Ahlin Yanant No 01

T*sme,ftm; aemfa0;jrefrmaumfrwD
(Norwegian Burma Committee) . &HyHkaiG axmufyHhulnDrSKjzifh

vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ okawoeESifhavhvma&;Xme u
xkwfa0jzef@csdygonf?
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
aZmfaZmfxGef;
wGJbuft,f'Dwm
&Jjrifhausmf
xkwfa0ol
okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
P.O Box (294)
Chiang Mai University Post Office
Chiang Mai, 50202, Thailand
http://www.dpnsburmese.org
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
t,f'Dwmhwifjycsuf
'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;vkyfief;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;wm0ef
ESpqf ,f&mpktqH;k ydik ;f umv[m ordik ;f rSm xl;jcm;wJjh zpfay:wd;k wufra_ wGe@J
}uHKawG@cJh&w,f? tJh'Dvdk ordkif;wGif&pfavmufwJh jzpfxGef;r_awGuawmh urBmhae&m
tESH@tjym;rSm 'Drdkua&pDay:xGef;vmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? ordkif;udk jyef=unfh&if 1900
ckESpfwkef;u 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH (10)EdkifiHom &SdcJhw,f? &mpkESpftv,fta&mufrSm ta&
twGufu oHk;q,ftxdwdk;vm+yD; 1970vGefESpfrsm;txd tJh'Dtwdkif;yJ &SdaecJhw,f?
2005 ckESpf pm&if;t& urBmhEdkifiHaygif; (190)teuf (119)EdkifiH[m a,bl,stm;jzifh
ajym&&if 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvdk urBmhtwdkif;twmeJ@ 'Drdk
ua&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufru _ kd +yD;cJw
h &hJ mpkEpS t
f wGi;f wpfcw
k nf;aom ta&;ygq;kH Edik if aH &;
jzpfxGef;r_vdk@ ynm&Sifrsm;u owfrSwfajymqdk=uygw,f?
'gq&kd if Edik if w
H pfcu
k kd ‘'Dru
kd a&pD’Edik if v
H @kd owfrw S Ef ikd zf @kd bmawGvt kd yfovJ/
tajccHtm;jzifh b,fvkd oGijf yifvuQ%mawG &S&d rSmvJ qdw k mawGukd pOf;pm;&ef jzpfvmyg
w,f? 'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;qdkif&mbmom&yfrSm xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sif
ygarmuQ vm&D'dkif;rGef; u æ
• 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm jynfolvlxku olwdk@udk tkyfcsKyfr,fh acgif;aqmif
awGudk yHkrSefusif;ywJh vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyGJrsm;uwqifh
a&G;cs,fcGifh&Sd=uw,f? 'gayrJh jynfolvlxkqdkwmrSm vlOD;a&b,favmufudk
ajymwmvJ/ b,fEpS &f mcdik Ef KS ef;udak jymwmvJ? Edik if o H m;tcsKd @ukd rJay;cGirhf jyK
wJ/h a&G;aumufy0JG ifciG rhf jyKwJh wdik ;f jynf&@J Edik if aH &;pepfukd 'Dru kd a&pDv@kd qdEk ikd f
yghrvm;? EdkifiHom;trsm;tjym;u a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmudk *&krpdkuf/ yg0ifr_
vnf; r&Sdbl;qdk&ifaum?
• a&G;aumufyaJG wGqw kd m vGwv f yfpmG 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifEikd cf iG hf &S&d r,f? qdv k kd
wmu ygwDpHkudk 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcGifhjyK&rSm jzpfw,f? 'gqdk&if b,fvdk
tawG;tac:rsdK;rqdk/ b,fvdk pHE_ef;wefbdk;rqdk udkifpGJwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdkif;/
tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;/ tkyfpkwdkif;udk cGifhjyKrSmvm;?
1
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
• vlwpfO;D csi;f pD&@J yk*Kd~ vfa&;vGwv f yfciG ehf @J ywfoufv@kd aum? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ EdkifiHom;rsm;.tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;qdkif&mjyXmef;
csuf (Bill of Rights)/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) rsm;uJo h @kd Edik if rH sm;tvdu k f
'grSr[kwf EdkifiHwumqdkif&m yÉdnmOfrsm; uGefAifh&Sif;rsm;rSm tmrcHxm;wJh
vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;pD&J@ vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;eJ@ roufqdkifbl;vm;?
• tu,fI Edik if o H m;rsm;taeeJ@ tajccHjynfo@l vw G v f yfciG ahf wGjzpfwhJ ajymqdk
cGifh/ a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh pwmawG vkyfcGifh
r&Sdbl;qdk&if uef@owfydwfyifcHxm;&&if tJh'Dwdkif;jynf[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH
jzpfEdkifyghrvm;?
• 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckjzpfw,fqdk&if a&G;aumufyGJwpfckeJ@ wpfck =um;umv
awGrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;taeeJ@ olwdk@&J@ vdkvm;csufawG &&Sdzdk@/ epfemr_awGudk
ajz&Sif;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkr_awG qENjyr_awGuaewqifh aqmif&GufcGifh tcGifh
ta&; r&Sdoifhbl;vm;?
• 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm rdrdwpfOD;csif; udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk (rudk;uG,fr_udk)
vufcu H siohf ;kH ydik cf iG /hf rdrad evdw
k t hJ &yfa'orSm aexdik yf ikd cf iG /hf vGwv f w
G f vyf
vyf c&D;oGm;ydik cf iG /hf yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG hf v$aJ jymif;cGihf a&mif;csciG /hf ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fcGifh pwJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGaum r&Sdoifhbl;vm;?
• EdkifiHwpfckrSm vlrsdK;pkt&/ vlrsdK;t&/ bmoma&;t& vlenf;pkawGudk zdESdyf
csKyfcs,af ew,f/ olw@kd &@J tcGit hf a&;awGukd uef@owfyw d yf ifxm;w,fq&kd if
'Drdkua&pDpepfvdk@ ajymEdkifyghrvm;?
• EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m Oya'&J@ a&S@arSmufrSm wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdr,f/ Oya'&J@
txufrSm b,folrS r&Sdbl;/ Oya'awGudk EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u od&SdEdkifr,f/
bufrvdkufwJh w&m;a&;pepf&Sdr,fqdk&if w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; &Sdw,fvdk@ qdk
Edik w
f ,f? tJ'h vD rkd sKd ; tcsut f vufawGe@J jynfph w kH hJ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;qdw k m
r&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfudk 'Drdkua&pDvdk@ owfrSwfEdkifyghrvm;?
tp&SdwJh ar;cGef;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudk zGifhqdkEdkifzdk@/ b,fvdk tajccHoGifjyif
vuQ%mawG &SdoifhovJqdkwmawGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f?
oluyJ qufvuf+yD; ‘EdkifiHwpfckrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;xkwfa0cGifh

r&Sb
d ;l qd&k if/ vGwv f yfpmG toif;tyif;zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;pnf;&H;k ydik cf iG hf r&Sb
d ;l qd&k if/ w&m;
Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ r&Sb
d ;l qd&k if tJ'h w
D ikd ;f jynf[m 'Dru
kd a&pDrjzpfEikd af wmhb;l ? tJ'h gbma=umifh
vnf;? tJh'Dvdk tajctaeatmufrSm usif;ywJh a&G;aumufyGJawG[m b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'ghtjyif EdkifiHwpfck 'Drdkua&pDjzpfzdk@qdkwm
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJawG &Sd&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufygbl;?’qdk+yD; “'Drdkua&pD
2
. tajccHtESpfom&” (The Spirit of Democracy) qdkwJhpmtkyfxJu 'Drdkua&pD.
wefbdk; (democratic value) udk aqG;aEG;&mrSm wifjyxm;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;twGuf 'Drdk

ua&pDavhvma&;vkyfwJhtcg tajccHtm;jzifh txufygtcsufawGudk avhvm&rSm
jzpfygw,f? ordkif;aemufcHeJ@ vlr_pD;yGm;tajccHrwlnDwJh EdkifiHwdkif;twGuf wpfckwnf;
aom tajzudk ar#mfvifhvdk@&rSm r[kwfovdk/ olrsm;awG&J@ tawG@t}uHKawGudk rdrdwdk@&J@
vufawG@rSm wpfxyfwnf; yHkwlul;vdk@awmh&rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh &Sdoifh&SdxdkufwJh
wefbdk;awG/ oGifjyifvuQ%mawGuawmh tajccHtm;jzifh uGJvGJr_r&Sdygbl;? rdrdwdk@ vlr_
vufawG@eJ@ udkufnDwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;twGuf
oifcef;pm,lp&mawGudk avhvm+yD; toHk;csEdkifygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ ywf
ouf+yD; ynm&Sifrsm;&J@ avhvmqef;ppfr_awG/ aqG;aEG;r_awGudk wqifhjyefvnfwifjy
&jcif; jzpfygw,f?
acwfopfordkif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDv_dif; okH;ckjzpfcJh&mrSm yxrv_dif;eJ@ 'kwd,v_dif;

ESpfv_dif;ukd=unfh&if wpfckpDrSm aemufjyefv_dif; (reverse wave) awG uyfvkdufaeyg
w,f? 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;xm;+yD;om;Ekid if t H csKd @rmS tm%m&Siaf wGay:vm+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD
zGH@ðzd;vm&rJhtpm; aemufjyefqkwfoGm;wmrsdK;awG&SdcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh “zGH+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;
taeeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_ukd taotcsmavhvmoifhovkd 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;
v_dif;eJ@ ol@&JŒ aemufjyefv_dif;wkd@&JŒumvjzpf&yfawGukd twdtus ykdif;jcm;=unfhzkd@vnf;
vkdtyfygvdrfhr,f?” qdk+yD; 'Drdkua&pDyxrv_dif;eJ@ ol@&J@ aemufjyefv_dif;umv/ 'kwd,
v_dif;eJ@ ol@&J@aemufjyefv_dif;umvwdk@udk ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzm &Sif;vif;wifjywmudk ‘wwd,
v_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;’ rSm awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f? qufvuf+yD; tJh'DpmpkrSmyJ
'Dru dk a&pDvid_ ;f eJ@ywfouf+yD; tcsu(f 4)csuu f kd axmufjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'h gawGuawmh
(1) 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vlwpfO;D csi;f vGwv f yfciG t hf cGit hf a&; qufpyfr/_ (2) Edik if aH &;wnf+idrrf e_ @J
tpd;k &yHpk /H (3) 'Dru dk a&pDjyef@E@HS re_ @J Ekid if w
H umqufqaH &;/ (4) tar&du&JŒtrSwt f om;
vuQ%m (identity) eJ@ vpfb&,f'Drkdu&ufwpfwefzkd; qufpyfr_ qdkwJhtcsufawG
jzpfygw,f? tqH;k rSmawmh pma&;olu vuf&rdS mS 'Dru kd a&pDwwd,v_id ;f [m armoGm;+yD
vm; qdkwJhar;cGef;xkwfxm;cJhygw,f?
'Drkdua&pDv_dif;awG bma=umifhjzpfay:cJhovJ? b,fvkdqifhuJjzpfxGef;cJh=u

ovJ? 'Dru dk a&pDvid_ ;f awGay:ayguaf tmif wGe;f yk@d ay;wJh aemufctH a=umif;t&if;awGu
bmawGv?J 'gukd tajz&Smzd@k ‘v_id ;f awG bma=umifh b,fvkd jzpfco hJ vJ’ rSm pma&;olu
ygarmuQ[efwifwef&J@ wwd,v_dif; (Third Wave) xJu zGiq hf &dk iS ;f vif;csuaf v;ckukd
wifjycJh+yD; tJh'D tcsufawG[m tcsdefra&G; a¶GŒvsm;aewwf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;v_dif;awGukd
ajz&Sif;jyzkd@ óud;pm;tm;xkwfwJhtcgwkdif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&r,fh armf',fawG
3
jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? “'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;awG avhvmzkd@qkd&if oDtkd&Drsm;pGmeJ@

tcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f? wpfa=umif;qGJeJ@r&bJ vGwfvyf+yD; rlao
r[kwfwJh udef;&Sif (independent variables) aygif;rsm;pGm pOf;pm;&ygr,f?” 'ghtjyif
“ok@d aomf 'Dru dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f ta=umif;w&m;rsm;[m wpfae&meJ@ wpfae&m/ wpf
csdefrSwpfcsdef trsKd;rsKd; uGmjcm;aewwfygw,f?” vdk@ aqG;aEG;&if; wqufwnf;rSm
wwd,v_id ;f 'Dru kd a&pDEidk if aH wG&ŒJ tm%m&Siu f ae 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;r_ypHk (H 5)rsK;d (five
patterns) eJ@ [efwifwef&J@ wwd,v_dif;u zGifhqdkwJh ta=umif;&if; (5)csufudk wifjy
xm;ygw,f? tJ'h gawGuawmh (1) 'Dru kd a&pDwefz;kd jrifwh ufvmjcif;/ (2) urBmph ;D yGm;a&;
wdk;wufr_eJ@ òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;pm; tjyef@us,fvmr_/ (3) uufovpfausmif;awmfrsm;
&J@ jyKjyifajymif;vJr_/ (4) EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDtajymif;tvJ/ (5) ESif;abmvkH;jzpfpOf vdk@
qdkwJh EdkifiHwpfck&J@ vlxkqENjyyGJrsm;u tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_wdk@yJ
jzpfygw,f? [efwifwef&J@ 'Dta=umif;w&m;rsm;[m 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;
twGuf vrf;!$efr_rsm; jzpfEdkifyghrvm;?
urBmt h wdik ;f twmeJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufra_ wG jzpfaew,f/ Edik if aH ygi;f

(119)EdkifiHrSm tenf;eJ@trsm;qdkovdk 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;ae+yDvdk@ qdkaeayr,fhvnf;/
wzufrSm 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;pEdkifiHrsm;rSm tcuftcJaygif;pkH &ifqdkifóuHawG@ae&yg
w,f? vuf&SdrSm “'Drdkua&pDv_dif;aES;auG;ae+yD; urBm}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDqkwf,kwf
usqif;r_ (democratic recession) xJ av#musoGm;aeygw,f?” abm*aA'rSm
pD;yGm;a&;&Dquf&Sif;vkd@okH;E_ef;ovdk 'Drdkua&pD&Dquf&Sif;vdk@qdk&r,fhumv jzpfaew,f
vdk@ ygarmuQvm&D'dkif;rGef;&J@ ‘'Drdkua&pDxdkif;rd_if;r_ESifh o&Jr&JpD;EdkifiHrsm;’ rSm qdkxm;yg
w,f? “'Dru kd a&pD[m aemufxyf qufrjzef@usuEf ikd af o;cif t&ifq;Hk &SEd iS +hf yD;om;Edik if H
awGrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJ+rJtajcuszkd@ vdktyfaeygw,f?” 'DtwGuf r[mAsL[mopf
awG vdkaeyg+yD? tkyfcsKyfa&;nHhzsif;r_eJ@ tifpwDusL;&Sif;vdktyfcsuf tajccHjy\emudk
rudik wf , G &f if 'Drukd a&pDysu,f iG ;f r_awG ydjk zpfvmEdik yf gw,f? 'gt
h jyif “t*wdvu d_ pf m;r_
xdef;csKyfzkd@eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefapzkd@ EdkifiHwum&JŒqkH;jzwfcsufeJ@ tm;
oGefcGefpdkuf óud;yrf;r_awG r&Sdbl;qdk&if vuf&Sd 'Drdkua&pDusqif;r_ &Dquf&Sif; [m urBm
vk;H qdik &f m 'Dru kd &ufwpf &Dquf&iS ;f qD OD;wnfomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f?” 'gq&kd if “vlom;awG&ŒJ
vGwfvyfr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_”udk trsm;}uD; xdcdkufepfemapvdrfhr,fvdk@ pma&;olu owday;
xm;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ‘'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESifh vlxk

tcef;u¾’ qdkwJh pmpkrSm pma&;olu “a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepf wdk;wuf
jzpfxGef;a&;twGufrl jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@.vdkvm;csufrsm; taumiftxnf ay:vm
ap&ef acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: rnfr#xdxda&mufa&muf zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; &Sd r&Sd [lonfh
tay: wnfrSDv#uf&Sdonf? xdkuJhodk@ zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;qdkonfuvnf; jynfolwdk@u
4
oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; rnfr#&,loHk;pGJ Edkifonf/ rdrdwdk@.
udk,fydkif,Hk=unfcsufrsm; tjrifrsm; t,ltqrsm;tm; rnfr#xkwfaz:usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh
&So
d nf[o l nfh jynforl sm;.pGr;f &nfEiS hf vkyyf ikd cf iG yhf ifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jynforl sm;.
pGr;f &nfEiS hf vkyyf ikd cf iG hf jrifrh m;vma&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw hf ifa&; human
empowerment onf 'Dru kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;vkyif ef;pOfwiG f ta&;}uD;ayonf?” vd@k
ed'ge;f tpcs+D yD; “Edik if o H m;jynforl sm;tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;jcif;” qdwk m 'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfw,f?
jynforl sm;taeeJ@ Edik if aH &;jzpfpOf wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;&mrsm;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd qH;k jzwf
wJh vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm yg0ifEdkifzdk@vdkygw,f? tJh'ga=umifh tJh'Dvdk yg0ifEdkifzdk@qdk&if jynfol@
pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;vkyfief;[m ta&;}uD;w,f? tJh'Dvkyfief;rSm t"dutm;jzifh “(1)
t&if;tjrpfrsm; action resources (2) ud, k yf ikd t
f jrift,ltq xkwaf z:ydik cf iG t hf ay:
wefbdk;xm;r_rsm; self-expression values (3) 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm;
democratic institutions pwJh u¾oH;k &yfukd zG@H òzd;ap&efvt kd yfonf?”vd@k wifjyxm;
ygw,f? 'ghtjyif vl@ordkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;rsm;u jynfolvlxktm; zdESdyf
tkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;a=umifh rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;/ tm%m&Sifpepfrsm; wnf&SdcJh&jcif; r[kwfbJ
“jynfolvlxk.vuf0,f t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm;tm; &,l
Edkifrnfh pnf;¶kH;a&;twwfynmu|rf;usifr_r&SdcJhojzifh/ 'Drdkua&pD taqmufttHkrsm;
&,la&;tm; xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay;tqifh wGif rxm;&SdcJhojzifh” tqdkyg qdk;0g;wJhpepfrsm;
wnf&SdcJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tcsKyftm;jzifh “'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifjcif; qdkonf
rSm omrefEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;.vuf0,fodk@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;
vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifjcif;vkyfief;wGif jynfolvlxk.
pGrf;tm;jynfhyg0ifr_onf tc&musonf? vlxkudkom tajccH&rnfjzpfonf?”
‘'Dru
kd a&pD a&cHajrcHeJ w
h pdww
f nf;yJvm;’ pmpkrmS awmh pma&;olu ordik ;f
wav#muf urBmw0Srf; tar&duef&J@ “'Drdkua&pD azmfaqmifa&;pDrHudef;” tawG@
t}uHKrsm;eJ@ twGif;o&kyfawG/ atmifjrifr_awG/ ratmifjrifr_awGudk oHk;oyfwifjy
xm;+yD;/ tar&duefwdk@&J@ taumiftxnfaz:wJhenf;udk “0D(vf)qdkeD,Henf;” vdk@
trnfay;xm;ygw,f? tJ'h rD mS ta&;}uD;wJh tcsuf oH;k csuu f (1) 'Drudk a&pD a&cHajrcH
tawG@t}uKH/ (2) jynfytEœ&m,f+cdr;f ajcmufr/_ (3) waoG;wom;wnf; vlrsK;d pkvOl ;D a&
wdk@ jzpfygw,f? pma&;olu tqdkygtcsufoHk;csufudk vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD
toGiful;ajymif;a&; vufawG@eJ@yg qufpyfzdk@ }udK;pm;xm;ygw,f? 'Dtcg jrefrmEdkifiH
[m tar&duef&J@ “0D(vf)qdkeD,Henf;” rvdkbJ 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawmf jzpfvmr,fvdk@
oHk;oyfjyxm;ygw,f? ta=umif;u jrefrmEdkifiH[m 'Drdkua&pDtawG@tóuH wpHkw&m
&dSaew,f? vlxku tjynfht0axmufcHwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfvdk/ 88rsKd;quf
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGvkd acgi;f aqmifrsK;d awG &Sad ew,f? &Spaf v;vH;k vlxv
k y_ &f mS ;r_
eJ@ &[ef;oHCmawGOD;aqmifwJh 2007-pufwifbmv_yf&Sm;r_awG &SdcJhw,f? 'gawG[m
'Drdkua&pDa&cHajrcH aumif;awGvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'kwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH[m
5
}uD;rm;wJh jynfy&efvnf;r&Sdygbl;? wwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ vlrsdK;pktrsm;tjym;&SdaewJh

EdkifiHjzpfaeayrJhvnf; “yifvkHpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk EdkifcJhwJhtxd 'DvlrsKd;pktm;vkH; nD!GwfEdkif
w,fqw kd m ordik ;f uoufaojycJw h thJ wGuf wwd,ta&;}uD;qk;H tcsujf zpfwhJ waoG;
wnf;wom;wnf;jzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pkta&twGuf qdkwmuvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJh
pepftwGuf toifh&dSae+yDvdk@qdk&ifvnf; &aeygw,f? wu,fnD!Gwf=uzdk@yJ vdkyg
w,f?” wu,fom aoG;pnf;nD!$wfaer,fqdk&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifa&;
atmifjrifrt _ wGuf ra0;awmhygb;l vd@k oH;k oyfwifjyxm;+yD;? “jrefrmrygwhJ 'Dru dk a&pD
EdkifiHeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDrygwJh jrefrmEdkifiHvdk@qdk&r,fh” tjzpfrsKd;ra&mufzdk@u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
aexdkifwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vkH;&JŒ wm0efyJ jzpfw,fvdk@ axmufjyxm;ygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if [
H m 1988 ckEpS u
f pvd@k 'Dru
kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;vkyif ef;pOfukd tp
ysdK;cJhygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDa&;vkyfief;pOf[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;vkyfief;pOf[m
EdkifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;&Hkwifruygbl;/ a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJr,fh 'Drdkua&pD
jzpfxGef;zdk@ zGH+zdK;wdk;wufzdk@ vkyfief;yg tygt0ifjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pD
az:aqmifa&; tpydkif;rSmuwnf;u vdktyfwJh 0ef;usifeJ@ tajccHaumif;awG jyifqif
wnfaqmufxm;zd@k vdyk gw,f? 'grS aemufjyefvid_ ;f qdw k mrsKd ;eJ@ r}uHKawG@&rSm jzpfw,f?
'Drdkua&pD &Dquf&Sif;rsdK;eJ@ a0;rSm jzpfygw,f? tJhvdk 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;wm0efudk
xrf;aqmifEdkifzdk@ w+ydKifwnf;rSm 'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;vkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifzdk@ vdktyf
a=umif;wifjyvdkufygw,f?
'Dru
kd a&pDqwkd m &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik w f pf&yfjzpf+y;D / 'Dru kd a&pDaz:aqmifjcif;qdw k m
jzpfpOfwpf&yfjzpfw,f? 'Drdkua&pD az:aqmifjcif;[m w&m;r#wr_eJ@ wdk;wuf
ajymif;vJru
_ kd aqmifusO;f ay;Edik vf @kd +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk jzpfxeG ;f apwJh ta=umif;w&m;
jzpfw,f?
bl;x&dk@pf bl;x&dk@pf*gvD
ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif;
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm vlwpfOD;csif;pDtzdk@ tjrifhrm;qHk;tm%mydkifpdk;r_&Sdovdk

wm0ef&rdS v
_ nf; tjrifrh m;qH;k &Sad ew,f?
aemfrefumpif (1915-1990)
xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m/
ygarmuQESifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;a&S@aqmifol
6
wwdvKSd if;'Dru
kd &ufwu
kd a
f Z;&Si;f
0ifhxef;
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;qkdwm oD;jcm;tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif;rSm
'Drudk a&pDr[kww f hJ tkycf sKyfry_ pHk aH wGuae qef@usib f ufvm;&mjzpfwhJ 'Dru dk a&pDpepfqD
xl;jcm;pGmul;ajymif;vmwJh tkyfpkEkdifiHawGukd &nf!$ef;ajymwmjzpfygw,f? v_dif;wpfck
rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh wif;jynfh'Drkdu&ufwpf rjzpfao;bJ/ 'Drkdua&pDw0ufwysuf
pusifhokH;wJhEkdifiHawG yg0ifygw,f?
acwfopfurBmrSm 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif; okH;ckjzpfcJhygw,f? v_dif; wpfck
csif;pD[m oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsmtay: trsm;}uD;tusLd;oufa&mufcJh+yD; tpkd;&pepf
tul;tajymif;awG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? ok@d aomf orkid ;f [m oyGwt f v l u
dk +f yD; ¶_yaf xG;ygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJawG[m orkdif;aowWm bD'kdawGxJ ol@tuef@eJ@ol ol@bmom
aoaooyfoyf0ifoGm;wm r[kwfygbl;? orkdif;[m OD;wnfvm;&mwpfckxJukd wo
rwfwnf; ajzmifhajzmifhroGm;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhyJ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_jzpf&yfawG[m
¶_yfaxG;ayGvDygw,f?
yxreJ@ 'kwd, 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; v_dif;ESpfv_dif;ukd=unfh&if wpfckpDrSm
aemufjyefvid_ ;f (reverse wave) awG uyfvu dk af eygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;xm;+yD;
om; EkdifiHwcsKdŒ[m tm%m&SifpepfrsKd;awGqD 'kH&if;jyefvnf+yD; aemufjyefoGm;wmawG
&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh zGH+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;taeeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_ukd taotcsmavh
vmoif h o vk d 'D r k d u &uf w k d u f a Z;&S i f ; v_ d i f ; eJ @ ol @ &J Œ aemuf j yef v _ d i f ; wk d @ &J Œ umv
jzpf&yfawGukd twdtusykdif;jcm;=unfhzkd@vnf; vkdtyfygvdrfhr,f? tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_pepf
tajymif;tvJv_dif;rsm;&JŒ ckESpfumvawG[m atmufygtwkdif;ygyJ?
yxr 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;vd_if;&Snf 1828 - 1926

yxr aemufjyefv_dif; 1922 - 42
'kwd, 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;wkd 1943 - 62
'kwd, aemufjyefv_dif; 1958 - 75
wwd, 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif; 1974 -
7
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; yxrv_dif;
yxrv_dif;[m tar&duefawmfvSefa&;eJ@ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;rSm tajc
wnfay:aygufcJhwmyg? q,fhukd;&mpktwGif; taemufwkdif;jynftrsm;pk 'Drkdu&ufwpf
tifpwDusK;&Sif;awG wpwp zGHòzd;vmygw,f? q,fhukd;&mpkEkdifiHa&;pepfawGrSm 'Drkd
u&ufwpf t&nftaoG; t*F g&yf&Sdvmwmukd tcsufESpfcsufeJ@ axmufjy=uygw,f?
(1) t¶G,fa&muf+yD;trsKd;om; 50 &mckdifE_ef; rJay;EkdifcGifh&Sdvmwm/
(2) a¶G;cs,fcHygvDrefrS trsm;pkaxmufcHwJhol (okd@) ykHrSefusif;yay;wJh
a¶G;aumufyGJrS jynfoltrsm;wkduf¶kdufa¶G;cs,fwJholom tkyfcsKyfzkd@
wm0ef &Sdw,fqkdwJh tcsufygyJ?
tJ'hD E_e;f pHtcsuaf wGtay: tar&duefjyefaxmifp[ k m ðyjyifzmax;usio hf ;Hk
cJh+yD;/ yxrv_dif;'Drkdua&pD[m 1828 ckESpfrSm tar&durSm p+yD; wmxGufcJhw,fvkd@
t=urf;zsif;ajymEkdifygw,f? jynfe,ftopfawG 0ifa&mufvmwJhaemufawmh orRw
a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm trsKd;om;tm;vkH; rJay;EkdifcGifhawGtxd wufvmygw,f? aemuf
ykdif;q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh tjcm;wkdif;jynfawGuvnf; wjznf;jznf; rJay;wJhpepfawG
wkd;csJŒ/ v#KdŒ0Suf rJay;pepfukd rdwfquf/ ygvDrefrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@&JŒwm0ef
awG cGJa0 tyfESif;vmygw,f? qGpfZmvef/ t*Fvdyf 'kdrdeD,Hwkdif;jynfrsm;/ *&dwf+AdwdefeJ@
Oa&myEkid if iH ,fav;aygi;f rsm;pGm[m q,fu h ;dk &mpkrukecf if 'Dru
dk a&pDuu dk ;l ajymif;cJ=h uyg
w,f?
yxrurBmppfrwkdifrDrSmwif tDwvDeJ@ tm*sifwD;em;wkd@[m 'Drkdua&pD
tpkd;&ykHpHukd rdwfqufusifhokH;=uygw,f? ppf}uD;+yD;awmh tkdif,mvefeJ@ tkdufpvef;wkd@
[m vGwfvyfwJh'Drkdu&ufwpfawG jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1930 jynfhavmufrSmawmh
yxrv_dif;[m vkH;0&yfwHhoGm;cJhygw,f? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf ESpfwpf&mumvtwGif;rSm
EkdifiHokH;q,fausmfrSm trsKd;om;'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;ykHpHawGukd tenf;eJ@
trsm; xl axmifEkdifcJh=uw,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f?
yxraemufjyefv_dif;
1920 jynfhvGefeJ@ 1930 jynfhvGefwkd@&JŒ EkdifiHa&;zGHòzd;r_[m 'Drkdua&pDvrf;
a=umif;uae aoGzDoGm;+yD;/ tpOftvm tm%m&SifpepfykHpHawGeJ@ &ufpufwJh ygwD
tm%m&SifpepfawGqD jyefausmhvmygw,f? yxrurBmppfrwkdifrDeJ@ +yD;umprSm
'Drkdu&ufwpfykHpH usifhokH;+yD;om; EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSm ESdyfuGyfwJhtm%m&SifpepfqD
aemufjyefvnfr_awG&Sdvmygw,f? 1910 eJ@ 1930 t=um; 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwD
usK;&Sif; pusifhokH;wJhEkdifiH q,fhckESpfEkdifiHteuf av;EkdifiHyJ qufxdef;xm;+yD;/ usefEkdifiH
rsm;u aemufjyefvnfoGm;cJhygw,f?
yxraemufjyefv_dif;[m 1922 ckESpf a&mrrSmjcpm;aewJh tDwvD 'Drkdua&pD
ukd rlqvdk eD u
D tvG,w f ulðzwfcs+yD; pwifcyhJ gw,f? aemufq,fpw k pfct
k =umrSmawmh
vpfola&;eD;,m;/ ykdvef/ vwfAD;,m;eJ@ tufpfwkd;eD;,m;wkd@u csdeJ@aewJh 'Drkdu&ufwpf
8
tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;ukd ppftm%modrf;ykduf+yD; ðzwfcsz,f&Sm;cJhygw,f? b,fwkef; urS
'Dru
dk a&pDr=um;zl;wJh ,l*q dk vm;AD;,m;eJ@ bla*;&D;,m;wk@d vdk wkid ;f jynfawGrmS cufxef
rmausmwJhtm%m&Sifpepf ykHpHtopfawG 0ifvmcJhygw,f?
1933 ckEpS f [pfwvm&JŒtm%matmifyu JG *smr%D'rD u dk a&pDudk tqk;H owf
ypfygw,f? aemufESpfrSm =op}wD;,m;'Drkdua&pD tqkH;owfoGm;+yD;/ 1938 rSm csuf
'Drkdua&pDukd ajrjr‡Kyfvkduf+yD;/ 1926 ay:wl*Dtm%modrfr_u &Snfvsm;wJhtm%m&Sif
pepfqD OD;wnfomG ;ygw,f? 1930 rSm b&mZD;eJ@ tm*siw f ;D em;rSm ppftm%modr;f cJ+h yD;/
1933 rSm O¶ka*G;utm%m&SifpepfqD jyefoGm;ygw,f? 1936 pydefppftm%modrf;r_u
jynfwGif;ppfukd OD;wnfcJh+yD;/ 1939 rSm pydeforRwpepfukd oò*dvfypfcJhygw,f?
1920jynfhvGefrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDrdwfqufEkdifcJhwJh *syef[m 1930 jynfhvGef tapmykdif;
rSm ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tpm;xkd;ypfcJhygw,f?
tJ'hD tkycf sKyfa&;pepftajymif;tvJawGu uGejf rLepf/ zufqpfe@J ppfa&;tkid 'f D
,kdavmf*sDxºuGr_awGukd a&mifjyef[yfcJhygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusK;&Sif;awG
quf&SdaewJh jyifopf/ +Adwdefwkd@rSmawmif 1930 jynfhvGef pD;yGm;a&;uyfuae 'Drkdua&pD
qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;xºuGra_ wG tm;aumif;cJyh gw,f? csKyf=unf&h if yxraemufjyefvid_ ;f
umvrSm 'Drkdua&pDc&D;pOf[m ol@ukdzsufqD;r,fh vuf0JuJwJht,ltqawGukd r[ef@
wm;EkdifcJhygbl;?
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; 'kwd,v_dif;
'kwd, urBmppfpwifcsdefrSmyJ 'kwd,'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;wkd@ jzpfyGm;cJh
ygw,f? r[mrdwfwkd@&JŒodrf;ykdufr_u taemuf*smr%D/ tDwvD/ =op}wD;,m;/ *syefeJ@
awmifukd&D,m;wkd@rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusK;&Sif; orkdif;opfawG pwifay;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh wbufrSm qkdAD,ufu csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;eJ@ [efa*&Dwkd@&JŒ ueOD; 'Drkd
ua&pDukd bl;oD;tar$;oyfypfvkdufygw,f?
1940 jynfhvGefaemufykdif;eJ@ 1950 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rsm;rSm wl&uDeJ@ *&d
[m 'Drkdua&pDqDajymif;vJcJh+yD;/ vufwiftar&durSm O¶ka*G;/ b&mZD;eJ@ aumhpwm
&Dumwkd@ 'Drkdua&pDodk@ a¶GŒvsm;cJhygw,f? tjcm;vufwiftar&duav;EkdifiHjzpfwJh
tm*sifwD;em;/ ukdvHbD,m/ yD¶l;eJ@ AifeDZGJvm;wkd@rSm 1945 eJ@ 1946 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJ
awGu oifhavsmfpGma¶G;cs,fcJhwJhtpkd;&awG pwifcsxm;ay;cJhygw,f? okd@aomf olwkd@&JŒ
'Drkdua&pD usifhokH;r_[m odyfwmr&SnfbJ/ 1950 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm rwnfr+idrf yËdyuQ
aygif;pkHeJ@ tm%m&SifpepfxJ jyefusoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvt
dk csed rf mS taemufuv dk edk t
D yk pf ;dk r_ tqk;H owfru
_ ae Ekid if o
H pfawGtrsm;
}uD;xkwfay;ygw,f? trsm;pkrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif; toufoGif;r_awGukd
tm;rxkwcf yhJ gb;l ? tcsKŒd 'Drudk a&pDusjyefawmhvnf; rckid rf mygb;l ? Oyrm/ ygupPwefrmS
'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;awG[m b,fawmhrSajcukyfr+rJcJhbJ/ 1958 rSm w&m;0if
zsufodrf;ypfcJhygw,f?
9
1957 rSm rav;&Sm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; w0ufwysuf'Drkdua&pDeJ@ pcef;

oGm;ygw,f? tif'kdeD;&Sm;[m 1950 uae 1957 txd ¶_yfaxG;wJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD
&SdcJhygw,f? tdENd,/ oD&dvuFm/ zdvpfykdif/ tpPa&;pwJh EkdifiHtopftenf;i,frSm 'Drkd
u&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif; =um&Snfxdef;xm;Ekdif+yD;/ 1960 rSm tmz&du&JŒ t}uD;qkH;
EkdifiH Ekduf*sD;&D;,m;rSm 'Drkdua&pD p+yD; toufoGif;EkdifcJhygw,f?
'kwd,aemufjyefv_dif;
1960 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSmyJ 'kwd,v_dif;[m ol@bmom tm;ukefoGm;yg
w,f? tm%m&Sifpepfwkd@ jyefvnfacgif;axmifvmr_[m vufwiftar&durSm txl;
jcm;qkH;jzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf yD¶l;rSm ppfwyfu a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'fawGukd =um;0if
ajymif;ypf+yD; tm%m&SifpepfqD jyefoGm;cJhw,f? 1964 ckESpf b&mZD;eJ@ bkdvD;AD;,m;rSm
t&yfom;tpkd;&awGukd ppftm%modrf;+yD;ðzwfcscJhw,f? tvm;wlykHpH 1966 rSm
tm*sifwD;em;eJ@ 1972 ckESpfrSm tDauGa'gwkd@rSm jzpfcJhygw,f? 1973 rSm O¶ka*G;eJ@ csDvD
wkd@rSm ppfwyfpkd;rkd;r_awG pwifcJhw,f? tJ'Dh ykHpHawGukd “AsL¶kdu&ufwpf tm%m&Sif
pepf” vkd@ EkdifiHa&;ykHpHopftjzpfawmif oDtkd&DxkwfcJh=uygao;w,f?
tm&S&Sd ygupPwef[m 1958 ckESpfrSm ppfwyfu rm&S,favma=unm
cJyh gw,f? 1950 aemufyidk ;f rSm qkid rf ef&;D u uk&d ;D ,m&JŒ'Dru
dk a&pDvyk x
f ;Hk awGudk csed @J apcJh
+yD;/ 1960 rSm ol@ukdqufcHwJh 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&ukd 1961 rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;
ypfygw,f? tm%m&Siw f 0ufwysut f pk;d &[m 1963 a¶G;aumufyeJG @J w&m;0ifr, _ cl +hJ yD;/
1973 rSm wif;jynfhtm%m&SifpepfqD tjrifhqkH;ajymif;ypfygw,f?
1957 rSm qlumEkdu tif'kdeD;&Sm;&JŒ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDukd vrf;jy'Drkdua&pD
(guided democracy) qkdwmeJ@ tpm;xkd;ygw,f? 1965 rSm ppfwyfu vrf;jy
'Drkdua&pD ukd tqkH;owf+yD; wwkdif;jynfvkH; tm%modrf;cJhygw,f? 1972 rSm orRw
zm'Deefrm;ukdpfu zdvpfykdifrSm rm&S,favmtpkd;&zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ 1975 rSm tif'D&m*ENDu
'Drkdu&ufwpfusifhokH;r_awG&yfqkdif;&if; tdENd,rSm ta&;ay:tajctaetkyfpkd;r_
a=unmcJhygw,f? xkdif0rf &JŒ KMT ppftpkd;&u twkduftcHawGukd onf;rcHbJ
ESdyfuGyfcJhwma=umif 1960 jynfhvGefrsm;[m xkdif0rf&JŒ tarSmifacwfygyJ?
ajrxJyifv,fa'orSm *&d'Drkdua&pD[m 1965 eJ@ 1967 ckESpf ppftm%m
odrf;r_eJ@twl ðywfoGm;cJhygw,f? wl&uDppfwyf[m 1960 rSm t&yfom;tpkd;&ukd
ðzwfcs+yD;/ t}udrf}udrftm%modrf;yGJawGeJ@twl 1980 rSmawmh wif;jynfhtm%m&Sif
pepfukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm +Adwdo#ukdvkdeDvuf
atmufrS EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfajrmufvm+yD; 'Drkdua&pDpepfusifhokH;ygw,f? tJ'Dh
EkdifiHawGxJrSm *sarum/ x&DeD'uf/ wkdb¶kd/ armfvfwm/ bmab'kd;/ armfa&;&Swkd@ yg0if
ygw,f? wcsdefxJrSmyJ tmz&duEkdifiHtrsm;tjym;vnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJh=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh tm%m&Sifpepfaygif;pkHqD oufqif;oGm;=uygw,f?
10
Ekduf*sD;&D;,m;[m 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ pwifayr,fh/ 1966 rSm tm%m&SifpepfqD
jyefvnfoGm;w,f? 'Drkdua&pDtavhtusifhukd a&&Snfqufxdef;xm;EkdifwJh wckwnf;
aom tmz&duwkdif;jynfuawmh abmhZf0gemyJ jzpfygw,f? 1956 eJ@ 1970 t=um;
tmz&duokH;q,fhokH;EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJh+yD; tm%m&SifpepfqDa&muf&SdoGm;=uyg
w,f? tmz&du[m ukdvkdeDpepf&kyfodrf;vkduf+yD;aemuf vGwfvyfwJh taoG;ta&mifpkH
tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsKd;pkHqD OD;wnfcJhygw,f?
1960 jynfhvGefeJ@ 1970 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;&JŒ urBm'Drkdua&pD aoGzDbuf
jyefr_[m tawmfxl;jcm;ygw,f? 1962 rSm tpkd;&q,fhokH;ck[m tm%modrf;r_uae
ay:xGufvmw,f? 1975 ckESpfrSm okH;q,fh&Spfcku tm%modrf;tpkd;&rsm;jzpfw,f?
tJ'Dh aemufjyefr_u ‘AsL¶kdu&ufwpftm%m&Sifpepf’ ukd v_H@aqmfay;ygw,f? aemuf
zGHŒòzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;&JŒ 'Drkdua&pDusifhokH;r_tay: tqkd;jrifap+yD;/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm 'Drkdua&pD
wnf&Sd+yD;om; zGHòzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;ukd pkd;&drfylyefr_jzpfapcJhygw,f?
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; wwd,v_dif;
rxifrSwfwJh orkdif;jzpf&yfawGu vlr_ody`HoDtkd&DawGukd *|rf;jyefoGm;apwwf
ygw,f? 1974 ay:wl*D tm%m&Sifpepf pwiftqkH;owf+yD;/ aemufq,fhig;ESpfrSmawmh
Oa&my/ tm&SeJ@ vufwiftar&duu tm%m&SifEkdifiHokH;q,feD;yg;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpf
tpk;d &awG tpm;0ifvmcJyh gw,f? tjcm;Ekid if aH wGrmS vnf; 'Dru dk a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_awG tm;
aumif;vm+yD; w&m;0ifr_ &&Sdvmygw,f? 1988 jrefrmeJ@ 1989 w¶kwfwkd@rSmvkd jyef
vnfckcH zdESdyfr_awG&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_a&pD;[m xkeJ@xnfeJ@ urBmh v_dif;
}uD;tjzpf a'owpfckrS wpfck atmifjrifr_awG &cJhygw,f?
'Dru
dk &ufwpf wwd,v_id ;f [m yxrqk;H awmifOa&myrSm jzpfcw hJ ,f? 1974
ay:wl*D tajymif;tvJjzpf+yD; okH;vt=umrSm/ *&dppftpkd;&ðywfus+yD; t&yfom;
tpkd;& wufcJhygw,f? 1975 Ekd0ifbm 20 &ufrSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;z&efukdaoqkH;r_u ol@&JŒ
okH;q,fhajcmufESpfwm tm%m&Sifpepf pydefrSm pkd;rkd;r_ukd tqkH;owfapcJhygw,f?
ygvrD efpepf ckid +f rJapcJ+h yD;/ Ekid if aH &;ðyjyifajymif;vJrO_ ya'eJ@twl a¶G;aumufyrJG sm; usi;f y
EkdifcJhygw,f?
1970jynfv h eG af emufyidk ;f rSmawmh 'Dru dk &ufwpfvid_ ;f [m vufwiftar&du
qD a¶GŒoGm;ygw,f? 1972 ckEpS rf mS tDauGa'gppfa&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u Ekid if aH &;rSm rywf
oufcsiaf wmha=umif; a=unm+yD;/ 1978 rSm tajccHOya'opfa&;qG/J 1979 a¶G;aumufyJG
awGuae t&yfbuftpkd;& ay:xGufvmygw,f? yD¶l;rSm ppfa&;¶kyfodrf;r_/ 1978 a¶G;
aumufyGJ/ 1979 tajccHOya'opfeJ@ 1980 t&yfom;orRwopfwkd@ jzpfay:vmyg
w,f? bkdvDAD;,m;&JŒ 1978 tm%modrf;r_u jy\emawG&Sdvm+yD; 1982 usrS a¶G;
aumufyGJeJ@ orRwopfwufvmEkdifygw,f?
1982 ckESpf *&dwf+Adwdefukd ppfyGJ¶_H;edrfhr_u tm*sifwD;em; ppftpkd;&ukd csdeJ@
oGm;ap+yD;/ 1983 rSm usif;ywJh a¶G;aumufyGJu t&yfom;orRweJ@ tpkd;&jzpfvmap
11
ygw,f? O¶ka*G;rSm ppfwyfe@J Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;t=um;aqG;aEG;r_u 1984 Ek0d ifbm

rSm a¶G;aumufyGJuae orRwopf wufvmygw,f? ESpfvt=umrSm b&mZD;rSmvnf;
yxrqkH;t&yfom;orwopfjzpfvmygw,f? tJ'DumvtwGif;/ A[kdtar&durSm
vnf; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;¶kyfodrf;r_awG &Sdvmygw,f? [Gef'l;&yfpfu 1982/ qmvfAm'kdu
1984/ *GgwDrmvmu 1985 rSm a¶G;aumufcH orRwopfawG &&SdvmcJhygw,f?
'Drkdu&ufwpfv_yf&Sm;r_[m tm&SrSmvnf; yDyDjyifjyif&SdcJhygw,f? 1977
tapmykid ;f rSm wESpcf aJG vmufta&;ay:tajctaeeJ@ tkycf sKyfaewJh tdE, dN [m 'Drudk a&pD
vrf;a=umif;ay: jyefwufcJhygw,f? 1983 ckESpf bDepfEkdtuGDEkd vkyf}uHcH&r_u jy\em
awG qufjzpfaeapcJh+yD;/ 1986 azaz:0g&DrSm tm%m&Sifrm;ukdpfhukd tqkH;wkdifap+yD;
zdvpfykdifrSm 'Drkdua&pDjyef&&SdapcJhygw,f?
1987 rSm ukd&D;,m;ppftpkd;&u a¶G;aumufyGJrSm orRw&mxl;twGuf ol@
ukd,fpm;vS,fxm;zkd@wifjy+yD; uyfEkdifoGm;ygw,f? aemufESpfrSmawmh twkduftcHawG
u ukd&D;,m;ygvDrefukd xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifcJhygw,f? 1987 eJ@ 88 rSm xkdif0rftpkd;&u
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGtay: uef@owfydwfyifr_awG av#mhcsay;+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDpepfoGm;zkd@
uudu0wfðycJhygw,f?
1980 jynfhvGeftqkH;rSmawmh 'Drkdu&ufwpfv_dif;[m uGefjrLepfurBmukd
ywf0kdif; v$rfrkd;vmygw,f? 1988 rSm [efa*&D[m ygwDpkHpepfqD pwiful;ajymif;yg
w,f? 1989 rSm qkdAD,uf,leD,H trsKd;om;uGef*&ufa¶G;aumufyGJrSm 0g&ifhygwD
acgif;aqmif trsm;tjym; ¶_H;edrfhoGm;ygw,f? 1990 tapmykdif;rSm abmvfwpforw
EkdifiHrsm;rSm ygwDpkHpepfawG zGH@òzd;vm+yD;/ qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ol@&JŒ OD;aqmif
vrf;!$efay;r_ukd pGef@v$wfcJhygw,f? 1989 eJ@ 1990 rSmyJ ykdvef/ ta&SŒ*smr%D/ csufukd
qvkdAwfuD,m;/ ¶kdar;eD;,m;/ bla*;&D;,m;/ rGef*kdvD;,m;wkd@u uGefjrLepf tpkd;&awG
òydvJukef+yD;w&m;r#wwJh a¶G;aumufyGJawG oJoJrJrJ usif;yvmygw,f?
taemufurBmbufjcrf;rSmvnf; ruUpu D tdk m%m&ygw[ D m 1989 rSm yxr
qkH;t}udrf a¶G;aumufyGJ¶_H;edrfhoGm;ygw,f? 1988 ckESpf csDvDrSm vlxkqENcH,lyGJtwGuf
rJay;cJh=u+yD;/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD; yDEkdacs;&JŒ tm%mcsKyfukdifr_ukd tqkH;owfEkdifcJhygw,f? tar
&duef&J@ ppfa&;t& 0ifa&mufr_u 1983 rSm *&ufe'gEkdifiH&JŒ rwfufpfvDeiftm%m&Sif
pepfukd ed*kH;csKyfap+yD;/ 1989 rSm yem;rm;u AkdvfcsKyfEkda&;*g;&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd
ðzwfcsypfygw,f? 1990 azaz:0g&DrSm eDum&m*Gg rwfufpfvDeiftpkd;& a¶G;aumufyGJrSm
¶_H;edrhfðywfusoGm;+yD;/ 'DZifbmrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;& a[wDrSm a¶G;cs,fcH&ygw,f?
1980 jynfhvGef +Adwdo#tifyg,m&JŒ aemufqkH;vufusefzsufodrf;r_uae
u|Ekf;EkdifiHti,fav;awG xGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ tqdkygEdkifiHopfawGu 'Drkdu&ufwpf
tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGudk xdef;xm;EkdifcJhygw,f? 1990 rSm tmz&dueJ@ a*smf'ef wkd@rSm
vGwfajrmufr_eJ@ wHcg;awG yGifhvm=uw,f? awmiftmz&durSm 'Duvyforw jzpfvm
+yD;aemuf tpkd;&eJ@ attefpDygwDt=um; aqG;aEG;yGJawG pwifjzpfvmygw,f?
12
a&SŒESpv
f rf;wuf/ aemufwvSr;f qkwf
òcH=unfh&if 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m urBmvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ jzpfcJhwmyg?
q,fhig;ESpftwGif;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfv_dif;[m awmifOa&myukd pjzwf/ vufwiftar
&duuko d rd ;f / tm&Suadk ¶$Œvm+yD; aemufq;Hk qkAd , D uftyk pf t
k m%m&Sipf epfawG ðywfðywf
ðyef;apcJhygw,f?
1974 wkef;u awmiftar&du q,fEkdifiHrSm &SpfEkdifiHu 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwJh
tpkd;&awGyg? 'gayr,fh 1990 a&mufawmh ukd;EkdifiH[m 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a¶G;cs,fwJh
tpkd;&awG jzpfvmygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;eJ@ aemufjyefv_dif;wkd@[m a&SŒESpf
vSr;f wuf/ aemufwpfvrS ;f qkwf ykpH rH sK;d eJ@ c&D;qufy&Hk ygw,f? atmufazmfjyygZ,m;u
acwfopf'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;tajctaeukd azmfjyaeygw,f?
ckESpf 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynfrsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfr[kwfaomwkdif;jynfrsm; wkdif;jynfpkpkaygif; 'Drkdu&ufwkdif;jynf&mckdifE_ef;
1922 29 35 64 45 ² 3
1942 12 49 61 19 ² 7
1962 36 75 111 32 ² 4
1973 30 92 122 24 ² 6
1990 59 71 130 45 ² 4
rSwfcsuf? ? vlOD;a& wpfoef;atmuf wkdif;jynfrsm;ukd csefxm;ygonf?
Ekid if aH wG[m yko

H ¿mefe@J t¶G,t f pm;trsK;d rsK;d jzpf=u+yD;/ 'kw,
d urBmppfveG f
q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh vGwfvyfa&;&&SdwJh EkdifiHta&twGufu ESpfqjzpfvmygw,f?
ok@d aomf urBm'h rD u dk &ufwpfwidk ;f jynfrsm;&JŒ tcsK;d uk=d unf&h if aemufjyefvid_ ;f ESpcf u
k mv
rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynfawG[m 19³7 &mckdifE_ef;eJ@ 24³6 &mckdifE_ef;wkd@om &Sdygw,f?
v_dif;ESpfckwufcsdefrSmawmh 45³3 &mckdifE_ef;eJ@ 32³4 &mckdifE_ef;wkd@u 'Drkdu&ufwpfawG
jzpfygw,f? 1990 ckESpfrSmawmh urBmhvGwfvyfwJhwkdif;jynf 45³4 &mckdifE_ef;rSm
'Drkdu&ufwpfpepfawG&Sdvm+yD;/ 1922 ckESpf tajctaeeJ@ &mckdifE_ef;oGm;wlaeygw,f?
xyfajym&&if/ 1973 eJ@ 1990 t=um;rSm yxrqkH;t}udrf tm%m&SifEkdifiH
ta&twGuf vkH;0avsmhusoGm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1922 eJ@ 1990 t=um; ajcmuf
q,fh&SpfESpftwGif; urBmh'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;tcsKd;[m jrifhwufrvmao;ygbl;?
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; jy\emrsm;
vlro _ yd yH` nm&Siaf wGu bma=umifbh mawGjzpf&w,fqw dk hJ tcsuaf wG &SmazG
zkd@ oDtkd&DawGeJ@ tEkpdyfjzm&if; orkdif;ukd zrf;qkyfzkd@ óud;pm;ygw,f? 1960 eJ@ 1970
jynfv h eG rf sm;rSm 'Drudk a&pD bma=umifah emufjyefomG ;wmvJqw dk m &Si;f vif;zk@d óud;pm;wJh
tcg qif;&JwJhwkdif;jynfawGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pD t[yfrnDr_/ vuf0Jvuf,may:tajccHwJh
AsK¶kdua&pDtm%m&SifpepfxGef;um;r_wkd@ukd axmufjyygw,f?
13
ynm&Siaf wGu wkid ;f jynfawG tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ tpktòyHvu dk f 'Drudk a&pDu;l ajymif;
vmwJhtcgrSm 'Drkdua&pDwnf&SdEkdifwJh wkdif;jynf&JŒ ueOD;óudwiftajctaeawG/ 'Drkd
ua&pD tpk;d &opfwpfck &ifqidk &f r,fjh y\emtcuftcJawGudk azmfjy=uygw,f? tcsKŒd
ynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pDjzpfjzpf/ 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwJhtpkd;&jzpfjzpf wkdif;jynf
pD;yGm;a&;zGHðzd;r_ukd azmfaqmifay;r,fh jynfol@a&;&mrl0g' (public policy) uom
ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ ajymwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f?
wkdif;jynfwjynf[m 'Drkdua&pD (okd@) tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ oGm;rvm;qkdwJh
jy\emxuf/ tpDtpOfpepf&Sdr_ order (okd@) rif;rJhp¶kduf b,f[ma¶G;rvJqkdwJh
jy\emu ykdta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ axmufjywmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 'gawGeJ@ywfouf&if
pOf;pm;p&mawG&Sdvmygw,f?
yxr/ 'Dru dk a&pD[m wpfO;D csi;f tcGit hf a&;eJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyfqufpyf+yD;/ tjyef
tvSefwnfrSDaew,f? 'Drkdua&pDtm;aumif;&if wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vGwfvyfcGifh
tm;aumif;vm+yD;/ vGwfvyfcGifhtm;aumif;&if 'Drkdua&pDjrifhwufvmygw,f? vGwf
vyfciG [hf m 'Dru dk a&pD&ŒJ aumif;jrwfrw_ efz;dk yJ jzpfygw,f? ok@d aomf 'Dru dk a&pDrmS wpfO;D
csif; tcGifhta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhtvGeftu|H/ tvGJokH;r_awG ygvmEkdifygw,f?
'kwd,/ EkdifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_eJ@ tpkd;&ykHpH[m jcm;em;wJhudef;&SifESpfck jzpfw,f?
okd@aomf tjyeftvSefwnfrSDaew,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepfawG[m r=umc% 0¶kef;okef;
um;eJ@ xdef;rEkdifodrf;r& (unruly) jzpfwwfayr,fh/ EkdifiHa&;t=urf;zufr_ enf;yg;
w,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&awG[m olwkd@EkdifiHom;awGtay: t=urf;zuf&ufpufr_rSm
tm%m&SifawGxuf trsm;}uD;avsmhyg;=uw,f?
'Drkdua&pDpepftwGif;rSmukdu twkduftcHeJ@ tjrifrwlolrsm;twGuf
xkwfazmfajymqkdEkdifwJh vrf;a=umif; (channels) awG yg&Sd+yD;om;? tpkd;&a&m twkduf
tcHyg ESpfbufpvkH; wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; t=urf;zufEkdifr,fhtcGifhtvrf;awG avsmhusoGm;
w,f? 'Drkdua&pDu EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ jynfol@ay:vpDawGajymif;vJzkd@ ykHrSef
tcGifhta&;awGay;w,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepfrSmu ykHrSeftvkdufoifhwkd;yGm;aewmrsKd;yJ&Sd+yD;/
ae@csif;ncsif; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 0kef;'kdif;ajymif;vJwmrsKd; &Sm;ygw,f? tm%m&SifpepfrSm
awmh awmfvSefa&;awG aygufuGJr_awGeJ@ tcsKd;tauG@rsKd;awG t+rJ&Sdygw,f?
wwd,/ 'Drkdua&pDjyef@ESH@r_[m EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;tay: *,uf¶kdufap
w,f? orkdif;ukd=unfh&if 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfawG[m tm%m&Sifwkdif;jynfawGeJ@ r=um
c% ppfjzpf=uw,f? tm%m&Sifwkdif;jynfawGuawmh 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfawGukd wkduf
ckduf=uovkd/ tm%m&Siftcsif;csif;vnf; wdkuf=ucdkuf=uygw,f?
q,fhukd;&mpkuae ,cktcsdeftxd 'Drkdua&pDtcsif;csif; ppfrcif;ygbl;? 'gqkd
urBmh'Drkdua&pDjyefŒESH@r_[m urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;jyefŒESH@r_ukd qkdvkdygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpf
urBm[m Ekid if w H umt=urf;zufrv _ wG af jrmufwhJ urBmwpfcjk zpfz, G &f ydS gw,f? +idr;f csr;f
a&;orm;qkdol[mvnf; 'Drkdu&ufomjzpfoifh+yD;/ uGefjrLepfwpfykdif;eJ@vkyfaeI r&yg?
14
wenf;tm;jzifh xm0&uGJaewJhurBm (divided world) [m t=urf;zuf
urBmyJjzpfvmEkdifygw,f? “tdrfwpftdrf[muGJae&if r&yfwnfEkdifbl;? u|efpepfwykdif;/
vGwfvyfr_wykdif;jzpfae&if EkdifiHa&&Snfr&yfEkdifbl;”vkd@ tDb&m[ifvifuGef;u ajymzl;
w,f? tck 21 &mpk urBmrSm zGHðzd;r_eJ@ owif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmawGu EkdifiHawG
t=um; tjyeftvSef eD;eD;pyfpyf rScD t dk m;xm;r_awG&dS vmapygw,f? 'gjzifh urBm}uD;[m
'Dru dk a&pDw0uf tm%m&Siw f 0ufuaJG e&if b,f avmuf=um=um quf&iS o f efygrh vJ?
pwkwW/ urBmh'Drkdua&pD&JŒtem*wfrSm tar&duefawGu txl;ta&;yg
w,f? tar&du[m acwfopfurBm&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpfOD;aqmifwkdif;jynf jzpfygw,f?
EkdifiHwpfcktaeeJ@ tar&du&JŒtrSwftom;vuQ%m (identity) [m vpfb&,f'Drkd
u&ufwpf wefzkd;awGuae cGJjcm;xm;vkd@r&ygbl;? +yD;cJhwJh ppfat;umvae0ifcsdefeJ@
tar&duefwefz;dk wufcsed w f @dk rmS wwd,v_id ;f jrifw
h ufcw
hJ m tjrifygy?J ok@d aomf tar&d
uef&JŒ b0ifjrifhvGef;r_eJ@ wefzkd;usr_[m tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;u 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
twGuf ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfapygw,f?
armoGm;wJhwwd,v_dif;
okd@aomf wwd,v_dif;[m tm;ukefoGm;+yDvm;? &S&Sm;&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpfjzpf
rvmbJ wif;rmwJh ylwifvufatmufjyefusoGm;r_/ AifeDZGJvm;u [l*kdcsm;Awfvkd
vuf0JoefolawG jyefxGufay:vmr_/ tar&dueJ@ taemufyHkpHacwfrSDa&;ukd rkef;wD;wJh
tpGef;a&muftpPvmrft=urf;zufawG&JŒ tm;}uD;vmr_/ tar&du&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpf
tifyg,m csJŒxGifcsifvGef;wJh wyfOD;u|Hr_/ ppfyrf;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_/ urBmha&eHaps;
}uD;jrifrh _ pwmawGa=umifh wwd,v_id ;f [m arm+yD; bufjyefomG ;+yDvm;vk@d ar;p&mawG
&Sdvmygw,f?
pwef;zkd@wuUokdvf EkdifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQ vm&D'kdif;rGef;u tar&du[m
wefzkd;=oZmusqif;r_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_ (recession) ukd tck óuHawG@ae&w,f?
pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_ &Dquf&Sif;u 'Drkdua&pD &Dquf&Sif; (democracy recession)
ukdyg jzpfapw,f? 'gjzifh tar&du&JŒ pyGefqm tajymif;tvJvkyfay;rSmukd ar#mfvifhae
wJh/ tm%m&SifwGif;rJ}uD; (black hole) xJ usa&mufaewJh EkdifiHi,fav;rsm;twGuf
'Drkd ua&pDtem*wf[m b,fvkd&SdEkdifrvJ? tar&duvufukefoGm;csdefrSm wGif;rJxJu
b,fvkdazmufxGuf=urvJqkdwmu pdwf0ifpm;p&mawG jzpfvmEkdifygw,f?
&nf!$ef;
- The Third Wave : by Samuel P. Huntington
- Democratic Rollback : by Larry Diamond
15
v_id ;f awG
bma-umifh b,fvjdk zpfco
Jh vJ
okdufekdif0if;
'Drkdua&pDv_dif;awG bma=umifhjzpfay:cJhovJ? b,fvkdqifhuJjzpfxGef;cJh=uo

vJ? tm;vkH;od+yD;wJhtwkdif;ygyJ? 'Drkdua&pDv_dif;qkdwm EkdifiHawGtpkvkduftòyHvkduf 'Drkd
ua&pDpepfqD tcsed u f mvwcktwGi;f rSm ul;ajymif;vmwmukd &nf!e$ ;f wmjzpfygw,f?
ya'o&mZf/ oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepf/ zufqpf/ ukdvkdeD/ wygwDuGefjrLepf/ qkd&S,fvpf/
yk*~Kdvfa&;ukd;uG,fr_/ ppftm%m&SifpepfpwJh tkyfcsKyfr_ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;uae 'Drkdua&pDul;
ajymif;r_jzpfpOf[m pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ovkd/ twk,lp&mawG&Sdygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD
ul;ajymif;a&; ¶kef;uefóud;yrf;aewJh zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf avhvmoifcef;pm ,lp&m
awG wif;=urf;jynfhjzpfygw,f?
orkdif;ukdjyef=unfh&if wkdif;jynftoD;oD;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;pepftrsKd;rsKd;rSm wlnDwJh
jzpf&yfawG&Sd+yD;/ wòydifeufwnf; wlnDwJhjzpfysufr_awG &Sdwwfygw,f? 1848 ckESpf
Oa&mywkid ;f jynfawGrmS awmfveS af &;awG trsm;}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1968 ckEpS f urBmw h u
dk f
}uD;rsm;&JŒ wkdif;jynftrsm;pkrSm tpkd;&qef@usifwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfcJhyg
w,f? vufwiftar&dueJ@ tmz&duwkdif;jynfawGrSm tm%modrf;yGJawG +cdrfh+cdrfhoJyJ?
'DvkdyJ wkdif;jynfawG 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;=ujyefawmhvnf; tkHeJ@usif;eJ@waysmfwyg;}uD;
‘v_dif;’ vkd@ukd wifpm;=u&w,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_v_dif; ay:aygufatmif
wGef;ykd@ay;wJh aemufcHta=umif;t&if;awGukd avhvmqef;ppf=unfhoifhygw,f?
v_dif;awGjzpfcJhykH
tcsdefumvwcktwGif; EkdifiHawGtpkvkduftòyHvkduf 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_

jzpfpOfawGudk ajc&maumuf=unf&h atmif? yxrqk;H Ekid if aH jcmufcrk mS 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfxeG ;f
r_ (democratization) ukd,fpDjzpfay:w,fvkd@ ,lq=unfhyg? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;
jzpfwmukd ‘x’ oauFweJ@ ukd,fpm;ðyxm;yg? EkdifiHajcmufckrSm ‘x’ awGjzpfcJhw,fxm;?
tcsed u
f mvwpfcrk mS tJ'EhD idk if aH jcmufct
k wGi;f ‘x’ awG bma=umifh jzpf&wmvJ? olw@dk rmS
‘x’ awG jzpfay:zkd@b,fvkdta=umif;&if;awGu wGef;ykd@wmvJ?
jzpfEkdifajcawGtrsm;}uD;&SdwJhteuf tjzpfEkdifqkH;ta=umif;w&m; av;csuf&Sd
ygw,f?
16
(1) wpfckwnf;aomta=umif;w&m; (Single Cause)
Ekid if aH jcmufc&k ŒJ ‘x’ jzpf&yfajcmufcpk vk;H [m wpfcw
k nf;aomta=umif;w&m;
a=umifhjzpfcJhw,f? wpfckwnf;aomta=umif;w&m;qkdwmu tiftm;}uD; plyg yg0g
topf ay:xGufvmjcif;rsKd; (okd@) EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;rSm t"duuswJhtm%mcGJa0r_
tajymif;tvJawG&Sdvmjcif;rsKd;jzpfw,f? tjcm;vl@tzGJ@tpnf; trsm;tjym;tay:
tusK;d *,uf jzpfapr,fph pfy}JG uD;awG ta&;}uD;wJjh zpf&yf ta=umif;&if;rsK;d awGjzpfw,f?
Oyrm/ 'kwd,urBmppfrSm r[mrdwfwkd@atmifyGJcHEkdifr_ t"duta=umif;w&m;u
EkdifiHtcsKdŒrSm ‘x’ &vm'fawG zGH@òzd;apcJhw,f? 1945 eJ@ 1946 rSm vufwiftar&du
wkdif;jynftrsm;pk[m 'Drkdua&pDpdwf0ifpm;vm+yD; trsKd;om;a¶G;aumufyGJawG ukd,fpD
usif;yvm=uw,f? 'Dvkd t"duwGef;ykd@ay;wJh yifrta=umif;w&m;ukd ‘A’ tjzpf
oauFwxm;vkdufyg? 'gqkd yifrta=umif;w&m;ukd ‘A’ a=umifh EkdifiHajcmufckrSm 'Drkd
u&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; ‘x’ awG ukd,fpDjzpfay:cJh&w,f?
x1
x2
A x3
x4
x5
x6
(2) t+ydKifzGH@+zdK;r_ (parallel development)

Ekid if aH jcmufc[
k m pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òzd;r_toD;oD;a=umifh 'Dru dk a&pDqaD ¶GŒvmcJw h ,f?
olwkd@&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tòydifzGH@òzd;r_[m ‘x’ awG ukd,fpDjzpf xGef;cJhygw,f? okd@aomf EkdifiH
ajcmufc[ k m pDymG ;a&;zG@H òzd;r_a=umifh ‘x’ awG ay:xGwcf ahJ yr,f/h pDymG ;a&;zG@H òzd;r_ypHk aH wGu
ukd,fhvrf;a=umif;eJ@ukd,f jzpfaeygw,f? wpfEkdifiHu wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGeJ@trsKd;om;xkwf
ukef (GNP) jrifw h ma=umifjh zpfr,f? tjcm;Ekid if u
H pmwwfajrmufrE_ e_ ;f tm;aumif;vk@d
jzpfr,f? tjcm;EkdifiHu vlvufwef;pm;eJ@ tqifhjrifhenf;ynma=umifhjzpfr,f?
'DEidk if aH jcmufcpk vk;H rSm 'Dru
dk a&pDjzpfxeG ;f zk@d pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òzd;r_ a&cHajrcHaumif;
aew,f? ukd,fhjynfwGif; ukd,fcHtm;ukd,fpDa=umifh wcsdefwnf; wòydifeufwnf; ‘x’
awG jzpfapcJhw,f? 'gayr,fh pD;yGm;a&zGH@òzd;r_ta=umif;w&m;u wausmif;w*gxmvkd
jzpfwJh twGuf vGwfvyfwJhudef;&Sif (a1,a2,a3) tjzpf ,lygr,f?
a1 x1
a2 x2
a3 x3
a4 x4
a5 x5
a6 x6
(3) ESif;abmvkH;jzpfpOf (Snowballing)

EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm ‘x’ ukd jzpfapwJh ta&;}uD;wJh ta=umif;w&m;u tjcm;wkdif;jynf
awGrmS vnf; ‘x’ jzpf&yftoD;oD;awG ay:xGuaf pygw,f? Ekid if w H pfEidk if &H ŒJ xl;jcm;xif&mS ;
17
vGef;wJh EkdifiHa&;jzpf&yf[m tjcm;urBmhwkdif;jynfrsm;twGuf todynmeJ@oifcef;pm

,lp&mtjzpf csufcsif;ul;oGm;apygw,f?
txl;ojzifh qENjyyGJ&v'fawGu tjcm;EkdifiHawGukd tm;usap+yD;/ tvm;wl qEN
jy+yD; tpkd;&qef@usifðzwfcsr_rsKd;awG tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rSm jzpfvmapygw,f? 'Dvkd xl;jcm;
wJhjzpf&yfwpfcku EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHrSm ‘x’ukd jzpfapr,f? tJ'Dh ‘x’u tjcm;EkdifiHawGrSm
yk H p H w l r sKd ; awG w rk [ k w f c sif ; quf j zpf o G m ;+yD ; ES i f ; qk y f v k H ; ypf a yguf v k d u f o vk d
t[kefjyif;jyif; jyef@usJxGufoGm;ygw,f?
x4
x2
x5
a1 x1 x3
x6
(4) acwfpm;vmwJh ukd;q,fhajcmufyg;aq; (Prevailing nostrum)

EkdifiHtoD;oD;rSm ‘x’ ukd jzpfapcJhwJh rlvta=umif;&if;cHawGu vkH;0rwlbJ
wpfausmif;wpf*gxmwpf¶Gmwpfyk'fvkd uJGjym;aer,f? okd@aomf tJ'Dh rwlwJhjy\em
awG óuHae&wJh EkdifiHtoD;oD;[m olwkd@udpPukd wkef@jyefajz&Sif;zkd@ aq;!$ef;wpfckwnf;
ukdyJ ,kH,kH=unf=unf rsufpdrSdwfukdifqGJvkduf=uw,f?
vlajcmufa,muf[m a&m*gwpfa,mufwpfrsK;d jzpfaeayr,fh &rf;ukay;wJh aq;0g;
wpfrsKd;wnf;yJ twlwlrsKd=uovkd/ EkdifiHajcmufEkdifiH[mvnf; olwkd@&JŒ wpfausmif; wpf
*gxm jy\empkHukdajz&Sif;zkd@&m tpkd;&ajymif;vJa&;ykHpHrSmyJ twlvm xdrd=uygw,f?
wpfEkdifiHu aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ óuHae&w,f/ aemufwpfEkdifiHu Oya'pkd;rkd;r_ ysufjym;ae
w,f/ aemufwpfEidk if u H vnf; pD;yGm;a&;usqif;+yD; tvkyv f ufrxhJ al er,f? tjcm;Ekid if H
wpfcku ppfa&;¶_H;edrfhvkd@jzpfr,f pojzifh?
'Dvjdk zpf&yfrsK;d rSm/ Ekid if aH wG&ŒJ oD;jcm;jy\em ta=umif;w&m;uk, d pf u
D dk (a1,b2,c3)
pojzifx h m;? olw@dk &ŒJ jy\emrsm;twGuf ,k, H =Hk unf=unfupk m;tajz&SmwJh enf;vrf;
wlnrD u _ dk (z) vkd@,l? aemufqkH; EkdifiHajcmufEkdifiHrSm ‘x’ awG toD;oD;xGufvmygawmh
w,f?
a1 z x1
a2 z x2
a3 z x3
a4 z x4
a5 z x5
a6 z x6
tckazmfjycJhwJh 'Drkdua&pDv_dif;rsm;tay: zGifhqkd&Sif;vif;csufav;ck[m b,f

tcsdef b,ftcgrSmrqkd a¶GŒvsm;aewwf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;v_dif;awGukd ajz&Sif;jyzkd@ óud;pm;
tm;xkwfwJhtcgwkdif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&r,fh armf',fawGyJjzpfygw,f?
18
vGwfvyfudef;&Sifrsm;
okd@aomf bma=umifh'Drkdua&pD ul;ajymif;vm=uovJqkdwJh ta=umif;&if;cH

jy\em[m vG,v f , G uf ul rl [kwyf gb;l ? tcsKŒd uawmh wpfa=umif;qGaJ jymw,f? vlr_
a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;r_eJ@ 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;jzpfxGef;r_[m vkH;0qufpyfae
w,f? csr;f omwJh Ekid if t H m;vk;H [m 'Dru dk &ufwpfawGjzpfovk/d 'Dru dk a&pDwidk ;f [mvnf;
csr;f om=uw,fqw dk mrsK;d / y¶kw
d ufpwifb h mom[m 'Dru dk a&pD&ŒJ a&cHajrcHyq J w
dk mrsK;d ?
trSefawmh jy\emu 'Dxufykd¶_yfaxG;ygw,f? trsm;pkxifovkd tm%m
&Sifukd z,f&Sm;vkduf&if 'Drkdua&pDjzpfua&mqkdwmrsKd;u vufawG@rSmcufygw,f? 'Drkd
ua&pDr[kwfwJhtpkd;&wpfckukd z,f&Sm;vkduf+yD;/ vufawG@rSm 'Drkdua&pDjzpfvmzkd@xuf/
aemufxyf 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwJh tpkd;&wpfckyJ tpm;0ifvmwmrsKd;awG &Sdwwfygw,f?
tm%m&SifpepftqkH;owfr_[m 'Drkdua&pD wef;wef;rwfrwfjzpfay:r_ukd OD;rwnfbJ
a0hvnfvrf;acsmfr_awG&Sdygw,f?
aemuf+yD; tm%m&Siftpkd;&wpfck&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;qkwf,kwfusqif;r_u tJ'Dh
tpkd;&ukd csdeJ@apygw,f? okd@aomf tm%m&Siftpkd;&wpfck&JŒ atmifjrifwJhpD;yGm;a&;
ukdifwG,fr_u 'Drkdua&pDjzpfxGef;zkd@ tajccHaumif;awG jzpfvmwwfjyefa&m?
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf ay:vpDqHk;jzwfolrsm; ESvkH;oGif;xm;&rSmu ‘'Drkdu&uf
wkdufaZ;&Sif;’ vkd@ qkdvkduf&if tqifhokH;qifhyg0ifw,f qkdwmygyJ? (1)tm%m&Sifpepf
tqk;H owfr/_ (2)'Dru dk &ufwpftyk cf sKyfa&; wyfqiftoufoiG ;f r_/ (3)'Dru dk a&pDtyk cf sKyf
a&; ,E W&m; uspfvpfckdifrmapr_wkd@ygyJ? tJ'Dh tqifhokH;qifhzGH@òzd;apzkd@u rsm;pGmaom
ta=umif;tcsufawG pOf;pm;wGufcsufEkdifzkd@vkdygr,f?
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;awGavhvmzkd@qkd&if oDtkd&Drsm;pGmeJ@ tcsuftvuf
aygi;f rsm;pGm &Sad eygvrd rhf ,f? wpfa=umif;qGeJ @J r&bJ vGwv f yf+yD; rlaor[kww f hJ ude;f &Sif
(independent variables) aygif;rsm;pGm pOf;pm;&ygr,f? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;eJ@'Drkd
ua&pDukdjzpfapwJh ta=umif;&if;awG udef;&SifawGu atmufygtwkdif;jzpfEkdif ygw,f?
- pD;yGm;a&;"eºuG,f0r_ tqifhjrifhrm;r_
- "eESifh 0ifaiGtcsKd;tpm; cGJa0jzef@jzL;&mrSm r#wr_
- aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;
- pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_eJ@ vlr_armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;
- uHau|;csajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepf ysufokOf;r_
- t&if;&SifblZGmtm;aumif;r_ (blZGmr&Sd&if/ 'Drkdua&pDr&Sd)
- vlvwfwef;pm;tv$m tm;aumif;r_
- pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;eJ@ ynma&;a&csdefjrifhr_
- pm;okH;olOD;wnfwJh ,Ofaus;r_
- y¶kdwufpwifhbmom0ifvlOD;a&eJ@ wkdif;jynfrsm;
- vlr_A[k0g'eJ@ ynmwwftkyfpktm;}uD;r_
19
- EkdifiHa&;wGif vlxkyg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_ESifh ygwDòydifqkdifr_

- vlr_tkyfpkrsm;twGif;Yyif 'Drkdua&pD,Ofaus;r_vkyfxkH;&Sdjcif;
- t&yfom;tay: t=urf;zufESdyfpufr_ avsmhenf;jcif;
- EkdifiHa&;tpGef;a&mufr_/ wyfOD;u|Hr_rsm; avsmhenf;jcif;
- EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. 'Drkdua&pDa&csdef jrifhrm;r_
- +Adwdo#ukdvkdeDb0 tawG@tóuHaumif; vufcH&,lwwfr_
- qef@usifbuftjrifoabmxm;tay: onf;cHEkdifonfhtavhtx
- tay;t,ltav#mhtwif;ukd azmufjyefonf[krjrifjcif;
- 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;onfhEkdifiH}uD;u 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufajymif;vJay;jcif;
- 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD;rsm;. =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_
- Oya'ESifh wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&; av;pm;r_tpOftvm tavhtx
- rsKd;EG,fpk/ bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&;axGjym;r_ukd vufcHEkdifpGrf;
- EkdifiHa&;ESifh vlr_wefzkd;rsm;tay: trsm;qENvufcHr_
- yk*~Kdvfa&;ukd;uG,fvGef;r_r&Sdjcif;eJ@ tm%m&Sifacgif;aqmifaoqkH;r_
- òrdŒjyjzpfxGef;jcif;/ pufr_xGef;um;jcif;
txufaz: jyyg tcsuftvufrsm;[m 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;
jzpfatmifyHhykd;ay;wJh oDtkd&Dta=umif;&if;cHrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? okd@aomf 'Drkdu&ufwkduf
aZ;&Sif;ta=umif;w&m;rsm;[m wpfae&meJ@ wpfae&m/ wpfcsdefrSwpfcsdef trsKd;rsKd;
uGmjcm;aewwfygw,f? tJh'Dvkdta=umif;w&m; trsKd;rsKd;uGmjcm;jcif;u atmufyg
tqdkðycsufrsm; xkwfay;ygw,f?
(1) Ekid if w
H pfEidk if H (ok@d ) wkid ;f jynftm;vk;H &JŒ 'Dru dk a&pDz@HG òzd;r_udk &Si;f jyzk@d vkaH vmuf
wJhwpfckwnf;aom ta=umif;tcsuftvufqkdwm r&dS?
(2) wkdif;jynftm;vkH; 'Drkdua&pDzGH@òzd;apzkd@ wpfckwnf;aom ta=umif;tcsufqkd
wmr&SdEkdif? rvkdtyf?
(3) wkid ;f jynfwpfcpk &D ŒJ 'Dru dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f jzpfpOfqw dk m ta=umif;w&m;rsK;d pkH
aygif;pkHpkpnf;r_&JŒ&v'fjzpf?
(4) 'Drkdua&pDukd xkwfvkyfay;wJh ta=umif;w&m;aygif;pkH[m EkdifiHwpfckeJ@wpfck
uGmjcm;?
(5) v_id ;f wpfcu k jdk zpfay:apwJh ta=umif;w&m;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;v_id ;f wpfcu k jdk zpfapwJh
ta=umif;w&m;rsm; uGmjcm;?
wwd,v_dif;ukdqef;ppfjcif;
wwd,v_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd qef;ppfzkd@qkd&if ar;cGef;ESpfckukd t&if

ajz=unfzh @dk vkyd gr,f? yxr tJ'w
hD wd,v_id ;f rSm Ekid if o
H ;Hk q,favmufyJ tm%m&Sipf epf
uae 'Drkdua&pDqD ul;ajymif;cJh+yD;/ tjcm;EkdifiHwpf&mausmfu bma=umifh rul;ajymif;
20
EkdifwmvJ? 'kwd, tJ'Dh EkdifiHawG&JŒ tpkd;&tajymif;tvJ[m 1970ESpfrsm;eJ@ 1980jynfh
vGefESpfrsm;rSmjzpfcJh+yD; 'Dht&if bmvkd@rjzpfwmvJ?
yxrar;cGef;eJ@ywfoufvkd@ajym&&if EkdifiHawG[m tm%m&Sifpepfuae 'Drkd
ua&pDuu dk ;l ajymif;ovm; rul;ajymif;bl;vm;qkw d mu xdEk idk if aH wG&dS tm%m&Sit
f pk;d &
rsm;&J@ oabmobm0taetxm;ay:rSm wnfEkdifygw,f? wwd,v_dif;rSm 'Drkdua&pD
ul;ajymif;vmwJh tpkd;&awG&JŒykHpHu trsKd;rsKd;ygyJ? wygwDpepf/ ppftpkd;&/ yk*~Kdvfa&;xl
axmifwJh tm%m&Sifpepf/ tom;ta&mif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_pepfawG yg0ifygw,f?
'DEkdifiHawG&JŒtm%m&Sifuae 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;ykHukd =unfh&if ykHpH (5)rsKd;
(five pattern) xkwf,lEkdifygw,f?
oHo&mvnfykHpH (cyclical pattern)

tcsKŒd wkid ;f jynfawG[m 'Dru
dk a&pDe@J tm%m&Sipf epft=um; a&SŒwk;d aemufiif
vGef;xkd;+yD; wvSnfhpDjzpfaeygw,f? 'DykHpH[m vufwiftar&duu tm*sifwD;em;/
b&mZD;/ yD¶l;/ bkdvD;AD;,m; tDauGa'gwkd@eJ@ wl&uD/ Ekduf*sD;,m;wkd@rSmjzpfcJhygw,f?
tm%m&Sifjzpfvkduf/ 'Drkdua&pDjzpfvkduf/ tm%m&Sifjyefjzpfvkduf pojzifh? vltrsm;a¶G;
cs,fwJh 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&rsm;eJ@ acgif;rmwJh tm%m&Sifpepftpkd;&rsm;t=um; vl;vm;
qefcwf jzpfaeygw,f?
'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&rsm;atmufrSm/ tpGef;a&muft,l0g'&Sdr_/ t*wdvkdufpm;r_/
rwnf+idrfr_awG[m vufrcHEkdifwJh taetxm;tqifha&mufvm+yD; ppfwyfuðzwfcsr_
awGtxd jzpfvmw,f? wcg ppftpkd;&uvnf; wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;jy\em rukdifwG,f
wwfr_eJ@ ppfAkdvfawG t&yfbuf tvGeftu|H0ifpGufvmr_awGa=umifh jynfolu zdtm;
ay;vkd@ a¶G;aumufyGJawG jyefusif;yay;&w,f? 'Drkdua&pDwvSnfh tm%m&Sif wvSnfhpD
jzpfaewmukdu 'Dwkdif;jynfawG&JŒEkdifiHa&;pepfvkd@ ajym&rvm;yJ?
'kwd,t}udrf}udK;pm;r_ykHpH (second - try pattern)

tm%m&SifpepfeJ@wkdif;jynf[m 'Drkdua&pDqDul;ajymif;vmw,f? 'gayr,fh
ajymif;vmwJh'Drkdu&ufwpfpepf[m ratmifjrifbJusqkH;oGm;jyefw,f? ta=umif;u
awmh tJ'w hD idk ;f jynfrmS 'Dru
dk a&pDtwGuv f t
dk yfwhJ vlrt_ ajccHawGr&Sv d @dk / 'Dru
dk &ufwpf
acgif;aqmifopfawGuvnf; tpGef;a&mufay:vpDeJ@ t,l0g'awGuae ru|wfEkdifao;
vkd@/ pD;yGm;a&;uyfeJ@ ppfyGJawGóuHawG@cJh&vkd@ pojzifh? aemufqkH; tm%m&Siftpkd;&yJ
tcsdefumvwpfckxd tm%mjyefukdifcJhygw,f?
okd@aomf 'Dwkdif;jynfawGu 'kwd,t}udrf 'Drkdua&pDpepf&atmif ykdóud;pm;
=uw,f? t&if'rD u dk a&pDusio hf ;Hk &mrSm ratmifjrifcw hJ mawGudk acgi;f aqmifawGu oif
cef;pm,l=uw,f? *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef/ =op}wD;,m;/ ukdvHbD,m/ pydef/ ay:wl*D/
*&d/ ukd&D;,m;/ csuf/ ykdvefwkd@[m 'kwd,v_dif;rSm ratmifjrifcJhwmukd oifcef;pm,l+yD;
wwd,v_dif;rSm wkd;wufatmifjrifatmif vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f?
21
wef@&yfwkH@qkdif;ykHpH (interrupted democracy)

tcsKdŒwkdif;jynfawG[m umv=um&Snf 'Drkdua&pDwnf&Sdxdef;odrf;+yD;om;
jzpfcJhw,f? okd@aomf tcsdefwpfckrSm rwnf+idrfr_/ tpGef;a&mufr_/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfpwJh
tajctaeawGa=umifh olwkd@&JŒ &SdESifh+yD;om;'Drkdua&pD[m wef@&yfqkdif;iHoGm;cJhw,f?
1970 ESpfrsm;rSm tdENd,eJ@zdvpfykdifrSm 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;&JŒ nHhzsif;r_
a=umifh =um;jywfoGm;cJhygw,f? O¶ka*G;eJ@ csDvDwkd@rSmvnf; a¶G;aumufcH'Drkdua&pD
acgi;f aqmifrsm;nHzh si;f r_a=umifh ppfacgi;f aqmifawG tm%modr;f cJw h ,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'h D
wkid ;f jynfrsm;&JŒ&Snvf sm;wJh 'Dru
dk a&pDtawG@tóuHrsm;a=umifh tm%m&Sif wdr;f !$wcf sif
olawGu 'Drkdua&pDusifhokH;r_awGukd vkH;0rz,f&Sm;EkdifcJhygbl;?
wkduf&kduful;ajymif;r_ (direct transition)

wnf+idrfaewJh tm%m&Sifpepfwpfckuae wnf+idrfwJh'Drkdua&pDpepfqD ¶kwf
w&uful;ajymif;oGm;jcif;rsKd;ygyJ? 'DjzpfpOfrSm tm%m&Sifpepfukd 'Drkdua&pDpepfu
¶kww f &uftpm;xk;d ,lEidk jf cif;eJ@ tm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS ykrH eS q
f ifu
h w
J ;dk wufaer_awG
&Sdygw,f? ¶kdar;eD;,m;/ bla*;&D;,m/ xkdif0rf/ ruUpDukd/ *GgwDrmvm/ t,fvfqmaA;'kd;/
[Gef'l;&yfeJ@ eDum&m*Ggwkd@[m 'DykHpHeJ@teD;pyfqkH;ygyJ?
ukdvkdeDy,fzsufa&;ykHpH (decolonization pattern)

'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD;wcku ol&JŒukdvkdeDwkdif;jynfawGukd 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwD
usL;&Sif;awG csrSwfusifhokH;apw,f? ukdvkdeDwkdif;jynfav;u vGwfvyfa&;vnf;&vm
a&m [kd;t&ifu vGwfvyfa&;&wJhEkdifiHrsm;eJ@rwlbJ/ olwkd@rSm&Sdxm;wJh 'Drkdu&ufwpf
tifpwDusL;&Sif; tavhtxaumif;awGukd xdef;odrf;=uw,f? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD[m tJ'Dh
EkdifiHrsKd;jzpfw,f? 'kdrDeDuef/ pdef@Aif;qifh/ aqmfvrGefu|ef;/ wlAvl; pwJh EkdifiHi,fav;rsm;
[m +Adwdo#tifyg,m&JŒ tarGaumif;rsm;ukd vufcHxdef;odrf;EkdifcJh=uygw,f?
tckazmfjycJhwJhykHpHrsKd;ukd oauFweJ@ukd,fpm;jyef+yD; ykHazmf=unfhygr,f? ‘A’

u umvwm&SnfwJh tm%m&Sifpepf/ ‘D’ u wnf+idrfwm&SnfwJh 'Drkdua&pD/ ‘a’ u
umvwkd tm%m&Sifpepf/ ‘d’ u oufwrf;wkd rwnf+idrf'Drkdua&pD 'DoauFwrsm;eJ@
'Drkdua&pDzGH@òzd;r_ykHpH (5)rsKd;ukd ykHazmfcs=unfhEkdifygw,f?
(1) oHo&mvnf cyclical

a d a d a d
(2) 'kwd,t}udrfóud;pm;r_ second - type
A d a D
(3) qkdif;iHh'Drkdua&pD interrupted democracy
A D a D
22
(4) wkduf¶kduful;ajymif;r_ direct transition
A D
(5) ukdvkdeDzsufodrf;r_ decolonization
D/a D
wwd,v_dif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;cJhwJh EkdifiHtm;vkH;rSm tJ'DhykHpH (5)cku

okdif;0kdif;yg0ifaew,f? 1974 eJ@ 1990 t=um; 'Drkdua&pD ul;ajymif;cJhwJhEkdifiH (39)EkdifiH
teuf (23)EkdifiH[m ,cif 'Drkdua&pDtawG@tóuH&Sd+yD;om;rsm; jzpfygw,f? ,cif ul;
ajymif;wkef;u ratmifjrifcJhwJhtawG@tóuHukd jyefvnfoifcef;pm,lcJh=uygw,f?
aemuful;ajymif;cJhwJh EkdifiHawG&JŒtwGif;ykdif;rSm tòydifzGH@òzd;r_awG&SdcJhygw,f? 'Dtcsuf
rsm;u 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;cJhwJhEkdifiHrsm;eJ@ rul;ajymif;wJhEkdifiHrsm;t=um; jcm;em;csuf
jzpfygw,f?
'kwd,ar;cGef;/ 1970/ 1980/ 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;usrS tpkd;&tajymif;

tvJawG bma=umifhjzpf&ovJ? 'Dht&ifu bmvkd@ rjzpfovJ? t"dutcsufuawmh
‘jynfolvlxk&JŒ vGwfvyfr_tmomqEN’ [m ykd+yD;}uD;rm;ysHESH@vmjcif;a=umifhygyJ?
uGejf rLepf/ qk&d , S vf pf wygwpD epfrsm;&JŒ zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf r_ sm;/ tm%m&Siq f efrr_ sm;/ pD;yGm;
a&;ratmifjrifrr_ sm;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;qdwo f Ok ;f r_rsm;ukd jynforl sm;u tqk;H pGef ¶G&H mS pdwf
ukefvmjcif;a=umifh jzpfygw,f?
aemuf tJ'q hD ,fcEk pS rf sm;rSm tajymif;tvJ (5)csuu f wwd,v_id ;f rSm yg0if
cJhwJhwkdif;jynfawGukd wGef;ykd@ay;ygw,f?
(1) 'Drkdu&ufwpfwefzkd;awGukd urBmrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vufcHvm+yD;
tm%m&SifpepfawGrSm w&m;0ifr_ (legitimacy) jy\emóuHawG@vm&yg
w,f? pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_/ 1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm; a&eHaps;a&Smhjzpfr_awG
a=umifh w&m;0ifr_avsmhus vmcJhygw,f?
(2) 1960 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm róuHpzl;wJh urBmhpD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ &SdcJhygw,f?
vlaer_tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;r_/ ynma&;jrifhrm;r_/ wkdif;jynftrsm;pkrSm òrdŒjy
vlvwfwef;pm; tjyef@us,fvmr_?
(3) 1963-65 rSm 'kw, d t}udrf AmwDuefaumifpu D uufovpfb&k m;ausmif;
rsm;&JŒ t,ltqeJ@ aqmif¶GufcsufawGrSm t}uD;tus,ftajymif; tvJ
vkyfcJhygw,f? trsKd;om;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG vkyf+yD;
vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifr_awGukd axmufcHaqmif¶Gufygw,f?
(4) jynfyEkdifiHrsm;rSm ay:vpDtajymif;tvJawG &SdcJhygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGef
aESmif;ykid ;f rSm Oa&mybkt H zG@J u tzG@J 0ifw;dk csŒJ a&; t,ltqopfpwifc?Jh tar
&dueftpk;d &u 1974 rSm tjcm;wkid ;f jynfawGrmS 'Dru dk a&pDe@J vl@tcGihf ta&;
wk;d jr‡ivhf yk af qmifz@dk t"durl0g' tajymif;tvJvyk cf ?hJ 1980 jynfv h eG rf sm;rSm
23
qkAd ,
D uf,el ,D &H ŒJ tifyg,mxde;f xm;a&;rludk a*:bmacsmAh u f ajymif;vJypf
cJhw,f?
(5) ESif;abmvkH;jzpfpOf (okd@) qENjyyGJrsm;&JŒtusKd;oufa&mufr_? owif;quf
oG,af &;wk;d wufvmr_a=umifh Ekid if w
H Ekid if &H ŒJ 'Dru
dk a&pDawmif;qkq
d ENjyr_[m
tjcm; rxifrSwfwJhEkdifiHawGqD tvsiftjreful;qufoGm;+yD; wwd,v_dif;
jzpfapzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;cJhw,f?
txufazmfjyyg 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif; ta=umif;w&m;rsm;[m

zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifolrsm; (democratizers) twGuf wpkHw&m
vrf;!$efr_rsm;ygyJ? ?
&nf!$ef; - The Third Wave: by Samuel P. Huntington
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm vlrGJawGu vlcsrf;omawGxuf

tm%mydk&Sdvdrfhr,f/ bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh vlrGJOD;a&u ydkrsm;+yD;/
vlrsm;pk&@J qENu t"duusv@kd ygy?J
t&pPwdkw,fvf (bDpD 384-322)
*&dvlrsdK; tawG;tac:ynm&Sif
twdu k t
f cHawGukd b,favmufvw
G v
f yfciG jhf yKvnf;qdw
k meJ@
'Drdkua&pDudk wdkif;wm&r,f?
tufbD a[mhzfref; (1936-1989)
tar&duefvlrsdK; vlr_a&;ESifh
Edik if aH &;wufºuGvy_ &f mS ;ol
tm%m&Sifpepf&J@ taumif;qHk;vufeufu vSsdK@0Sufa&;jzpfayr,fh/

'Drdkua&pD&J@ taumif;qHk;vufeufu yGifhvif;r_jzpfw,f?
Edkif;vfpf bdk&f (1885-1962)
'def;rwfvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm&Sif/
1922 ckESpf &lyaA'EdkA,fvfqk&Sif
24
'Dru
kd a&pDxikd ;f rdi_ ;f r_
ESifh
o&Jr&Jp;D Edik if rH sm;
7Jjrifhausmfbmomjyefqdkonf
1974 ckESpfupvdk@ tckxdqdk&if EdkifiHao;ao;}uD;}uD; pkpkaygif; (90)ausmf

'Drdkua&pDpepfqD toGiful;ajymif;cJh=uygw,f? 20 &mpktukef 21 &mpk tul;udk=unfh
&if urBmhwdkif;jynfrsm;teuf 60 &mcdkifE_ef;u 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; jzpfvm=uygw,f?
1990 ESprf sm;rSm ruUpu D ekd @J tif'ekd ;D &Sm;wk@d 'Dru
kd a&pDu;l ajymif;Edik cf +hJ yD; 'Dbuf
&mpk tpydkif;rSmyJ ,lu&def;eJ@ a*smf*sD,mwkd@ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_r&SdwJh awmfvSefa&;awG
(Color Revolutions) eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDul; ajymif;EdkifcJh=uygw,f? tm&yfurBmrSmawmif
'Drdkua&pDt&dyfta,mifudk jrifawG@cJh&ygw,f? 2005 ckESpf vufbEGef&JŒ 'Drdku&ufwpf
tiftm;pkawGu qD;&D;,m;wyfawGudk +idrf;csrf;pGmarmif;xkwfEdkifcJhovdk/ tD&wfjynfol
awGvnf; &mpk0uftwGif; yxrqkH; rJay;EdkifcJh=uygw,f?
odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;p wdkif;jynfrsm;&JŒ atmifyGJ[m wm&SnfcHr_/
&ifh usurf a_ wGr&Sb d J tcuftcJaygi;f pkH &ifqikd óf uHawG@ae&ygw,f? tckEpS af wGtwGi;f rSm
tm%m&Sifpepfuae jyefºuGwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_dif; aES;auG;ae+yD; urBm}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pD
qkwf,kwfusqif;r_ (Democratic recession) xJ av#musoGm;aeygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&; ,m,Dxdkif;r_dif;usqif;r_udk &Dquf&Sif;vkd@ abm*aA'rSm okH;E_ef;yg
w,f? tcku pD;yGm;a&;&Dquf&iS ;f 0ifvmovd/k 'Dru kd a&pD &Dquf&iS ;f vnf; jyefjzpfaewJh
umvyg? Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;/ ±k&Sm;/ xdkif;/ AifeDZGJvm;/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfeJ@ zdvpfydkifwdk@rSm 'Drdku
a&pD[m wnf+idrf&ifhusufr_ r&Edkifao;bJ/ tcuftcJaygif;pkH &ifqdkifae&jyefygw,f?
2007 'DZifbmrSm uifnmEdkifiH&JŒ a¶G;aumufyGJrJvdrfr_u t=urf;zufr_awG
txdjzpfcJhw,f? csDvD/ *gem/ ydkvefeJ@ awmif tmz&dupwJh 'Drdkua&pDcsefyD,HawGrSm
awmif pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; (Governance) tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdae+yD;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒ
tpmrausr_awG óuHawG@aeygw,f? awmiftm&Su 'Drdkua&pDtdENd,EdkifiH&JŒ ab;ywf
ywfvnfrSm 'Drdkua&pDr[kwfwJhEdkifiHawG 0dkif;ywfxm;ygw,f? tm&yfurBmrSmvnf;
bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufr_eJ@ t=urf;zufr_awGa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDwdk;wufr_[m r_ef&D
a00dk;w0g; jzpfaeygw,f?
'Drdkua&pD[m aemufxyf qufrjzef@usufEdkifao;cif t&ifqkH;&SdESifh+yD;om;
EdkifiHawGrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJ+rJtajcuszkd@ vdktyfaeygw,f? wdk;wufay:xGufvmwJh
'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH wGu olw@dk &ŒJ tkycf sKyfa&;jy\emudk olw@dk bmomajz&Si;f Edik w f ,fqw kd m
25
jyo&r,f? olwkd@EdkifiHom;awGudk vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_/ aumif;rGefwJhb0eJ@ oy`m

,r#wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGjzpfatmif jznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifay;Edkifw,fqdkwm jy&r,f?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;[m &mZ0wfr_eJ@ t*wdvdkufpm;r_udk xdxda&mufa&muf
rxde;f csKyfEikd &f if/ pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufatmif rvkyaf qmifEikd &f if/ qif;&Jcsr;f omrnDr#ra_ wG
av#mhcsray;Edkif&if/ vGwfvyfr_eJ@ Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&&SdatmifrvkyfEdkif&if aemufqkH;us vlxk
[m 'Drdkua&pDudkt,kHt=unfrJhvm+yD; tm%m&Sifvrf;a=umif;ay: jyefwufzkd@ OD;vSnfh
rSmyJjzpfygw,f?
tay:,HAef;jyr_udk ausmfvGefI
taemufu ay:vpDa&;qGJolrsm;u urBmtESH@'Drdkua&pDxdkif;r_dif;r_ &Dquf

&Sif; jzpfvmaewmudk owdðyrd[efrwlygbl;? ±k&Sm;eJ@ Edkuf*sD;,m;vdk r[mAsL[mus
EdkifiH}uD;awGrSm 'Drdkua&pD[m bufjyefaeygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ tm%mvufwH csJŒum;
vGef;+yD; twdkuftcHeJ@ rD'D,mawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG&Sdvmygw,f? wzufowfuswJh
a¶G;aumufyaJG wGu tajccH'rD u kd a&pD vkyx f ;Hk awGudk uG,af ysmufapygw,f? AifeZD v JG m;
rSm [l*dkcsmAwfu tajccHOya'rSm tpdk;&tm%m tuef@towfrJh tokH;ðyEdkifa&;
jyefwifygw,f?
a¶G;aumufyGJpepfrSmvnf; tm;enf;csufeJ@ rSm;,Gif;r_awG&Sdaeygw,f? t
aemufEdkifiHacgif;aqmifawG (txl;ojzifh Oa&my) u twkta,mifa¶G;aumufyGJawG
eJ@ w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh a¶G;aumufyGJawGudk aumif;csD;=obmay;+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDoduQm
tqifhtwef;r&Sdr_udk a0zefzkd@awmh vufwGef@aeygw,f?
zGH@òzd;qJeJ@ ,cif uGefjrLepfEdkifiHa[mif;awGrSmqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m tay:,H
Aef;jy vl=um;aumif;±ko H ufoufjzpf+yD;/ nHzh si;f wJh pDrt H yk cf sKyfry_ pHk H (Bad Governance)
rsK;d pkeH @J wif;=urf;jynfah eygw,f? tm%mtvGo J ;Hk vGe;f wJh &JXmeeJ@ axmufvrS ;f a&;awG/
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGifhxl;cHpD;yGm;a&;orm;awG/ u|rf;usifr_r&SdwJh AsL±dkua&pD óud;eDpepf
awG/ aiGrsm;w&m;Edik ±f ;Hk awmfe@J w&m;ol}uD;awG/ rdrt d odik ;f t0dik ;f eJ@ rdom;pktusK;d pD;yGm;
uvG+J yD; Edik if o H m;wk@d wm0ef bmrSr,lwahJ cgi;f aqmife@J t&m&Sad wGu tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;
,E W&m;rSm }uD;pdk;xm;ygw,f?
tJ'D Edik if aH wGrmS qif;&JwahJ tmufajcvlxt k zk@d ‘Edik if oH m;’ (Citizen) qdw k m
trnfemrr#omyJ? Edik if aH &;yg0ifaqmif¶u G Ef ikd rf _ vrf;a=umif;u &Sm;yg;+yD; ajyma&;qdck iG hf
bmrSr&Syd g? Edik if o H m;awG[m ud, k jhf y\emud, k &f iS ;f +yD; ud, k w hf m0efu, kd ,
f ?l a¶G;aumuf
yGJawmh usif;yyg&JŒ? rJ0,f/ rJvdrf/ rJ0,faeus azmufonfygwDawGyJ t+rJtEdkif&?
ygvDrefawmh&Sdayr,fh rJqENe,ftm;vkH;udk udk,fpm;ðywmr[kwf? tajccHOya'awG
awmh pm¶Gufay:rSm Oya'pum;vkH;cef@cef@awGeJ@a&;xm;yg&JŒ touf0ifr_ur&Sd?
tusKd;qufu a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; rJxnfhwJhvlxk[m cyfrmrm cyf=urf;
=urf; orwylwifvdk tm%m&SifqD jyefvnfoGm;wwfygw,f? AifeDZGJvm;u tajym
26
aumif;wJh [l*dkcsAwfqD wdrf;!$wfoGm;ygw,f? xdkif;EdkifiHrSm aus;vufrJqEN&SifawGu
oufqifvdk tm%m&Siw f pfyikd ;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siw f pfyikd ;f udyk J wrf;wrf;wwjzpfaeyg
w,f?
'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm a,bl,suswJh pdefac:r_awG&Sdaeygw,f?
'Dru kd a&pD,Eœ&m; =um&Sn+f rJ+rHz@dk q&kd if tpd;k &rsm;[m jynfov l x l &k ŒJ toHukd em;axmif
ay;&r,f? vlx&k ŒJ yl;aygi;f yg0ifru _ kd t+rJxad wG@&,lae&r,f? vlx&k ŒJ &ydik cf iG ehf @J vGwv f yf
cGifhawGudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? vlxk&JŒvdktyfcsufawGudk wm0ef,ljznfhqnf;ay;
&ygr,f?
Edik if w
H Edik if H 'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfz@dk q&kd if a¶G;aumufyyJG rHk eS u f si;f y±keH @J r+yD;ygb;l ? vGwf
vyfpGmpnf;±kH;EdkifcGifh/ v_H@aqmfcGifh/ òydifqdkifEdkifcGifhawG ay;xm;zdk@vdkygw,f? w&m;r#w+yD;
ormorwfusus a¶G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf sK;d &S&d r,f? rJ&v'f tjiif;yGm;r_rsK;d udk orm"d
&Sd&Sd ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&r,f? rD'D,mawG&JŒ wefjyefowif;axmuf =unfh±_cGifhawG ay;xm;&
r,f? a¶G;aumufyGJvkyfief;awGtay: vGwfvyfpGmapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@awGtwGuf wHcg;
zGifhay;xm;&ygr,f? odk@aomf 2007 eJ@ 2008 ckESpftwGif; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;rSm tJ'D
pHE_ef;awGusqif;vmwmudk ppfwrf;awGu azmfjyaeygw,f?
tjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS rajymeJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS awmif Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/ Edik if H
a&;orm;awGeJ@ tpdk;&t&m&SdawGtay: ,kH=unfr_uG,faysmufukefygw,f? t"du
tcsufuawmh jynfol@tusKd;xuf olwkd@tusKd;yJ a&SŒ±_=uvGef;vkd@ jzpfygw,f?
a¶G;aumufyJG rJvrd n f pfrr_ sm;eJ@ wwdik ;f jynfv;Hk jcpm;aewJh vbfay;vbf,rl _
rsm;u &&SdESifh+yD;om; 'Drdkua&pDwefzkd;awGudk zsufqD;ypfygw,f? wu,fvkd@ Edkuf*sD;&D;
,m;om ppftm%m&Sipf epfqjD yefomG ;+yD; Edik if aH &;uaomif;ueif;awGjzpfc&hJ if tmz&du
wckvkH;&JŒ 'Drdku&ufwpfar#mfvifhcsufawG vGifhaysmufoGm;apEdkifw,f? tmz&duwdkuf
[m 'Drdkua&pDvufawG@rusbJ/ w0ufwysuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfae&if/ tmz&duwdkif;jynf
awG[m b,fawmhrStm%m&Sifpepfu vGwfawmhrSmr[kwfbl;? 'Dawmh tmz&du
wdkufrSm 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifpGmusifhokH;jywJh pHjyEdkifiHrsKd; &Sdudk&Sdae&vdrfhr,f?
o&Jr&JpD;EdkifiH
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ (odk@) vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf[m 'Drdkua&pD

zG@H òzd;zk@d tajccHaumif;awG zefw;D ay;w,fv@dk r=umc% ajym=uygw,f? aocsmygw,f?
'Drdkua&pD&&Sdzkd@u twdkif;twmwpfcktxd pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_eJ@ aps;uGufwHcg;zGifhr_tay:
wnfrSDaeygw,f?
odk@aomf urBmhqif;&JwJh wdkif;jynftrsm;pkrSm ‘pD;yGm;a&;onf yxr’ aqmif
¶Gufcsuf[m jy\emeJ@ aemufbufjyefoGm;wmawG&Sdvmygw,f? pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_
(Governance) xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wk;d wufrr_ &S&d if/ pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufr[ _ m b,frrS a&muf
ovd/k a&&Snx f ed ;f rxm;Edik yf gb;l ? t*wdvu
kd pf m;r_ukd xde;f csKyfz@dk e@J vlvrd v
f n
l mawGukd
27
tjypfay;ta&;,lz@dk w&m;a&;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f aumif;awGr&S&d if pD;yGm;a&;wk;d

wufr_azmfaqmifwJh ay:vpDawG[m xda&mufrSmr[kwfovdk/ tusKd;tjrwfawG[m
vnf; ta[moduH jzpfukefygvdrfhr,f?
'DudpPrSm uifnmEdkifiHu Oyrmaumif;ygyJ? vGefcJhwJhig;ESpf orwuDbmuD&JŒ
acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS uifnm[m yxrqk;H t}udrf pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufatmifjrifra_ wG
&&Scd yhJ gw,f? ESppf Of 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ykrH eS w
f ;dk wufra_ wG&cdS +hJ yD; tajccHynm tcrJo h if,El ikd cf iG hf
awG vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? od@k aomf 2007 'DZifbm orwa¶G;aumufyrJG mS rJvrd rf a_ wG
&Sdw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJwmawGxGufvm+yD;aemuf vlrsKd;pkt=urf;zuf a'golykefxr_awGuae
pD;yGm;a&;ysufjym;r_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f?
orwuDbmuD[m pD;yGm;a&;rsuEf mS pmrSm aqmif¶u G rf r_ nHo
h vd/k jynfwiG ;f
[dkw,feJ@ c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief; atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh xkeJ@xnfeJ@v_dufpm;aewJh tusifhysufr_awG/ rsKd;EG,fpkbufvdkufrsufESmom
ay;r_awG/ a¶G;aumufyrJG ormr_awGukd Edik if aH &;enf;vrf;wus udik w f , G zf @dk ysuuf u
G cf yhJ g
w,f? tJ'D tqdyw f ufaewJh t±_yt f axG;awGuyJ uifnm&JŒ Eke,fwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDopfukd
uorf;u&rf;tajcpdkufatmif wGef;ydk@ypfygw,f?
a&SŒvmr,fh q,fpkESpfawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD&JŒuH=urRmudk urBmhusef&SdaewJh
tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ qufcsŒJ um;r_rsK;d u rqk;H jzwfEikd yf gb;l ? uifnmvdk ab;ruif;wJh rwnf
r+idrf 'Drdkua&pD (at-risk democracy) rsKd;awGu urBmh'Drdkua&pDtem*wfudk tqkH;
tjzwf ay;ygvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvdk uorf;u&rf; 'Drdkua&pDpm&if;rSm EdkifiH(50)ausmf
avmuf yg0ifaeygw,f?
trsm;pku vufwiftar&dueJ@ u&pfbD,H/ tm&S'Drdkua&pD &SpfEdkifiHxJu
av;EdkifiH/ Oa&my,leD,HxJ ryg0ifao;wJh qdkAD,ufvGef 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtm;vkH;eJ@
tmz&du'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH tukefvkH;ygyJ? aemufq,fpkESpf&JŒ t"duvkyfief;uawmh tJ'D
EdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD}uHcdkifatmif usm;uefay;zkd@ygyJ?
nHhzsif;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (Poor Governance) awGu ab;ruif;wJh
uorf;u&rf; 'Drdkua&pDawG azmif;yGjyef@ESH@apygw,f? tJ'DEdkifiHawG[m tusifhysuf
jcpm;r_eJ@ Oya'tvGJokH;tkyfcsKyfr_ykHpHawGrSm acsmifydwfrdaeygw,f? nHhzsif;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_
ykHpHawGudku olwkd@EdkifiHawG&JŒ yifudk,fp±dkuf/ obm0tajctaeawGyJvdk@awmif ynm
&SiftcsKdŒu &yfcHvmw,f?
tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSm ESpfaxmifeJ@csD+yD; vl@rvdkiftkyfpkawGuyJ tm%mudkvuf0g;
}uD;tkyfxm;wJhtavhtx obm0&SdcJhygw,f? yGifhvif;jrifomwJh Oya'awG/ tm;
aumif;wJh tifpwDusL;&Si;f awGe@J aps;uGuòf ydiq f ikd rf a_ wGukd zG@H òzd;atmifvyk +f yD; tm%mudk
cGJa0uef@owfzkd@ rpGrf;EdkifcJh=uygbl;? vl@rvdkiftkyfpkawGu olwkd@tm%mudk uspfuspf
qkyfudkif+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tusKd;xuf olwkd@udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf aps;uGufòydifqdkifr_
udk uef@owfydwfyifxm;wwf=uygw,f? &v'fuawmh acgif;ykHjzwftjrwf}uD;pm;
o&Jr&JpD;EdkifiH (Predatory State) rsm; jzpfvmygawmhw,f?
28
t+rD;usuft+rD;pm; om;&Jvl@tzGJ@tpnf;
'Dvkd Edik if rH sK;d awGrmS vl@rvdik af wG&ŒJ tðytrlu tcGit hf vrf;t+rJacsmif;ae+yD;

oHo,pdwfu}uD;vGef;ygw,f? tòydiftqdkif a¶G;aumufyGJawG&Sd&ifvJ udk,fEdkifol±_H;
tjywfaqmf aoG;xGufoH,dkyGJawG jzpfvmygw,f? omrefjynfolawGu wu,fhppfrSef
wJh EdkifiHom;tqifhr&&SdbJ/ a'ocHt}uD;tuJ q&m}uD;rsm;&JŒ rJ0,fcHazmufonfawG
ygyJ? a'ocHq&m}uD;rsm;udkvnf; olwkd@txuftm%m&Sd q&mhq&m}uD;rsm;u jyef
0,fae=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
tm%meJ@tqifhtwef; wbufapmif;eif;rnDr#r_awGu txufatmuf
rSDcdkr_ uGif;qufawG/ vufoyfarG;r_awG/ zdESdyfr_awG jzpfvmapygw,f? tajymta[m
aumif;ol tm%mae&m&vm+yD; vlrsKd;pGJ rmetmCwawGudk }uD;xGm;vmapygw,f?
trsm;jynfoltwGuf aqmif¶GufwJhrl0g'awG tpDtpOfawG[m bmrSt&mra&mufyg
bl;? ta=umif;uawmh tkyfcsKyfolawGrSm 'gawGudk wu,fwrf; xdxda&mufa&muf
atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfvdkpdwf r&Sdvdk@ygyJ?
t&m&SdawGu EdkifiHay:uae tjrwfxkwf=u+yD; tm%mt&SdqkH;olawGu
tm;enf;wJh vlxktay: Edkifpm;ygw,f? 'Dtpdk;&&JŒ &nf¶G,fcsufu vrf;awG wHwm;
awG/ aq;±kaH wG/ aq;cef;eJ@ a&qd;k ajrmif;pepfpwJh trsm;jynfo@l tusK;d (Public goods)
vkyfaqmifzkd@ r[kwfbl;? t&m&SdawGu olwkd@rdom;pkeJ@ rdwf&if;aqGo[m aumif;usKd;
awG twGufom jzpfaeygw,f?
t*wdvu kd pf m;r_[m ae@pOfpEH e_ ;f wckvkd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@jzpfae+yD; Edik if aH &;
yg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifcGifhudk txufu udkifxm;ygw,f? vlxkeJ@tkyfcsKyfolt=um; xdawG@
Edik rf u
_ usKv H +DS yD; tay;t,luwdu0wfðyEdik rf u _ &Sm;yg;ygw,f? vlwikd ;f [m acgi;f ykjH zwf
cHxm;&ordk@ raysmfr&$ifeJ@ pGrf;&nfrJhaeovdkygyJ?
Edkif&mpm; ab;ruif;wJhEdkifiHawG[m 'Drdkua&pDudk rxdef;Edkifao;ygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDa&&Snfxdef;Edkifzkd@qdkwm tajccHOya'/ tjyeftvSef tay;t,lnd‡,lEkdifr_
(Compromise) eJ@ Oya'av;pm;r_wdk@ vdktyfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_udkvnf;
'DEdkifiHawGrSm a&&Snf rxdef;xm;Edkifygbl;? xkwfukefvkyfief;aqmif¶Gufr_awGrSm vdktyf
r,fh t&if;twGuf &if;ESD;ðryfESHolaiG&Sifa=u;&SifawGudk rqGJaqmifEdkifvkd@yJ jzpfygw,f?
urf;ukeaf tmif qd;k oGr;f wJh ab;ruif;wJEh ikd if aH wGu Edik &f mpm; bDv;l obuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG (Predatory States) jzpfay:apygw,f? ukex f w k v
f yk if ef;aqmif
&Gurf /_ ±d;k om;pGm pGe@f pm;vkyu f ikd rf a_ wGa=umifh vlawG rcsr;f omygb;l ? tm%meJ@tcGix hf ;l
udk jc,fvS,fupm;vkd@/ EdkifiHawmfqDu cdk;0Sufvkd@/ tm;enf;olawGqDu acgif;ykHjzwf
tjrwf}uD;pm;vk@d / Oya'udrk vSrd w hf ywfvyk v
f @dk pwmawGa=umifh csr;f omvm=uygw,f?
tJ'hD t+rD;usuf t+rD;pm; o&Jr&Jp;D vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGrmS Edik if aH &;vkyo f al wG
[m tm%meJ@"eudkom&zdk@qdk&if b,fvdkatmufvrf;enf; okH;& okH;&/ b,fOya'
csKd;azmuf& csKd;azmuf& 0efrav;ygbl;? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGu a¶G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk
29
vmbfxdk;w,f/ twdkuftcHawG v_yf&Sm;pnf;±kH;r&atmif wdkufcdkufw,f? òydifbuf

avmif;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfw,f? orwrsm;[m twdkuftcHawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufE_wf
ydwfzkd@ óud;pm;w,f? axmifcs/ wu|ef;ydk@/ ±kH;wif/ vdktyf&if owfypfwJhtxdygyJ?
tpd;k &0ef}uD;awG[m jynfo@l vyk if ef;awGta=umif;jy+yD; aiGEu d_ zf @dk yJ wcsed v
f ;Hk
}uHpnfaeygw,f? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;u olwkd@ cdk;0Sufxm;wmawG umuG,fEdkifatmif
vufeufpkaqmif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm &JeJ@&mZ0wfom;=um; vrf;
a=umif;awG&Sd+yD; ESpfOD;pvkH;u rxl;rjcm;em;ygyJ? &JXme[m Oya'touf0ifatmif
rvkyfEdkifovdk/ w&m;ol}uD;awGu Oya'twdkif; rqkH;jzwfEdkifygbl;? tcGeft&m&Sdu
b¾maiGukd tdyaf xmifxx J nf+h yD; ukexf w k vf yk o
f ul wu,ft h &nftaoG;rSD xkwu f ek f
rxkwfEdkifygbl;? b%fvkyfief;&Sifu aiGr&if;Edkifovdk/ acs;olu jyefrqyfEdkifygbl;?
vrf;a=umif;wdkif;[m tcGifhta&;orm;awG tyG}uHzkd@ zGifhxm;ay;ovdkygyJ?
trSefawmh a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifr,fh h'Drdkua&pDeJ@zGH@òzd;r_rSm wufºuGtouf0if
r,fh ‘EdkifiHom;&yf0ef;’ (Civic Communities) awG vdktyfygw,f? qdkvdkwmu EdkifiH
om;awG[m wOD;udkwOD; ,kH=unfr_eJ@ tjyeftvSef EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl &Sdzkd@
vdkygw,f? a&&SnfwnfwHhr,fh 'Drdkua&pDrSm bufvdkufr_uif;wJh w&m;a&;pepf/ vGwf
vyfwJh pm&if;udkiftzGJ@ pwJh aumif;rGefwJhtkyfcsKyfr_aumif;qdkif&m tifpwDusL;&Sif;awG
touf0if+yD;/ EdkifiHom;tðytrlawGudk wkd;wufap&ygr,f?
tusifhysufjcpm;r_&SdwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ tm%mtvGJokH;r_awGudk Oya'pdk;rdk;r_eJ@
(,Ofaus;r_e@J tifpwDusL;&Si;f ESpcf pk vk;H eJ@yg) xde;f csKypf nf;aESmifxm;&ygr,f? t&yfbuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; (Civil Society) tm;aumif;armif;oef jzpfvmatmif vkyf&yg r,f?
'Dvdkaumif;rGefwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm jynfolawGu Oya'udk vdkufem=uvdrfhr,f?
tcGefawG ay;aqmif=uvdrfhr,f/ trsm;jynfol@vkyfief;awGrSm EdkifiHom;pdwftjynfheJ@
vkyfudkif=uygvdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkrvkyf&ifvnf; olwkd@tjypfay;cH&r,fqdkwm od=uygw,f?
bDvl;obufrsm;atmufu vGwfajrmufa&;
'Dru kd a&pDatmifjrifz@dk q&kd if tkypf ;kd olawG&ŒJ om;&Jw&d pd m> eftavhtxawGukd

tm;aumif;wJhOya'awG/ bufrvdkufwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGuae xdef;csKyfuef@owf
ay;&ygr,f? ydwq f @dk aewJh om;&Jobuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGukd 'Dru kd a&pDwcH g;zGiahf y;Edik f
zkd@ tajccHuswJh wDxGifqef;opfr_tcsKdŒvkyfzkd@ vdktyfygw,f?
Edik if o H m;awGu vl@rvdik t f v$m&JŒ tay:pD;qefre_ @J tm%m&Siw f @dk &ŒJ tkycf sKyfr_
udkpdefac:Edkifzkd@ vlrsKd;pkeJ@ a'ouGm[csuf toD;oD;udkqGJaph+yD; csdwfqufr_awG wnf
aqmuf=u&ygr,f? 'DhtwGuf vGwfvyfwJh toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ tm;aumif;wJh t&yfbuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ owif;rD'D,m/ ynm&SiftpktzGJ@ (Think Tanks) awG vdkygw,f?
Edik if o
H m;rsm;&JŒ eDwpd EH e_ ;f awGxed ;f ay;zk@d / jynfo@l tusK;d aqmif¶uG zf @dk / Edik if oH m;todpw d f
jrifhrm;apzkd@/ vufoifh&m ‘ypm;ay;’ tusifhawGazsmufypfzkd@/ tpdk;&vkyfaqmifr_awG
30
ppfaq;zk@d e@J aumif;rGew f hJ tkycf sKyfa&;,E &W m;jzpfatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;zk@d awGtwGuf tjcm;uGef
,ufrsm;vnf; vdktyfygw,f?
EdkifiHrsm;[m o&Jobuftkyfpdk;olrsm; arG@avsmfwJh twdkif;rJhqkH;jzwfvkyf
aqmifEikd cf iG ahf wGuu kd ef@owfz@dk xda&mufatmifjrifwhJ tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG wnfaxmif
&ygr,f? olwkd@&JŒqkH;jzwfr_awGudk jynfoltrsm;a&SŒrSm ppfaq;Edkifzkd@ w&m;Oya'a&SŒ
arSmufrSm wm0ef,lEdkifzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;&ygr,f?
wm0ef,lr_qdk&mrSm a'gifvdkufeJ@tvsm;vdkuf ESpfydkif;&Sdygw,f? a'gifvdkuf
wm0ef,lr_u Oyrmtm;jzifh ppfrSefwJh'Drdku&ufwpfa¶G;aumufyGJrsKd;ygyJ? 'Drdku&ufwpf
a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm rJay;olOD;a&pm&if;oGif;wmuae rJa&wGufonftxd vdktyfwJh
udpP&yftm;vkH;udk ±dk;±dk;om;om; =um;aeaqmif¶GufEdkifr,fh vGwfvyfwJha¶G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&SifrsKd; vdkygw,f? tjcm;a'gifvdkuf wm0ef,lr_ykHpHawGrSm jynfol@udpP =um;emr_/
tcGeb f ¾maiG ppfaq;r_/ rJq, G pf nf;±k;H r_/ &HyaHk iGxed ;f csKyfr/_ owif;tcsut f vuf vGwf
vyfcGifhOya'&Sdr_wkd@ yg0ifygw,f?
tvsm;vdkuf wm0ef,lr_rSmawmh EdkifiHhXme at*sifpDtcsKdŒrSm tm%meJ@
vkyfydkifcGifhawGtyfESif;+yD; tjcm;tòydifXmeawGudk apmifh=unfhxdef;odrf;zkd@ygyJ? t*wd
vduk pf m;r_wu kd zf suaf &;aumfr&Sirf sK;d udk qdv k w kd myg? 'Dvakd umfr&Siu f a¶G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufcH
&mxl;&&Sdxm;ol&JŒ ydkifqdkifr_pkpkaygif;a=unmzkd@ tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&r,f? xdxd
a&mufa&mufaqmif¶u G zf @dk aumfr&Sirf mS Oya'tm%m/ u|r;f usi0f efxrf;/ acgi;f aqmifr_
aumif;/ aiGa=u;ppfaq;a=unmzk@d t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ rSm;,Gi;f vkyaf qmifr_ wdik =f um;csuf
rsm; ppfaq;&ef/ Oya'csKd;azmufolawGudk ±kH;wifpGJcsufwif&ef pwmawG vdktyfw,f?
aumfr&Sif&JŒtvkyfawGudk tpdk;&Xmetay: rauseyfr_rsm;udk ppfaq;wJh
t&m&Srd sm; (Ombudsmen) / 0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ tjcm; t"duXmersm;udk ppfaq;wJh jynfo@l
pm&if;ppfrsm;/ aiGtvGo J ;Hk r_ tusiyhf surf r_ sm;udk ygvrD ef}uD;=uyfra_ umfrwDa&SŒ =um;em
r_rsm;/ vGwfvyfwJh w&m;a&;Xmersm;eJ@ usm;ueftm;jznfhay;&ygr,f?
ab;ruif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm 'DvdktifpwDusL;&Sif;awG&Sdayr,fhvnf;
aumif;pGmrvkyaf qmifEikd b f J trnfc±H rHk #ygy?J XmeawGrmS vdt k yfwhJ &if;jrpfujywf/ acgi;f
aqmifre_ @J pm&dwu W tmedoifr?hJ od@k r[kw&f ifvnf; ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Si[ f m tm%m&
yg wD&JŒ vufudkifwkwfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;òydifbufawGudk ppfaq;zkd@oufoufom jzpfaeyg
w,f? t*wdvdkufpm;r_wdkufzsufa&;at*sifpD awG[m tpdk;&atmufrSvGwfvyfrSom
xdxda&mufa&mufvkyfaqmifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; toufoGif;
'Dru
kd a&pDukd nHzh si;f pGmaqmif¶u
G af ewJh Edik if aH wGrmS ydrk akd umif;rGet
f m;aumif;
wJh 'Drdku&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;awG &Sdzdk@vdktyfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG/ ygvDrefawG/
a'otpdk;&awGpwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awG[m EdkifiHom;wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; csdwfqufap+yD;
31
EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfxJ yg0ifatmifvkyf&ygr,f?
'Drdkua&pDryDjyifao;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm tJ'D tifpwDusL;awGu EdkifiHom;awG
yg0ify;l aygi;f aqmif¶u G rf _ rsm;vmatmif rvkyaf qmifEikd =f uygb;l ? bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh
EdkifiHa&;pepfawGrSm vl@rvdkifawGu v$rf;rdk;xm;vkd@/ jynfolqDu vmbf,lr_eJ@ trsm;
jynfoludpPtay: wm0efrJhr_awGa=umifh yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_ r&jcif;ygyJ? EdkifiHa&;ygwD
awG twGif;rSmudkyJ yGifhvif;jrifomr_/ xdawG@qufqHEdkifr_awG wkd;wufatmifvkyf&if;
'Drdkua&pDususðyjyifr_awG vkyf&ygOD;r,f?
xda&mufwJh 'Drdkua&pDrSm enf;ynmu|rf;usifr_/ &if;jrpf/ ya&mfzuf&Sife,f
tqift h wef;/ Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;ykq H ikd &f m xdxad &mufa&mufaqmif¶u G Ef ikd rf a_ wG wd;k wuf
atmifvyk zf @dk vdyk gw,f? tJ'w D ;kd wufra_ wGu vkòH cHru _ x
kd ed ;f odr;f zk@d / pD;yGm;a&; pDrcH ef@czJG @dk /
t&HtaqmufttkHzGH@òzd;zkd@/ tjiif;yGm;r_ ajz&Sif;zkd@/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ oef@&Sif;wJha&
pwmawG tusK;d ðyvkyaf qmifz@dk twGuf tpd;k &udk cGiðhf yulnED ikd yf gw,f? t*wdvu d_ pf m;r_
[m tpdk;&tajccH,E W&m;udk v_dufpm;apovdkyJ csdeJ@wJhEdkifiHawmf[m vlxk&JŒwpfOD;eJ@
wpfOD; csdwfqufvkyfaqmifEdkifr_uGef,ufudk zsufqD;ypfygw,f?
aemufq;Hk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOfrmS aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;udk ydzk iG =hf u&ygr,f?
tJ'DrSm ±dk;om;óud;pm;r_/ yk*~vdu u¾ aqmif¶Gufr_awGuae jynfolrsm; "eOpPm
pkaqmif;Edik pf rG ;f &Sad tmif vkyaf qmif+yD;/ tpd;k &u¾yg0ifr_ avsmu h satmif uef@owfay;
&r,f? pD;yGm;a&; toufaoG;a=umrSm tpdk;&xdef;csKyfr_ydk}uD;avav/ t+rD;usuf
t+rD;pm; vl@rvdkiftv$m&JŒjcpm;r_ jzpfEdkifacsydk}uD;avavygyJ?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;eJ@ aumfydka&;&Sif;vkyfief; pwifr_awGrSm tpdk;&±kH;Xmeóud;eD
pepf t[ef@twm;rsm; av#mhcsypfjcif;[m jcpm;r_jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;Edkifygw,f?
v,f,majrydkifqdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmxGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&mif;cscGifh/ vkyfief;ydkifqdkifcGifh pwJh
‘ypPn;f OpPmydik q f ikd cf iG ’hf (Property Rights) awGukd tcdik t f rm tmrcHay;jcif;[m tpd;k &
jcpm;r_udk uef@owfay;r,fh us,fjyef@wJh tifpwDusL;&Sif; uGif;jyif}uD;twGuf tajccH
tkwfjrpfcsay;Edkifjcif; jzpfygw,f?
ta&;ay: tjrefOD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmif&rSmuawmh Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ jr‡ifhwifzkd@eJ@
vlxt k ay:wm0ef,rl q _ ikd &f m tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG tm;aumif;atmif vkyzf @dk ygy?J tpd;k &
vkyfykHvkyfenf; [efajymif;vJjcif;qdkwm EdkifiHa&;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vkyfenf;udkifenf;
ajymif;vJjcif;udk qdkvdkygw,f? qdkvdkwmu tpdk;&t&m&SdawG olwkd@±kH;awGudk b,fvdk
tokH;csvkyfudkifaeovJqdkwm =uyf=uyfrwfrwf t+rJapmifh=unfhxm;zkd@ vdkygw,f?
'g[m ab;ruif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDawG &ifqdkifóuHawG@&wJ tajccHpdefac:r_awG jzpfygw,f?
'Drdku&ufwpf0dnmOf jyefvnfEdk;xapjcif;
vuf&t dS ajctaeu pdw"f gwu

f sz,
G jf zpfayr,fh ar#mv
f ifch suaf wmh&ydS gw,f?
t*wdvdkufpm;r_eJ@ vufowfarG;r_ tusifhEGHxJepfaewJh qif;&JwJhEdkifiHawGrSmawmif
32
EdkifiHom;awG[m o&Jobuftpdk;&rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDvkyfief;pOfawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;zkd@
txyfxyf óud;pm;=uygw,f?
atmufajcvlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;/ a&'D,tkd oHvi$ Xhf mersm;/ qJvzf ek ;f rsm;/ ynm
wwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tifwmeuf pwmawGeJ@csdwfquf+yD; EdkifiHom;awGu t*wd
vdkufpm;r_awGudk pdefac:zkd@/ a¶G;aumufyGJtrSef&v'fumuG,fzkd@/ ydkaumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyf
a&;awmif;qdzk @dk awGtwGuf ,cifb,fwek ;f ueJ@rrS wlbJ Ed;k =um;xºuGvm=uw,f? Edik if H
wumtodkif;t0dkif;twGuf ta&;tygqkH;pdefac:r_u tJ'D ab;ruif;wJh'Drdkua&pD
wdkif;jynfawGu EdkifiHom;awGeJ@twl &yfay;zkd@ygyJ?
tajymif;tvJawGjzpfzkd@ t"duvdktyfwJhtm;uawmh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@
tpdk;&t&mxrf;awGudk,fwdkifu ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf=uzdk@rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sdqdkwm
olwkd@udk,fwdkifodjrifvmzkd@ jzpfygw,f? 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;tapmydkif;rSm tmz&du
tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;[m vGwfvyfwJha¶G;aumufyGJawGqD a¶GŒvm=uw,f? tpdk;&awG
rSm aiGjywfvyfwm&,f ppfom;awGeJ@ 0efxrf;awGudk vpmray;Edkifwm&,fa=umifh
olwkd@rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vrf; a¶G;cs,f±kHrSwyg; tjcm;r&Sdatmif jynfwGif;jynfyu
0dkif;0ef;aygif;pyf zdtm;ay;cJhygw,f?
,ae@tcg urBmrSm 'Drdkua&pDqef@usifr_awG t&Sdeft[kefjrifh+yD; wa=umhjyef
axmifaeygw,f? a&eHºuG,f0wJh ±k&Sm;&JŒ tiftm;jyr_/ a*smf*sD,mtay: apmfum;r_awG
eJ@ tm&S tmz&du u tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGtay: w±kwf&JŒulnDyHhydk;r_awGa=umifh 'Drdku
a&pD Eke,fwJhEdkifiHawGrSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tcuftcJ rsm;pGmóuH&ygvdrfhr,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_ (Better Governance) udk OD;wnfapr,fh
tajymif;tvJawGqD wGef;tm;ay;zkd@qkd&if cdkifrmwJhqkH;jzwfcsufeJ@ EdkifiHwumeJ@ eD;eD;
uyfuyf yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_awG vdkygw,f?
'Drdkua&pD w¶GwfpGJ aemufjyefr_rsKd;pkH ,cktcg&Sdaewma=umifh r[mAsL[m
topfawG cs&r,fhtcsdefygyJ? qdk;¶Gm;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_ (Bad Governance) eJ@ tifpwD
usL;&Sif; vdktyfcsufawG&Sdw,fqdkwJh tajccHjy\emudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;rvnfbl;
qdk&if 'Drdkua&pDysuf,Gif;r_awG ydk+yD;jzpfzG,f&Sdaeygw,f?
ab;ruif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;&JŒ t*wdv_dufpm;r_ xdef;csKyfzkd@eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGeaf pzk@d Edik if w H um&JŒ qk;H jzwfcsuef @J tm;oGecf eG pf u
kd óf ud;yrf;r_awG
r&Sdbl;qdk&if vuf&SdurBmh'Drdkua&pDusqif;r_ &Dquf&Sif;[m urBmvkH;qdkif&m 'Drdku&uf
wpf&Dquf&Sif;qD OD;wnfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'g[m vlom;awG&JŒvGwfvyfr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_udk
trsm;}uD;xdcdkufepfemapygw,f?
&nf ! $ e f ; - The Democratic Rollback : by Larry Diamond
33
'Dru
kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESihf
vlxt
k cef;u¾
armfpD
acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;jcif;/ tay;t,lvkyfjcif;wdk@onf udk,f
pm;ðy 'Dru kd a&pDpepfay:xGe;f pwGif tc&musc+hJ yD;/ vuf&u dS mvwGiv f nf; ta&;ygaeqJ
jzpfonf? odk@aomf a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepf wdk;wufjzpfxGef;a&;twGufrl
jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@.vdkvm;csufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap&ef acgif;aqmifrsm;
tay: rnfr#xdxda&mufa&muf zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; &Sd r&Sd [lonfhtay: wnfrSDv#uf&Sd
onf? xdkuJhodk@ zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;qdkonfuvnf; jynfolwdk@u oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; rnfr#&,loHk;pGJEdkifonf/ rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkif,Hk=unfcsuf
rsm; tjrifrsm; t,ltqrsm;tm; rnfr#xkwfaz:usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf[lonfh jynfol
rsm;.pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfydkifcGifhyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfolrsm;. pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfydkifcGifh
jrifhrm;vma&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&; human empowerment
onf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif ta&;}uD;ayonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;pEdik if rH sm;. 'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufru
_ kd avhvm
ae=uonfh ynm&Sifwdk@. axmufjycsufrSm ,if;EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'Drdkua&pD jzpfxGef;r_
r&Sdjcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDoD0&Drsm;.tqdktwdkif; jynfolvlxk
. vdkvm;csufrsm;u tpdk;&.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufaejcif; r&SdyJ/
EdkifiHa&;tay:v$m&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;u vlxkqENvdkvm;csufrsm;udk t}uD;tus,f
vpfvsL¶_aejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;
effective democracy qdkonfudk em;vnf&efvdktyfvm.?
'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif; Effective Democracy
'Dru kd a&pD. tESpo f m&udak jym&v#if 'Dru kd a&pD[o l nf Edik if o

H m;jynforl sm;
tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;jcif;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyrJG sm;usi;f yay;±Hjk zifh xdt
k ESpo f m&udk r&Edik ?f
xdk@twl jynfolwdk@tm; vkyfydkifcGifhay;onfh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; Oya'jyÏmef;
owfrSwfay;±Hkwifru ‚if;jyÏmef;csufrsm;udk vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:&efvnf;
vdktyfonf? EdkifiHom;wdk@. jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
tpd;k &ESihf tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf;rsm; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u tmrcHjcif;/ av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;
wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDtESpfom&rsm;yif jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_ xda&mufap&ef/
wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;ap&ef a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif;/ a¶G;aumuf
yGJrsm;u vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_&Sdjcif;/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm; uif;rJhjcif;/
34
EdkifiHom;rsm;. vdktyfcsufudk wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf; responsive to citizens' choices
&Sdjcif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u w&m;Oya'tay: av;pm;vdkufemr_&Sdjcif; ponfwdk@ vdktyf
a=umif; ynm&Sirf sm;u qd=k uonf? 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif;udk wdik ;f wm&ef t!$e;f ude;f
rsm; owfrSwf=uonf? wdkif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;tay:rlwnfI EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf
'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_tajctae uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;tm; E_dif;,SOfavhvm=uonf? xdk
tcg avhvmr_rsm;t& vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wonfh a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif;
tcsufjzifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_udkwdkif;wmygu rvHkavmufa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? a¶G;
aumufyGJESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk nDr#jcif;csI r&Edkif? t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm;&Sdaeyg
u/ tpdk;&u wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf;enf;ygu/ jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;
rsm;/ jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; uef@owfcHae&ygu/ w&m;Oya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sdygu
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wonfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSef&Sdaeapumrl 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;
aeonf[lI qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh a¶G;aumufyGJ/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_/ jynfol@
vGwfvyfcGifhESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tpdk;&. aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh
ponfwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;udk wdkif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;jzpf=uonf?
tqdyk gt!$e;f ude;f rsm;jzifh wdik ;f wmavhvmr_rsm;t& 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif;
onf 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; v_yf&Sm;vnfywfr_ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; *k%foduQm
&Sdr_wdk@. &v'fjzpfonf[kqdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m a¶G;aumufyGJtajcðy 'Drdkua&pD
electoral democracy pHE_ef;rsm;xuf awmif;qdkr_ ydkIjrifhrm;onf? vl@pGrf;tm;zGH@òzd;r_
t!$ef;udef; human development index (HDI) tay: tajccHwdkif;wmr_u a¶G;
aumufyGJ tajcðypHE_ef;rsm;xuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif; tqifh'D*&D uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk
ydkIodomxif&Sm;aponf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;onf oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_tqifhtaetxm;ESifh qufpyfaeonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf?
zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_qdkif&m a=umif;csif;&mrsm; developmental factors u 'Drdkua&pD jzpf
ay: jcif;ESihf wnfwchH ikd +f rJjcif; emergence and survival of effective democracy
jzpfpOfwGif t"duusaomtcef;wGif &Sdaeonf? TwGif E_dif;,SOfr_t& twdkif;twm
wpfcktxd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wuf+yD;EdkifiHrsm; states
with developed societal infrastructure wGif 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f r_ ydI k jzpfEikd o
f nf[k
qdk&ayrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufjcif;qdk&mY
pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ ¶ky0f wˆKrsm; wd;k wufjcif;udo k m qdv k jkd cif;r[kw?f jynfow l @kd .
yg0ifr_jrifhrm;jcif;ESifh jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ jynfolwdk@. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhrsm;
tyg t0ifjzpfonf?
jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw

hf ifa&; Human Empowerment
wdkif;jynftm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufrSom 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;

atmifjrifEdkifayrnf? jynfolwdk@. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m jrifhrm;vma&;twGuf jynfol@
35
pGr;f tm;jr‡iw
hf ifa&;onf 'Dru
kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESihf wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f apa&;vkyif ef;wGif
ta&;ygonf? odk@rSom oufqdkif&m vl@abmifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; toGifajymif;vJwnf
aqmufa&;jzpfpOfwGif jynfolwdk@.yg0ifr_udk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifh
wifa&;ESifhywfoufI t"dutm;jzifh atmufygu¾oHk;&yfudk zGH@òzd;ap&efvdktyfonf?
(1) t&if;tjrpfrsm; action resources
(2) udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;r_rsm;
self-expression values
(3) 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; democratic institutions
t&if;tjrpfrsm;[kqdk&mwGif jynfolwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@.udk,fydkifb0rsm;udk

rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif zefwD;jyÏmef;Edkif&efESifh pDrHcef@cGJEdkif&ef vdktyfaom ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ESihf todynm twwfynmqdik &f m t&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifonf? jynfow l @kd .
qENvdkvm;csufrsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufa&;
zdtm;ay; =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkif&ef wdkif;jynf. ¶kyfykdif;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; zGH@òzd;wdk;
wufap+yD; jynfol@wdk@vuf0,f&Sd&rnf? xdkrSwqifh jynfolwdk@. ynma&;tqifh
twef;/ vlr_b0tqifhtwefrsm; jrifhwufvmEdkifrnfhtaetxm;odk@ a&mufEdkifrnf
[lonfh t,ltqjzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m jynfolwdk@. t&if;tjzpfrsm; zGH@òzd;a&;onf
jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw hf ifa&;wGif t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f wpf&yfjzpfonf? ordik ;f tawG@tóuH
t& acwfrzDS @HG òzd;a&;aqmif¶u G jf cif; modernization u jynfow l @kd .vuf0,f pDymG ;a&;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wdk;yGm;ap¶Hkomru/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;udkvnf; jrifhwufvm
aponf? vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac: }uHqEdik pf rG ;f / pdwu f ;l pdwof ef;rsm; xkwaf z:Edik pf rG ;f ponfh
t&nftaoG;rsm;tjyif EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifpGrf;udk jr‡ifhwifay;onf?
jynfolvlxkuudkifpGJaom pHE_ef;wefbdk;rsm;ESifh tjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf
vnf; ta&;}uD;vSonf? EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf EdkifiHa&;b0/ pD;yGm;a&;b0/ vlr_a&;b0
qdik &f m pHEe_ ;f wefb;kd rsm; tjrifoabmxm;rsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;v#u&f =dS uonf? ud, k yf ikd f
tjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; wefbdk;xm;onfh self-expression values
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqxkwfaz: jcif;udk tav;xm;OD;pm;ay;
jcif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_&Sdjcif;/ vlr_vdift&cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ
wef;wla&;udk axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ vdifwlqufqHolrsm;ESifh tjcm;
pnf;tjyifa&mufolrsm;tay: em;vnfonf;cHEdkifjcif;ESifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,Hk=unfr_
jrifhrm;jcif;wdk@ &Sd=uonf? tjcm;wzufY b0&Sifoef&yfwnfa&; survival values
udk OD;pm;ay;ae=u&onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifrl rsm;aomtm;jzifh qef@usifbuf
tajctaersm;ESihf &ifqikd af e=u&onf? ud, k yf ikd t
f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z:ydik cf iG t hf m;
ydkrdkwefbdk;xm;vmonfESifhtr# jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/
vlr_vdifwef;wla&;/ tpdk;&.wm0ef&Sdr_ tp&Sdonfwdk@tm; awmif;qdkr_rsm; jrifhrm;vm
onf? xdrk w S qifh ,if;wefb;kd rsm;tm; wm0ef,al qmif¶u G rf nfh tmrcHrnfh 'Dru kd a&pD
36
taqmufttHrk sm; democratic institutions xlaxmifjcif;/ wnfwahH p&ef xde;f odr;f
umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;rsm; &Sdvmrnfjzpfonf? odk@jzifh jynfolwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@.
trsm;qdkif&mb0ESifh yk*~vdub0rsm;tm; udk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJEdkifrnfjzpfonf? tqdkyg
wefb;kd rsm;rSm jynfow l pfO;D csi;f pD. ud,
k yf ikd jf yÏmef;Edik af &; vGwv
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tmrcHonfhtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;wGif ta&;ygvSonf?
tqdkyg u¾oHk;&yfvHk;udk wòydifeufwajy;nD zGH@òzd;vmapjcif;jzifh jynfol
wdk@. pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;udk aqmifusOf;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm;
xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; tcdkiftrmwefbdk;xm;onfh/ jynfolwdk@twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;
aygºuG,fonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;wdk;wufavh&Sdonfudk awG@
&onf? jynfo@l vuf0,fwiG f t&if;tjrpfrsm;wd;k yGm;vmonfEiS t hf r# acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tay:zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; jrifhrm;vmrnf? xdk@tjyif jynfol@wdk@taejzifh b0&Sifoef&yf
wnfa&;twGuv f nf; txl;pd;k &draf =umih=f u&ef rvdak wmhay? xdt k cg rdrw
d @kd . ud, k yf ikd f
b0tjrif t,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; ydkItav;xm;vmEdkifrnf? xdkrSwqifh
jynfolwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHa&;wGif vGwfvyfpGma¶G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk ydkItm¶HkpdkufvmEdkifrnf/
yg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_ jrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfonf? xdktcg acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDaz:
aqmifa&;ESihf jzpfxeG ;f wd;k wufa&;jzpfpOftm; jiif;y,fqef@usi&f ef tvGeyf ifcufcv J may
vdrfhrnf?
udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;jcif;

Self-Expression Values
EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mpmayrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf vlxkqENESifh

tjrifoabmxm;vdt k yfonf[k trsm;tm;jzifh ,lqxm;avh&o dS nf? urBmv h Ol ;D a&.
(90)&mE_ef;eD;yg;udkv$rf;òcHonfh EdkifiHaygif; (80)ausmfwGif aumuf,lcJhaomppfwrf;t&
vlxkqENtjrifoabmxm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDrSm tcdkiftrmqufpyfaeonfudk awG@&Sd&
onf? okawoe avhvmcsuftrsm;tjym;uvnf; vlxku 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;onfh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif ydkI'Drdkua&pDjzpfEdkifonf[laom t,ltqtay:tajccH
=uonf? trsm;tm;jzifv h nf; ppfwrf;aumuf,&l mY Edik if tH rsm;pkwiG f jynfotl rsm;pk
u 'Drdkua&pDonf taumif;qHk;tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzpfa=umif; ajz=um;=uonf? odk@aomf
r=umao;rDu avhvmr_wpf&yfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtm;vdkvm;onfhvlxk. tjrifoabm
xm;rSm qGD'ifESifh qGpfZmvefEdkifiHrsm;xuf t,fab;eD;,m;ESifh tZmbdkif*sefwdk@wGif
&mcdkifE_ef;ydkIrsm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? odk@jzpfI xdkuJhodk@ vdkvm;r_&Sdonf[kqdkwdkif;
eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; tjrpfwG,faeonf[lIvnf;aumif;/ pdwftm;xufoefr_ tcdkiftrm
&Sdaeonf[lIvnf;aumif; rqdkEdkifay?
urBmhtwdkif;twmt&qdk&v#if vlxk. 'Drdkua&pDtay:axmufcHr_ESifh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;Y 'Drkdua&pDwnf&Sdr_wdk@ tjyeftvSefqufEG,fr_ tcdkiftrm&SdaeonfrSm
37
xif&Sm;onf? odk@aomf avhvmr_rsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifh

tay: wefbdk;xm;jcif;u 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkuf&dkuf!$ef;qdkjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD
tm; vdkvm;axmufcHjcif;xuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;EdkifpGrf; ydkItm;aumif;onf?
'Dru kd a&pDtm; vdv k m;axmufcjH cif;&So
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dS mjcif;
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wefbdk;xm;jcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ydkIa&cHajrcH oabm
aqmifonfudk awG@&onf? udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;
xm;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_wdk@.qufEG,fr_ tcdkiftrmyif &Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyif
avhvmr_rsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay:wefbdk;xm;r_rS 'Drdk
ua&pDjzpfxGef;r_odk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;jzpfonf[k qdk=u.?
'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf txufvm$ vlwef;pm; Democracy and Elites
ynm&SiftcsKdŒu 'Drdkua&pDtm; ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifaom txufv$mvlwef;

pm;rsm;ESihf qif;&Jom;jynfow l @kd . pD;yGm;a&;"e jyefvnfcaJG 0a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f I qef@usif
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jynfolwdk@u "ejyefvnfcGJa0a&;twGuf a¶G;aumufyGJudk vdkvm;onf? txufv$mvl
wef;pm;rsm;u OpPm"ersm; jyefvnfcGJa0&rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? odk@jzpfI a¶G;aumufyGJ
rsm;jzifh tm%mcGJa0a&;udk rvdkvm;=uay? ynm&Sif bGdKifufpf Boix . t,ltqt&
vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;wGif 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_ ydkInDr#vm+yD;/ t&if;a&$@ajymif;Edkifr_ jrifhrm;vmygu
txufvm$ vlwef;pm;rsm;tzd@k "ejyefvnfcaJG 0a&; pd;k &drrf a_ vsmeh nf;vmrnfjzpfonf?
xdktcg a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; jzpfxGef;vmr_tajctaeodk@ a&mufvmEdkifrnf? jynfolwdk@.
'Drdkua&pDa&;vdkvm;r_udk zdESdyfrnfvm;/ vufcHvdkufavsmrnfvm;qdkonfudk txuf
v$mvlwef;pm;rsm;u wenf;tm;jzifh tm%mvuf&Sdvlwef;pm;u tqHk;tjzwfðy
onf [laom t,ltqjzpfonf? 0ifaiGnrD #rt _ qifEh iS hf t&if;a¶$Œajymif;Edik rf t
_ qifrh sm;
wpHkw&mjrifhrm;r_&SdrSom 'Drdkua&pDay:xGef;Edkifrnf[laom oD0&Dvnf;jzpfonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfESifh wpf&yft=um; jynfol@vuf0,f t&if;tjrpfydkif
qdik rf t
_ ajctae/ ud, k yf ikd t
f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z:ydik cf iG t hf ay: vlx. k wefb;kd xm;
r_ tajctae uGJjym;onfhtavsmuf oufqdkif&mjynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuf
ttHrk sm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;r_tqifEh iS hf &,lEidk pf rG ;f tm;rsm;onfvnf; uGmjcm;aeonfukd
awG@&onf? ¶kyf0wˆKt&if;tjrpfrsm; wwfodynm t&if;tjrpfrsm;u jynfolwdk@.
pkaygif;pGrf;tm;udk ydkIjrifhrm;vmap+yD;/ txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sd vlwef;pm;tay:
xda&mufaom zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;udkjzpfaponf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&pepfrsm; qufvuf
&Sifoefaejcif;onf txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sdrsm;u jynfolwdk@tm; zdESdyfI tm%m
wnf+rJa&;udk aqmif¶Gufaejcif;a=umifh r[kwfay? txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sd vlwef;
38
pm;rsm;ESifh jynfolwdk@t=um; tiftm;csdefcGifv#mtay:wGif wnfrSDaejcif; jzpfonf?
urBmw0Srf; aemufqHk;jzpfay:cJhaom 'Drkdua&pDtoGifajymif;jcif;v_dif; wenf;tm;jzifh
[efwifwef.wwd,v_dif;onf jynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uefr_rsm;
a=umifh ay:aygufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tqdkyg vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onfvnf; jynfolwdk@
t=um; udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:cGifhtay:wefbdk;xm;r_rsm; tcdkiftrm
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jynfoltcsif;csif;t=um; pkpnf;pnf;¶kH;vmjcif;wdk@a=umifh ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf?
txufv$mtm%mvuf&Sdvlwef;pm;u 'Drdkua&pDtm; ydkI,Hk=unfvufcHvmjcif;
a=umifh r[kwfay? 'Drdk ua&pDa&;twGuf vlxk. v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uefEdkifpGrf;tm;ESifh xdkodk@
v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uefvdkpdwf jyif;jyr_wdk@a=umifhjzpfonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf "etiftm; Democracy and Wealth
xdk@tjyif tjcm;ynm&Sifwdk@uvnf; csrf;omaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif qif;&Jaom

EkdifiHrsm;xuf ydkI'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;aeonfh t&if;cHudk avhvmwifjycJhonf? "etif
tm;wdk;yGm;r_u 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_. a&SŒajy;jzpfonff [laom t,ltqjzpfonf?
‚if;wdk@u pDyGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDay:xGufvmr_wdk@onf vrf;a=umif;wpfckwnf;
jzpfonf[k oH;k oyf=uonf? vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f (500)cef@u tcsKŒd Oa&myEdik if rH sm;ESihf
‚if;wdk@. udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm; 'Drdkua&pDESifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_wdk@jzifhqufpyfonfh zGH@òzd;
wdk;wufa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif wnf&SdcJhjcif;udkaxmufjy=uonf? odk@aomf oufqdkif
&m EdkifiHrsm;. tjcm;xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufonfhtcg 0ifaiG tajymif;
tvJESifh 'Drdkua&pDt=um; qufEG,fr_rSm rajymyawmhay? avhvmcsufrsm;t&
oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m a=umif;csif;&mrsm;uvnf; tqHk;t
jzwf ðyaeonfh oabm&Sdonf? EdkifiHwpfckcsif;. xl;jcm;csufrsm;uvnf; ta&;ygae
onf? odk@jzpf&m pDyGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_wpfckwnf;uom 'Drdkua&pDudk aqmifusOf;vmjcif;
r[kw?f oufqikd &f m ,Ofaus;r_a=umif;csi;f &mrsm;ESihf aygi;f pyfro
S m jzpfxeG ;f Edik v
f rd rhf nf?
vlxo
k nfom tc&m Orientation of Ordinary Citizens
txufaz: jyyg t,ltqESpf&yfpvHk;u 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;twGuf

tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;tjzpf vlxku udkifpGJaom pHwefbdk;rsm;ESifh pnf;¶kH;v_H@aqmfr_
twwfynmrsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;r_ r&Sd=uay? vlxk. uef@uGufqENjyr_udk
pD;yGm;a&; tajctaernDr#ra_ =umifh jzpfay:vm&jcif;[lI ¶d;k pif;pGm ¶_jrifavh&=dS uonf?
ordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;t&vnf; xdkodk@¶_jrifcsufrSm rSefuefonf[kqdk&rnf?
odk@aomf xdkt,ltqrsm;u r=umcifuay:aygufcJhaom 'Drkdua&pDtoGifajymif;jcif;
39
v_dif;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;jyEkdifrnf r[kwfay? jynfolvlxk. Edk;=um;wufºuGr_tajc

taeu ododomomyif ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? pufr_vGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf; Post-
industrial society rsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;Y vlxk.yg0ifr_onf 1970 vGefESpfrsm; xuf
ESpfqru jrifhwufvmcJhonf? 1987 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftwGif; ordkif;wGif róuHpzl;
ta&twGufrsm;jym;onfh qENjyv_yf&Sm;olrsm;. armif;ESiftm;a=umifh qdk;vfESifh
reDvm rSonf armfpudkESifh ta&SŒbmvifxdwdkifatmif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;
jzpfpOfrsm; ay:aygucf =hJ uonf? tqdyk gjzpfpOfw@kd onf tajccHtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;a=umifh
r[kwaf y? Edik if aH &;vGwv f yfciG t hf wGuf jzpfonf? ,cifueG jf rLepfEikd if rH sm;wGif jzpfay:cJh
aom 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;jzpfpOfrsm;rSm vlxku pD;yGm;a&;wef;wlnDr#cGifh
twGuf v_y&f mS ;wdu k yf 0JG ifcjhJ cif;a=umifrh [kw?f vufawG@wiG f pD;yGm;a&;nDr#ru _ kd tav;
xm;onfh txufv$mtm%m&Sdvlwef;pm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;nDr#r_udk tav;xm;r_ enf;
yg;onfhvlxkxHodk@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mv$Jajymif;onfh jzpfpOfrsm;jzpf=uonf?
'Dru kd a&pDonf usm;r ra¶G;/ vlrsKd ;ra¶G;/ bmomra¶G;/ tom;ta&mifra¶G;/
qif;&Jcsr;f omra¶G; t¶G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;ydik cf iG hf a¶G;aumufcyH ikd cf iG thf wGu/f "etif
tm; jyefvnfcaJG 0a&;twGuf qENvv kd m;r_rsm;rS ay:xGuv f mjcif;r[kwaf y? vGwv f yf
cGifhrsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uefonfhwdkufyGJrsm;rS ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl@ordkif;
wav#mufwiG f rif;qd;k rif;npfrsm;/ tm%m&Sipf epfrsm; ay:xGe;f cJ=h uonf? txufvm$
tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;rsm;u jynfolvlxktm; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;a=umifh tqdkygpepf
rsm; wnf&SdcJh&jcif;r[kwfay? jynfolvlxk.vuf0,f t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD
taqmufttHkrsm;tm; &,lEdkifrnfh pnf;¶kH;a&; twwfynmu|rf;usifr_r&SdcJhojzifh/
'Dru kd a&pDtaqmufttHrk sm;&,la&;tm; xdyw f ef;OD;pm;ay;tqifw h iG f rxm;&Scd o hJ jzifh
xdkuJhodk@aom tkyfcsKyfolrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;jzifh }uKHawG@cJh&jcif; jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDtm; a¶G;aumufyGJtajccHay:wGifom usOf;ajrmif;pGm t"dy`g,f
zGiq hf rkd nfqykd gu vlx. k tcef;u¾qdo k nfrmS ta&;r}uD;awmhay? od@k aomf ,cktcg
'Drdkua&pD. a,bk,spHE_ef;rsm;ESifh t"dy`g,frSm xdk@xufru rsm;pGmus,fjyef@onfudk
vuf c H v m=u+yD j zpf o nf ? csKyf I qd k & v#if 'D r d k u a&pD a z:aqmif j cif ; qd k o nf r S m
omrefEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;.vuf0,fodk@ EdkifiHa&;tm%m v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif; vkyf
ief;pOfjzpfonf? od@k jzpf&m 'Dru kd a&pDaz:aqmifjcif;vkyif ef;wGif jynfov l x l .
k pGr;f tm;
jynfhyg0ifr_onf tc&musonf? vlxkudkom tajccH&rnfjzpfonf?
&nf ! $ e f ;
Welzel, Christian and Ronald Inglehart, "The role of ordinary people in

democratization", Journal of Democracy (January 2008: Vol. 19, No. 1)
40
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tJ'Dum;rSm jrefrmjzwfav#mufo¶kyfaqmifawG trsm;}uD;okH;xm;w,f
vkd@qdkw,f? ¶kyf&SifxJrSm jrefrmawGudkjrifvdkuf&wmuawmh rdepf0ufpmavmuftcef;
uav;yg? t"duajymcsifwmu 'D ¶kyf&Sifr[kwfygbl;? qufpyfawG;rdwJh acwfrD/ acwf
vGefenf;ynmawGeJ@ vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh tar&duefa&wyfrawmfeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH
ta=umif;yg?
'D¶kyf&Siftjyif [dkwavmu toHawGawmfawmfnHvdkufao;wJh e,fpyfrSm
wpfukd,fawmf0if}uJ+yD; jrefrmppfwyfudkqkH;roGm;wJh *|ef&rfbdk qdkwJhum;vnf; &dSao;
w,f? 88 ta&;tcif;rSm tar&duefa&wyfawG &efukefjrpf0a&mufae+yDqdkvkd@
wu,fyJ 'Dppftm%m&SifawGudk awmajcmufarmif;xkwfay;awmhrvm; atmufarh
rd=uao;wmvnf; trSwf&rdw,f?
41
aemufwpfcg r=umao;rDuyJ em*pfrkefwdkif;rSm vlom;csif;pmemwJhtul

tnDay;zdk@ tar&duefa&wyfoabFmawG a&mufvmwkef;uvnf; jrefrmawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;u wcgwnf; vrf;óuHwkef;av; jrefrmppftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsay;oGm;Edkifw,fqdk
b,favmufaumif;rvJqdkwJhar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ tm;rvdktm;r&jzpf=uw,f? wu,f
ðzwfcsay;EkdifcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh aumif;ygw,f?
'Dt&ifuvJ [d;k =uyfajy; aejynfawmfu acgi;f aqmif}uD;&JŒ pHtrd af wmft}uD;
}uD;udk *l;*J(vf)qufwvdkuf ajrykHuae jrif&wkef;u/ omrmefvlawGrxdapbJ tJ'D
ae&muGufuGufuav;udk tar&duef&JŒ wma0;ypf'kH;usnfav; wpfvkH;avmufrsm;
vufaqmifay;vdkuf&ifrsm; aumif;avpGvdk@ usaemfwdk@awG tdyfrufawGruf+yD; acgif;
aqmif}uD;udk arwWm0dkif;ydk@/ tar&duefudk ar#mfvifh=uao;w,f?
'Dvdkbma=umifh jrefrmawG jynfytultnD (txl;ojzifh tar&duef
ppftiftm;) udk pdwful;ar#mfvifh=uovJ awG;=unfhrdawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepfazmfaqmif
jcif;vdk@qdkvdkuf&if yxrqkH; ajy;jrif=uwmu 'Drdkua&pDOD;aqmifvrf;jyEdkifiH}uD;
wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfxm;=uwJh trsm;odwJh tar&duefygyJ? ppfa&;t&0ifa&muf
wduk cf u
kd af y;+yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDazmfaqmifay;cJEh ikd w
f mu 'D tar&duef&ŒJ a&wyfrawmfO;D pD;
wJh ppftiftm;jzpfaevdk@ygyJ?
tar&duef&mpkESpf
ordkif;aemufcHrSmvnf; wu,fhukdtar&duef&JŒtcef;u¾u ta&;ygcJh

w,fqw kd m oGm;awG@ygw,f? +yD;cJw
h &hJ mpkEpS u
f jkd yef=unf&h if tm%m&Siaf wGcsKyfuikd x
f m;
wJh EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;oGm;cJhwmudk yufyif;óuHcJh&wJh
rsufjrifoufaowpfa,mufudkjyygqdk tJ'g ESpfq,f&mpkESpfygyJ?
'Dvdk toGiful;ajymif;r_awGudk jyef=unfhvdkufawmh t"duyHhydk;ay;cJhwJhZmwf
vdkufausmf}uD;u wu,fyJ tar&duefEdkifiH jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ ESpfq,f&mpkudk
tar&duef&mpk (odk@r[kwf) 'Drkdua&pD&mpkvdk@vnf; wcsKdŒu ac:=uw,f?
tJ'Dajymif;vJr_awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wmu
awmh tar&duefppfwyf&JŒ 0ifa&mufxdef;odrf;r_eJ@ xdk;ppfqifEGJr_}uD;awGjzpfaewmygyJ?
txif&Sm;qkH;uawmh tar&duef&JŒ t"duppfa=umif;okH;a=umif;cGJapv$wf+yD; wcsdefu
pydeftifyg,m}uD;jzpfcJhwJh zdvpfydkif/ usL;bm;eJ@ ysL,mwdk&DudkEdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD
xGef;um;atmif tiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkvkyfwJhae&mrSm t&if;tESD;u
}uD;rm;wJh ppfp&dwfwifrubJ/ toufaoG;aygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyfcJh&ygw,f?
1899 - 1902 ckESpfrSm jzpfcJhwJh zdvpfydkif EkdifiHtm%m&SifawGudk 0ifa&muf
wdkufcdkufðzwfcscJhwJhjzpf&yfudk=unfh&ifyJ tar&duefppfonfaygif; av;axmifausmf
toufqkH;¶H_;cJh&+yD;/ olwdk@tpdk;&udk udk,fwdkifðzwfcszdk@wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh zdvpfydkifrsKd;cspf
aysmufusm;ppfonfaygi;f wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmifausmef J h t&yfom;aygi;f ESpo f ed ;f eD;
42
yg;cef@ toufay;cJh=u&ygw,f? 'DppfyGJt+yD; q,fESpfeD;yg;=umwJhtcgrSm tar&duef&JŒ
28 a,mufajrmuforw 0D(vf)qif (Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924) u vufwif
tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;pGmqD tar&duefa&wyfrawmf (US Marine) wyfawG yxr
OD;qkH;apv$wfcJhwkef;u “awmiftar&duEdkifiHawGudk vlaumif;awGa&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufjcif; qkdwm oGm;oif=um;ay;jcif;” qdk+yD; w&m;0ifa=ujimcJhygw,f? aemuf
ydkif;rSmawmh urBm}uD;udk 'Drkdua&pDpepfeJ@ ab;uif;ap&rnfqdkwJhtjrifeJ@/ tar&duef
ppfwyf }uD;wpfckvkH;udk Oa&mywdkufxJtxd apv$wfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dumvudk
'Dvrf;pOfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpDrHudef;csrSwfcJhwJh orw0DvqifudktpGJðy+yD; 0D(vf)qdkeD,H&mpk
vdk@awmif trnfay;cJh=uao;w,f?
usnfqH=um;u rJwjym;
'Dvrkd sK;d usnq

f =H um;u rJwjym;qdo k vkd ppftiftm;ok;H +yD; 'Dru dk a&pDaqmif
usOf;ay;cJhwJh tar&duef&J hpGrf;aqmifr_awGxJu +yD;cJhwJhq,fpkESpfawGudkjyef=unfh&if
t"duurBmha'o}uD; wdkuf}uD;av;wdkufrSm awG@&ygawmhw,f?
yxr u 1900 uae 1930 twGif;rSm um&pfbD,efyifv,fa'oeJ@ tar
&duwdu k tf v,fyikd ;f jzpfwhJ uwfpx¶dt k yk pf ;dk wJh usL;bm;/ 'drk eD u D ef &Dygb
h vpf/ a[wDe@J
eDum&m*Gm EdkifiHawGygyJ? 1960 u 1990 txd ESpfokH;q,ftwGif;rSm eDum&m*GmeJ@
a[wDawGudk xyfrH0ifa&mufcJh&+yD; 'DumvawGrSmawmh *&Dem;'g;eJ@ yem;rm;awGyg
xyfygvmcJhygw,f?
aemufo;Hk ae&muawmh 1940 uae 1950 twGi;f Oa&mytv,fyikd ;f jzpfwhJ
taemuf*smr%D/ =op}wD;,m;eJ h tDwvDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;/ 1940 uae 1950 twGif;
tm&Staemufyikd ;f jzpfw/hJ *syefe@J awmifu&kd ;D ,m;/ 1960 uae 1970 twGi;f usaemfw@kd
ta&SŒawmiftm&SxJrSmudkjzpfoGm;cJhwJh AD,uferfyJjzpfygw,f? 1990 vGefESpfawG
twGif;rSmawmh tar&duef'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifay;wJh óud;yrf;csufawGudk òyduGJoGm;wJh
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD;twGif;eJ@ ta&SŒOa&myuGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGrSm awG@Edkifygao;
w,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dae&mawGrmS awmh ukq d Akd ekd @J abmh(p)eD;,m;wd@k uvG+J yD; tar&duef[m
ppftiftm;okH;cJhjcif; r&dSawmhygbl;?
'Dvt dk ar&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 0ifa&muf+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDpepfazmfaqmifay;cJh
&mrSm ratmifjrifwmawGvnf;&do S vd/k tvkyrf jzpfcw hJ mawGvnf; &dcS yhJ gw,f? 'D tar
&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 'Dru kd a&pDaqmifusO;f ay;cJw h EhJ ikd if aH wGxu J t"du atmifjrifr_
}uD;rsm;tjzpfokH;oyf=uwJh t"duatmifjrifr_}uD;ESpfckuawmh taemuf*smr%DeJ@
*syefEdkifiHygyJ?
tar&duefaus;Zl;ruif;bl;qd&k ifawmif&Edik rf ,fh 'DEikd if }H uD;awGrmS 'Dru kd a&pD
pepfxGef;um;+yD; pufr_ydkif;a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;omru vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmyg/ xdyfwef;
udk a&mufvmcJhwm rjiif;EdkifwJhtcsufyg?
43
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rae@wae@uwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJh tD&wfEdkifiHudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&muf ae&m

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D H vrf;pOf&ŒJ teD;qk;H / txif&mS ;qk;H om"uygy?J tifrwef
&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfwJh tm%m&Sifq'ef[lpdefudk z,f&Sm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDaqmifusOf;ay;zdk@
vkyfaqmifwJh tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfwyfawG&JŒóud;yrf;csufu 'Duae@txdawmh
tD&wfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vSrf;rjrifEdkifao;bJ jzpfaeygw,f?
tar&duefudk tD&wfppfyGJxJ wGef;ykd@cJhwJhaemufuG,fu t"duwGef;tm;udk
vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh tar&du&JŒ t"dutawG;tac:0g'D tkyfpk}uD;ESpfckjzpfwJh vpfb
&,fvufopfawGeJ@ uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG jzpfaewmygyJ? vpfb&,fvufopf
awG&JŒ ypfrSwfuawmh 'Drkdu&ufwpf+idrf;csrf;a&; Democratic Peace qdkwm}uD; azmf
aqmifzdk@ tar&duefudk òydifbufuif;tm%meJ@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ wnfaqmufEdkif &r,f
vk@d qdw k ,f?
wpfzufrSmawmh a&S;¶dk;pOfvmorm; uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG&JŒ t"du
pdw0f ifpm;csuu f awmh “urBmv h òHk cHa&;rSm tar&duef&ŒJ tcef;u¾” qdw k myJjzpfw,f?
uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG&JŒrlu 'Dvdk wkbufuif;zdk@vkyfaqmif&mrSm tar&duefeJ@
r[mrdwfEkdifiHawG&JŒ vkHòcHa&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaewJh tE W&m,frSefor# z,f&Sm;ypfa&;ygyJ?
'DtxJrmS urBmay:rSm pdwrf cs&qk;H / rvkòH cHq;Hk a'ojzpfwhJ tpPa&;Edik if H vkòH cHa&;jy\em
vnf; tygt0ifjzpfaeygw,f? 'DuGefqmaA;wpftrsm;pkuawmh bk&Sf ¶kH;tzGJ@u t&yf
buf xdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGjzpf+yD; umuG,fa&;Xmeu trsm;pkjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh
orm;¶dk;usydkqefwJh uGefqmaA;wpf}uD;awGjzpfwJh ppfwyfxdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGr[kwf
bJ umuG,fa&;Xmeu t&yfbufxdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGjzpfaewmygyJ?
a,bk,stm;jzifah wmh 'D uGeq f maA;wpfvufopfawGa&m/ vpfb&,fvuf
opfawGa&m tkyfpkESpfckvkH; txl;tm¶kHuswJhae&muawmh ta&SŒtv,fydkif;eJ@ txl;
ojzifh tD&wfygy?J vpfb&,fvufopfawGu ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f [m 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;
aewJh Oa&myeJ@ ta&SŒtm&St=um;rSm&dSaewJhtwGuf 'Drkdua&pDe,fy,ftopf}uD;
tjzpf jrif=uw,f? urBmph ;D yGm;a&; pnf;csurf eS rf eS af jzmifjh zL;aeapzk@d 'D yg&eS yf ifv,fauG@
u a&eHwifydk@a&;wnf+idrfzdk@ ta&;ygwJhtcsufudkvnf; odxm;=uw,f?
tu,fI a&eHeJ@ o,HZmwºuG,f0csrf;omvGef;wJh 'D ta&SŒtv,fydkif;
a'oom tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapr,fh vufeufawGwyfqifrd+yD;/ tpPvmrf ppfaoG;
ºuG olykefawGeJ@ r[mrdwfðyrdcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh tpPa&;a'otygt0if tar&duefvkHòcH
a&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf tm%m&Sifq'ef[lpdeftpdk;&ukd ppfa&;t& ta&;
,l+yD;ðzwfcszdk@ ta&;}uD;vmw,fvdk@ uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawGu jrifvmw,f?
+yD;awmh tD&wfEdkifiH[m obm0o,HZmwºuG,f0+yD;om;jzpfwJhtjyif/ ynmwwf vl
wef;pm;rsm;pGm&dSaewJhtwGufa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkazmfaqmifzdk@ a&cHajrcHaumif;
+yD;om;vdk@ okH;oyf=uw,f?
44
tqkH;owfrSm uGefqmaA;wpfvufopftkyfpkeJ@ vpfb&,fvufopf tkyfpk
}uD;ESpfck[m tD&wfEdkifiHudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&muf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk azmfaqmif
ay;zdk@qdkwJhvrf;pOfqD qkdufa&mufcJh=u+yD; urf;ukefatmif&ufpufwJh ppftm%m&Sif
q'ef[lpdefudkz,f&Sm;zdk@ qkH;jzwfcJh=uw,fqdkw,f?
tD&wfppfyJG t&deS jf r‡izhf @kd ta=umif;jycsut
f aeeJ b
h &k Sf tpd;k &eJ@ uGeq
f maA;wpf
vufopfrsm;u taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefEdkifiHrSm tar&duefppfa&;t& tiftm;okH;+yD;
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk toufoGif;ay;EdkifcJhwmudk ordkif;0if'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifEdkifcJhwJh
atmifjrifr_}uD;tjzpf om"ujy=uw,f?
wu,fvnf; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;rSm 'D taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefrSm
ppftiftm;ok;H 0ifa&mufcw hJ hJ tar&duef&ŒJ vky&f yf[m ppfa&;t&atmifjrifro _ mruyJ
'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;ay;cJhwJh atmifjrifr_}uD;awGtjzpf okH;oyf=u+yD; 1940 ckESpfawG
rSm tar&duef[m 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifr_rSm txifw}uD;cH&+yD; 'De,fy,frSm =oZm
oufa&mufcJhwm trSefyg? 'gayr,fh u|rf;usifoltcsKdŒ okH;oyfcsufeJ@ tjiif;yGm;p&m
uawmh tar&duef0ifrvmcifuwnf;u &dS+yD;jzpfaewJh 'DEdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiH&JŒ ordkif;
a=umif;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_"avhawGuyJ olwdk@udk 'Drkdua&pDpepfppfppfqD wGef;ydk@vkdufwmyJ
vdk@ tckxd aqG;aEG;jiif;csufxkwfae&w,f?
uef 'DrdkpDrHudef;eJ@ tm&yfEdkifiHawG
'gayr,fh vGefcJhwJhq,fpkESpfawGrSm 'DaqG;aEG;csufawGu rlqvifeJ@ tm&yf

urBmtxd us,jf yef@omG ;cJ+h yD; tar&duefawGatmifjrifr&_ cJw h hJ Edik if aH wGe@J rwlwt hJ csuf
awGukd axmufjyvmvdu k =f uwm/ tD&wfu0kd ifa&mufwu kd cf udk wf yhJ t JG +yD;rSm tJ'o
D ;Hk oyf
csufawGu ydkcdkifrmvmovdkjzpfoGm;w,f? t"duuawmh tD&wfrSm tar&duefeJ@
r[mrdwfwdk@aus;Zl;a=umifh q'ef[lpdef&JŒ tm%m&Siftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;cJhonfhwdkif
atmif 'Dru dk a&pD ckxd razmfaqmifEikd af o;wm[m twdwu f tar&duefw@kd atmifjrif
r_ &cJw
h hJ taemuf*smr%D/ *syefw@kd e@J rwljcm;em;wJth csurf sm;pGma=umifv h @kd ynm&Sirf sm;/
okaowDrsm;u axmufjyvm=uw,f? tJ'DtcsufawGxJu t"duokH;csufuawmh
'Drkdua&pDa&cHajrcH tawG@t}uKH&dSraejcif;/ jynfytœ&m,f+cdrf;ajcmufr_ t}uD;tus,f
&dSraejcif;eJ@/ }uD;rm;wJh waoG;wom;wnf; vlrsKd;pkvlOD;a&&dSraejcif; qdkwmawGygyJ?
'Dru
kd a&pD a&cHajrcH
2003 aEG&moDrSm tD&wfudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJhwJh &nf¶G,fcsuf

tjzpf/ tar&duefu uwday;xm;cJw h muawmh ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;kd wJh tD&wfvEkd idk if H
rsKd;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf &atmifazmfaqmifay;+yD; tm&yfurBmrSm 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmif
45
ay;EdkifcJhwJh pHerlemjyEdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfap&r,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? aemufwqifhtaeeJ@ 'Drdku

&ufwpftD&wfu tajcðy+yD; ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'otwGif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf jyef@yGm;
xGef;um;vma&;ygyJ? t"duuawmh qD;&D;,m;/ tD&efeJ@ aqmf'Dtma&Aswdk@ygyJ?
'gayr,fh tD&wfudk tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfawG 0ifa&muf+yD; tckcsdeftxd 'Drdkua&pD
t&dyfta,mifawmif rjrif&Edkifao;wJhtcg a0zefolrsm;u 'g[m ppfa&;t& usL;
ausmfzdk@ ta=umif;jycsufaumif;oufoufyJvdk@ okH;oyfvm=uw,f? 'gayr,fh tjcm;
wzufrSm okH;oyfxm;wmawGuawmh 'D tm&yfurBmxJu tD&wfvdkEdkifiH[m 1940
ESpfawGwkef;u tar&duefawG atmifjrifr_&cJhwJh *smr%DeJ@ *syefvdkrsKd; r[kwfbl;qdkwJh
tcsufygyJ?
tar&duefwdk@ ppfa&;t&0ifa&muf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtoufoGif;ay;EdkifcJhw,f
qdkwJh *smr%DeJ@ *syef ( =op}wD;,m;eJ@ tDwvDvnf;tyg) &JŒ ordkif;udkjyef=unfhwJhtcg
'DEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJh'Drdkua&pDtawG@tóuHawGu tar&duefppfwyfawG r0ifcif
q,fpkESpftawmfrsm;rsm;uwnf;u &dScJh+yD;om;vdk@qdk=uw,f?
*smr%DEkdifiHordkif;ukdjyef=unfh&if 1919 uae 1933 txd 0dkif;rm;&Dyghbvpf
(Weimar Republic) qdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ jynfolvlxku a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh
&Dyghbvpftpdk;&&dScJhwJh ordkif;0ifumvawG&dScJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? 'DvdkyJ yxrurBm
ppfeJ@ olwdk@tiftm;t}uD;tus,fusqkH;cdsefrwdkifcif =um;umvawGudkjyef=unfh&if
*syef[m liberalization qdw k hJ vGwv f yfwhJ pepfusio hf ;Hk cJw
h thJ awG@tóuHawG &daS ecJwh hJ
tjyif 1920 ESpfawGrSm Democratization qkd+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkawmif a&SŒajy;
usifhokH;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f?
=op}wD;,m;rSmvnf; 0dkif;rm;&Dyghbvpfvdk ykHpHcyfqifqif EdkifiHawmftm%m
[m jynfol@vufrSm&dScJhzl;wJh tawG@tóuH&dSovdk tDwvDEdkifiHudk=unfh&ifvnf;
vGwfvyfaom'Drdkua&pDpepf (liberal democracy) u touf0ifaecJhwm 1922
rSm tm%m&SifrlqdkvDeDvufcsufeJ@ tqkH;owfroGm;ciftxdygyJ?
tJ'DvdkEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJh'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDawG xGef;
um;cJ+h yD; 1940 aESmif;ydik ;f ESpaf wGrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ zdEydS rf e_ @J ysupf ;D oGm;cJ&h ayr,fh
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk aumif;aumif;awG@óuHzl;cJhwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒrSwf^m%frSmawmh
'Dru
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uawmh tJ'D vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDacwfawGrmS xif&mS ;cJw h ahJ cgi;f aqmifawG[m tar&d
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(Karl Ranner) tDwvDrSm tvfcsD;'D; (Alcide de Gasperi) eJ@ *syefrSm &DS*sJ¶k ,dk&dS'
(Shigeru Yoshida) wd@k ukd vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDpepf jyefvnfazmfaqmifz@kd acgi;f aqmif
aumif;awGtjzpf jyefa¶G;xkwfEdkifcJhygw,f?
46
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'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwJht&omudk tD&wfjynfolawGu enf;enf;av;rS jrnf;
prf;cJ/h tawG@tóuH&cSd zhJ ;l wmr[kwyf g? tD&ef/ qD;&D;,m;eJ@ aqmf'aD wGvnf; xd@k twlygy?J
tD&wfordik ;f rSm enf;enf;av;rqdpk avmuf vGwv f yfcyhJ gw,fv@kd ajymvd@k &Edik w
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'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk pwd vpfb&,fa,mifa,mif vGwfvyfcGifhuav;uvnf; 1958rSm
'Db&k ifuðkd zwfcs+yD; tm%modr;f yGeJ @J edwwdˆ efcyhJ gw,f? tD&efuawmh ydt k ajctaeqd;k +yD;
ol@ordkif;rSm tar&duef&JŒ 'Drdkua&pD pDrHudef;twGuf a&cHajrcHjyp&mvkH;vkH;udk r&dScJhbl;
qkdygw,f?
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'DvdkrsKd; jynfyuae twif;vkyf,lay;&wJh 'Drdkua&pD pepfazmfaqmifr_rSm

atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrifjcif;qdkwmu tJ'DEdkifiH&JŒ “jynfwGif;ordkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD
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tJ'D tar&duef&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDpepfazmfaqmifay;cJhwJh pDrHudef;awGxJu/ tm%m&SifEdkifiH
awGrSm 'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifay;EdkifcJhwJhtxJu usL;bm;/ 'dkrDeDuef&Dyghbvpf / a[wD/
eDum&m*GmeJ h yem;rm;EdkifiHawGudk om"ujyEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1900 uae 1930
ESpaf wGtwGi;f tar&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 'Dru kd a&pDazmfaqmifay;cJw h mawGu tqk;H
owfrmS ratmifrjrifjzpfcw hJ mawG&ySd gw,f? tar&duefa=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfqaD &muf
vmcJh+yD;umrS aemufjyefoGm;+yD; tm%m&Sifvufatmufjyef a&mufoGm;cJhwJhEdkifiHawG
uawmh/ 1930 rSm ppftm%m&Sif x¶l*sD vv kd ufcsuef @J 'Dru
kd a&pDq;Hk ¶_;H oGm;wJh 'drk eD uD ef
&DyghbvpfeJ@ 1936 uxJu ppftm%m&Sif qdkrdkZm rdom;pkvdkuf}uD;pdk;cJhwJh eDum&m*Gm
Edik if aH wGyjJ zpfygw,f? ('gayr,fh 1979 rSmawmh taz qdrk Zkd mðzwfcsc&H +yD; om; qdrk Zkd m
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omru/ ESpf}udrfwdkif jyefvnftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? 1955-56 awGrSm
tar&duef&JŒ ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJh+yD; q,fpkESpfumvwav#muf=umavmuf
atmif 'Drdkua&pDukd aES;aES;av; ajz;ajz;csif;ajymif;vJvmEkdifwJhEdkifiHuawmh 'dkrDeDuef
&DyghbvpfygyJ? tvsiftjreful;ajymif;oGm;EdkifcJhwJhEdkifiHuawmh yem;rm;yg? 1989-90
tar&duef 0ifa&muft+yD;rSmyJ 'Drdkua&pDpepf vsifjrefpGmazmfaqmifEdkif cJhw,f qdkyg
w,f? tar&duefwyfawGvJ tJ'DESpfEdkifiHudk0ifa&muf+yD; wpfESpfawmifr=umwJh umv
twGi;f rSm 'Dru dk a&pDpepfjyefq,fay;cJEh ikd v
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47
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ydkif;umvawGu *smr%DeJ@ *syefudk=unfh&if ESpfEdkifiHpvkH;u 'D tar&duefppfwyf}uD;
usL;ausmf0ifa&mufr_xuf ydkqdk;wJh jynfytE W&m,fawGeJ@ &ifqdkifaecJh&wm oGm;awG@yg
w,f? tJ'guawmh qdkAD,ufwyf}uD;ygyJ? wyfeDawmfac:wJh Red Army [m *smr%D
ta&SŒydkif;rSm xif&mpdkif;usL;ausmfaecJh+yD; tcGifhta&;&wmeJ@ wòydifeuf *smr%D
taemufydkif;bufudkvnf; rsufpypfaewJhtcdsefjzpfovdk/ *syefEkdifiHtaeeJ@vnf; qdkAD
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0ifa&mufvmwmudk cHvdkufwmu ydkoufomr,fvdk@ oabmaygufcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkeJ@
taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefawGtwGufawmh tar&duefukd usm;a=umufvdk@ &Sif}uD;udk;
vdkuf &wJhtjzpfygyJ? wu,fvnf; &Sif}uD;jzpfwJh tar&duefu olwdk@¶GHcJhwJh qdkAD,uf
usm;xuf rqdk;cJhwm rSefcJhwJhtjyif qdkcJh+yD;ovdk 'Drdkua&pDa&cHajrcHvnf; &dS+yD;om;
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vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh &DS;,mhwfrlqvifawGeJ@vnf; eD;eD;uyfuyf&dSaewJh jynfy&efyg? aemuf
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48
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avmufatmif &dSraebl;? 'gayr,fh tD&wfvdk EdkifiHrsKd;rSmawmh 'Davmuf r¶dk;&Sif;awmh
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ywfoufaom pmrlrsm;udk atmufyg vdyfpmtwdkif; pmwdkufrSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif;/
tD;ar;vfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ay;ydkŒEdkifygonf? ay;ydkŒ&mwGif pma&;ol. trnf&if;ESifh
qufoG,f&ef vdyfpmtjynfhtpHkudk wygwnf;xnfhoGif;ay;apvdkygonf?
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
P.O Box (294), CMU P.O, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand
E-mail: <zawzawhtun@dpns.org>
51
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52
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w,f? ra=umufbl;qkdwm rqifrjcifajymwmvkd@ olu tav;xm;ajymoGm;w,f?
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awG acszsuEf idk af tmif “tm;” tjzpf zefw;D ay;&r,fqw dk m olaumif;aumif;odw,f?
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53
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54
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&if;ESD;atmifóud;pm;w,f? arG;ae@yGJ/ tokbqGrf;oGwfqkd oGm;wmyJ/ 'gukd tcGifhtvrf;
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55
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ANC vli,facgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; tdrfajra&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;&Sif wpfOD;jzpfw,f? “pDpl
vl;”vkd atmifjrifacwfrDwJh tom;rJwpfa,mufukd oltm;uscJhw,f? tJ'DvkdyJ vlykH
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trlt&m,lxm;w,f? wdrfxlwJh=um;u xGufvmwJh aetvif;vkd tòyH;rsKd;vnf;
ykdifoljzpfw,fvkd@ “rif'Jvm;” ukd “pDplvl;” u jrifw,f?
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a[mif;) qk&d if b,ftcef;0if0if/ t&yftarmif;taumif;qk;H eJ@ oefprG ;f tm;aumif;wm
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udpP&yfawG ta&;ygoavmuf ta&;}uD;b,f? ol[m y&dowfa&SŒrSm pum;ajym
tvGefaumif;olawmh r[kwfyg? olpifay:a&mufwJhcg ¶kef;uefv_yf&Sm;&wJh trSwft
om; jzpfwJh “wkd&Dwkd&D”tu (òrdŒe,ftu)ukd uavh &Sdw,f? ykdta&;ygwmu tHh=o
avmufp&m tm;vkH;aygif;pnf;qGJaqmifxm;wJh tòyH;yg? awmiftmz&du vljzLawG
tzkd@awmh tJ'DtòyH;u rif'Jvm;rSm cg;oD;wmawG r&Sdbl;qkdwJh oauFwygyJ? olwkd@
tay: pmemr_&Sdw,fvkd@ az:!$ef;aew,f? “vlrJ/ rJqEN&SifawGtwGuf usaemf[m
56
aysm¶f i$ w
f wfaom ppfo&l aJ umif;wpfa,mufyg? usaemfw@dk atmifjrifygvrd rhf ,f?” ANC
a¶G;aumufyGJ&JŒ ysHŒESH@aewJhykdpwmawGu ol@tòyH;ukd OD;pm;ay;az: jyxm;w,f? ol@tòyH;
u ajymvkdwJh t"dy`g,fukd az:aqmifaewmyJvkd@ “&mrmzkdpm” u ajymoGm;w,f?
tjzLyJjzpfjzpf trJyJjzpfjzpf
vufeufukdifqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd &yfqkdif;zkd@qkH;jzwf&wJhtcg tpkd;&ukd
ðzwfcszkd@ tiftm;r&Sdawmhwmukd odxm;wma=umifhvm;/ 'grSr[kwf t=urf;rzufa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_ukd a¶G;cs,fvkdufjcif;jzifh EkdifiHwumtjrifaumif;&Ekdifwmukd odwma=umifh
vm;ar;awmh? xl;qef;wJhrsufvkH;wcsufa=umif=unfh+yD; “ESpfckpvkH;vkyf&rSmaygh”
vkd@ajymw,f? b0qkdwm 'D[mr[kwf&if [kd[mqkdwmrsKd;r[kwf? qkH;jzwfcsufawGrSm
tpdwftykdif;trsKd;rsKd;awG a&maESmygaew,f? vlom;&JŒOD;aESmufukd,fwkdifu buf
vkdufr_ &SdaewJhtcsufu ¶kd;pif;&Sif;vif;wJhtcsufwpfckjzpfaew,f/ tppftrSefw&m;eJ@
ukdufnDr_r&Sdwwfbl;/ b,ft&mrS jrif&wJhtwkdif; wajzmifhwnf;wnf&Sdaewm r[kwf
yg? qef@usiftm;òydifjzpfpOfawGeJ@ olu oabmawG@aeoljzpfw,f? EkdifiHa&;orm;
wpfa,muftaeeJ@ olu vufawG@usoljzpfw,f? urBm}uD;uvnf; ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;
rSm enf;enf;pDawmh uGJvGJaew,f? tJ'DjzpfpOfu tqkH;rJhjzpfw,fvkd@oljrifw,f?
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftaeeJ@ “rif'Jvm;” u “uufpx¶kd” eJ@ “u'gzD” ukd
opPmapmifhodoljzpfw,f? tar&duefu “rif'Jvm;” ukd t=urf;zuform;tjzpf
wHqdyfuyfwJhumvrSm olwkd@u ANC ukd tultnDay;cJhw,f? jy\em&yfwkdif;rSm
ta=umif;w&m;rsm;pGm yg0ifaew,f? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;wJhpepfukd jywfjywfom;
om; olqef@usifaewJhtcsdefrSm/ 'D cGJcGJjcm;jcm;tkyfcsKyfaewJhpepf jzpf&wJhta=umif;u
em;vnf&cufae+yD; orkdif;a&m/ vlr_aA' pdwfynmqkdif&m tcsuftvufawGtm;vkH;
yg0ifaew,f? rif'v J m;&J “uJuvk ” ocsmF enf; u “ig&,lz@dk tqk;H yef;wkid [
f m bmvJ?
tJ'Dae&ma&mufzkd@ vufawG@tusqkH;enf;vrf;u bmvJ” tJ'Dtajzukd&SmwmyJ?
xGufcGmjcif;uvnf; acgif;aqmifacgif;&GufvkyfwmyJ?
1993 rSm touf 18 ESpfatmuf rJay;cGifh&SdwJh EkdifiHawG&Sdvm;qkdwJh ar;cGef;
ukd ar;w,f? aemufrJay;EkdifwJh toufukd 14 ESpftxd avsmhcsoifhw,fvkd@ TV uae
t}uHðyajymcJhw,f? ratmifjrifawmh rausreyfjzpfwm rxm;yJ/ rdrdukd,frdrdESdrfhcs+yD;
vufcHw,f? 'gu acgif;aqmifr_&JŒ ocFef;pmwpfckyJ?
¶_H;edrfhoGm;wJh tkdif'D,m/ tvkyf 'grSr[kwf qufqHaygif;oif;r_wkd@ukd b,fvkd
pGef@v$wf&r,fvkd@ odem;vnfw,fqkdwm acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftaeeJ@ qkH;jzwf&
tcufq;Hk tvkyw f pfcyk g? awmiftmz&du&JŒ orwwpfO;D taeeJ@ xm;cJw h t
hJ }uD;rm;qk;H
tarGtESpfu/ orw&mxl;ukd olb,fvkdpGef@v$wf&r,fqkdwJh enf;vrf;ukd a¶G;cs,fcJh
wmygyJ?
57
1994 rSm orRwta¶G;cH&awmh/ orRw&mxl;ukd &moufyefvkyfzkd@ vkH;yrf;

aumif;vkH;yrf;Ekdifw,f? axmifuscH&wJhb0twGuf wkH@jyefay;qyfp&m[m 'gyJvkd@
em;vnf;xm;olawG trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f? tmz&duorkid ;f rSm a&G;cs,cf &H wJh 'Dru
dk &ufwpf
acgi;f aqmifxrJ mS vufcsK;d a&&wJh acgi;f aqmifawGyJ &mxl;uae vkv d v dk m;vm; qif;ay;
=uwm? “rif'Jvm;” u ol&JŒaemufvkdufawGtm;vkH;twGuf twk,lvkdufvkyf&r,fh
“pH”wpfckukd xm;cJhr,fvkd@ pdwfykdif;jzwfxm;w,f? awmiftmz&duwGifru tmz&du
wpfwkdufvkH;xdygyJ? “rl*gbDukd qef@usifwJhol” wkdif;jynftwGuf rsKd;qufopfawG
arG;zGm;ay;ol? vkdwmr&vkd@ t=uyfukdifwmrsKd;ukd rvkdvm;oljzpfw,f? ol@wm0efu
vrf;a=umif;&Smay;zkd@? oabmFukd yJhukdifzkd@r[kwfbl;vkd@ “&mrmzkdpm”u ajymw,f?
acgif;aqmifu rvkyfzkd@ a¶G;cs,fxm;wmukd (rvkyf&atmif) OD;aqmif&rSm jzpfovkd
vkyf&r,fht&mukd vkyf&atmif OD;aqmifay;&r,fvkd@ olodw,f? tqkH;rSmawmh
rif'Jvm;ukdem;vnfzkd@ t"duuswJhtcsufu (27)ESpf=um tusOf;uscH&wJhb0ygyJ?
1964 “¶kb d if” u|e;f ay:a&muf&wJb h 0rSm cHpm;ayguuf w
JG wfwm/ acgi;f rmwm/ emusif
cHpm;vG,fwm pwJh p¶kdufawG&cJhw,f? ckawmh pnf;urf;&SdwJh/ &ifhusufwnf+idrfwJh vl
wpfa,mufjzpfvmw,f? +yD;cJw h mawGudk aemufa=umif;jyefveS w f wforl [kw/f aemuf
qkH; olajymwmu “usaemf&ifhusufoGm+yD” qkdwmygyJ? &ifhusufwJhol wpfa,muf
jzpfvmzkd@ twGuf 'Davmufwefzkd;}uD;wm/ &Sm;yg;wm[m r&Sdygbl;?
olvkdacgif;aqmifrsKd;
jyif;jyif;xefxef xdckdufepfemapwJhpepfqkd;xJu wkdif;jynfukdvGwfajrmuf
atmif olprG ;f aqmifEidk cf w
hJ ,f? vljzLvlrpJ nf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ukd enf;vrf;opf&mS pGr;f Ekid f
cJhw,f? rif'Jvm;u avmuDolawmfpifeJ@ teD;qkH;wlwJholwpfOD;yg? EkdifiHa&;orm;yDo
olvnf; jzpfw,f? tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;tkycf sKyfwphJ epfudk ðzwfcs+yD;/ vlrsK;d a&;rcGjJ cm;wJh
'Drkdu&ufwpf awmiftmz&dujzpfatmif zefwD;cJhw,f? ppfol&Jaumif;tjzpfeJ@ wpf
enf;/ tmZmenfo&l aJ umif;taeeJ@wzk/H oHwrefwpfO;D taeeJ@wpfrsK;d / Ekid if t H }uD;tuJ
taeeJ@ wpfo, G f tcef;u¾tvku d f cswd qf ufajymif;vJvyk af qmif&mrSm tcgumvukd
wdww d u
G Ef idk w
f m/ b,fvedk nf;vrf;eJ@omG ;r,fqw dk mawGudk olaumif;aumif;em;vnf
w,f? qkyfqkyfukdifajymr&wJh pdwWZqefwJh '\etjrifawGukdvnf; ol ckd;vkdckvkdjzpf
w,f? ol[m enf;AsL[mukd ykid Ef idk o f jl zpfw,f? enf;AsL[mukyd J aZmif;ay;OD;aqmifvyk f
w,f? rl0g'ukd jy\emwpf&yfvkd@ xnfhajymavhr&Sdbl;?
20 &mpk aeufykdif;umvrSm urBm&JŒxl;jcm;wJh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;
vnf;jzpf EkdifiHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf pHxm;xkdufwJhacgif;aqmifwpfOD;eJ@avsmfnDpGm
xl;jcm;wJhukd,f&nfukd,faoG;jynfhpkHwm jiif;r&ygbl;? urBmrSm tcsrf;omqkH;pm&if;0if
“bDvf*dwf” uyif olav;pm;&r,fholxJrSm “rif'Jvm;” vnf; yg0ifygw,fwJh?
tu,fIrsm; “rif'Jvm;” vkdacgif;aqmifrsKd; jrefrmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm ay:vm
OD;r,fqkd&if ææ ?
58
pmtkyfokH;oyfcsuf
Book Review
AD,uferfuay;wJo
h i
ifc
f ef;pm
([ife&Dupfqif*sm;)
aZmfjrifhausmf bmomjyefonf
tar&dutzk@d awmh AD,uferfppfy[ JG m +yD;cJw h &hJ mpk 'kw,

d ESp0f ufyidk ;f rSm pdwf
rcsrf;ajrhzG,f&mtwdeJ@ }udrfrD;tkH;cJh&wJhjzpf&yfyg? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; q,fpkESpf
wckcaJG vmuf qef;opfwEhJ idk if jH cm;a&;ay:vpD atmifjrifra_ =umifh uk, d uhf ,dk u f ,dk =Hk unf
r_awG rk;d ay:axmifwufrwwfjzpfaepOfrmS / usaemfw@dk &ŒJ AD,uferf tay:ukid w f , G rf u
_
tar&duukd oabmxm;uGJr_awGeJ@ csefxm;cJhygw,f? tar&duefjynfwGif;ppf+yD;
uwnf;uqkd&if 'g[m aemufxyfwkdif;jynftwGif; t}uD;tus,fpdwf0rf;uGJr_}uD;ygyJ?
wyfawG¶kwfodrf;t+yD; ESpfESpft=umrSm uGef*&ufu AD,uferfukday;aewJh
tultnDtaxmuftyHhtm;vkH; jzwfypfcJhygw,f? aemufqkH;usefcJhwJh tar&duefawG
[m qkdif*kH (,ck [kdcsDrif;òrdŒawmf) u usaemfwkd@oH¶kH;acgifrkd;ay:uae &[wf,mOfeJ@
xGufajy;cJh=u&ygw,f? tJ'Dhtcsdefu pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yf jyZmwfuGufrsKd; tckxd
ray:aygufao;ygbl;?
tck tJ'DhumvrSmyg0ifcJhwJh rsufjrifoufaota&twGuf[m wpwp
avsmhyg;vm+yD;/ oHr_dESufcHxm;&wJhcHpm;csufawGu olwkd@ukdpdwfaxmif;ukd,fa=u pdwf
'%f&m'%fcsufawGay;cJhygw,f? olwkd@&JŒtwdwfawGu tcsif;csif;=um; oabmxm;
rwku d qf idk rf a_ wGe@J cGx
J m;&pfcyhJ gw,f? ,ae@ Ekid if u
H Odk ;D aqmifaewJh i,f&, G w f ahJ cgi;f aqmif
rsm;tzkd@awmh olwkd@zcifrsm;&JŒ tjiif;yGm;cJhr_awGtay: em;vnfEkdifpGrf;r&Sd&SmbJ/ olwkd@
aqmif&u G af ewJh rsuaf rSmufay:vpDad wGrmS tvm;wltusyt f wnf;rsK;d awGxJ ra&Smif
v$JombJ xyfacsmfusukefygw,f?
tck a*:'Geftrf*kdpwdef;&JŒ “ab;qkd;xJuoifcef;pmrsm;/ rwfa*smhbef'DESifh
AD,uferfppfyGJ wl¶_&mvrf;” (Lessons in Disaster: Mc Gcorge Bundy and the
Path to War in Vietnam) pmtkyfu tJ'Dh[muGufawGukd rjznfhay;Ekdifao;ygbl;?
okd@aomf awmifAD,uferfukd tar&duefpepftwGuf ckcHr_twGif; 1961 - 1966 ig;ESpf
wm umvukd trsm;}uD; rD;armifxkd;jyygw,f? tJ'Dhacwfxif&Sm;wJh tar&duefjynfol@
0efxef;rsm;xJu wpfa,mufjzpfwhJ rufa*smb h ef'&D ŒJ óud;yrf;r_awGudk ajc&maumuf&if;/
tar&du&JŒ uHq;dk rk;d arSmifjzpf&yfx0J ifcyhJ u Hk dk 'Dpmtkyu f óud;pm;&SmazGwifjyxm;ygw,f?
59
rufa*smhbef'D b,folvJ
usaemf [m;AwfwuUokdvfrSm&Sdaewkef;u/ rufa*smhbef'D[m wuUokdvf&JŒ

r[mXmer_;jzpfygw,f? [m;Awfb@JG & rsK;d qufwckv;Hk twGuf a*smb h ef'q
D w dk m ynm&Sif
eJ@ wufºuGvy_ &f mS ;ol/ tm;vk;H &JŒ pHjytcspaf wmfyg? ol@&ŒJ xl;jcm;wufjrufwhJ ^m%fynm
ukd jynfo@l tusK;d ðyvkyif ef;awGrmS vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm; ESpjf r‡Kyfxm;oljzpfygw,f? bef'[ D m
olrwlatmifxufjrufol/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;xkwfazmfwifjyEkdifol? abmfpwGefjA[Rm%
tv$m ([m;Awfynmwwftokdif;t0kdif;) aemufuG,frSmawmh ol[m aEG;axG;+yD;
qifjcifwkHw&m; tm;aumif;wJh vlom;wpfOD;ygyJ?
[m;AwfaumfrwD&JŒ a¶G;cs,fr_a=umifh/ a'gufwmbGJ@&,ljcif;r&Sdao;bJeJ@
t&nftcsif;jynfhrDwJhXmer_;tjzpf ol@ukd cef@tyfcJhygw,f? Xmer_;jzpfwJhtcsdef ol@
toufu (34)ESpf? aemuftpkd;&tzGJ@ajymif;vJ&if &DywfAvpfuefjzpfjzpf 'Drkdu&uf
jzpfjzpf bef'Dukd tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@xJ xnfhrSmyJvkd@ [m;Awftokdif;t0kdif;rSm
,kH=unfxm;=uygw,f? oleJ@acwfòydiftrsm;tjym;u ol@ukd tem*wfEkdifiHjcm;a&;
0ef}uD; (Secretary of State) avmif;vkd@ jrifcJh=uygw,f?
1961 ckESpfrSm orRw*|eftufzfuae'Du bef'Dhukd trsKd;om;vkH;òcHa&;t}uH
ay; cef@tyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DhtcsdefrSm 'D&mxl;[m tpkd;&tzGJ@xJ tvGefta&;ygwJhae&m
tjzpf ,lqxm;=uygw,f/ bef'Du trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;t&m&Sdwm0efukd acwfrDwkd;
wufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh tjcm;XmeawG&JŒ
rSwfwrf;rSwf&mpmcsKyfpmwrf;awG tvGefrsm;jym;vmwmeJ@tr#/ bef'Dh&JŒ¶kH;[m A[kd
¶kH;}uD; jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
tJ'Dhuwnf;u trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;aumifpD[m orwtwGuf a¶G;cs,f
pOf;pm;vkyfukdif&r,fhenf;vrf;tzkHzkHukd pkpnf;wifjyxkwfvkyfay;&mXme jzpfvmyg
w,f? 'Dvkyfief;}uD;awGukd vspfvsL¶_xm;cJh&if/ orw[m rsufrjrifykÀm;xufqkd;
oGm;r,f? r[mAsL[mvrf;!$efcsufr&SdbJ tusyftwnf;awG wpfck+yD;wpfckqkdufrSm
usdef;aoygw,f?
bef'D[m [m;AwfrSm pDrHukdifwG,fcJhovkdrsKd;yJ/ ol@wm0eftopfawGrSm
ig;ESpfwm yDjyifykdifEkdifpGm aqmif¶GufEkdifcJhygw,f? 'DtxJrSm bmviftusyftwnf;/
usK;bm;'k;H usnu f mveJ@ eLuvD;,m;prf;oyfr_ ydwyf ifa&;oabmwlncD suw f @dk yg0ifyg
w,f? 'Dah emuf oly;l wGpJ rD uH idk w
f ,
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hJ hJ AD,uferfppfyJG uHq;dk rk;d arSmifusre_ @J twl =oZm
usqif;oGm;cJh&w,f? 1966 ckESpfrSm ol t+idrf;pm;,lcJh+yD;/ aemuf b,fawmhrS tpkd;&
0efxrf;rvkyfawmhygbl;?
tpkd;&Xmeukdausmckdif;vm+yD;aemuf bef'Dhcrsm trsm;&JŒa0zefp&m ypfrSwf
jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ‘taumif;qk;H eJ@tawmfq;Hk ’ (The Best and the Brightest) a&;wJh
a';Apf[,fvfbmpwrf;uqkd&if bef'Dukd AD,uferfrSm tar&duefawGukd vrf;aysmuf
60
apcJholvkd@ xkd;ESufa0zefygw,f? tJ'DhpmtkyfrSm AD,uferfppfyGJ&JŒ aemufqufwGJokH;oyf
csuftrsm;pkukd azmfjycJhygw,f?
bef'Du ol@tay: r_dcsKd;r#pfcsKd; uJh&JŒjypfwifr_rsm;ukd oduQm&SdpGmeJ@onf;cH
w,f? a0zefra_ wGudk wku d ¶f u
dk jf yefajz=um;jcif;rðybJ/ a0zefot
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wlcJhwmawG&Sdygw,f? ol@b0ae0ifcsdefrSm tar&duukd ar#mfvifhcsufuae pdwfysuf
a=uuGJr_qD wGef;ykd@ay;cJhwJhjzpf&yfawGukd jyefvnfukpm;zkd@ tcsuftvufpkaqmif;r_awG
okawoevufaxmuftulwa,mufeJ@ vkyfae&Smygw,f? pmrl=urf; rpwifEkdifao;
cif ol uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f?
uyfqkd;xJrS oifcef;pmrsm;
bef'&D ŒJ okawoeorm; a*:'Get f rf*;dk vfpwde;f (Gordon M. Goldstein)

u ol@q&meJ@ yl;aygif;ðypkxm;wmawG/ bef'Dukd,fwkdif&JŒ a&;om;csufrSwfpkwkd@eJ@twl
pmtkyfxkwfvkdufygw,f? *kd;vfpwdef;ukd,fwkdif&JŒ tm;xkwfr_awGygovkd/ okawoe
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awG/ uHq;dk rk;d arSmifusra_ wGudk &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dpmtky[ f m a&SŒqufomG ;&
OD;r,fh c&D;twGuf jywif;wHcg;wcsyf vSpfjyvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf'Dpmtkyfu
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jzpfygw,f?
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awGu olwkd@pD;yGm;a&; ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sifoefzkd@eJ@ olwkd@e,fpyfrsOf;wavsmuf qkdAD,uf
wyfawG 0kid ;f ywfxm;r_jzpfygw,f? tar&duefrm&S,pf rD u H ed ;f u yxrjy\emukd ulnD
EkdifcJh+yD;/ aewkd;r[mrdwftzGJ@u 'kwd,+cdrf;ajcmufr_ukd ajz&Sif;ay;EkdifcJhygw,f?
61
awmifAD,uferfrSm tJ'Dtaetxm;rsKd;awG r&Sdygbl;? AD,uferfukdcGJjcm;ykdif;

jzwfxm;wJhrsOf;u ppfrJhZkHoabmrsKd;omjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwume,ferdwfe,fpyfrsOf;
wpfcktjzpf awmifAD,uferf[EGdKif;tpkd;&u b,fwkef;urSvufrcHcJhygbl;? [EGdKif;rSm
aysmuf=um;ppfyGJawGa=umifh tpkd;&tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm; csnfheJ@oGm;cJhygw,f? e,fedrdwf
rsOf;r&SdwJh tJ'DhppfyGJrSm/ ppfa&;xdef;csKyfr_[m jcm;em;wJht"dy`g,faqmifcJhygw,f?
Oa&myrSmawmh tajcckdifatmif xlaxmifxm;wJhEkdifiHrsm; (established
states) &Scd yhJ gw,f? tpk;d &uk,d pf rD mS w&m;0ifr_ (legitimacy) ukd tckid t
f rmxlaxmif
xm;+yD;om; jzpf=uygw,f? awmifAD,uferfrSmu EkdifiHwckqkdwJhykdifqkdifr_tarG vkH;0r&Sd
cJhygbl;? tpkd;&tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGqkdwmvnf; '&pyf ppfa&;wkdufckdufr_awGatmufrSm
zefwD;,lae&um e,fajrykdifeufwnfwHckdif+rJr_ (territorial integrity) jzpf+yD;/ ta&SŒ
awmiftm&SrSmpdefac:r_u tpkd;&&JŒw&m;0ifr_jzpfygw,f?
'kdrDEkdoDtkd&DESifh tpOftvmurxGufEkdifwJh uae'D
uae'Dtpkd;&opf[m tJ'Dhjcm;em;csuftay: [efjyajymqkd avmuGwfvkyf

aewmuvGJvkd@/ b,fvkdaqmif¶Gufoifhw,fqkdwmukd b,fawmhrS rajz&Sif;cJhygbl;? ol@
t&if x¶l;rif;eJ@ tkdufpifa[mif0gtpkd;&rsm; vufxufrSmuwnf;u tar&duef [m
wm0efuwdawG wjznf;jznf; wkd;jr‡ifcJh=uw,f?
tku d pf ifa[mif0gtpk;d &ESpq f ;Hk ykid ;f rSm tif'cdk sKid ;f em;&Sd wkid ;f jynftm;vk;H rSm ol@
wyftiftm;awG csxm;zkd@ukd qkH;jzwfxm;+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? &mxl;tajymif; tvJ
umvrSm tkdufpifa[mif0gu aemufwufvmr,fhorwukd ajymxm;wm&Sdw,f?
ajrmufAD,uferfu quf+yD;xkd;azmufvm&if/ tar&duefwkdufckdufa&;wyfawGukd
vmtkdbufykd@xm;oifhw,f qkdwmyg?
uae'D tpk;d &[m tJ'jhD y\emawGe@J ywfouf&if tpOftvmtodynmukd
vufcHcJhayr,fh/ r[mAsL[mukd y,fcsygw,f? ol@a&SŒu ygwDESpfck&JŒorwrsm;vkdyJ/
0kdif;&Hxdef;csKyfa&;rl (containment) ukd cGJjcm;ypfvkd@r&bl;vkd@ ,lqxm;w,f? awmifAD
,uferfòydvrJ &_ ŒJ 'krd ED t dk usK;d quf (domino effect) [m obm0twkid ;f tjcm; ouf
qkdifwJhEkdifiHrsm;ukdvnf qufòydvJapr,fvkd@ ,lqxm;ygw,f?
'krd ED o
dk t
D &dk t D & Ekid if w
H pfEidk if u
H dk uGejf rLepfw@dk vufatmufrusa&mufatmif
xdef;rxm;Ekdifbl;qkd&if/ tjcm;EkdifiHawGvnf; xdef;zkd@cuf+yD; tm;vkH;òydqif;ukefr,fvkd@
qkdxm;w,f? 'ga=umifh 0kdif;&HxdefcsKyfa&;rl[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
pma&;q&m*kd;vfpwdef;&JŒ azmfjycsuft&qkd&if/ bef'DeJ@ ol@vkyfazmfukdifzuf
awGu 'krd ED t dk usK;d qufjzpf&if zdvpfyidk /f xkid ;f / *syef/ rav; &Sm;/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;/ awmifu&dk ;D
,m;eJ@ xkdif0rfwkd@ yg0ifoGm;r,fvkd@ t"dy`g,fzGifhxm;w,f?
uae'Dtpk;d &opfu zGiq hf cdk sut f opfawGawmif vkyv f u dk af o;w,f? AD,uf
erfukd urBmhppfat; a&SŒwef;rsufESmpmrsm;xJu wpfckvkd@awmif quf+yD; rowfrSwf
62
awmhbJ wu,fhA[kdcsufra&SŒwef;rsufESmpm}uD;vkd@ owfrSwfvkdufw,f? tpOftvm
usL;ausmfr_awGukd aewkd;r[mrdwftzGJ@u [ef@wm;xm;r,f? AD,uferfukdawmh
aysmufusm;ppfawGe@J yJ a&&Snt f m;ukepf w d yf suo f mG ;apr,f? w¶kwef @J qAdk ,
D ufuadk wmh
urBmvkH;qkdif&m csdefcGifv#mxdef;nd‡a&;rSm tqifhwltjzpf vufcHtodðyr,faygh?
tck q,fpEk pS af v;cke;D yg;&Sv d mwJt h csed rf mS awmh/ uae'Dtpk;d &&JŒ tjrift,l
tqawGtay: pdefac:axmufjyp&mawG &Sdvmygw,f? uGefjrLepf0g'ukd ròydvJEkdifwJh
ausmufqkdif}uD;vkd@jrifcJhwm rSm;,Gif;wm awG@=u&+yD? awmifAD,uferfòydvJr_[m 'kdrDEkd
tusKd;qufawGxJ usqif;roGm;bl;? AD,uferfaysmufusm;ppfukd vG,fvG,fajz&Sif;vkd@
&r,fvkd@ wGufcJhwm wufwufpifvGJoGm;+yD; ykdqkd;¶Gm;oGm;cJh&w,f?
pma&;ol*kd;vfpwdef;uawmh bef'D[m tJ'DhjzpfEkdifajcawGukd wGufcsufjyEkdif
oifhw,fvkd@ ol@q&mukd a0zefjyygw,f? tJ'DhjzpfEkdifajcrsKd;awGukd orwtm¶kHpkduf
atmif wifjyzkd@aumif;w,fvkd@ ol@pmtkyfrSm axmufjyygw,f? okd@aomf usaemfwkd@
trSwfjyef&&rSmu tpOftvmtodtjrifynmuyJ tpkd;awG&JŒaqmif¶Gufr_awGukd
armif;ESifae+yD;/ tJ'DtpOftvm,kH=unfcsufukd azgufxGufvkyfaqmifwmrsKd; r&SdcJhbl;?
&SdESifh+yD;om; tpOftvmtodynm,kH=unfcsufeJ@ pdwfxifhr_awGt=um;
n‡yrf ad ewJb h ef'[ D m t&ifu u|r;f 0if+yD;om;ykpH aH wGe@J yJ tusyt f wnf;ukd pDru H idk w
f ,G f
zkd@ tm¶kHpkdufygawmhw,f? b,f0ef}uD;tqifh&Sd t&m&SdurSvnf; xlaxmifxm;+yD;om;
tjrif,=Hk unfcsuu f dk pdeaf c:vkyEf idk pf rG ;f r&S=d uygb;l ? ynm&Siaf wGuvnf; ukid w f ,G rf y_ pHk H
topf csrjyEkdifcJhygbl;?
orwtay: =oZmv$r;f zk@d óud;pm;wJh yk*K~ v d af &;ay;pmawGe@J XmewGi;f pmwrf;
awGa=umifh/ trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;awG/ 0ef}uD;tqifhtpnf;a0;
awGrSm tajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJawG &SdcJhygw,f? qkH;jzwfcsufawG cscJh=uayr,fh/ tusyf
twnf;ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf b,fvkdr[mAsL[mukdrS oabmwl rcsEkdifcJh=uygbl;?
uae'Dtpkd;&[m óuH&musyef;qkH;jzwfcsufwavS}uD;eJ@ pcef;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf[m w&m;0ifr_udpP/ tm%mr&Sd&if vkH+cKHa&;r&
*kd;vfpwdef;&JŒ pmtkyfzwf&mrSm/ bef'D&JŒajympum;wpfckazmfjyr_u tawmf

tH=op&mjzpfaew,f? 1961 Ekd0ifbmrSm/ bef'Du orwuae'DqD pma&;cJhw,f?
“rae@ua&ul;uefrSm orw}uD;u usaemfb,fvkdawG;xm;ovJqkdwm ar;w,f?
usaemfawG;xm;wmu 'Dvydk g/ AD,uferftwGi;f rSm ppfa&;aqmif¶u G zf @dk vadk e+yDr@dk usaemf
wkd@ wyfrwckavmuf apv$wf=uzkd@ oabmwloifh+yD” qkd+yD; a&;xm;w,f? pma&;ol
*kd;vfpwdef;u bef'Da&;om;xm;wJh taxmuftxm;vnf; rjyovkd/ ‘wyfrwck
avmuf’ qkw d m b,fvt dk "dyg` ,zf iG o
hf vJqw
dk mvnf; razmfjybl;? b,fvrdk [mAsL[m
&v'frsKd;ukd qEN&Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; ajymrxm;cJhygbl;?
63
ta&SŒawmiftm&SqD wkdufckdufa&;wyfawGapv$wfzkd@ uae'Du qef@usif

w,fvkd@ *kd;vfpwdefu qkdw,f? 1961 rSm vmtkdrSm tkdufpifa[mif0g&JŒ wyfcsxm;a&;
t,ltqukd uae'Du tjywfjiif;y,fw,f? 1963 rSm AD,uferfeJ@ywfoufwJh
tvm;wl tqkðd ycsuu f v
dk nf; vufrcHcb hJ ;l ? 'Dvvdk yk w f m[m r[mAsL[mqk;H jzwfcsuf
wpfckxuf aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_ukdom ykd+yD;&v'fxifapcJhygw,f?
ww,fawmh uae'D[m pdwfEScGjzpfaecJhygw,f? trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;twGuf
awmifA, D uferf[m r&Srd jzpf quf&iS o f efatmif vkyx f m;&r,fqw dk meJ@ tJ'yhD ef;wkid u
f dk
&zkd@qkd&if tar&duefwkdufckdufa&;wyfawG apv$wf&r,fqkdwJh ESpfckt=um; Asmrsm;+yD;
a0cGrJ & jzpfaeygw,f? tJ'hD wyfawGy@dk a&; qk;H jzwfcsuu f dk 1963 rSm a¶$Œqkid ;f Ekid cf yhJ gw,f?
okd@aomf *|efqiforwjzpfvm+yD; AD,uferfòydvkcgeD; 1965 rSmawmh qkH;jzwfcsuf[m
vkH;0a&Smifvkd@r&atmif jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
tm;vk;H jrifc&hJ wJth wkid ;f ygy?J uae'D&ŒJ orwaemufq;Hk &ufowWywfawGrmS
csrw S cf w
hJ qhJ ;Hk jzwfcsuaf wG[m ol@aemuforwjzpfvmwJh *|eq f if&ŒJ a¶G;cs,rf e_ nf;vrf;
awGudk yk+d yD;tusyt f wnf;awG jzpfapcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;vkòH cHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ rwduswhJ
vkyf&yfawGu =urRmiifr_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f?
Ekid if aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG rwnf+idrw f hJ zGòH zd;qJEidk if aH wG&ŒJ aysmufusm;ppfu
ra&Smifv$JombJ vkH;0ajz&Sif;vkd@r&wJh tusyftwnf;awG xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f? jynf
wGi;f ppfqw dk m w&m;0ifr_ (legitimacy) eJ@ vk;H 0oufqidk af e+yD;/ w&m;0ifrq _ wdk m vk+H cKHr_
r&SdbJeJ@ r&&SdEkdifygbl;? tJ'Dh w&m;0ifr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_&&Sda&;vkdtyfcsufawGt=um;rSm t+rJ
[ae wwfw,f?
vkH+cKHa&;[m tm%mr&Sd&if rjzpfEkdifygbl;? w&m;0ifr_[mvnf; trsm;
oabmwlnrD r_ &&if a&&Snx f ed ;f rxm;Ekid yf gb;l ? ok@d aomf 'Dru dk a&pDenf;us oabmwl
nDr_ &&Sdzkd@ tcsdeftwkdif;twm yrm%[m vkHòcHa&;&atmifvkyfzkd@ twkdif;twmxuf
ykd=umanmif;wwfygw,f?
vkyf}uHr_eJ@ aESmifhaES;wJhorw
1963 ckESpf AD,uferfrSmaysmufusm;ppf rD;&Sdefjrifhwufvmygw,f? awmifAD

,uferftkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ csdeJ@r_u tm;vkH;xGufaygufr&Sd acsmifydwfrdapwJh tajccH
ta=umif;w&m;yJvkd@ tar&dueft&m&SdawGu ,kH=unfvm=uygw,f? uae'DeJ@ bef'D
ESpfOD;pvkH; awmifAD,uferfu jyefvm+yD;aemuf/ vufaxmufEkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;eJ@
trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;0efxrf;awGu qkdif*kHu tar&duefoHtrwfukd !$ef=um;csufay;
vkdufw,f? qkdif*kHrSm ppftm%modrf;r_tokH;ðy+yD; orwtopfajymif;ypfzkd@?
orRw ‘ikd’ eJ@ ol@nD[m r=umrD vkyf}uHcH&ygw,f? tJ'Dh r[mAsL[mtwGif;
awmifAD,uferfrSm tm%modrf;r_awG qufwkdufjzpfvm+yD; jy\emawG wavS}uD;
wufygw,f? tJ'Dhvkd uaomif;ueif;tajctaeawGrSm ajrmufAD,uferf [EGKdif;buf
64
u awmifbufukd ykHrSefwyfawGeJ@0ifwkdufzkd@ tcGifhaumif;yJvkd@ ,lqvkduf=uygw,f?
aemufo;Hk ywfavmuft=umrSm uae'D vky}f uHc&H ygw,f? tar&duefwu dk f
cku
d af &;wyfawG apv$wzf @dk q;Hk jzwfcsu[f m 1963 ckEpS rf mS qkid ;f iHv
h u
dk &f +yD;/ orw*|eq
f if
vufxJ usa&mufvmygw,f? pma&;ol*kd;vfpwdef;u tdrfjzLawmftwGif;tajctae
aqG;aEG;r_awGeJ@ jzpfay:wkd;wufr_awGukd ajc&mcH=unfhygw,f? t"dut}uHay;awG
jzpfwJh 'if;&yfpf/ a&mbuf rufemrm;&m;/ bef'Dwkd@eJ@ ppfOD;pD;csKyftzGJ@u wkdufckdufa&;
wyfawG apv$wfcsxm;zkd@ukd tckdiftrmaxmufcH=uygw,f?
pma&;ol*kd;vfpwdef;u orRwuae'Dukd a0zefjyygw,f? uae'D[m ta&SŒ
awmiftm&Stokdif;t0kdif;wpfckvkH; 0kdif&Hxdef;csKyfxm;a&; 'kdrDEkdoDtkd&Dukd vufcHxm;+yD;/
tJ'Dhaqmif¶Gufr_tusKd;qufawGeJ@yJ qufaer,fholjzpfvdrfhr,f? ta&SŒawmiftm&SqD
tar&du&JŒ jynfyoGm;a&mufwkdufckdufa&;wyftrsm;tjym;ukd apv$wfcsifykHray:bl;?
ok@d aomf olŒ&JŒaqmif¶u G cf suaf wG[m trsK;d om;vkòH cHa&;t}uHay;awG/ Ekid if jH cm;a&;rl0g'
a&;&myk*K~ v
d rf sm;&JŒtjrifawGu tckid t f rmaemufu, G u f &Sad eovm;qkw d m usaemfw@dk
rodEkdif=uygbl;? bef'Dwkd@vkd t"dut}uHay;awGu aESmifhaES;=uef@=umwJhorw
jzpfoGm;atmif 0kdif;vkyfcJhavovm;qkdwm ajymr&bl;?
atmifyGJ&JŒt"dy`g,f
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m ppfyGJoGm;+yDqkd&if/ atmifyGJqkdwmb,fvkdvJ/

atmifyu JG dk b,fvedk nf;eJ@ atmifjrifatmifvyk rf mS vJqw dk mawG t"dyg` ,uf suseezGiq hf dk
azmfjyxm;oifhw,f? 'grSr[kwfvJ olŒ&JŒppfa&;aqmif¶Gufr_ukd b,fvkdtqkH;owfrvJ/
b,fvkdoHwrefenf;awGeJ@ pcef;oGm;rvJqkdwm ususeetqkdðyxm;&r,f?
AD,uferfukd tar&duefwyfawG apv$wfjyefawmhvnf; jynfoltrsm;&JŒ
,k=H unfu;dk pm;r_e@J rSeu f efwahJ phpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vrf;a=umif; rygcjhJ yefb;l ? aphpyfaqG;aEG;
&if b,fvkdtcsufawGyg0if&r,fqkdwm b,fawmhrS t"dy`g,fzGifhrxm;bl;? ,kH=unfr_
trSwfeJ@ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;=unfhzkd@ pma&;ol *kd;vfpwdef;u bef'D&JŒtH=ozG,fpum;
wpfckukd ukd;um;azmfjyygw,f? ‘tar&duefwyfom;wpfodef;v$wf+yD; ¶_H;edrfhoGm;wm
xufpm&if/ [EGKid b f ufu wku d vf mwmwpfcv k ;Hk ukd rckcEH idk w
f mu tar&du&JŒ ,k=H unf
r_twGuf ykdaumif;tkH;r,f’ wJh? qkdvkdwmu wyfawGapv$wfjcif;xuf 'Dtwkdif;
¶_H;edrfhvkdufwmu tar&duefjynfolvkxktjrifrSm ykdaumif;r,faygh?
aemufxyf rdrdbmomysufpD;apwJh udpPuawmh tif'kdcsKdif;em;ukd wckwnf;
aom r[mAsL[muGi;f jyiftjzpfjrifz@dk &ef aESmifah ES;aejcif;ygy?J 'Dae&mrSm tkid pf ifa[mif0g
vkH;0rSefcJhygw,f? AD,uferfukd ckcHumuG,fzkd@twGuf vmtkd[m rjzpfraecHwyfvkd@
tkdufpifa[mif0gu ajymcJhwmyJ? okd@aomf bef'Du tJ'Dtqkdukd olvufrcHEkdifa=umif;
uae'Dukd ajymcJhw,f? bef'D ajymykHu “vmtkd[m 1954 +yD;uwnf;u b,fawmhrS
usaemfwkd@[m r[kwfawmhbl;? awmifAD,uferfom usaemfwkd@[meJ@ usaemfwkd@vkdcsif
65
wJh[myJ” vkd@ qkdcJhw,f?

tJ'jhD cm;em;csuu f rlrrSewf t
hJ ajctaeawG jzpfapygw,f? tJ'hD tjrifa=umifh
yJ tar&duefoef;wpf0uf[m AD,uferfrSm ykdae+rJusm;ae+rJjyef&zkd@ wkdufckdufcJh=u&
w,f? &efol@wyfawGu urBm'D;,m;rSm tajccHpcef;awGwnf+yD; vmtkdbufuae
axmufyrhH _ vrf;a=umif;awG&,lomG ;vk@d tar&duefppfa&;AsL[m ratmifjrifEidk f jzpfc&hJ
ygw,f?
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; bef'Dajymwmu [EGKdif;u uGefjrLepf
awG&JŒ awmifAD,uferfukd v$rf;rkd;zkd@óud;pm;r_awG t&nfaysmfusqif;oGm;wmeJ@ tay;
t,lvkyf n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_ (compromise) awG oHwrefenf;vrf;uwqifh ay:xGuf
vmvdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh 'g[m oa&yGJtaetxm;ukd &Smwm/ atmifyGJr[kwfbl;?
okd@aomf oa&yGJtaetxm;u ‘aysmufusm;wpfa,muf[m r&_H;&if Ekdif&r,f/ oa&
qkdwm r&Sd’ qkdwJh tqkdtrdef@ukd csKd;azgufovkdjzpfaew,f?
oHwrefenf;eJ@ tay;t,lnd‡E_dif;r,fqkdwJh xGufayguf}uHpnfr_[m tar
&duefawG&JŒ aemifwrSm ykduJaew,f? &efol[EGKdif;bufjcrf;rSm tay;t,lvkyfzkd@
pdwful;xJawmif rxnfh=ubl;? olwkd@u tðywfwkdufa&;yJ? [EGKdif;u uGefjrLepfacgif;
aqmifawG[m jyifopfudk q,fpEk pS w f pfck wku
d cf u
dk cf =hJ uw,f? tar&duefe@J q,fpw
k pfck
avmufyJ wkdufyGJawG jzpfcJh=uw,f? olwkd@t+rJvkdcsifwmu b,foleJ@jzpfjzpf EkdifiHa&;
tay;t,lvkyfr_awG&zkd@ r[kwfbl;? atmifEkdifzkd@ wkduf=uwmom jzpfw,f?
trSefu tay;t,ltav#mhtwif;jzpfvmzkd@ vkdtyfwJhóud;pm;&r_awG[m
atmifyGJ&zkd@vkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ cGJjcm;xm;vkd@r&bl;? tay;t,l tav#mhtwif;vkyfzkd@
qkdwm atmifyGJtwGuf jzpf&rSm? aemufykdif; usaemftpkd;&tzGJ@xJ yg0ifxrf;aqmifvm
awmh cg;oD;wJhtawG@tóuHawGuae oifcef;pmxkwf,lcJhygw,f?
a0'emawGuay;cJhwJ oifcef;pm
'Dpmtkyftay: okH;oyfcsufa&;&mrSm/ rsKd;qufwpfckóuHawG@cJh&wJh emusif

cHcufa0'emawGukd tusOf;csKyfrazmfjybJ raeEkdifatmif jzpfrdygw,f? avhvmxkwf
,lvkd@ &or# tenf;i,fukd atmufygtwkdif; pDpOf=unfhygw,f?
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&nf!Gef; Finishing Our Works by Thomas L. Friedman

Obama's Third Way by Fareed Zakaria
69

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