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opPm tift m;pk?
Birthday Wishes from Duwun

Publishing
Dear Baba Bo Kyaw Zaw,

Warm, friendly, loving and kind.....
You are a true Hero in every way!
You are always thought in very special way!
Have a very Happy Birthday!
From members of Duwun team
December 3, 2009.
odk@
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'%f&mrsm;ESifh yGif@onfhyef; //
3/ 12/ 09
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3 &uf/ 'DZifbm 2009?
Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf Zm tESpf 90 ajrmuf
arG;ae@trSwfw&
E_wfquf*g&0rsm;/ ajym=um;csufrsm;
(1)
Akdvfc sKyfcifAsm;
pma&;q&m/ orkid f;q&mrsm;/ Ekid fiHa&;orm;awGu Akdvcf sKyfukd Akv
d frSL;csKyf
a[mif;ausmfaZmqdk+yD; oHk;E_ef;a&;zGJ@wwf =uygw,f? wu,fh t&Sdw&m;uvnf;
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vlxu
k Akv
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Akv
d cf sKyfuse;f rmygap?
jrifhrkd;
acwW- =opa=w;vs
(2)
tbkd;AkdvfcsKyf
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awmfrsm;rsm;[m tbk;d &J@ ajc&muked if;zd@k ysi;f =uyH&k w,f? tzdEydS cf aH e&wJh vlxak wG[m
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a0;aeOD;rSmygyJ Akv
d cf sKyf&Si?hf
r0if; at;
tar&duef/ tDvDEGdKufjynfe,f
(3)
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vm'HAk v
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hJ ,f? taz
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'gayrJhusaemfw@kd jynfov
l x
l ak wG&J@ 'Dru
dk a&pDwdu
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f rd ;f a&; twGuf qufvufvrf;jyEkid fygap?
kad oav;pm;pGmjzifh
bkef;jrifho de f;(*syef-opPm wm0efc H)
(4)
tbkd ; Akdv fc sKyfa usmfa Zm&Si fh
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&Sad ewmjzpfw,f? tbk;d use;f rmygap? qufvufusuo

f a&aqmifEikd fygap&Si?fh
tbk;d use;f rmygap?
rwifEG,f0if; (wkdusdK)
(5)
tbkd; &Si fh
tbk;d a&;wJph mawG ajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;awG[m usrwk@d vil ,fawGtwGuf pdwf
"mwfjyKjyifa&; pmayawG/ ajym=um;csuf awGjzpfw,f? ,ckvnf; a&;Ekid for# a&;ygO;D
tbkd;&Sih?f ajymEkid o
f r# ajymygO;D tbkd;?
pifumyludk acwWa&mufaecku
d f tbk;d ukd vSr;f +y;D OD;wifuefawmhvu
dk yf gw,f?
rr}uD ;
(6)
tbzkd; ouf&Snfo kd@
opPmwm0efcH t,f'w
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csiyf govJ/ trSww
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tawG;tac: pdw"f mwf/ owWdceG ftm;awGukd wkid f;jynfvx
l ku w+ydKifeufwnf; qkyf
ukid Ef idk w
f hJ umvwcku
k dk a&mufvm&rSm rvGb
J ;l / tbk;d &J@ arG;ae@rmS tbk;d use;f rmygap
qkawmif;&if; awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:awGudk vlxkawG&J@ b0 tarSmifxJrSm quf
vufxeG ;f ndEdik fygapvkd@ qENjyKygw,f AkdvfcsKyf zk;d ouf&Snf cifAsm;?
pkd; rif;
wuUq ufj ynfe ,f
tar&duef jynfaxmifpk
(7)
tbk;d AkdvfcsKyfusef;rmygap? wkid f;jynfvw
G fajrmufz@kd ta&; qufvufvrf;jy
Ekid yf gap? OD;aqmifEidk yf gapvk@d qENjyKyg w,f Akv
d cf sKyf? wkid ;f jynfe@J vx
l u
k dk cspw
f hJ Akv
d cf sKyf
oufawmf&mausmf&Snyf gap?
ESif;rkd; (rEav;)
acwW - bef a umuf
(8)
&JabmfoHk; usdyft zGJ@0if Akdvfc sKyf
awmfvSefa&;xJrSm qufvufkef;uefaewJh AkdvfcsKyfwa,mufwnf;om
ouf&x
dS if&mS ;useyf gawmhw,f? Akv
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w,f? wkid ;f jynf[m ppftm%m&Sipf epf/ ppftyk pf ak =umifh arSmifrq
J /J rkew
f idk ;f xefqyJ gy?J
wkdi;f jynfvGwaf jrmufz@kd rsdK;qufa[mif;rsdK;qufopfawG vufwGJke;f uefae=upOfrSm
Akv
d fcsKyftaeeJ@ qufvuf vrf;neEf ikd fygap?
wifO D; (vky fom;rsm;aumvdy f)
uae'g
(9)
opPmwm0efcH t,f'DwmrS wqifh
Akv
d cf sKyaf usmaf Zm&J@ wkid ;f jynfo@dk wifjywmawGudk zwf&rSw&f ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm
u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J avhvma&;t zG@J [m Akv
d cf sKyfudk avhvmrSwo
f m;&if; Akv
d cf sKy&f @J vrf;pOf/
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;&J@ vrf;pOftwkdif; usaemfw@kd csDwufae=uygw,f?
avh v ma&;tzGJ
&efukef -rEav;
(10)
AdkvfcsKyfcifAsm - AkdvfcsKyf&Sifh
ukd,w
f ikd fa&; twKy`wu
Wd kd a&;om;ay;cJhwht
J wGuf Adkvcf sKyfukd txl;yJ aus;Zl;
wifygw,f? jzwfoef;qJ orkid ;f acwf twGuf uk,
d af &;twKy`w[
dW m rD*g0yfaygi;f rsm;pGm
yg0if&w
Sd Jh rD;SL;wkid fjzpfv@dk aus;Zl;wifjcif;jzpfygw,f?
Akv
d cf sKyfuse;f rmygap touf&mausm&f Snfygap
armifoufOD; - rcifrsdK;rsdK;
acwW - vef'ef
(11)
orkdif;pmtkyaf wGzwf+y;D Akv
d cf sKyf&@J kyfykv
H $mukd awG@jrif&w,f? AkdvfcsKyfqw
kd m Akv
d cf sKyf
atmifqef;&J@ uk,
d yf mG ; Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf Zmukd qkv
d w
dk myg? Akv
d cf sKyfarG;ae@rmS ta0;uae
*g&0jyKvkduyf gw,f? AkdvfcsKyf use;f rmygap
aemfa v;vGD- apmrkd; Zuf
(12)
opPm wm0efcHt ,f'Dw mrSw qifh
wkwjf zLawGe@J wku
d w
f hJ wku
d yf eJG @J tif;pdew
f u
dk yf rJG mS toufab;u vGwv
f m
cJhwhJ AkdvfcsKyfausmaf ZmtwGuf &ifwkef yef;wkefjzpf&cJ&h w,f? Akdvcf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@
ocifp;dk wk@d awGudk ajratmufqufo,
G fa&;vky&f mrSmvJ &ifwek &f w,f? zuf qpf*syef
awGudk &Gy&f Gyfc|Hc|HawmfvSefarmif;xkwfcJhwJh ppfajrjyifxu
J AkdvfcsKyfudv
k nf; &ifwkef&
jyefw,f? orkid ;f rSm ajymifajrmufcw
hJ hJ acgi;f aqmifqw
dk m t}urd }f urd af owGi;f jyefc&hJ wJh
vlyJvkd@ aumufcsufcsrdw,f? usufoa&&S&d Sd touf&Sio
f efz@kd use;f rmygapvkd@ qk
awmif; arwWmykd@ovku
d yf gw,f&Si?fh
roD& dc kdi f
(13)
zkd;ouf&Snf AkdvfcsKyfokd@
Akdvcf sKyfESihf Akv
d fcsKyfudk jyKpkapmifha&Smufaeaom orD;jzpfol a'guw
f m vS
ausmfaZmyg use;f rm=uygapa=umif; qkawmif; arwWmykd@ovsuyf g? tbk;d &J@ ZGJ/ owW/d
pdwf"mwf/ wkdif;jynfcspfpw
d fukd trDvu
kd fz@kd }udK;pm;vsufyg? Akv
d fcsKyfudk tm;us twk
,lvsuyf g?
tke f; ausmf+ zdK ;
opPm tift m;pk0if
twGi f; a&;rSL ;-trsdK;om;vli ,fr sm; tzGJc sKyf( *syef)
(14)
AkdvfcsKyfeJ@ awG@csifygw,f? pum;awGvJ ajymcsifygw,f? tenf;qHk;
tacsmiform; rjzpfz@kd vdw
k ,f? orkdi;f tawG@ t}uHKawGu,f0wJh Akdvcf sKyf-tbkd;ukd
ar;p&mawGvJ trsm;}u;D yJ? zke;f eJ@qufo,
G cf iG &hf &if qufo,
G yf g&ap? tbk;d Akv
d cf sKyf&@J
om;orD;ajr;jrpfawGjzpfwhJ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG[m ,cktcg rJaqmufrmS &Sad e
=uygw,f? tbkd;&J@ aus;Zl;awGukd u|efawmfw@kd vli,fawGu jyefvnfaus;Zl;qyf
wJt
h aeeJ@ wkdi;f jynfvw
G af jrmufa&;rSm yg0ifv_y&f mS ;ae=uygw,f?
tbkd;Akv
d fcsKyf oufawmf&mausmf &Snaf paomf? ?
rif; rsdK ;armifESifh rsdK;qufo pfrsm;
acwW - rJ a qmuf?
(15)
tbAkdvfcsKyfausmfa Zmokd@ wrf;wjcif;
'Duae@Armjynf ppftyk pf ek @J Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@twl jynfo@l wyfrawmfudk
wnfaxmifcJhwJh bbAkdvfcsKyfeJ@ E_dif;,SOf=unfhrdw,f? bbu vlxkukd av;pm;
cspcf ifw,f? oef;a&$ppftyk pf u
k vlxu
k t
dk m%mtwGuf ajceif;cHv
k dk oabmxm;w,f?
bbAkv
d cf sKyfu wkid ;f jynfe@J vrl sKd ;ay: zdEydS rf a_ tmufu vGwaf jrmufatmif aqmif=uOf;
w,f? oef;a&$ ppftyk pf u
k vlrsKd ;toD;oD;ukd ppfzed yfatmufqo
JG iG ;f +y;D acsre_ ;f zdEydS w
f ,f?
bbu k;d om;w,f? jzLpifajzmifrh wfw,f? oef;a&$w@dk uawmh wkid ;f jynfe@J vx
l t
k ay:
aumufusppf w
k yf w
hJ ,f? ,kwrf myufpufw,f? bbAkv
d cf sKyw
f @dk vdk acgi;f aqmifaumif;
awG&@J vufxrJ mS vlx&k @J tm%m a&mufrvmbJ/ wefz;dk r&Sv
d ,
l w
k rf mawGu tm%m
odrf;,lvkdufwJhtcsdefup+yD; wkdif;jynf[m ab;qkd;uyfqkd;eJ@ }uHKawG@zdk@ =urRmiif
awmhwmygyJ? b,fvkdyJjzpfygap wae@awmh vlxktm%m[m vlxktpk;d & vufxJ
jyefa&muf&rSmaygh? vlxkuom rlvtm%mykdifjzpfygw,f? vlxkawGeJ@twl quf
vuf&yfwnf wku
d yf 0JG ifEidk f zk@d bbAkv
d cf sKyfausmaf Zm use;f rmygap? ouf&mausmf &Snyf g
ap? qufvufvrf;jyEkid fygap?
tdENd, Ekdifi Ha&muf
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
(16)
tbkd; Akdv f c sKyfa usmfa Zmok d@
AkdvfcsKyf[m usaemf-usrwkd@twGuf tarSmifxkrkefwikd f;awGu pl;&JxGuf
vmwJh awmufyaom vrf;jytvif;a&mif yg? tJ't
D vif;ykid &f iS }f u;D oufawmf&mausmf
&Snfygap? kad opGm tav;teuf *g&0jyKvsuyf g?
ta0;a&muf ArmjynfbmG ;
tvkyo
f rm;wpk?
uefawmhyef;uAsmrsm;
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The My anma r Inde pe nd ent Ne ws J ournal

No. 254, Room 52, 6th Floor, Seikkanthar Street, Kyauktada Township,
Yangon, Myanmar.
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f ufwm aemufq;kH yJv@dk awmh b,forl S wGurf xm;rdvu
dk =f u
yg?
[kd-apmapmykdif; ESpfawGwke;f uawmh &Jabmfwdik ;f ukd ckvdk "mwfjym;zGiho
f vkd
yHak o ajymwmr[kwf? &,f&$e;f zwf&$ef;eJ@ tjyeftvSef tcsed =f um=um pum;ajymavh
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f d
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vkd@ajym&if u|eaf wmfu ([m-r[kww
f myJ? u|efawmfawmif u|eaf wmfh
touft&G,fe@J bmrSrjzpfao;bl;? OD;wifu jzpfaew,f qkdawmh vGaJ e+yD)
t&$e;f azmufvdu
k &f if olu w[m;[m;&,f+yD; oabmusaewwfygw,f?
'DpOfumvawGwkef;u ol@toH[m =unfvifvef;qef;aew,f/ a&'D,kd
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aemuf a =umif; jyef a umuf j cif ;
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f eG jf cif;txdr;f trSwf wESpjf ynft
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f hJ &Jabmfoed ;f 0if;/ &JabmfcsKw
d @dk e@J tm;pku
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f ;kH yef;
aewm odyg&@J ? u|efawmfu vSnrfh =unfEh dik ?f ukd,u
fh pd eP @J u,
kd f vH;k csmvkdufaeygw,f?
aqmif; yg;a&;ay;zkd @ wk du fw Ge f; aewmvnf ; =um+yD ? tcGi fh oifh wk di f;

ajymaewmyg?
rae@n (rwfv 22) uawmh &mZoHqefqefajymvmygw,f? cifAsm;}uD;
-tarh wk e f ; uvnf ; wm0ef r auscJ h b l ; ? tau;&S d w ,f ? 'D w cgawmh
a&;jzpfatmifa&;ay;ygwJ?h 'Dawmhvnf; a&;yghr,f/ a&;ygrh ,fayg?h
u|eaf wmft
h m;enf;csuu
f a&;csipf w
d af yguv
f matmif E_;d qG&wm=umw,f?
a&;csif vm+yD? 'grSr[kwf ra&;rjzpfatmif wGef;tm;&Sdvm&if odyf=umavhr&Sdyg?
pmwyk'jf zpfatmif tcsut
f vufawG acgi;f xJay:atmif azmfae&wm/ pOf =unh&f wm
yifyef;vSw,f? 'gayrJh OD;wiftwGufuawmh acgi;f xJpOf;pm;xm;+yD;om;vlom;qefwb
Jh 0ukyd J jc,fre_ ;f csiw
f ,f?
trSwfw& xkwaf 0wmrk@d rSwrf dwmav;awGom a&;ygrh ,f?
uvmyfpnf;xJ ajymwmqkdwm aqG;aEG;wm/ wXmewnf;rk@d twlae&if;
a&S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpfajymrd=uwmawG &Sdw,f? ygwD+ydKuGJr_jzpf+yD;wJhaemuf DPA
wnfaqmufz@kd twlwv
GJ kyf&if; ajym=uqk=d uwm/ aemuf ol cGif;rif; oGm; em;+yD;
wJhaemuf pm tjyeftvSefa&;=uwmxJrSm ta=umif;t&m tcsuftvufawG
rsm;ygw,f? ar;vku
d +f yq
D &dk if orkid ;f a=umif;cs+D y;D pHpk akH phaph jyefa&;wmu trsm;}u;D
uae@awmh 'gawG aemufa=umif; jyefaumuf&ygawmhr,f?
(3)
uvmyf p nf;
od=uwJhtwkdif; uvmyfpnf;qkdwm tawG;tac:t&/ EkdifiHa&;t&/
pnf;H;k a&;t&/ vky[
f eft&/ vlwef;pm;Zmpfjrpfup+y;D jzwfoef;=u&wmyg?
A[kpd pfO;D pD;XmecsKyf pzG@J awmh acgi;f aqmifyidk f;u &Jabmfwif&eD @J &JabmfO;D wif
ygw,f? au'gawGxJrSm ukcd spfatmif/ ukd0if;odef;/ ukdat;armifwd@k &Sd+yD;/ u|eaf wmfu
Hk;tkyf uvmyf pnf; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef ,l&ygw,f?(aemufykdif; &JabmfcifndK
tv,fykdif;u a&mufvmawmh u|efawmfhwm0efawG v$J ay;&ygw,f? u|eaf wmfu
wyfr[m 888Ekid if aH &;rSL;wm0ef,cl ?hJ )
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h pd u
P
aqG; aEG;p&m jzpfvmw,f?
atmufajc&JabmfawG&J@ tawG;tac:eJ@ EkdifiHa&;vkdufygr_awG od&vkd@

tusdK;&Sdw,f? tcuftcJawG ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdfifw,f? olwkd@bufukd =unfhvkdufawmh
tvkyfursm;/ udpP}uD;awGeJ@ ydae/ tcsdefur&/ yifyef;aewJh=um;xJu tcsdefvk
wuf&wmjzpfw,f?
uvmyfpnf;aqG;aEG;yGJqkdwmu tcsdeftawmf,l&wJhudpPrdk@ ydyuQjzpf
vmw,f? OuUarmfwd@k csLtifvkdif;wkd@vnf; ukd,fhatmufajcuk,
d u
fh vmyfpnf;xJ
ygwmyJqdw
k hJ aqG;aEG;csufawG &Sw
d ,f? 'gayrJh olwk@d &J@ vkyfief;awG csjy+yD; aqG;aEG;
jiif;ckefvd@k jzpfrvm;? rjzpfa&;cs rjzpf? 'Dvkdqkd&if tay:,Hjzpfawmhr,f? omef
aqmifomG ;+y?D
aemuf+yD; u|efawmfwkd@au'gawGu UG uvmwJh ausmif;om;awGrkd@
vkyfief;udpP awG/ aemufa=umif;jyef+y;D aqG;aEG;vk@d u rjzpf? vufawG@Edik if aH &;udpaP wG
rygr[kwf? ygawmhyg w,f? 'gayrJh ae@pOfaexkdifr_b0ponfu v$rf;vm?
bmyJjzpfjzpf uvmyfpnf;jzwfoef;r_ukd &JabmfO;D wifu auseyfaeygw,f?
auseyfa=umif;vnf; xkwfajymzl;w,f? yifu,
kd fADZukdu vkyfief;wkid f; ta&;t&m
wkdi;f ukd aygah yghwefwef oabmrxm;/ tav;xm; vkyfwwforl @kd av;av;eufeuf
yg0ifaqG;aEG;wwfygw,f? xdxrd rd d a0zefwwfygw,f?
Oyrmwck ajymygr,f? PB jzpfwJh &Jabmfwif&Du tvkyu
f rsm;rsm;/ tm;
upm;/ pkdufysdK;a&;/ aysmyf &GJ i$ fy/GJ TV =unfw
h mutp 0goemygwmu rsm;rsm;qkdawmh
t+rJ tcsed f ravmuf jzpfaeol-'Dawmh vpf[if;r_awG r=umc% jzpfwwfw,f? 'Dawmh
&JabmfOD;wifu &Jabmfwif&D cifAsm;[m A[kad umfrwD tpnf;ta0;awGrmS yJjzpfjzpf
uvmyfpnf;xJrmS jzpfjzpf pum;ajymwJt
h cg jyifjyifqifqifvyk x
f m;&if odyef m;axmifv@dk
aumif;w,f? tusKd ;&Sd w,f? 'gayrJh +y;D pvG,f vkyw
f mawGu rsm;w,f vk@d axmufjy
a0zefz;l w,f?
wjcm;Xmeqkid &f m uvmyfpnf;awGrmS usawmh ykt
d uef@towf }u;D =uw,f?
,Ofaus;r_a&csdef rwlwm/ jzwfoef;r_ rwlwm/ vlwef;pm; rwlwm/ vlrsdK;rwl
wmponf/ 'DvkdeJ@ Xmetvkyf txl;ojzifh aexkdifpm;aomufr_b0awGrSmyJ
epfjrKyfae=uum ylnHylnHawGjzpf+yD; tcsdefukefae=u&w,f? wyfawGxJrSmawmh
'Davmufjy\em rrsm;?
pepfwus uvmyfpnf;vkyfief;awG vnfywfaeEkdifwmu avhvmrd
oavmuf A[kd uvmyfpnf;/ aemufppfa'oXmecsKy(f uk,
d f jzwfoef;cJ&h vk@d odwm)wk@d yJ
&Sdw,f? 'gu u|efawmf awG@rdoavmuf rSwfcsufyg?

(4)
[moyHkjyifw yk'f
A[kad umfrwD tpnf;ta0;wckt+y;D awG@rw
d hJ &JabmfO;D oef;vGix
f eG ;f u 'Dae@
tpnf;ta0; tem;ay;csed rf mS cifAsm;jyufv;kH eJ@ tbk;d }u;D awG oabmawG@ae=uw,f?
bkd@of bkd@ofqkdwJh jyufvHk;ukdwif&DayghAsm? u|efawmfhukd,fykdifawmh r[kwfbl;?
ukpd ;kd cspfryl ikd fqd+k yD; azmufonfcsvdu
k w
f m/ Akv
d af usmfaZm}uD;qkw
d mrsm; &,fvu
kd fwm
rsuf&nfawGawmif xGuv
f d@k oljzwfoef;cJhwb
Jh 0eJ@ [yfro
d mG ;wmukd;?
yHjk yifu 'Dvydk g?
vGwfvyfa&; r&cifacwf/ ukv
d ekd Db0/ wyf&if;w&if;rSm rsuEf SmjzL wyf&if;
rSL ;}uD;wOD;/ ol@wyfukd vSnfhvnfppfaq;w,f? t*Fvdyfpum;rwwfwJh Arm
wyfom;opfawGukd t&m&Sd awGu wyf&if;rSL;vm&if rif;wk@d ukd wa,mufpD ar;cGef;
3 ckar;vdrrhf ,f? yxr ar;cGe;f ar; +y;D &if bmajz? 'kw,
d ar;cGe;f bmajz? wwd,ar;cGe;f
bmajzqkd+yD; oifxm;w,f? tJ'D tpD tpOftwkdif; tm;vHk;tqifajyae wm
csn;f yJwJ?h 'gayrJh wa,mufrmS usawmh ar;cGe;f (1) eJ@ (2)u ajymif;jyef jzpfomG ;w,f?
tpDtpOftwkid ;f qk&d if (1) rif;touf b,favmuf&+dS yv
D ?J (2) wyfx0J ifwm
b,favmuf=um+yv
D J (3) 0rf;a&;twGuf 0ifwmvm;/ wkid ;f jynftwGuv
f m;? (ajz&rSmu
Both, Both 2 ckpvH;k twGuyf g) 'gayrJh ar;cGef;yHpk u
H a&S@aemufajymif;oGm;w,f?
(1) wyfxJ0ifum b,favmuf=um+yDv?J (25ESp)f
(2) rif;touf b,favmuf&+dS yDv?J (6 v)
(3) a[-toufu 6 v/ wyfxJ0ifwmu 25 ESpfqdak wmh wckcak wmh vGaJ e+y?D
rif;yJ l;aeovm;/ 'grrS [kwf igyJ ;l aeovm;? (bk@d o/f bk@d o-f 2 a,mufpvH;k
l;ae wmyg) qkw
d yJh kjH yif?
(5)
jy\emaumif u|efa wmf
wcgrmS awmh a&S@wef;xGuzf d@k ppfa&;udpw

P ckay:vmw,f? vm;awG jrif;awG
&duQmawG jyifxm;+yD;+yD? jy\emu 0efwifukef;ESD;wck vkdaew,f? OD;wifrSm uk,
d f
ykid u
f ek ;f ES;D &Sw
d meJ@ oGm;iSm;ygw,f? ppftoH;k taqmif ypPn;f awGudk ,k,wefz;dk xm;olr@dk
tm;emem cyfvef@vef@e@J ajym&ygw,f? olu tvG,fwulyJ Xm;vku
d yf gw,f? 'gayrJh
pepfusoyl DyD xHk;pHtwkid f; ukef;ES;D ukd b,fvkdukdifw,
G f&w,f/ 0efcsdefb,favmufyJ
wifoifhw,fponf vufcsmkdufygawmhw,f? u|efawmfuvnf; aumif;aumif;
rSwo
f m;xm;+y;D wifygw,f? jzpfcsiaf wmh Xmeu xGuv
f m+y;D bmrSr=umvku
d b
f ;l ? rd;k u
onf;vmw,f/ 0efwifjrif; ukid fxm;wJh 0&Jabmfu vlopf/ jrif;ukdiv
f nf; ru|r;f usi/f
u|eaf wmfe@J pum;uvnf; odyfraygu?f
naeapmif;wJhtxd pcef;cs&r,fhae&m ra&muf/ tcsdeu
f kd u|efawmfrSwfr
daew,f? ygvmwJh a&'D,x
kd JrSm rdkufwdu
k fqifu emrnfodyfr&SdwJh vufa0S@orm;
wa,mufudk _H;+yD; o&zl vufvGwfomG ;wJo
h wif; vmaew,f?
nu arSmifpjyKae+yD? pcef;csr,fh awmifukef;rwufcif caemfwDcaemfe@J eJ@
erfhyef acsmif;ul;wHwm;av;ukd jrif;u tjzwf/ v#yfpD;vuf+yD; rkd;}udK;ypfow
H csuf
=um;vk duf&w,f? jrif;u vef@+yD; ywwft &yf wifvmwJh 0efwifjcif;wGJu
wapmif;}uD;jzpf+yD; jrif;a&mjcif;awGyg a&xJusukefygawmhw,f? jrif;u b,fvkd
cgxkwfypfvdu
k w
f ,frod/ jcif;awGu a&xJ jyKwfus uke=f uw,f? jrif;uk,
d fwkdifu
ukef;ES;D }uD;wifvsufom; rwfwwf}uD;&yfaewmeJ@ ygvmwJh &JabmfawGukd tzrf;ckdif;
&awmhw,f?
(jy\emyJ/ igombk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;xJ ygoGm;cJh&if t&pfawGjyKwf/
tzwfawG uGmusuek af wmhrmS yJ?)
jrif;ukd rrd=uyg? acsmif;wzufurf; ul;ajy;wmeJ@ vufav#mv
h u
dk =f u&w,f?
yef qef;jyefa&mufrS 'Djrif;jyef&zk@d yefqef;+rKd @e,ftwGi;f a&;rSL;qD tultnD awmif;+y;D
t&Sm ckdif;&ygw,f? jrif;ukad wmh jyef&yg&@J ? ukef;ESD;uawmh pkypf jrKyfp &SmrawG@?
wGufxm;wJhtwkdif; &JabmfOD;wifu wzspfawmufawmuf ajymygawm
w
h ,f? jrif;awG@+yv
D m;/ uke;f ES;D yg&@J vm; ar;ygw,f? u|eaf wmf aep&m r&Sad wmh? ae@pOf
&ufquf ar;aewmyg?
aemufq;kH rSm pdww
f v
dk mwmeJ@ 'DrmS &JabmfO;D wif/ OD;wifajymwJt
h wkid ;f 0efcsed yf dk
rwifbl;// 'gayrJh wvrf;vH;k rkd;awG &$Jpdak evk@d 0dwaf wGw;kd ae&ifawmh rajymwwfb;l ?
rk;d }uKd ; ypfv@dk jrif;vef@cek w
f mvnf; ygrmS ayg?h pdwcf s/ OD;wifuek ;f ES;D &SmrawG@&if u|eaf wmf
jyefavsmf ay;ygr,fajym+yD; wzufu pHkprf;&if; ol@ukd a&Smifaeygawmhw,f?

enf;enf;=umvmawmh olraeEkdi/f r_,Ofukd orD;&,f &Jabmfpd;k csp[
f m
&Jabmfaumif;wa,mufyg/ pdwfrsm; aumufaeovm; rodbl;/ azazhukd,fpm;
oGm;awmif;yef ay;prf;ygvk@d ckid f;ygw,f?
'gayrJh 'Davmufe@J bm&rvJ? uvmyfpnf;xJrSm u|efawmf ol@udk aumif;
aumif; a0zefygawmhw,f?
&Jabmf OD;wif - aA'ifvuQ%mwdk@/ t*F0Zd mtwwfynmwkd@ avhvmzl;
ovm; rodb;l ? u|eaf wmfu we*FaEGom;Ast*F0Zd m ta[mu we*FaEGom;rsm;[m
(1) qHyif&ifvnf; aumuf&r,f
(2) zif&ifvnf; aumuf&r,f 'grSr[kw-f
(3) pdwf&ifvnf; aumuf&r,f vk@d ajymw,f?
ck - u|ef a wmf h u k d =unf h ? qH y if r aumuf b l ; / zif v nf ; raumuf b l ; /
ajyajyjypfjypfjzpfaewm OD;wiftjrify?J
tif;- 'gayrJh pdwfaumufraumufawmh tmrrcHbl;vk@d ajymvku
d fygw,f?
'Dtajymukd OD;wift}uD;tus,f oabmusoGm;+yD; w[m;[m; &,fygawmh
w,f?
(6)
ol@[moawG
q&mAef;armfwifatmifu oljyKpw
k hJ ukv
d edk aD cwfjrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f pmtkyrf mS e,fcs@J
usL;ausmfr_ukd ckcHwGef;vSef&mwGif ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf ckcHwGef;vSefcJh=uwJh
ppfo&l aJ umif;}uD; 3 OD;ukd &nfne ;f xm;ygw,f?
(1) r[mAE<Kv
(2) Akv
d fcsKyfatmifqef;
(3) Akv
d rf LS ;csKyfausmaf Zmwk@d jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh ol@acwfol@wkdufyGJawGta=umif; rDvkdufolawG oleJ@teD;uyf
vufwGJ wkdufyGJ0ifcJholawG/ pdwf"mwfa&m kyfykdif;yg avhusifhyHkoGif;cH&olawGu
ol@&@J pepfusre_ @J jyif;xefwhJ oifwef;rsm;wufz;l ol/ =um;zl;olawGu tawmf+zKH=uw,f?

*syefzufqpfawmf vSeaf &;umv/ &ef}uD;atmif/ bk&ifah emif ppfqifa&;umvawGrmS
'DtcsufawGukd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; rD;armif;xk;d jyaeygw,f?
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olawGu oleJ@wJv
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rjrifz;l olawGuvnf; 'Dppfo&l aJ umif;}u;D &J@ Oy"dyk u
f dk rSe;f =unf+h y;D cufxef
wif;rmwJh rsuEf smxm;}uD;yJ yHak y:aeygvdrrhf ,f?
'gayrJh
'gayrJh
ppfol&Jaumif;}uD;awGrSmvnf; a=umifuGufawG/ [moawG &Sdwwfwm
uvm;? urBmo
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d ,
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q&mAef;armfwifatmif urn;f wifxm;wJh u|eaf wmfw@dk widk ;f jynfu yk*K~d vf
}uD; 3 OD;ukd=unfh?
r[mAE<KvbGJ@cHr,fh armif&pfu ol@emrnf bk&ifac:wm =um;csifvkd@
ta=umif;rJh ab;em;u tr_xrf;wa,mufudk xaxmif;wmAkv
d fcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ cyfa=umifa=umiftuGufawGeJ@ vlom;qefr_awGukd
awmh q&m'*kefwm&m&J@ atmifqef; okd@r[kwf tkid ;f xJrmS &Smzwf=unfhckAv
kd frSL;csKyfausmfaZm (okd@r[kwf) &JabmfOD;wif&J@ [moawGukd u|efawmf
aumuf ukid af eyg+y?D r&,f&&if 'grrS [kwf r+yKH ;rd=u&if u|eaf wmfnv
hH @dk yJ jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
wu,fu OD;wif[m a=umufp&mraumif;Hkwifru tifrwef cspfp&m
aumif; ygw,f? ol@rsufESm[m tjypfuif;pifaeygw,f? &,fvkduf+yHK;vkduf&if
odyfusufoa&&Sdygw,f?
ygwDeJ@qufoG,cf w
Jh Jh ol@tr_ukd ppf&wJh w&m;ol}uD;u cifAsm;rsufESm
jrifvu
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'ga=umifh tayghqHk; jypf'%fukday;wmjzpfa=umif; (aemifrSm) ol@ukdajymzl;w,fvkd@
OD;wifajymwm u|ef awmfwd@k rSwfom;rd=uw,f?
xm;awmh ck ol@[moawG quf=uygp@kd ?
tvkyfxJpdwfa&mufpdwfavmaewma=umifh yJcl;/ &efukefvrf;ay:rSm
qkdifu,fay: aemufu wifpD;vmwJh wyf=uyf}uD; jyKwfusaewm rodwJhudpP
=um;zl;w,f?
ol@ro
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&,f&wmvnf; c%c%? ('gawGudak wmh ol@orD;wm0efr@dk csex
f m;cJhyghr,f? Oyrmykcufv&J$ if; uav;ukd oltvGw&f wJh wyk'w
f nf;aomoDcsi;f urBmra=ueJ@ acsmo
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tpm;taomufta=umif; a&mufoGm;vkd@ ajymcsifp&m wuGufay:
vmjyefw,f?
olu &JabmfawGukd odyaf u|;csiaf rG;csiw
f m-tdrrf mS &Sd/ r&Sd od&Smwmr[kw?f
a':a':u &Sdwmav;eJ@ csufwwfjyKwfwwf }uHwwfzefwwfv@kd om rsuEf mS rysujf zpf
&wmyg? rD;zkd acsmifrmS yHrk eS t
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aemuftcuftcJwcku xrif;pm;yG/J {nfch yH aJG wGrmS jzpfygw,f? olrsm;awGu OD;av;ukd
vl}uD;rdk@ wav;wpm; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; twlt&ufaomufckdi;f (wkd@pv
f kyf)&if t&uf
raomuf/ aq;vdyf raomufwhJ OD;av;crsm 'kuaQ wG@awmhwmygy?J +yKH ;+yKH ; +yKH ;+yKH ;eJ@ tJ'v
D dk
jiif;aewJh OD;av;&J@ yHu
k u
dk ol@;dk om;r_udk azmfjywmrd@k ol@pum;ukd em;rvnfwhJ wjcm;
vlawGuvnf; +yKH ;=u em;vnf=uygw,f?
OD;av;ukd trsm;qHk;awG@&wwfwmuawmh olc&D;rxGuf/ tpnf;ta0;
rwufbl;qkd&if ajryHak wGzwfaewm/ pm=unfhaewm/ rSwfpku;l aewmygy?J OD;av;ukd
tvum;aewm/ tv[\ tcsdefjzKef;aewm wcgrS rawG@zl;ygbl;? OD;av;rSm
0wW&m;wckvjdk zpfaewJh udpw
P ckuawmh {nfch pH um;ajymae&wmyg? +rKd @u awmckv
d mwJh
vlawG/ 0a'oukd vma&muf=uwJh wjcm;a'ou wyfaygi;f pk&aJ bmfawG[m OD;av;ukd
odyfawG@csif/ pum;ajymcsi=f uygw,f? olw@kd [m OD;av;qDu ar;rukefwhJ A[kokw
awGudk em;axmifcsi=f uwmuk;d ? 'gayrJh OD;av;u jyefar;wmuvnf; enf;wmr[kwb
f ;l ?
b,ft&yfu vmwJhvlyJjzpfjzpf OD;av;tzkd@ tajctae em;vnf,lEikd w
f hJ a&aomuf
jrpfcsnjhf zpfaeygw,f?
aemufq;Hk taeeJ@ uae@txd u|eaf wmf jrifa,mifaewJh OD;av;v_yf&mS ;yHk
av;ukd ajymjycsiyf gw,f? A[kdHk;pcef;eJ@ wrkdiaf vmufa0;wJh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o
XmecsKyfudk tpnf;ta0; oGm;wufwhJ OD;av;&J@ yHak v;yg? ole@J ol@u,
dk &f 0H &Jabmfav;/
wa,mufu ypPwkdcg;csdwf/ pmapmifpmwrf;awG ab;vG,ftdwfxJrSmxnhfvkd@/
aemufwa,mufu atau 47 aoewfukd ycHk;rSm vG,fvkd@/ acsmif;k;d wav#muf
awmifapmif;vrf;uav;twkid f; ukyfukyf ukyfuyk f eJ@ av#mufomG ;=uwJh jrifuGif;yg?

pum;rayguf=uavawmh wa,ufe@J wa,mufvnf; pum;rajymbJ oGm;=uwm
awmifapmif;tauG@av;rSm uG,foGm;awmhrS jrifuGif;xJu aysmufoGm;ygw,f?
olwd@k EpS fa,muf naaeapmif;vkd@ jyefvmawmhvnf; 'Dvdyk gy?J
pyg;ESHrsm;[m pyg;toD;u,f0av nwfavqdkovkdyJ vlawG[mvnf;
wefz;kd &Sdav kd;om;ESrd chf savvk@d qkd&r,fxifygw,f?
zkd;oH (vlxk)
u|efa wmfa v;pm;cJh& aom

ppfom;wa,muf
&JabmfapmukdO D;
(1)
1950 ckEpS f/ u|eaf wmf 10 ESpo
f m;t&G,fwiG f u|eaf wmfw@dk ro
d m;pkaexkid o
f nfh awmif
il+rdK@onf autifef'Dtkdwyfrsm; odrf;ykdufxm;aom +rdK@w+rdK@jzpfonfhtjyif
autifef't
D t
kd zG@J . Xme csKyf&&dS m +rKd @vnf;jzpfonf? xkt
d csed u
f u|eaf wmft
h azonf
autifef'DtkdppfXmecsKyfwGif t&mcHAkdvftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvsuf&Sdonf?
autifef'Dtkdwyfrsm; awmifil+rdK@ukd odrf;,l+yD; wESpfausmft=umwGif zqyv
tpdk;&wyfrsm;u autifef'Dtkdwyfrsm;ukd wkdufckduf+yD; awmifil+rdK@ukd jyefvnf
odr;f ,lEidk cf o
hJ nf? xkt
d cg autife'f t
D w
dk yfz@JG rsm;ESit
fh wl u|efawmfw@dk rdom;pkvnf;
awmifial jrmufbuf aZ,s0wD/ a&eDa'ow0ku
d &f dS &Gmrsm;wGif vSnv
hf nfaecJh &onf?
wcgw&H ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtajccHv_yf&mS ;&m Armaus;&Gmrsm;ukd jzwf&onf?
&Gmol&mG om;rsm;u u|eaf wmfw@dk ro
d m;pktygt0if u&ifro
d m;pkrsm;ukd aEG;aEG;axG;axG;
vufc}H uKd qk=d uonf? wd@k &mG wGif acwWaeaepOf xrif;xkyf qifah y;=uonf? vrf;jy
uln=D u onf? tpd;k &wyfEiS hf u&ifautife'f t
D w
dk yfz@JG rsm;t=um; wku
d yf rJG sm;uvnf;
ae@pOfvkdvkd jzpfyGm;aeonf? tazu tarESifh u|efawmfwd@k armifErS ukd wpHw
k &m
wnf+idro
f nfh .Zmwd jzpfaom om,m0wDe,fbufwiG f yk@d xm;+yD;/ oluawmh
autife'f t
D w
dk yfwiG f qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifomG ;&ef pOf;pm;cJo
h nf? xk@d a=umifh
u|efawmfw@kd rdom;pkonf avmavmq,ftm;jzifh E_dif;,SOcf suft& ykdrv
dk +Hk cHKonfh
ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD tajccHaom yJcl;wkid f;/ aZ,s0wD anmifajcaxmufcGix

f J&Sd
&Gmw&GmwGif acwWa&Smif wdrf;cJhonf? &Gmol}uD;wa,muftm; ol.tpDtpOfukd
tazu ajymjyonf? &Gmol}uD;u u|efawmfwd@k oGm;rnfh vrf;c&D;wGif tpkd;&wyfESifh
awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;t=um; wku
d yf rJG sm; ae@pOfvv
dk dk jzpfymG ;aeojzifh rdom;pk }u;D twGuf
tvGet
f E&m,frsm;vSa=umif; &Si;f jy+y;D qufroGm;&ef wm;jrpfonf? xk@d aemuf olu
tpd;k &cef@ tjcm;aom &Gmol}u;D wa,mufxH rdrw
d @kd udk acwWtyfEv
HS u
dk o
f nf? xkpd Ofu
xkda'orsm;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;onf w&Gmv#if ol}uD;ESpfa,mufxm;avh&Sd=uonf?
wa,mufu awmwGif;vufeufukdiftzGJ@rsm;u cef@tyfonfh ol}uD;ESifh tjcm;
wa,mufrmS tpk;d &bufu cef@tyfwm 0efay;xm;onfh ol}u;D jzpfonf? &yf&mG ta&;
udpPrSefor# xko
d l}u;D 2 a,mufu ndEi_d ;f wkid fyif+yD; tkyfcsKyfavh&d=S uonf?
r=umcif tpdk;&ppfa=umif;wa=umif;u &GmwGif;okd@ 0ifvmaomtcg
tpdk;&ol}uD;jzpfolu u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pktm; xkdppfa=umif;rSL;xHtyfvkdufonf?
ppfa=umif;u u|efawmfw@kd rdom;pkukd awmifilbuf ac:aqmifoGm;+yD; awmifi+l rdK@
taemufbuf uefawmf}uD;twGi;f &Sd u|e;f wu|ef;ukd yk@d vdu
k o
f nf? xkdu|e;f ay:wGif
u|efawmfw@kd t&if a&mufaeESih=f uonfh AuyESihf ywfoufonf[k,lq+yD; zrf;qD;
xm;oltcsdK@ESifh autifef'DtkEd iS fh tquftoG,f&do
S nf[k ouFmruif;jcif;cH&onfh
u&ift&yfot
l &yfom;rsm;ESihf uufovpfbek ;f awmf}u;D rsm;/ ykw
d ufpwifh bke;f awmf
}uD;rsm;ukd awG@&onf? zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&onfh vlOD;a&trsm;pk}uD;rSm u&if
vlrsKd ;rsm;jzpf=uonf? tpk;d &wyfu wJwef;vsm;}u;D rsm; xk;d ay;+y;D rdom;pkvu
dk f pkae=u
&onf? &dumQ rsm;ukd tpk&d u xkwaf y;onf? u|efawmfwd@k tm;vHk;ukd u|e;f ay:rS vGI
J
b,furdk S oGm;vm cGirhf ay;ay? u|eaf wmfw@dk ro
d m;pktygt0if vlwpfaxmif ausmo
f nf
xku
d |e;f ay:wGif 2 ESpaf usmf aecJ&h onf? ppfawmif;wHwm;teD;wGif tpkvu
dk f t+yKH vu
dk f
towfc&H rnfh tE &m,frS oDoaD v;vGwaf jrmufvmonfo
h rl sm;u olw@kd rnfo@dk rnfykH
aowGi;f rS vGwv
f mcJ&h onft
h a=umif;ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk tm; jyefvnf ajymjycJ=h uonf?
1950 ckEpS u
f awmifiu
l dk zqyvtpd;k &wyfrsm;u jyefvnford ;f yku
d ;f jcif;rjyKrD
autifef'Dtdk wyfrsm;onf yJc;l wkdi;f jzL;+rdK@wGif ArmvlrsKd ; t&yfolt&yfom; trsm;
tjym;ukd tpkvdu
k t
f +yHKvkduf owfjzwfc=Jh uonf? awmifil+rdK@udk tpk;d &wyfzGJ@rsm;u
jyefvnfwkdufcdu
k f odrf;,laomtcg autifef't
D w
kd yfrsm;onf wk@d . ppfXmecsKyf
+rKd @udk pGe@f vw
$ af jy;+y;D qkwcf mG cJ=h u&onf? tpd;k &wyfrsm;onf awmifi+l rKd @ta&S@buf&dS
u&if&mG rsm;ESihf awmif il+rKd @wiG ;f &Sd u&if&yfuu
G rf sm;rS u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm; t&yfom;rsm;ukd
zrf;qD;+yD;aemuf awmifil+rdK@ta&S@buf ppfawmif;wHwm;teD;okd@ ac:,lpkpnf;xm;

vkduo
f nf? uav;i,frsm;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftkt
d csdK@ tygt0if u&if
t&yfolt&yfom; 200 eD;yg;&So
d nf? wHwm; ta&S@bufta&mufwGif ppfom;rsm;u
olw@dk tm;pkxidk cf idk ;f +y;D olw@dk tm;0kid ;f xm;=uum aoewfrsm;jzifh csed &f ,
G x
f m;=uonf?
ppfom; 2 a,mufu Bren Gun (b&if;pufaoewf)rsm;ukd toifhtaetxm;jzifh
csed &f ,
G x
f m;=uonf? jzL;+rKd @wiG f ArmvlrsKd ;t&yfom;rsm; towfc&H onfudk vufpm;
acsonfh oabmjzifh tpdk;&ppfom;rsm;u olwk@d tm; tpkvu
kd ft+yHKvkduo
f wf+yD; ppf
awmif;jrpftwGif; ar#mypf=uvdrrfh nf[k ,Hk=unfxm;=uum olwdk@tm;vHk; pkd;&drf
xdwv
f ef@ae=uonf? tcsdK@u bk&m;ocifxH qkawmif;f ae=uonf?
xkdpOf kww
f &uf ppfum;wef;wcka&mufvm+yD; wHwm;teD;ta&mufwiG f
um;wef; &yfoGm;onf? ppfum;wef;tv,f&Sd ppf*spfum;wpD;ay:rSm t&yfaxmif
axmifarmif;armif; ppft&m&S}d u;D wOD; qif;vmonf? u&ift&yfom;rsm;ukd ac:vm
onfhwyf&if;rSL;jzpfolu xkt
d &m&S}d uD;&Sd&mokd@ cyfoGufou
G fvSr;f oGm;+yD; tav;jyK
E_wfqufonf? xkdt&m&Sd}uD;onf wHwm;teD;tem;wGif pk+yHKxkdifae=uaom
u&ifrdom;pkrsm;. pkd;&drfxdwfvef@ae=uonfh rsufESmrsm;ukd wcsufvSrf;=unfh
vkdu+f yD;aemuf/ wyf&if;rSL;ESifh 10 rdepfcef@&yf+yD; pum;ajymonf? olwk@d ESpaf ,muf
pum;ajym=u+y;D aemuf wyf&if;rSL;u vufatmuf&dS wyfrLS ; 3 a,mufudk ac:+y;D trde@f
ay;oH=um;vkdu&f onf? ppfom;rsm;u t&yfom;rsm;ukd csed f&G,x
f m;aom olw@dk .
aoewfajymif;rsm;ukd jyefkyfodrf;vkduf=uonf? b&if;pufaoewfrsm;ukdvnf;
jyefvnfjzKwfodrf;xm;vkduf=uonf? xkd@aemufppft&m&Sd}uD;onf ol@um;ay:okd@
jyefwufomG ;+y;D um;wef;vnf; awmifil+rdK@bufudk qufvufarmif; ESix
f u
G fcGmoGm;
onf? r=umrDrSmyif ppfwyfu zrf;qD;xm;onfu
h &ift&yfom;rsm;ukd awmifi+l rdK@
uefawmf}u;D xJ&dS vlraeonfh u|e;f wu|e;f ok@d armif;ac:oGm;+y;D ae&mcsxm;ay;onf?
ppfum;wef;ESihf twlvu
dk yf gvm+y;D wHwm;ta&mufwiG f um;ay:rS qif;vm
onfh ppfwyft&m&S}d u;D rSm awmifi+l rKd @udk jyefvnfwu
dk cf u
dk f odr;f yku
d cf o
hJ nfh wyfrLS ;}u;D [k
aemufyikd ;f rSm olwkd@ocd h=J u&onf[k u|efawmfhukd jyefajymjyonf?
(2)
ol@emrnfudk u|eaf wmfi,fpOf wuUov
dk af usmif;om;b0uwnf;u =um;od
cJh&zl;onf? Armhwyfrawmf. tjrKaw &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpfa=umif;ukd
pwifocd &hJ +y;D 1954 ckEpS u

f ukd,w
f idk Of ;D pD;uGyu
f cJ o
hJ nfh bk&ifah emifppfqifa&;/ &ef}u;D
atmifppfqifa&;wk@d jzifh wkwjf zLusL;ausmw
f yfrsm;ukd armif;xkwEf idk cf o
hJ jl zpfonfh tjyif
aemufawmh 1949 ckEpS f tif;pdef wku
d fy/JG 1950 ckEpS f autifef't
D dXk mecsKyf/ awmifi+l rKd @
odrf;wku
d fyrGJ sm;ukd atmifjrifpGm OD;pD;uGyfuJwdu
k cf du
k cf o
Jh ltjzpfvnf; xyfro
H dvmcJh&
onf?
1949 ckEpS af tmufwb
dk mvwGif wkwjf ynfwiG f wkwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwu
D
awmfveS af &;atmifycGJ cH h+J yD;aemuf qkwfcGmxGuaf jy;vmonfh ulrifwefwkwjf zLwyf
tcsKd @onf jrefrmEkid if /H &Sr;f jynfe,f/ usKd if;wkaH 'orSpwif+y;D usL;ausm0f ifa&muf tajc
csc=hJ uonf? pwif0ifa&mufvmpOfu ulrifwefwyftiftm; 800 cef@om&Sd aomfvnf;
1950 ckESpfukefwGif xkdi0f rfcsefau&Sdwt
f pk;d &ESifh qufoG,fr_&&Sdch+J yD;aemuf tar&d
ueftpd;k &. ulnyD yhH ;dk r_rsm;ESit
hf wl tiftm;wpfaomif;ausmt
f xd &Sv
d m+y;D 'D0ZD w
H yfr
3 ckukd topfzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1952 wGif wyftiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh oHvGifjrpf
udjk zwfum ajrmufbufucsijf ynfe,f/ Aef;armf/ jrpf}uD;em;rSpI awmifbuf rGejf ynf
e,ftxd xk;d azmufusL;ausmcf =hJ uonf? ulrifweftv,fyidk ;f wyfr ppfa=umif;onf
&Sr;f jynf/ vm;_;d e,f rkid f;&SL;a'o/ rk;d eJa'otxd xk;d azmufa&muf&dS ae&m,lco
Jh nf?
1953 ckEpS af &mufaomtcg ulrifwefwyfrsm;u Armhwyfrawmf.wyfrsm;ukd ae&mtES@H
pwifwu
kd cf fu
dk af wmhonf?
,if;uJo
h @dk wkwjf zLulrifwefwyfrsm;u ArmjynfwiG ;f ajAmifusus usL;ausmf
0ifa&muf wku
d cf u
dk v
f mr_EiS yhf wfouf+y;D wkid ;f cspjf ynfcspf pme,fZif; rD',
D mrsm;uvnf;
azmfxkwf a&;om;vm=uonf? Armjynfolrsm;uvnf; wkwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd
tHk uqef@usiv
f m=u+y;D xkjd y\emukd tjrefq;kH xda&mufpmG ajz&Si;f &ef zqyvtpd;k &udk
zdtm;ay;awmif;qkcd =hJ uonf? tpk;d &u wkwjf zLwyfrsm;ukd tvG,w
f ul armif;xkwf
Ekid rf nf[k ,lqum 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f Akv
d af usmpf ;dk ukd ppfqifa&;rSL;csKyt
f jzpf wm0efay;um
e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&; vkyfcho
J nf? ukvor*~u zG@J pnf;ay;onf(h tar&duef/ Armjynf/
wkdif0rfwkwfjynfESifh xkdif;EkdifiHrsm;yg0ifonfh) 4 Ekid if Hppfaumfr&SifwiG f Akdvfatmif}uD;
acgif;aqmifonfh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u Armjynfukd,fpm; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf?
okd@aomf e*g;Ekdifppfqifa&;vnf; vlxkawGajymonfh e*g;_;H ppfqifa&;jzpfoGm;cJh+yD;
av;Ekid if aH umfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;rsm;uvnf; bmr#x;l jcm;onfh wk;d wufrr_ &&Scd ahJ y?
aemufq;kH Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zm wku
d f u
dk Of ;D pD;uGyu
f o
J nfh 1954 ckEpS f bk&ifh
aemif ppfqifa&;ESihf 1955 ckESpf &ef}uD;atmif ppfqifa&;wdk@jzifhom wkwjf zLwyf
rsm;ukd Armh ajray:rS t+yD;wkid f armif;xkwfEdik fcho

J nf?
olonf ArmEkdifiH.vGwfvyfa&;ESifh tcsKyftcsmtm%mukd pkd;&drfzG,f&m
aumif;avmufatmif +cdrf;ajcmufvmonfh ulrifwefusL;ausmfr_ tE&m,fukd
z,f&mS ;ay;Ekdifcho
J nfh ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf Armjynfolrsm;t=um;wGif ykdrkx
d if&mS ;
vmcJo
h nfukd odvm&aomtcg olonf u|efawmf tm;usav;pm;&olwa,muf
jzpfvmcJo
h nf?
(3)
1979 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfonf &Srf;jynftv,fykdif;a'orS acgif;aqmif
wOD;jzpfaom &Jabmfjrrif;ESifhtwl ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDA[kdXmecsKyfwnf&Sd&m
Armjynfta&S@ajrmufppfa'o&Sd yefqef;okd@ a&muf&SdcJhonf? ygwu
D u|eaf wmfhtm;
owfowfrw
S rf w
S f wm0efray;rD A[kXd mecsKyw
f iG &f adS epOf w&ufrmS Xmewm0efcH au'g
&JabmfwOD;u cifAsm;ukd OD;wif (Adv
k frSL;csKyfausmfaZm)u awG@csiw
f ,f? 'Dae@reuf
9 em&DrmS oGm;awG@yg[k vm+y;D ta=umif;=um;onf? u|eaf wmfw@dk yefqef;ukd a&muf
+yD; ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif olOD;pD;uGyfuJ wkdufckduf atmifjrifcJhonfh yefaumfcsLa&$
wkduyf t
GJ +yD;/ yefqef;ukd a&muf&v
Sd mjcif;jzpfonf? vHk;0ar#mv
f ifh rxm;onfhupd Pwck
=um;vkduf&ojzifh u|efawmftawmfav;pdwfv_y&f Sm;oGm;+yD; 0rf;vnf; tvGefom
oGm;onf? ol@udk 1963 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;aumifpD tpk;d &vuf xuf jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f
a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;umvu &efuek +f rdK@prf;acsmif;wGif jyKvkyfaom jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csrf;a&;
w&m;yGJ wckwGif q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;ESiht
f wl xkdifaeonfudk yxrqHk;ESifh
aemufq;kH t}udrt
f jzpf awG@c&hJ zl;onf? u|eaf wmfu vlxky&dowfEiS t
hf wl cyfa0;a0;
rSm&Sdojzifh ol.yHkyef;ukd aumif;pGmrrSwfrcd aJh y? xkd@a=umifh ol[m ppfAv
kd fwa,muf
qdkawmh t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif;&Sd+yD; rmausmwJhrsuEf Smxm;eJ@ pum;ajym
jywfawmif;r,fhvlwa,mufyJ jzpfrSmyJ [kom u|efawmfrSef;qxm;cJhonf?
csdef;qkdxm;onfh tcsdeftenf;i,ftvkdwGif &Jabmfwa,mufu u|efawmfhtm;
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tdrfa&S@rmS u taz}u;D wa,mufv;kH &Sad eao;wmawmhvd@k ajymvkduf&w,fwJ?h
rrpdefuawmh olajymcsifwm ajymvku
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u|erf uawmh ArmtrsKd ;orD;awG&@J umtdajE}N u;D r_twGuf *k%,
f rl qH;k jzpfaerdygw,f?
(5)
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(6)
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ukd,ht
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tJ'v
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ajymeJ@ u|efreJ@ twlvu
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ol@ErS av;ukd csp&f mS vGe;f vd@k ol@ pdw}f uKd uf tdraf xmifzuf&mS +y;D ol@ErS av;ukd zGiahf jym
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Awk;d &Sdef 21-2-2013
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(4)
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(5)
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(6)
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(6)
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xm;wJh tarSmifxkatmufrSm qufvufv_yf&mS ;vkd@ rjzpfEikd fawmhwht
J qHk; Akdvcf sKyf
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d mG ;+y;D aemuf
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r=umrDrmS yJ rdcifygwDu &JabmfOD;wifw@dk rdom;pkukd v_duv
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wqufwnf;qkdovkd ppftpkd;&tarSmifxkukd kef;uefwkdufyGJ0ifaewJh
jynfolvx
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d Jh wyfr}uD;awG qif;
vm+yDqkdwJhowif; ay:xGufvmwmukd ukd,fwkdif=um;odcJh&wmukdvnf; 'Dae@xd
rSwrf ad eygw,f? 'gudk Akv
d cf sKyf ausmaf Zmu wkid ;f jynf&@J ta&;}u;D wJh tcsKd ;tauG@widk ;f rSm
a&S@wef;u yg0ifwkdufy0GJ ifcw
Jh Jh orkdif;tpOftvm}uD;rm;oljzpfawmh tckvnf; ppf
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k cf sKyaf usmaf ZmeJ@ ywfoufv@dk
u|efawmf od&x
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(2)
1978 rSm u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J qufpyfaewJh ygw&D @J ajratmuftzG@J 0ifwOD; opPm
azmufvufeufcsomG ;wJh vky&f yfa=umifh u|eaf wmfw@dk +rKd @ay:rSm qufvuf&yfwnfv@dk

rjzpfEidk f awmhbJ &efou
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d &f m ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o yefqef;ukd
u|eaf wmf a&mufygw,f? &ufwcsKd @ =umwJt
h cg A[kad umfrwD &Jabmfp;dk odr;f OD;aqmif
ynm ay;aewJh xkid f;e,fpyftajcpkdufwhJ r[mrdwf vm;[l wyfz@GJ wzGJ@ukd ynmay;wJh
tvkyftzGJ@0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh yefqef;eJ@ rvSrf;rurf;rSm
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tpD&ifczH @kd / r&Sif;vif;wmawG ar;jref;zkd@ oGm;&wwfygw,f? wcgrSm tJvo
kd Gm;&if;
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u|eaf wmfuvnf; olw@dk 0 pum;rayguf 'gayrJh olwd@k trsm;pk[m wkwpf um;awmh
ayguyf gw,f) pum;raygujf zpfum tcuf}uHKaeckdufrmS &Jabmfcikd fatmif (ukad usmf
aZmOD;) a&mufvmygw,f? olu ulnDajz&Si;f ay;vkd@ u|efawmf XmecsKyfxJ 0ifcGih&f
ygw,f? tJ'Dtcg olvnf; wygwnf; 0ifvkdufvm+yD; u|efawmfhukd tcef;wckqD
OD;aqmifac:oGm;ygw,f?
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a'gufwm vSausmfaZmeJ@yg rdwfqufay;ygw,f?
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a'gufwmvSausmfaZmukd &Jabmf_,OftjzpfeJ@ tpdrf;a&mifjynfol@wyfrawmf
om;0wfpHkrsm; qifjref;vsuf acgif;xufrmS =u,feDOD;xkyfrsm;eJ@ jynfol@wyfrawmf
om;rsm;tjzpf pwif od&cdS iG hf &cJyh gw,f? u|eaf wmfu
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nDtjzpfeJ@ q&mwifrkd;wkd@xHu vmolt jzpf rdwfq ufay;vkd@ &JabmfOD;wif/
&Jabmf_,Ofwdk@eJ@ tjyeftvSeftodtrSwfjyK pwifvufqGJE_wfqufrdcJh=uygw,f?
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wmyJvk@d wHk@jyefajymqkdcJhwmukdvnf; u|efawmf uae@xufwdik f owd&aerdygao;
w,f? (uAsmq&m}u;D wifr;dk eJ@ uAsmq&m}u;D armifpGr;f &nfw@dk ESpaf ,mufvk;H vnf;
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ajrmufppfa'o XmecsKyfrmS Akv
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cifrif &if;ESD;cGi&fh cJyh gw,f?
(3)
ygwt
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uGjJ ym;aer_awGa=umifh u|efawmfw@kd csi;f qHkpnf;cGifh r}uHKcJhygbl;?
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t=um;rSm tajcpkdufwJh aumif;vif;-aumif;vef; (410-430) wkdufyGJ umv
a&S@wef;OD;pD;nef=um;a&;Hk;rSm &JabmfO;D wife@J u|eaf wmf yxrqHk;t}udrf jyefvnf
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0if;xdeaf eygw,f? tJ't
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wkdi;f jynfwnfaqmufa&;rSm oHk;&r,fh jynfol@ bmaiGrsm;ukd tckvkd tcsif;csif;
wk d u f c k d u f o wf j zwf a e&wJ h jynf w G i f ; ppf r S m tv[\ oH k ; pG J a e=u&wmuk d
ESajrmworqH;k jzpfaeyH&k w,fv@dk u|eaf wmf tuJcwfrv
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k cf sKyfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd &Jabmftm;vk;H u tb vd@k yaJ c: =uygw,f? touf
tG,t
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wdk@ oifwef;aqmifxJudk 0ifvu
dk fwmeJ@ &JabmfawG&J@ aexdik fr_tcif;tusif;eJ@ ,leD
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onfa wG pkaewJht wd kif;yJ qdk+yD; ajymcsvdkufw,f? u|ef awmfwd k@tm;vk H;[m
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ajymp&mudk;? u|eaf wmfwk@d tm;vkH;&J@ ,leDazmif;;awGu yGa,mif;a,mifeJ@ aooyfr_
r&Scd hb
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trSwfyJrG Smawmh tbu pum;tenf;i,fomajymcJhygw,f? txdrf;trSwfy&GJ J@ tpD
tpOftrsm;pkudk &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHxJ udk,fwdkifyg0ifjzwfoef;cJholawG w
a,muf+y;D wa,muf ajymcJ=h uw,f? ae&mtpk?H a'otpk?H touft&G,f rsKd ;pkw
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awmifrcGmbl;? ta=umif;t&m xl;qef;wmawG@&if rSwfppk mtkyef J@ vdkurf Swfaewm
udkvnf; awG@&ygw,f?
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vdkujf cif;[m wdkufqkid w
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wJ h t "d y ` m ,f aqmif c J hw ,f ? ta=umif ; uawmh 'D a wG @ qk H r _ [m 1300 jynf h
ta&;awmfykHwyfom;}uD;eJ@ &Spfq,f&Spfta&;awmfykH wyfom;awG awmfvSefa&;
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tem;udk Adv
k cf sKyf wufa&mufvmjcif;? awmfveS af &;twGuf tm;ay;pum; ajym=um;
ay;jcif;awGu u|eaf wmfw@kd rs;kd qufopf awmfveS v
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aep@Ofa exdki fr _b 0xJ u aeyD;
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AkdvfcsKyf yef0gppfa'oudk ra&mufcifuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pD
jynfcspfwyfrawmf (DPA) u oifwef;qif;cJyh g+y?D 'Dwyfz@GJ tiftm; &Jabmf 4 usyd f[m
jynfwiG ;f od@k xd;k azmuf/ pnf;&k;H a&;tajctae udak pmifq
h ikd ;f aeqJumvjzpfw,f? tJ'D
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DPA uke;f vkjH cKHa&; wm0efjzpfygw,f? wyfpk 2 pkutvSnu
hf swm 0ef,lxm;ygw,f?
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k dcsLyfro
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a&;Xme&J@ txufrmS Adv
k cf sKyfae tdrf&cSd hyJ gw,f?
wyfzGJ@[m oifwef;qif;+yD;cJhayr,fh ae@pOfavhusifha&; tpDtpOfvkH;0
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k ef m
&ygw,f? tJ'u
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f ikd ;f Adv
k cf sKyt
f rd f
aemufausmrS jzwfoef;&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrsdK;rSm u|efawmfwdk@ AdkvfcsKyfu tdrf
aemufaz; uGuv
f yfrmS taysmph m; aoG;ylavhusichf ef;vkyaf ewmawG@&ygw,f? w&u
rf [kwf ae@pOfawG@&wmyg? 'gu|eaf wmfw@kd wyftzG@J twGuf oifcef;pmaumif; wckygy?J
ppfom;wa,muf&@J avhusihrf [
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wm0ef,lcJh&ygw,f? wyfzGJ@twGuf pm;aomufa&;udpPrsm;udkvnf; wyfpdwfvdkuf
wm0efay;xm;wJh &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ twlcsufjyKwf wm vkyfaqmifcJh&ygw,f? usaemfhwk@d
ae@pOfcsufjyKwfpm;aomuf&wJh wyf[if;rsm;xJrS reufpm/ npmudk AdkvfcsKyftwGuf
ae@pOf oGm;yd@k ay;cJhygw,f? u|eaf wmfuk,
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aexdik f pm;aomufru
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k cf sKyZf eD; tar a':oef;pdeyf gy?J
ae@pOfxrif;csufjyKwf+yD; xrif;oGm;ydk@cJhpOfu }uKHawG@cJh&wJh tjzpftysuf

wck&dcS hJ ygw,f? tJguawmh Adkvcf sKyf[m u|eaf wmfxrif;oGm;ydk@cJhpOf tjyef/ tdrfeJ@
rvSrf;rurf;rSm pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@udk udk,fwdkif rD;d_@ aeygw,f? rD;d_@+yD;vdk@ jym
tjzpfuif;use&f pfwmudk a&avmif;ypfz@dk &Jabmfatmifausmf (Adv
k fcsKyftul&aJ bmf)
udk a&oGm;cyfcdkif;ygw,f? u|efawmfu bmvdk@a&cyfckdif;wmvJtbvdk@ ar;awmh
rD;d_@vdkufayr,fh pmawG usef&pfw,f? tJ'gawG aysmufysufwJhtxdvkyfypf&r,f?
'Dvrkd vkyjf zpfc&hJ if roufqikd o
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h dk &Sif;jy
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Jh ,f? oifcef;pm
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aemifuv
kd nf; arhaysmufrSmr[kwb
f ;l /?
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tJ't
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k cf sKy&f @J aexdik rf /_ ajymqdrk /_
tvkyf }udK;pm;vkyfudkifaqmifGufaer_awGudk jyefjyefajymjzpf=uw,f? ajr;t&G,f
&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ awG@qkHwJhtcgawGrSmqdk ajymqdkqufqHwmu tifrwef nifom
odrfar$@w,f? u|eaf wmfwk@d tyg usefwJh&Jabmfrsm;awmif tae&cufavmufatmif
cHpm;&ygw,f?
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tajctaeawGudk ar;jref;wwfw,f? vlxkawG&J@ Edkiif Ha&;Edk;=um;r_ tajctaeudk
ar;jref;wwfw,f? rSwfom;p&m&Sdwm rSwfom;xm;w,f? AdkvfcsKyf[m rSwfom;
xm;or#udk aemifrSmtpDtpOfwus rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;ay;&wmuawmh DPA
oifwef; om;xJu &JabmfnKd xeG ;f yg ? olu vufa&;vufom;aumif;w,f? oyf&yf+y;D
pdw&f n
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u|efawmfwdk@udk ppfoifwef;jyefvnf ydk@csay;aewJh oifwef;q&m &Jabmf&JxGfu
vufEdyS pf ufaumif;aumif; &dkuw
f wfw,f? &Jabmf&JxGu
f yJ Adkvcf sKyf&J@ vufa&;rl
awGukd vufEydS pf ufe@J u
dk af y;&ygw,f? &Jabmf&x
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k cf sKy&f @J
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dk cf ikd ;f wJph mawGe@J
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t+y;D &du
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f vJ? tck u|eaf wmf &du
k cf ikd ;f wJh pmrsuEf mS twdik ;f qd&k if b,favmuf=um
rvJ? ar;jref;cJhygw,f? 'Dvdkar;jref;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf&J@ wdusaocsmr_[m
pm&du
k w
f hJ oltwGuf tav;xm;aqmif&u
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apEdik w
f ,f?
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jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
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awmfwdk@eJ@ twl&dcS hw
J myg? 'DumvtwGi;f rSm AdkvfcsKyfu u|efawmfw@dk ukd ppfynmeJ@
ywfoufvk@d xl;xl;axGxG oif=um;wmr&SdcJhayr,fh Adv
k fcsKyf&@J wdik f;cspfjynf cspf"mwf
tarGukd &vku
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f ,f? Adv
k cf sKy&f @J aexdik rf &_ ;kd om;jzLpifru
_ kd twk,l oif=um; cJ&h ygw,f?
Adkvcf sKyf&J@ vkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_ wdusaocsmr_udk oif,lcGihf &vdfu
k yf gw,f? Adkvcf sKyf&J@
aumif;rGef jrifhjrwfwJh t&mrSefr#ukd tqufrjywfqufcHciG &fh r,fqk&d if u|eaf wmfwk@d
wyfzJ@G wckv;kH u tjynft
h 0 oif,l csicf =Jh uygw,f?
trSwf (8) DPA wyfzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;&ef c&D;xGufcGmjcif;/
AdkvfcsKyfe J@ cGJc Gm vm&jcif;?
wm0eftopf rvmcif oifwef;qif;+yD;p u|efawmfw@dk wyfzJ@G av;[m 101
yef0gppfa'orSmyJ vtcsdK@ aexdkicf =Jh u&w,f? 'Dumv twGif;rSm vGwfajrma'o&J@
EdkifiHa&;t&omudk aumif;aumif;cHpm;Edkifw,f? odk@aomf rvGwfajrmufao;wJh
wdik ;f jynf&@J ae&ma'orsm;pGmod@k qufvufcsw
D ufzk@d wm0efrsm; use&f daS e ao;w,f?
'DtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@&Jabmfrsm;[m pdwftm;xufoefpGm eJ@ vkyfief;wm0ef
topfrsm;udk apmifh ar#mf ae=uwmjzpfw,f?
u|efawmfw@dk wyfzJ@G [m oifwef;umvrSm 101 ppfa'o vGwaf jrmufjcif;
tESpf 20 t}udrfajrmuf txdrf;trSwfyGJudkvnf; }uKHawG@c&Jh w,f? a'ocHwyfrsm;/
vlxkrsm;eJ@ twl vGwaf jrmufjcif;twGuf aysmf$if jcif; t&omudkcHpm;vdku&f w,f?
oifwef;+yD; umvrSm ygwDwnfaxmifcJhjcif; tESpf 50 a&$&wk obifeJ@ vnf;
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wdu
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d maeyg+y?D &efoel @J aphpyfa&; tawG; tac:? ygwu
D cGx
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tac:/ *dAk macsm&h J *vufpaemhAf (jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;) tawG;ac:pwmawG u [dw
k p/
'Dwp xGufay:vmaew,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk wyfzJ@G uadk wmh tenf;i,fawmh *,ufu
dk f
r_jzpfay:cJh w,f? rajymyavmufcb
Jh l;?
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u|efawmfwdk@[m vGwf ajrmufao&J@wae&mudk ajymif;a&G@=u&awmhrSmjzpfw,f?
wyfzJ@G pnf;zd@k jzpfygw,f? oifwefqif;tcs@dk &JabmfawGuawmh jynfwGif;odk@ oD;jcm;
vkyfief; wm0efawGeJ@ xGucf GmoGm;=uyg+yD? use&f aSd ewJh &JabmfawGu wyfwnf ae&m
ajymif;a&G@=uzd@k pDpOfjyif qif=u&ygw,f? wyfxu
G w
f ahJ e@u Adv
k cf sKyfu wyfxu
G rf ed @f ceG ;f
ajym=um; ygw,f? tJ'w
D yfxu
G rf ed @f ceG ;f udak wmh u|eaf wmf r=um;od vdu
k &f yg? u|eaf wmf
u wyfz@JG trsm;pke@J rvdu
k f ygEikd yf J axmufyahH &;ypPn;f awGe@J tjcm;vr;fu oGm;cJ&h w,f?
'Dwacguf c&D;xGujf cif;[m Adv
k cf sKyu
f kd aemufq;Hk tav;jyK xGucf mG cJjh cif;ygy?J aemufyikd ;f
vlcsi;f jyef rqkjH zpfEikfd af wmhyg?
AdkvfcskKyft m; toHvd_if;jzifh tquft oG,fjyefvnf&&Sdjcif;
usaemfwk@d ar#mfvifhcJhovdk Adkvcf sKyf[m usaemfwdk@ DPA wyfzJ@G udk Adkvcf sLyf
taeeJ@ OD;pD;; OD;aqmif rjyKEdkfifcJhawmhyg? ta=umif;uawmh u|efawmfwdk@ wyfzGJ@
wnf&SdaewJh ygwD&J@ 101 ppfa'o[m tm%modrf; ppftpdk;&&eJ@ typf&yfpJ
zdk@urf;vSrf;vkduf=u+yD? ygw&D J@ vGwfajrmuf a'owck qkH;_;H vufvw
$ f vdu
k f&jyefjyD?
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D m opPmazmuf cH&r_awGxu
J aemufq;Hk xd;k ESucf suu
f kd cHvu
kd &f jcif;yJ? tJ'aD emuf
ygwD qufvuf &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;[m usm;ukyfusm;cJeJ@ kef;uef&wJh tajctae
jzpfcJh&awmhw,f? tJDumv&J@ jynfwGif; edkifiHa&;tajctaeudk ajym&r,fqdk&if
vlxk[m &Spaf v;vk;H wdkufyJ&G @J t&Sed fqufvuf&SdaeqJyJ? e,fpyfa'oEdkifiaH &; tajc
tae od@k r[kwf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tajctaeu qkw,
f w
k u
f sqif;aewJh tae
txm;odk@ wqif+h yD;wqifh av#m usoGm;yg+yD? ygwDA[du

k ,
dk fwdkif pnf;k;H pkz@GJ ru
_ dk jyif
qifvku
d &f awmhw,f?
'DtajctaeatmufrSm u|efawmfw@dk wyfzJ@G vnf; wyfzJ@G pnf;+yD; a&S@wqifh
wdk;wufa&;qdkwm b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkiaf wmhbl;? a&mufwJhae&mrSm tqifajyovdk
aevdu
k =f u&if; tcGit
fh cgaumif; wckudk apmifah e cJ=h uw,f? od@k aomf wjznf;jznf;eJ@
wyfzJ@G [m yko
H mefrsKd ;pkHeJ@ &yfwnf v_yf&Sm;&wJhtqifu
h kd qdkufa&muf oGm;cJ&h w,f?
aemufqH;k awmh u|eaf wmfw@dk vnf; tJ'aD 'ouae+y;D qkwcf mG cJh&+yD; tjcm;awmfvSef
a&;a'orsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;v_yf&mS vdku&f ygawmhw,f? tcsdK@&aJ bmfawGuawmh tJ'D
a'orSmyJ usq;Hk cJ&h w,f? tcsKkd @ &JabmfawGuawmh &efox
l H zrf;yd@k jcif;cHvu
kd f &w,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk ta&;edrchf &hJ +y;D aemuf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;od@k
ul;ajymif;cJw
h ,f? a&muf &Scd w
hJ hJ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;a'o&J@ tajctaeuvnf;
'Da&edrfhumvjzpfaew,f? xdkae&mrS tjcm;ae&modk@xyfrHul;ajymif;jyefawmhvJ
tvm;wl awmfvSefa&; 'Da&edrw
fh ckudk xyfr}H uKHawG@=u&jyefw,f? ppfvnf;rwdkuf/
+ird ;f csr;f a&;vnf;r&wJh Edik if aH &;tajctaersKd ;rSm xyfr+H y;D }uKaH wG@c&hJ w,f? 1998 ckEpS rf mS
awmh tJ'v
D kt
d ajctaersKd ;uae+yD; t+y;D wdkif qkwfcGmcJh&w,f? qkwfvrf;tjzpf xdkif;
- jrefrm e,fpyf wae&mrSmyJ awmfveS fa&;b0wckudk jyefvnfpwifch&J jyef+y?D
ae&ma'oawG ajymif;aG@+yD; awmfvSeaf &;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifae&
ayr,fv
h nf; a&'D,kd toH vdi_ ;f rsm;rS u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J acgi;f aqmif&aJ bmf}u;D rsm;&J@ toH
awGukd =um;odae&w,f? 'Dvt
kd cgrsKd ;rSm u|eaf wmft
h zd@k tm;wuf&i$ v
f ef;r_awGukd cHpm;
&rdw,f? Edik if aH &;eJ@oufqikd w
f hJ ae@}u;D &uf}uaD wGrmS qd&k if Adv
k cf sKy&f @J =unfvif csKd jrwJh
toHawGukd =um;cJ&h ygw,f? 'DtcgrsKd ;rSm wk@d Av
kd cf sKyw
f a,mufuawmh a&mufwhJ ae&m
uae+yD; usef;rmpGmjzifh wdkif;usdK;jynfusdK;udk xrf;&Gufaewkef;yJqdkwm awG;rd+yD; awmf
vSeaf &; wufuGpw
d af wGjzpfch&J w,f?
2007 pufwifbm ta&;tcif;jzpfaeqJumvrSmyJ u|eaf wmf[m tifwm
euf vufvSr;f rSDwhaJ e&mudk a&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? tJ'Dupwif+yD; AdkvfcsKyfeJ@ u|efawmf[m
&kyfjrifoH=um; qufo,
G v
f @dk &cJhygw,f? Adv
k fcsKyfe@J cGJcGmvmcJh&wJh 18 ESpftwGif;rSm
vlu,
dk fwidk f rawG@&ayr,fh xrOD;qk;H &kyjf rifo=H um; pum;ajym& wmudkyJ 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om jzpfcJh&ygw,f? aemufyidk ;f awmh Adv
k cf sKyfusef;rma&;a=umifh u|efawmfb
h ufu
qifjcif+yD; rajymjzpfchaJ wmhyg? Adv
k fcsKyfarG;ae@jzpfwJh 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@ a&mufwdkif;
twlae&Jabmfrsm;eJ@twl arG; ae@qak wmif;pum;jzifh E_wcf eG f;qufojzpfcyhJ gw,f?
AdkvdcsKyf[m awmfvSefa&;rsdK;aphudk
ysdK;}uJol/ &Sifoef}uD;xGm;apcJhol
2009 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@ u Adkvcd sKyf touf 90 jynfah jrmufwaJh eyg?
tJ'Dae@u Adkvcf sKyf[m touft&G,t
f & tdrk if;rpGr;f jzpfaeyg+yD? 'gayrJh Adv
k fcsKyfu
olcspw
f hJ jynfoal wG twGuf arG;ae@trSmpum;yg;cJw
h ,f? jynfoal wGukd pdwyf yl efwm?
zdEydS rf u
_ kd tqufrjywfweG ;f vSeaf ewJh jynfoal wGtwGuf *k%,
f cl /hJ w,f/ *k%jf yKcw
hJ ,f?
tJ'DtrSmpum;rSmqdk&if jynfolawG pnf;vkH;nDnGwf=uzdk@? oabmxm;}uD;zdk@
wdu
k w
f eG ;f xm;cJw
h ,f? gt
h jyif Adv
k cf sKyfw@kd OD;pD;OD;aqmif wnfaxmifcw
hJ Jh ppfwyf}u;D udk
vnf; jynfou
l k&d efov
l kd oabmrxm;zd@k owday; vdu
k af o;w,f?
Adv
k cf sKyftouf 90 jynfah rG;ae@rmS q&mr(&Jabmf,
_ Of) xH arG;ae@ qkawmif;
v$m ay;ydk@jzpfchw
J ,f? t"duuawmh Adv
k cf sKyf&J@ jynfolo@dk trSmpum;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
cHpm;rd+y;D a&;vdu
k w
f myg? tJ'guawmh 'Dae@txd use;f rmpGmjzifh o@u
l jynforl sm;udk
E_wcf eG ;f quf tm;ay;pum;ajymqdak y;Edik af o;wmudk tm;& 0rf;omjzpfrw
d ,f? w+yKd if
wnf; cHpm;vku
d &f wmu ,ae@txd tb[m wdik ;f jynfe@J jynforl sm;twGuf pdwx
f rJ mS
&wufrat;jzpfae&Smw,f? 'gukyd J tbtwGuf pdwrf aumif; jzpfrw
d ,f? wu,fqkd
touf t&G,f}uD;&ifhvm&if pdwfcsr;f om/ ud,
k fcsr;f omeJ@ tem;,loifh w,fr[kwf
vm;? tbb0eJ@ wdik ;f jynf&@J b0 b,fvrkd S cGrJ &wJb
h 0jzpfaeawmh tbudk u|eaf wmf
wdk@ yd+ky;D wefzk;d xm;rdygw,f? tb[m u|eaf wmfwk@d wdik f;jynfeJ@ jynfoal wGtwGuf
wefz;kd rjzwfEkid w
f hJ &wemwyg;ygyJ
2012 atmufwdkbm 10 &ufae@rSmawmh u|efawmfwdk@ qENeJ@ rqdkifbJ
Adv
k cf sKyfukd obm0rdcifu ac:aqmifoGm;vdu
k fyg+y?D
usef&pfol rdompkrsm;? &Jabmfrsm;? rdwfaqGrsm;? jynfolrsm;udk 0rf;enf;
a=uuGJra_ wG? ESarsmwor_ awGjzpfapcJhw,f? tJ'Dae@u u|efawmfvnf; Adkvcf sKyf&J@
&Jabmf wa,mufjzpfcJhwJhtwGuf 0rf;enf; a=uuGJ cJh&w,f/ AdkvfcsKyfudk ESajrm
wor_jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? rdom;pkawGe@J xyfw/l &JabmfawGe@J xyfwl u|eaf wmf cHpm;r_awGukd
pmvk;H rsm;jzifh azmfjyjzpfchyJ gw,f? tJ'guawmh Adkvcf sKyftwGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJjcif;/
Adkvcf sKyf twGuf *k%f,jl cif; qdkwmygyJ?
r=umcifrmS Adv
k cf sKyu
f ,
G v
f eG cf w
hJ m wESpjf ynfah wmhrmS yg? Adv
k cf sKyfe@J ywfouf+y;D
r=umc% awG;awm pOf;pm;rdw,f? pOf;pm;rdwikd ;f Adv

k cf sKy&f @J b0[m awmfveS af &;b0yJ?
AdkvfcsKyf[m Armjynf jynfolawG vGwfajrmufzdk@ awmfvSefa&;rsdK;aphudk ysdK;}uJay;
cJhwo
Jh al wGu wa,muf jzpfchw
J ,f? xdktjyif awmfvSefa&;udk &Sio
f ef}u;D xGm;atmif
vkyfaqmifay;cJhojl zpfchw
J ,f? 'gayrJh awmfveS fa&;&J@ atmifoD;atmifEHu
S kad wmh Adv
k f
csKyfwoufwmrSm &dwfodrf;roGm;Edkif&SmcJhbl;? 'DtwGuf awG;rdwdkif;pdwfraumif;
jzpfrcd w
hJ ,f?
wu,fawmh ydsK;}ucJ sed ef @J &dwo
f rd ;f csed t
f =um; rsKd ;qufcs+D y;D =um&SnEf ikd yf gw,f?
bmha=umifhvJqkad wmh 'g[m awmfveS af &;jzpfaevdk@ygy?J
b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf aemufq;Hk awmh &dwo
f rd ;f &r,ft
h csed w
f csed af wmh rkcs a&muf
vm ygvrd hrf ,f?
bmha=umifv
h q
J kad wmh rsdK;qufwquf+yD;wquf vufqifu
h rf; vkyfaqmif
oGm;=urSmjzpfv@kd ygy?J
oD;ES&H w
d o
f rd ;f csed af &mufwt
hJ cg Adv
k cf sKyfw@kd &@J pGe@f vw
G t
f epfemcHr&_ v'fa=umifh
&&Sdcw
Jh mqdk+y;D ajym=uyg vdrrfh ,f?
'gudk b,folrS jiif;y,f=uvdrhrf nfr[kwyf g?
?
&Ja bmfa tmif' kd;
orD;&ifxu
J Adv
k c
f sKyfausmfaZm
orD ; xuf x uf
Akdvcf sKyfausmfaZm[m ol. emrnfe@J vdu
k fatmif jrefrmjynfolawG&@J =um;rSm *k%f
owif; ar$;ysH@ausmfapmcJo
h lwpfOD; jzpfchyJ gw,f? bmjzpfvdk@ 'Dvdak jymEkdifovJqdak wmh
orD;wkd@vkd jrefrmjynf aus;vufawm&Gmav; wpf&GmrSm }uD;jyif;vm+yD; Ekid fiHa&; qkd
wmvnf; bmrSef;rodwJh uav;wpfa,muf&@J OD;aESmufxJrSm Adkvcf sKyfausmfaZm
qkw
d ehJ mrnfudk rSwfrw
S &f & &if;&if;ESD;ES;D jzpfaecJhv@kd ygy?J
orD;[m t&rf;taqmhruf+yD; wpfaeukefwpfaecef; oli,fcsi;f awGeJ@ &Gmk;d
ukd;ayguf vkdufvnf aqmhhupm;aewwfwhJ uav;wpfa,mufyg? rdbawG wkwfeJ@
vku
d af c:rS tdrjf yefwwfwhJ uav;rsKd ;ayg?h orD;eJ@ orD;&J@oil ,fcsi;f awGuvnf; t&rf;
ukd vkdufzufygw,f? tm;vHk;uawmh aqmhwJhae&mrSmqkdttdyfarh tpm;arh
aqmhwwf=uwJh uav;rsKd ;awGcsn;f yJqdak wmhav? 'gayrJh ausmif;oGm;&rSmwk@d vl}u;D
awGeJ@ w&m; oGm;em&rSmwk@d qd&k ifawmh t+rw
J rf; wGe@f qw
k w
f Ge@f qw
k f vkyfae=up+rJy/J
'grsKd ;qkd orD;wk@d t+rw
J rf; aemufwef;uyJ vku
d yf gw,f?
'gayrJh Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ta=umif;ukd pmxJrmS oifawm o
h rD;wk@d tm;vH;k
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ukd pdwf0ifwpm;&Scd +Jh yD; Akv
d fcsKyfudk orD;wk@d tonf;xJtlxJuukd v_u
d f
v_u
d v
f v
JS JS }uKd qrdk =d uygw,f? Akv
d cf sKyf[m orD;wk@d widk ;f jynf&@J zcif}u;D / orD; wk@d tm;vH;k
cspcf if=unfnKd xu
dk w
f hJ acgi;f aqmif}u;D qkw
d t
hJ od[m orD;wk@d wawG&@J ESv;kH om;xJrmS
tjrpfw,
G af ecJyh gawmhw,f? 'g[m orD;wk@d udk vrf;rSejf yay;cJw
h hJ tmp&d, q&mocif
rsm;&J@ aus;Zl;ygy?J oH;k av;wef; avmuf

a&mufawmh Akv
d cf sKyfae0if;eJ@ywfoufwhJ
aumif;a=umif;rsm;ukd xyfcgwvJvJ
wDADaG wG/ AGD',
D dak wG/ owif;pmawGxJrSm
awG@&jrif& =um;&ygw,f? xl;qef;wm
uawmh orD;wd@k tm;vH;k ol@udk enf;enf;
av;rS txi rf }u;D cJyh gb;l ? ole@J ywfouf
wJh ta=umif;rSefor#ukd orD;wkd@&J@ OD;
aESmufawGu atmfwdrk ufwpf OayuQm
jyK xm;ovkyd /J bmjzpfv@dk vJ qkw
d mawmh
ole@J ywfouf+y;D bmwckrS rrSwrf v
d @dk ygy?J
orD;wk@d i,fi,fwek ;f u pm xJrmS oifwhJ
acgi;f aqmifwpfOD;&J@ emrnfukd rSwfrw
S f
&& &Sdaeygao;w,f? oluawmh Akv
d f
csKyfatmifqef;eJ@twl vky}f uHcHc&Jh wJh
'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKjzpfygw,f? ol@&J@emrnf
[m tJ't
D csed u
f orD;wk@d uav;awG t
wGufawmh awmfawmfukd xl;qef;ae
w,fvd@k xifchv
J d@k yg?
orD;wkd@twGuf ausmif;pmxJ
u yk*~dKvfawGawmif renf;rSwf&wm/
ausmif;pmtjyifbufu acgif;aqmif
awGwdk@/ vlyk*~dKvfwkd@ emrnfawGqkd&if
awmh a0vma0;yJaygh? wu,fvkd@rsm;
orD;wkd@ odc&Jh ifvnf; tJ'Dvyl k*~dKvfawG
[m jynfoal wG t&rf;cspfcif&wJhol 'grS
r[kwf jynfoal wG&@J rke;f wD;jcif;ukd cH&ol
awGom jzpfEikd fygw,f? tJ'Dtcsderf mS vl
}u;D awG yg;pyfzsm;rSm a&yef;pm;aewJh em
rnf ESpcf ak wmh &Syd gw,f? wpfa,mufu
awmh Adv
k cf sKyaf usmaf Zmjzpf+y;D / aemuf
wa,mufuawmh tl;apmarmif vk@d
emrnfwiG cf w
hJ hJ Adv
k cf sKyfapmarmif jzpfyg
w,f? bma=umifh ol@ukd tJ'Dvkdac:cJh
w,fqdw
k m orD;wkd@ rodcyJh gbl;? 'gayrJh
Akdvcf sKyfausmfaZmta=umif;ukdawmh r
aumif;owif; rajymcJ=h uwm orD; rSwf
rSwf&& &Sad eygw,f?
orD;&J@ EkdifiaH &;todtjrifawG
[mvnf; orD;&J@touf wpp }uD;jyif;
vmwmeJ@tr# wjznf;jznf;csi;f Ek;d =um;p
jyKvmcJyh gw,f? 'g[m orD;&J@ rmwmyDwk
ESpyf g;&J@ oGeo
f ifq;kH rr_rsm;a=umifo
h m jzpf
ygw,f? aemuf orD;ajymif;a&$@aexkdif&
wJh ywf0ef;usief @J vnf; trsm;}u;D ouf
qkdifaew,fvkd@ orD;,lq ygw,f? 'D
aemufrmS awmh Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf ZmESihf w
uG wjcm;Ekdiif Ha&; acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;
&J@ ta=umif;awGudk vl}uD;rsm;rSwqifh
okd@r[kwf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rSwzHk avh
vm od&cdS yhJ gw,f? trsm;pk Ekid if aH &; acgi;f
aqmif}uD;rsm;[m uG,fvGefoGm;=u+yD;
jzpfwt
Jh wGuf olw@kd ukd orD;wkd@acwf vl
i,fawG rDEidk rf nfr[kwaf wmhyg?
'gayrJh usef;rma&; awmfawmf
aumif;+y;D touf&pS q
f ,fausmf &S+d yD jzpf
wJh orD;wk@d &@J b;dk bk;d Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf Zmukd
awmh tjyifrSm uHaumif;axmufrvkd@
awG@jrifczhJ ;l ygw,f? bkd;bk;d Akv
d cf sKyfausmf
aZm[m wu,fukd cifrif&if;ESD;p&m
aumif;+yD; Oy"dkyfvnf; awmfawmf

aumif ; ol w OD ; jzpf y gw,f ? bk d ; bk d ;
i,fi,fuqkd b,favmuf acsmvkdufr
vJqw
kd m orD;cef@reS ;f vk@d &Ekid yf gw,f? bk;d
bk;d [m pma&;pmzwf/ owif;em;axmif
pwJt
h vkyrf sm;eJ@ wae@wmtcsed u
f dk ukef
qH;k apwwfygw,f? bk;d bk;d [m pmayA[k
okwrsm;ukd tJ'Dvdk tcsed f&Sdoa&G@ avh
vmvku
d fpm;aewwfolwpfOD; jzpf+y;D t
&rf;udk ,Ofaus;odraf rG@ol wpfO;D vnf;
jzpfygw,f? orD;wkd@vkd vli,fawGeJ@ p
um; ajym&ifawmif u|eaf wmfvk@d bk;d
bkd;u ol@ud,
k o
f l oHk;wwf+yD; 0guswkdif;
rSmvnf; [kwu
f hJ qkw
d hJ vlwzufom;
ukd ku
d sKd ;av;pm;r_ay;wJh pum;vH;k rsKd ;eJ@
oH;k wwfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifrh @dk v@dk bk;d bk;d
eJ@pum;ajym&if orD;wkd@ awmfawmfukd
tm;awmift
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