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1991 'grrS [kwf 1992 vd@k
xifygw,f? (ABSDE) ausmif;om;av; rsm;
u ylqmwdkuf wGef;r_@t& AdkvfcsKyf ausmfaZmxH
pma&;quf oG,fcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh pmu (e0w)
a'gufwkdif/ wvufudkif/ opPmcH/ trftdkif/ ppfr
vdkif wdk@&J@ apmufwHk;csKyf/ cif!Gef@qDa&mufoGm;vdk@
jynfwGif;u tzsef;tnm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm usaemhudk
aumif;aumif; tykwcf sawmhwmygy/J aemufyikd ;f us
rSyJ orD;jzpfol a'gufwmvSausmfaZmrS wqifh
AdkvfcsKyf ausmfaZmeJ@ qufoG,f r_@&cJhygw,f?
usaemfAv kd cf sKyfausmaf Zmudk =unf!kd av;
pm;tm;xm;cJhwm trSefyg / AdkvfcsKyfausmf aZm
udk,fwdkifa&; twˆKy`wWd udkvnf;pdwf0ifwpm;
wefbdk;xm; umavhvm zwf&_@rSwfom;cJhygw,f?
pwkww ˆ zJG wfvu kd &f awmh tvGet f rif; a=uuG0J rf;
enf;/ pdwx f cd u
kd rf cd &hJ ygw,f? Advk cf sKyfu,
kd f wdik u
f ,H k = unf c H , l y gw,f ? 'ga=umif h a wmh =unf ! d k
[d k w csd e f u (Auy) wd k @ xH q uf o G , f + yD ; wyf & J @
owif;awGay; cJhygw,fvdk@ tao;pdwf0efcHum
a&;om; wmudkzwfcJh&vdk@ jzpfygw,f? olrsm;ajym
wmqd k w m qd k , if u saemf v H k ; 0vuf r cH Ed k i f y g/
AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif&dk;&dk; om;om;/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;/
0efcHa&;om;wmrdk@ vHk;0Ookef ,Hk=unfvufcHcJh
&ygw,f?
usaemf A d k v f c sKyf u d k =unf ! d k a v;pm;
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tu|i;f rJh =unfnakd v;pm; wefb;kd xm; cJw h hJ wcsed f
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&ygw,f? wu,f awmhvnf; trSefw&m;[m
trSew f &m; omjzpfygw,f? trSeu f kd trSet f wdik ;f
t&S d u d k t &S d t wd k i f ; rvd r f r nm0ef c H & J w m ud k u
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k cf sKyf&@J &d;k om;r_@ wnf=unfr@_ /owW&d rdS @_ ukd a&mif
jyef[wfwmuawmh jiif;r&wJh tcsufyg?
Advk cf sKyfukd em;eJ@ rem z0g;eJ@emygv@kd &dak o
av;pm;pGm yef=um;yg&ap/ 'g[m ppfom;aumif;
wOD;&J@ usifh0wf ysufjym;cJh w,fvdk@ a&;&ifus
aemf vGerf ,frxifyg/ ydv k @kd &ifem p&maumif;wmu
AdkvfcsKyf[m tJ'Dtcsdefu omrmefppfom;uav;
wOD; r[kwfyJ tqifhjrifhppfwdkif;rSL;wOD; jzpfaevdk@
ygyJ ? usaemf p pf o m; aumif ; wOD ; taeeJ @ t
vm;wl u sif h 0 wf y suf j ym;wJ h tvk y f r sd K ;awmh
rvkyfaumif;bl;/ rvkyfoifhbl;/ rvkyftyfbl;vdk@
av;pm;r_@ rysuf,Gif;ygbl;/ t,l0g'eJ@ ,Hk=unf
csufjyif;jy r_@udkomtjypfwif &ygvdrfhr,f?
1955 ckEpS f wyfrawmfordik ;f rSww f ikd w
f ck
t& usL;ausmo f w
l &kwjf zL wd@k &@J XmecsKyfjzpfaom
xdik ;f / jrefrm e,fpyf rsO;f ay:&Sd vG,v f ef;}uD;pcef;udk
ajrmufydkif; wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf/
oa&pnfol ausmfaZm OD;pD;wJh “&ef}uD; atmif”
ppfqifa&;wdkufyGJ0if wyfzGJ@rsm;u atmifjrifpGm
acsr_ef;wdkufcdkuf armif;xkwf EdkifcJhwm ordkif;wGif
cJ h y gw,f ? “bk & if h a emif ” ppf q if a &;xd k ; ES u f
acsr_ e f ; r_ @ a=umif h rd k i f ; qwf vG i f j yif r S z,d k z &J
+ydKuGJqkwfajy;oGm;wJh w&kwfjzLawG[m xdkif;e,f
pyfrsO;f vG,v f ef; }uD;pcef;rSm cHppfae&mopfwnf
aqmufumajymifajymif wif;wif;yJ tajcjyKv_yf
&Sm; ae=uw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f// vG,fvef;}uD;
e,fpyfrsOf;awmifay:pcef;rSm zifckxdkifum xdkif;
ppfwyf/&J/ EdkifiHa&;orm;/ pD;yGm;a&;orm; wcsdK@eJ@
vuf 0 g;csif ; &d k u f + yD ; bd e f ; vk y f i ef ; ud k wG i f w G i f
=uD;vkyfpm; ae=uw,fvdk@ tqdk&Sdygw,f? vG,f
vef;pcef;[m xdik ;f bufrS &moDra&G; um;vrf;
rsm; azguf+yD;/rJa[mifaqmif/ rJaqmuf/ rJq&AD;/
Zif;r,fpwJh+rdK@rsm;udk vG,fulpGmoGm;vm ul;oef;
EdkifwJh e,fpyftcsuftjcm pcef;wckvnf; jzpfyg
w,f? w&kwjf zLwd@k aemuf ydik ;f rSm bde;f bk&if cGeq f m
[m 'D p cef ; }uD ; rS m yJ q,f p k E S p f e J @ csD + yD ; tajc
jyKvkyfpm;oGm;cJhwm rSwfom;rdygw,f?
&ef}uD;atmif ordkif;0ifppfqif a&;}uD;
atmifjrif+yD;pD;oGm;wJh aemufydkif;rSm tm%m&
(zqyv)tpdk;& twGif;rSm v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fpGm
us,fusyfvkyf pm;ae=uwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;trSL;jyKwJh
qd k & S , f v pf E d k i f i H a &; orm;rsm;[m (zqyv)
acsr_ef; okwfoif&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf wyfrawmf
xJu t+r‡;D pm;buf / acgi;f pm;bufu/ qd&k , S v f pf
wyfrSL;wcsdK@eJ@ pnf;0g;&dkufum/ rlvu}udKwif}uH
&G,fcsuf twdkif;(r)oHk;vHk;e,fajr “atmifrmC”
ppfqifa&;}uD; udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qifEGJap
cJ hygawmhw,f? “atmifrmC” ppfqifa&;}uD;udk
ajrmuf y d k i f ; wd k i f ; ppf X mecsKyf uG y f u J r _ @ atmuf /
acsmuf t ajcjyK/wyf r [m (10)&J @ wyf r if ; / Ad k v f
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rSL;}uD;=unf0if;wdk@[m r,m;nDtudk rsm;jzpf=u
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=unf0if;a&m AdkvfrSL;}uD; cspfcdkif ( pdefyGJpm; NLD
eJ@ POCL tzGJ@&J@ twGif;a&;rSL;) wdk@ ESpfOD;pvHk;[m
jrif;jcHom;rsm; jzpf=uygw,f?
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rS m wd k u f w d k u f q d k i f q d k i f / tm%m& (zqyv)
twGif;rSm tykwf eH@v_difv_dif/ +rdKifqdkifpGm oif;jyef@
aewJ h u mvvd k @ owd j yK rd y gw,f ? 1956 a&G ;
aumufyrJG mS ajray: (Auy) txnf}uD; ysurf sm;&J@
(yrnw) wdk@u jynfol@axmufcHrJ awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;av;&um v$ w f a wmf r S m ae&m&vm
cJJh=uwm/ owdjyKrdygw,f? tHh=o bG,f&m 'Djzpf
pOfu (zqyv) twGi;f rSma&m wyfrawmf xJrmS
yg *,uf±dkufcJh=uwm/ zwf±_rSwfom;rdcJhygw,f?
'DjzpfpOfeJ@ qufpyfvdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@ cspfoli,ff
csif;a&mif;&if;/ OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@[m ±_ ha'gifhcsif;
rwl=uovd/k jrifcsuf uGm[ aewmawG@&ygw,f?
OD ; Ek u / (zqyv) wG i f ; rS m v'f p m;r_
t*wdvdkufpm;r_@/ tkyfpkzGJ hr_ heJ@ jynfolwdk@eJ@ wp
wpuif;uGm vmcJhvdk@ pnf;±Hk;a&;/ ,dk,Gif;usqif;
wmvdk@ qifjcifajrmfjrif w,fcifAsm/ vlawmf/ vl
npf}uD; OD;ausmjf idr;f uawmh xm0& &efo/l iyG}uD;
(Auy) wdk@&J@ ya,m*vdk@ &dk;pGwfcJhwm awG@&yg
w,f? qd&k , S v f pfw@kd &@J vufo;kH enf; AsL[m twdik ;f /
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vpf wyf r S L ;}uD ; =unf 0 if ; u (Auy) A[d k u
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awG@qo kd vdk Adv k af tmif}uD;u tud}k uD; ppfO;D pD;csKyf
ae0if;xHrqdkif;rwG wifjyvdkufygawmhw,f? 'Dae
&mrSm ppfpnf;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;abmifausmfwm
owdjyKrdygw,f? orm&dk;us ( Proper Chenel )
t& qdk,if/ wyfr[m (10)[m/ (ryp)&J@ uGyfuJ
r_@atmufurdk@ (ryc) rS wqifhom ppf±Hk;csKyfudk
wifjyoGm;&rSmav (wr[-10)u ppf&Hk;csKyfudk
wduk &f u kd w f ifjycGihf r&Sb
d ;l vd@k usaemfem;vnfw,f?
rSm;wm/ rSew f m tyxm; ppfwyfrmS xH;k pH
vkyfxHk;pnf;rsOf;rsm;u rnfodk@ yif&Sdapumrl v#Kd@
0Suzf ikd w f }JG uD; uawmh em;bl;/ rif;orm;ppfO;D pD;csKyf
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umv u jrif;orm;}uD;&J@ ukvm; xdik [ f mvnf;
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t}uH t zef rrrS e f r uef / ,k w W d a A' qef q ef /
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aomuf&Jabmf/ &Jbuf/ cdkif;wJhEGm;/ apwJhu|efqdk
wmawGriJhEdkifawmhbl;aygh/ twWtusdK;pD;yGm;awmh
txdcdkufcHEdkifyghrvJ?
acwW0ef}uD;csKyfO;D AaqGx/H Advk f atmif}uD;/
Adkvf=unf0if;tjyif/ rSwfrdor#/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; armif
armif/ 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; cspfp qdk&S,fnpfwyf rSL;}uD;
rsm;/ qdk&S,fnpf}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;/ w&kwfjynf/ oH
trwf O D ; vS a rmif e J @ (zqyv) twG i f ; a&;rS L ;
ocifausm'f eG ;f wd@k tygt0if wd@k e@J twlppfO;D pD;csKyf/
Adkvfae0if;u v#dK@0SufzdkifwGJ}uD; udkwifjyum wm
0ef r uif ; ol / ol & J a umif ; ppf o l } uD ; Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf
ausmfaZmudk wyfrawmfu z,f&Sm;bdk@ tqdkwif
oGif;cJhowJh?
(34)
ppfOD;pD;csKyfAdkvf ae0if;u wcsdefuaoG; aomuf
&J a bmf o H k ; usd y f 0 if Ad k v f ausmf a Zmud k &J a bmf
pdwftjynfh eJ@ pmem axmufxm;+yD; oufouf
!Sm!Sm }udK;pifwifrvdk@ xifyg&J@ ppfOya'csKyf
OD ; bpd e f x H z d k i f w G J } uD ; tyf + yD ; t}uD ; qH k ; Ak ' < e J @
pGJcsufwifr&wm odawmhrS (1959)ESpfwyfrawmf
tufOya'/ Ak'< (44)udk udik pf +JG yD;/ 'kAv kd rf LS ;}uD;b0eJ@
wyf u ae+yD ; t+id r f ; ay;cJ h w mvd k @ od & ygw,f ?
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmf aZmuvnf;/ jypfr_@ jzpfpOftay:
ygwf0ef;usifoufaoawGt& xkacsckcHvdk@ &Edkif
wJt h aetxm;udk odv@kd xifyg&@J &H;k wifw&m;pGb J @kd
awmif; qdk cJhw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? tr_@[mppf
w&m;&H;k udk ra&mufcyhJ gb;l ? jrif;orm;yDy/D cJy;kd ay;
wmom cH o G m ;&&S m ygw,f ? Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a usmf
aZmt+idr;f oGm;wJt h wGuf (ryc)wdik ;f rSL;opftjzpf/
=unf; 3305/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$ (,ck NLD /
OuU X )ud k w m0ef a y;cef @ tyf c J h w mawG @ &ygw,f ?
tJ'DumvrSm wyfrawmf&J@xyfydkif; &mxl;ae&m
awmf rsm;rsm; tajymif;tvJ &SdcJhygw,f? rSwfrd
or#t& (wyc)&J @ ppf O D ; pD ; rS L ; (yxr)wef ; /
Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; armif a &$ u wyf r [m (5)wyf r if ;
jzpf o G m ;cJ h y gw,f ? 0ef } uD ; csKyf a [mif ; OD ; Ek u
oD & d v uF m Ed k i f i H u tjyef r S m (zqyv) tpd k ; &
twGi;f rSmvnf; ae&mjy\em wufcw hJ m owdjyK
rdygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKy fausmfaZmudpPaqG;aEG;,if;
oHtrwf}uD; OD;vSarmif&@J t}uHjyKcsurf mS jrpfzsm;
cHcJhwmvdk@ zwf&rSwf&ygw,f?
wyf r awmf & J @ ord k i f ; ajymif ; vJ j zpf x G e f ;
ayguaf jrmufr@_ rsm;eJ@ ,SuEf , G f qufpyf r_@tenf;eJ@
trsm;&Sdwyfwm avhvmoHk;oyfawG@&Sd&ygw,f?
(48§49)0ef ; usif r S m pwif a vmif u |rf ; cJ h & wJ h
jynfwGif; ppfrD;}uD;a=umifh wyfrawmf[m yxr
t}udr+f ydKuGo J mG ;cJ&h +yD;/ pnf;vH;k r_ +ydK uGo J mG ;cJ&h wm
owd j yKrd y gw,f ? Ad k v f a e 0if ; eJ @ Ad k v f a Z,swd k @
ESpOf ;D ae &m tm%m/ &mxl;cGuaf pmif;ckwcf =hJ u+yD;/
aoG;aomuf &Jabmf/ &Jbufo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k v
f usmF
udk axmufxm;iJh!Smjcif;r&Sd/ tpdk;&tzGJ@ wGif;
uomru Ed k i f i H a &;pnf ; 0d k i f ; tjyif buf o d k @ yif
pepfwus uefxw k cf =hJ uwm ordik ;f rSmavhvmrSwf
om;cJh&ygw,f?
wyfrawmf&@J tem*gwrf mS tvm; tvm
aumif;+yD; tm;xm;bG,f&m ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfvmEdkif=uwJh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfaZ,s eJ@
*syefppfwuUodkvfqif; tbdk;wefppfacgif; aqmif
rsm; (BIA) (BDA) (PBF) wyf r awmf t quf
qufrSm wdkif;jynfeJ@ wyfrawmftwGuf oufpGef@
}ud K ;yrf ; tr_ @ xrf ; vm=uwJ h wyf r S L ;/ wyf A d k v f
awGvnf; z,dzk &J +ydKuGu J m awmxJ a&mufomG ;cJh
&+yD; aoolao/ a=uol a=uawG@c&hJ vd@k pdwx f cd ukd cf hJ
&ygw,f? rSwfrdor# a&;jy&ygvsif/ Adkvfpdefwif/
AdkvfoufxGef;/ AdkvfvSarmf/ AdkvftmVm0u/ Adkvfyk/
Adkvfodrf;/ polwdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
wcgw&HrmS jrefrmEdik if aH &; jzpfysuaf jymif;
vJrt _ pOfukd ±_jrifzwf±_ rSwo f m;,if;u usaemfrh mS
b0ifrus pdwfxJrSm rodk;roef@ jzpfrd+yD;/ Zmwf
vrf; taxGaxGrSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uwJh/ ordkif;0if
yk*d~KvfEdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;udk uav;uvm;/
r[m;',m; EdkifvGef;=uw,fvdk@ xifjrif,lqcJh
rdygw,f? txl; ojzihf Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&@J
Zmwf[efygyg/ tla=umifa=umif EdkifyHkudk rcsifhr&J
*&k%m a'gojzpfryd gw,f? ynm&Srd @kd owdjzpfcw J m
vm; awmh rodbl;ayghaemf/ uarBm'D;,m;u rif;
om;}uD;oD[Ekv/kd Aavmif;AvJ/ tajymif;tvJEikd f
vGe;f w,fv@kd xifryd gw,f? 'gukd OD;Ekuvnf; ol&@J
“wmawpaeom;”pmtk y f r S m tawmf u av;
0efcHxm;wm zwf&ygw,f?
1957 ck E S p f r S m w&k w f j ynf o H t rwf u
pum;pyf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf qufrvkyfyJ/ armfpDwHk;vdk
OuUXvkypf m;bd@k t}uHjyKcsuu f kd jrpfzsm;cH+yD;/ tawG;
acgifvGef;oGm;wJh OD;Ek[m 0ef}uD;csKyf &mxl;udk
ZGwfjyef,lcJhwm owdjyKrdygw,f? 'gonfyifvsif
(zqyv) tuG J t +yJ Z mwf vrf ; }uD ; ud k pcJ h w m
vdk@qdk&ygvdrfh/ usaemfwdk@ qdk&dk;pum;t& rpGef;
,if;u vnf;&Sd/ uZGef;cif;uyg oDqdkovdkayghAsm/
e*dv k u f tufoyH gvmwJh (zqyv) }uD;[m 1958
rSmawmh zH;k r& zdr& [ufwufuJG &awmh wmygy?J
tkyfpkwdkufyGJudk trSefwu,f ajyvnfoGm;ap&ef
(zqyv)nD v mcH / 'grS r [k w f a&G ; aumuf y G J
topfeJ@ usif;yajz&Sif;cJh,if jy\em r}uD;xGm;
Ed k i f y J / aooG m ;&ef od k @ r[k w f / yaysmuf a umif ;
yaysmufoGm;Edkifr,fvdk@ ,lqrdygw,f?
vrf;cGv J u kd wf mrd@k ydI k ±_wu f ek af wmhwmygy/J ygvrD ef
twG i f ; rS m tm;+yd K if vrf ; cG J t k y f p k c sif ; csJ = uawmh
anmifjrpfwl;vdkuf=uwm/ ykwfoifOawGyg wyHkw
yif}uD; ay:vm awmhwmudk;/ ordkif;rSm&Sufp&m/
pdwfr csrf;ajrhp&m/ wbufeJ@wbuf/ i,fusdK;/
i,fem/ az:vdk@ uavmf=uwm/ =um;&/ jrif&cJh
ygw,f? ydkvdk@qdk;oGm;wmu OD;Ek&J@ “oef@&Sif;”u
OD ; ausmf + id r f ; &J @ “wnf + rJ ” ud k ajray:uG e f r sLepf /
txnf}uD;ysurf sm; trsm;pk yg0ifwhJ “yrnw”&J@
(*)rJxJeJ@ uyf+yD;Edkifvdkufvdk@yJ jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmhvnf; (zqyv) tuGJt+yJ
[m Edik if aH &;ygww D ck&@J jzpf+rJ"rRwmW twdik ;f / ygwD
wGif;tm;+ydKifr_ 'grSr[kwftwGif; 0da&m"dw&m;
t& rvGrJ a&Smifom/ jzpf=uwmyg/ Edik if aH &; ygww D @kd
oabmobm0t& jzpf = uwmyg/ Ed k i f i H a &;
ygwD w d k @ oabmobm0t& jzpf a vh j zpf x &S d w J h
ed , mrw&m;vd k @ jrif y gw,f ? ord k i f ; rS m vnf ;
&SdcJhw,f? jzpfcJhw,f vdk@a&;&rSmyJ/ pHjyKjy&vsif/
(GCBA) }uD;vnf;uGc J =hJ uw,fav/ wd@k Armtpnf;
&Hk;}uD;vnf; jycJhwmyJav uGefrsLepfvnf;tjzL/
teDuGJcJhwmygyJ/ &JabmfjzLa&muif;vdk@vm;/ 0g=u
ovk d jzLcJ h = uwm awG @ cJ h & ygw,f ? qd k & S , f v pf
awG a &m bmrsm;xl ; vd k @ vnf ; Asm/ ocif v G i f /
ocifvSau|wdk@u qdk&S,feDqdk+yD;/ +zJ=u/ csJ=uwm/
awG@cb hJ ;l ygw,f? a[m tckvnf;/ (zqyv)}uD;/
tESpf (40)cdkif+rJ&r,fqdkwJh/ aºuG;a=umfrS rpJao;
bl;/ ygpifatmifu=JG u +yJ=ucs=J uwm &GrH ek ;f pufpw k f
p&maumif;vSygw,f?
( 35 )
1958 rSm (zqyv) uGw J ,f qd, k if yJwyf
xJukd tuG/J t+yJ/ t+yJvid_ ;f *,uf}uD;u &du k cf wf
cJhawmhwmygyJ/ wyfxJrSmuvnf; ‘tpuwnf;
,S O f o ud k ’ qd k o vd k / 1945 ck E S p f z uf p pf a wmf
vSeaf &;rSm jrpfzsm;cH+yD;/ uGejf rKepf/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfE, G 0f if/
ygwDoHa,mZOf jyif;xefolawG&Sdovdk/ wu,fh
ppf o m;ppf p pf / ygwD o H a ,mZOf u if ; wJ h tjzL
a&mifrsdK;cspf/ ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;awG&,fvdk@ (3)rsdK;
&S d c J h w m/ jiif ; r&wJ h o m"uyg/ uG e f j rKepf a wG /
wavmpifoGm;awmh qdk&S,fnpfeJ@ tjzLa&mifrsdK;
cspfppfAdkvf/ ppfom;awGusefcJhwmawG@ &ygw,f/
qdk&S,fnpf wyfrSL;awGu rlvZmwdjy+yD; wpcef;
x=uawmhwmygyJ?
tm;awmh e mygw,f / a&;p&m &S d v mrd k @
t&Sdyuwdtwdkif;a&;jy&rSmyJ/ qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;
rsm;xJrSm tºuGwufqHk;uawmh acsmuftajcjyK
wyfr[m (10)u wyfrif;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;=unf0if;yJ
jzpf y gw,f ? “wnf j rJ ” xd y f o D ; usm;}uD ; AaqG
(aemifwiG Ef mG ;}uD; vd@k ac:=uw,f) eJ@r,m;nD tud/k
aqGawmfrsdK;awmfolwOD;yg/ olu toHukef[pf
vdkufyHku “ygvDrefrSm (8)rJav;uyf+yD; ±_H;wmeJ@
udAk aqGcr#mtjyifawmifrxGu&f J &Smawmhb;l ” wJh
rE aW v;wufum (ryc) wdik ;f rSL;/ Adv k rf ;lS csKyfatmif
a&$(,ck NLD . OuUX)eJ@ w&yfwnf;om; (ryc)rS
(G:1) 'kAv kd rf LS ;}uD;cspcf ikd f (uG,v f eG /f pdeyf pJG m;NLD
twGif;a&;rSL;) wdk@udk &ifzGifhcsOf;uyfpnf;&Hk; odrf;
oGif;awmhw,f vdk@ tqdk&Sdygw,f?
rSerf rSe/f [kwrf [kwaf wmh rodb;l aygAh sm/
ordkif;rSefa&;ol/ ajymolrSr&Sdao;yJudk;/ AdkvfrSL}uD;
=unf0if;[m &efuek o f @kd yg qif;csvm+yD;/ Adv k af rmif
armif/ Adkvfatmif=uD;/ qdk&S,fnpfxdyfoD;wckeJ@yg
pnf;0g;&du k +f yD;/ tm%m&l; ESmbl;/ jrif;orm; ppfO;D
pD;csKyfudkyg csOf;uyfwifjy today;cJhowJh tcsKyf
a&;&vsif ppf w yf u tm%m od r f ; +yD ; oef @ &S i f ;
tm%m& tpd;k &udk jzKwfcsbkd yh jJ zpfygw,f? qd&k , S f
vpfwdk@&J@ wynfhvuf&if;/ t&dk;t&if;uddkuf/ rD'D
,mynm&Sif taxmufawmf vSatmifuvnf;
csdefudkufum pmpDvdk@ “cufzG,f&,f}uHK/ vufeuf
u,fpHktnDeJ@” qdkwJh ppfwyftm%modrf; pnf
awmf}uD;udk &dkufaqmfpnf[D;cJhwm trSwf&ae yg
ao;w,f?
tm%modr;f pDrcH suu f kd (ryp) rE aW v;rSm
pwif a &;qG J v k y f p m;cJ h = uwmwJ h Zmwf ! $ e f ; a&;
q&mu Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; =unf 0 if ; / o&k y f j ytr$ e f ;
wifolu (ryp)wdkif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$/
&dkufuGif; wm0efcHu (ryp) ppfOD;pD;rSL; (y) 'kAdkvf
olrsm;u Adv k rf LS ;}uD;armifarmif/ Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;atmif
}uD; wdk@ jzpf+yD;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifaz pma&;q&mr
a':cif E S i f ; ,k & J @ cif y G e f ; (oeu-4)wyf & if ; rS L ;/
Adv
k rf LS ;ausmaf omif; wd@k wawGu Zmwfy@kd Zmwf&H
awGv@kd qdyk g w,f/ t"duo&kyf aqmifrif;om;}uD;
u awmh Adv k af e0if;aygh cifAsm/ Zmwfum; xkwv f yk f
wJh ukr`%Duawmh tm%mrJh (wnfjrJ-zqyv)
qdk&S,fnpf tpk&S,f&m0ifrsm;vdk@ a&;&rSmygyJ?
ppfwyftm%modrf;r_@ (yxr-ydkif;)'grS
r[kwfppfwyftm%mtEk=urf;pD;r_@ Zmwfvrf;[m
jynf w G i f ; rS m omru/ jynf y rS m yg ausmf = um;
vl}udKufrsm;vdk@ tu,f'rDa&$pifqkudkyif qGwf
cl;cJhowJhAsm/ o&kyfaqmif&mrSm ynmygvGef;+yD;
obm0usus olrwlatmifpGrf; aqmifvkyfpm;cJh
EdkifcJh=uvdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eka&m Adkvfae0if;wdk@ ESpfOD;
pvH k ; [m tu,f ' rD / a&$ p if & k y f q k u d k yl ; wG J p G w f
cl;cJhw,fvdk@ =um;bl;em;0&SdcJhygw,f/ 'DZmwfum;
rSm vl=urf; rif;om;tjzpf ausm=f um;cJo h ul awmh
oef @ &S i f ; tm%m&jynf x J a &;0ef } uD ; / Ad k v f r if ;
acgifjzpfygw,f? tcktcsdeftxd 'DZmwfvrf;trSef
udk xJxJ0if0if yDyDjyifjyif ajymqdka&;om;olray:
ao;ygbl;/ vdrfpOfudk wpGef;wpomqGJxkwf a&;
om;ajymqdkae=uwmawG@&ygw,f?
tJ'u D mvu/ usaemfu =unf;wyf
vuf a &G ; pOf a bmvH k ; orm;rsm; pk p nf ; xm;&S d & m
(7.CRS.MESS) ,ck t rS w f (2)ppf a q;&H k /
a*:'G i f v rf ; )+rd K @rausmif ; teD ; rS m ae&ygw,f /
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; eHeufabmvHk;avhusifh&mrS jyef
ta&muf/ pcef;tkyfcsKyfol t&mcHAdkvfyDwm/ u
abmvHk;orm;tm;vHk;udk wef;pDum (7-CRS)
vuf e uf w d k u f ud k a rmif ; oG m ;ygawmh w ,f / w
a,mufukd &dik zf ,fwvufusnf (50)pDxw k f ay;+yD;/
(STAND - BY) aebd k @ trd e f @ ay;ygawmh w ,f /
abmvHk;orm;rsm;[m aoewfrudkif&wmESpfeJ@
csD=um+yDav/ &dkifz,fawGjyefudkif&awmh [dkcsdef/
'Dcsed ef @J [m;p&mvdjk zpfae=uygw,f/ bma=umifrh eS ;f /
b,folrSrod=uygbl;?
usaemfu ppfouftEkq;kH qdak wmh pDe, D m
uG , f v G e f ) [m usaemh & J @ tzG J @ acgif ; aqmif j zpf
ygw,f ? usaemh & if x J r S m r&S i f ; vif ; / b0if r
usjzpfaevdk@ udkxGef;atmifudk uyf+yD; wdk;wdk;wdwf
wdwf ar;rdwmayg/h &efou l b,fov l /J b,frmS vJ/
b,fudkcsDwuf+yD;wdkuf&rSmvJ-ayghav/ udkxGef;
atmifu “igvnf;rodbl;/ rif;yg;pyfydwfxm;prf;
pyf r pk e J @ ”vd k @ a[muf w meJ @ +id r f a ecJ h & ygw,f ?
wu,fygyJAsm/ bmrSef;nmrSef;tvsif;rodygbl;/
tdyf,mab;rSm aoewf}uD;xm;+yD; (3)(4)&uf
avmuf cdk;vdk;ckvk jzpfcJh&ygw,f?
a&'D,dk/ owif;pmawGrSm =um;&/ zwf&
awmh r S y J / ppf w yf t m%mod r f ; r_ @ 'grS r [k w f
ppf w yf t m%mtEk =urf ; pD ; rS K @ ta=umif ; od &
ygawmhw,f/ ppfwyfxdyfydkif;rSmawmh jym,mcwf
ae=uwmayghav/ txl;ojzihf ppf&Hk; w0dkufrSm
ppfum;awGw0D0DeJ@ wyfxJu qdk&S,fvpfxdyfoD;/
Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; atmif } uD ; / Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; armif a rmif /
AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifazwdk@[m t&rf;udk tvkyf±_wf/
t±_ w f t xk w f a wG v k y f a e=uwmawG @ &ygw,f /
t&m&Sdppfacgif;aqmif}uD; rsm;&J@ aetdrfrsm;u
usaemfw@kd &@J eD;eD;/ OD;0dpm&vrf;ay:rSm &S=d uygw,f/
aemufydkif;rSmawmh &efukefjrLrif;}uD;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;
xGef;pdef[m &efukef+rdK@oef@&Sif;a&;udk aZmufcsvkyf
awmhwm awG@&ygw,f? usL;ausmfwJawG&Sif;vif;
z,f&Sm;+yD; omauw/ OuUvmy+rdK@opfrsm;qDudk
a&$@ajymif;wnfaqmufwm awG@&ygw,f?
( 36 )
(1958) ppfwyf&J@ EdkifiHa&;rSm 0ifa&muf
pGufbufr_@eJ@ ygwfouf+yD; wyfrawmf vGefpGm
eHrnfysuf cJh&ygw,f? OD;Ek&J@ EdkifiHa&;vyfjrifr_@eJ@
vdrfrmyg;eyfpGmupm;EdkifcJhr_@a=umifh zGJ@pnf;yHk t
ajccHOya'eJ@tnD wyfrawmfudk tm%m v$Jay;
wm&,fvdk@ wyfrawmfoduQmudk qnfwifwJhtae
eJ@ ,kwadW A' qefqef/ yHak z:cJw
h mrSwo
f m; rdygw,f?
tm%m&oef @ &S i f ; (zqyv)tpd k ; &u ,ck v d k
at;at;om=unf tm%mv$ J r ay;v#if v nf ;
ppf w yf u tif t m;oH k ; tm%mod r f ; bd k h pD r H
wyfr[m wcsdK@eJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyfu Adkvfarmifarmif/
Ad k v f a tmif } uD ; wd k @ vuf 0 g;csif ; &d k u f + yD ; wcsd K @
+rdK@rsm;udkyif pD;eif;odrf;ydkuf+yD; jzpfaeyg+yD?
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_@udk oabmvnf;rwl/ rESpf+rdK@
wmrdk@ / (wyc)wdkif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf'D/ au/ b
vdyfuawmh cyfcGgcGg/ cwfuif;uif;aecJhwmawG@
&ygw,f ? Ad k v f c sKyf b vd y f c r#m ujym;jzpf a yrJ h /
Armpdwt f rsm;}uD;&So d l opPm&Sw d hJ wuJph pfom; ppf
ppf jzpfw,fv@kd tqk&d ydS gw,f? qd&k , S n f pf wyfrLS ;
rsm; vkypf m;ae=uwmudk ppfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k af e0if;u
bmrSrodbl;qdkwm[m ,Hkwrf;pum;w&yfom
jzpfEdkifygw,f? acs;pm;+yD; usdefr,fqdk,ifawmif
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tcsut f vuf pkaqmif;&wJt h cgrsK;d rSm/ tJ'u D u G v f yfukd oufqikd &f macgi;f pOftvdu k f tcsut f vufrsm;
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tvuf(b)6vkH;udktjynfhtpkH pkpnf;jyD;onfhaemuf rSmawmhowif;udkvuf awG@ a&;cs=unfhzdk@ygbJ?
a&S @ OD ; pG m owif ; &J @ yxrpmyd k ' f (First Paragraph) xJ r S m tJ ' D ( b)6-vk H ; pvk H ;
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b,f ( b)ud k a &S @ uxm;&r,f / b,f ( b)ud k a emuf u xm;&r,f q d k w m oD ; jcm;owf r S w f c suf r &S d y g?
owif;yxrqkH;wyk'fvkH;udk 0gusESpfa=umif;/ okH;a=umif;xufydkI ra&;rdap&ef owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f?
xd@k tjyif 0guswa=umif;wdik ;f udv k nf;/ t*Fvyd b f momESijhf zpfygu 27-vk;H cef@/ jrefrmbmomESijhf zpfygu
t=urf;zsif; 32-vkH;xufrydkap&ef *&kpdkufzdk@vdktyfygw,f? ?
aemuf o wif ; wyk ' f r S m awmh tJ ' D o wif ; &J @ t"d u azmf j ycsif w J h t a=umif ; t&m/
tcsuftvufawGudk(b) wckcsif;tvdkufcsJ@xGifa&;om;Edkifygw,f? b,f(b)udkt"ducsJ@xGifa&;
om;&r,f/ tao;pdwaf &;om;oifw h ,fqw kd muawmh owfrw S cf surf &Syd g? owif;a&;ol. tawG@t=uHK/
t&nftcsif;ESifhqkH;jzwf&rSmomjzpfygw,f? b,f(b)rsKd;u owif;wefzdk; ( News Values ) &Sdw,f/
owif ; .t"d u &nf & G , f c suf u d k a y:vG i f a pwm b,f ( b)rsKd ; qd k w mud k ok H ; oyf q k H ; jzwf E d k i f & ef
ud,k yf ikd t f &nftaoG;wckjzpfwhJ (News Sense)&Szd @kd vykd gw,f? 'Dae&mrSm txl;owdxm; &rSmuawmh
owif;rSm xifjrifcsuf/ ,lqcsuf/ okH;oyfcsufvdkrsKd;awG rxnfhoGif;rdatmifygbJ?
owif;t*F g&yfawGjzpfwJh(b)6vkH;ESifhjynfhpkHjyD;/ a&;xkH;a&;enf;ESifhvnf; nDnGwfwJhowif;
wyk'fa&;om;jyD;wJhaemufawmh/ owif;&J@0daooawGjzpfwJh/ t*Fvdyfvdkawm (5-c) ESihfjynfhpkHrl&dS/r&Sdudk
qef ; ppf z d k @ /ppf a q;zd k @ vd k y gw,f ? 'D a e&mrS m owif ; pmayES i f h & \pmay uG J j ym;jcm;em;rl u d k
od&Sdem;vnfxm;zdk@ta&;=uD;ygw,f? owif;pmayESifh&\pmaya&;om;=u&mrSm &nf&G,fcsufrwl=u
ovd/k udpw P cku=kd unfw h hJ &Sak 'githf jrifrmS a&m/ teuft"dyg` ,af umuf,w l ahJ e&mrSmyg jcm;emrl&ydS gw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh a&;om;wJhae&mrSmvnf;/ a&;enf;a&;[ef uGJjym;ygw,f?
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ES i f h j ynf h p k H n D n G w f zd k @ vd k y gw,f ? tJ ' D em;vnf o abmayguf x m;wJ h tJ ' D u d p P w ck / owif ; wck u d k
y&dowfem;vnfatmif/ oabmayguaf tmif &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; a&;om;wifjywwfz@kd ta&;=uD;ygw,f?
(ud k , f w d k i f a wmif r S em;rvnf w J h u d p P w ck u d k &S i f ; vif ; pG m a&;zd k @ rjzpf E d k i f o vd k /
ud k , f w d k i f e m;vnf a omf j im;vnf ; y&d o wf t rsm; tvG , f w ul e m;vnf a tmif ra&;om;Ed k i f & if
rdrd&J@owif;[m tcsnf;tESD;jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?) rdrdudk,fwdkif ususee em;vnfjyD; &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;
a&;om;EdkifrSom y&dowfawGtaeESihfvnf; vG,fvG,fululoabmaygufrSmjzpfyg
w,f ? 'gtjyif v nf ; rd r d & J @ owif ; ud k y&d o wf ' d k ; ueJ / a'guf u eJ e m;vnf E d k i f a tmif / vG , f v if h
wul o abmayguf E d k i f a tmif wd k w d k w k w f w k w f E S i f h uspf u spf v pf v p f ( Concise ) jzpf a tmif
a&;om;zdk@vdkygw,f?
“Newsare about facts and facts and facts.” vd k @ qd k w J h t wd k i f ; y&d o wf taeES i f h od c sif w J h
tcsuef m;vnfcsiw f hJ tcsut f vufawG jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk yg0ifatmifComprehensive jzpfatmif a&;om;rdz@kd
owd j yK&ygvd r f h r ,f ? “News is as it is new,it is no told.” qd k w J h p um;twd k i f ; rd r d & J @
owif;[mvuf&rdS suaf rSmuf ypPKy`eEf iS hf qufpyfr&l adS ezd@k ( Current) jzpfaezd@k ta&;=uD;ygw,f? xd@k twl
b,f o wif ; [m ork d i f ; /&mZ0if r [k w f w mrd k @ vuf i if ; jzpf y suf w J h ta=umif ; t&m
vuf&SdrsufarSmuftajctaeESifh ywfoufwJhtjzpftysufudpPomv#ifjzpfzdk@vdkygw,f?
aemufq;Hk taeESihf rdr&d @J owif;[m wdusreS u f efrl ( Correct) jzpfz@kd &Sad ezd@k vdyk gw,f? “ ajcu|&H if
ES l w f v d k @ &aomf v nf ; / pum;u|H a om ES l w f r &” wmrd k @ owif ; rS e f u ef r l & S d z d k @ &Ed k i f o r#
owif;XmeawGuae&&SdwJhowif;awGudk wdkufqdkif=unfhzdk@vdkygw,f? owif;Xme 2-ck&J@ owif; 2-ck
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifoGm;wlaecJh&if tJ'Dowif;[m rSefuefw,fvdk@ ,lqEdkifygw,f? owif;2-ck[m
tajccH t m;jzif h w l a omf v nf ; tao;pd w f r S m jcm; em;aewmawG & S d E d k i f y gw,f ?
tJ'DtcgrsKd;rSmawmhtwdtusa&;zdk@c, J Of; wmrdk@t=urf;zsif; tm;jzifheD;pyfrl&SdwmudkbaJ zmfjyoifhygw,f?
Oyrmtm;jzifh---owif;wcku---ta,muf20---vdk@azmfjyjyD; tjcm;owif;wck=uawmh---
ta,muf 30---vdk@ qdkaecJh&if rdrd&J@ owif;rSmawmh ---ta,muf20-30t=um;---'grSr[kwf-
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toH v $ i f X meu xk w f v $ i f h a y;Ed k i f a omtcsd e f twd k i f ; twmt&vnf ; aumif ; tusOf ; csKH z d k @
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&nf & G , f c suf e m;vnf a tmif tjyef j yef t vS e f v S e f z w f( Synonym ) teuf t"d y ` g ,f w l a eaom
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