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Thailand
Email:democraticforum@csloxinfo.com

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20
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21
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RFA- 4/11/2008
(3)
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26
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27
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RFA-14/11/2008
(4)
28
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29
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30
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RFA - 5/12/2008
(5)
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jrefrmbk&if&JΠa&wyfwpfckvHk;uvnf; jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;cJh&ygw,f?
aemuf q H k ; awmh +Ad w d o #wyf a wG u tif ; 0a&$ e ef ; awmf e J @ av;&uf c &D ; tuG m &E W y d k u d k
a&mufvmcJyh gw,f? jrefrmbk&ifuvnf; ppfajy+idr;f pmcsKyfcsKyfz@kd vufcv H ukd &f ygawmhw,f? &E yW pkd mcsKyf
t&qdk&if jrefrmbk&ifu a*soD,m/ ucsm/ tmoef ta&;awGrSm 0ifa&mufvufr&_yfawmhbl;vdk@
oabmwlvdkuf&wJhtjyif/ jrefrmbk&if&JŒydkifeuf r%dyl&/ &cdkif/ weoFm&Da'oawGudkvnf; +Adwdo#qDudk
ay;tyfvu kd &f ygw,f? tif;0eef;awmfrmS +Adwo d # oHwpfO;D udxk m;zd@k oabmwl&wJt h jyif/ aygipf wmvif
wpfoef; 'Duae@ aiGwefzdk;eJ@ wGufr,fqdk&if a':vmig;oef; ppfavsmfa=u;ay;cJh&ygw,f? +Adwdo#
ppfol}uD;uif;bJvfu uae'ge,l;b&ef;0pfcsf t&yfudk eef;&if;0eftjzpf cef@tyf&mxl;wdk; wm0efay;
cH&ygw,f? jrefrmbk&ifawGtwGuu f awmh vGwv f yf a&;qH;k &H;_ &zd@k uaeOD;tajctaeudk rsu0f g;xifxif
}uHKvdkuf&ygawmhw,f? aemufwywfrSmawmh udkvdkeD vufatmufusa&mufcJh&wJh aemufykdif;tajc
taeawGudk qufvufwifjyygr,f? tm;vHk; +idrf;csrf;aysmf&$ifEdkif=uygap?

ud k a tmif o l + id r f ;
RFA-12/12/2008

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

32
 uGef&ufpepf (Networking) udk rnfodk@ em;vnf=urnfenf;?
123456
123456
123456 uGe&f ufpepf (Networking) onf uGe&f ufpepf (Networking) wnfaqmuf
123456
123456
123456rwlonfhe,fy,ftvdkuf t"dy`g,f owf jcif;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDwck/ tzGJ@tpnf;wck
123456
123456rSwfcsufrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;onf? Oyrm - wnf a qmuf a &;twG u f tajccH t usqk H ; ES i f h
123456
123456
123456rD'D,m e,fy,fY t"dy`g,fwrsKd;/ uGefjyL ta&;}uD;qkH;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaqmufa&;
123456
123456
123456wmvk y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f t"d y ` g ,f w rsKd ; / vkyif ef;wckjzpfonf? }uH@cikd o f nfh Edik if aH &;ygww D ck/
123456
123456
123456pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif t"dy`g,fwrsKd;/ tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf &yfwnfEdkifa&;/ }uD;xGm;
123456
123456Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif t"dyg` ,w f rsK;d ææ apa&;wdk@wGif rdrdwdk@.ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m
123456
123456
123456pojzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;Ekdifonf? rnfodk@yif uG e f & uf p epf r sm; rnf o d k @ wnf a qmuf x m;
123456
123456
123456jzpfap a,bl,stm;jzifh h h h h h oenf;/ uGef&ufrsm;udk rnfodk@ ae&mcsxm;
123456
123456 uG e f & uf p epf (Networking) oenf;qdkonfh tcsufrsm;uvnf; ta&;ygonfh
123456
123456
qd
123456 k o nf r S m vk y f i ef ; wl vk y f u d k i f a qmif tcsufwcktjzpfyg0ifonf?
123456
123456
&G u f o l t csif ; csif ; quf o G , f o nf h p epf
123456 EdkifiHwckwGif w&m;0ifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD
123456
123456
ud k ac:ygonf ?
123456 rsm;wGifjzpfap/ w&m;r0ifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;
123456
123456 EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif uGef&ufpepf wGifjzpfap rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk wnf
123456
123456
123456(Networking) wnf a qmuf j cif ; ud k aqmuf=u&mwGif uGef&ufrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;
123456
123456
123456uvyfpnf; (Cell ) wnfaqmufjcif;/ ESifh uGef&ufcsif;qufoG,fr_pepfudk rkcsusifhokH;
123456
123456tpktzGJ@ (Fraction) wnfaqmufjcif; =u&onf? uGef&ufpepfrsm; r&Sdv#if/ rwnf
123456
123456
123456qd k + yD ; awmh v nf ; ac:a0:ok H ; pG J = uonf ? aqmufEikd v f #if tqdyk g ygwrD sm;onfh a&&Snf r&yf
123456
123456
123456t"dyg` ,Ef iS hf tESpo f m& uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_ r&Sd wnfEikd /f wajz;ajz;csi;f qkw, f wk yf supf ;D vmum
123456
123456
123456yg? EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pepfwusESifh aemufqkH;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yif aysmufuG,f
123456
123456pDrHudef;&Sd&Sd/ ajcvSrf;&Sd&Sd vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf oGm;onf@ tE W&m,frsm;ESifh &ifqdkif cJh=u&onf?
123456
123456
123456Edkif&ef jzpfonf? uGef&ufrsm;.twGif; &ifqdkif&Edkifonf?
123456
123456
123456oabmrSm atmufajctzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD w ck wnf w ef @ cd k i f j rJ a &;/
123456
123456tajccHvx l /k vlwef;pm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk tif t m;}uD ; xG m ;a&;twG u f uG e f & uf p epf
123456
123456
123456EdkifiHa&;t& acgif;aqmifay;onfh tajccH (Networking) wnfaqmufa&;}uHhcdkifzdk@ vdktyf
123456
123456
123456,lepf (tzGJ@tpnf;)rsm; jzpf=uonf? onf? uGef&ufpepf (Networking) tm;aumif;

33
rS/ uGef&ufrsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jze@f=uufxm;
EdkifrS qef@usifzuftiftm;pkudk jyefvSef wdkufcdkuf
Edkif+yD;/ rdrdtiftm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;EdkifrSm
jzpfonf? xdktjyif rdrdtiftm;udkvnf; wdk;yGm;
atmif v k y f E d k i f r S m jzpf o nf ? uG e f & uf p epf
(Networking) r&Sdv#if EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yftzdk@
tif t m;}uD ; xG m ;zd k @ rqd k x m;ES i f h rd r d u d k , f u d k
&yfwnfEdkifzdk@ awmifrvG,fulyg?
aemuf x yf o wd ð yp&m wck u d k v nf ;
wifjyvdkygonf? acwftqufqufwGif tkyfpdk;ol
vlwef;pm;wdik ;f onf ‚if;wd@k . tm%m cdik +f rJa&;ESihf
wd k ; yG m ;us,f j yef @ a&;twG u f uG e f & uf r sm;ES i f h
uGef&ufwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;
jzif h zG J @ wnf w wf o nf ? +yD ; awmh tm%mjzif h
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ òydifzufrsm;. uGef&uf
rsm;udk t=urf;enf;/ tEkenf;rsm;jzifh acsr_ef;
zsufqD;wwfonf qdkwmudkvnf; vkH;0arhxm;I
rjzpfay?
xd k @ a=umih f Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ;
wdkif;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@. uGef&ufESifh uGef&ufpepf
(Networking) wnf a qmuf j cif ; vk y f i ef ;
ESifhywfouf+yD; txl;tav;xm; aqmif±Gufoifh
onf? aqmif&Guf=u&rnf?
(1)
Armjynf v l t zG J @ tpnf ; ud k =unf h r nf
qdkv#if vlrsdK;aygif;pkHjynfolvlxk trsm;tjym;jzifh
zGJ@wnfxm;onf? vlrsdK;pkHjynfolrsm;wGifvnf;/
vlwef;pm; vltv$mrsm;jzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aeay
onf? rwlwv hJ rl sKd ;rsm;tvduk /f rwlwv
hJ w
l ef;pm;/
vl@tv$mtvdkuf rdrd wdk@udk,fpm;ðyonfh EdkifiHa&;
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;&Sd=uonf? rsufarSmuf
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;wGif 8-av;vkH;ta&;awmfykH
+yD;aemuf -
(u) Oya'wGif; EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;tkyfpk
(c) Oya'y EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;tkyfpk
34
(*) Oya'wGif;vnf;r[kwf/ Oya'yvnf;
r[kwfonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tkyfpk
qdk+yD; æ t=urf;tm;jzifh (3) rsdL;uGJaeay onf?
xdkEdkifiHa&;ygwD tkyfpktoD;oD;onf rsufarSmuf
Armjynfudk tkyfpdk;aeaom ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m
&Sifpepf/ ppftpdk;&udk rwlonfh EdkifiHa&;tqifh
ae&m taetxm;t& qef@usifuef@uGufv#uf/
awmfvSefv#uf&Sdonf?
a,bl,stm;jzifh Oya'wGif;EdkifiHa&;ygwD/
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif Oya'abmif twGif;rSm
tkyfpdk;olu cGifhðyowfrSwfxm;onfh 'Drdkua&pD
abmif t wG i f ; uom vk y f u d k i f a qmif & G u f = u&
onf? tkyfpdk;olu ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhokH;
+yD ; tk y f c sKyf a epOf w G i f 'D r d k u a&pD t cG i f h t a&;
qdkonfrSm tkyfpdk;oltwGufomv#if&SdEdkifrnf?
xdkEdkifiHa&; tajctaeatmufwGif jynfolvlxk
onf rdrdwdk@ . 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk
azmfxkwfcJh/ awmif;qdkcJh/ wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf?
'Drdkua&pD pwif qdwfokOf;cJhonfh (1948) ckESpfrS
pI ES p f a ygif ; (60) twG i f ; wG i f jynf o l r sm;.
'Drdkua&pDa&; awmif;yGJ/ wkdufyGJonf pOfquf
rjywf&SdcJhonf? jynfolvlxk. 'Drdkua&pDa&;
wdkufyGJwdkif;udkvnf; tkyfpdk;ol tpdk;&wdkif;u
tiftm;okH;+yD; &uf&uf pufpuf ajcr_ef;cJhonf?
ajcr_ef;&eftwGuf ae@ ,n rjywf jyifqifv#uf
&Sdonf?
Oya'wGif; 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif
rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrqdk rdrdtiftm;
rsm;udk pkzGJ@+yD;rS rdrdwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
vkyaf qmif=u&onf? vlxu k kd pnf;&k;H /v_@H aqmf+yD;rS
rd r d w d k @ qEN a wG a zmf x k w f w m/ tcG i f t a&;awG
awmif;qdkwm/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJqifE$JwmawG
vk y f = u&onf ? Oya'wG i f ; wd k u f y G J w d k i f ; onf
ajray:Edik if aH &;wdu k yf JG yko
H ¿mefjzpfonf? od@k aomf
ajray:wdu k yf o
JG ¿mefwikd ;f onf Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf JG
omru/ Oya'ywdkufyGJ (tkyfpdk;olcsrSwfxm;wJh
wnfqJOya'udk qef@usif+yD;wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;)rsm;
vnf; qifE$JwmrsKd; jzpfEdkifonf? ajray:EdkifiHa&;
wduk yf o
JG ¿mefonf t=urf;rzufwu kd yf o
JG ¿mef
ppfppfjzpfonf?
a,bl,stajctae ('Drdkua&pD tcGifha&;
wpkHw&m&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;tajctae)wGif ajray:
(Oya'wGif;)ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@.
ææ
-Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k vG w f v G w f
vyfvyf vkyfaqmifcGifh&Sd&rnf?
-vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfcGifh&Sd&rnf?
pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfonfhtcg ajymif (twdtvif;)
vkyfaqmifcGifh &Sd&rnf?
-vlwOD;csif; odk@r[kwf vlwpk odk@r[kwf
vlxkonf rdrdwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;
qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;/ &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk azmfxkwf
jcif;/ awmif;qdkjcif;/ wdkufyGJ0ifjcif; pwmawGudk
ajymifvkyfudkifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sd&rnf?
-tpdk;&vkyf&yfrsm;udk a0zefjcif;/ zGifhcsjcif;/
qef@usifjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; ajymif
vkyfudkif aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf?
txuf y g Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;/
tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@. uGef&uf
rsm; (odk@r[kwf) uvyfpnf;rsm; (odk@r[kwf)
tpktzGJ@ rsm;udk vlxk/ vlwef;pm;rsm;twGif;Y
pepfwus zGJ@pnf;+yD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=u&
onf?
od k @ aomf ,ck t cgYrl ajray:Ed k i f i H a &;
tajctae/ Oaya'wGif; EdkifiHa&;tajctaeu
cGifhðy xm;oavmufom rdrdwdk@. uGef&ufrsm;udk
wnfaqmufEdkifrnfomjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm; vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;cGifh &Sdv#if&Sdovdk rdrdwdk@.
uGef&ufrsm;vnf; jzef@usufEdkifap&rnf? uGef&uf
rsm; rwnfaqmufEdkifv#if rdrdwdk@EdkifiHa&; vkyfief;
35
pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfrw _ iG f tcuftcJ}uD;
edkifonf? aemufqkH;wGif EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
ratmifjrifonfh tjzpfqdk;jzifhvnf; &ifqdkif&Edkif
onf?
ajray:ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ajray:
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf uGef&ufrsm; wnf
aqmuf+yD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=u&rnf? uGef&uf
rsm; wnf a qmuf x m;ed k i f r S o mv#if ygwD /
tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;. Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k
xda&mufatmifjrif pGm vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G Ef ikd rf nf
jzpf o nf ? ajray: Ed k i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;
vk y f a qmif & mwG i f enf ; emrsKd ; pk H j zif h
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Oyrm-wOD; csif;
(odk@r[kwf) vlwpkjzifh (odk@r[kwf) vlxk enf;jzifh
qENazmfxkwfjcif;/ 0g'jzef@ pnf;&kH;v_H aqmfjcif;/
pD w ef ; vS n f h v nf j cif ; / vuf r S w f x d k ;
qENazmfxkwfjcif;/ ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh qENazmf
xkwfjcif;/ bk&m;wuf 0wfðyqkawmif;jcif;/ pDwef;
vSnfhvnf qkawmif;jcif;/ puf&kH tvkyf&kHrsm;wGif
tvkyform;rsm;u rdrdwdk@ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;/ oydwf wdkufyGJ qifE$Jjcif;/
ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdk@. tcGifhta&;/
&ydkifcGifhrsm;udk awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;/ tpdk;&
Oya'wGif;rS wdkufyGJqifjcif; - tcgtm;avsmfpGm
tpdk;&u usif;yðyvkyfay;onfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
wGif qef@usijf cif;§uef@uu G jf cif;/ qENc, H yl rJG sm;udk
axmufcHjcif;§uef@uGufjcif; æ ponfwdk@jzpf
onf? xdk@tjyif ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk jynf
wGif;Y vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifouJodk@ jynfyrSm
vnf ; vk y f u d k i f a qmif & G u f E d k i f o nf ? Oyrm -
oHwrefa&;&m vkyfief;rsm;/ oH&kH;rsm;wGif qENjy
jcif;/ qkawmif;yGJ rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ avmfbDvkyfjcif;
æ ponfjzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
Tod@k vyk u f ikd af qmif&u G &f mwGif vlv;Hk jy+yD;/
toHukef[pfum ajymifvkyfudkif aqmif&Guf=u&
onf? ajray:EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ o¿mefonf/ ajymif
Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf JG o¿mefjzpfonf? pnf;&k;H v@aH_ qmfr_
onfvnf; ajymifpnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_ jzpf&rnf?
pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;xm;r_onfvnf; ajymifpnf;&kH;
zGJ@pnf;xm;r_yif jzpf&rnf? rdrdwdk@wnfaqmuf
xm;onfh uGef&ufrsm;ESifhvnf; ajymifqufoG,f
jcif;omru tvsm;vdkuf (jym;vdkuf) qufoG,f
onfh pepftwdkif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfEdkif
onf? vkyf=u&rnf?
azmfjyyg ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh
wdu k yf o JG ¿mefw@kd onf wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f Y 'Dru kd a&pD
tcGifha&;wpkHw&m wdk;wufr_&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;
tajctaeatmuf Y om usif h o k H ; Ed k i f o nf ?
rsufarSmuf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; tajctaeonf
ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tcGifhtcg
aumif ; onf h tajctaer[k w f y g? vuf a wG @
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_u
azmf j yaeayonf ? ajray: Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;
qufvuf&yfwnfEikd af &;udk ae@pOft+cdr;f ajcmufcH
ae&jcif;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;ol
rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;/
vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;rS u&k%m&Sirf sm;/ jidr;f csr;f a&;
qkawmif;olrsm;ESijhf ynfEh u S af ejcif;/ wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f
ae&m tES H t jym;wG i f w&m;r#wr_ r &S d o nf h
Oya'rsm; xkwfjyeff+yD; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaejcif; æ
ponfhtcsufawGu ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
udk }uD;rm;pGm uef@owfxm;onf? odk@aomf
ajray:Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ;
wd k @ onf rd r d w d k @ . Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k
quf v uf v k y f u d k i f aqmif & G u f E d k i f & ef t wG u f
enf;emtopfrsm;udk qufvuf &SmazG=u&pjrJ
jzpfonf?
qufvuf+yD; Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf; qufvuf
wifjyvdkygonf?
Oya'ytzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; ay:ayguf v m
&jcif;. t"dua=umif;tcsuf- Armjynf&Sd acwf
36
tqufqufu azmufjyefaom tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;
pm;onf vlrsdK;aygif;pkH jynfolvlxkESifh ‚if;wdk@.
t=um;rSm wnf&adS eaom Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;enf;jzifh w&m;enf;vrf;wus rajz&Sif;
=u? rw&m;onfh Oya'rsm; csrSwfusifhokH;+yD;
zdESdyfjcif;ESifh vufeufudkif t=urf;zufenf;udk
tokH;ðy+yD; ajz&Sif;cJh=uonf? xdktcsufa=umifh
tzd E S d y f c H jynf o l v l x k o nf rd r d u d k , f u d k ck c H
umuG , f & ef / azmuf j yef o nf h t pd k ; &ud k
ðzwfcs z,f&Sm;ypf&eftwGuf vufeufpGJudkif+yD;
awmfveS pf pfukd rv$o J mra&Smifom qifEcJ$ &hJ onf?
awmfvSefppfqifE$J&jcif; onf r+yD;jywf ao;aom
rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qufvuf
vkyaf qmifvu kd jf cif;omv#ijf zpfonf? wd;k wuf+yD;
awmfvSefonfh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ o¿mef
tjzpf ay:xGufvm.?
Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;udkvnf; t=urf;
tm;jzifh (2 )ydkif; cGJjcm;Edkifao;onf?
(u) vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; qifE$Jae
onfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk (vlwef;pm;tajccHonfh
EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk/ vlrsdK;a&;tajccHonfh EdkifiHa&;
tkyfpk[lIvnf; ESpfrsdK;/ ESpfpm; uGJjym;aeao;
onf?)
(c) vuf e uf u d k i f awmf v S e f a &;rvk y f /
odk@aomf Oya'jyifyrS tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;udk
twdkuftcHðyvkyfaeaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (t=urf;
rzufaom twdu k tf cHEikd if aH &;tkypf )k rsm;tkypf æ
k
ponfwdk@jzpfonf?
‚if;Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf rdrdwdk@
oufqikd &f m vlrsKd ;tvdu k /f vlwef;pm;/ vl@ tv$m
tvdkufudk tajccH+yD; r+yD;qkH;ao;onfh EdkifiHa&;
vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k vk y f a qmif = u&onf ? Tod k @
vkyfaqmif=u&mwGif Oya'wGif;ygwDrsm; r[kwf
ojzifh ‚if;wdk.@tajccHvlxk/ vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh
tquftoG,, f o l nft h cg ajymiftquftoG,f
vkyfIr&? v#dK@0SufqufoG,fr_ ðyvkyf&onf?
0g'jzef@csdr_vkyfief;/ pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;r_ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; ajymifvkyfief;
r[kwfawmhbJ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;jzpf&awmhonf?
Oya'y EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tajccH,lepfrsm;jzpf
aom uG e f & uf r sm;od k @ r[k w f uvyf p nf ; rsm;
zG J @ pnf ; wnf a qmuf r _ o nf v nf ; ajymif w nf
aqmufIr&Edkifawmh? v#dK@0SufpGm wnfaqmuf&
aom vkyfief;tjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf?
wenf;tm;jzifh Tod@k v_y&f mS ; aqmif&u G &f jcif;udk
ajratmuf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;[k ajym=uonf?
xd k @ a=umif h Oya'y Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;.
EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJo¿mef (Forms of Struggle)
rsm;onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh tjcm;
wdkufyGJo¿mefrsdK;pkH (t=urf;rzufonfhwdkufyGJ)
wdk@aygif;pyfxm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfudk
awG@jrifEdkifonf? odk@aomf Oya'y EdkifiHa&;ygwD
wdik ;f uawmh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk rqifEJ$
yg? tcsKd@uvnf; tjcm;wdkufyGJrsdK;pkHeJ@ aygif;pyf+yD;
vkyfaqmifzdk@ pdwftm;xufoefr_r&Sd? ta=umif;
rSm ygwDwckjcif;/ wzGJ@jcif;. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOf/
Edik if aH &;enf;y&d,m,f/ Edik if aH &;&yfwnfr/l wz@jJG cif;
tusdK;pD;yGm;/ pdwfyg0ifpm;r_rsm;uvnf; wzGJ@ESifh
wzG@J xyfwrl usEikd af om a=umifjh zpfonf? rnfo@kd
yifjzpfap Oya'y§wGif; EdkifiHa&;tzGJtpnf;rsm;.
wd k u f y G J o ¿mef r sm;ud k a wmh ‚if ; wd k @ ud k , f w d k i f
a&G;cs,f cGifhr&? tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;u a&G;cs,f
ay;avh &So d nf?
Oya'wGif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh Oya'y EdkifiHa&;
ygwD tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;t=um;wG i f ygwD r sm;.
&Sifoef&yfwnfa&; taetxm;rwl jcm;em;r_
a=umihf wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;vnf; uGJjym;jcm;
em;rnf? wdkufyGJo¿mef uGJjym;jcm;em;ouJhokd@
tjcm; EdkifiHa&;vkyfief; (0g'jzefcsda&;/ pnf;&kH;a&;/
wyf a ygif ; pk / uG e f , uf w nf a qmuf a &;)rsm;
vk y f a qmif = uonf h enf ; emonf v nf ; vk H ; 0
rwlnDEdkifyg? vkyfief;oabm obm0rwlwmudk
37
tav;teufrxm;bJ vkyfief;rsm; a&maxG;+yD;
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufrdygu bufESpfbuf. vkyfief;
rsm; xdcdkufqkH;&_H;Edkifonf? xdcdkufqkH;±_H;cJhbl;onfh
om"ursm;&Sdonf? Ttcsufudkawmh txl;
owdðy=u&rnf?
usef & S d a eao;onf h Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @
tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf?
wwd , trsd K ;tpm;jzpf o nf h Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD /
tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;tk y f p k o nf &S p f - av;vk H ;
ta&;awmf y k H + yD ; aemuf Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;wG i f
xl;jcm;csufw&yftjzpf xGufay:vmcJhonf?
Ttrsd K ;tpm;wG i f Oya'wG i f ; vnf ;
r[kw/f Oya'yvnf;r[kwo f nfh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;
tkyfpktjzpfawG@jrif &Edkifonf? yg0ifol trsm;pk
onf vuf&Sdppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;
onfh vlrsKd ;aygi;f pkH Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonf?
&Spf - av;vkH;ta&;awmfykH rwdkifrDu vlrsdK;a&;
tajccHjzifh acwftqufquf tkypf ;kd ol tpd;k &rsm;
udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqifE$JcJh=uonfh vlrsdK;pkH
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf?
&Spf - av;vkH; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH
+yD ; aemuf wd k i f ; jynf & J @ tm%mwpk H v k H ; ud k
csKyf u d k i f x m;onf h e0w-etz ppf t pd k ; &ES i f h
typf t cwf & yf p J v d k u f o nf h tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;
tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;onf? ppftpdk;&.
“e,f p yf a 'o zG H @ òzd ; a&;”qd k o nf h ay:vpD
twkta,mifatmufwGif ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfEdkifvdrfh
rnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? wu,fh vufawG@b0
q,f p k E S p f a usmf j zwf o ef ; vmcJ h +yD ; aemuf
typfcwf&yfpJxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;
onf ppftkyfpk/ ppftpdk;&&J@ ay:vpDta=umif;
aumif ; aumif ; em;vnf v m=uvd r f h r nf [ k
,lqrdonf? ta=umif;rSm ppftpdk;&. “e,fpyf
a'ozGH@òzd;a&;”qdkonfh ay:vpDrSm vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;udk oif;uGyfypfrnfh ay:vpDom
jzpfa=umif; wae@+yD;wae@ awG@jrifae&aom
a=umifhjzpfonf?
etzppftyk pf . k Edik if aH &;weyfpm; ^m%fjzifh
csrS w f x m;aomay:vpD o nf etz ppf t k y f p k
&ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_ a&;
yÉd y uQ r sm;twG u f ,m,D x G u f a yguf & &S d x m;
ovdkawmh&Sdonf? etz. òzdcGJa&;ay:vpD atmif
jrifonf[ak wmif ajymEdik o f nf? tjcm;wzufwiG f
typf t cwf & yf p J x m;aom tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;
taejzifh rdrw d @kd . wu,hEf ikd if aH &; &nfreS ;f csurf sm;
rnfr#taumiftxnf azmfEdkifcJhoenf;/ rdrdwdk@
udk,fpm;ðyaom vlrsdK;pkHjynfolrsm;. (EdkifiHa&;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;) tcGifhta&;udk rnfr#tmrcH
aqmif&Gufay; EdkifcJhoenf;/ rdrdwdk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
twG i f ; pnf ; vk H ; nD ! G w f a &;ud k rnf r #cd k i f r m
tm;aumif;apcJhoenf;/ rdrdtiftm;rsm; wdk;yGm;
vmovm;/ qkwf,kwfoGm;ovm;/ tjcm;aom
etz tpdk;&udk qef@usifaom ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;
(Oya'wGi;f / Oya'y)rsm;ESihf rnfo@kd rnfycHk sw d qf uf
xm;Ed k i f c J h o enf ; æ ponf h a r;cG e f ; rsm;jzif h
xdktypftcwf &yfpJxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tm; rsuf a rS m uf E d k i f i H a &; tajctaeu
vwfwavm awmif;qdkaeonf? typfcwf&yfpJ
xm;onfhtzGJ@rsm;. EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;
atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrif jcif;udk ajymrnfqykd gu
txufygar;cGef;rsm;wGif tajz&Sdonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfapumrl etz ppftkyfpk onf
2008 - zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k tajccH O ya'ud k
twif;t"rRa&;qGx J m;+yD;/ +cdr;f ajcmuf t=uyfuikd f
onf h enf ; rsd K ;pk H j zif h jynf o l r sm;. qEN t rS e f
rxkwfazmf&Jatmif trdef@Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefcJh
onf? jynfolawG&J@wu,hfqENrSef azmfxkwfol
rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'udk raxmufcH&ef/
qef@usifuef@uGufonhf pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm;udk
Oya'yk'fr trsdK;rsdK;wwf+yD; ESpf&Snf axmifcscJh
onf? jynfol@qENtrSefr[kwfbJ vdrfnm+yD;
38
2008 - tajccHOya'udk twnfðya=unmcJh
onf? xkdtajccHOya' touf0ifa&;twGuf
r=umcif 2010 ckESpfwGif taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ
topfwck ðyvkyfzdk@toHv_difv_difay;aeonf?
usdwfIwrsdK;/ ajymifwrsdK; jyifqifaeonf?
etz ppftyk pf t
k aejzifh 2010 a&G;aumufyJG
rusif;yrD jy\emaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmif
xJrS ta&;}uD;EdkifiHa&;jy\em ESpfckudkawmh
rkcsajz&Sif;&vdrfhrnf? xdkjy\emESpfck rSm -
(1) 90 - ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif
&&S d c J h a om trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf E S i f h
etzwdk@ t=um;rSm&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;jy\em?
(2)typftcwf &yfpJxm;aom vufeuf
udkifvlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh etzwdk@ t=um;u EdkifiHa&;
jy\em æ wdk@jzpfonf?
typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfh EdkifiHa&;
tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;ES i f h ywf o uf + yD ; etz
vwfwavm udkifwG,faeykHtm; avhvm=unfh
rnfqdkv#if - etzonf typftcwf&yfpJxm;
onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJrS tiftm;tvGefcsdeJ@
onf h t zG J @ rsm;ud k tif t m;ok H ; t=uyf u d k i f + yD ;
vufeufcstnHhcHaponf? xdkaemuf ‚if;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mudk aysmuf
oGm;atmif vkyyf pfvu kd o
f nf? ( yavmif/ &Sr;f jynf
ajrmuf y d k i f ; rS typf & yf t zG J @ tcsd K @/ &vvz
rl v tzG J @ / u,m;jynf e ,f r S e*g;tzG J @ )wd k @ jzpf
onf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufonf etz. ppfom;
p&dkuftwdkif; trma&Smif/ taysmhxdk;qdkonfh
enf;y&d,m,fudk &kd;&Sif;pGm usifhokH;vdkufjcif;om
jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif etz. wu,fho&kyfrSefudk
vnf; ay:vGifaponf? tenf;i,f tiftm;
awmifhonfhtzGJ@rsm;udkrl etz umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csLyf. xD;&dyfatmufwGif 0ifa&mufcdkv_Hzdk@
urf ; vS r f ; um em;csaejyef o nf ? a¹rG ò rd o nf h
enf;y&d,m,fudk ajymif;vJusifhokH;aejcif;om
jzpfonf? odk@aomf typf&yf tzGJ@rsm;tay: etz
uxm;&Sdonfh oabmxm;uawmh xl;jcm;+yD;
ajymif;vJvdrfhrnfr[kwf? etz. 2008 zGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk avhvmv#if t&Si;f om;
ay:vGifaeygonf?
etz onf 2010ck E S p f a &G ; aumuf y G J
txajrmufzdk@ aumufuspfonfh enf;aygif;pkH
usifhokH;vdrfhrnfqdkwm wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf&Sdolwdkif;
u cef @ rS e f ; wG u f c suf x m;ygonf ? etzonf
‚if;. vrf;jyajrykH tqifh ( 5 ) udak tmifjrif ap&ef
w&m;onfhenf;jzpfap/ rw&m;onfh enf;jzpfap
usifhokH;+yD; taumiftxnfazmfvdrfhrnf? erlem
tjzpf,ck typf&yftzGJ@rsm;udk=unfhv#if odEdkifyg
onf? typf&yftzGJ@rsm;udk anmifESpfyifnDvmcH
udk wufa&mufapcJo h nf? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'a&;qG J a &;wG i f y g0if a pcJ h o nf ? typf & yf
tzGJ@rsm;. wifjycsufrsm;udk vspfvsL±_xm;jcif;cH
&onf? tajccHOya'rl=urf;udk t=uyfudkif+yD;
vufrw S af &;xd;k apcJo
h nf? xdk tajccHOya'jzifyh if
typf&yftzGJ@rsm;tm; vufeufðzwfayvdrfhrnf?
etzESifh xkdtzGJ@rsm; t=um;&Sd jy\em
onf vuf e uf c scd k i f ; I &/ r& jy\emES i f h
vuf e uf u d k i f c G i f h &/ r& jy\emjzpf o nf ?
Ed k i f i H a &;jy\em ajz&S i f ; yG J j zpf o nf ? tm%m
jy\em ajz&Sif;yGJjzpfonf? b,fvdkqufvuf
ajz&Sif; =urnfqdkwmudkawmh pdwf0ifwpm;apmifh
=unfh=u&rnf? tcsdefum; ra0;awmhyg? T
pm&if;&Sif;yGJrS ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; toGiftjyif
vuQ%mwcsdK@ tajymif;tvJjzpfay:Edkifonf?
etzbuf u tompD ; &oG m ;v#if Oya'wG i f ;
r[kw/f Oya'r[kwo f nfh Edik if aH &;tkypf q
k wkd m r&Sd
awmhb/J Oya'wGi;f Edik if aH &;tkypf t k jzpf ajymif;vJ
oGm;rnf? typf&yftzGJ@rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@.
rlvEdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuftwdkif; qufvuf&yf
wnfxm;rnfqdkygu Oya'y vufeufudkif EdkifiH
a&;tkyfpkrsm;tjzpf topfwzefajymif;vJ jzpfay:
vmEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif typf&yftzGJ@ tpnf;wck
39
csif; twGif;rSmvnf; t,ltq rwl uGJjym;r_awG
jzpfay:Edik o f nf? aemufqufwt JG jzpf *d%
k ;f / tkypf /k
tpdwftydkif; trsm;tjym;tjzpfvnf; uGJxGuf
oGm;Edkifao;onf? xdktwdkif;om jzpfay:vm
rnf q d k y gu trsd K ;om; aoG ; pnf ; nD n G w f a &;
twGuf rawG;&Jp&myg? Tumvonf typf&yf
tzGJ@rsm;twGuf vrf;a=umif;rSef ay:aygufa&;udk
txl;tm&kHpdkuf&rnfhumvwck jzpfaeayonf?
xdktzGJ@rsm;onf rdrdwdk@a&muf&Sdaeonfh
Ed k i f i H a &;taetxm;t& etz Oya'wG i f ;
0ifa&muf+yD; Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJo¿mef wcktjzpf
anmifESpfyifnDvmcHodk@ 0ifa&muf+yD; rdrdwdk@.
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkwifjycJh=uonf?
odk@aomf rSef;csufESifhESrf;xGuf rudkufcJh? tcsdK@tzGJ@
rsm;qdkv#if nDvmcHrSE_wfxGuf+yD; avhvmol
tqif h t jzpf aemuf q k w f a ecJ h o nf ? tcsd K @
tzGJ@pnf;rsm;uawmh ‚if;wdk@ wifjycsufrsm;udk
vuf r cH E d k i f v nf ; rS w f w rf ; wif x m;ay;yg[k
awmif;qdkcJh&onf?
typf&yftzGJ@rsm;ESifh etz =um;u EdkifiHa&;
jy\emrsm;um; pm&if ; &S i f ; yG J rwd k i f r D t xd
qufvuf+yD; }uD;xGm;aernfom jzpfonf?
(2)
,ck w if j ycJ h a om Ed k i f i H a &;tk y f p k r sm;.
toGiftjyifvuQ%monf rsufarSmuf Armjynf
EdkifiHa&; ZmwfckHwGif awG@jrifae&aom wu,fh
toG i f t jyif vuQ % mrsm;jzpf o nf ? T
toG i f t jyif vuQ % mrsm;ud k wif j y&jcif ;
ta=umif;t&if;rSm rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;onf rnf o nf h Ed k i f i H a &;taetxm;ud k
tajcðy+yD;v_yf&Sm;=u&rnf qdkonfudk od&Sdap&ef
jzpfonf? od@k ro
S m rdrw d @kd . wdu
k yf o JG ¿mefrsm;udk
rSefrSefuefueftokH;ðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf? wdkufyGJ
o¿mef rSefuefpGma&G;cs,fxm;EdkifrS wdkufyGJenf;
emaumif;rsm;udk csrSwfEdkifrnf?
xdktjyif tokH;ðyrnfh wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;
tay: tajccHum rdrdwdk@. pnf;&kH;a&;(pkzGJ@r_)
ykHo¿mefrsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
qufvuf+yD; rdrdwdk@. uGef,ufrsm;udk vsdK@0Suf
odk@r[kwf ajymifjzef@usufjcif;/ wnfaqmufjcif;
rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
Oyrm - (u) Oya'wGif;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;
wckckonf wpk H w &m'D r d k u a&pD & S d a om tajc
taeY
taeY- rdrdwdk@. qENrsm; azmfxkwfjcif;/ tcGifh
ta&;rsm; awmif;qdjk cif;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; wdu k yf rJG sm;
qifEjJ$ cif;wd@k twGuf t=urf;rzuf wdu k yf o
JG ¿mef
udk a&G;cs,fqifE$JEdkifonf?
vlxvk w l ef;pm;twGi;f pnf;&k;H a&;o¿mef
onf ajymif p nf ; &k H ; a&;o¿mef r sm;jzpf o nf ?
uGef&ufjcif;qufoG,fr_onfvnf; ajymifquf
oG,fr_ESifh tvsm;vdkufqufoG,fr_udk us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ usifhokH;=u&rnf?
(c) tu,fI 'Drdkua&pDr&Sdaom tajc
taeY Oya'wG i f ; ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;.
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tuef@towfrkcs&Sd
rnf ? xd k t cg Oya'y ygwD r sm;uJ o d k @ rd r d w d k @
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_onf ajymifv_yf&Sm;I
rjzpfEdkifawmhacs? pnf;zGJ@r_ykHo¿mef/ uGef&uf
wnfaqmufr_ESifh jzef@usufr_wdk@onf vsdK@0Suf
vkyfudkif aqmif&Guf=u&rnf? wdkufyGJykHo¿mef
onf Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? Oya'y
wd k u f y G J v J j zpf E d k i f o nf ? t=urf ; rzuf w d k u f y G J
o¿mefvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? tkyfpdk;olu t=urf;
zuftiftm;okH;+yD; zdESdyfvmv#if rdrdudk,fckcH&ef/
t=urf;zuf wdkufyGJo¿mefodk@vnf; tcsdefra±G;
ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonf?
EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. wnf
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40
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43
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 “pifedw”u oufjyif;cs+yD; usr pum; udk
wm;vdkufw,f? “aeygtHk; rifeDAm; ²²² ighpum;
udk qHk;atmif em;axmif+yD;rS eifaumufcsufcs
apcsif w,f?
“ol u ppf b uf r S m t}uD ; tuJ j zpf v m
awmh orRwudk r}udKufESpfoufwJh olawGeJ@
r[mrdwfoGm;vkyf+yD; ykefuefzdk@ ajr‡mufay;w,f?
orRw eef;awmfudk tJh'DvlawG 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdk@
vd k u f + yD ; orR w ud k &mxl ; u xG u f c d k i f ; awmh
orRwu &,farm+yD; ol@oil ,fcsi;f ppfO;D pD;csKyfukd
qifhac: vdkufw,f? x&l*sDvdkqdkwJh ppfOD;pD;csKyfu
ay:rvmbl;?”
aemufqHk;awmh EdkifiH&J@orRw 'dkrDeDuef&D
ywfrvpfuae xGufcGmay;&w,f? ay:wl&Dudk
EdkifiHbufqD udk jynfajy;tjzpf xGufcGmoGm;wJhn/
orRw a[mif;u av,mOfay:rSm a&mufomG ;wH;k
&dSao;w,f/
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uef&Dywfyvpf&J@orRw jzpfw,fvdk@ [pfaºuG;
w,f? tJhovkd a=ujimcsufudk ol&J@r[mrdwfawG
u tHh=ooifhrifoufae=uw,f?”
usr “pifedw” &J@ pum;awGudk pdwf0if
wpm; em;axmifaerdw,f?
“ol&J@ vkyf&yfawG[m r&dk;om;bl;”vdk@
odem;vnfvu kd =f uwJh olawGu jyefvnfjzKwfcsz@kd
aqG;aEG;=uw,f? olu vufOD;w,fav? ol@udk
raumif;ajymwJh olawGudk tukefowfypfw,f?
tJh'DxJrSm ightaz&,f/ ighOD;av; ESpfa,muf&,f/
ygoGm;wmaygh? ol@udk qef@usifwJh pum;awG
rajym&J a tmif x d vk y f v mw,f ? tJ h ' D x J r S m
igth udjk zpfwhJ *sK;d vl;0pfpu f kd apmif=h unfh aecJw
h ,f?
oloGm;av&m rdef;rawGeJ@ r#m;w,f? raumif;r_
awGtay: wdrf;nGwfvmatmif qJGaqmifw,f?
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[? igh t ud k u tazeJ @ OD ; av;awG t wG u f
vufpm;acsr,fvdk@ ajymaew,fwJh? 'ga=umifh
45
vnf; ightudkudk &Sif;ypf&r,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf vdkufyHk&
w,f? wae@ ightudkwa,muf +rdK@xJrSm vyfuD;rJ
azmufzdk@twGuf rJ0,foGm;cJhw,f? vyfuD;rJudk
qJGEd_ufvdkufpOfrSmyJ ol@vufz0g;ay:rSm aiGa&mif
wcsKd@vufoGm;wmudk awG@vdkuf&w,f? r=umbl;
²²²igh t ud k w a,muf pl ; pl ; 0g;0g; atmf [ pf & if ;
cE<mud, k w
f ckv;kH wGe@f ved o
f mG ;w,f? yg;pyfawGu
tjr‡KyfawG xGufvmw,f? vrf;ray:rSm yJGcsif;+yD;
aoawmhwmyJ? tqdyfxnfh vkyf}uHowfjzwf
wmav? ol@udkvnf; usLikwfr}uH vkyfypfvdkuf
wmaygh? usr bmajym&rSef;rodatmif +idrfouf
oGm;w,f? bk&m;ocifeD;yg; usrwdk@ udk;uG,fcJhwJh
Ed k i f i H a wmf & J @ t}uD ; tuJ “x&l * sD v d k ” qd k w m
'DvdkrsKd;vm;?
tyd k i f ; (3)
v,fawmxJu vlawGajymaeovdkrsdK;aygh?
“wlwpfacsmif;[m oHudkaumif;aumif;
xdatmif r&kdufrcsif;/ wlwacsmif;&J@ tpGrf;owdW
udk r,Hk=unfcsif=ubl;”wJh?
“ajymr,Hk }uHKbl;rSod”qdkwJhpum;yHkvdk@
xifyg&J@?
pmoif a usmif ; awG u d k usr owd x m;
rdvmcJhw,f? “x&l*sDvdk” ausmif;udk tvnfvm
+yDqdk&if ausmif;awGydwfvdkufwmudk owdxm;
vdkufrdw,f? usrwkd@&J@ ausmif;tkyfu tm;upm;
rSm emrnf}uD;wJh ausmif;olav;awGudk txl;
{nfhonfawmfudk }udKqdkzdk@ tjzpfqifhac:avh&Sd
w,f?
usrowdxm;rdwJh tcsufwcsuf&Sd w,f?
usrwdk@ausmif;ukd pdkuf0ifrJhoHwpfacsmif; ay:udk
wlwacsmif;u t&Sdefjyif;jyif;xkcsvkduf+yD xifyg&J@?
AkdvfcsKyfx&l*sDvdkqdkwJh olu usrwkd@ ausmif;rSm
abmvDabmupm;wJh h h h
“vDemvdkAmwGef”qdkwJh usroli,fcsif; udk
rsuf p d u saew,f ? vD e mu cyf a wmif h a wmif h
cyfacsmacsm? qGJaqmifr_wtm;&Sdw,f? ol@udk yGJ wyGJudk wufa&mufcGifh&w,f? usru odyf+yD;
“Ad k v f c sKyf x &l * sD v d k ” u vmawG @ wJ h a e@qd k & if oGm; csifpdwfr&Sdbl;? azazu roGm;vkd@ rjzpfbl;
ausmif;em;w0ku d rf mS tapmift h usyaf wGu rsm;rS vdk@ ajymw,f? x&l*sDvdkqdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfu olzdwf
rsm;/ taqmif w ck v H k ; vnf ; toH w d w f y G w f wm rvmvdk@ trsufawmf&ScJh&if tm;vHk; 'kuQ
avm&kdufvdk@? AkdvfcsKyfx&l*sDvkdqkdwm usrwkd@ a&muf=uvdrfhr,fqkdwm oabm aygufae=u
ausmif ; ol a wG t wG u f a wmh tif t m;}uD ; wJ h w,f? wbufrSmawmh tpkd;&udk qef@usifwJh
ewfwyg;rdk@vm;? olu vDemudk vmrawG@cif tkyfpkawGeJ@ usr oli,fcsif;jzpfae+yD? usrwdk@u
yef;awGydk@w,f? zGJ@EGJ@xm;wJh tcspfuAsmvSvS x&l*sDvkd&J@ txl;pm;yGJrS xkdif&r,fwJh? azaz
av;awGudk ydk@w,f? tdk h h h tpHkyJ? zl;zl;n$ef@n$ef@ uawmh *k%f,l0Hh=uGm;pGm oGm;ckdif;w,f? usrpdwf
awGeJ@ pD&ifxm;wJh tdyfrufav; vDemu oleJ@ xJrSm wpfrsdK;yJ? uyGJpwJhtcgrSm usrwdk@ wpf
awG@+yDqdk&if olr&J@ b,fbuf&iftHkrSm &ifxdk;av; a,muf + yD ; wpf a ,muf u buf u d k a &G ; +yD ;
wpf c k y gvmwwf w ,f ? +yD ; &if *k % f , l 0 H h º uG m ; bufwiftuudk ESpfESpf }udKuf}udKufu=uw,f?
vdu _ af rm&Da0wJh touf&o _ iG ;f oHe@J wdrv f m$ av; odyfr=ubl;? AkdvfcsKyf x&l*sDvdk usrem;udk a&muf
awGxJ ol@0dnmOf awGarsmvGifhvkdufovdkrsdK;? vmw,f?
usru ar;rdw,f? “rif;eJ@ auseyfEpS o
f ufrw _ ck &csiyf gw,f?”
“eif o l @ ud k cspf r d o G m ;+yD ; vm;? pd w f u l ; usrtajzud k rapmif h y J usrvuf u d k
r,OfygeJ@[m? ol@rSm rdef;r&Sdw,f?” qdkawmh qG, J v l udk w
f ,f? olu usrcE<mud, k u
f kd wif;wif;
usroli,fcsif;vDemu usyfusyfqGJ,l+yD;
“bmyJ j zpf j zpf igh t oJ E S v H k ; ud k avmif ; “tdk; h h htckusrS wkdif;jynf&J@ &wemav;eJ@
a=u;xyf & J w ,f ? ol @ ud k c spf r d w m igb0xuf pum;ajymae&wmudk;”wJh?
ydkygw,f[m?” ol@qDu a&ar$;eHawGu usrESmacgif;qD
AdkvfcsKyfx&l*sDvdku vufaqmifypPnf;awG jyif;jyif;&S&Swkd;0ifvmaew,f? vlwukd,fvHk;ukd
qufydk@aeqJ? tcspfuAsmawG &GwfjyaeqJav? odrf;}uHK;=unfhaewJh t=unfhawGu t&rf;&dkif;
r=umcif usrwdk@ ausmif;ol=um;rSm owif;wck vGef;w,f?
=um;vkduf&w,f? “wkdif;jynf&J@ &wemvdk@ usrudk,fusr rxif
“vD e mqd k w J h a umif r av; ud k , f 0 ef & ae ygbl;/ usr+rdK@av;rSm tv[motcsdefjzKef;aewJh
+yD w J h ? td r f } uD ; wck q D u d k Ad k v f } uD ; x&l * sD v k d u vlvkd cHpm;&w,f?”vd@k ajymvdu k rf w
d ,f?
a&$@ay;vkdufw,f”wJh? wu,fawmh tJh'Dtdrf wu,f a wmh o l u tu ruwwf y gbl ; ?
qkw d m ol@vb dk 0wlawGukd awG@+y;D vDemwa,muf pnf;csufawGudk rvdkufEkdifbJ }udrfzefrsm;pGm usr&J@
tJh'Dtdrf}uD;rSm &ifuGJaeavmuf+yD xifyg&J@? ajcacsmif;awGu wufeif;avh&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh
b,fawmhrS “aqm&D;”vdk@ awmif;yefpum;rsm;
tyd k i f ; (4) rajymbl;?
&SmazGawG@&SdwJhae@ (Discovery Day) udk “tif; 'gqdk&if rif;udk +rdK@awmfqD ac:,l
oifw h ,f xifw,f?”
a&mufwkdif; 'dkrDeDuef&DywfyvpfEkdifiHrSm yGJawmf
“[kww f ,f/ usrvnf;+rKd @awmf}u;D qDrmS Oya'
usi;f y avh&wdS ,f? 'DEpS af wmh usrwk@d rdom;pkwpf
ausmif;wufz@kd twGuf azazhukd ylqmaewm”
awG/ tpk;d &xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawGu zdw=f um;wJh

46
 td k ; tck c sd e f r S m rd e f ; uav;awG t wG u f
wuUov dk qf w
kd ahJ e&m[m raumif;ygb;l ?
“bmvk@d v”J
“tpk d ; &qef @ usif a &;vk y f z d k @ v_ H @ aqmf
aewJoh al wGrsm;w,f? uGejf rLepfawGu ausmif;xJ
rSm xdk;azmufaew,f? ”
ol@rsufvHk;awGrSm a'goxGufwJh t&dyf
ta&mifawGudk awG@ae&w,f? cyfvSrf;vSrf;u
tcef;xJrSm atmf[pfESdyfpufaewJh toHawGudk
=um;csifaeovdkrsdK;?
“tdk; rvkyfygeJ@t}uD;tuJ&,f? igwdk@
ausmif;awGu urBmopf&J@ taumif;qHk;ausmif;
awGyg? rif;tJhovdkvkyfvdkuf&if igwdk@EkdifiHudk
azmufcGJypfvdkufovdk jzpfrSmaygh? ”
oluusr&J@ rSwfcsufudk tHtm;oifh oGm;yHk
&w,f? usrudk wif;wif;usyfusyfzufvm w,f?
usrtwGufawmh touf&SLtusyfqHk; tajc
taeygyJ? ol@&J@ cE<mudk,fudk wGef;ypfaerdw,f?
bmvdk@vJwJh? oluar;awmh usru
“&ifxdk;awGu pl;vdkufwm”vdk@ r0Hhr&J
ajymvdkufrdw,f?
“rif;twGuf taESmuft,SufjzpfrJh
[mawGqdk&if tuFsDukdyg c|wfypfvdk@&ygw,f”wJh?
ol@&J@vufawG usrcE<mudk,fae&m tESH@
yGwfoufudkifwG,faeawmhw,f? usr onf;
nnf;rcHEkdifawmhbl;? vufutvdkvdk ajr‡muf
v#ufom; jzpfoGm;w,f? ol@&J@yg;udk &kdufxnfh
vdkufrdw,f?
tyd k i f ; (5)
uyGJuaexGufvmrdcsdef tjyifrSm rdk;
awG&Gmaew,f? 'g[musdefpmrdaewJh rdk;awGyJ
aerSmyg? usr tazu odaew,f? x&l*sDvdkudk
E_wfrqufyJ xGufvmwmawG/ yg;&kdufcJhwmawG
[m }uD;av;wJh &mZ0wfr_wck jzpfw,fqdkwmudk
aygh ? tcrf ; tem;wck r S m yJ j zpf j zpf / tpnf ;
47
ta0;wckrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ x&l*sDvdk&J@cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ
xGufvm&if 'g[m Oya'udk csdK;azmufwmjzpf
w,fvdk@ vlwkdif;em;vnf=uw,f? aemufwpfae@
rSm usrwd@k tdru f kd ppfum;wpfp;D a&mufvmw,f?
usrtazeJ@ usrudk +rdK@awmf0efu qifhac:cdkif;
w,fwJh? wu,fawmh 'g[m usrvkyfcJhwJh vkyf
&yftwGuf usrwdk@rdom;pkudk 'kuQpay;zdk@twGuf
pwifvSrf;vmwJh ajcvSrf;awGyJ jzpfygw,f? usr
taru usrudkac:&if olvnf; vdkufr,fqkd+yD;
ygvmw,f?
+rdK@awmf0ef&J@ tdrf0if;twGif;udk a&muf
awmh usr&J@tazudk wjcm;wpfae&mrSm cGJac:
oGm;zdk@ pwifpDpOfvdkufw,f? taruawmh a'go
t&rf;xGufaew,f? &efrlvmwJh t&mudk jyef
vnfwkdufckdufrJh om;&JwpfaumifvdkyJ? usrwkd@udk
vnf; 'Dvykd ?J usrwk@d uv kd nf; ae&mcG+J yD; tusO;f cs
xm;vdu k w f ,f? aemuf&ufawGrmS &JXmecsKyfqu D
tcef;wckpDac:+yD; ppfaq;jyefw,f? tJh'Dtcef;
xJukdvnf; a&mufa&m vlwpfa&muf&J@ t+yKH;udk
jrifvu kd wf t hJ cg tE &W m,f&@J taiG@ toufawGukd
cHpm;&w,fqkdwmudk owdxm; rdvkdufawmh
w,f? usrudkppfwJholu emrnf}uD; ppfaq;a&;
t&m&Sd? ol@udk arSmfrsufvHk;eJ@ olvdk@ odxm;w,f?
"g;ckwfyGJwpfckrSm ol@rSmrsufpD wpfbufqHk;&_H;cJh
w,f ? 'gayrJ h ol @ rsuf p D u od y f v sif w ,f ?
'ga=umifhvnf; x&l*sDvdk&J@ nmvuf&kH;jzpfcJhw,f?
usrudk ar;cGef;awG pwif ar;w,f? ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmif Am*sv D &D rdk ;kd a&;wJth a=umif;/ tquf
toG,f&Sdr&Sd/ aemuf ppfaq;aewHk; aemufxyf
AdkvfcsKyfwpfa,muf a&mufvmw,f? usrudk
t}uHay;w,f? wu,fvkd@ t}uD;tuJ x&l*sDvkd
pdwaf useyfatmif tdyaf y;r,fq&dk if Adv k cf sKyfaewJh
tdrfqDudk usrudk o,foGm;r,f? ppfa=uma&;
pcef;u ppfaq;r_tm;vHk;udk azsmufzsufypfvkduf
r,fvdk@ urf;vSrf;w,f? “usroabmrwlwJh
t&mudk ZGwftwif;vkyfr,fqkd&if h h ha[m'D
wHcg;ayguu f ae ud,k b
f momud, k f ckecf sowfao
oGm;wmurS aumif;r,f”vdk@ tajzay;vkduf
w,f?
usru x&l * sD v k d & J @ eef ; awmf q D o G m ;+yD ;
rtdyfwJhtwGuf/ usrwkd@wnf;cdkaewJh ae&muae
b,fukdrS oGm;cGifhray;bl;? tus,fcsKyfcsxm;
w,f ? oH k ; ywf av;ywf a vmuf = umr,f x if
w,f? r=umcif x&l*sDvkdeJ@ awG@cGifh&rJhtajctae
wckudk &cJhw,f? x&l*sDvdkuvnf; usrtazudk
v$wfay;r,fvkd@ qdkw,f? ol@qDudka&mufawmh
usrtaz&J@yHkudk =unfh&wm pdwfxJrSm a=uuGJ
vdkufwm? tazh&J@yHku wukd,fvHk;pkwfjywfowf
aew,f? r=umbl;? x&l*sDvdkeJ@ usrtay;t,l
vkyfzdk@ pwifawmhw,f? olu +rdK@awmfqDudk
vm+yD; Oya'ausmif;wufcsifwJh usr&J@qENudk
trSwf&aewkef;yJ? olu tHpmwHk;awGudk qGJxkwf
vdkufw,f?
“wu,fvkd@tHpmwkH;yGJrSm rif;u EkdifcJh&if
rif;&J@ tvkdqENudk udk,fjznfhay;r,f? rif;&_H;cJh&if
awmh udk,fh&J@tvdkqENukd rif;vdkufavsm& r,f?”
vdk@ avmif;a=u;udk owfrSwfvdkufw,f?
olu usrcE<mudk,fwudk,fvHk;udk =unfh+yD;
ajymaeuwnf ; u bmud k q d k v d k w ,f q k d w m
oabmaygufygw,f? bm&,fvkd@awmh r[kwf
bl;? usr 'Dupm;yGJrSm tEkdif&vdrfhr,fvkd@ udk,fh
bmom ,Hk=unfaew,f? usrwdk@ tHpmwHk;awG
udk ypf=unfhvdkuf=uw,f? usrAkdvfcsKyf x&l*sDvkd
udk tEkdif&cJhw,f? usrwkd@ v$wf+yD/ +yD;&if Oya'
ausmif;udk wufcGifh&cJhw,f?
rm&D , mw,f & D p m(ok d @ r[k w f ) vd y f j ym
1960 ck E S p f rwf v -=o*k w f v
tyd k i f ; (1)
tusOf ; axmif x J r S m rif e m;Am;id k w J h a e@
wae@udk usr awG@zl;w,f? tr_wGJaumifrav;
wpfa,mufjzpfwJh “pife”udk ppfa=uma&;pcef;
48
rSm ppfwkef;u tjzpftysufudk jyef=um;cJh&wJhae@
u? ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm “pife”udk ac:oGm;+yD;
a,musF m ;tusOf ; om;awG a &S @ rS m tusô a wG
tm;vHk;c|wf+yD; udk,fvHk;wD; aecdkif;w,f? tusOf;
om;awG v nf ; twl w l y J t0wf t pm;wck r S
r&Sd=ubl;? +yD;awmh a&bHk;vGwfwckudk qGJ,l+yD;
tkyfpkxJu acgif;aqmifqkdwJholudk
“uJ h h hrif;wkd@&J@ awmfvSefa&;owif; pum;
av;awG rif;&J@&JabmfawGudk rdef@a¹cGygOD; qkd+yD;
rcH c sif a tmif p w,f ? 'gayrJ h acgif ; aqmif u
wnfwnf+idrf+idrfyJ?”
&Jabmfwkd@ avmavmq,frSmawmh igwkd@
aemufudk enf;enf;jyefqkwfae&w,f? 'gayrJh
wk d u f c k d u f r _ / acsr_ e f ; r_ u d k a wmh rcH c J h & ygbl ; ?
vGwfajrmufr_vm;/ aojcif;w&m;vm;? b,f
t&mud k a&G ; rvJ w J h toH u [d e f ; aewH k ; yJ ?
rifem;Am;u *k%f,l0HhºuGm;pGm em;axmifaeolxJ
u c%c%xk w f + yD ; ppf a q;cH & wJ h o l a wG u
rifem;Am;eJ@ pifeqdkwJh trsKd;orD;ESpfa,muf? Adkvf
csKyf x&l*sv D u kd v_y&f mS ;r_wckv;kH &J@ aemufu, G rf mS
rifem;Am;&Sad ew,fq+kd yD; ol@om;udk v$wf ppfaq;
cdkif;cJhao;w,f?
tyd k i f ; (2)
a=umuf & G @ H r _ u awmh tqd k ; qH k ; t&mvk d @
ajym&r,f xifw,f? vlwa,muf vrf;av#muf
vmwJh toHudk =um;wJhtcgwkdif; aomhcavmuf
zGifhoH ydwfoHawGudk =um;&wJhtcgwkdif; usr&J@
cE<mud,k uf kd tusO;f axmiftcef;&J@ axmifw h ae&mqD
ajy;vdrfhuyfaerdw,f? '%f&m&aewJh wd&dp>mef
waumifvkdyJ? wdk;wkd;av;+iD;+yD; vHk+cHKatmifaezdk@
}udK;pm;aeovdrk sKd ;ayg?h wreufrmS usrudk t&ifvykd J
t&m&Sdwpfa,muf&J@ tcef;wckqDudk ac:oGm;+yD;
ppfaq;tHk;r,fvdk@xifaecJhw,f? aoG;qmaewJh
*sL&D,efu ab;uae tapmift h jzpf vdu
k vf mw,f?
atmufxyfukd ac:oGm;+yD;aemufrS tcef;wHcg;udk zGihf
tjyifukd qGxJ w k o
f mG ;w,f? apmifah ewJh um;wpD;ay:
ud k usrud k wif v k d u f w ,f ? rd e pf t awmf = umrS
odvdkufw,f? usrwkd@ b,fudk OD;wnfoGm;ae+yD qdk
wm?
La (40) vdk@ac:wJh emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;
wJhppfa=uma&;pcef;udkaygh? um;ay:uae usr
ckefcsEdkifwJh tiftm;r&Sdwmudkawmh usrbmom
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