ? ajymif; usnrf sm;udv k nf; xdik ;f Edik if eH ,ferd w
d t f wGi;f
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;=unf0if;[m umuG,af &;0ef}uD; OD;AaqG (2)uD v d k c ef @ txd u s cG i f h j yKyg&ef u d k y g Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf
(usm;}uD;) qdk&S,fvpfxyfoD;eJ@ r,m;nDtudkawmf ausmfaZmu pepfwus tav;xm; wifjyawmif;
pyfol jzpfygw,f? qd k c J h w mawG @ &ygw,f ? tH h = opG m yif Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ;
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmqifEGJvdkwJh “&ef}uD; azgif;u rqdkif;rwG cGifhjyKcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? 'g[m
atmifppfqifa&;” jzpfajrmufatmif rar#mfvifhyJ vnf; ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? w&kwfjzLwdk@[m bdef;
xl;jcm;wJh tajctaew&yfu trSwfrxifayguf vkyfief;rsm;vkyf&mrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;azgif;udk ynmygyg
ajrmufjzpfxGef;cJhwm/ owdjyKrdygw,f? xdkif;EdkifiH npfywfvSnfhpm;cJhwmrdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;azgif;uvnf;
&J @ =oZm wuU r }uD ; vS w J h jynf x J a &;0ef } uD ; eJ @ &mZ0if a=u;qyfwt hJ aeeJ@ wdwyd y jyefvnf*vJph m;
ykvdyfrif; }uD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;azgif; (GEN: acsvu kd w f mvd@k tqd&k cdS yhJ gw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;azgi;f [m
PAO) [m Armjynfukd vma&muf vnfygw, f if; xdkif;ppfbuf t&m&SdtcsdK@udk AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmfaZm
ar+rdK@odk@ygwufvmum/ AdkvfrSL; csKyfausmf aZmeJ@ &J@ ppfqifa&;uGyu f rJ @_ tzG@J e@J twl xm;&Sad y;rSmjzpf+yD;
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24
2010 a&G;aumufyGJeSifh ywfoufI *syefedkifiH&Sd jrefrmtodkif;t0dkif;rS

'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;. xkwfjyefajunmcsuf
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cHpm;cGihf r&Syd jJ zpfaeonf?
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qufvuf yl;aygi;f yg0ifru _ v kd nf; uGseykf wf u hkd ar#mv f ifo h nf?

25
*syefedkifiH&Sd jrefrmtodkif;t0dkif;rS 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;

26

27
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28
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29
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udkqdkvdkonf wenftm;jzifhqdk&aom acwfaemufjyefqGJaom udkvdkeDacwf 'dkif,mcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHjzifh
tm%mudt k }uD; tuJppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;u csKyfcikd x
f m;jcif; pepfuq kd v kd o kd nf// tm%m&So d rl sm;cGit
hf a&;&&Sad &;/
aiGa=u;pepfudkxdrf;csKyfxm;a&;/ jynfol htusKd;jyK vkyfief; rsm;wGiftm%mydkifrsm;uyg0ifjcif;/ usrf;rma&;
vkyfief;rsm;udktm%mydkiftzGJ htpnf;rsm;u vkyfaqmifjcif; Oya'vdkovdktokH;csjcif;ponfh xdrf;csKyfr_
trsKd;rsKd;jzifhcsKyfudkifxm;EdkifaompepfrsKd;udkom etzuajymaom pnfurf;&Sdonfh'Drdkua&pDjzpfonf//

30
xdak =umifh etz. 2008 zGJ ph nf;ykt H ajzcHOya'onf trsK;d om;nDvmcHut kd a=umif;jyI wbuf
owfa&;qGJcJh +yD; jynfolxlxk.oabmxm; vGwfvyfpGmaz: jycGifhray;bJ jcdrf;ajcmufI qENcH,lyGJjyK
vk y f c J h o nf / / xd k a emuf wif ; usyf a om a&G ; aumuf y G J Oya'rsm;xk w f j yef u m (a&G a&G ; aumuf y G J w G i f
zrf ; qD ; xd r f ; od r f ; cH & qJ E S i f h tjzpf ' %f csrS w f c H x m;&ol r sm; yg0if c G i f h r &S d a p& yg0if a eygu ygwD u d k
zsufodrf;cH&rnf )[k xkwfjyefxm;aoma=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unftyg0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;rsm;tm;
a&G;aumufyGJwGifyg0ifcGifhr&atmif Oya'jzifhuef howfxm;onf/ xdktcsufudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfI
w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrjzpfEdkifonfrSm aocsmaeygonf//
xdk a&G;aumufyGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk ryg0ifEdkifatmifpepfwus tpDtpOfcsxm;+yD;
ppftpd;k &ESihf tjrifoabmxm;jcif;rwlaom Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk Oya' yk'rf trsK;D rsK;D wyfum zrf;qD;xdr;f
odrf;xm;+yD; jyKvkyfaom 2010 a&G;aumufyGJonf ‘ vGwfvyfIw&m;r#waom ’a&G;aumufyGJrjzpfEdkif
twkta&mif a&G;aumufyGJ omjzpfonf// EdkifiHwumESifh urBmhukvor*~rSawmif;qdkaeaom‘‘ vGwfvyf
Iw&m;r#waom’’ trsm;yg0ifEdkifaom a&G;aumufyGJrjzpfEdkifyg// wdkif;jynfonf 26 ESpf=um ppfwyfESifh
Iw&m;r#waom
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a=umifh wdkif;&ifom;a'orsm;onf vkHjcKHa&;uif;rJhaeaom ppfovif;ozG,f vlrsKd;pkrsm; a&G hajymif;aexdkif
ae=u&aoma=umifh trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw G af &;onf vdt k yfaeaom
a=umifh rjzpfrae aqmif&Guf=u&rnfjzpfonf//
o,HZmway:=uG,f0aom jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqif;&JqkH;EdkifiHtjzpf a&muf&SdcJh&onf// wdkif;jynf.
b¾m rsm;onfvnf; ppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;. vuf0,fa&muf&adS eum wdik ;f oljynfom;trsm;pkrmS qif;&J=uyfwnf;
aom 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifae=u&onf// wdkif;jynf.zGifhjzdK;wdk;wufr_vnf;vkH;0usqif;aeI tem*wf
ta&;onf rawG;0ifah vmufatmifyifjzpfaeavonf// w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;onf wdik ;f jynfwjynf. tajc
cHOya' cdkifrmuspfvpfr_tay:wGifr_wnfaeygonf// w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_&SdrSom EdkifiHom;wdk honf Oya'.
ay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sd Edkifrnfjzpfonf// w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom a&G;aumufy GJESifh rw&m;aom
Oya'rsm;u
Oya'rsm;udk wm0eft& awmfvSef=u &rnfjzpfayonf//
jrodef;
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
rD ; v#H xJ u =um Zifvif; 05 =o*kwf 2010
ord k i f ; 0if &S p f a v;vk H ; ta&;awmf y k H } uD ; jzpf y G m ;cJ h o nf r S m ,ck E S p f w G i f (22) ES p f jynf h a y+yD ?
Tta&;awmf y k H u d k jref r mh r suf a rS m uf o rd k i f ; . tcsKd ; tauG @ }uD ; wck t jzpf rS w f w rf ; wif = uonf ?
tb,fa=umifhenf;? vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;tawmtwGif; vludk vlvdkrjrifaom rqv ppftm%m
&Sifpepftm; ckwfydkif;+zdKvSJEdkifcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;/ w&m;rSswa&;ESifh wef;wla&;qdkonfh 'Drdkua&pDESifh
vl @ tcG i f h t a&; tod t jrif r sm;ud k ta&;awmf y k H u &S i f o ef a pcJ h o nf ? ppf t m%m&S i f p epf u d k
pdefac:tefwkEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom vlxkacgif;aqmifwa,mufudkvnf; ta&;awmfykHu arG;zGm;ay;cJhonf?

31
wcsdefwnf;wGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fwdk@onfvnf; ta&;awmfykH.

atmifoD;atmifyGifhrsm;yifjzpfonf? Tae&mY ydkrdkta&;ygonfh xl;jcm;csufwckrSm ta&;awmfykH.
oufa&mufr_t&Sdefa=umifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: tvSnfhtajymif; odompGm jzpfay:cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
xdt k vSnt hf ajymif;u ppf0g'/ ppftm%m&Si0f g'/ ‘yk&o d y"me0g'’ v$r;f rd;k aer_ukd wyfveS @f ped af c:vdu k o f nfh
toHvnf;jzpfonf? yk&do0g' odk@r[kwf ppf'\e0g'tm; pdefac:oltjzpf &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHu
arG;xkwfay;vdkufolrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfyifjzpfonf?
2010 ZGefvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. arG;ae@aygif; (65) }udrfwdkifcJh+yD? (15) }udrfaom
arG;ae@rsm;udk aetdrftus,fcsKyfb0jzifh wdwfqdwfpGm jzwfoef;cJh&onf? odk@aomfvnf; a':atmif
qef;pk=unfudk cspfcifav;pm;=uaom jrefrmhjynfolrsm;ESifh urBm@jynfolrsm;u ol@arG;ae@a&mufwdkif;
urBmhae&ma'o tESH@tjym;wGif wcrf;wem; usif;y=up+rJjzpfonf? xdkae@a&mufwdkif; EdkifiHwum tpdk;
&acgif;aqmifrsm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fvfqk&Sifrsm;/ urBmhukvor*~ESifh EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;/
jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS 'Dru kd a&pDjrwfE;kd olrsm;u ppftm%m&Siw f @kd . vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;tm; uef@uu G f
¶_wfcs+rJjzpfonf?
wzef &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH ESpfywfvnfonfh =o*kwfva&mufwdkif;vnf; etzppftkyfpk
txdwfxdwftjymjym rsufESmromr,m jzpfavh&Sdjyefonf? ,ckESpfwGifrl ppftkyfpk. qdk;npfaumuf
uspfonfh vkyf&yfrsm; vGefuJvGef;vmojzifh EdkifiHwum. jypfwifa0zef zdtm;ay;r_rsm;uvnf; txGwf
txdyfodk@ a&mufvmonf? txl;ojzifh Oya'udk rapmifhpnf;bJ rawmfrw&m; uvdef^m%fqifum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jypf'%fxyfwdk; csKyfaESmifcJhonf? wzef Oya'rajrmufaom rawmfrw&m;
wm;jrpfuef@owfcsufrsm; jyÏmef;vsuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@tm;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifcGifhr&Sdatmif npfywfcJhonf? xdkodk@aom tajctaersm;a=umifh EdkifiHwumzdtm;
ydkrdkrsm;jym;vma=umif; awG@&onf?
Ttcsif;t&mrsm;udk=unfhvSsif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmwEdkifiHwnf;ESifhom oufqdkif
onfh yk*~dKvfwOD;rSsr[kwfouJhodk@ “a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh etzppftkyfpkyÉdyuQ” onf jrefrmEdkifiH.
jynfwGif;a&;udpPoufoufrSs r[kwfonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? txl;ojzifh etzwGif 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ
&v'fudk ypfy,f&ef vkyfaqmifydkifcGifhr&Sday? jrefrmEdkifiH jynfolvlxku olwdk@.tajccH EdkifiHom;&ydkifcGifhudk
tokH;jyKvsuf olwdk@}udKufESpfoufonfh acgif;aqmifudk olwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf&ef
tcGifht%m tyfESif;cJh=u&mrS xGufay:vmaom &v'fjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI xdk 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk
zsufodrf;&ef etzwGif tcGifhtm%mr&Sday? vlxkxHYom tcGifhtm%m&Sdayonf?
xdkjyif jrefrmonf tmqD,HtzGJ@0if EdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfojzifh “tmqD,H vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif
(AS E AN Intergovernmental Commission on H u man R i gh t s – AICH R ) ” wG i f v nf ;
tzG@J 0ifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh trSew f u,f apwemxm;vSsif jynfov l x
l u k a&G;cs,x f m;aom acgi;f aqmifEiS hf
wdkif;jynf f+idrf;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;Edkif&rnfjzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
wef;wl&nfwl av;pm;todtrSwjf yKI pm;yG0J ikd ;f xdik f pum;ajymEdik &f ayrnf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ¶d;k om;
ajzmif h r wf r _ tm; ppf A d k v f c sKyf r sm;u aumuf u spf p Of ; vJ p G m wd k u f c d k u f a v/ ppf t k y f p k t m; vl x k u
atmh E S v k H ; emav jzpf r nf ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf . ud k , f u sd K ;pG e f @ tepf e mcH r _ u d k ppf A d k v f c sKyf r sm;u

32
oa&mf a rmf u m;vk y f a v/ ppf t k y f p k t m; vl x k u qef @ usif a vjzpf r nf ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf .

EdkifiHa&;tcef;u¾udk ppftkyfpku zdESdyfav/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_ykH&dyfu ydkIydkI
}uD;rm;jrifx h nfavjzpfrnf? xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. Edik if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;t& ajz&Si;f &ef
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&; urf;vSr;f csut f m; ppftyk pf u
k ausmcdik ;f ypfy,fav/ ppftm%m&Siw f @kd tzd@k tem*wfrahJ v
jzpfayrnf?
pifppf ,ae@jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;jy\emrSm ‘trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;’ u ‘yxr’ jzpfonf?
‘a&G;aumufyGJ’ u ‘'kwd,’ jzpfonf? trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; rwnfaqmufEdkifbJ a&G;aumufyGJ
vkyfjcif;rSm tcsnf;ESD;tm;xkwfr_jzpfonf? xdk@jyif ,cifa&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk vlxkvufcHEdkifrnfhenf;
vrf;jzifh rajz&Sif;ao;bJ aemufa&G;aumufyGJwck vkyfjcif;rSm yÉdyuQtopfwck zdwfac: jcif;jzpfonf?
,if ; jy\emES i f h pyf v sOf ; I a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u 1998 ck e S p f / arv (28) &uf w G i f ,ck u J h o d k @
a0zefcJhzl;onf?
“usrwk @ d E d k i f i H & J h t awG t }uKH t & jznf h p G u f a jymqk d v k d w muawmh a&G ; aumuf y G J u sif ; y+yD ; &if
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfrazmfwm[m xrif;pm;zdwf+yD; xrif;yGJjyif/ pm;yGJrSm xkdifckdif+yD;rS
rpm;&bl;qk+d yD; xrif;[if;awG jyef+yD;odr;f oGm;ovkyd gy?J {nfo h nfawGukd apmfum;wJv h yk &f yfyg? 1990 ckepS f
a&G ; aumuf y G J & v'f u d k taumif t xnf razmf a y;wm[m jynf o l w &yf v k H ; ud k vd r f v S n f v S n f h j zm;
apmfum;&ma&mufw,f? tm%mydik af wG[m rdrw d @dk oabmrusw@J a&G;aumufy&JG v'fq&dk if vspv f sL¶_vu dk /f
vkdcsifwJh &v'fjzpfvmEdk;Edk; a&G;aumufyGJtopfawG usif;yvkdufeJ@ vkyfaer,fqkd&ifawmh wkdif;jynf&J
@tem*wfeJ@ upm;&ma&mufygvdrf@r,f? wkdif;jynf&J @tem*wfqkdwm[m upm;&r,fht&mr[kwfygbl;?
wav;wpm;eJ@ apmifah &SmufomG ;&r,ft h &mom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1990 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd
taumif t xnf r azmf b J aemuf a &G ; aumuf y G J t opf usif ; ya&;ud k trsd K ;om;'D r k d u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf u
vkH;0vufcHrSmr[kwfbl;vkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f”
a':atmifqef;pk=unf axmufjyouJo h @kd 1990 &v'fukd taumiftxnfrazmfjcif;onf vlxu k kd
apmfum;jcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? Todk@ ppfAdkvfrsm; rdkufrJpGm jyKrlcJh=ujcif;rSm acwftajymif;tvJ
tawG;tac:tajymif;tvJudk vufrcHEdkifI[k qdk&ayrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a,musfm;om;ppfAdkvfrsm;
xif&mpdik ;f }uD;pd;k aeonfrmS tawmf=um+yD? vl@tzG@J tpnf;. OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾rsm;wGif rde;f rom;rsm;udk
uef@owfcsKyfcs,f ae&mray;bJ cGjJ cm;qufqcH o hJ nfrmS =umvS+yD? a&SŒaecsKyf/ w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyf/
ygarmuQcsKyfuJhodk@aom &mxl;rsKd;rSmyif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ae&may;jcif;r&Sd? 'k-0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;qdkonfh
&mxl ; rsKd ; uawmh yd k I a0;ygao;onf ? ? Tonf r S m ppf t m%m&S i f r sm;. ya'o&mZf q ef q ef
tawG;tac:rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?
,if;odk@aom tajctae tcsdeftcgrsKd;wGif jynfolu ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unf’ udk vlxkacgif;
aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKvdkufjcif;rSm ta&;}uD;onfh tawG;tac:tvSnfhtajymif;[k qdkxdkufonf?
TtvSnfhtajymif;udk vufrcHEdkifaom ppftm%m&Sif}uD;wpku ,ae@xufwdkif ya'o&mZf tawG;
tac:a[mif;bufrS ckcw H u kd cf u
kd af ejcif;jzpfonf? 2008 ppftm%mOD;pm;ay; zG@J pnf;ykw H iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;udk
y"meusonf h acgif ; aqmif r _ a e&mrsm; &,l c G i f h r &S d a tmif jyÏmef ; [ef @ wm;xm;onf ? Tvk y f & yf r S m
‘a':atmifqef;pk=unf’ udkomru trsKd;orD;EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;udkyg cGJjcm;ESdrfhcsvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? 1990

33
a&G ; aumuf y G J & v'f u d k ES p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m jiif ; qef v uf r cH c J h j cif ; onf v nf ; ,if ; tawG ;
tac:tvSnfhtajymif;wdkufyGJ. tquf[kyif qdk&rnf?
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; rl0g'a&;&mcsrSwf&mwGif yg0ifcGifhr&atmif ydwfyif[ef@wm;aeolrsm;rSm
ya'o&mZf t awG ; tac:a[mif ; vuf c H o l vuf & S d p pf t m%m&S i f r sm;yif j zpf o nf ? vuf & S d Ad k v f
oef;a&$ppftkyfpkonf tawG;tac:tvSnfhtajymif; ordkif;jzpfpOfudk tcsnf;tESD; ckcHtefwkaeayonf?
“trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; yaysmufa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf” The Conven-
tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) udk Edi k if aH ygi;f
(130) . axmufcrH j_ zifh ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH qk;H jzwfcsuf (34§180) t& 1979 'DZifbm (18)
rSm twnfjyKxm;+yD;jzpfonf?
,if;oabmwlnDcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;+yD;jzpfI vdkufemusifhokH;&rnfh
wm0ef&Sdonf? vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHonf trsKd;orD;rsm;udk trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl
tajccHEikd if o H m;&ydik cf iG /hf tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&; &ydik cf iG rhf sm;ay;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf? Edik if t
hH a&;t&mudprP sm;udk
pDrcH ef@cq JG ;Hk jzwf&mwGiv f nf; trsK;d orD;rsm;udk wef;wlyg0ifciG ahf y;&rnfjzpfonf? vuf&dS ygvrD ef v$waf wmf
rsm;or*~ (IPU) . okawoejyKcsuft& EdkifiHwum ygvDrefv$wfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD; v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,f (8˜437) a,muf&Sd+yD; trsKd;om;v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fu (35˜638) OD; &Sdaoma=umifh
ygvDrefv$wfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;jyKr_ (19²14) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfusifhokH;aom
EdkifiH (189) EdkifiHteuf EdkifiH (30) wGif trsKd;orD;EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifaeonfudk awG@&onf?
v$wfawmf (41) ckwGif trsKd;orD; ygvDrefv$wfawmfOuUÏrsm; a&G;cs,fwifajrêmufcH&onf? TonfrSm
,ae@urBmwGif jzpfay:aeaom trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ordkif;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ !$ef;udef;jzpfonf?
Tordkif;yifra&pD;udk Adkvfoef;a&$ppftkyfpkonf rdkufrJpGm ckcHqef@usifaeonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf omreftrsdK;orD;acgif;aqmifwOD;rSsom r[kwfqdkonfudk Adkvfoef;a&$
odzdk@aumif;onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf “&Spfav;vkH; jynfol@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH” rS wifajrêmuf
vdkufaom acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pkH vufcHtodtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmif
vnf;jzpfonf? &Spfav;vkH; jynfol@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH. awmif;qdkcsufonf EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_
(Political System Change) jzpf o nf ? ‘vG w f v yf a &;/ w&m;rS s wa&;ES i f h wef ; wl a &;qd k a om
'D r d k u a&pD y d k i f c G i f h ’ ud k awmif ; qd k j cif ; jzpf o nf ? ‘wef ; wl a &;’ [k ajym&mY vl r sd K ;/ vl w ef ; pm;/
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34
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35
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36
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37
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a&muf awG@qkHzkd@&Sdw,fvdk hod&ygw,f//

38
jrefrmppftm%m wnf+rJa&;twGuf
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‘ atmif / b/ =unf ’*d k % f ; u e0w . 17 +rdKŒe,fESifh aus;&Gmaygif;--- 22 &Gmodk@oGm;
xdyfydkif; acgif;aqmifrsm;udkyif--- ‘ xD ’ xif=u a&mufrnfh c&D;jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyfjrifah tmif. e,fo@kd
onf h o l r sm;r[k w f ? we,f w rif ; qef E d k i f & ef 3 oGm;a&muf&rnfhc&D;u wdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyf ^m%fvif;.
a,mufaygif;+yD; vHk@vxkwfae=u onfhumv? rGefjynfe,f c&D;xuf ydkrdkI wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh &if
{&m0wD w d k i f ; / jrpf 0 uG s ef ; ay: taemuf qdkif&rnfudkrl a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ em;vnf
bufjcrf;od@k 1989 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 14 &ufae@ wGif xm;.? taES m if h t ,S u f / t[ef @ twm;rsm;u
pwifI c&D;xGufEkdif&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ rnfrSstxd =uD;rm;rnfenf;---?
jyifqif=u.? oGm;&rnfhc&D;u a&vrf; c&D;---?
oabFmESihf oGm;=u&rnf? ‘ jrwfarwWm ’oabFmu pd e f a c:r_ r sm;ES i f h &if q k d i f & rnf h jrpf 0 usG e f ; ay:c&D ; -
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. c&D;pOfwavSsmufv;kH twGuf (56)
wm0ef , l I yd k @ aqmif a y;rnf ? vH k + cH K a&;twG u f 1989 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v
D 14 &uf?
vl i ,f r sm;ygrnf ? jyef = um;a&;ES i f h rS w f w rf ; tzG J @ ‘ jrwf a rwW m ’oabF m OD ; u a&jyif t m;
rsm;vnf; yg=urnf? vl=uD;ydik ;f rSr-l -- OD;=unfarmif/ xkd;cGJI ta&SŒodk@ ckwfarmif;.? vd_if;wdk@u oabFm
OD ; 0if ; xd e f (Ak d v f = uD ; a[mif ; )wk d @ vk d u f y g=urnf tm;cGI jyef@um;cg urf;ESpfzufqDodk@ vSdrfhI---

43
vSdrfhI uyf.? vd_if;ESifhtwl aA'gwdk@onfvnf; tm; ay;wm trsm;=uD; aus;Zl;wifygw,f? usrwdk@

jrpfv,frSonf urf;ajcqDodk@ ---? aA'gyGifhjym pdwfxJrSm {&m0wDwkdif;rSm vlwa,muf[m wjcm;
&if h & if h w d k @ u a&jyif w G i f ed r f h v d k u f / jrif h v d k u f E S i f h wkid ;f awGrmS vlwaxmife@J rSsw,fv@dk usr xifygw,f?
oabF m u wG H a w;wl ; ajrmif ; tm; vG e f I rtl tJ'Dawmh 'Davmufvlrsm;w,fqkd&if wjcm;wdkif;awG
yif+rdKŒe,ftwGi;f od@k 0ifvm av+yD---? ta&SŒwGif rSmaomif;eJ@ odef;eJ@ csDavmufudk tzdk;wefw,fvdk@
‘ xeD; ’od@k a&mufrnf? ‘xeD;’ u wku d f e,f+rdKŒ usr pd w f x J r S m xm;ygw,f ? 'ga=umif h r d k @ vd k @
av;---? jynf o l v l x k & J Œ axmuf c H r _ u d k trsm;=uD ;
rtlyif r0w +rdKŒe,faumifpu D rtlyif+rdKŒ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tm; vnf; tm;udk;ygw,f?
e,ftwGi;f &Sd vlxt k m; trde@f trsK;d rsK;d xkwjf yefI 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_qdkwm jynfolvlxkudk
csKyf c s,f x m;.? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w k d @ tm; tm;udk;+yD; vkyf&wJh v_yf&Sm;r_yg xeD; vlxkuurf;
r=udKqdk&/ vufrjy&/ yef;pnf;rquf&/ vufckyf vH;k jynfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. E_wcf eG ;f quf pum;
rwD;&/ tdrf+cH0if;twGif;rS rxGuf&// qH k ; onf E S i f h vl x k . vuf c k y f = obmoH r sm;u xeD ;
r0w . trdef@rsm;u trsKd;rsKd;/ ocif urf;yg;rSonf {&m0wDjrpfjyiftwGif;odk@ pD;arsmI
ud k , f a wmf r _ d i f ; om ouf & S d &S d a eao;vS s if --- oGm;awmhonf?
rnfodk@rsm; pmcsKd;avrnfenf;---rod? (57)
{&m0wDwkdif; jrpf0uGsef;ay: pnf;¶kH;a&;c&D;.
a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd . oabFm‘xeD;’ yxrae@c&D ; pOf u jyD ; +yD ? pd e f a c:r_ r sm;/ [ef @ wm;
od@k a&muf.? xeD; vlxu k yxrwGif &GŒH aeonfh aES m if h , S u f r _ r sm;url xd y f w k d u f a wG @ onf h t qif h x d
[ef&. dS ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd ‘xeD;’tzG@J csKyf¶;Hk rjzpfcJhao;? oHyk&macsmif;/ uGsJ'Hk;/ a&$'*F g;/ a&$avmif;
od@k omG ;onf? ¶k;H twGi;f Yyif tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf awG@.? &Gmrsm;wGif tm%mydik rf sm;. [ef@wm;aESmif, h uS rf r_ sm;
tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; tm;ay;onf? jynfolvlxktm; r&SdI acsmacsmarG@arG@ESifhyif +yD;qHk;cJh.? rtlyifwGifu
owWd&Sd=u&ef wdkufwGef;.? ‘xeD;’tzGJ@csKyf¶kH;rS rtlyiftm%mydkifwkd@onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@
a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ jyefxGufvmonfhtcg oGm;rnfh vrf;rsm;tm; ‘&yfxm;yg &yfxm;yg ’&yfxm;
wGifrl ‘xeD;’vlxkonf tdrf+cH0ef;twGif;rS vrf; zdk@ awmif;yefaeygw,fwyf=uyfu a':atmifqef;
rsm;ay:odk@ xGufvm=u.? a':atmifqef;pk=unf pk=unfwdk@tm; aoewfESifhcsdef+yD; trdef@ay;aeonf?
tm; yef ; pnf ; rsm;urf ; um =ud K qd k = uawmh . ? ppftkyfpku a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aoewfESifh
ta=umufw&m;pnf;tm; ausmfvGefEdkifcJh=u+yD? csed I
f xdyw f u dk af wG@vm.? xdyw f ukd &f ifqikd rf u_ ‘tjrifh
rw&m;onfh trde@f trsK;d rsK;d tm; zDqef&I J vm=u qHk;odk@’a':atmifqef;pk=unfu csed x f m;onfh aoewf
+yD? vlxu k a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd EiS t hf wl xeD ajymif;0rsm;a&SŒY wnf+idrfpGmESifhyifwpfvSrf; csif;vSrf;
qdyfurf;qDodk@ vdkufygcsDwuf.? jrwfarwWm vsu?f puUe@f i,faygi;f rsm;pGmu ordik ;f a&;I ae=u.?
oabFmay:rSyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu xeD; tk d - -jrpf 0 usG e f ; ay: wk d u f y G J a c:av? ta&;awmf y H k
vlxktm; E_wfcGef;qufpum;qkd.? atmif&rnf---
zrf;qD;w,f trsK;d rsK;d csKyfcs,w
f ,f qkwd m vrf;ydwfxm;onf--[lonfh qdkif;bkwf rsm;
usrwd@k =um;&ygw,f? 'Davmufvyk af ewJh =um;xJ uyfI ydwq f @kd .? vlxu k vkd nf; trde@f trsK;d rsK;d xkwI f
u 'Davmuftxd owWd&Sd&SdeJ@ vm+yD;awmh =udKqdk vrf ; ay:od k @ rxG u f & ef wm;qD ; .? r&/ vl x k u
rw&m;onf h trd e f @ tm%m[l o rS s tm; zD q ef I
44
` rf;rsm;ay:odk@ xGuf.? a':atmifqef;pk=unf --

v rdef@ay;xm;wm r&Sdygbl;---rdrd&JŒ ae&mXmeudk jyef
use;f rmygap[lI a=uG;a=umf=u.? aomif;ESichf saD om vnfcsw D ufz@kd arwWm&yfcH ygw,f---a&SŒu csw D wf
rtlyifvlxktm; rtlyiftzGJ@csKyf¶kH;a&SŒY a':atmif vmwJhol c%&yfxm;yg--&yfxm;yg---&yfxm;yg-
qefpk=unfu pum;ajym.? ra=umufw&m;a[m --wyf = uyf u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w d k @ tm;
&.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfvx l Ek iS hf pum;ajymaepOf aoewfESifhcsdef+yD; trdef@ay;aeonf? ppftkyfpku
tm%mydkifwkd@u rdk;ay:odk@ axmifI aoewfrsm; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t m; aoewf E S i f h csd e f I
ypfazmuf+yD; vlxt k m; ajcmuf.? vlxu k ra=umuf/ xd y f w k d u f a wG @ vm.? xd y f w d k u f & if q d k i f r _ u … ²
vlxu k vlp+k yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. a[majymyGJ tjrifq h ;kH od@k ²… ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu csed x f m;onfh
tm; +yD;qHk;onftxd em,lcJh=u.? aoewf a jymif ; 0rsm;a&S Œ Y wnf + id r f p G m ES i f h y if
TrS s qd k v S s if - -- {&m0wD c &D ; pOf t pu wpfvSrf;csif; vSrf;vsuf…²? puUef@i,faygif;rsm;pGmu
xif x m;oavmuf rqd k ; ao;[k a':atmif q ef ; ordkif;a&;I ae=u.?
pk=unf awG;xifxm;vkduf.? tkd---jrpf0usGef;ay: wkdufyGJac:av? ta&;awmfyHk
(58) atmif&rnf---
a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@. {&m0wDwkdif; (59)
c&D;pOf 'kwd,ae@c&D;u usHKrai;odk@ jrwfarwWm 1989 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D 17 &uf//
oabFm usKH rai;qdyu f rf;od@k eHeufapmapmyifa&muf t*F gae@//
.? qdyfurf;wGif uyfcGifh&aomfvnf; urf;wuf&ef ajrmif;jrjrpfESifh i0efjrpfwdk@.qHk&m jrpfqHk&Sd/
twGuf tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh ndê&onf? urf;wwf a&jyifonf yifv,fi,fav; wckyrmtvm; t
cGijhf yK&ef toHcsŒJ pufEiS hf cGiahf wmif;&onf? arwWm&yf ajymus,f.? a&.ta&mifu ‘a&=unfjym’ jymvJh
cH&.? aemufqHk; urf;wufcGifh&I a':atmifqef; vJhaumif;uifESifh i0efjrpfa&=unfjym a&miftqif;
pk=unfw@dk tm;vH;k jrwfarwWm oabFmay:rS usKH rai; u ‘orl[’ jzpfIaeonf? jrwfarwWmoabFmu
qdyu f rf;od@k wufc=hJ uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ajrmif;jrjrpftwGif;rS tHusvm+yD; i0efjrpftwGif;odk@
ta&S Œ qH k ; rS --tem;wG i f r l OD ; 0if ; xd e f (Ad k v f = uD ; tvdu k o f if/h pD;arsmI 0ifa&mufomG ;jyef.? a&,mOf
a[mif;) ESifh OD;=unfarmif (NLD) A[dktvkyftr_ a=umu---ajrmif;jrjrpf,HrSonf i0efjrpfjyifqDodk@
aqmiftzGJ@0if) wdk@ yg.? ul;cJh+yD? jrpfqHkrS ykodrfodk@ i0efjrpfa=umif; c&D;u
usKHrai;urf;odk@a&muf+yD; usKHrai;+rdKŒ aps; tqefc&D;jzpfaomfvnf; i0efonf yOPvufqef
&yfuGuf&Sd tajccHynm rlvwef;ausmif;a&SŒodk@ a': pGmESihf rSeo f mjyifuo hJ @kd +idraf e.? uefa&jyiftvm;-
atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@tzGJ@ a&mufonfhtcgwGifrl -? a&pD;a&vm[lIr&Sd--? i0efjrpfa&u ‘tD ’I
wyf=uyfwOD; OD;aqmifonfh wyfpdwfwpdwfESifh xdyf aeonf? atmufa&wkd;rnfh [eftm; awG@&.? t
wkud w f ;kd .? wyfpw d u f vufeuftoifEh iS hf a':atmif aemuf awmifavtaESmw h iG f v_id ;f =uufcyG f av;rsm;
qef;pk=unfw@kd . ta&SŒ--- vrf;rxufrS a':atmif u aomhIaomhI? ‘vwmjyifxuf’rS ‘vrkyif ’
qef;pk=unfwkd@ tzGJ@tm; aoewfESifhcsdefI usnfxdk; rsm;tm; awG@&.? vwmyifwdk@u ndKndKr_dif;rd_if;
aemufutzGJ@awG &yfxm;zdk@ awmif;yefygw,f--- tkyftkyfqdkif;qdkif; ? qyfozl;yif/ r'ryif/ "edawm/
aemufutzGJ@awG &yfxm;zdk@ awmif;yefygw,f--- AsKdufawmwdk@ESifh i0efonf ol. tem;owftm;
aemufutzGJ@awG wufzkd@twGuf usaemfwdk@rSm t pdrf;IpdkvGifaom taoG;ESifh vSypGm uGyf xm;.?

45
yifv,f0rS wkd;a&a=umifh jrpfa&onf jrpfnmqDodk@ wdik ;f rª; jrifah tmifu rauseyfao;---? vufajzmifh
vGefI pD;.? yxrwGif nêif;nêif;oGJ@oGJ@ ? wyfom; rsm;udkvnf; toHwdwf armif;jyef¶dkifz,f
r=umi0ef o nf ajy;vrf ; 0Y OD ; armh & ef rsm; wyfqif+yD; (w²0²w) ¶kH;ESifh ta&;=uD;onfh
toifjh zpf aeonfh av,mOfwpif;tvm;/ t&Sed Ef iS hf ae&mrsm;wG i f vS s Kd Œ 0S u f I ae&mcsxm;ao;.?
pD;awmh.? i0efu Zuf=udK;v$wfxm;aom jrif;¶dkif; ykodrf+rdKŒ. vrf;rsm;udkvnf; oHql;=udK;acGrsm;ESifh
waumufuJhodk@ uqkefaygufav+yD? a&pD;a=umifh ydwfxm;.? vufeufudkif ppfom;rsm; wifaqmif
jrwfarwWmonf oGuv f ufpmG ESihf ykord o
f @kd taomh xm;onf h ppf u m;rsm;/ taygh p m;wif h u m;rsm;/
ESifav+yD? toHcsŒJ puf wifaqmif xm;onfh um;rsm;onfom
ajrmif;jrrS rxGufcGmrDuwnf;u ykodrf. ykodrf. vrf;rsm;ay: Y ae&m,lxm;=u.? +rdKŒu
tajctaersm;tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ =um; &Sif;I---wpjyiftvm;---? vlxkonfjidrfae.?
odxm;cJ+h yD; jzpfonf? ykord t f ajctaeu raumif;- +idrfoufr_u--a=umuf&GHŒI--+idrf0yfaejcif;rsKd;u
-? usKH rai;xufq;kd onfh tajctaersK;d ESihf &ifqikd =f uHK r[kwf---? rkefwdkif;rxefrD---jidrfoufr_rsKd;---?
awG@&Ekdifonf? ` jrwf a rwW m onf Ta&pD ; / Tarmif ; ES i f
{&m0wD w k d i f ; (w²0²w) OuU Ï / wk d i f ; rª ; tm;ESifhqdkvSsif---aemufxyf 2 em&DtwGif; ykodrf
Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifhatmifu ykodrf+rdKŒtm; ‘ae@rxGuf& odk@a&mufrnf? ykodrft0iftxGufjyifqif ndêE_dif;
trdef@’xkwfjyefxm;.? ‘trdefhae0ifrD;+idrf;’ trdef@ p&mrsm;tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf OD;=unf
r[k w f ‘ aexG u f rD ; +id r f ; ’ trd e f @ ? &,f p &mvnf ; armif/ OD;0if;xdew f @kd EiS hf aqG;aEG;.? vli,frsm;udv k nf;
aumif;.? vkyfcsif&m vkyfae=uonfh acwf=uD;--? &Si;f jy.? yxr ta&;=uD;qH;k tcsuu f ---ykord q f yd f
ykodrf&Sdaps;rsm;tm; ydwfap.? a&,mOfrsm;/ armf urf;wGif qdkufuyfcGifh&+yD; ykodrfqdyfurf;ay:odk@
awmf,mOfrsm;tm; oGm;vmr_ rjyK&[lI trdef@ wufcGifh&a&;---? ykodrftm%mydkifwdk@u tp&Sm
xkw. f ? pmoifausmif;rsm;url 1988 ckEpS u f wnf; Ir&atmif rdrw d @kd bufrS pnf;urf;&Szd @kd wnf+idrrf &_ zdS @kd
u ydwfxm;jcif;jzpfI xyfIydwf&ef trdef@xkwfp&m vdkrnf?
rvdk…²? odk@aomf ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh tpdk; t=urf ; zuf r _ r sm;ES i f h &if q k d i f & Ed k i f r nf ?
&0efxrf;rsm;udkrl tpnf;a0;[kqkd+yD; cef;rtwGif;Y t=urf;zufr_tm; t=urf;zufr_ESifh jyefI rwk@Hjyef
pk ¶ k H ; xm;.? 0ef x rf ; rsm;tm; cef ; rtwG i f ; ac: I rd&ef tm;vHk;u xdef;odrf;=u&rnf? ykodrf+rdKŒt0if
tus,fcsKyf csKyfxm;onfuJhodk@? eHeufu rnfodk@pdefac:r_rsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&rnfenf;-
ykord t f m; &Si;f xm;jcif; jzpfonf?a':atmif --? rodEikd af o;---? vli,frsm;u ‘urBmra=ubl;’
qef;pk=unfwdk@ ykodrfodk@a&mufvSsif vlxkr&Sdap&ef oDcsif;tm; oH+ydKifoDqdk&if;---owWdarG;ae=u.?
vlxEk iS hf rxdawG@Eidk af p&ef wdik ;f rª;u a&$^m%fawmfp;l awmfvSefa&;---igwdk@aoG;eJ@
xm;jcif;jzpf.? +yD;vSsif--a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@. a&;cJh=uwJh armfuGef;awG---
oabFmykodrfqdyfurf;wGif qdkufuyfyguvnf; -- urBmra=ubl;---
urf ; ay:od k @ rwwf a &muf E d k i f & ef qd y f c H a bmwH (60)
wm;rsm;tm; jyKjyif&ef[I l ta=umif;jy+yD; qdyf cHwH {&m0wD---
wm;tcif; ysOfrsm;tm; cGmxm;=ujyefonf? atmifpnfaqmfavmh
xdrk sS aESmif,
h u
S [ f ef@wm;onfh tpDtpOfEiS hf jynf a wmf 0 if c ef ; a&muf a cs+yD - --jrwf a rwW m u

46
eHeuf 11;00 em&Dcef@wiG f ykord o f @kd qdu

k .
f ? ykord +f rdKŒ pdwfxJrSm xm;ygw,f? {&m0wDwkdif; c&D;udk vm
…² udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif; wHwm;wGif `jrwfarwWm--tm; wJhtcgusawmh vrf;wvrf;vHk;rSm jrifcJh&wm[m
qduk u f yfc.
hJ ? ykord u
f rf;ay:od@k wufa&;u taESmifh tzG J @ csKyf 0 if r sm;[m b,f a vmuf o wW d & S d & S d e J @
t,Surf &S?d a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd tm;vH;k ykord f vk y f a ew,f q d k w m jrif c J h & vd k @ trsm;=uD ; tm;
qdyfurf;ay:odk@ wufcJh=u.? ykodrfvrf;rsm;tm; wuf y gw,f ? tcuf t cJ & S d w ,f v k d @ ajymayr,f h
&S i f ; xm;onf h =um;rS y if yk o d r f v l x k o nf awG@&wm rsufESmawG=unfhawmh +yHK;+yHK;&$if&$ifyJ/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@tm; xGufI =udKqkd=u.? zrf;qD;wJhta=umif; ajym&ifvnf; +yHK;+yKH;&$if&$ifyJ?
ra=umufr&GHŒ--? 'DavmufawmifrS pdwftm;wuf=uGpGmeJ@ vkyfaewJh
jynfolvlxk=uD;[m rkcsatmifjrif&r,fvdk@ usr
tm%myd k i f w k d @ . ‘ ae@rxG u f & ’ trd e f @ --vl x k . ,Hk=unfygw,f? tck 'Drkdua&pDvkdcsifwJh pdwfqEN
&J & if h r _ a tmuf Y a=uysuf I oG m ;av+yD ? vrf ; rsm;[m jrpf = uD ; ozG , f pD ; qif ; aeygw,f ? 'D j rpf
wavSsmufY-- ppfom;rsm;u vrf;ab;0J,mY a&awGukd b,forl S wm;Edik rf S r[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'h aD wmh
ypfcwf&eftoifhESifh apmifhae=uonf? a':atmif usrwdk@tzGJ@csKyf[m 'Djrpfa&awGudk rSefwJhuefwJh
qef;pk=unfw@dk tzG@J ykord +f rdKŒ a&$0gvrf;od@k ta&muf vrf;uae+yD;awmh oGm;Ekdifatmifvkd@ jrpfa&awG[m
wGif 12 ESpt f &G,rf sS &rdS nfh ausmif;om;vli,fEpS Of ;D u vSs+H yD;awmh tEœ&m,frjzpfEikd af tmifqw kd hJ wm0efawG
a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@tm; vufckyfwD;I =udKqkd &Sdygw,f?
=obmay;.? rGef;vGJ 12;15 em&Dcef@wGifrS trsKd; jynfov l x
l &k ŒJ tifrwefrS wwf=uGwhJ pdwq f ENawGukd
om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf {&m0wDwkdif;/ wkdif;¶kH;odk@ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyfzkd@vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifhrkd@vdk@
a&muf=u.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd tzG@J csKyfwikd ;f 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm nDn$wfr_eJ@ xyfwlta&;=uD; wm
¶k H ; od k @ a&muf r S - --² a&$ 0 gvrf ; wG i f vuf c k y f w D ; uawmh pnf ; urf ; &S d r _ y J v d k @ twef w ef ajymae
=obmay;cJhonfh vli,fav;ESpfOD;tm; vrf;rxuf wmjzpfygw,f---//
wGifyif ppfom;rsm;u 0dkif;I¶dkuf=ua=umif; owif; (61)
tm; pdwfarmpGmESifhyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf em; eH e uf 10;00 em&D r S nae 16;00 em&D t wG i f ;
axmif&onf? rnfolrSs tdrfjyifrxGuf&---armfawmfum;/ qkduf
cwW t em;,l + yD ; onf E S i f h tzG J @ csKyf um;/ jrif ; vS n f ; / avS / orR m ef a rmf a wmf o abF m
wkdif;¶kH;wGifyiftzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf rnfonfh,mOfrSsoGm;vmjcif;rjyK&--- 2§88 tm;
awG@+yD; pum;ajym.?trsK;d rsm;&JŒe,fukd vmw,fv@kd rnfolrqdk wdwdusus vdkuf em&rnf---
usr pd w f x J r S m xm;ygw,f ? awmif w G i f ; =uD ; / yHk
ewfarmuf/ a&eHacsmif;[m azazhe,fjzpfovdk ykord /f jrifah tmif
ajrmif;jr/ [oFmwqkdwm ararh&JŒ e,fjzpfygw,f? (Akv d rf ;ª csKyf)
zdk;zkd;uqkd&if [oFmwu vmw,f? 'gayrJh ajrmif; OuUÏ
jrrSm aeoGm;
w,f ? usrtzG m ;rsm;&J Œ trsKd ; rsm;[m yk o d r f u {&m0wDwidk ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;
jzpfygw,f? ykodrf/ ajrmif;jr/ [oFw[m usrwdk@&JŒ tzGJ@ ykodrfwGifu---wkdif;rª;jrifhatmif. trdef@
aqGrsKd;rsm;e,fajrjzpfvdk@ usr 'Dudkvm&wm wcg a=umifh ,mOftoGm;tvmtm;vHk; &yfqdkif;ae.?
rSrvmzl;ayr,fv h nf; ud, k t hf rd f jyefvm&ovdyk J usr
47
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. c&D;pOfu---18 &ufae@ (62)

wGif iykawm ---[kid ;f =uD;uGse;f bufo@kd oGm;&ef&. dS ? [dkif;=uD;rStjyef 'kwd,ajrmuf ykodrft0if
odk@aomf---rnfonfha&,mOfrSs iSm;Ir&? trdef@ c&D;u rkew f ikd ;f rxefrD +idro f ufonfh +idro f ufrr_ sK;d [k
a=umifh vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;u a=umuf=uonf? vlvwf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pdwt f wGi;f Y xifr. d ? ykord f
wef;pm; "e&Sifaygufpwdk@. ^mOftwkdif; rdrdtusKd; t0if rSepf uf¶t Hk eD;wGif ykord af &wyfXmecsKyfrS ppfa&
pD ; yG m ;tm; txd c d k u f r cH & J = u? tusKd ; ud k = unf h I ,mOfESpfpD;tm; awG@&.? +yD;vSsif---ppfwyfpuf
ta=umif;tm; vkyf.? TwGif---a':atmifqef; avS i ,f a v;rsm;u i0ef j rpf t wG i f ; ae&mtES H @ Y
pk=unf pOf;pm;&+yD? eHygwfwpf---? Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifh i0efjrpfjyifxufwGifum;---a':atmifqef;pk=unf
atmiftaeESihf ykord t f m; rnfrsS txd qufo, G af &; wk@d . armfawmfEiS hf ppfa&,mOfrsm;om &S=d u.?tjcm;
vrf;a=umif;rsm; tm;vHk;tm; jzwfawmufxm; rnfonfha&,mOfrSsr&Sd---? &Sif;aeonf? urf;em;
rnfenf;---? wywfvm;---wvvm;---? wavSsmufwiG v f nf; vlorl &S?d t&m&mu &Si;f I +idrf
eHygwfESpf---? ae@rxGuf&[lonfh trdef@ oufae.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd . c&D;pOfwidk ;f Y
tm; ykodrfwGif rnfrSs=um&Snf xkwfjyefxm;Edkif t+rJvv kd ydk if pDpOfrw _ cku &S. d ? +rdKŒw+rdKŒ---&Gmw&Gm
rnf e nf ; ? tcsd e f = umvmonf E S i f h t rS s jy\em od k @ qd k u f a &muf a vonf h tcgwd k i f ; ---a'ocH
t&yf&yf. tusKd;w&m;onf Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifh atmif pnf;¶k;H a&;rª;rsm;u qwfom;tjzpf t&ifqufo, G f
xHodk@om pk+yHKI 0ifvmayvdrfhrnf? vm=u+yD; qkdufa&mufrnfh a'o/ tajctaetm;
TtwGuf---a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf =udKI&Si;f jyrdwq f ufay;.? ,ckvnf; [kid ;f =uD;rStjyef
olr. pnf;¶kH;a&;c&D;pOf tpDtpOfrsm; tm;vHk;udk ykord t f 0ifwiG f ykord Yf use&f pfco hJ nfh tzG@J csKyf &Jabmf
ajymif;vJypfvdkuf.? rsm;u pufavSi,frsm;ESihf vma&mufI tajctae
b,fqDrSs oGm;Ir&vSsif---ykodrfrSmyif tm;ajymjy&ef pDpOfxm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? ,ckrl--
tajcjyK+yD; aernf? ykord rf S ajcvsio f mG ;I&onfh &yf ykodrfrS tzGJ@csKyf&Jabmfwdk@. t&dyfta,mifudkrSs
uGuf/ aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ oGm;rnf? ykodrfwGifyif &uf rawG @ &---ppf o m;rsm;ES i f h p uf a vS r sm;ud k o m
&Snaf eI pnf;¶k;H a&;tm; jyKvkyrf nf? vlxb k 0tm; i0ef t wG i f ; awG @ ae&.? wck c k - --? wck c k a wmh
avh v mrnf ? Tod k @ a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf qH k ; xl;jcm;ae+yD[k a':atmifqef;pk=unf awG;xifrd.?
jzwfvdkuf.? ppfa&,mOf=uD; ESpfpif;ay:rS ppfcsDaw;rsm;
ajymif;vJvu kd of nfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tm; zGifhvdkuf.? ppfcsDaw;oHonfom i0efjrpffjyif
pnf;¶kH;a&;enf;AsL[mopfu wkdif;rª;/ Akdvfrª;csKyf 0,f nHpDae.? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbm 18 &uf
fjrifhatmiftm; xdwfvef@wkefv_yfoGm;aponf[k tm%modrf;onfh ae@uJhodk@---? a':atmifqef;
qdk&rnf? csufcsif;yif Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifhatmif tavSsmh pk = unf rS tzG J @ 0if r sm; tm;vH k ; tm; yk o d r f u rf ;
ay;&.? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. [dkif;=uD;usGef; c&D; twuf wG i f yd k I owd x m;=u&ef rS m .?
pOftwGuf---Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifhatmifonf armfawmf yk o d r f u rf ; od k @ a&muf onf E S i f h tzrf ; tqD ;
wpif; &Smay;.? 18 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef; owif;rsm;tm; a':atmifqef; pk=unf=um;&.?
pk = unf w d k @ tzG J @ onf rl v tpD t pOf t wk d i f ; yif tzG J @ csKyf Ek d i f i H v H k ; qk d i f & m A[d k O D ; pD ; tzG J @ 0if /
{&m0wDpnf;¶kH;a&;c&D;tm; quf=u.? {&m0wD w k d i f ; pnf ; ¶k H ; a&;wm0ef c H a'guf w m
ykodrf ---rSonf---[kdif;=uD;odk@---? oufrif;ESifh pnf;¶kH;a&;rª; 13 OD; tzrf;cH=u&+yD?

48
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w d k @ {&m0wD j rpf &yf e m;xm;¶k H y if / yk o d r f w G i f y if a e+yD ; yk o d r f Y

0usGef;ay:a'o odk@ pnf;¶kH;a&;c&D;xGufcJh=uonfrSm pnf ; ¶k H ; a&;/ avh v ma&;rsm; jyKvk y f r nf ? Tod k @
7 &uf&Sd+yD? xkd 7 &uftwGif; zrf;qD;cHcJh=u&onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf qHk;jzwf &jyef.?
tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;u 19 OD;&SdcJh+yD? Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifh
atmifu vuf&ZJ uf&J Edik v f eG ;f vSonf? Tod@k w&m; Zefe0g&v D 21 &uf?
rJhzrf;qD;r_/ zdESdyfr_/ ydwfyif[ef@wm;r_rsm;atmufY ykodrf&Sd a0ÉK0efausmif;wkdufokd@ eHeufapmapmyif
vGwfvyfI w&m;rSswaom a&G;aumufyGJ[lonf a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w d k @ tzG J @ xG u f c J h = uonf ?
rnfodk@rSs jzpfay:rvmEkdif? Todk@yif a':atmifqef; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf E S i f h t wl OD ; =unf a rmif /
pk=unf oHk;oyfrd.? {&m0wDwkdif;twGif; jzpf&Sdae OD;0if;xdefESifh vli,frsm; ygvm=u.? ykodrfwkdif;¶kH;rS
onfh tajctaersm;tm; vGwfvyfI w&m;rSsw xGufonfESifh vufeufudkif ppfom;rsm;u wm;.?
onfh ygwDpHk'Drkdua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ=uD; a` jcvsiaf omfvnf;aumif;/ ,mOfwckcEk iS ahf omfvnf;
tm; usi;f yay;&ef vH@k vxkwaf e=uonfh a` umfrD &Sirf S aumif;/ oGm;vmcGifhrjyKa=umif;…² trdef@ay;xm;
vl=uD;rif;rsm; od&efvdkrnf? TtwGuf a':atmif onf[k qko d nf?
qef;pk=unfonf pnf;¶k;H a&;c&D; 7 &uf twGi;f =uHK a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf - -usrwd k @ [m
awG@ ae&onfh [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufr_ trsdK;rsKd;tm; tusOf;uscHae&wJh tusOf;om;rsm; r[kwfygbl;/
tzGJ@csKyfA[dkodk@ owif;ydk@onf? A[kdrS twGif;a&; vGwfvyfwJh EkdifiHom;awGyg? vGwfvyfwJh EkdifiHom;
rª;tzGJ@0if OD;0if;wif ([Hom0wD OD;0if; wif) ESifh rsm;[m vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if t
H wGi;f rSm---vGwv f yfpmG
OD;cspfcdkif (,ckuG,fvGef/ Akdvfrª;=uD;a[mif;) wkd@ 2OD; oGm;vmydkifcGifh &Sdygw,f//wm;jrpfaeonfh vHSpGyfwyf
ygwpD kH 'Dru dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ya&; aoewfrsm; t=um;rSyif wnf+idrfat;aq;pGmESifh
aumfr&Sifodk@ oGm;a&muf+yD; {&m0wD wkdif;. tajc a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf qufIavSsmufonf?
tae rsm;tm; wif j y.? rxl ; jcm; aumf r D & S i f a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aoewfjy+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD;
ud k , f w k d i f u ppf z d e yf a tmuf a&muf ae&onf h wm;Ir&rSef;odonfh tcgwGifrS Adkvfjrifhatmifonf
tajctae aoewf E S i f h tcsd e f c H x m; &onf h b 0 vrf ; avS s muf I rl roG m ;ygES i f h a rmf a wmf u m;ES i f h
jzpfaeonf? oGm;yg[lI acsmqGJxm;aom armfawmf,mOftm;
xkwfay;.? rvG,f?
(63)
reufjzefc&D;pOftwGuf armfawmf,mOfrsm; &SmI (64)
iSm;=u&rnf? reufjzefc&D;u a&vrf;c&D; r[kwf-- {&m0wDwkdif; c&D;pOfwpfavSsmufvHk; tzGJ@csKyfA[dkESifh
armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh ausmif;ukef;/ tdrfrJ--odk@oGm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ tquftoG,frjywf…²?
=u&rnfhc&D;---? ykodrfwGif &Sdonfh um;rsm; tm; w,f v D z k e f ; quf o G , f r _ u ae@pOf v d k v d k & S d = u.?
vH k ; tm; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w d k @ iS m ;Ir&&ef c&D;pOftajctaetm; ae@pOfyif A[do k @dk tpD&ifc. H ?
(w²0²w)u armf a wmf , mOf r sm; tm;vH k ; tm; A[d k r S quf I vk y f a qmif f o if h o nf w d k @ tm;
acsmtjzpf qG J x m;.? rnf o nf h u m;rS s rtm; aqmif&Guf.? ,ckvnf; &efukefrS a':atmifqef;
(w²0²w) acsm/ (r²0²w)acsm/ ppfXmecsKyfacsm-- pk = unf x H o d k @ w,f v D z k e f ; 0if v monf ? c&D ; pOf
jy\emr&S d u m;iS m ;r&vS s if v nf c&D ; pOf t m; tajctaeESihf ywfoufI Ekid if jH cm;owif;XmewckrS

49
owif;axmufu ar;jref;vdI k [k qko

d nf? a':atmif +idrf0yfydjym;a&;eJ@ bmrSrqkdifbl;? vkH+cHKa&;eJ@vnf;
qef;pk=unfESifh EkdifiHjcm;owif;axmufwkd@ w,f bmrSrqdkif;bl;
vDzkef;vkdif;ay:rSyif tifwmAsL;.? (65)
a':atmifqef;pk=unf{&m0wDwkdif; [m ykord w f iG f tm%mydik rf sm;.zdEydS rf r_ sm;u wef@Irae…²
qk d v d k @ &S d & if tck usrpnf ; ¶k H ; a&;c&D ; xG u f v mu wdk;Iyifvm.? 22 &ufae@ rGef;vGJydkif;wGif i0efjrpf
wnf;u tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;/ pnf;¶kH;a&;wm0efcHrsm;/ taemufbufurf;&Sd oabFmusi;f &yfuu G f tzG@J csKyf¶;Hk
wk d i f ; wm0ef c H r sm;ud k zrf ; wm[m 19 a,muf od k @ a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w k d @ oG m ;&ef j yif q if . ?
&So
d mG ;yg+yD? wywftwGi;f rSm 19 OD; zrf;vdu k yf gw,f? puf a vS t cuf t cJ a =umif h =uef @ =umr_ r sm;&S d c J h . ?
'D zrf ; wJ h u d p P [ mvnf ; bmrS Oya'rJ h v k y f c J h v d k @ oabFmusif;&yfuGuftzGJ@csKyfrS pnf;¶kH;a&;rª;rsm;u
r[k w f b l ; ? jynf o l v l x k b uf u &yf w nf c J h v d k @ ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf w k d @ tm; =ud K qk d & ef j yif q if
'grrS [kwf jynfov l xl u k usrwk@d ukd v_u d v f u d_ vf v JS JS ae=u.? Tonfudk a&wyfrS ppfAkdvfwa,mufrS
=udKqdkcJhvdk@qkd+yD;awmh zrf;wJhudpPawG jzpfygw,f? tzG J @ csKyf p nf ; ¶k H ; a&;rª ; rsm;tm; qJ q k d ¶ d k u f E S u f . ?
Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifhatmif vkyfaewJhyHkeJ@ {&m0wDwdkif;rSm '%f&mtemw& &cJh=u.? +yD;vSsif--pnf;¶kH;a&;rª;
vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;rSswwJh a&G;aumufyGJawG ESpOf ;D udv
k nf; zrf;qD;oGm;jyefonf? 'Dae@txdqv kd sS if
rjzpfEkdifbl;? tJh'Dawmh EkdifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ rw&m;zrf;qD;cHae&onfh tzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@0ifaygif;u
wnf a qmuf a &; tpk d ; &u wu,f p pf r S e f w J h 30 ausmf + yD ? rnf o d k @ vk y f r nf e nf ; a':atmif
apwemeJ @ vG w f v yf + yD ; awmh w&m;rS s wwJ h qef;pk=unftaejzifh a&SŒqufrnfh pnf;¶kH;a&;c&D;
a&G ; aumuf y G J a wG jzpf a pcsif w ,f q d k v d k & S d & if pOfrsm;tm; zsuf+yD; ykodrfwGifyif qufIzdESdyfr_rsm;/
Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifhatmif vkyfyHkvkyfenf;awGudk ESmap; rw&m; zrf ; qD ; xd e f ; od r f ; r_ r sm;ES i f h ywf o uf I
aevdk@ rjzpfbl; vspfvsL&_aevdk@ rjzpfbl;? ta&; oufqkdif&mwdk@ESifh awG@qHk+yD; &ifqdkifajz&Sifrnfvm;?
,loifhygw,f? &efukefESifh wkdifyif=u&onf?
usr[m vl w a,muf u d k emrnf w yf + yD ; &cd k i f j ynf e ,f pnf ; ¶k H ; a&;c&D ; pOf r S OuU Ï
awmh 'Dvdkwkdufcdkuf+yD;awmh rajymcsifygbl;? 'gayrJh OD ; wif O D ; onf 22 &uf a e@wG i f &ef u k e f o d k @
{&m0wDwidk ;f rSm vkyyf u kH ikd yf akH wGu w&m;vGev f eG ;f vk@d ta&mufjyefcJhrnf? +yD;vSsif 25-26 &ufrsm;xuf
ajym&wmjzpf y gw,f ? 'ga=umif h r d k @ vd k @ Ek d i f i H a wmf aemufrusapbJ ykodrfodk@ vkdufvmrnf? ykodrfwGif
+id r f 0 yf y d j ym;r_ wnf a qmuf a &; tpk d ; &[m rw&m;zrf;qD;r_rsm;/ zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI OuUÏ
ppfrSefwJhapwem jynfolvlxktay:rSm &Sdw,fqkd&if OD;wifOD;udk,fwkdif ajz&Sif;rnf? a':atmifqef;pk
Adkvfrª;csKyfjrifhatmifvdk wkdif;rª;rsKd;udkawmh ta&; =unfwkd@tzGJ@u rlvtpDtpOftwkdif; {&m0wDwkdif;
,l&rSmyJ? jrpf0usGef;ay:pnf;¶kH;a&;c&D;pOftm;qufIvkyfaqmif
c&D;vrf;wavSsmufvHk;rSm vkH+cHKa&;/ +idrf0yf &ef[lIqHk;jzwf=u.?
ydjym;a&;qkdwJh qifajcawGjy+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk
trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufaew,f/ [ef@wm;aew,fqw dk m
usrwkd@ awG@cJh&ygw,f? 'gawGudk usrwkd@ vufrcH
rif ; [ef
Ekdifygbl;? uav;vli,frsm;u usrudk vufjyvdkuf
vd@k /vufcyk w f ;D vdu
k vf @kd ¶u
kd w f ,f/ ESuw f ,fqw dk m[m qufvufaz: jyygrnf

50
'Drk dua&pDeJ@ &Spfav;vkH;rsKd;quf

OD;atmifcif acwf+ydKif
6 =o*kwf 2010
jynf o l @ 'D r k d u a&pD t a&;awmf y k H } uD ; 1988 rS m jzpf y G m ;awmh usaemf h r d o m;pk jref r mjynf u
t+yD;tykdifxGufvmwm (10) ESpf&Sdae+yD? usaemf EkdifiHjcm;a&mufaewmu (15) ESpf&Sdae+yD? rqv
vufatmufuxGufzkd@ yxrqkH;ynmawmfoif oGm;&ao;w,f? ynmoifoGm;+yD;bGJ@&awmh &efukefjyef
tvkyx f u G +f yD; ZeD;eJ@om;ukv d ufq+JG yD; ae0if;}uD;pk;d wJh rqv wkid ;f jynfu t+yD;tykid xf u G cf w
hJ ,f? usaemfv h ydk J
xG u f = uol a wG &S d w ,f ? 'gayr,f h enf ; enf ; yg;yg;rk d @ a&wG u f v k d @ &w,f ? usaemf w k d @ rsKd ; quf u
EkdifiHjcm;rSmtvkyfcef@pm&+yD;rS EkdifiHul;vufrSwfavSsmuf+yD; wkdif;jynfuae t+yD;tykdifxGufwm rsm;w,f?
tJ'Dacwfuvnf; wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdifv_yf&Sm;r_awG &SdcJhwmyJ? ausmif;om;eJ@tvkyf
orm;qENjyyGJawGukd aoewfeJ@ypf+yD; +zdKcGJcJhayr,fh rqvppftpkd;&&JŒ vkyf&yfukd EkdifiHjcm;u uef@uGuf
ta&;,lwmrsKd;r&SdcJhbl;? rqvppftpkd;&ukd a0zef¶_wfcsa&;om;wJh t*Fvdyfbmomxkwf pmapmifokH;ckukd
tar&duef/ uae'geJ@ t*Fvefae ArmokH;OD;u xkwfa0w,f? 'gayr,fh taemufwkdif;tpkd;&awGu
ta&;r,lwJhtwGuf Adkvfae0if;[m t*FvefeJ@ qGpfZmvefukd r=umc% taysmfc&D;xGufavh&Sdw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ekacgif;aqmifwJh vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_vnf; ysufjym;oGm;+yDrkd@
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