State and Revolution (2014 May) Newtranslation PDF

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Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;udk xyfraH vhvm&mrS &&Scd suf (1) ææ 1
Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;udk xyfraH vhvm&mrS &&Scd suf (2) ææ 6
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tcef; (1) vlwef;pm;vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESihf Edik if aH wmf
1? Edik if aH wmfqw
kd m ajy+idr;f vd@k r&wJh vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQrsm;rS ay:xGuf
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kd m tzdEydS cf v
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4? Edik if aH wmf “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” ESihf t=urf;zufawmfveS af &; 31
tcef; (2) EdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;/ 1848 - 51 ckESpfrsm;twGif;

tawG@tñuH
1? awmfveS af &;tóuumv 42
2? awmfveS af &;ed*;kH csKyfcsuf 49

3? 1852 ckEpS rf mS rmhupf u
f jy\emudk wifjyyHk 59
tcef; (3) Edik if aH wmfe@J awmfveS af &;
1? bHt
k zG@J 0ifrsm;u ol&aJ umif;pdw"f mwfukd b,fae&mawGrmS
jyocJ=h uovJ 63
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f hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk bmeJ@tpm;xd;k rvJ 70
3? ygvrD efpepfzsuo
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4? trsKd ;om; wpnf;wvH;k wnf;jzpfa&;twGuf pnf;±H;k jcif; 87
5? uyfyg;aumifEikd if aH wmfukd zsuo

f rd ;f a&; 92
tcef; (4) qufvufzwf&ef/ tde*f ,f&@J jznfph u

G &f iS ;f jycsurf sm;?
1? aetdrjf y\em 96
2? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;eJ@jiif;ckyH JG 101
3? abb,f (Bebel) xHay;pm 108
4? tmzmh (Erfurt) vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;tay: a0zefcsu 113
5? rmhupf &f @J pmtkyf “jyifopfjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf” twGuf
1891 rSm a&;om;wJt

h rSmpm? 125
6? 'Dru
kd a&pDaysmufu,
G af &;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd tde*f ,f&@J a&;om;csuf 135
tcef; (5) Edik if aH wmfwrd af umyaysmufa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajccH
1? rmhupf u
f jy\emudw
k ifjyyHk 139
2? t&if;pepfrS uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;r_ 143
3? uGejf rLepfv@l tzJ@G tpnf;&J@ yxrtqifh 152
4? uGejf rLepf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;&J@ tjriht

f qif?h 158
tcef; (6) tacsmiform;rsm;u rmhupf 0f g'udk ,kwn

f ahH tmifvyk jf cif;
1? rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;tay: yvufcaf emhA&f @J jiif;cHck suf 171
2? tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;tay: aumufpuD;&J@jiif;cHrk ?_ 173
3? aumufpuD;eJ@ yifeaD umh (Pannekoek) wd@k &@J
oabmw&m;jiif;cHrk ?_ 184
tcef; (7) 1905 ESihf 1917 ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rsm;&J@
tawG@tñuH 199
yxrt}udryf EkH ydS jf cif;twGuf aemufqufwt

JG rSmpum; 199
Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;udk xyfraH vhvm&mrS &&Scd suf (1)
OD;pGmajymcsiw
f m æ 'Dpmwrf;[m yk*v
~ u
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(1) vDeif&@J 'Dusr;f &if;udk awmfveS af &;vnf; rvkyzf ;l ao;cif Edik if aH &;
tm%mvnf; rxlaxmifz;l ao;cifu p+yD;avhvmcJyh gw,f? txl;
ojzifh awmfveS af &;tydik ;f udk yd+k y;D pdw0f ifpm;cJw
h ,f? em;vnfovdvk kd
awmh &Swd ,f? 'gayrJh eufeuf±i_d ;f ±di_ ;f r[kw?f
tcef; (1) u -
• tkypf ;kd olvw

l ef;pm;eJ@ &efbufyËdyuQ rajy+idr;f Edik rf u
_ ‘Edik if aH wmf’
ay:vmwmqdw k mudak wmh oabmayguf w,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u tkypf ;dk ol
u t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm; jzpfaevd@k y?J jynfwiG ;f rSm ol@t"dua'guw f ikd f
awGuvnf; vufa0cHe@J ya'o&mZfajr&Si}f u;D awGqakd wmh oabm
ayguzf @kd rcufb;l ? jynfov l xl uk kd &Si;f vif;wifjy&ifvnf; ‘b0ay;
todt&’ oabmayguv f ,G wf ,f?
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(2) 'gayrJh
• 48 vGwv f yfa&;&awmh vufeufuikd w

f u
kd yf wJG ukd &f awmh ygww D iG ;f rSm
udyk J tawG;tac: (2) ck ay:w,f? jynfov l x l w k iG ;f vnf; Za0Z0g
jzpfw,f?
• zqyv tpd;k &u (u&if/ ucsi/f a*:&cg;wyfawG) udk toH;k ðy+yD;

‘uGejf rLepfacsre_ ;f a&;’ vkyaf wmh tJ'wD yfawG &J@ tukev f /k tukef
rD;±d@_ / a,musmf ;rSeof r# tukeo f wfay:vpDa=umifh jynfov l x
l u
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‘b0ay;tod t &’ vuf e uf u d k i f a wmf v S e f a &;buf ( A/S )
wdr;f !ïww f ,f/ jynfo@l &aJ bmfawmcd/k RBA u awmfveS af &;buf
a&muf/ KNDO u ykeu f efawmh awmfveS af &;'Da& jrifw
h ufvmw,f?
'ga=umifh ygwDwGif;u A/S qef@usifa&; orm;awGyg A/S udk
vufcv H m=uw,f? olw@kd uawmif yd+k y;D wufºuoa,mifa,mifygy?J
• 'gayrJh ygw&D @J vrf;pOfrmS ‘2 ESpt

f wGi;f ppfEikd af &;’ ppfa&;vrf;pOf
trSm;a=umifh wyfawGòyawmh ‘A/S qef@usiaf &;orm;’ awGu A/
S udk ar;cGe;f p+y;D xkwv
f m=uw,f? ‘ppfwrf;’ awGa&;+y;D jzef@=uw,f?
olw@kd &@J t"duusKd ;a=umif;jycsuu

f -
§ zqyv tpd;k &[m trsKd ;om;"e&Sit f pd;k & jzpfw,f? aygi;f

vnf;aygi;f wdu
k vf nf;wdu
k &f r,fh vlwef;pm;yJ/ tm%m&
pyJ &Sad o;w,f?
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§ olw@kd trsKd ;om;"e&Siaf wG&@J trsKd ;om;pufrv
_ yk if ef; xl
axmifcGifhay;&r,f? 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; qHk;cef;wdkif
vkycf iG hf olw@kd ukd ay;&r,f?
§ Armjynf pufrE_ ikd if aH wmfjzpfryS J ygwu

D ‘qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmf
vSeaf &;’ udk vkyo f ifw h ,f æ wJ?h
olwdk@udk zqyv tpdk;&&J@ vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufawGudk

cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjyprf;ygv@kd ajymawmh olw@kd u zqyv qd&k ,
S v
f pfawG&@J
“aºu;a=umfoaH wG” udyk J ajymEdik w f ,f?
tckdiftrm (vufawG@) udk ajymygqdkawmhvnf; [oFmw

OD;jrwd@k / qrm;'l;0g;}uD;wd@k &@J trsKd ;om;pufr_ vkyif ef; pdwu f ;l awGyJ
ajymEdik w f ,f? OD;jreJ@qrm;}uD;u ay:vpD csrw S Ef ikd o
f l r[kwb f ;l ?
ay:vpDcsEikd o f u l OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;Ekw@kd y?J olw@kd uvnf; aºu;a=umfoH
xkw+f y;D vufawG@vyk w f mu tar&duef/ *syef/ t*Fvyd w f @kd &@J vufa0cH
vky+f yD; pufrv _ yk if ef;wcsKd @ vkyaf ewmyJ? e,fcs@J orm;awGuvnf;
pufrv _ yk if ef; r[kww f hJ vkyif ef;awGrmS yJ &if;ES;D jrK‡ yEf =HS uw,f? vrf;yef;
qufo, G af &;vd/k v#ypf pfr;D pufv/kd [dw k ,fvyk if ef;vd[ k mawGrmS yJ
&if;ES;D jr‡KyfE=HS uw,f? zufpyfawGvyk af wmh ydq k ;kd oGm;w,f? pufr_
Edik if }H uD;awGu ukeaf csmudk atmwdu k +f yD;oGi;f wmudk wqifjh zef@jzL;wJh
vufa0cHtvkyyf J jzpfaew,f?
rqv ppftm%m&Siaf cwfusawmh *syef/ *smr%D&@J vufa0cH

yd+k y;D yDovmw,f? e0w§etz ppf tm%m&Siaf cwfusawmh w±kwf
vufa0cH jzpfvmwmyJ?
3
vDeif
tck OD;ode;f pdet f pd;k &u tar&duef/ *syef/ Oa&myor*~ (EU)
jyef0ifvmzdk@vkyfawmhvnf; olwdk@ bmudkyJ pdwf0ifpm;=uovJ
qdw
k mudk jyae+yD? ArmjynfrmS trsKd ;om;pufr_ xGe;f um;zd@k r&Syd gb;l ?
pufrE_ ikd if x
H al xmifa&;[m Avmaºu;a=umfoyH J jzpfrmS yg?
1955 usawmh (55 vrf;pOf) qdkwm ygwDu csrSwfw,f?

[dwk ek ;f u A/S qef@usiaf &;orm;awG tm;vH;k (wu,fu h kd tm;vH;k )
A/S udk pHu k ef+yD; vufeufcs=uw,f? 1958 tdraf pmifph pftpd;k &acwf
usawmh ygwu D tedru hf sq;kH tcsed f jzpfomG ;+yD? A/S udk w&Gww f u
kd f
vdkufaewJholawGvnf; wðzwfðzwf vufeufcs=uw,f? ‘55
vrf;pOf’ wckwnf;a=umifv h @kd awmh ajymr&ygb;l ? trSm;awG'%fukd
pkyckH &H wmyJ?
• 1989 - 90 aemufyikd ;f ? ygwu D A/S ygwu D UG ygwD jzpfomG ;+yD?

"e&Sivf pfb&,f0g' acwfpm;ae+y?D Edik if aH wmf&@J vlwef;pm;vuQ%m
ukd azsmufzsuyf pf+y;D vifueG ;f &J@ ‘*ufw;D bmh*rf ed @f ceG ;f ’ (Gettysburg)
xJu ‘jynfoal wG&@J tpd;k &/ jynfoal wGtwGuf jynfou l wifajrm‡ uf
wJh tpd;k &’ qdw
k mudk tr$r;f wifvm=uw,f?
vlwef;pm;awG uGu J jJG ym;jym; &Sad ewJv

h @l tzG@J tpnf;rSm
jynfoal wG&@J tpd;k &qdw
k m r&SEd ikd yf gb;l ?
tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;u ajAmifxu

G jf ywJh e0w§etz vdk
tpd;k &rsKd ; jzpfcsijf zpf/ ajAmifrxGub f J aemufu, G rf mS yke;f uG,af ewJh
OD;ode;f pdet f pd;k &rsKd ; jzpfrmS yJ?
4
1958 rSm ppfAsL±du
k &ufvuf0g;}uD;tkyf "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;
tpd;k &&J@o±kyf ryDoayr,fh 1962 up+yD; tcktxd ppfAsL±du k &uf
vuf0g;}u;D tkyf "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;&J@ vuQ%mu yDyjD yifjyif jzpfvmwm
yJ? 'grSr[kwf ajAmifxGuf&yfovm;/ aemufuG,fu aeovm;
qdwk mu jynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaet& vky=f uwmyg?
• rsuaf rSmufavmurSm
§ vlwef;pm; odk@r[kwf vl@tv$mwckck&J@ EdkifiH

awmfyJ &Swd ,f? ajAmifaomfvnf;aumif; yke;f
uG,+f yD;aomfvnf;aumif; olw@kd &@J tm%m&Sif
pepfukd usiohf ;kH =uwmcsn;f jzpfw,f?
§ vlwef;pm;aygi;f pH&k @J jynfo@l tpd;k &qdw

k m r&SEd ikd f
bl;?
'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+y;D rdr&d @J &&Scd suu

f kd qufvufwifjyygr,f?
xyfajymyg&ap? jiif;cHzk @kd r[kw?f aqG;aEG;zd@k yg?
awmif;,l&if tkypf ;kd olu o'<goavmuf &rSmyg? ol@qu D

tm%mudk awmif;,lv@kd &r,fxif&ifawmh ±d;k tvGe;f &m usygvrd rhf ,f?
jynfo@l tm%m*sme,f
trSwf (35)
'DZifbm/ 2012ckEpS rf ?S
5
vDeif
Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;udk xyfraH vhvm&mrS &&Scd suf (2)
(1) 'Dpmtkyu f kd vDeifa&;wke;f u awmfveS af &;vufawG@ avhvmp&mu

jyifopf"e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;eJ@ yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J awmfveS af &;
(2) ckyJ &Sw
d ,f?
tck rdrw
d @kd avhvmzd@k awmfveS af &;vufawG@awG odyrf sm;
w,f? ±k&mS ;atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;up+yD; w±kw/f AD,uferf/
usL;bm; pojzifh awmfvSefa&;tawG@tñuHawG odyfrsm;ygw,f?
jynfo@l tm%m xlaxmif=uwJh tawG@tñuHawGe@J oifcef;pmwG
vnf; rsm;w,f?
twk,pl &mawGe@J a&Smif=uOfp&mawG &Syd gw,f? qufvuf

+y;D jzpfay:qJ jzpfpOftwGi;f rSm&Sv
d @kd t+rJ qufvuf avhvmae&rSmyg?
rdrw d @kd u ArmjynfawmfveS af &; qifEaJ$ ewmyg? Armjynf&@J

ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufzsuf+yD; Armjynf jynfol@'Drdkua&pD
tm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif&rSmyg? EdkifiHjcm;u yHkpHudk yHkwlul;csvdk@
r&ygb;l ? wjcm; wdik ;f jynfawGu tajctaeeJ@ Armjynf&@J tajc
taeu c|wfpGyfrwlEdkifygbl;? wloa,mifa,mif &Sdaumif; &Sdyg
vdrrhf ,f? vH;k 0O\Hk wlwmawmh r&SEd ikd yf gb;l ? (Oyrm) tif'ekd ;D &Sm;u
ql[mwdpk pftm%m&Sipf epfe@J ae0if; ppftm%m&Sipf epf rwlygb;l ?
pwifay:vmyHek @J usio hf ;kH yHck si;f vH;k vH;k uGjJ ym;ygw,f?
6
rdrwd @kd qifEw
J$ hJ awmfveS af &;eJ@ w±kw/f AD,uferf/ usL;bm;
pwJh awmfveS af &;awGvnf; rwlygb;l ? wlra,mif &Sad umif;&Srd ,f?
'gayrJh c|wpf yG f rwlygb;l ? rdrw
d @kd ygwt
D aeeJ@ yHw
k ul ;l csrv
d @kd ESmacgi;f
usnaf yG@ awG@c&hJ aygi;f rsm;yg+yD?
Oyrm w±kwf,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk yHkwlul;cswJh

ygww D iG ;f awmfveS af &;vrf;pOf (ygww D iG ;f Aef;pum; (jargon) ‘ðzwf
- xkwf - owf’) vkycf v hJ @kd u|r;f jyefatmif rSm;cJwh ,f? ‘ud,
k t
hf m;ud,
k f
udk;a&; tajccH’ qHk;±_H;cJh&w,f? aemufusawmh trSm;udkjyifzdk@
t}udr}f udróf u;pm;cJw h ,f? ratmifjrifb;l ? aemufq;kH t±H;_ eJ@ ñuHc&hJ
wmyJ? 'Doifcef;pmudk b,fawmhrS rarhz@kd vdyk gw,f?
udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; tajccH&Sdwkef;uqdk&if ‘Auy’ [m

tcuftcJaygi;f rsm;pGmudk ausmjf zwfEikd cf w hJ ,f? &efo&l @J zdEydS rf /_ acsre_ ;f
r_awGukd }uH@}uH@cikd f &ifqikd Ef ikd cf whJ ,f? b,favmufyJ tiftm;enf;
ygap? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tvH vJroGm;cJb h ;l ? 'gayrJh ud, k thf m;
ud,k u f ;kd tajccH qH;k ±H;_ oGm;awmh tiftm;}u;D rm;ayr,fh ‘Auy’ &J@
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tvH vJusomG ;cJw h ,f? 'g[m t}uD;qH;k
oifcef;pmyg? 'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sipf epfwu kd zf suaf &;yJ vkyv f yk /f
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wpwpðyjyifa&;vrf;pOf (tck vpfb&,f
0g'rD sm; vkyaf ewJv h rf;pOf) yJvyk v f yk f wjcm;Edik if jH cm; wdik ;f jynfawG&@J
tawG@tñuHukd yHw k u l ;l rcsrzd @kd vdyk gw,f? Armjynf&@J tajctaeeJ@
vdu k af vsmnDaxG&w dS hJ vrf;pOfukd ud, k b
hf mom wDxiG =f u&rSmyg?
(2) vDeif&J@pmtkyf avhvm&&SdwJh t"dutusqHk;tcsufu tm%m

a[mif;u xlaxmifxm;wJh tkycf sKyfa&; ,EW&m; (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/
7
vDeif
w&m;±H;k ) udk jynfo@l 'rD u
kd a&pDtm%m&Sipf epfu qufvuftoH;k
rcse@J qdw
k mygy?J
jynfol@'Drdkua&pdtm%m&Sifpepfu rdrd&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;

,EW&m;topf (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±H;k topf) xlaxmif&rSmyg?
tJ'v
D kd rvkyEf ikd &f if tqd;k ausmo
h o
H &m wywfjyefvnfrmS yJ?
OD;Ek&@J ‘yxp tpd;k &’ ñuH&wJh tjzpfq;kd rsKd ; jyef+yD;ñuH&rSm

aocsmygw,f?
vDeiftaeeJ@ 'Dvt
kd jzpfrsKd ; (qdAk ,
D uftm%m xlaxmif+yD;
prSm) ñucH &hJ w,f? ppfwyf (a[mif;) &Jwyf (a[mif;) w&m;±H;k (a[mif;)
awGu qdkAD,uftm%mudk tmcHwm ñuH&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf
jzpf&w,f? tJ'DtcgusawmhrS wyfrawmftopf/ &Jwyftopf/
w&m;±H;k topfukd xlaxmifcw hJ myg?
armfpw D ek ;f uawmh 'Dvrkd ñuHygb;l ? bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh

olu a&&Snjf ynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f rSm autrfwD (KMT) &J@ ppfwyf/
&Jwyf/ w&m;±H;k awGukd acsre_ ;f zsuq f ;D cJ+h yD; jzpfv@kd yg? 'gawmifrS tjrpf
useaf e+yD; xdik 0f rfukd xGuaf jy;wJh (KMT) u tar&dueftm;ud;k eJ@
&ef&mS aewke;f yg?
'ga=umifh ArmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epfu xlaxmifxm;

wJh ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±H;k awGukd aumufumiifum toH;k csr,f/
wpwpðyjyif,lr,fqdkwJh pdwful;,Ofr_rsdK; r&Sdoifhygbl;? ol@udk
ud,
k uf rjyifEikd b
f J olu ud, k u
hf kd wGe;f vSew
f myJ ñuH&vdrrhf ,f?
8
(3) vDeif/ armfpDwkef;wdk@ jzwfoef;cJh&wJhacwfu e,fcsJ@orm;awG
tcsi;f csi;f urBmppf wdu k =f uwJah cwfyg? rsuaf rSmufacwfe@J rwlygb;l ?
rsuaf rSmufacwfu e,fcs@J tcsi;f csi;f ppfcif;wJah cwf r[kwyf gb;l ?
tar&duef plygyg0gwckyJ &Sw d ,f? urBmppf}uD; rjzpfwmvnf; (67)
ESpf &Syd g+yD? a'oEW&ppfuav;awGyJ tuef@towfe@J jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
jzpfaeygvrd Ohf ;D r,f? urBm}uD;wckv;kH +idr;f csr;f wJah cwf}uD; a&muf+yDv@kd
,lqvd@k rjzpfygb;l ?
rdrw
d @kd taeeJ@ ta&;ñuH&if toifjh zpfaezd@k vdyk gw,f? Arm
jynf&@J tajccHtrsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk xdyg;rcHz@kd / Armjynf&@J yikd ef uf
e,fajrudk enf;enf;rS txdyg;rcHz@kd vdyk gw,f?
(4) vDeifu qd&k , S vf pfawmfveS af &;twGuf a&;xm;wmyg? u|eaf wmf

wd@k u 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;tqifh vky&f rSmyg? armfpw
D ek ;f &J@ ‘jynfo@l
'Dru kd a&pDtm%m&Sipf epf’ u yd+k yD;vufawG@usygw,f? avhvm&
wmeJ@ em;vnfoabmayguzf @kd vG,u f yl gw,f?
(5) awmfveS af &;qdwk m awmif;,lwm r[kw/f wdu k ,

f w
l m jzpfw,f?
vDeif/ armfpw
D ek ;f wd@k a&;om;csu&f @J tESpo
f m&u 'gygy?J
jynfo@l tm%m*sme,f
trSwf (35)
'DZifbm/ 2012ckEpS rf ?S
9
vDeif
vDeif
yxrt}udryf EkH ydS jf cif;twGuf ed'ge;f
,cktcgrmS Edik if aH wmfqikd &f mjy\em[m oabmw&m;t&a&m/ vufawG@

Edik if aH &;t&yg txl;ta&;}uD;vmaeygw,f? vuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;&Sipf epf
uae Edik if aH wmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;&Sipf epfqu
D kd ajymif;vJaewJjh zpfpOf[m
e,fcs@J ppfa=umifh tvGe@f ukd jrefqefjyif;xefaeyg+yD? Edik if aH wmf[m tiftm;
}uD;rm;vSwhJ t&if;&Sit f zG@J toif;awGe@J wae@wjcm; eD;eD;uyfuyf a&m,Suf
vmwJ h t wG u f Ed k i f i H a wmf u vk y f o m;vl x k a wG t ay: a=umuf p &m
aumif;atmif zdEydS af er_[m ydyk +kd y;D a=umufp&m aumif;vmaeygw,f? a&S@wef;
a&mufwikd ;f jynfrsm; ('Dae&mrSm qdv k w
kd mu ‚wdik ;f jynfrsm;&J@ ‘ppfaemufyikd ;f
a'orsm;’) [m tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf ppftusO;f axmifrsm; jzpfjzpfvmae
ygw,f?
rñuHpzl;}uD;rm;wJh &ufpufrE_ iS hf ab;'kut

Q aygi;f udk umv&Sn=f um
wJh ppfytJG wGi;f ñuH=u&vd@k vlx&k @J b0[m rcHr&yfEikd af tmif usywf nf;vm+yD;
vlx&k @J a'go[mvnf; }uD;xGm;vmaeygw,f? Edik if w H umypPn;f rJh awmfveS f
10
a&;[m txift&Sm;&ifrh n
S v
hf maew,f? 'DawmfveS af &;taeeJ@ Edik if aH wmfqw
kd hJ
t&mtay: b,fvo kd abmxm;rvJqw kd hJ ar;cGe;f [m vufawG@t& ta&;
ygvmygw,f?
Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f & +idr;f csr;f pGmzG@H òz;wd;k wufcw hJ u hJ mv ESpq f ,ftcsKd @
twGi;f rSm pkyv kH mcJw h hJ tacsmif0g' tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;a=umifh urBmw0Sr;f &Sd w&m;0if
qd&k ,S v f pfygwrD sm;twGi;f rSm qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'*d% k ;f awGu }uD;pd;k xm;ygw,f?
'D*%kd ;f u ajymawmh qd&k , S v f pf0g'/ vkyaf wmh a&SmAf if0g'yg? (±k&mS ;rSmqd&k if
yvufcaf emhA/f ydx k &DaqmhA/f b&uf&aS umhApf um;,m;/ ±kAmEdAk pfcsw f @kd wawG?
aemuf+yD; odyrf ay:vGiv f aS o;wJh rpPwm qm&Dw,fv/D rpPwmcsm;aemhAw f @kd e@J
taygi;f ygwpkayg?h *smr%DrmS qd&k if &S'd ,fref;/ vD*si;f / a';Apfe@J tjcm;olrsm;ayg?h
jyifopfe@J b,fv*f s, D rH mS qd&k ifawmh &Daemf',fv/f *wf'/f Aef;'gA,fv'f D pwm
awGayg?h t*FvefrmS uawmh [ife'f refe@J azbD,*H % kd ;f om;rsm;ayg?h ) tJ'*D % kd ;f &J@
xl;jcm;csuu f awmh “qd&k , S v f pf0g'acgi;f qmifrsm;” taeeJ@ “ud, k ”hf trsKd ;om;
&J@ "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuo f mru “ud, k ”hf Edik if aH wmf tusKd ;
pD;yGm;twGuyf g atmufwef;usus / usKd ;usKd ;EGEH HG tvkyt f au|;ðyaejcif;ygy?J 'Dvkd
ajym&wmuawmh (GP vd@k ac:ac:ae=uwJ)h tiftm;}uD;Edik if t H rsm;pk[m [d;k
apmapmuwnf;u tcktxd wav#mufv;kH tm;enf;wJh trsKd ;om; Edik if iH ,f
rsm;pGmudk aoG;pkyu f |ev f yk af ecJw h m jzpfv@kd ygy?J tJ'v D v kd yk +f yD;&wJh wdu k &f myg
ypPn;f udk cGaJ 0&,la&;eJ@ xyfrefcaJG 0&,la&;twGuf qifEw J$ phJ pf[m e,fcs@J ppfyJ
jzpfygw,f? ‘Edik if aH wmf’ eJ@ywfouf+yD; tacsmif0g'qefqef vGrJ mS ;pGm xifjrif
ae=uwmawGtay: wdu k yf rJG qifb;l qd&k if "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@ v$r;f rd;k r_/ txl;
ojzifh e,fcs@J "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;&J@ v$r;f rd;k r_atmufuae+yD; vkyo f m;vlxk vGwf
ajrmufa&; ta&;awmfyq kH w kd m b,fvrkd S qifEEJ$ ikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ?
11
vDeif
rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; oif=um;cJw h mawGukd
t&ifqef;ppf=u&atmifyg? tJ'=D o0g'awGxu J rS tacsmiform;awGu arhxm;
=uwJt h ydik ;f od@k r[kwf yHyk ef;zsuv f u kd w f thJ ydik ;f awGukd txl;tao;pdwu f sus
qef;ppf=u&atmifyg? tJ'g+yD;&if yHyk ef;zsu=f uolawGxrJ mS wm0eft&Sq d ;kH yk*Kd~ vf
jzpfwhJ um;vfaumufpuD;&J@ tjrifawGukd txl;cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm=ur,f? um;vf
aumufpuD;qdw k m rsuaf rSmufppfyu JG mvrSm r±_rvSysupf ;D oGm;wJh 'kw, d
tifwmae&Sife,f tzGJ@tpnf; (1889 - 1914) &J@ tausmf=um;qHk;
acgi;f aqmifayg?h aemufq;kH tydik ;f taeeJ@ ±k&mS ;Edik if &H @J 1905 ck awmfveS af &;eJ@
txl;ojzifh 1917 awmfveS af &;tawG@tñuHxu J t"duoifcef;pmrsm;udk
xkwEf w k =f u&atmifyg? ,cktcg (1917 =o*kwv f tpydik ;f ) rSm 1917 awmfveS f
a&;&J@ yxrtqif[ h m +yD;qH;k awmhr,fo h abm &Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh awmfveS af &;
wckvHk;udkawmh e,fcsJ@ppfa=umifh ay:aygufvm&wJh ypPnf;rJhqdk&S,fvpf
awmfvSefa&; oHóu;twGif;u uGif;qufwcktjzpfeJ@om oabmxm;&rSm
jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ypPn;f rJq h &kd ,S v f pfawmfveS af &;eJ@ Edik if aH wmft=um;rSm
b,fvq kd ufpyfovJqw kd hJ ar;cGe;f [m vufawG@Eikd if aH &;twGuf ta&;}uD;±Hk
ru rsuaf rSmufvwfwavm tusq;kH jy\emtwGuyf g ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
tJ'rD suaf rSmuf jy\emqdw k muawmh rdrw d @kd u, kd u
f kd t&if;&Sipf epfxrf;yd;k
atmufrS tvGw±f ek ;f xGuzf @kd avmavmq,fvmr,fh umvawGrmS bmawG
vky=f uzd@k vdo k vJqw kd m vlxu k &kd iS ;f jya&;yJ jzpfygw,f?
pma&;ol
1917 - =o*kwv
f
12
'kwt
d }udryf EkH ydS jf cif;twGuf ed'ge;f
'D'wk ,d t}udryf EkH ydS jf cif; tcef; (2) twGi;f u¾ (3) ckukd jznfph u
G x
f nfo
h iG ;f
vduk wf muvGvJ @kd wjcm;jyifqifajymif;vJwm r&So d avmufygy?J
pma&;ol
armfpudk
1918 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 17 &uf?
13
vDeif
tcef; (1)
vlwef;pm;vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESihf Edik if aH wmf
1? Edik if aH wmfqw
kd m ajy+idr;f vd@k r&wJh vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQrsm;rS ay:xGuf
vmwm jzpfw,f?
tzdEydS cf v
H w
l ef;pm;wd@k vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf t JG wGi;f u awmfveS w f thJ awG;
tac:q&mrsm;eJ@ acgi;f aqmifrsm;&J@ =o0g'awG/ ordik ;f wav#mufv;kH t}urd }f urd f
awG@ñuHc&hJ wJh tjzpfrsKd ;udk ,cktcg rmhupf &f @J =o0g'vnf; ñuHawG@ae&ygw,f?
}uD;jrwfwJh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; toufxif&Sm;&SdpOfuqdkv#if zdESdyfol
vlwef;pm;rsm;[m olw@kd ukd tpOfwpdu k tf rJvu kd af cG; vdu
k o
f vdk vdu k cf =hJ u
w,f? tJ'aD wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;&J@ =o0g'awGtay: t±dik ;f jyqH;k enf;eJ@ &ef!Kd‡ ;
xm;=uw,f? t&G&H mS qH;k enf;eJ@ rke;f wD;cJ=h uw,f? t&rf;um;qH;k enf;eJ@ oGm;ykyf
avvGihf ykwcf wfc=hJ uw,f? tJ'aD wmfveS af &;orm;rsm; uG,v f eG o
f mG ;=u+yD;
aemufrmS awmh olw@kd ukd bmtEW&m,frS ray;wJh ud;k uG,pf &moauFwrsm;
tjzpf ajymif;ypfz@kd óu;pm;=uw,f? ewfvkd youd;k uG,=f uapzd@k óu;yrf;=uw,f
vd@k awmif qdEk ikd w
f ,f? olw@kd &@J emrnfawGu, kd Ef u _d u f wefc;kd ygaeoa,mif od'd<
wifzdk@ óu;pm;=uw,f? &nf&G,fcsufuawmh tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;udk
14
“ac|;ody”f zd@k / vdrn f mvSnjhf zm;zd@k / wcsed w f nf;rSm awmfveS af &;=o0g'awG&@J
tESpo f m&tydik ;f udk vS;D xkwyf pfz@kd / awmfveS w f hJ toGm;tydik ;f udk wH;k atmif
vkyyf pfz@kd / =o0g'udk odyzf si;f atmif vkyyf pfz@kd ygy?J ,cktcgrmS tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f &Sd tacsmif0g'w D @kd EiS hf "e&Sivf w l ef;pm;[m rmhupf f
0g'udk “jyefvnfrrG ;f rH” a&; udprP mS wpdww f nf;/ w0rf;wnf; jzpfae=uw,f?
olw@kd [m 'D=o0g'&J@ awmfveS af ombufEiS hf awmfveS af omtwGi;f o±kyw f @kd ukd
jr‡Kyfxm;wm/ arS;rSed af pwm/ yHyk ef;zsuyf pfwmawG vkyaf e=uygw,f? "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;taeeJ@ vufcv H @kd &wJh (od@k r[kw)f vufcv H @kd &r,fxifwhJ tydik ;f
awGuakd wmh a&S@wef;wif+yD; cs;D rGr;f axmyemðy=uw,f? ,cktcgrmS qd&k , S f
a&SmfAif0g'DrSefor#[m “rmhufpf0g'D” awG jzpfae=uygw,f? (r&,f=uygeJ@
cifAsm;?) *smref"e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; wwfoyd nm&Si}f uD;rsm;[m rae@wae@urS
rmhupf 0f g'udk zsuq f ;D a&;yg&*lawG vkyaf ecJ=h uw,f? a[m tckawmh ‘*smref
vlrsKd ;’ rmhupf t f a=umif;udk ajymoxuf ajymvmae=uygyaum? olw@kd cyf
wnfwnfajymae=uwmuawmh rmhufpf[mwJh vk,ufa&;ppfyGJ qifE$Ja&;
&nf&, G cf suef @J pnf;±H;k odyof nf;vSwhJ tvkyo f rm;or*~awGukd ynmay;ðypkysKd ;
axmifcyhJ gowJAh sm;?
rmhupf 0f g'udk yHyk ef;zsuw f mawG rñuHz;l atmif acwfpm;aewJh ,ckvkd

tajctaersKd ;rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J ta&;}uD;qH;k vkyif ef;wm0efuawmh rmhupf f
taeeJ@ EdkifiHawmfeJ@ywfouf+yD; wu,fwrf; oif=um;cJhwJh =o0g'rsm;udk
jyefvnfazmfxw k =f uzd@k ygy?J 'ga=umifh rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd u, kd wf ikd f a&;om;cJw h hJ
usr;f rsm;udk cyf&nS &f n
S f aumufEw k uf ;kd um;zd@k vdrk mS yg? pmyd'k &f nS }f u;D awG ud;k um;
&ifvnf; "rRwmyJ pmapmif[m azmif;yGomG ;rSmjzpf+y;D trsm;zwfcsipf &m jzpfrmS
r[kwyf g? 'gayrJh rwwfEikd yf g? rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd &@J usr;f awGxu J Edik if aH wmf
jy\emeJ@qdkifwJh &Sd&Sdor#tydk'ftm;vHk; r[kwfawmifrS tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh
15
vDeif
aomhcsut f usq;kH tyd'k f tm;vH;k udk jynfph EkH ikd o f r# jynfph pkH mG ud;k um;&ygvrd rfh ,f?
'gro
S m pmzwfot l aeeJ@ odyeH` nf;usq&kd , S v
f pf0g'udk wnfaxmifc=hJ uolrsm;&J@
tjrifrsm;u bmawGv/J 'DtjrifawG b,fvjkd zpfay:vmovJ pwmawGukd trSD
tcdu k if;uif; oabmayguEf ikd yf gvrd rhf ,f? aemuf+yD; tcktcg v$r;f rd;k aewJh
‘aumufpuD;0g’’ u 'Dtjrifrsm;udk yHyk ef;zsucf yJh u kH kd taxmuftxm;eJ@ oufao
jyEdik +f yD; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; zGichf sEikd yf gvrd rfh ,f?
tdef*,fa&;wJhtxJu vlodtrsm;qHk;jzpfwJh rdom;pk/ yk*~vdu

ypPnf;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfwdk@.rlvtp (The Origin of the Family, Private
Proverty and the State) usr;f u pajym&atmifyg? 'Dusr;f udk 1894 ckEpS u f
pwyf*wfòr@rmS 6 }urd af jrmuf yHEk ydS x
f wk af 0jzef@cscd yhJ gw,f? ±k&mS ;bmomjyefral wG
trsm;}uD;&Sad yr,fh trsm;tm;jzifh bmomjyefrjynfph w kH m/ pdwóf uufrawG@wm
awGa=umifh *smrefbmompmtkyx f uJ yJ xkwEf w k uf ;kd um;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
tde*f ,fu ol@&@J ordik ;f qdik &f m cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmcsuu

f kd ed*;kH csKyw
f ifjy&mrSm
-
“Edik if aH wmfqwkd m tjyiftyu vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJukd oGyo f iG ;f xm;wJh

tiftm;wrsdK; vHk;0r[kwfygbl;? [D*Jvf (Hegel) ,lqovdkrsdK;/
‘usi0hf wfqikd &f m pdwu f ;l &J@ taumiftxnfazmfjycsu’f ‘qifjcifwkH
w&m;&J@ xif[yfcsuef @J taumiftxnfazmfjycsu’f pwmawGvnf;
vH;k 0r[kwyf g? wu,fawmh Edik if aH wmfqw kd m vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_ tqifw h qifrh mS ay:xGuv f mwJh t&mr#om jzpfygw,f? 'Dv@l
tzG@J tpnf;[m rajz&Si;f Edik af om yËdyuQw&yftwGi;f rSm epfreG ;f ae
yg+yD? vl@tzG@J tpnf;ud, k wf ikd f rajy+idr;f Edik w f hJ qef@usib
f ufawGtjzpf
uG+J yJaeyg+yD? 'gawGuv kd nf; vl@tzG@J tpnf;u z,fxw k Ef ikd pf rG ;f r&Syd g
16
qdok nfh tcsurf sm;udk Edik if aH wmfqw kd t hJ &m wnf&adS er_u azmfjyae
ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dqef@usib f ufrsm; taeESihf wenf;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;
tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; twdkuftcHjzpfaeonfh vlwef;pm;rsm;taeESifh
tusKd ;rJph mG wdu k yf q
JG if=u&if; ‚wd@k u, kd uf Ekd iS hf vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf
vH;k udk zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd o
f nfh tjzpfrsKd ; rjzpfap&avatmif vl@tzG@J
tpnf;txufwiG f &yfwnfae[ef&w dS hJ tiftm;w&yf vkt d yfvm
ygw,f? 'Dtiftm;u yËdyuQ}uD;udk ‘+idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;’ abmiftwGi;f
csKyfxed ;f xm;ay;&r,f? tJ'v D kd vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f uyJ ay:ayguf
vmayr,fh vl@tzG@J tpnf;txufrmS ud, k uhf , kd uf kd ae&mcsxm;um
vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ uif;uGmoxuf uif;uGmoGm;aewJt h iftm;qdw
k m
wu,fawmh Edik if aH wmfqw kd t hJ &myJ jzpfygw,f?”
(*smrefbmom 6 }udraf jrmuf yHEk ydS jf cif; pmrsuEf mS 177 - 178)
EdkifiHawmf&J@ordkif;qdkif&m tcef;u¾ubmvJ? EdkifiHawmfqdkwm

bmvJpwJh ar;cGe;f eJ@ywfoufwhJ rmhupf 0f g' tajccHtawG;tac:udk txufyg
pmyd'k u
f &Si;f &Si;f }uD; azmfjyaeygw,f? Edik if aH wmf[m vlwef;pm;&efbuf yËd
yuQrsm; rajy+ird ;f Edik rf &_ @J &v'fvnf;jzpf/ azmfjycsuvf nf; jzpfw,f? vlwef;pm;&ef
bufyËdyuQrsm; yuwdbm0t&udyk J rajy+idr;f Edik w f ahJ e&m/ tcsed ef @J tcsuf
tvuf &Sad eor# Edik if aH wmf ay:xGuv f mrSmygy?J ajymif;jyefq&kd v#if Edik if aH wmf
wnf&adS ejcif;ud, k w f ikd u f vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQrsm; rajy+idr;f Edik af =umif;
oufaojyaewmyg?
rmhupf 0f g'udk yHyk ef;zsu=f u&mwGif tJ't

D a&;}u;D qH;k eJ@ tajccHtusq;kH
tcsuu
f tpcsu D m t"dubufEpS b f ufu vkyaf qmif=uwm jzpfygw,f?
17
vDeif
wzufuajym&v#if vlwef;pm;yËdyuQeJ@ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ&SdwJh
ae&mrSmom Edik if aH wmfwnf&EdS ikd w f ,fqw kd thJ csuu f kd rjiif;Edik w f hJ ordik ;f tcsuf
tvufawG &Sad ewma=umifh "e&Sit f awG;tac:q&mrsm;ESihf txl;ojzifh "e&Sif
aygufptawG;tac: q&mrsm;[m rwwfombJ 0efcH=uygw,f? 'gayrJh
Edik if aH wmf[m vlwef;pm;rsm;udk ajy+idr;f atmif jzefajzay;wJh ,eW&m;jzpfo
a,mifa,mif rmhupf 0f g'udk “jyifay;” vdu k =f uw,f? rmhupf &f @J tvdt k &qdv k #if
tu,fI Edik if aH wmf[m vlwef;pm;rsm;udk ajy+idr;f atmif jzefajzay;Edik w f ,f
qd&k if olay:ayguv f mEdik pf &meJ@ wnfwEhH ikd pf &mta=umif; r&Syd gb;l ? "e&Sif
aygupf evAde;f wH;k ygarmuQrsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;tmabmf&iS rf sm;uawmh Edik if aH wmf
[m vlwef;pm;rsm;tm; ajy+idr;f atmif jzefajzay;wJt h &mjzpfw,fv@kd qdyk g
w,f? (olw@kd [m 'Dtcsuu f kd oufaojyzd@k twGuf apwemAvyGe@J r=umc%
rmhupf u f kd ud;k um;=uao;w,f?) rmhupf t f vdt k & Edik if aH wmfqw kd m vlwef;pm;
tkyfpdk;r_,EW&m; jzpfw,f? vlwef;pm;w&yfudk wjcm;vlwef;pm;w&yfu
zdEydS af &;twGuf ,EW&m;jzpfw,f? vlwef;pm;rsm; twdu k tf cHjzpfru _ kd avsmyh g;
atmif ‘+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_’ udk zefw;D wnfaqmufw,f qdw k m[mvnf; tJ'D
zdEydS rf u_ kd w&m;0ifjzpfatmif/ twnfwusjzpfatmif vkyw f myJ jzpfygw,f? "e&Sif
aygupf Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;&J@ tjrifrmS awmh +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_qw kd m vlwef;pm;rsm;
ajy+idr;f r_ukd qdv k w kd ,f? vlwef;pm;w&yfu zdEydS rf u _ kd rqdv k bkd ;l ? twdu k t f cH
jzpfr_udk avsmhyg;apjcif;qdkwmvnf; vlwef;pm;rsm; ajy+idrf;atmif jzefajz
ay;jcif;udk qdv k wkd ,f? zdEydS o f rl sm;tm; tzdEydS cf vH wl ef;pm;u wGe;f vSeaf &;rSm
wdkufyGJ0ifolwdk@ vufxJu wdkufyGJud&d,mwckck/ wdkufyGJenf;emwrsdK;rsdK;udk
vk,yl pfjcif;udk rqdv k b
kd ;l ?
Oyrm 1917 ckEpS af wmfveS af &;twGi;f wGif Edik if aH wmf[m b,fvkd

ta&;ygovJ/ b,fvt
kd cef;u¾&So d vJqw kd hJ jy\em[m vlxt k wGi;f tES@H
18
tjym; csufcsif;vkyf&awmhr,fh vufawG@jy\emw&yftjzpf bufaygif;pHk
azmfjy ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? tJ't D cgrmS qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &; ygw0D ifrsm;eJ@
rif&ADS pfrsm; (Mensheviks) [m csucf si;f yJ ‘Edik if aH wmf’ [m vlwef;pm;rsm;udk
“ajy+ird ;f atmif jzefajzay;w,f” qdw k hJ "e&Siaf ygupf oabmw&m;EGx H J pH;k pH;k ðryf
oGm;=uw,f? 'DygwD 2 ckpvH;k u Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;&J@ ra&rwGuEf ikd w f hJ qH;k jzwf
csuaf wG/ aqmif;yg;awG[m tJ'v D kd "e&Siaf ygupf qefw/hJ evAde;f wH;k qefwhJ
‘ajy+ird ;f a&;’ oabmw&m;rsm;ESihf jynfv h #aH ecJw h ,f? Edik if aH wmfqw kd m vlwef;pm;
wckc&k @J tkycf sKyfa&;,EW&m; jzpfw,f? tJ'v D w l ef;pm;[m ole@J qef@usib f uf
(&efbufvw l ef;pm;) eJ@ rajy+idr;f Edik bf ;l qdw k mawGukd "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd &uf
awGtaeeJ@ b,fawmhrS em;vnfrmS r[kwyf g? ±k&mS ;qd&k , S v
f pfawmfveS af &;
ygw0D ifrsm;eJ@ rif&ADS pfrsm;[m qd&k , S v f pf0g'D vH;k 0r[kwaf =umif;/ ('Dtcsuu f kd
u|eaf wmfw@k d aAmf&AD S pfrsm; (Bolsheviks) u t+rw J ap udik pf x J G m;wmyg?) qd&k , S v f pf
pum;vH;k / pum;yd'k af wGuykd J oHa,mifvu kd f avazmaewJh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd &uf
rsm;omjzpfa=umif;udk Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; xm;&Sw d hJ olw@kd &@J oabmxm;
uvnf; txift&Sm; azmfjyaeygw,f?
tjcm;wzufrmS awmh “aumufpuD;0g'” u rmhupf 0f g'udk yHyk ef;zsuf

enf;[m ydrk ykd g;eyfvyS gw,f? Edik if aH wmf[m vlwef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_,EW&m; jzpfw,f
qdw
k t
hJ csu/f vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQrsm;[m rajy+ird ;f bl;qdw k hJ tcsuaf wGukd
‘oabmw&m;a&;t&’ aumufpuD;u rjiif;yg? 'gayrJh tcsuw f csuu f kd rsuaf jc
jzwfxm;w,f? od@k r[kwf azsmufzsux f m;w,f? 'Dtcsuu f awmh - Edik if aH wmf
[m vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQrsm; rajy+idr;f Edik rf &_ @J &v'fjzpfw,f/ vl@tzG@J
tpnf;&J@ txufu pd;k rd;k ae+y;D ‘vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ uif;uGmoxuf uif;uGmaewJ’h
tiftm;w&yf jzpfw,f/ tJ'v D q kd &kd if tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;&J@ vGwaf jrmufa&;[m
t=urf;zufwahJ wmfveS af &; r&Sb d rJ jzpfEikd /f 'gwifru tkypf ;dk olvw l ef;pm; zefw;D
19
vDeif
cJw
h hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ “uif;uGmr_” &J@ azmfjycsujf zpfwhJ
Edik if aH wmftm%m,EW&m;udk rzsuq f ;D bJvnf; rjzpfEikd f - qdw k myJ jzpfygw,f?
oabmw&m;a&;t& ol@bmom&Si;f aewJh 'De*d ;k H csKycf suu f k d rmhupf [
f m awmfveS af &;
vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;udk tcdik t f rmusus/ ordik ;f a&;&mtjrife@J cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD;rS
wdwyd y}uD;udk xkwEf w k cf w
hJ myg? 'gawGukd vmr,ft h cef;awGrmS a&;om;yg
OD;r,f? aumufpuD;taeeJ@ ‘arhaysmuf’ xm;+yD; yHyk ef;zsux f m;wmvnf;
'De*d ;kH csKyfcsuyf J jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuu f kd atmufrmS tao;pdwaf zmfjyygr,f?
2? txl;vufeufuikd t
f zG@J rsm;/ tusO;f axmifponfrsm; ææ
tde*f ,fu atmufygtwdik ;f qufa&;xm;ygw,f?
“a&S;a[mif;om;csi;f tkypf k (rsKd ;±d;k wltyk pf k od@k r[kwf aoG;om;wl

tkypf )k tzG@J tpnf;rsm;2eJ@ rwlwhJ yxrtcsuu f awmh Edik if aH wmf[m ol@vuf
atmufcH tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk e,fajrt& pnf;a=umif;cGjJ cm;xm;jcif; jzpfw,f?”
'Dvkd cGjJ cm;xm;r_[m u|eaf wmfw@kd tzd@k bmrS “rxl;qef;” ovkyd gy?J
'gayrJh 'Dvekd ,ferd w d cf jJG cm;r_pepf ay:ayguv
f matmif rsKd ;±d;k wltyk pf k od@k r[kwf
om;csi;f tkypf vk @l tzG@J tpnf;&J@ o¿mefa[mif;eJ@ ESpuf mv=um&Snpf mG wdu k yf JG
qifc&hJ wm jzpfygw,f?
“'kwd,xl;jcm;csufuawmh EdkifiHawmf[m trsm;qdkif&mtcGifh

tm%mtiftm;udk wnfaxmifjcif; jzpfw,f? 'DypkH [ H m a&S;acwfu vufeufuikd f
tiftm;w&yftjzpf ud, k b
hf mompkpnf;xm;wJh t&yfom;awGe@J wdu
k ±f u
kd w
f nl rD _
r&Sad wmhygb;l ? 'Dvkd trsm;qdik &f m txl;tm%mtiftm;udk xlaxmifz@kd vdt k yf
vm&wJt h a=umif;uawmh vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGjJ ym;oGm;+y;D aemufrmS rdrw d @kd
bmom vufeufuikd af qmifxm;wJh t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf;awG wnf&zdS @kd rjzpf
20
Edik af wmhv@kd ygy?J 'Dvt kd rsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf m%mtiftm;rsKd ;[m b,fEikd if aH wmfrmS
rqdk &Syd gw,f? 'Dvt kd cGit hf m%mpepfxrJ mS vufeufuikd x f m;ol vlrsm;omru
±ky0f wˆKyl;wGw J yfqifrr_ sm;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;eJ@ trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ESyd u
f yG cf sKyfcs,f
a&;Xmersm;vnf; yg0ifygw,f? 'Dvt kd &mawG[m om;csi;f tkypf k (aoG;wlp)k
vl@tzG@J tpnf; umvwke;f u vH0k r&Scd yhJ gb;l ?”
Edik if aH wmfv@kd ac:a0:ynwfxm;wJh “tcGit hf m%mtiftm;” qdw k hJ

tjrif/ wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJu ay:xGuv f m+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;
txufrmS ud, k uhf ,
kd u
f , kd af e&mcsxm;+yD;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ uif;uGmoxuf
uif;uGmoGm;aewJh tcGit hf m%mtiftm;w&yfqw kd hJ tjrifukd tde*f ,fu quf
vuf&iS ;f jyxm;ygw,f? 'DtcGit hf m%m tiftm;xJrmS t"dubmawGygovJ?
tusO;f axmifpwmawGukd pDraH ewJh vufeufuikd t f xl;tzG@J awG yg0ifygw,f?
vufeufuikd t f xl;tzG@J v@kd ac:a0:wm w&m;enf;vrf;usygw,f?

bmvd@k vqJ akd wmh Edik if aH wmfwikd ;f rSm&Sw d hJ trsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf m%mtiftm;
pk[m vufeufuikd t f &yfom;rsm;eJ@ wenf;tm;jzifh “ud, k bhf mom vufeuf
udik x
f m;wJh tzG@J tpnf;” eJ@ wdu k ±f u
kd rf wlnaD wmhv@kd ygy?J
ae&mtES@H &adS ewJh evAde;f wH;k rsm;u tao;tr$m;av;yg? *±kpu kd pf &m

rvdyk gb;l ? rqef;ygb;l vd@k ,lqxm;wJh tqdyk gtcsu?f tcdik t f rm tjrpfw, G f
ae+yD;om;/ ausmufom;vdak wmif jzpfae+yD;om;? w,loeftjrifrsm;t&awmh
ewfbk&m;u Asm'dwfay;cJhovdk ,lqxm;wJh tqdkygtcsufudk vlwef;pm;
tod&w dS hJ tvkyo f rm;awG rarh=uzd@k tde*f ,fu awmfveS af &;tawG;tac:
*k±}k u;D rsm;xH;k pHtwdik ;f owday;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D qdyk gtcsuu
f awmh - t+rw J rf;
wyfrawmfe@J ykvyd t f zG@J rsm;[m Edik if aH wmftm%m&J@ t"duud&, d mrsm; jzpfw,f
qdwk mygy?J 'gayrJh 'Dvrkd [kw&f if wjcm;b,fvkd jzpfEikd af o;vd@k v?J
21
vDeif
tdef*,f OD;wnfxm;wJh pmzwfy&dowfu 19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;u
Oa&mywdu k o
f m; trsm;pk}u;D yg? olw@kd [m awmfveS af &;}u;D qdv k @kd wcgrS rñuzH ;l /
rjrifz;l cJ=h uyg? olw@kd tjrifrmS awmh Edik if aH wmfqw kd m 'Dvykd J jzpfrmS ayg?h wjcm;
b,fvkd jzpfEikd Of ;D rSmvJ? 'Dy&dowftaeeJ@ “ud, k b hf mom vufeufuikd x f m;wJh
t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf;” qdw k m bmrSe;f udk odem;vnf=uwm r[kwyf gb;l ? vl@tzG@J
tpnf; txufrmS ae&m,lxm;+y;D / vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ uif;uGmoxuf uif;uGmae
wJh vufeufuikd t f xl;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (ykvyd t f zG@J e@J t+rJwrf;wyfrawmf) &Sad e
zd@k b,ftcsed u f p+yD; vkt
d yfcyhJ goenf;qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f udk taemufOa&myeJ@ ±k&mS ;
evAde;f wH;k awGu pyifqm (Spencer) od@k r[kwf rpfac;avmhApf uD
(Mikhailovsky) wd@k qu D &wJh tiSm;pmvH;k 3 - 4 vH;k udo k ;kH +yD; tajzay;wwf
=uw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;b0 ±_yaf xG;vmwmawG/ vkyif ef;aqmifwm uGjJ ym;
vmwmawG bmawGnmawG ud;k um;+yD; tajzay;awmhwmygy?J
'Dvu kd ;kd um;ajzqdw

k m “odyeH` nf;us” oa,mif xif&w,f? 'gah =umifh
omrefvrl sm;udk rsupf v d nfatmif xdxad &mufa&muf vSnjhf zm;Edik w f ,f? olw@kd
tajzrSm vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m rajy+idr;f Edik w f hJ &efbufyËdyuQ&wdS hJ vlwef;pm;
rsm;tjzpf uGjJ ym;oGm;cJw h ,fqw kd hJ ta&;t}uD;qH;k eJ@ tajccHtusq;kH tcsuu f kd
zH;k uG,x
f m;wmyg?
wu,fv@kd vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m vlwef;pm;awGe@J uGjJ ym;oGm;wm rjzpfchJ

bl;qdyk gp@kd ? “ud,
k b
hf mom vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf;”
vd[
k mrsKd ;[m ckacwfrmS vnf; &Sad eEdik af o;wmyJ? 'gayrJh ±_yaf xG;r_t&/ twwf
ynmjrifrh m;r_t& pwmawGbufrmS awmh a&S;OD;yHpk eH @J zG@J pnf;xm;wJ/h wkwu f ikd f
xm;wJh arsmuftyk ef @J jzpfjzpf/ a&S;OD;vlom;tzG@J tpnf;eJ@jzpfjzpf/ aoG;wlprk sm;&J@
tzG@J tpnf;eJ@jzpfjzpf uGjJ ym;aerSmayg?h
22
tJ'v D tkd zG@J tpnf;rsKd ; r&SEd ikd af wmhyg? ,Ofaus;r_jrifv h mwJh vl@tzG@J
tpnf;[m &efbufyËdyuQ&w dS hJ vlwef;pm;rsm;/ ydwk u d satmifajym&&if rajy+ird ;f
Edik af vmufatmif &efbufyËdyuQ&w dS hJ vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGaJ e+yDqakd wmh
vlwef;pm;toD;oD; “ud, k bhf mom” vufeufwyfqifv@kd &pwrf;qd&k if &efbuf
wyfawG ppfwu kd af e=uawmhrmS yg? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH wmfqw kd m ay:xGuv f mw,f?
txl;tcGit hf m%mudk zefw;D vdu k &f w,f? vufeufuikd t f xl;tzG@J rsm;udk wnf
axmifxm;&w,f? awmfveS af &;}uD;awG ayguzf mG ;wdik ;f Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk
zsuq f ;D =uwmqdak wmh 'DawmfveS af &;}u;D awGtwGi;f rSm tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;u
rdru d kd tvkyt f au|;ðywJh vufeufuikd t f xl;tzG@J awGukd jyefvnfxal xmifz@kd
óu;yrf;yHak wG/ tzdEydS cf v H wl ef;pm;uvnf; aoG;pkyo f al wGukd tvkyt f au|;ðywm
r[kwb f J aoG;pkycf aH wGukd tvkyt f au|;ðywJh vufeufuikd t f xl;tzG@J opfukd
xlaxmifz@kd óu;yrf;yHak wGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd txift&Sm;awG@jrif&ygw,f?
txufygaqG;aEG;csux f rJ mS tde*f ,fu oabmw&m;a&;t& wifjy

wJh jy\em[m wu,fawmh awmfvSefa&;}uD;wdkif;u u|efawmfwdk@udk
vufawG@usus/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twdkif;twm}uD;}uD;rm;rm;eJ@
wifjywJh jy\emygy?J 'Djy\emuawmh vufeufuikd f ‘txl;’ tzG@J rsm;eJ@ ‘ud, k hf
bmom vufeufuikd af qmifxm;wJh t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf;’ wd@k t=um; b,fvkd
qufpyfr&_ odS vJ qdw
k jhJ y\em jzpfw,f? tJ'jD y\emudk Oa&myeJ@±&k mS ; awmfveS f
a&; tawG@tñut H wGi;f rSm b,fvt kd cdik t
f rm wifjycJo
h vJqw
kd mudk aqG;aEG;OD;
rSmyg?
'gayrJh tckavmavmq,f tde*f ,fv&f @J &Si;f vif;csuu

f kd jyefaumuf
=u&atmifyg?
23
vDeif
tde*f ,fvu f axmufjyygw,f? wcgw&HrmS Oyrm ajrmuftar&du
wcsKd @tydik ;f awGrmS 'Dtrsm;qdik &f m tcGithf m%m[m tiftm;csnehf @J
wwfayr,fh a,bk,sajym&&if 'DtcGit hf m%m[m }uD;xGm;vm
wmygyJ? (tdef*,fvfu t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm awG@&cJwJh
¹cif;csuw
f cke@J e,fcs@J pepfrwdik rf aD cwfu vGwv f yfpmG e,fajymif;aexdik f
olrsm; v$r;f rd;k cJw
h hJ ajrmuftar&du&J@ a'owcsKd @ukd &nf!eï ;f wmyg?)
“bmyJjzpfjzpf Edik if aH wmfxrJ mS &Sw d hJ vlwef;pm;yËdyuQawG jyif;xef

vmwmeJ@tr#/ tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wmfrsm; }u;D xGm;vm+y;D vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;
vmwmeJ@tr#/ trsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf m%m[mvnf; tiftm;}uD;
vmwmygy?J wjcm;r=unfeh @J ? acwfopfOa&myudyk =J unf?h tJ'rD mS
vlwef;pm;wdu k yf eJG @J usL;ausmaf &;twGuf òyifqikd rf a_ wG jyif;xefae
wma=umif/h trsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf m%m[m }uD;xGm;vmvdu k w
f m
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udkomru EdkifiHawmfudkawmif 0g;rsdKypfzdk@
+cdr;f ajcmufvmwJt h xdy?J ”
'Dpmyd'k u f kd a&;cJw
h t hJ csed [
f m 19 &mpkEpS f 90 ckEpS rf sm;&J@ tpydik ;f xuf
aemufrusygb;l ? tde*f ,fvf aemufq;kH a&;om;cJw h hJ ed'ge;f udk 1891 ckEpS f
ZGev f 16 &ufae@v@kd &ufpx JG ;kd xm;wmyg? x&yfpf (Trusts) ukr% ` }D uD;rsm;&J@
vH;k 0O\Hk }uD;pd;k r_/ b%f}uD;rsm;&J@ wefc;kd }uD;xGm;r_/ udv k ekd aD y:vpDtwdik ;f
twm}uD;rm;r_ pwmpwmawGe@J azmfjywJh e,fcs@J pepfo@kd toGiaf jymif;vJr[ _ m
jyifopfrmS pumpyJ &Sad o;w,f? ajrmuftar&dueJ@*smr%DrmS awmh yd+k yD;awmh
awmif tm;enf;aeao;w,f? tJ't D csed u f p+yD; “usL;ausmaf &;twGuf òyif
qdik rf ”_ qdw
k t hJ jcif;t&m[m ajcvSr;f }uJ}uJe@J pwifvu kd w
f m[m/ txl;ojzifh
20 &mpkEpS &f @J 'kw, d q,fpEk pS t f p a&mufwt hJ cgrmS awmh “tòyiftqdik u f sL;ausmf
a&;orm;” rsm;twGi;f / qdv k w
kd mu "m;jyEdik if }H uD;rsm;twGi;f urBm}uD;udk
24
cGaJ 0,l+yD; jzpfomG ;ygawmhw,f? tJ't D csed f (1890 ckEpS u f mvydik ;f ) u p+yD;
=unf;wyf/ a&wyfrsm; vufeufwyfqifr_[m twdkif;rod}uD;xGm;vmcJhyg
w,f? 1914 - 17 ckEpS u f mvrsm;twGi;f urBm}u;D udk pd;k rd;k a&;twGu/f wdu k &f myg
ypPn;f udk cGaJ 0a&;twGuf t*Fvyd ef @J *smr%Dw@kd [m vk,ufa&;ppf qifEcJ$ w hJ ,f?
'DppfyaJG =umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@tiftm; tm;vH;k udk Edik if aH wmftm%m&J@ avmb
w}u;D ‘0g;rsKd ’ r_ tajctae[m ab;'kuaQ csmufurf;yg;;tpGe;f txd a&mufvm
cJyh gw,f?
“usL;ausmaf &;twGuf òyifqikd rf ”_ [m tiftm;}u;D Edik if rH sm;&J@ Edik if jH cm;

a&;ay:vpDrSm ta&;t}uD;qHk; xl;jcm;csufw&yf jzpfw,fvdk@ 1891 ckESpf
uwnf;u tde*f ,f axmufjyEdik cf w hJ ,f? 'gayrJh tJ'òD yifqikd rf [
_ m tqrsm;pGm
jyif;xefvmwma=umifh e,fcs@J ppfyw JG &yfay:ayguv f mcJw
h hJ 1914 - 17 ckEpS f
umv}uD;xJrSm qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g' vl,kwfrmrsm;uawmh ‘olwdk@yifudk,f’
(EdkifiH&J@) "e&Sifvlwef;pm; "m;jyrsm;&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ‘tzEdkifiHawmftm;
umuG,af &;’ wd@k / ‘orRwEdik if aH wmfe@J awmfveS af &;tm; umuG,af &;’ wd@k pwJh
pum;vH;k awG oH;k oH;k +yD; tumtuG,af y; zH;k zday;ae=uygw,f?
3? Edik if aH wmfqw
kd m tzdEydS cf v
H w
l ef;pm;tm; aoG;pkyw
f u
hJ &d ,
d mjzpfw,f?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; txufu pdk;rdk;aewJh trsm;qdkif&m txl;tcGifh

tm%mudk xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@&m tcGeftwkwfrsm;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfacs;,laiGrsm;
vdt
k yfygw,f?
tde*f ,fu ajymygw,f? ‘t&m&Srd sm;[m trsm;qdik &f m tm%meJ@

tcGefaumufcGifhudk &&Sdxm;wmjzpfvkd@ olwdk@[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
taqmufttH&k @J tm%mydik rf sm;tjzpf vl@tzG@J tpnf;txufu
pdk;rdk;ae=uw,f? [dk;a&S;acwf om;csif;tkyfpk (aoG;wlpk) pepf&J@
25
vDeif
tm%mydik rf sm; &&Scd w hJ hJ vltrsm;&J@ vGwv f w G v f yfvyf/ vdv k ckd sicf sif
av;pm;r_ukd tJ't D &m&Sad wG &&Sad umif; &&Sw d whJ ikd af tmif olw@kd [m
a&mif&h aJ useyf=urSm r[kwyf g’ 'ga=umifh t&m&Sq d w kd m rxdyg;tyfwhJ
bke;f orBm&Sit f rGetf jrwfjzpfa=umif; owfrw S af y;wJh txl;w&m;Oya'
awG jyXmef;xm;=uygw,f? ‘tcGit h f m%m’ t&qdv k #if “tqift h edrq h f ;k H
ykvyd u f av;” u a&S;acwfom;csi;f tkypf x k u J ud, k pf m;vS,x f uf
ydo k mygw,f? 'gayrJh “vl@tzG@J tpnf;xHu zdtm;rygbJ &&Sx d m;wJh
=unfndKav;pm;r_” tydkif;rSmqdk&ifawmh ,Ofaus;wJhacwf&J@
Edik if aH wmf ppftm%m&Six f yd q
f ;kH acgi;f aqmif}uD;uawmifrS a&S;acwf
om;csi;f tkypf t k }uD;tuJukd tm;usae&r,fh tjzpfrsKd ;yg?
Edik if aH wmftm%m,EW&m;xJu t&m&Srd sm; &&Sx d m;wJh tcGix hf ;l cHae&m

rsm;eJ@qikd w
f hJ jy\emudk 'DrmS wifjyxm;ygw,f? t"du tajccHuswjhJ y\em
uawmh t&m&Sad wGukd vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ txufrmS &Sad eatmif b,fvt kd &m
ursm; wifay;xm;vdu k yf govJ qdw
k mygy?J 'Doabmw&m;a&;&mjy\emudk
1871 ckEpS f yJ&pfbt kH zG@J u vufawG@usus ajz&Si;f cJyh akH wGe@J 1912 ckEpS rf mS
aumufpuD;u 'Djy\emudk azmufjyefa&;qefqef azsmufzsuyf pfcyhJ akH wGukd
aqG;aEG;oGm;OD;rSmyg?
“EdkifiHawmf[m vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQrsm;udk csKyfxdef;xm;zdk@

vdtk yfvmvd@k ay:ayguv f mwm jzpfw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm 'Dvw
l ef;pm;
awG twdu k tf cHjzpfaewJ=h um;xJu ay:xGuv f mwm jzpfw,f? 'g
a=umifh 'Day:vmwJh Edik if aH wmf[m tiftm;t}uD;qH;k vlwef;pm;/
pD;yGm;a&;t& }u;D pd;k aewJh vlwef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH wmfyjJ zpfrmS "rRwmygy?J
tJ'v D wl ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmfukd =um;cHðy+y;D Edik if aH &;t&vnf; }u;D pd;k
wJhvlwef;pm; jzpfvmygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ 'Dvlwef;pm;[m tzdESdyfcH
26
vlwef;pm;tay: ESyd u f yG jf c,fv, S af oG;pkywf hJ enf;vrf;opfukd &&Sd
oGm;ygw,f?” a&S;acwfEdkifiHawmfeJ@ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHawmfwdk@[m
u|erf sm;eJ@ v,fu|erf sm;udk aoG;pkyaf &;twGuf ,EW&m;rsm; jzpfygw,f?
xdek nf;wlpmG yJ ‘,ckacwf ud, k pf m;vS,v f w $ af wmfpepfEikd if aH wmf[m
vnf;yJ t&if;tES;D u tcpm;tvkyt f ay: aoG;pkyw f hJ ud&, d myJ
jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ¹cif;csuu f mvrsKd ;awmh &Syd gw,f? tjyeftvSew f uk d cf u
kd f
ae=uwJh vlwef;pm; 2 &yf olrom ud, k rf om tiftm;r#oavmuf
jzpfaewJt h cgrsKd ;rSm Edik if aH wmftm%m[m tjyifyef;t&=unfv h #if
jzefajzay;orm;tjzpf &yfwnfum ,m,Dtm;jzifh b,fvw l ef;pm;eJ@
rS rqdik /f trSt
D cdu
k if;ae[ef &Sw d wfw,f?’ Oyrm 17 &mpku oufO;D qHyik d f
bk&ifpepfrsm;/ jyifopfEikd if yH xrbdek mywftifyg,meJ@ 'kw, d bdek mywf
tifyg,m/ *smr%Djynf bpPrwftyk pf ;kd r_ pwmawG[m tJ'v D ¹kd cif;csuf
umvrsKd ;awGyg?
¹cif;csuOf yrmxJrmS xyfjznfv

h w
kd mu ±k&mS ;Edik if o
H rRwpepf um&if
puD tpd;k &umv jzpfygw,f? 'Dtpd;k &u awmfveS w f yhJ pPn;f rJrh sm;udk pwif
ESyd u
f yG w
f t
hJ csed af emufyikd ;f ,m,Dumvuav;yg? 'Dtcsed rf mS qdAk , D ufrsm;
(Soviets) (tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ppfom;aumifprD sm;) [m "e&Siaf ygupf
'Drdku&ufrsm;&J@ acgif;aqmifr_a=umifh tiftm;csnfheJ@aeyg+yD? tJ'Dtcsdef
rSm"e&Sifvlwef;pm;uvnf; qdkAD,ufrsm;udk tvG,fwulav; zsufypfzdk@
tiftm;tvHt k avmuf r&Sad o;ygb;l ?
tde*f ,fu qufa&;ygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if w

H ckrmS “"eOpPm
taeeJ@ ol@&@J tcGithf m%mudk usio hf ;kH enf;u oG,0f u
kd af yr,fh ydt k mrcHcsuf
&Syd gw,f?” usiohf ;kH wJyh xrenf;uawmh “t&m&Sad wGukd wdu k ±f u
kd vf mbfx;kd
0,f,”l wJh (tar&duef) enf; jzpfw,f? 'kw, d enf;uawmh “tpd;k &eJ@tpkpyf
27
vDeif
vufrw S f a&mif;0,fa&;Xme (Stock Exchange) t=um; r[mrdwzf @JG ” wJh
(jyifopfe@J tar&duef) enf; jzpfw,f?
'Denf; 2 enf;pvH;k [m 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if t H m;vH;k rSm OpPm"e&J@

teEWwefc;kd udk xde;f odr;f +yD; xdw k efc;kd udk taumiftxnfay:apygw,f? e,fcs@J
pepfe@J b%frsm;}uD;pd;k r_a=umifh 'Denf;2 enf;udk usio hf ;kH yHak wG[m ,cktcg
rñuHpzl; xl;xl;uJuu J |r;f usiwf t hJ qift h xd “jzpfay:wd;k yGm;” aeyg+yD? Oyrm
±k&mS ;'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if H wnfaxmifp vtcsKd @twGi;f u tajctae=unfyh g?
wenf;tm;jzifh ‘qd&k , S vf pf’ trnfcx H m;wJh qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &; ygwD
0ifrsm;eJ@ rif&ADS pfrsm;taeeJ@ "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;eJ@ !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &xJrmS pkvsm;&pf
ywfvufxyfxdrf;jrm;+yD; ysm;&nfqef;c&D;xGufaewJhumv tajctaeudk
=unfyh g? 'DumvrSm rpPwmy,fvcf sipf rD; (Palchinsky) [m !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &
xJrmS csrw S x f m;wJ/h t&if;&Siaf wGtay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,w f hJ pDrcH surf eS o f r#/
t&if;&Siaf wG&@J v, k ufa&;vky&f yf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ppfuefx±du k af wGukd toH;k
cs+yD; Edik if aH wmfb¾m cd;k ,lv, k ufwhJ vky&f yfrsm;tm; uef@owfcsKyfcs,w f hJ
tpDtrHreS o f r#ukd taumiftxnfrazmfEikd af tmif uzsu, f zsuv f yk cf w
hJ ,f
av? aemufawmh rpPwmy,fvcf sipf uD; Ekwx f u
G o f mG ;cJw h ,f? ("rRwmyJ ol@
ae&mrSm olvv kd wl a,mufe@J tpm;xd;k vdu k w
f mayg?h ) 'DtcgrmS t&if;&Siaf wG
u y,fvcf sipf uD;udk wESp±f b l ,f'*Fg;wode;f ESpaf omif;&wJh tvkyt f udik u f kd
ay;+y;D “cs;D jri‡ ”hf cJwh ,fav? uJ 'gukd b,fvakd c:rvJ? wdu k ±f u kd v f mbfx;kd jcif;vd@k
ac:rvm;? oG,f0dkufvmbfxdk;jcif;vdk@ ac:rvm;? tpdk;&eJ@ qif'Dudwf
'g±u kd w
f mrsm;=um; r[mrdwzf @JG jcif;vm;? 'grrS [kwf rdwjf zpfaqGjzpf qufqaH &;
“r#om” vm;? csm;aemhAf (Chernov)/ qm&Dw,fvD (Tsereteli)/ tmAfcf
qif,AhJ f (Avksentyev) eJ@ pudb k v D ufAf (Skobelev) wd@k vkd vlpm;awG[m
b,ftcef;u yg0if=uovJ? olw@kd [m Edik if aH wmfb¾mudk cd;k ,lv, k uf=uwJh
28
oef;ºu,foal X;}uD;rsm;&J@ “wdu
k ±f u
kd ”f r[mrdwv
f m;/ 'grrS [kwf oG,0f u
kd f
r[mrdwrf #omvm;?
‘"eOpPm’ teEWwefc;kd [m 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if w H ckrmS ydt k mrcHcsuf

&Syd gw,f? bmvk@d vq J akd wmh/ 'Dwefc;kd [m Edik if aH &;,EW&m;&J@ csKd @,iG ;f csuaf wG
tay:rSm trSDðyxm;wm r[kwfovdk t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ aysmhnHhwJhEdkifiHa&;
tcGHtay: trSDðyxm;wmvnf; r[kwfvdk@ygyJ? t&if;&Sifpepftzdk@uawmh
'Dru kd a&pDorRw Edik if qH w kd m jzpfEikd o
f r#xrJ mS taumif;qH;k Edik if aH &;tcGyH gy?J
'ga=umifh t&if;tES;D [m (y,fvcf sipf uD;wd@k v/kd csm;aemhAw f @kd v/kd qm&Dw,f&D
wd@k vkd vlpm;rsm;tultnDe@J ) tJ't D aumif;qH;k tcGu H kd &&So
d mG ;wmeJ@ wòyifeuf
ol@tm%mudk tvGe@f tvGef cdik rf mpGm tmrcHcsu&f pdS mG wnfaqmufygawmh
w,f? cdik rf mvGe;f vd@k "e&Si'f rD ukd a&pDorRwEdik if pH epfxrJ mS vltajymif;tvJ/
taqmufttHt k ajymif;tvJ/ ygwt D ajymif;tvJ tygt0if bmtajymif;
tvJurS t&if;tES;D udk udik rf v_yEf ikd yf gb;l ?
t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;a&;pepfqw kd m "e&Sitf yk pf ;kd r_&@J ud&,

d m
wckyJvdk@ tdef*,fu taotcsmajymcJhwmudk owdðy=uyg? olu *smref
qd&k ,
S 'f rD ukd a&pD v_y&f mS ;r_&@J umv&Sn=f umwJh tawG@tñuHukd aygi;f csKyf+yD;rS
ajymvdkufwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? t&G,fa&mufolwdkif;rJay;a&;pepfqdkwm
“tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&ifu h surf u_ kd wdik ;f xGmwJah ywHyJ jzpfygw,f? ,ae@
acwf EdkifiHawmfrSm t&G,fa&mufolwdkif;rJay;a&;qdkwm rJay;a&;uvGJvdk@
wjcm;bmrSray;Edik b f ;l ? ay;rSmvnf; r[kwb f ;l ?”
t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;a&;pepfxu

J “wjcm;tydt
k &m uav;
rsm;” &vdrEhf ;kd ar#mu
f ;kd aewmuawmh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Drukd &ufrsm;ayg?h Oyrm
u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf&Sd qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ygwD0ifrsm;eJ@ rif&SDApfrsm;/
29
vDeif
olw@kd &@J tr$mnDaemifrsm;jzpf=uwJh taemufOa&myu qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'rD sm;eJ@
tacsmiform;tm;vH;k ayg?h “,ckacwfEikd if aH wmf” xJrmS t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f
rJay;a&;pepf[m trsm;pkvyk o f m;xk&@J qENukd wu,fwef;xif[yfEikd +f yD; 'D
qENukd taumiftxnfazmfay;zd@k tmrcHEikd w f ,fqwkd hJ t,ltqtrSm;}uD;udk
olwdk@wawGu udk,fwdkifvnf;,Hk=unf+yD; jynfoludkvnf; t,HkoGif;ae=u
ygw,f?
tckavmavmq,fawmh 'Dt,ltqtrSm;udk azmfjy±Hyk J vkyyf gO;D

r,f? “w&m;0if” (0g - tacsmiform;) qd&k , S v f pfygwrD sm;&J@ 0g'jzef@v@H_ aqmfcsuf
rsm;xJrmS tde*f ,f&@J tvGe&f iS ;f vif;wduscikd rf mwJh ajymqdck suaf wGukd t+rJyykH ef;
zsuaf ea=umif;udk 'Dae&mrSm axmufjy±Hyk J vkyyf gO;D r,f? tJ't D ,ltq vH;k 0
rSm;,Gi;f a=umif; tao;pdwzf iG chf swhJ udpu
P kd tde*f ,fu 'Dae&mrSm rvkyaf o;bJ
ab;z,fxm;ygw,f? “,ckacwfEikd if aH wmf” eJ@ ywfoufwhJ rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,f
wd@k &@J t,ltqrsm;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd qufvufaqG;aEG;wJt h cg tJ't D ,ltq
rSm;udk tao;pdwzf iG chf swm vkyyf gr,f?
tde*f ,fu ol@&@J (txufyg) vlot

d rsm;qH;k usr;f xJrmS 'Dvekd *d ;kH csKyf
xm;ygw,f?
“'ga=umifh Edik if aH wmfqw kd m xm0&wav#mufv;kH wnf&cdS w hJ t hJ &m

r[kwfyg? EdkifiHawmf&Sdzdk@ rvdkwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ EdkifiHawmfeJ@
Edik if aH wmftm%mqdw k m bmrSe;f awmifrodwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;awG
&Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tqifw h qifh
od@k a&mufvm+yD; vlwef;pm;rsm; uGjJ ym;oGm;wJt h cgrmS tJ'uD jJG ym;
oGm;&wJh twGuaf =umifyh J Edik if aH wmf&zdS @kd vdt k yfvmcJw h ,f? ,cktcg
rSm vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@xw k v f yk af &; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_[m tqifw h qifh
30
udak &mufz@kd vsiv f sijf refjref csO;f uyfaeygw,f? tJ't D qifrh mS tqdyk g
vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&adS ezd@k rvdt k yfawmh? &Sad e&if xkwv f yk af &;udk
uef@vef@wm;qD;aewJh taESmifht,Suf}uD; jzpfaeawmhrSmyg? 'D
vlwef;pm;rsm;[m twdwu f mv tcsed w f csed rf mS rv$rJ a&Smifom
ay:aygucf &hJ ovd/k rv$rJ a&SmifomyJ aysmufu, G =f u&rSmyg? vlwef;pm;
rsm; aysmufu, G w f meJ@ wygwnf; Edik if aH wmfqw kd mvnf; rv$rJ a&Smif
om aysmufu, G &f rSmygy?J xkwv f yk o
f rl sm; vGwv f w
G vf yfvyf/ wef;wl
&nfwl yl;aygi;f r_ukd tajccHxm;wJh xkwv f yk af &;pepf vl@tzG@J tpnf;
&J@umv a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;wckvHk;udk oleJ@
xdu k w f efwahJ e&mudk yd@k ay;vdrrhf ,f? wjcm;ae&mawmh r[kw?f a&S;
a[mif;jywdu k yf gy?J jywdu k x f rJ mS Adik ;f iif&pf/ a=u;ykqed af wGab;rSm
Edik if aH wmfqw kd t hJ &mudk jyoxm;ygvrd rfh ,f?”
'Dpmyd'k u
f kd ,ckacwfq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufw@kd&@J 0g'jzef@v@H_aqmfpmayrsm;xJrmS
tawG@& enf;ygw,f? awG@&&ifvnf; ewf±yk w f u k kd 0yfwmG ;yo&Gwq f o
kd vdrk sKd ;yJ
ud;k um;a&;om;xm;wm rsm;ygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh tde*f ,fukd av;pm;
a=umif;/ vlod&Sif=um;jyozdk@avmufyJ udk;um;a&;om;wmyg? “EdkifiHawmf
,EW&m;wckv;kH udk a&S;a[mif;ypPn;f jywdu k x
f yJ @kd ” zd@k b,favmufus,jf yef@
euf±i_d ;f wJh awmfveS af &;}uD;udk jzwfoef;zd@k vw kd ,fqw kd mudak wmh enf;enf;rS
pOf;pm;=uwmr[kwyf g? trsm;tm;jzifh tde*f ,fajymcJw h hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;
qdw
k t hJ &m[m bmudq k vkd rkd eS ;f em;rvnfwm rsm;ygw,f?
4? Edik if aH wmf “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” ESihf t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;
Edik if aH wmf “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tde*f ,fajymwJh

pum;rsm;[m tawmfudk vlodrsm;ygw,f? c%c%udk;um;=uwmudk;?
31
vDeif
aemuf+yD; rmhupf 0f g'udk tacsmif0g'yHpk aH yguaf tmif yHzk surf a_ wG&@J tESpof m&
tydik ;f udk 'Dpum;rsm;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;axmufjyygw,f? 'gah =umifh 'Dpum;
awGukd tao;pdww f ifjyygr,f? 'Dpum;awG yg0ifwhJ aqG;aEG;csuw f ckv;kH udk
ud;k um;azmfjyygr,f?
“ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;/ OD;pGm

tm;jzifh xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;udk Edik if aH wmfyikd f OpPm"etjzpf
tajymif;vJvu kd w f ,f? 'gayrJh tJ'v D kd vkyjf cif;jzifh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;
[m - ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;qdw k hJ t&mtjzpf &Sad ewJh rdru d ,kd u f kd tqH;k
owfapw,f? vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_rSefor#eJ@ vlwef;pm;yËdyuQ
rSeo
f r#uv kd nf; tqH;k owfapw,f? 'Dvedk @J Edik if aH wmfqw kd hJ t&m
tjzpf &Sad ewJh Edik if aH wmfuv kd nf; tqH;k owfapw,f? tJ'rD wdik rf u D
vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m vlwef;pm;&efbufyËdyuQawG twGi;f rSm a&G@vsm;
ae&wmqdak wmh Edik if aH wmfqw kd mudk vdt k yfcw hJ ,f? wenf;tm;jzifh
aoG;pkyo f v l w l ef;pm;&J@ tzG@J tpnf;wckukd vdt k yfcw
hJ ,f? 'gro S m
ol@&@J xkwv f yk af &;jyifytcsut f vufawGukd xde;f odr;f xm;Edik rf mS
jzpfw,f? t"dutm;jzifq h &kd if aoG;pkycf v H w l ef;pm;udk zdEydS rf p_ epf
(aus;u|efpepf/ v,fu|efpepf/ vkyfcpm;tvkyfpepf) atmufrSm
twif;ESyd u f yG x f m;Edik rf mS jzpfw,f? oufqikd &f mxkwv f yk af &;enf;
rwl&if rwlovdk zdEydS rf p_ epfvnf; rwlb;l ayg?h Edik if aH wmf[m vl@tzG@J
tpnf;wckv;kH &J@ w&m;0ifu, kd pf m;vS,jf zpfw,f? yHo k ¿mefjrifEikd w f hJ
tzG@J tpnf;wcktwGi;f rSm vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk pkpnf;azmfjyvdu k wf hJ
oabmyJ? 'gayrJh Edik if aH wmfqw kd m vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpf
w,fv@kd ajymwm[m wu,fawmh oufqikd &f macwfrmS vl@tzG@J pnf;
wckv;kH &J@ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf ud, k uhf ,
kd uf , kd f owfrw S x f m;wJh vl
32
wef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH wmfjzpfw,fv@kd ajymjcif;r#om jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD wmh
Edik if aH wmfqw kd m a&S;acwfuqd&k if u|eyf ikd &f iS Ef ikd if o H m;rsm;&J@ Edik if H
awmfayg?h tv,facwf (Middle Ages) uqd&k if ya'o&mZfr;ª rwf
rsm;&J@ Edik if aH wmfayg?h u|eaf wmfw@kd acwfrmS awmh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@
Edik if aH wmfayg?h aemufq;kH rSm Edik if aH wmf[m vl@tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH &J@
tppftrSeu f , kd pf m;vS,f jzpfvm+yDq&kd if Edik if aH wmfqw kd m &Sad ezd@k
rvdak wmhwt hJ &m jzpfomG ;rSmyg? vl@h tzG@J tpnf;xJrmS zdEydS x f m;&r,fh
vlwef;pm;&,fv@kd r&Sad wmhwhJ tajctaea&muf+yD qdyk gp@kd ? wenf;
tm;jzifh vlwef;pm;}uD;pd;k r_vnf; r&Sad wmhwt hJ ajctae/ tckwikd &f dS
aewJh rif;rJhxkwfvkyfa&;pepfa=umifh wOD;csif;wnf+rJa&;twGuf
wdu k yf q JG ifae&wmvnf; r&Sad wmhwhJ tajctae/ tJ'gawGuwqifh
twdu k t f cHjzpfra_ wG/ tvGet f u|jH zpfra_ wGvnf; r&Sad wmhwt hJ ajc
taea&muf+yD qdyk gp@kd ? tJ't D cgrmS bmrSzEd ydS af ep&mvnf; rvdak wmh
bl;? EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh zdESdyfa&; txl;,EW&m;vnf; &Sdaep&mrvdk
awhb;l ? Edik if aH wmf[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH udk wu,fwrf; tppf
trSef ud, k pf m;ðy+yD;aemuf olyxrqH;k vkyw f v hJ yk &f yf wenf;tm;jzifh
xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;ud, k pf m; odr;f ydu k wf hJ
vky&f yf[m wu,fawmh Edik if aH wmftjzpf trSt D cdu k if;uif;vkyw f hJ
aemufq;kH vky&f yfvnf; jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH wmf tcGit hf m%mu vlr_
qufqaH &;rsm;twGi;f 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufrr_ sm;[m vkyif ef;e,fy,f
wck yD;wck tydjk zpfvm+yD; aemufq;kH ol@bmomyJ &yfqikd ;f oGm;w,f?
'Dtcg vlrsm;tay: tkypf ;kd r_ae&mwGif t&m0wˆKrsm;tay: pDrcH ef@crJG _
ESihf xkwv f yk af &; jzpfpOftay: !ïe=f um;r_w@kd jzifh tpm;xd;k vmw,f?
Edik if aH wmf[m “zsuo f rd ;f ” cH&jcif; r[kwb f J ol@bmom wdraf um
yaysmufjcif; jzpfw,f? 'Dtjrifukd udik pf +JG yD;awmhom ‘vGwv f yfwhJ
33
vDeif
jynforl sm;&J@ Edik if aH wmf’ qdwk hJ toH;k tE_e;f udk tuJjzwfoifw h ,f?
'DtoH;k tE_e;f udk v_@H aqmfa&;twGuf ,m,Do;kH zd@k oifah wmfayr,fh
odyeH` nf;us t"dym` ,ft& qk&d ifawmh tajctjrpfr&Sb d ;l ? 'gt h jyif
Ekid if aH wmfudk ae@csi;f ncsi;f zsuo f rd ;f ypf&r,fqwkd hJ rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;&J@
awmif;qkcd suu f v
dk nf; ‘'tjrift&om wefz;dk jzwfoifw h ,f” ¡'l;&if;
tm; acsycsuf (Anti-Duhring) pmrsuEf mS 301 - 303 wwd,
t}udrf *smrefbmomjzifh yHEk ydS jf cif;¢
taotcsmajymvd@k &wmuawmh awG;ac:enf;tvGew f &m ºu,f0

wJh tdef*,f&J@ txufygaqG;aEG;csufxJu tcsufwcsufwnf;udkom
qdk&S,fvpf0g'&J@ tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf ,ckacwf qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;u
vufcx H m;=uygw,f? olw@kd vufcw H hJ tcsuuf awmh - rif;rJ0h g'orm;awG&@J
Edik if aH wmfukd “zsuo f rd ;f ” a&;tjrife@J jcm;em;pGmyJ rmhupf f jrifwmu Edik if aH wmf
qdw k m “wdraf umyaysmuf” oGm;wmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ - tcsuyf gy?J rmhupf 0f g'udk
tJ'v D kd yHpk rH sKd ; jzwfawmuf+yD;rS vufcw H m[m wu,fawmh rmhupf 0f g'udk
tacsmif0g'tqift h xd av#mch sypfwmyJ jzpfygw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh 'Dvkd
“t"dym` ,fziG ”hf jcif;jzifh ra&&mwJh em;vnfra_ wGyJ jzpfapvd@k ygy?J ajymif;vJr[ _ m
wjznf;jznf;av;/ at;at;aq;aq;/ wa&G@a&G@yJ jzpfaewmvd@k em;vnfomG ;
rSmyJ? ckeu f ;l ajymif;vJwm/ rkew f ikd ;f qifajymif;vJwm rygb;l vd@k em;vnfomG ;
rSmyJ? awmfveS af &;qdw k mvnf; rygb;l vd@k em;vnfomG ;rSmyJ? Edik if aH wmf “wdraf um
yaysmufjcif;” eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tck acwfpm;aeovd/k tES@H tjym;jzpfaeovd/k
(tqHk;pGefajym&&if) vlxkeJ@csD+yD; em;vnfaeovdkrsdK; em;vnfaer,fqdk&if
'g[m awmfvSefa&;udk ypfy,fwmr[kwfawmifrS zHk;uG,fwmjzpfw,fvdk@
owfrw S Ef ikd yf gw,f?
34
bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dvkd “t"dym` ,fziG ”hf wm[m vufawG@rmS rmhupf 0f g'udk
t=urf;wrf;qH;k enf;jzifh yHyk ef;zsujf cif; jzpfw,f? "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;udyk J tusKd ;&Sd
apw,f? 'g[m oabmw&m;a&;t&=unf&h if tde*f ,f&@J txufyg ‘ed*;kH csKyf’
aqG;aEG;csupf myd'k x
f rJ mS pHpk v
kH ifvif azmfjyxm;wJh ta&;t}uD;qH;k tajctae
rsm;eJ@ pOf;pm;csurf sm;udk ta&;rpdu k v f @kd jzpfwmyg?
yxrtcsuu f tde*f ,fu txufygaqG;aEG;csu&f @J tprSmudyk J ajym

xm;ygw,f? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmftm%mudk odr;f ,ljcif;tm;jzifh
ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;[m “Edik if aH wmfqw kd t
hJ &mtjzpf &Sad ewJh Edik if aH wmfukd tqH;k
owfapw,f” vd@k ajymxm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuu f bmudq k v kd w
kd ,fqw kd m vlawG
u rpOf;pm;wwf=ubl;? a,bk,stm;jzif ajym&&if 'Dtcsuu f kd vspv f sL±_xm;
wwf=uw,f? 'grrS [kw&f ifvnf; 'gukd tde*f ,f&@J “[D*v J 0f g'qefwhJ tm;enf;
csu”f tjzpf oabmxm;wwf=uw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fu 'Dpum;[m t}uD;
jrwfq;kH ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;rsm; teufu wckjzpfwhJ 1871 ckEpS f yJ&pfbt kH zG@J &@J
tawG@tñuHukd tusO;f ±H;k +yD; azmfjyxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awGukd
oufqdkif&mu¾awGa&muf&if tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;OD;rSmyg? wu,fu
tde*f ,f[m ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;jzifh "e&SifEikd if aH wmfukd “zsuo f rd ;f ” a&;udk
qdv k wkd myg? aemuf+y;D wdraf umyaysmufwhJ Edik if aH wmfqw kd mvnf; wu,fawmh
qd&k ,S v f pfawmfveS af &;t+yD; aemufyikd ;f &Sd ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmfpepf&@J
tºuif;tuserf sm;udk qdv k w
kd myg? tde*f ,f&@J oabmt& "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf[m
“wdraf umyaysmuf” rSm r[kwb f J awmfveS af &;}u;D twGi;f rSm ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;
&J@ “zsuo f rd ;f ” jcif;udk cH&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'DawmfveS af &;}u;D +y;D wJah emuf wdraf um
yaysmufomG ;r,fh t&mu ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmf od@k r[kwf Edik if aH wmfwydik ;f om
jzpfygw,f?
35
vDeif
'kw, d tcsuu f - Edik if aH wmf[m “txl;ESyd u f yG af &;tiftm;” wck
jzpfw,f? tde*f ,fu tJ'v D kd tvGeaf umif;/ tvGeaf v;eufwhJ zGiq hf ckd suu f kd
&Si;f &Si;f }uD; azmfjyvdu k w f myg? 'DziG q hf ckd suu
f ae+yD; 'Dvekd *d ;kH csKyfv@kd &ygw,f?
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;tay:/ vufwqkypf molaX;olºu,f
rsm;u oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom vkyo f m;wd@k tay: usio hf ;kH aom “txl;ESyd u f yG af &;
tiftm;” &J@ ae&mwGif ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;u "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tay: usio hf ;kH
aom “txl;ESyd u f yG af &;tiftm;” (ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf) jzifh tpm;xd;k
&r,fqw kd hJ ed*;kH csKyfcsuf jzpfygw,f? “Edik if aH wmfqw kd hJ t&mtjzpf wnf&adS ewJh
Edik if aH wmfukd tqH;k owfapw,f” qdw k phJ um;[m 'Dtcsuu f ykd J qdv k w kd myg?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;ud, k pf m; xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;udk odr;f ,lwhJ ‘vkyaf qmifcsu’f
udk qdv k wkd myg? ("e&Siv f w l ef;pm;) “txl;tiftm;” wckukd (ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;)
“txl;tift f m;” wcke@J tJ'v D kd tpm;xd;k jcif;rsKd ;[m “wdraf umyaysujf cif;”
qdw k o hJ ¿mefe@J jzpfay:Edik pf &mta=umif; r&Syd g? 'g tvGex f if&mS ;ygw,f?
wwd,tcsufu - “wdrfaumyaysmuf” oGm;aewJh EdkifiHawmf

ta=umif;/ wenf;tm;jzifh yd+k y;D uGuu f uG u f iG ;f uGi;f &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;ajym&v#if
“ol@bmomtvdt k avsmuf &yfp”J oGm;aewJh Edik if aH wmfta=umif; ajym&mrSm
“Edik if aH wmfu vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH ud, k pf m; xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*rsm;udk
odrf;ydkufvdkuf” +yD; aemufydkif;umv odk@r[kwf qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;
aemufyikd ;f umvudk tde*f ,ftaeeJ@ tvGe&f iS ;f vif;wduspmG &nf!eï ;f wmyg?
tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f tJ'u
D mv&Sd “Edik if aH wmf” &J@ Edik if aH &;o¿mef[m
tjynfph q kH ;kH 'Drukd a&pDo¿mefygy?J wqufwnf;taeeJ@ 'Dae&mrSm tde*f ,f
ajymajymaewJo h abmu 'Dru kd a&pDqwkd t hJ &m[mvnf; “ol@bmomtvdk
tavsmuf&yfp”J oGm;aewJt h a=umif;/ od@k r[kwf “wdraf umyaysmuf” oGm;ae
wJth a=umif; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh rmhupf 0f g'udk t&Surf phJ mG yHyk ef;zsuaf e=uol
36
tacsmif0g'Dwa,mufr# 'Doabmudk rpOf;pm;rd=uygbl;? 'Doabm[m
±kww f &uf=unf&h if xl;qef;ovdk xif&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dru kd a&pDqwkd mvnf;
EdkifiHawmfyJjzpfwmrdk@ EdkifiHawmfuG,faysmufoGm;wJhtcg 'Drdkua&pDvnf;
uG,af ysmufomG ;rSmyJ qdw k mudk rpOf;pm;rdwo hJ al wGtzd@k awmh tde*f ,fqv kd w
kd hJ
oabmudk “em;rvnfEikd pf &m” tjzpf jrifae=urSmyg? awmfveS af &;uomv#if
"e&SiEf ikd if aH wmfukd “zsuof rd ;f ” ypfEikd yf gw,f? tjynfph q kH ;kH aom 'Dru
kd a&pD
Edik if aH wmfomv#if “wdraf umyaysmuf” oGm;Edik yf gw,f?
pwkwt ˆ csuu f tde*f ,f[m “Edik if aH wmfqw kd t hJ &m wdraf umyaysmuf

oGm;vdrrhf nf” qdw k hJ ol@&@J ausm=f um;vSwrhJ u l kd azmfxw k +f yD;aemuf 'Dr[ l m
tacsmiform;awGudka&m/ rif;rJh0g'DawGudkyg OD;wnfqef@usifa=umif; olu
rqdik ;f rwG/ tcdik t
f rm &Si;f jyygw,f? 'Dv&k d iS ;f jy&mrSm “Edik if aH wmfqw kd t
h J &m wdraf um
yaysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf” qdkwJh rlxJu qGJxkwfxm;wJh/ tacsmiform;0g'D
qef@usiaf &; ed*;kH csKyfcsut f ydik ;f udk tde*f ,fu a&S@wef;wif ajymqdyk gw,f?
taotcsm ajym&Jygw,f? Edik if aH wmf “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” qdw k hJ

rlxuJ tde*f ,fqx JG wk xf m;wJh ed*;kH csKycf suaf wG[m rif;rJ0h g'aD wGuo kd myJ OD;wnf
qef@usi±f rkH #r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mudk 'Dta=umif; zwfz;l =um;zl;ol waomif;xJrmS
vl 9990 u vH;k 0rod=uyg? od@k r[kwf rrSwrf =d uyg? od&rdS w S rf wd hJ usef 10
a,mufxJrSmvnf; 9 a,mufu “vGwfvyfwJh jynfol@EdkifiHawmf” qdkwJh
aºu;a=umfo[ H m bmt"dym` ,f&w,fqw kd m rod=uyg? od@k r[kwf 'Daºu;a=umf
oHukd wdu
k cf u kd wf m[m tacsmiform;awGukd wdu k wf meJ@ bma=umifh twlwl
jzpfovJqw kd mudk rod=uyg? ordik ;f udk 'Dvykd J a&;a&;ae=uygyaum? }uD;jrwfwhJ
awmfveS af &;=o0g'wckukd 'Dvykd J rodrom zsuyf pf+yD; ae&mwumawG@ae&wJh
evAdef;wHk;0g'eJ@udkufatmif ajymif;ypfae=uygyaum? rif;rJh0g'Drsm;tm;
qef@usix f m;wJh ed*;kH csKyfcsut f ydik ;f udak wmh t}udraf ygi;f axmifaomif;rsm;pGm
37
vDeif
xyfwvJvJ ajymcJ=h uw,f? odrzf si;f atmif vkycf =hJ uw,f? vlawG&@J acgi;f xJukd
omrefumv#u H m oGi;f cJ=h uw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dtydik ;f [m w,loefvrJG mS ; ,H=k unf
csuf wrsKd ;awmif cdik cf ikd rf mrmjzpfae+yD? tacsmiform;rsm;tm; qef@usix f m;wJh
ed*;kH csKyfcsut
f ydik ;f udu
k sjyefawmh azsmufzsuyf pf=u/ ‘arh’ ypfvukd =f uygw,f?
‘vGwv f yfwhJ jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf’ qdw k m 19 &mpk 70 ckEpS rf sm;umv

u *smr%Dq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygw0D ifrsm;&J@ vkyif ef;pOf awmif;qdck suw f &yfe@J tus,f
tjyef@acwfpm;wJh aºu;a=umfow H ck jzpfygw,f? 'Daºu;a=umfoH ta=umif;t&m
xJrmS 'Dru kd a&pDt,ltqudk ude;f }uD;cef;}uD;eJ@ evAde;f wH;k qefqef azmfjyxm;
r_awG ygwmuvGv J @dk Edik if aH &;twGi;f oabm wa&G;om;rS rygygb;l ? 'Daºu;a=umf
oHukd w&m;0iftoH;k ðyum 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if w H &yf xlaxmifa&;udk oG,0f u kd f
&nf!ïef;vdk@ &aeao;wJhtwGufa=umifhom 'Daºu;a=umfoHudk v_H@aqmfa&;
±_axmifrh S “,m,Dtm;jzif”h toH;k ðya&;udk tde*f ,ftaeeJ@ “em;vnfay;”
zd@k jyifqifxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'g[m tacsmif0g' aºu;a=umfoH wckyg? bmvd@k vJ
qdak wmh 'Daºu;a=umfox H rJ mS "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pDukd tr$r;f wifxm;wJh tjcif;t&m
awGomru Edik if aH wmfqw kd thJ &mudk qd&k , S v
f pftjrife@J a0zefru _ kd em;rvnfwhJ
tjcif;t&mawG yg0ifaevd@k ygy?J u|eaf wmfw@kd [m 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if H xlaxmif
a&;udk vdv k m;ygw,f? 'g[m t&if;&Sipf epfatmuf&dS ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;tzd@k
taumif;qH;k Edik if aH wmfo¿mef jzpfv@kd yg? 'gayrJh 'Dru kd a&pDtusq;kH "e&SiEf ikd if H
awmfrmS yif jynforl sm;[m vkycf pm;aus;u|et f jzpf vkyu f ikd =f u&r,fh uH=urRm
udk rz,f&mS ;Edik b f ;l qdw k mudak wmh rarhoifyh g? aemuf+yD; Edik if aH wmfwikd ;f [m
tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;tay: usio hf ;kH wJh “txl;ESyd u
f yG af &;tiftm;” yJ jzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH wmfwikd ;f [m r “vGwv f yf” bl;? “jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf”
vnf; r[kwb f ;l ? rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd [m 70 ckEpS yf ikd ;f tcgu 'Dtcsuu f kd olw@kd
&J@ ygww D iG ;f &Jabmfrsm;tm; xyfwvJvJ &Si;f jycJ=h uw,f?
38
yOPrtcsuu f - tde*f ,fu tJ'pD mtkyx f rJ mS Edik if aH wmfwrd af um
yaysmufjcif;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;xm;wmudk vlwikd ;f rSwrf ad e=uygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dpmtkyf
rSm tJ't D a=umif;t&mtjyif t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;&J@ ta&;ygru _ v kd nf;
aqG;aEG;xm;wmyg? 'DpmtkyfrSm t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;&J@ tcef;u¾eJ@
ywfoufwhJ tde*f ,f&@J ordik ;f qdik &f m cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmcsu[f m t=urf;zufawmfveS f
a&;tm; ppfreS pf mG *k%ðf ycsuwf &yf jzpfvmygw,f? 'gukd “b,forl S owdr&=u
ygb;l ?” ,ckacwf qd&k , S v
f pfygwrD sm;twGi;f rSm t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;&J@
ta&;ygru _ kd aqG;aEG;&aumif;rSe;f rod=u/ pOf;pm;&aumif;rSe;f awmif rod=uyg?
aemuf+yD; olwdk@wawG&J@ vlxktay: ae@pOf0g'jzef@v_H@aqmfcsuftwGif;rSm
'DtawG;tac:[m b,ftcef;u¾urS ryg0ifygb;l ? 'gayrJh wu,fawmh 'DtawG;
tac:[m “Edik if aH wmf wdraf umyaysmufa&;” qdw k hJ tawG;tac:eJ@ cGcJ mG r&
Edik af tmif wom;wnf;qufpyfaewmyg?
tde*f ,f&@J oH;k oyfcsuu

f =kd unfyh g?
“æææ t=urf;zuftiftm;qdw k m ordik ;f rSm” (&ufpuf=urf;wrf;

wJh tiftm;w&yftjzpf tcef;0ifrt _ jyif) “wjcm;tcef;0ifrw _ &yf
vnf; &Sdygao;w,f? awmfvSefwJhtcef;0ifr_yg? rmhufpf&J@pum;eJ@
ajym&&if 'Dtiftm;[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;opfqw kd Jh oaE<ukd vG,xf m;wJh
vl@tzG@J tpnf;a[mif;wdik ;f twGuf 0rf;qGo J nfyJ jzpfygw,f? vl@tzG@J
tpnf;taeeJ@ a&S@o@kd vrf;xGif csw D ufvy_ &f mS ;+yD; aoqH;k ykyo
f ;kd ae+yD
jzpfwhJ Edik if aH &;o¿mefrsm;udk zsuq f ;D &mwGif toH;k ðywJh vufeuf
ud&,d mvnf; jzpfygw,f? tJ't D csuaf wGe@J pyfvsO;f +yD; [m;'l;&if;
(Herr During) u wcGe;f rS rajymyg? 'l;&if;u aoG;pkyrf p_ ;D yGm;a&;
pepfukd wGe;f vSeòf zzsuzf @kd t=urf;zuftiftm; vkad umif;vdrk ,fw?hJ
'g[m pdwrf aumif;p&m ygyw J ?hJ t=urf;zuftiftm;oH;k r_ jzpfymG ;wdik ;f /
39
vDeif
tiftm;oHk;pGJoludk pdwf"mwfysufjym;apvdk@ygyJwJh? olu tJ'Dvdk
wnnf;nnf; wnLnLeJ@yJ 0efcHxm;wmyg? awmfvSefa&;awG
atmifycJG +H yD;wdik ;f ud, k u f siw
hf &m;eJ@ pdw"f mwftiftm;awG t}uD;
tus,f jrifrh m;oGm;p+ryJ J r[kwv f m;? 'ge@J awmif 'l;&if;u 'Dpum;rsKd ;
ajymxGuw f ,f? 'gawmif *smr%DrmS ajymwmaemf? *smr%Dqw kd m
jynfov l x l u k rv$rJ a&Smifom t=urf;zuftwdu k t f cHðyr_ vkyv f m
Edik pf &m&Sw d hJ wdik ;f jynfyg? tJ'v D v kd yk &f if tenf;qH;k &v'faumif;wck
&Sv d mEdik yf gw,f? ,kwrf mwJh tESpf 30 ppfyaJG =umifh *smr%DawGtwGi;f
pdr0hf ifaewJh aus;pdwu f |epf w
d u f kd z,f&mS ;ay;wJh &v'faumif; &Sv d mEdik f
ygw,f? 'l;&if;&J@ 'Dvt kd oufuif;rJ+h yD; aysmn h nhH EhH ikd w
f hJ &[ef;}uD;
tawG;tac:udk ordik ;f rSm òyifp&H mS ;wJh awmfveS af &;tusq;kH ygwt D m;
vufccH ikd ;f aeygyaum?” ('l;&if;qef@usiaf &;? pmrsuEf mS 193/ wwd,
t}udrf *smrefbmomjzifh yHEk ydS jf cif;/ tydik ;f 2 tcef; 4 &J@ tqH;k owf
tyd'k )f
tde*f ,ftaeeJ@ 1878 ckEpS rf S 1894 ckEpS tf xd/ wenf;tm;jzihf ol

aoqH;k onft h csed t
f xd/ wav#mufv;kH *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;tm; rarh
ap&atmif wifjyaecJhwJh tJ'Dt=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;qdkif&m =o0g'udk
“Edik if aH wmf wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” oabmw&m;eJ@ wckwnf;/ wom;wnf;j
zpfatmif u|eaf wmfw@kd b,fvakd ygi;f pyfv@kd &Edik yf govJ?
'DEpS cf u
k kd a&mausm0f g'enf;eJ@ aygi;f pyf=uwm rsm;ygw,f? qdv k w
kd m
u rlrw
hJ /hJ [kwo f vdv k &kd w
dS hJ [dq
k ifajc/ 'DqifajcawGukd yHak wmfovdk (od@k r[kwf
tm%mydkifawGtvdkus) qGJxkwfwJhenf;eJ@ aygif;pyf=uwm rsm;ygw,f?
aemuf+yD; t}udrw f &mrSm tenf;qH;k 99 }udru f wdraf umyaysmufa&; t,l
tqudk xdyfwef;wifxm;wwf=uw,f? tEkyËdavmrudk a&mausmf0g'eJ@
tpm;xd;k ae=uwmyg? 'Dtjcif;t&mudk rmhupf 0f g'ta=umif; a&;om;ae=uwJh
40
rsuaf rSmufacwf w&m;0if qd&k , S 'f rD ukd &ufygw&D @J pmayrsm;xJrmS yHrk eS t
f usq;kH
tus,jf yef@q;kH awG@&ygw,f? 'Dvt kd pm;xd;k wm wu,fawmh topftqef;
r[kwyf g? *&da&S;a[mif; pHwifusr;f tbd"rRmordik ;f rSmawmif awG@Eikd w f ,f?
rmhupf 0f gukd tacsmif0g'qefqefe@J r[kwrf [wfjzpfatmif vkyw f ahJ e&mrSmawmh
tEkyËdavmrudk a&mausmf0g'eJ@ tpm;xdk;wJhenf;u vlxkudk vdrfnmvkd@
tvG,u f q
l ;kH enf; jzpfw,f? 'Denf;u vlwa,mufukd a,mifa,mif0g;0g; pdwf
auseyfrr_ sKd ; ay;Edik w
f ,f? jzpfpOf&@J rsuEf mS pm buftm;vH;k / jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&@J
wdr;f !ïwrf t _ m;vH;k / tjyeftvSeyf ËdyuQ jzpfaewJh =oZm*,uftm;vH;k pwJh
t&mtm;vH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;xm;oa,mif yHzk rf;xm;w,f? wu,fwrf;
rSmawmh vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_jzpfpOfe@J ywfoufv@kd jynfv h nf;jynfph /kH
awmfveS af &;vnf;uswhJ tjrifqv kd @kd bmrSwifjywm r[kwyf g?
rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd ajymwJh t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;w&yf vGaJ &Smif

Edik rf nfr[kwq f w
kd hJ oabmw&m;[m "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmftay: &nf!eï ;f ajymqdk
cJw
h myg? 'gukd txufrmS vnf; ajymcJyh g+y?D aemuftcef;rSmvnf; ydrk t kd ao;pdwf
usus &Si;f jyygO;D r,f? "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmfudk ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmf (ypPn;f rJth m%m
&Sipf epf) eJ@ tpm;xd;k zd@k qw kd m “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” jzpfpOfe@J r&Edik yf gb;l ?
a,bk,stm;jzifh t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;w&yfe@J om &Edik yf gw,f? tde*f ,f&@J
t=urf;zufawmfveS af &; qdik &f m *k%ðf ya&;om;csu[ f m rmhupf f t}udr}f udrðf y
vkycf w hJ hJ a=unmcsurf sm;eJ@ udu k n
f yD gw,f? (tbd"rRmacgi;f yg;r_EiS hf uGejf rLepf
a=unmpmwrf;wdk@&J@ aemufqHk;tydk'frsm;rSm t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;udk
a&Smifvv J$ @kd r&Edik af =umif; twdtvif; a=unmxm;wmudk jyefpOf;pm;=unfh
=uyg? aemif tESpf 30 avmuft=um 1875 ckEpS f *do k mvkyif ef;pOfukd a0zef&m
rSm 'Dvrf;pOf&@J tacsmif0g'vuQ%mudk r!‡mwmwrf; a0zefcw hJ mudv k nf;
jyefowd&=uyg?) 'D*% k ðf ya&;om;csuu f kd aoG;xd;k v_@H aqmf&ef a&;om;cJw h m
41
vDeif
r[kw?f yH}k uD;cs@J a&;om;cJw
h mvnf; r[kw?f pum;ppfx;kd wJt h aeeJ @ a&;om;
cJw
h mvnf; vH;k 0r[kwyf g? vlxu k kd 'Da&;om;csuyf g tjrif &&Sv d matmif/
t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;tjrifukd &&Sv d matmif pepfwus ynmay;zd@k vdt k yf
w,fqw kd hJ tcsu[ f m rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd ajymqdo
k eG of ifcohJ r# tm;vH;k &J@
tajccHtcsuf jzpfygw,f? ,cktcgrmS v$r;f rd;k aewJh qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'*d%k ;f eJ@
aumufpuD;*d% k ;f wd@k [m 'Dv0kd g'jzef@ynmay;v_@H aqmfru _ kd vspv f sL±_xm;=u
w,f? 'Dtcsu[ f m rmhupf /f tde*f ,fw@kd &@J =o0g'udk 'D*%kd ;f 2 *d% k ;f vH;k u opPm
azmuf=ua=umif; txift&Sm;jyaeygw,f?
"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmfukd ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmfe@J tpm;xd;k
a&;qdw k m t=urf;zufawmfveS af &; ryg&if rjzpfEikd yf g? ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@
Edik if aH wmf/ wenf;tm;jzif; Edik if aH wmfqw kd t
hJ &mudk zsuo f rd ;f a&;[m “wdraf um
yaysmufa&;” jzpfpOfukd jzwfoef;jcif;rSty tjcm;enf;eJ@ rjzpfEikd yf g?
rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd [m awmfveS af &;tajctaetoD;oD;udk avhvm

wJt h cg/ awmfveS af &;wckp&D @J tawG@tñuH oifcef;pmrsm;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&mrSm
txufygtjrifrsm;udk tao;pdwfusus/ tcdkiftrmusus azmfxkwf&&Sd
cJyh gw,f? olw@kd &@J =o0g’xJu ta&;t}uD;qH;k tydik ;f udk ,ckaqG;aEG;=uygp@kd ?
tcef; (2)
Edik if aH wmfEiS ahf wmfveS af &;/ 1848 - 51 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f tawG@tñuH
(1) awmfveS af &;tóuumv
tbd"rRmacgi;f yg;r_e@J uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;wd@k [m rmhupf 0f g'&,f

vd@k yDyjD yifjyif&v
dS m+y;D aemuf xGuv f mwJh tapmqH;k usr;f rsm; jzpfygw,f? 'Dusr;f
42
awG[m 1848 ckEpS af wmfveS af &; jzpfcge;D tóuumvrSm xGuaf y:vmcJw h myg?
'Dusr;f awG[m rmhupf 0f g'tajccHral wGukd wifjywJh pmwrf;awGjzpfwt hJ jyif tJ'D
tcsed tf cgu awmfveS af &;tcdik t f rm tajctaeudk twdik ;f twmwcktxd
a&mifjyef[yfaewJh pmwrf;awGvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dusr;f awGukd a&;om;
ol rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd taeeJ@ 1848 - 51 umv tawG@tñurH sm;udk ed*;kH csKyf
rðyvkyrf u
D av;rSm Edik if aH wmfe@J pyfvsO;f +y;D bmawGajymcJo
h vJqw
kd mudk qef;ppf
=unfw h mu yd+k yD;oifah wmfygvrd rhf ,f?
“tbd"rRmacgi;f yg;r_” xJrmS rmhupf u

f 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
“tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m rdr&d @J jzpfay:wd;k wufrj_ zpfpOftwGi;f rSm

vlwef;pm;eJ@vw l ef;pm; twdu k t f cHjzpfrr_ sm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfr,fh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfjzifh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;udk tpm;xdk;yg
vdrrhf ,f? 'DtcgrmS ,ckacwf ac:ac:aewJh Edik if aH &;tm%mqdw k m
vnf; &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf g? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh Edik if aH &;tm%mqdw
k m
"e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJrSm&SdwJh vlwef;pm;twdkuftcHjzpfr_awGudk
w&m;0ifazmfjywJh o¿mefomjzpfv@kd ygy?J ” (pmrsuEf mS - 182? *smref
bmomjzifh yHEk ydS jf cif;? 1885 ckEpS )f
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D aemufrmS Edik if aH wmfvnf; uG,af ysmuf

oGm;vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ t,ltqeJ@ywfoufwhJ txufyg a,bk,s&iS ;f jycsuu f kd
aemifvtenf;i,f=um+yD;aemufrmS (twdtustm;jzifh 1847 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm
vrSm) rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd a&;om;cJw h hJ uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;yg atmufyg&iS ;f jy
csuef @J Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unfzh @kd vrf;!ïevf ykd gw,f?
“ææ ypPn;f rJv

h wl ef;pm;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&@J a,bk,stusq;kH tqifh
rsm;udk qef;ppf&mwGif vuf&v dS @l tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f rSm tenf;eJ@
43
vDeif
trsm; yke;f v#Kd ;uG,v
f #Kd ; jzpfay:aewJh jynfwiG ;f ppfukd awG@&&dS w,f?
'gayrJh tqifwh ck a&mufwt hJ cg 'DjynfwiG ;f ppf[m ajAmifuswhJ awmfveS f
a&; jzpfvmw,f? 'Dtqifrh mS ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m "e&Siv
f w
l ef;
pm;udk t=urf;zufweG ;f vSeu f m rdr&d @J tyk pf ;kd r_ukd wnfaqmufygw,f?”
“ææ tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;u qifEw J$ hJ awmfveS af &;rSm yxr
tqifuh ypPn;f rJvh w
l ef;pm;udk tkypf ;dk olvw l ef;pm; tjzpfo@kd jr‡ihf
wif&ef/ 'Drdkua&pDt&,l&ef jzpfw,fqdkwm txufrSm zwf±_cJh
&w,f?”
“ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m rdrd&J@EdkifiHa&;t& }uD;pdk;r_udk toHk;ðy+yD;
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@ t&if;tm;vH;k udk wqif+h yD;wqifh odr;f ,lr,f?
xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mtm;vH;k udk Edik if aH wmf (wenf;tm;jzif tkypf ;kd
olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k xm;wJh ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;) &J@ vufxrJ mS
pkpnf;csKyu f ikd x
f m;r,f? aemuf+y;D xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pk tm;vH;k udk
vsijf refEikd of r# vsijf refpmG }uD;xGm;apvdrrhf ,f?” (pmrsuEf mS 31-
37? *smrefbmomjzifh owWrt}udrf yHEk ydS jf cif;? 1906 ckEpS )f
'Dae&mrSm Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufv@kd rmhupf 0f g'&J@ tajymifajrmufq;kH /

ta&;t}uD;qH;k tawG;tac:awGxrJ mS yg0ifwhJ zGiq hf ckd suw f &yfukd awG@&w,f?
tJ'guawmh “ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tm%m&Sipf epf” tawG;tac:yg? (yJ&pfbt kH zG@J
umv aemufydkif;rSm rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,fwdk@[m 'Dpum;vHk;udk pwifoHk;pGJcJh
ygw,f?) aemuf+y;D rmhupf 0f g'xJrmS “tarhaysmufcpH um;” wcGe;f vnf;jzpf/ tvGe@f
tvGepf w
d 0f ifpm;p&mvnf;aumif;wJh zGiq hf ckd suw
f &yfuv kd nf; awG@&ygw,f?
tJ'guawmh “Edik if aH wmf/ wenf;tm;jzif tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k
xm;wJh ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;” qdw k hJ zGiq
hf ckd suyf gy?J
w&m;0ifq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygwaD wG&@J tES@H tjym;awG@ae&wJh 0g'jzef@
csad &;/ v_@H aqmfa&; pmayawGxrJ mS Edik if aH wmfukd 'Dvzkd iG q
hf x
kd m;wJt
h a=umif;
44
b,fwek ;f urS &Si;f rjycJyh gb;l ? 'gwifru 'gukd wrifarhavsmx h m;=uygw,f?
ta=umif;&if;uawmh 'DziG q hf ckd su[
f m ðyjyifa&;0g'eJ@ vH;k 0o[Zmw rjzpfv@kd /
aemuf+y;D “'Dru
kd a&pD +ird ;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_” qdik &f m tacsmif0g' a,bk,s
tjrifrsm;eJ@ evAde;f wH;k pdwu f ;l ,Ofra_ wGukd xdxad &mufa&muf xd;k ESuaf evd@k
ygy?J
ypPn;f rJvh w l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmf&zdS @kd vdt

k yfw,f? 'gukd tacsmif
0g'rD sm;/ qd&k , S af &SmAf if0g'rD sm;eJ@ aumufpuD;0g'rD sm; tm;vH;k u wyfwvJvJ
ajym=uygw,f? rmhupf u f 'Dvykd J oif=um;cJw h mygv@kd vnf; qd=k uw,f? 'gayrJh
olw@kd jznfph u G af jymzd@k “arhxm;” wm 2 csuf &Syd gw,f? yxrtcsuu f rmhupf f
tvdt k & qd&k v#if wjznf;jznf;wdraf um aysmufu, G af ewJh Edik if aH wmf (wenf;
tm;jzifh) rdrd&J@zGJ@pnf;r_ xl;jcm;csuft& wnfaxmifcgprSmyJ wjznf;jznf;
wdraf umaysmufu, G af ewJh Edik if aH wmf/ rwdraf um raysmufu, G b f J raeEdik w f hJ
Edik if aH wmfuo kd m ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;u vdt k yfwmyg? 'kw, d tcsuu f “Edik if aH wmf
(wenf;tm;jzif)h tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k xm;wJh ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;”
udk vkyo f m;xku vdt k yfwmyg?
EdkifiHawmfqdkwm tiftm;oHk;txl;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf jzpfw,f?

vlwef;pm;w&yf&yftay: ESyd u f yG w f hJ t=urf;zuf tzG@J tpnf;w&yf jzpfw,f?
ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;u b,fvw l ef;pm;udk ESyd u f yG zf @kd vdo k vJ? "rRwmyJ aoG;pkyo f l
vlwef;pm; wenf;tm;jzifh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udo k m EdyS u f yG zf @kd yaJ yg?h vkyof m;xk
taeeJ@u aoG;pkyo f al wG&@J wefjyefcck rH u _ kd ESyd u
f yG zf @kd twGuyf J Edik if aH wmfw&yf
&Sad ezd@k vdt
k yfwmyg? 'DvEkd ySd u f yG w
f t hJ vkyu f kd ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;uyJ acgi;f aqmif
Edik /f xrf;aqmifEikd w f myg? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;omv#if tqH;k
wdik f awmfveS w f hJ vlwef;pm;jzpfv@kd / ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;omv#if "e&Siv f wl ef;
45
vDeif
pm;tm; qef@usiaf &;/ vH;k 0z,f&mS ;a&;wdu
k yf rJG mS vkyo
f m;xktm;vH;k / aoG;pkycf H
tm;vH;k udk wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif pnf;±H;k Edik w f vhJ w
l ef;pm; jzpfv@kd ygy?J
aoG;pkyo
f v
l w l ef;pm;rsm;taeeJ@ aoG;pkyrf u _ kd xde;f odr;f xm;&eftwGu/f
wenf;tm;jzifh vufwqkypf m vlenf;pkuav;&J@ ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;twGu/f {&mr
trsm;pkjynforl sm;tm; qef@usi&f eftwGu/f Edik if aH &;tkypf ;kd r_ukd vdt k yfygw,f?
aoG;pkyfcH vlwef;pm;rsm;taeeJ@ aoG;pkyfr_rSefor#udk vHk;0zsufodrf;ypfa&;
twGuf/ wenf;tm;jzifh {&mrtrsm;pk jynfolwdk@&J@tusdK;twGuf/ vuf
wqkypf m acwfraD us;u|eyf ikd &f iS rf sm; jzpf=uwJh ajr&Sirf sm;eJ@t&if;&Sirf sm;udk qef@
usiaf &;twGuf Edik if aH &;tkypf ;kd r_ukd vdtk yfygw,f?
vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u JG kd vlwef;pm;oifjh rwfa&; pdwu f ;l ,Ofrj_ zifh tpm;xd;k

=uwJh twkta,mif qd&k , S v f pf0g'/D "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd &ufrsm;[m qd&k , S v f pf
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udprP mS vnf; pdwu f ;l ,Oftyd rf uf rufc=hJ uw,f? 'Dupd u P kd
aoG;pkyo f vl w l ef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_ukd wGe;f vSe&f wJu h pd t
P jzpf rjrif=u? ud, k &hf nfreS ;f
csuu f kd ud,
k w f ikd o
f jd rifvm=uwJh trsm;pk}uD;xHrmS tenf;pku +idr;f csr;f pGm emcH
vd@k jzpfvmwJu h pd t
P jzpfyJ jrif=uw,f? 'Dv"kd e&Siaf ygupf pdwu f ;l ,Ofr[ _ m
Edik if aH wmfqw kd m vlwef;pm;eJ@ rqdik b f ;l qdwk hJ tawG;tac:eJ@ cGrJ &atmif qufpyf
aeygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dpw d u f ;l ,Ofr[ _ m vufawG@rmS vkyo f m;vlwef;pm;wd@k &@J
tusKd ;udk opPmazmufwt hJ xd qdu k af &mufomG ;wmygy?J oufaojyp&mawG
&Syd gw,f? jyifopfjynf 1848 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;eJ@ 1871 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;
ordik ;f rSmvnf; awG@&w,f? 19 &mpk tukef 20 &mpktp t*Fvef/ jyifopf/
tDwvDe@J wjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm "e&Siu f ufbed ufrsm;twGi;f od@k “qk&d , S v f pf
rsm;” 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd zf ;l wJh tawG@tñuHrmS vnf; awG@&ygw,f?
46
rmhupf [
f m 'Dvkd "e&Siaf ygupf qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk woufwmvH;k qef@usif
wdkufcdkufcJhw,f? tcktcg ±k&Sm;rSm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ygwDeJ@ rif&SDApf
ygww D @kd [m 'Dvkd "e&Siaf ygupf qd&k , S v
f pf0g'udk jyeftoufoiG ;f ae=uw,f?
rmhupf [ f m vlwef;pm;wdu k yf qJG ikd &f m ol@tjrifukd wav#mufv;kH udik pf cJG yhJ gw,f?
ol@&@J vlwef;pm;wdu k yf q
JG ikd &f mtjrifukd Edik if aH &;tm%m qdik &f mtjrif/ Edik if aH wmf
qdik &f m tjrifw@kd rmS vnf; toH;k cscyhJ gw,f?
"e&Sivf wl ef;pm;&J@tyk pf ;kd r_tm; wGe;f vSeòf zzsuaf &;tvkyu f kd ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;om atmifjrifatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifw,f? ta=umif;uawmh
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;b0tajctaeu 'DvdkwGef;vSefa&;twGuf
tcsut f vuf jyifqifay;aew,f? 'Dvw kd eG ;f vSerf v
_ yk if ef; taumiftxnf
azmfa&;twGuf jzpfEikd af csawGe@J tiftm;awGuv kd nf; ol@p;D yGm;a&;b0 tajc
taeu ol@ukd ay;tyfaew,f? "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;[m v,form;rsm;ESihf "e&Sif
aygupf tv$mtm;vH;k udk upOfu h &Jjzpfatmif òzcGyJ pfaew,f? wcsed x f rJ mS ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;udak wmh aygi;f pnf;ay;jcif;/ aoG;pnf;ay;jcif;/ pnf;±H;k ay;jcif;awG
vkyaf ew,f? xkwv f yk af &;}uD;twGi;f rdryd g0ifae&wJh pD;yGm;a&;tcef;a=umifh
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;omv#if aoG;pkyfcHvlwef;pm;/ vkyfom;vlxktm;vHk;&J@
acgi;f aqmifjzpfEikd pf rG ;f &Syd gw,f? tJ'aD oG;pkycf eH @J tzdEydS cf v
H xl [k m "e&Siv f wl ef;
pm;&J@ aoG;pkyfzdESdyfr_&J@ tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m tcGJcH&r_ twdkif;twmbufrSm
ypPn;f rJrh sm; cH&wmxuf ravsmyh g? r=umc% ydak wmifc&H wwfygao;w,f?
'gayrJh 'Dvx l [
k m rdrw d @kd vw
G af jrmufa&;twGuf trSt D cdu
k if;wJh wdu k yf u
JG kd
rqifEEJ$ ikd =f uyg?
rmhufpftaeeJ@ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJtjrifudk EdkifiHawmfjy\em/

qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;jy\emwdk@eJ@ aygif;pyfvdkufwJhtcgrSm tusdK;quf
tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH &;/ tkypf ;kd r_/ ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf/ wenf;
47
vDeif
ajym&&if b,foel @J rS tm%mcGaJ 0wm rvkyb f J vlxrk sm;&J@ vufeufuikd t f iftm;
tay:rSm wdkuf±dkuftm;xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk todtrSwfðya&;qdkwJh
tjrifukd rvGrJ aoG&&Sv d mygw,f? tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k xm;wJh
ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm; wenf;qd&k v#if "e&Siaf wG&@J rvGrJ aoG aoG;±l;aoG;wef;
ckcq
H ef@usirf u _ kd ESyd u
f yG yf pfEikd +f yD; pD;yGm;a&;pepfopf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf
aoG;pkycf vH yk o
f m;vlxt k m;vH;k udk pnf;±H;k Edik pf rG ;f &Sw
d hJ ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;omv#if
"e&Siv f wl ef;pm;udk wGe;f vSeyf pfEikd w f m jzpfygw,f?
ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;[m aoG;pkyo
f rl sm;&J@cck rH u
_ kd ESyd u
f yG &f eftwGuaf &m/
qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;udk xlaxmif&mrSm v,form;rsm;/ "e&Sifaygufprsm;/
ypPn;f rJw
h ydik ;f rsm;paom {&mrtrsm;pk jynfov l xl u k kd acgi;f aqmif&eftwGuyf g
EdkifiHawmftm%mudk vdktyfw,f? pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;wJh tcGifhtm%m
tzG@J tpnf;/ t=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;udk vdt k yfw,f?
rmhupf 0f g'[m tvkyo f rm;ygwu D kd ynmay;w,fqw kd m wu,fawmh

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wyfOD;udk ysdK;axmifwmygyJ? wyfOD;[m tm%mudk
odrf;,lEdkif+yD; jynfolw&yfvHk; udk qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ OD;aqmifvrf;jy
Edik pf rG ;f &Sw
d whJ yfO;D jzpf&r,f? pepfopfukd !ïe=f um;Edik /f pnf;±H;k Edik pf rG ;f &Sw
d w hJ yfO;D
jzpf&r,f? aoG;pkycf v H yk o
f m;rsm;taeeJ@ rdrw d @kd vrl b_ 0udk "e&Sivf wl ef;pm; ryg
wJ/h "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk qef@usiw f /hJ ud,
k yf ikd v
f rl b _ 0jzpfatmif xlaxmif&mrSm
a&S@aqmifvrf;jy Edik pf rG ;f &Sw d w
hJ yfO;D jzpf&r,f? 'Dvykd nmay;r_e@J ajymif;jyefjzpf
aewmuawmh tcktcgrmS }uD;pd;k aewJh tacsmif0g'&J@ ynmay;r_ygy?J 'D0g'[m
tvkyo f rm;ygw0D ifawGukd vkycf aumif;aumif;&wJh tvkyo f rm;wd@k &@J ud,k f
pm;vS,af wGjzpfatmif atmufajcvlxek @J uif;uGmolawGjzpfatmif ynmay;
aeygw,f? ygw0D ifawGukd t&if;&Sipf epfatmufrmS “a&vdu k if g;vdu
k ”f aeol/
trJðywfa&wcGut f wGuf ud, k ahf rG;&mygtcGit hf a&;udk a&mif;pm;ol/ wenf;
48
tm;jzifq
h &kd v#if "e&Sivf w
l ef;pm;udk qef@usi&f mrSm jynfov l x
l u
k kd a&S@aqmif
wJh awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmiftcef;udk pGe@f vw
$ of al wGjzpfatmif ynmay;ae
ygw,f?
“Edik if aH wmf = tkypf ;kd olvw

l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k xm;wJh ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;” qdw k hJ rmhupf &f @J oabmw&m;[m ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ ordik ;f
qdik &f m awmfveS af &;tcef;u¾eJ@ywfoufv@kd oif=um;cJo h r# =o0g'w&yfv;kH
eJ@ cGcJ mG r&atmif qufpyfaewm jzpfw,f? 'Dtcef;u¾udk tjrifq h ;kH azmfjyae
wmuawmh ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf jzpfw,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH &;
tkypf ;kd r_ jzpfw,f?
ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;taeeJ@ "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;udk qef@usifwhJ t=urf;
zuftxl;tzG@J tpnf;jzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmfukd vdt k yfw,fqakd wmh atmufyge*d ;kH csKyf
csu[ f m tvdv k xkd uG af y:vmygw,f? tJ'guawmh ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;taeeJ@
tJ'vD t kd zG@J tpnf;w&yf wnfaqmufr,fqv kd #i/f "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;u ol@twGuf
wnfaqmufxm;wJh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk OD;pGmyxr acsre_ ;f zsuq f ;D jcif;rvkyb
f J
rjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwJhtcsufygyJ? uGefjrLepfa=unmpwrf;[m 'Ded*Hk;csKyfcsufudk
wdu
k ±f u kd Of ;D wnfxm;ygw,f? 1848 - 51 ckEpS af wmfveS af &;tawG@tñuHukd
aygi;f csKyf&mrSmvnf; rmhupf u f 'Dtcsuu f kd ajymxm;ygw,f?
(2) awmfveS af &;ed*;kH csKyfcsuf
tck u|efawmfwdk@ aqG;aEG;wJh EdkifiHawmfjy\emeJ@ywfoufvdk@

rmhupf u
f “vl0bD ekd mbwfZf b±l;ar; 18 &uf” pmwrf;xJrmS 1848 - 51 ckEpS f
awmfveS af &;udk atmufygtwdik ;f ed*;kH csKyfxm;ygw,f?
49
vDeif
“ææ 'gayrJh awmfveS af &;[m tuket f pifjynfph rkH _ &Syd gw,f? ,ck
tcsed rf mS cufcjJ yif;xefwhJ ppfaq;r_uckd aH e&qJ jzpfw,f? awmfveS af &;
[m ol&@J vkyif ef;wm0efukd pepfwusenf;emuspmG pGr;f aqmifae
w,f? (wwd,ajrmufeydv k , D H tm%modr;f wJ)h 1851 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv
(2) &ufae@ rwdik rf t D xd awmfveS af &;[m ol@&J@jyifqifrv _ yk if ef;
w0ufukd +yD;ajrmufcw hJ ,f? tck usew f 0ufukd xrf;aqmifaeqJ
jzpfw,f? ygvrD eftcGit hf m%mudk wGe;f vSeyf pfEikd zf @kd twGuf a&S;OD;pGm
'DtcGit hf m%mudk awmfveS af &;u +yD;jynfph akH tmif vkyaf y;cJw h ,f?
,cktcg 'D&nfreS ;f csuf &&Sv d mwJt h cg tkycf sKyfa&;tcGit hf m%mudk
+y;D jynfph akH tmif vkyaf y;aeygw,f? tJ't D cGit hf m%mudk toef@pifq;kH
o¿mefeJ@ ay:vmatmif vkyfaew,f? oD;jcm;cGJxkwfay;w,f?
tJ't D cGit hf m%mudk ud, k bhf momud, k qf ef@usiw f hJ ypfuiG ;f jzpfatmif
vkyaf y;w,f? 'Dvekd @J tJ't D cGithf m%mud, k w f ikd f twGi;f ydik ;f xJu
tzsut f iftm;rSeo f r# pkpnf;ap+y;D 'DtcGit hf %mudk qef@usiaf pw,f?
(atmufrsO;f udk u|Eyfk o f m;w,f?) awmfveS af &;u tJ'jD yifqifa&;
vkyfief; 'kwd,w0ufudk +yD;ajrmufoGm;wJhtcg Oa&mywdkuf[m
&$iv f ef;pGmxvm+yD; toifv,fºuuf}uD; oifusi;f wl;wm tvGef
aumif;ygvm;vd@k ajymygvrd rhf ,f?”
“Ttkycf sKyaf &;tcGit hf m%mrSm - }u;D rm;vSaom AsL±du k a&pDe@J ppfa&;

tzGJ@tpnf; yg0ifw,f? ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSwJh/ t0ef;t0dkif;vnf;
us,w f hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m; yg0ifw,f? t&m&St d iftm; 5 ode;f / ppfwyf
tiftm; 5 ode;f yg0ifw,f? 'Dtyk cf sKyfa&;tcGit hf m%m[m jyifopf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;cE<mud, k w
f ckv;kH udk ydu
k u
f eG }f u;D ozG,f &pfywfxm;w,f?
arG;!‡i;f aygut f m;vH;k udk ydwq
f @kdxm;w,f? 'Da=umufrufz, G f wG,u f yf
50
aoG;pkyaf ewJh taqmufttH[ k m oufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifpepfacwf òyvJ
csed rf mS ayguzf mG ;vmcJw
h ,f? 'gt
h jyif 'DòyvJwjhJ zpfpOfukd t&Sed jf refap
cJw
h ,f ææ”
yxrt}udrf jyifopfawmfveS af &;[m A[drk S pkpnf;csKyfuikd rf p_ epfukd

jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apcJhw,f? “'gayrJh wcsdefwnf;rSm” “tpdk;&tcGifh
tm%m&J@ t0ef;t0dik ;f / taqmifta,mife@J tkycf sKyaf &; vkyo f m;OD;
a&” ææ wd@k ukd wd;k cs@J cyhJ gw,f? “eydvk ,
D [
H m 'DEikd if aH wmf,EW&m;udk
+y;D jynfph akH tmif vkyaf y;cJw
h ,f? Oya'ðybk&ifpepfe@J Zlvikd vf bk&ifpepf
wd@k u 'D,EW&m;rSm tvkycf aJG 0r_pepfukd wd;k cs@J ay;±Hyk J vkycf w
hJ myg? æ”
“tqH;k rSmawmh ygvrD efpepforRwEdik if [ H m awmfveS af &;udk qef@usif

wJw h u kd yf t
JG wGi;f rSm &ufpufpmG ESyd u f yG w f hJ pDrcH suaf wG vkyaf qmif
wJt h jyif tpd;k &tcGit hf m%m&J@ t&if;tjrpfe@J pkpnf;csKyfuikd rf w _ @kd ukd
ydrk akd wmifw h if;atmif rv$rJ a&Smifom tm;jznfch w hJ ,f? 'Dae@txd
awmfvSefa&;tm;vHk;u 'D,EW&m;udk zsufqD;ypf&r,fhtpm; ydk+yD;
jynfph akH tmif vkyaf y;cJ=h uw,f? (atmufrsO;f udk u|Eyfk o f m;onf?)
“tvSnu hf s }uD;pd;k Edik af &;twGuf òyifqikd af e=uwJh ygwrD sm;taeeJ@
'DEikd if aH wmfArd ef ,EW&m;}uD;tm; ydik q f ikd Ef ikd af &;udk t"duatmifyJG
yef;wdik t f jzpf ,lq=uygw,f?” (vl0b D ekd mbwf b±lar 18 &uf
pmwrf;/ pmrsuEf mS 98 - 99? 1907 ckEpS f [ef;bwfwiG f *smref
bmomjzifh pwkwt ˆ }udrf yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif;?)
rmhupf &f @J ajymifajrmufvw

S hJ 'DaqG;aEG;csu[
f m uGejf rLepfa=unm
pmwrf;rSmxufpm&if a&S@ukd trsm;}uD; wufvrS ;f cJyh gw,f?
51
vDeif
uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;xJrmS Edik if aH wmfqikd &f mjy\emudk tvGef
taumiftxnfrJhpGm/ a,bk,stusqHk; pum;vHk;toHk;tE_ef;rsm;eJ@om
wifjyxm;ao;w,f? txufu;kd um;yg pmyd'k x f rJ mS awmh 'Djy\emudk tcdik f
trmuspmG wifjyxm;ygw,f? wifjyxm;wJh ed*;kH csKyfcsu[ f m tvGew f u
d s
w,f? tcdik t f rmusw,f? vufawG@usw,f? odomxif&mS ;w,f? ,cktcsed f
txdjzpfco hJ r# awmfveS af &;tm;vH;k [m Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk +yD;jynfph akH tmif
vkycf w
hJ ,f? wu,fu 'D,EW&m;udk ±du k cf sKd ;zsuq f ;D ypfc&hJ rSm jzpfw,f?
'De*d ;kH csKyfcsu[

f m Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufwhJ rmhupf 0f g'oif=um;csuf
xJrSm t"dueJ@ tajccHuswJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f? 'DtcsufudkyJ }uD;pdk;aewJh
w&m;0ifqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDawGu vHk;0arhypfxm;=u+yD;/ 'kwd,tifwm
ae&Sife,f&J@ a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; oabmw&m;a&;q&m aumufpuD;
uvnf; yHzk suyf pfcyhJ gw,f? ('gukd a&S@rmS aqG;aEG;ygrh ,f?)
uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;u ordik ;f udk a,bk,stusO;f csKyf azmfjycJh

w,f? 'De*d ;kH csKyfcsut f & u|efawmfw@kd [m Edik if aH wmfukd vlwef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_
ud&, d mtjzpf oabmxm;w,f? ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;[m OD;pGmyxr Edik if aH &;
tm%mudk odr;f ,l&r,f? Edik if aH &;t& }uD;pd;k r_ukd t&,l&r,f? Edik if aH wmfukd
“tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;xm;wJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;” tjzpfodk@
ajymif;vJypf&r,f? 'gawG rvkyb f eJ @J "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;udk òzcsEikd rf mS r[kwb f ;l
qdkwJh ed*Hk;csKyfcsufudk rvGJraoG&&Sdvmw,f? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; atmifyGJ&
+yD;+yD;csif;rSm ol@&J@EdkifiHawmf[m pwifwdrfaumvdrfhr,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh
vlwef;pm;twdu k tf cHjzpfr_ r&Sad wmhwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckrmS Edik if aH wmf[m
&Szd @kd rvdt
k yf/ &Sv
d nf; r&SEd ikd v
f @kd y?J tJ'eD *d ;kH csKycf suu f v
kd nf; rvGrJ aoG&&Sv d mw,f?
ordik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ ±_axmifu h =unf&h if "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmfukd ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmfe@J
52
b,fvdktpm;xdk;rvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;udk a=unmpmwrf;rSm wifjyrxm;ao;
ygb;l ?
'Dar;cGe;f udk rmhupf u

f 1852 ckEpS rf mS usrS wifjy+yD; tajzay;cJyh gw,f?
rmhupf u f ol@&@J tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g' tbd"rRmtay: opPmapmifo h od jl zpfwhJ
twdik ;f / awmfveS af &;&J@ }uD;jrwfwu hJ mvjzpfwhJ 1848 ckEpS rf S 1851 ckEpS t
f xd
tcsed &f @J ordik ;f tawG@tñuHukd tajccH+yD; wifjycJw h ,f? tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmvdyk J
'Dae&mrSmvnf; ol@&@J oif=um;csuaf wG[m tawG@tñuHe*d ;kH csKyfcsuyf J jzpfyg
w,f? 'De*d ;kH csKyfcsuaf wGrmS euf±i_d ;f wJh urBmt
h jriftbd"rRmeJ@ ºu,f0wJh ordik ;f
A[kow k wd@k ukd xif[yfaeygw,f?
Edik if aH wmfjy\emudk 'Dvt

kd cdik t
f rmusus wifjyxm;ygw,f? "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;tkyfpdk;r_twGuf r&SdrjzpfwJh EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;/ wenf;qdk&&if
"e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf[m ordik ;f rSm b,fvjkd zpfay:cJoh vJ? 'DEikd if aH wmf[m b,fvkd
tajymif;tvJawG jzpfay:cJhovJ? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ awmfvSefa&;awG
twGif;rSmeJ@ tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ trSDtcdkuif;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
&ifqikd &f pOfrmS bmtajymif;tvJawGukd ðyvkycf o hJ vJ? 'D,EW&m;eJ@ywfoufv@kd
ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m bmawGvyk zf @kd vdo k vJ?
A[dkrSm pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;wJh EdkifiHawmftm%mqdkwm "e&Sifvl@

tzG@J tpnf;&J@ txl;vdt k yfcsujf zpf+yD;/ oufO;D qHyikd pf epf usq;kH csed u
f mvrSm
ay:aygufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'DEdkifiHawmf,EW&m;&J@ txl;jcm;qHk;t*Fg&yfudk
azmfjywJh taqmufttHk 2 &yfuawmh AsL±du k a&pDe@J t+rJwrf;ppfwyfw@kd jzpfyg
w,f? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m 'DtaqmufttHak wGe@J trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH qufo, G rf _
&Sdw,fqdkwmudk rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,fwdk@u olwdk@&J@usrf;awGxJrSm t}udrf}udrf
&Si;f jyxm;w,f? 'Dqufo, G rf u
_ kd tvkyo f rm;wdik ;f &J@ tawG@tñuHuvnf;
53
vDeif
tvGef@udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;eJ@ rSwfavmufom;avmufatmifudk azmfjyaeyg
w,f? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;[m rdrd&J@ cg;oD;wJh tawG@tñuHt&udkyJ 'D
qufo, G rf u
_ kd od&ydS gw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dqufo, G rf _ r&Srd jzpf wnf&adS er_ukd
wifjywJhoabmw&m;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u tvG,fwulqkyfudkif
Edik w
f ,f? pGpJ +JG rJ+rJoabmayguEf ikd w f ,f? 'D"e&Siaf ygu'f rD u kd &ufawGusawmh
'Doabmw&m;udk em;rvnf oabmrayguv f @kdjzpfap/ aygah ygqh qoabmxm;vd@k
jzpfap jiif;y,f=uygw,f? 'grrS [kw&f ifvnf; 'Dxufy+kd y;D aygq h wJo
h abmxm;eJ@
'Doabmw&m;udk “a,bk,stm;jzif”h vufc=H uayr,fh 'DtxJu vufawG@e*d ;kH
csKyfcsuaf wG qGx J w
k zf @kd awmh arhae=uygw,f?
AsL±du
k a&pDe@J t+rJwrf;ppfwyf[m "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;cE<mud, k af y:
uyfaewJh “uyfyg;aumif” jzpfw,f? 'Duyfyg;aumif[m 'Dv@l tzG@J tpnf;udk
tpdyfpdyfuGJjym;apwJh twGif;ydkif;&efbufyËdyuQxJu aygufzGm;vmwmyg?
'gayrJh ol[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ toufaoG;a=umar$;!‡i;f aygut f m;vH;k udk
“ydwq f @kd ” xm;ygw,f? Edik if aH wmfqw kd m uyfyg;aoG;pkyaf umifyq J w
kd hJ tjrif[m
rif;rJ0h g'&J@ xl;jcm;wJh tjrifyv J @kd tcktcg w&m;0ifq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufygww D iG ;f
}uD;pd;k aewJh aumufpuD; tacsmif0g'u ,lqygw,f? 'g[m rmhupf 0f g'udk
yHzk suw f mygy?J ‘tzEdik if aH wmfukd umuG,=f u’ qdw k hJ oabmw&m;udo k ;kH +yD;
e,fcs@J pepfukd umuG,af xmufcH rGr;f rHwefqmqifwt hJ qif/h wenf;tm;jzifh
rñuHpzl;atmif ,kwn f w hH t
hJ qift h xd qd&k , S vf pf0g'udk av#mch sypfae=uwJh
evAde;f wH;k rsm;twGuaf wmh tvGet f usKd ;&Srd mS aocsmygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m
rmhupf 0f g'udk yHzk suw f myJqw kd m tjiif;yGm;p&m rvdyk gb;l ?
Oa&myrSm ya'o&mZfpepfusq;kH +y;D aemuf t}urd af ygi;f rsm;pGm jzpfay:
cJhwJh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ awmfvSefa&;rsm;twGif;rSm AsL±dkua&pDeJ@ ppfa&;
taqmufttHu k kd wd;k cs@J rrG ;f rHcikd rf mapcJyh gw,f? txl;ajymzd@k vw
kd mu "e&Sif
aygupf vlwef;pm;udk "e&Si}f uD;vlwef;pm;buf ygvm+yD; axmufcrH &_ atmif
54
odr;f oGi;f wm[mvnf; trsm;pktm;jzifh 'D,EW&m;uwqifv h yk w
f m jzpfygw,f?
'DtaqmufttHu k v,form;rsm;/ vufry_ nmonfrsm;/ ukeo f nfrsm; pwm
awGxu J txufvm$ awGukd tawmftwef Zdrv f nf;us/ +idr;f vnf;+idr;f csr;f /
*k%v f nf;&Sw d hJ tvkyaf wG zefw;D ay;ygw,f? 'Dtvkyt f udik af wG &&So d al wGukd
jynfoal wG&@J txufo@kd wifay;xm;ygw,f? ±k&mS ;rSm 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D
27 &ufaemufyikd ;f 6 vwm umvtwGi;f jzpfysucf w hJ mawGukd jyefpOf;pm;
=unfyh g? [dw k ek ;f u *d% k ;f euftzG@J 0ifawGukd OD;pm;ay;cef@tyfcw hJ hJ txl;ae&m
awG[m tckawmh Oya'wGi;f 'Dru kd a&pDygw0D ifrsm;/ rif&ADS pfrsm;eJ@ qd&k , S v f pf
awmfveS af &; ygw0D ifrsm;twGi;f cGaJ 0,l=uwJh wdu k &f mygypPn;f rsm; jzpfvm
w,f? xda&mufwhJ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyzf @kd uakd wmh b,forl S wu,fwrf;
pOf;pm;=uwm r[kwb f ;l ? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtpOfawGukd “wdik ;f ðyjynfðy
v$waf wmfrsm; usi;f ycsed t f xd’ qdik ;f iHx h m;zd@k e@J v$waf wmfusi;f ywJu h pd u
P v kd nf;
ppf}uD;+yD;wJt h xd qdik ;f iHx h m;zd@k trsKd ;rsKd ;óu;yrf;cJ=h uw,f? 'gayrJh wdu k &f myg
ypPn;f cGaJ 0wJu h pd /P wenf;tm;jzifh 'k0ef}uD;/ bk&ifccH sKyfpwJh Zdru f swhJ &mxl;
ae&mawG cGaJ 0wJu h pd rP mS awmh enf;enf;av;rS tcsed rf qG=J uawmh? bmwdik ;f ðy
jynfðyv$waf wmfurkd v S nf; apmifq h ikd ;f rae=uawmhygb;l ? tpd;k &&mxl;}uD;awG
cGaJ 0,l=uwJh Zmwfvrf;awGqw kd mu tESpo f m&tm;jzifh ‘wdu k &f mygypPn;f
rsm;’ cGaJ 0jcif;eJ@ jyefvnfcaJG 0jcif;udk azmfjycsurf #om jzpfygw,f? 'grsKd ;awGu
wwdik ;f jynfv;kH txufe@J atmuf/ A[dak &me,fyg/ tpd;k &Xmewdik ;f rSm jzpfysuf
aewmyg? 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 27 &ufe@J =o*kwv f 27 &uf=um; 6 v
wmumv tjzpftysuaf wGukd csKyaf jym&&if (tjiif;yGm;p&m rvdak tmif yuwd
bm0usus csKyfajym&&if) 'DumvtwGi;f rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJrt _ pDtpOfreS o f r#
udk tcsed q f cJG w hJ ,f? &mxl;ae&mtm;vH;k udk cGaJ 0vdu k wf ,f? “rSm;,Gi;f pGm” cGaJ 0
cJw
h mawGukd t}udrt f csKd @jyefvnfðyjyifcaJG 0cJw h ,f?
'gayrJh "e&Sief @J "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm; ygwt

D rsKd ;rsKd ;t=um;rSm (Oyrm
±k&mS ;rSmqd&k if Oya'wGi;f 'Drukd a&pDygw/D qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;ygweD @J rif&ADS pf
55
vDeif
ygwaD wGt=um;rSm) AsL±du k a&pDtaqmufttHu k kd ‘jyefvnfcaJG 0’ wmawG
ydrk sm;vmavav/ tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;rsm;eJ@ olw@kd &@J a&S@q;kH rSm &Sad ewJh ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;wd@k [m "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH eJ@ rdrw d @kd t=um;rSm rajy+idr;f
Edik w f hJ &efbufyËdyuQ &Sad ea=umif;udk ydrk &kd iS ;f vif;pGm od&v dS mavav jzpfvm
ygw,f? 'Dta=umif;a=umifhyJ "e&SifygwDawGtm;vHk;/ tm;vHk;txJrSm 'Drdk
u&ufwpftusqHk;eJ@ ‘awmfvSefwJh'Drdkua&pD’ ygwDawG twGufawmifrSyJ
awmfveS w f yhJ pPn;f rJvh wl ef;pm;udk qef@usizf @kd twGuf ESyd u f yG af &;tpDtrHrsm;udk
tm;jznfzh @kd / ESyd u f yG af &;,EW&m; wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk cdik rf m
atmifvyk zf @kd vdt k yfvmygw,f? 'Dvv kd yk w
f mawGa=umifyh J awmfveS af &;taeeJ@
uvnf; ‘rdr&d @J zsuq f ;D Edik pf rG ;f tiftm;rSeo f r#ukd pkpnf;’ +yD; Edik if aH wmftm%m
udk qef@usio f mG ;zd@k jzpfvmw,f? awmfveS af &;&J@ &nfreS ;f csut f aeeJ@q&kd ifvnf;
Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk +y;D jynfph akH tmif rGr;f rHa&;r[kwb f J 'guzkd suq f ;D acsre_ ;f a&;udk
OD;wnfz@kd jzpfvmw,f?
jy\emudk tckvkd wifjy&wmu avm*spef nf;eJ@ tusKd ;ta=umif;

qufpyfpOf;pm;r_t& r[kwyf g? wu,fh tjzpftysuaf wGt& 1848 - 51
umv tawG@tñuHt& wifjy&wmyg? zsuq f ;D ypf&r,fh Edik if aH wmfukd bmeJ@
tpm;xdk;rvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;udk rmhufpfu 1852 ckESpfrSm rwifjyao;ygbl;?
rmhupf u
f cdik rf mwJh ordik ;f tawG@tñuH tajccHukd b,favmufppJG +JG rJ+rJ qkyu f ikd f
w,fqw kd m 'Dtcsuu f jyaeygw,f? tJ't D csed u
f 'Dar;cGe;f udk tajzay;Edik f
avmufatmif twG@tñuHtcsut f vuf r&Sad o;ygb;l ? 1871 ckEpS u f srS ordik ;f
tawG@tñuH&Sdvmwmyg? 1852 ckESpfrSm tawG@tñuHay:u ody`Henf;us
aumufcsuq f aJG jymr,fq&kd if ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;[m ‘rdr&d @J zsuq f ;D Edik pf rG ;f
tiftm;rSeo f r#upkd pk nf;’ +yD; Edik if aH wmftm%mudk qef@usiaf &;/ wenf;tm;j
56
zifh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk “zsuq
f ;D ” a&; wm0efukd xrf;aqmifz@kd eD;uyfvmae+yD
vd@k yJ ajymvd@k &ygao;w,f?
'Dae&mrSm ar;p&may:vmwygw,f? rmhupf &f @J tawG@tñuaH vhvm&&Sd

csuaf wGe@J ed*;kH csKyfcsuaf wGukd a,bk,sw&m;xkwv f u
kd +f yD; jyifopfEikd if &H @J 1848
ckEpS rf S 1851 ckEpS t f xd oH;k ESpw
f m umvordik ;f xuf us,0f ef;wJeh ,fy,frmS
toH;k csr,fq&kd if rSeu f efygrh vm;qdw
k hJ ar;cGe;f yg? 'Djy\emqD roGm;cif tde*f ,f
&J@ rSwfcsufwckudk t&ifoHk;oyf+yD; tcsuftvufawGudk qef;ppf=unfh=u
&atmifyg? ‘b±lar;vf 18 &uf’ pmapmif&@J wwd,t}urd yf EkH ydS jf cif; trSmpmrSm
tde*f ,fu 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
“ææjyifopfEikd if rH mS ordik ;f wav#muf vlwef;pm;wdu k yf aJG wG[m jzpfymG ;

vdu k +f yDq&kd if wjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS xuf jywfom;w,f? 'ga=umifh ajymif;vJaewJh
Edik if aH &;o¿mefawG[mvnf; xif&mS ;jywfom;vSygw,f? 'DEikd if aH &;o¿mef
awGqw kd m vlwef;pm;wdu k yf aJG wG v_y&f mS ;&wJah bmifvnf; jzpfw,f? wdu k yf JG
&v'fawGukd ðcH+yD;xif[yfwhJ o¿mefvnf; jzpfw,f? jyifopfEikd if [ H m tv,f
acwfrmS ya'o&mZfpepf&@J A[dck surf jzpfw,f? ,Ofaus;r_qef;opfa&; umv
aemufyikd ;f vufatmufcjH ynfe,frsm;tay: wvH;k wpnf;wnf; tkycf sKyfwhJ
bk&ifpepfrmS pHuswEhJ ikd if v H nf; jzpfw,f? jyifopfawmfveS af &;}uD;twGi;f rSm
ya'o&mZfpepfukd òzcsc+hJ yD; "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;csn;f yJ oyfoyftyk pf ;kd wJph epfukd
xlaxmifcw hJ ,f? tkypf ;kd r_pepfrmS 'Dvpkd w
H ifavmufwhJ oD;oef@usrr_ sKd ;udk wjcm;
b,fOa&myEdkifiHrSmrS rawG@&ygbl;? "rRwmyJ? tkyfpdk;ol"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk
wGef;vSefwJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ wdkufyGJ[mvnf; jyifopfrSm jywfom;vS
ygw,f? 'Dvdk jywfom;r_rsdK;udkvnf; wjcm;b,fae&mrSmrS rawG@&ygbl;?”
(pmrsuEf mS 4? 1907 yHEk ydS x f w
k af 0jcif;?)
57
vDeif
txufygpmyd'k rf mS aemufq;kH 0gus[m acwfrrDawmhygb;l ? jyifopf
ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS af &;wduk yf [
JG m 1871 ckEpS u f p+yD; +idro f ufomG ;
cJv
h @kd ygy?J b,favmuf=um=umyJ +idro f uf+idro f uf/ vmr,fyh pPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;
awmfveS af &; twGi;f rSm jyifopfEikd if [ H m vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u
JG kd tuket f pif
jywfjywfom;om;wdu k w
f hJ ae&mrSm pHuswEhJ ikd if H jzpfrvmbl;vd@k awmh ajymvd@k
r&yg?
19 &mpktqH;k ydik ;f eJ@ 20 &mpk tpydik ;f umv a&S@wef;a&muf Edik if rH sm;&J@

ordkif;udk t=urf;zsOf; =unfh=u&atmif? tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSmvnf; tvm;wl
jzpfpOf[m jzpfaewmygy?J 'gayrJh ydak ES;auG;ygw,f? ydrk rkd sm;jym;wJo h ¿mefe@J
ydrk u kd s,0f ef;wJh e,fy,fawGrmS jzpfymG ;wmudk awG@&w,f/ awG@&csuaf wGukd
ajym&&if yxrtcsufu (jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qGpfZmvefwdk@vdk) orRw
Edik if rH sm;rSma&m/ (t*Fvef/ twdik ;f twmwckt& *smr%D/ puif'aD eAD,m;
wdik ;f jynfrsm; pwJEh ikd if rH sm;vd)k bk&ifpepfEikd if aH wGrmS yg “ygvrD eftm%m” [m
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewm awG@&w,f? 'kwd,tcsufu "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@
tajccHawGukd rxdyg;wJh tajctaeatmufrmS "e&Siyf gweD @J "e&Siaf ygupf ygwD
trsKd ;rsKd ;[m &mxl;ae&mqdw k hJ “wdu
k &f mygypPn;f ” udk cGaJ 0wmeJ@ jyefvnf
cGaJ 0wmawG vkyaf e=u+yD; tm%mvkae=uw,f? aemufq;kH tcsuu f awmh
“tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m” eJ@ 'Dtm%m&J@ AsL±du k a&pDe@J ppfa&;taqmufttHk
wd@k [m jynfph v kH mw,f? cdik rf mawmifw h if;vmw,f?
'Dtjcif;t&mawGu a,bk,stm;jzifh t&if;&SiEf ikd if t H m;vH;k &J@ acwf

opfumv ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOfwckvHk;udk v$rf;ðcHxm;wJh xl;jcm;csufjzpfw,f
qdw
k m oHo,rSm;p&m vH;k 0r&Syd g? t&if;&Siu f rBmwckv;kH twGuf xl;jcm;csuf
jzpfwhJ tJ'jD zpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jzpfpOfawGuykd J 1848 - 51 ckEpS f 3 ESpu
f mvtwGi;f
jyifopfEikd if rH mS jrefqefjywfom;+yD; pkpnf;xm;wJo h ¿mefe@J jzpfymG ;cJw h myg?
58
b¾mt&if;tES;D acwf/ t&if;&Siv f uf0g;}u;D tkyt f zG@J }u;D awG&@J acwf/
vuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;&Sipf epfrS Edik if aH wmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sipf epfo@kd
ajymif;vJvmwJah cwf wcGe;f wnf;ajym&&if e,fcs@J pepfacwfrmS qd&k if bk&ifpepf
Edik if aH wGrmS yJjzpfjzpf/ tvGwv f yfq;kH orRwpepfEikd if aH wGrmS yJjzpfjzpf/ ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;udk tjyif;txef ESyd u f yG zf @kd twGuf ‘Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;’ udk rñuHz;l
atmif tm;jznfw h mawG/ 'D,EW&m;&J@ AsL±du k a&pDe@J ppfa&;taqmufttHu k kd
rñuHz;l atmif wd;k cs@J wmawGukd awG@&ygw,f?
'Dae@tjzpftysurf sm;u 1852 ckEpS rf mS xuf rEdi_ ;f ,SOo f matmif

}u;D rm;wJt h wdik ;f twmeJ@ urBmo
h rdik ;f udk wGe;f yd@k aewJh vrf;a=umif;uawmh ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;awmfveS af &;&J@ ‘tiftm;rSeo f r#upkd pk nf;’ +yD; Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk
‘zsuq f ;D ypfa&;’ vrf;a=umif; jzpfygw,f?
ypPn;f rJvh w
l ef;pm;taeeJ@ zsuq f ;D ypf&r,fh Edik if aH wmfae&mrSm bmeJ@
tpm;xd;k rvJqw kd mudk yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J u tvGe@f tvGevf rf;!ïeo f abmaqmifwhJ
tcsut
f vufrsm;eJ@ !ïejf yaeygw,f?
(3) 1852 ckEpS rf mS rmhupf u

f jy\emudk wifjyyHk
1852 ckESpfrwfv (5) &ufae@&ufpGJeJ@ rmhufpfu a0'Dar,m

(Weydemeyer) xHay;pmrS aumufEw k cf surf sm;udk 1907 ckEpS rf mS rJ&if;
(Mehring) u e,l;Zuf (acwfopfr*~Zif;) twGJ 25/ trSwf 2/ pmrsuEf mS
164 rSm yHEk ydS jf zef@cscd w
hJ ,f? 'DpmxJrmS atmufygrw S o f m;zG,&f m pmyd'k u
f kd awG@&
ygw,f?
“ææu|eaf wmfth a=umif; ajym&&ifawmh acwfrv D @l tzG@J tpnf;rSm

vlwef;pm;awG&adS ea=umif; avhvmawG@&w
dS ma&m/ vlwef;pm;awG&@J
59
vDeif
t=um;u wdkufyGJta=umif; avhvmawG@&Sdwmyg u|efawmfh&J@
aumif;r_ r[kwyf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfrwdik cf if tawmf=um=umuwnf;
u "e&Sio f rdik ;f ynm&Siaf wGu 'Dvw l ef;pm;wdu k yf &JG @J ordik ;f jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_ukd azmfjycJ+h yD;om;yg? "e&Siaf bm*aA'ynm&Sirf sm;uvnf;
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tjrift& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjycJh+yD;om;yg?
u|efawmf topfvkyfvdkufwmuawmh (1) xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_&@J wpHw k &maom ordik ;f tqifrh mS om vlwef;pm;awG wnf&dS
wmjzpfa=umif; (2) 'Dvw l ef;pm;wdu
k yf [
J G m ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;tm%m&Sif
pepf jzpfay:a&;udk rvGrJ aoG OD;wnfaea=umif; (3) 'Dtm%m&Sipf epf
yifu, kd u
f vlwef;pm;tm;vH;k zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ vlwef;pm;rJh vl@tzG@J
tpnf;w&yf jzpfay:a&;qDo@kd ul;ajymif;wJo h ¿mefomjzpfa=umif;udk
oufaojycJw h m jzpfygw,f? ææ”
txufyg pum;yd'k rf mS rmhupf uf tcsuf 2 csuu f kd tvGe&f iS ;f vif;pGm

wifjyEdik cf w
hJ ,f? yxrtcsuu f ol&@J oabmw&m;eJ@ a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH /
teufeq J ;kH "e&Sit
f awG;tac:&Sirf sm;&J@ oabmw&m;t=um;&Sd t"dueJ@t&if;cH
jcm;em;csujf zpfw,f? 'kw, d tcsuu f Edik if aH wmfqikd &f m ol@oabmw&m;&J@
tESpof m&jzpfw,f?
rmhupf &f @J oif=um;csuaf wGxrJ mS vlwef;pm;wdu k yf [

JG m t"dutcsuf
yJv@kd vlawGu r=umc% ajym=u/ a&;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m rrSeyf gb;l ? 'D
rrSeu f efra_ =umifh rmhupf 0f g'udk tacsmif0g't& yHzk suw
f mawG c%c% ay:xGuf
vmwwfw,f? rmhupf 0f g'udk "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;u vufcEH ikd af tmif wvGw J acsmf
jyifqifwmawG jzpfvmwwfw,f? ta=umif;&if;uawmh vlwef;pm;wdu k yf JG
oabmw&m;qdw k m rmhupf u f xlaxmifcw hJ m r[kwbf ;l ? rmhupf rf wdik cf if "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;u xlaxmifcw hJ m jzpfw,f? a,bk,sajym&&if vlwef;pm;wdu k yf JG
60
qdw k mudk "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;u vufcEH ikd yf gw,f? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u JG o kd m tod
trSwðf yolawG[m rmhupf 0f g'D r[kwaf o;ygb;l ? olw@kd [m "e&Sit f awG;tac:
eJ@ "e&SiEf ikd if aH &;abmiftwGi;f rSmyJ &Sad eao;wm jzpfEikd yf gw,f? rmhupf 0f g'udk
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ oabmw&m;abmifxJrSmyJ uef@owfxm;w,fqdkwm
rmhupf 0f g'udk jzwfawmufypfwm/ yHzk suyf pfwm/ "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;u vufcEH ikd f
wJt h &m jzpfvmatmif av#mch sypfwmygy?J vlwef;pm;wdu k yf uJG kd todtrSwf
ðy±Hrk u ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfuykd g todtrSwðf yrSom rmhupf 0f g'jD zpfrmS yg?
'g[m rmhupf 0f g'eD @J omref"e&Siaf ygupf rsm; ("e&Si}f u;D rsm; tygt0if) t=um;&Sd
tvGeef uf±i_d ;f wJh jcm;em;csujf zpfygw,f? 'g[m rmhupf 0f g'udk wu,fwrf;
em;vnfvufcrH _ &Srd &Sq d w kd mudk prf;oyfwrhJ w
S af usmufvnf; jzpfygw,f? Oa&my
ordik ;f rSm tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m 'Djy\emudk vufawG@jy\emtjzpf
&ifqikd &f wJt h csed rf mS tacsmif0g'rD sm;eJ@ ðyjyifa&;0g't D m;vH;k omru (ðyjyifa&;
0g'eJ@ rmhupf 0f g't=um; ,dr;f ,dik af eolrsm; jzpfw)hJ “aumufpuD;*d% k ;f om;”
rsm; tm;vHk;[mvnf; ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk jiif;y,fwJh oem;p&m
evAde;f wH;k eJ@ "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd &ufawG jzpfomG ;=uw,f? 'g[m rqef;ygb;l ?
tck 'Dpmtkyu f kd yxrt}udryf EkH ydS t
f +yD; tcsed t
f awmf =um+yD;aemuf 1918
ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm aumufpuD;&J@pmapmif “ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf” udk
yHEk ydS jf zef@csd cJyh gw,f? rmhupf 0f g'udk pum;t& vl=um;aumif;atmif vufcaH y
r,fh vufawG@t&rSmawmh 'gukd "e&Siaf ygupf tjrife@J yHyk ef;zsuw f hJ ae&m/
atmufwef;uspmG ypfy,fwhJ ae&mrSmawmh ol@&@J pmapmif[m pHerlemaumif;
jzpfygw,f? (u|efawmfa&;om;wJh ‘ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;eJ@opPmazmuf
aumufpuD’ 1918 ckEpS f yDx±d*k &ufEiS ahf rmfpudx k wk uf kd =unfyh g?)
rmhufpf0g'DjzpfcJhzl;ol aumufpuD; t"duudk,fpm;ðywJh tckacwf

tacsmif0g'udk txufazmfjyygpmyd'k rf mS rmhupf f yHak zmfxm;wJh "e&Si&f yfwnfcsuf
61
vDeif
vuQ%meJ@ wdkuf=unfh&if uGufwdudkufnDaeygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh 'D
tacsmif0g'[m vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk "e&Sifvlwef;pm; qufqHa&;abmif
xJrmS yJ uef@owf+yD; todtrSwðf yvd@k ygy?J ('DabmiftwGi;f rSmqd&k if vlwef;pm;
wduk yf u
JG kd “rlt&” todtrSwðf yzd@k b,fynmwwfvpfb&,f wOD;wa,muf
urS rjiif;qdkygbl;?) tacsmif0g'[m vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk ta&;t}uD;qHk;
tcsut f xd wd;k cs@J +yD; todtrSwrf ðyygb;l ? t&if;&Sipf epfrS uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd
ul;ajymif;a&;umvtxd wd;k cs@J +y;D todtrSwrf ðyygb;l ? t&if;&Siv f w
l ef;pm;udk
wGe;f vSef+y;D tuket f pifzsuof rd ;f wJh umvtxd wd;k cs@J +y;D todtrSwrf ðyygb;l ?
trSepf ifppf 'DumvrSm vlwef;pm;wdu k yf [
JG m rkcsyJ rñuHz;l atmif jyif;xefyg
w,f? wdu k yf o JG ¾mefawG[mvnf; rñuHz;l atmif xif&mS ;jywfom;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh 'DumvtwGi;f rSm Edik if aH wmf[m rkcsyJ o¿mefopf'rD u kd a&pD (ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;eJ@ a,bk,stm;jzifh qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf 'Dru kd a&pD) usio hf ;kH +yD;
o¿mefopftm%m&Sipf epf (“e&Siv f wl ef;pm;udk qef@usiw f t hJ m%m&Sipf epf)
udk usio hf ;kH wJEh ikd if aH wmf jzpf&rSmygy?J
aemuf+y;D vlwef;pm;w&yf&@J tm%m&Sipf epfqw kd m a,bk,stm;jzifh

vlwef;pm;&Sw d hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f twGuo f mruyg? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk
wGe;f vSe+f yD;cJwh hJ ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;twGuo f mvnf; ruyg? t&if;&Sipf epfe@J
‘vlwef;pm;rJv h @l tzG@J pnf;’ (uGejf rLepfpepf) t=um;rSm&Sw d hJ ordik ;f umvydik ;f
wckv;kH twGuyf g vdt k yfygw,f? 'Dtcsuu f kd em;vnfoal wGro S m rmhupf o f abm
w&m;xJu Edik if aH wmfqikd &f m tydik ;f &J@ tESpo f m&udk ydik Ef ikd pf mG qkyuf ikd Ef ikd yf gw,f?
"e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; Edik if aH wmfawG&@J o¿mefawG[m tvGe@f tvGerf sm;jym;ygw,f?
'gayrJh tESpo f m&uawmh twlwyl gy?J 'DEikd if aH wmfawG[m o¿mefb,fvykd J
uGjJ ym;uGjJ ym; t&if;ppfvu kd &f if "e&Siv
f wl ef;pm;tm%m&Sipf epf jzpfujkd zpfae
=uygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epfrS uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;wJh umvrSmvnf;
62
tvGe@f tvGeºf u,f0rsm;jym;wJh Edik if aH &;o¿mefawG ray:aygub
f J raeygb;l ?
'gayrJh tESpfom&uawmh twlwlyJjzpfudkjzpfaerSmyg? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
tm%m&Sipf epfyJ jzpfrmS yg?
tcef; (3) Edik if aH wmfe@J awmfveS af &;
(1871) ckEpS f yJ&pfbt

kH zG@J &@J tawG@tñuHtay: rmhupf &f @J cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmcsuf
1? bHt
k zG@J 0ifrsm;u ol&aJ umif;pdw"f mwfukd b,fae&mawGrmS jyocJ=h uovJ?
tpd;k &udk wGe;f vSezf @kd óu;pm;&if tajrmftjrifr+hJ yD; rdu k rf &J musvrd hf
r,fv@kd yJ&pfbt kH zG@J rwdik rf D vtenf;i,ftvdk 1870 ckEpS f aqmif;OD;&moDrmS
rmhupf uf yJ&pftvkyo f rm;rsm;udk owday;cJw h mudk trsm;od=uygw,f? 'gayrJh
1871 ckEpS f rwfvrSm tvkyo f rm;awGtaeeJ@ tqH;k tjzwfay;r,fh wdu k yf w
JG ck
rvGrJ a&Smifom wdu k cf ukd zf @kd jzpfvm+yD;/ wduk v f nf; wdu k cf u
kd cf =hJ uwJt h cgrmS /
wenf;tm;jzifh tHºk uykeu f efr[ _ m wu,fv h ufawG@jzpfajrmufomG ;wJt h cgrmS /
tcGirhf omwJh edrw d v f uQ%mawG &Sad eayr,fh rmhupf [ f m 'DypPn;f rJah wmfveS f
a&;udk tm;yg;w&t&Sq d ;kH eJ@ axmufct H m;ay;cJyh gw,f? v_y&f mS ;r_ukd ‘tcsed f
rusao;’ bJ vkyf&aumif;vm;qdk+yD; tjypfwifwwfwJh rmawmifhawmifh/
w&m;aooabmxm;rsKd ; rmhupf rf mS r&Syd g? 'grsKd ;udk ±k&mS ;Edik if rH S rmhupf 0f g'tay:
opPmazmufomG ;ol emrnfysuef @J ausm=f um;wJh yvufcaemhAf (Plekhanov)
u vkycf yhJ gw,f? ol[m 1905 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvrSm tvkyo f rm;eJ@v,form;
awG&@J wdu k yf u
JG kd tm;ay;a&;om;cJah yr,fh 1905 ck 'DZifbmaemufyikd ;f rSmawmh
‘vufeufawGukd tpuwnf;u rudik cf o hJ ifb
h ;l ’ qd+k y;D vpfb&,favoH [pfchJ
w,f?
63
vDeif
rmhupf [ f m bHt k zG@J 0ifrsm;udk ‘aumif;uifbu kH kd rkewf ikd ;f qifco
hJ rl sm;’
qd+k yD; olw@kd &@J o&l aJ umif;pdw"f mwftay: tm;wufoa&m jzpfcw hJ ,f? 'gwif
ruygbl;? tJ'D vlxkawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_[m &nf&G,fcsufratmifjrifcJh
ayr,fh 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_ukd tvGet f a&;}u;D wJh ordik ;f tawG@tñuw H &yftjzpf rmhupf f
uawmh oabmxm;cJw h ,f? urBmyh pPn;f rJh awmfveS af &;&J@ wpHw k &mwd;k wufr_
w&yftjzpf oabmxm;cJw h ,f? vkyif ef;pOfaygi;f / tjiif;tcHak ygi;f rsm;pGmxuf
ta&;ygwhJ vufawG@ajcvSr;f wvSr;f tjzpf oabmxm;cJw h ,f? 'DvufawG@
prf;oyfru _ kd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmzd@k / 'DtxJu enf;y&d,m,f oifcef;pmawG qGx J w k f
,lzdk@/ ol@&J@oabmw&m;awGudk 'DvufawG@eJ@,SOf+yD; jyefvnfqef;ppfzdk@pwJh
vkyif ef;wm0efawGukd rmhupf u f ol@u, kd o
f l ay;tyfcw hJ ,f?
rmhufpftaeeJ@ uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;rSm jyifqifzdk@vdkw,fvdk@

,lqwJh wckwnf;aom “jyifqifcsu”f udk yJ&pfbt kH zG@J 0ifrsm;&J@ awmfveS af &;
tawG@tñuHtay: tajccH+yD; ðyvkycf whJ m jzpfygw,f?
*smrefbmomeJ@ yHEk ydS w

f hJ uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;&J@ aemufq;kH ed'ge;f
udk pmwrf;a&;ol 2 OD;pvH;k ud, k wf ikd f vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; 1872 ckEpS f ZGef (24)
&ufae@ &ufpGJeJ@ a&;om;cJhw,f? 'Ded'gef;rSm pma&;olrsm;jzpfwJh rmhufpfeJ@
tde*f ,fw@kd u uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;[m “wcsKd @tao;pdwaf e&mrsm;rSm
acwfrrDawmhyg” vd@k a&;om;xm;w,f? aemuf+yD; -
“txl;ojzifh tcsuw f csuuf kd bHt k zG@J u oufaojycJw h ,f? tJ'gu

awmh ‘tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m toif&h adS e+yD;om; Edik if aH wmf
,EW&m;udyk J tvG,w f ulqyk u
f ikd +f y;D rdr&d nf&,
G cf sut
f wGuf toH;k ðy
aevd@k rjzpf’ qdw
k hJ tcsuyf gy?J ” vd@k vnf; qufa&;xm;ygw,f?
64
tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m toif&h adS e+y;D om; Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udyk J
tvG,fwulqkyfudkif+yD; rdrd&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf toHk;ðyaevdk@ rjzpfqdkwJh
pum;udk rmhupf &f @J jyifopfjynf jynfwiG ;f ppfpmtkyx
f u
J xkw, f o
l ;kH pGcJ w
hJ myg?
csKyfajym&&if yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J &@J t"dueJ@ tajccHuswhJ 'Doifcef;pm[m
tvGet f a&;}uD;w,fv@kd rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd ,lqwJt
h wGuf 'gukd uGejf rLepf
a=unmpmwrf;twGuf ta&;}uD;wJh jyifqifcsut f jzpf xnfoh iG ;f a&;om;
cJw
h m jzpfygw,f?
tJ't D a&;}u;D wJh jyifqifcsuu f ykd J tacsmif0g'rD sm;u yHyk ef;zsucf =hJ uwm
jzpfw,fqw kd m txl;owdxm;oifw h ,f? aemuf+y;D uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;udk
zwfoal wGxrJ mS 99 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f r[kw&f ifawmifrS 90 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f avmufu 'D
jyifqifcsu&f @J av;eufwt hJ "dym` ,fukd rod=uygb;l ? 'Dpmtkyrf mS yHyk ef;zsurf a_ wG
ta=umif; txl;a&;om;wJt h cef;a&mufrS txufyg yHyk ef;zsurf u _ pd u
P kd tao;
pdwaf &;om;ygO;D r,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh rmhupf &f @J ausm=f um;wJh txufygpum;
tay: acwfpm;aewJh atmufwef;usus ‘teufjyefqdkcsuf’ uav;udkyJ
azmfjy±Hek @J vHak vmufygw,f? tJ'guawmh rmhupf [ f m ol@pum;rSm wjznf;jznf;csi;f
jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ tawG;tac:udk tav;xm;ajymqdx k m;wmygw?hJ tm%m
odr;f a&;udk ajymwmr[kwyf gw?hJ tp&So d jzifah yg?h
wu,fwrf;rSmu tJ'gawGe@J ajymif;jyefyg? rmhupf &f @J oabmt&qd&k if

tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m ‘toif&h adS e+yD;om; Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;’ udk ±du
k cf sKd ;
ypf&rSm jzpfw,f? 'D,EW&m;udk qkyfudkifxm;±Hkav;eJ@yJ uef@owfxm;vdk@
rjzpfb;l ?
1871 ckEpS f {+yDv 12 &ufae@ bHt k zG@J &adS ewJu

h mvtwGi;f rSma&;wJh
rmhupf x
f rH S ul*v
J rf ef;xHay;pmxJrmS 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
65
vDeif
“u|eaf wmfa&;wJh b±lar;v 18 &ufpmtky&f @J aemufq;kH tcef;udk
zwf=unf&h if jyifopfawmfveS af &; aemufw}udrjf zpf&if/ t&ifuvdk
AsL±du
k a&pDe@J ppfa&;,EW&m;udk wvufu wvufukd ajymif;wmrsKd ;
jzpfrmS r[kwaf wmhb;l ? 'gukd zsuq f ;D ypfwm jzpfrmS ygv@kd u|eaf wmfa&;
xm;wmudk awG@&rSmyg?” ('Dpmyd'k yf grsO;f udk rmhupf u f , kd w
f ikd f rsO;f om;
xm;w,f? rmhupf f rlvoH;k xm;wJph um;vH;k u zerbrechen jzpf
w,f?) “aemuf+y;D 'g[m Oa&mywdu k rf ay:&Sd ppfreS w
f hJ jynfo@l awmfveS f
a&;wdik ;f twGuf a&S;OD;vdt k yfwt hJ csut f vuf jzpfw,f? yJ&pfu
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J &J&ifw
h hJ ygw&D aJ bmfawG azmfaqmifz@kd óu;yrf;aewm
vnf; 'Dtcsut f vufyJ jzpfw,f?” (e,lZuf twGJ 22/ pmapmif?
1901 - 02/ pmrsuEf mS 709) ul*v J rf ef; (Kugelmann) xH rmhupf af y;
wJhpmudk ±k&Sm;bmomeJ@ 2 }udrfxufrenf; yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhw,f?
w}urd u f u|eaf wmf wnf;jzwfwmjzpf+y;D ed'ge;f vnf; a&;ay;cJw h ,f?)
“AsL±duk a&pDe@J ppfa&;,EW&m;udk ±du k cf sKd ;ypfa&;” qdw

k phJ um;vH;k [m
awmfvSefa&;w&yftwGif; EdkifiHawmfeJ@ ywfouf+yD; vkyf&r,fhypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;&J@ vkyif ef;wm0efukd twdck sKyf azmfjyaeygw,f? 'g[m rmhupf 0f g'
&&Sw
d hJ t"duoifcef;pm jzpfygw,f? rmhupf 0f g'udk tck acwfpm;aewJh yHpk rH sKd ;
aumufpuD;0g'tjrife@J “teufjyefq”kd xm;wmawGrmS vH;k 0arhaysmufxm;±Hk
ru wrifukd yHyk ef;zsux
f m;wmvnf; tJ'o D ifcef;pmudyk J jzpfygw,f? rmhupf &f nf
!ïe;f xm;wJh b±lar; 18 &ufpmtkyx f u J oufqikd &f mpmyd'k f tjynft h pHu k kd
txufrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd azmfjycJ+h yD;yg+yD?
txufrmS ud;k um;cJw h hJ rmhupf &f @J ay;pmyg aqG;aEG;csuxf rJ mS txl;

ojzifh tcsuf 2 csuu f kd owdxm;oifyh gw,f? yxrtcsuu f rmhupf [ f m
ol@e*d ;kH csKyfcsuu
f kd Oa&mywdu k rf twGuyf J uef@owfazmfjyxm;wmyg? 1871
66
ckEpS u
f mvrSm 'Dvykd jJ zpfr,fqw kd m em;vnfEikd yf gw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u t*Fvef[m
"e&Sipf epfppfppf usio hf ;kH wJh pHerlemusEikd if H jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'rD mS ppftyk pf k
&,fv@kd r&Syd g? twdik ;f twmwckt& AsL±du k a&pD&,fv@kd vnf; r&Syd g? 'ga=umifh
rmhupf u f t*Fvefukd z,fxw k xf m;cJw
h myg? tJ'rD mS jzpfwhJ awmfveS af &;[m
jynfol@awmfvSefa&;jzpf&ifawmif ‘toifh&Sd+yD;om; EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;’ udk
zsuq f ;D ypf&r,fqwkd hJ a&S;OD;vdt k yfwhJ tcsut f vufrygbJ jzpfEikd rf ,fyh akH yguf
cJw
h ,f? wu,fvnf; jzpfEikd cf yhJ gw,f?
'Dae@vkd 1917 ckEpS t f csed f yxrt}urd rf [me,fcs@J ppfyuJG mvrSmawmh

rmhufpf&J@ tJ'Duef@owfcsuf[m rjzpfEdkifawmhygbl;? ppftkyfpkeJ@AsL±dkua&pD
taqmufttHrk &Sb d ;l qdw k hJ oabmeJ@ajymwJh vGwv f yfrp_ epf/ t*Fvq kd ufqeG f
yHpk H “vGwvf yfr”_ pepftwGuf wurBmvH;k rSm t}uD;qH;k eJ@ aemufq;kH vufusef
udk,fpm;ðyEdkifiHawGjzpfwJh t*FvefeJ@ tar&duef ESpfEdkifiHpvHk;[m 'Duae@
umvrSm AsL±du k a&pDe@J ppfa&;taqmufttHu k t&m&m&J@ tay:pD;rSm &Sad e+y;D /
t&m&mudk ajcz0g;atmufrmS zdEydS w f t
hJ ajctaeod@k / wenf;tm;jzifh a,bk,s
Oa&myyHkpHjzpfwJh npfnrf;aoG;pGef;wJh &$H@EGHxJodk@ usa&mufepfðryfoGm;cJhyg+yD?
'Duae@tzd@k t*FvefrmS a&m tar&duefrmS yg ‘ppfreS w f hJ jynfo@l awmfveS af &;wdik ;f
twGuf a&S;OD;vdt k yfwhJ tcsut f vuf’ uawmh ‘toif&h +dS yD;om; Edik if aH wmf
,EW&m;’ udk zsuq f ;D acsre_ ;f ypfz@kd yJ jzpfygw,f? (1914 ckEpS u f ae 1917 ckEpS uf mv
twGi;f tJ'ED pS Ef ikd if rH mS Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk ‘Oa&myyHpk H’ a,bk,se,fcs@J pepf
pHcsed af &mufatmif rGr;f rHw;kd yGm;apcJ+h yD; jzpfygw,f?)
'kw,d tcsuu f AsL±du

k a&pDe@J ppfa&;taqmufttHk Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;
udk zsuqf ;D ypfa&;qdw
k m ‘ppfreS w
f hJ jynfo@l awmfveS af &;wdik ;f twGuf a&S;OD;
vdtk yfwhJ tcsut f vuf’ jzpfw,fqw kd hJ rmhupf &f @J tvGeef ufew
J hJ pum;udk
txl;owdxm;oifyh gw,f? ‘jynfo@l ’ awmfveS af &;qdw k hJ tawG;tac:rsKd ;udk
67
vDeif
rmhupf u f ajymvdu k w f m xl;qef;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? rmhut f aeeJ@ 'Dpum;oH;k
vduk w f m[m ‘rawmfwq tajymrSm;oGm;’ cJw h mvd@k ud,k uhf ,kd u
f , kd f rmhupf
0f g'*D u
kd f zrf;aewJh px±kaA; (Struve) &J@ aemufvu kd af wGjzpfwhJ ±k&mS ;&Sd yvufcf
aemh0g'rD sm;eJ@ rif&ADS pf0g'rD sm;u qdak umif;qd=k uygvrd rhf ,f? olw@kd [m rmhupf f
0g'udk pdwyf supf &maumif;avmufatmifukd vpfb&,f0g'ususe@J yHyk ef;zsucf hJ
=uwmyg? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@awmfveS af &;eJ@ ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@awmfveS af &;
&,fv@kd 'D 2 ckuvG+J y;D wjcm;r&SEd ikd b
f ;l vd@k olw@kd u ,lq=uw,f? 'D 2 ckuakd wmif
tvGe@f tvGef toufrphJ mG eJ@ t"dym` ,fziG q hf =kd uygw,f?
20 &mpk&@J awmfveS af &;awGukd Oyrmtjzpf=unf&h if ay:wl*eD @J w&l uD

awmfveS af &; 2 ckpvH;k [m "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS af &;awG jzpfw,fv@kd
,lq&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'D 2 ckpvH;k b,f[mrS “jynfo@l ” awmfveS af &;
r[kwfygbl;? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh 'DawmfvSefa&;awGtwGif;rSm jynfolvlxk
od@k r[kwf jynfot l rsm;pktaeeJ@ wufwufºuºu trSt D cdu
k if;uif;eJ@ rdrw
d @kd &@J
pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;awmif;qdck surf sm;udk odomxif&mS ;pGm awmif;qd+k yD; wdu k yf JG
0ifcjhJ cif; r&Sv d @kd ygy?J 'ge@J rwlwmuawmh 1905 - 1907 ckEpS f ±k&mS ; "e&Sif
awmfveS af &; jzpfygw,f? 'DawmfveS af &;[m ay:wl*eD @J wl&uDw@kd &@J awmfveS f
a&;awG xdpk Ofu &cJo h vdrk sKd ; ‘ajymifajrmufw’hJ atmifjrifra_ wG r&cJah yr,fh
‘ppfreS w f jhJ ynfo@l ’ awmfveS af &;w&yf jzpfcw hJ ,fqw kd m oHo,&Spd &mrvkyd g?
bmvd@k vq J akd wmh zdEydS af oG;pkyrf u _ kd jym;aeatmifc&H wJh jynfov l xl /k jynfol
trsm;pke@J atmufq;kH vl@tv$mu vlrsm;[m ud, k b hf mom trSt D cdu k if;pGm
x&yfvu kd =f u+yD;/ 'DawmfveS af &;umv wav#mufv;kH rSm olw@kd &J@ udk,fydkif
awmif;qdck suaf wGukd wifcw hJ ,f? olw@kd zsuaf ewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;a[mif; ae&m
rSm vl@tzG@J pnf;opfw&yfukd olw@kd u, kd yf ikd ef nf;eJ@ wnfaqmufz@kd óu;pm;cJw h ,f?
68
1871 ckEpS f Oa&mywdu k rf ay:rSm jynfov l x
l x k J ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;u
trsm;pkjzpfwhJ Edik if &H ,fv@kd wEdik if rH S r&Syd gb;l ? tJ't
D csed uf qd&k if ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;
pm;eJ@ v,form;vlwef;pm; 2 &yfpvH;k yg0ifwhJ awmfveS af &;rSomv#if vl
trsm;pk yg0ifwJh “jynfol@” awmfvSefa&;&,fvdk@ ajymEdkifwmyg?“jynfol”
qdw k m 'Dvw l ef;pm; 2 &yfe@J aygi;f pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvw l ef;pm; 2
&yf[m “AsL±du k a&pDe@J ppfa&; taqmufttHk Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;” &J@ zdEydS rf /_
eif;acsre_ @J aoG;pkyrf u_ kd cH&wJt
h wGuf aygi;f pnf;rd=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'D,EW&m;udk
±du
k cf sKd ; zsuq
f ;D ypfa&;qdw k m “jynfo@l ” ta&;/ vltrsm;pk&@J ta&;/ tvkyo f rm;
rsm;eJ@ v,form;trsm;pk&@J ta&;ppfppf jzpfygw,f? 'Dta&;[m qif;&Jom;
v,form;rsm;eJ@ypPn;f rJrh sm;t=um; qENtav#muf r[mrdwzf @JG a&;twGuf
“a&S;OD;vdktyfwJh tcsuftvuf” jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkr[mrdwfzGJ@r_rsdK; r&Sd&if
'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m rwnf+idrEf ikd yf g? qd&k , S vf pfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;zd@k vnf; rjzpf
Edik yf g?
trsm;od=uwJth wdik ;f yJ&pfbt kH zG@J [m 'Dvrkd [mrdwzf @JG z@kd óu;pm;ae

cJw
h m jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh twGi;f ydik ;f eJ@ jyifyta=umif;&if; tawmfrsm;rsm;a=umifh
'D&nf&, G cf suf txrajrmufcyhJ gb;l ?
'ga=umifh rmhupf u
f ‘ppfreS w
f jhJ ynfo@l awmfveS af &;’ w&yfta=umif;
ajymqdw k t
hJ cgrmS 1871 ckEpS u f mv Oa&mywdu k rf Edik if t
H rsm;pk&dS vlwef;pm;
tiftm;rsm;&J@ vuf&SdtcsdK;tqudk taotcsmxnfhwGufcJhw,f? 'gayrJh
ol[m "e&Sifaygufp vuQ%mawGudk enf;enf;av;rS rarhavsmhcJhygbl;?
('DvuQ%mta=umif;udk olu trsm;}uD;ajymcJw h ,f? c%c%vnf; ajymcJh
w,f?) tjcm;wzufrSmqdk&if EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk “zsufqD;a&;” qdkwm
tvkyo f rm;eJ@v,form; vlwef;pm; 2 &yfpvH;k &J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf vdt k yf
csuf jzpfw,f? 'Dvt kd yfcsuu f 'Dvwl ef;pm; 2 &yfukd aygi;f pnf;ay;w,f? olw@kd
69
vDeif
&J@ a&S@arSmufrmS ‘uyfyg;aumif’ udk z,f&mS ;+y;D topfwckcek @J tpm;xd;k a&;qdw k hJ
bHv k yk if ef;pOfukd tqdyk gvt
kd yfcsuu
f wifjyvdu k w
f ,f pojzifv h nf; rmhupf u
f
ajymcJw h ,f?
'Dvq
kd kd bmeJ@tpm;xd;k &rvJ?
2? zsuq
f ;D vdu
k w
f hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk bmeJ@tpm;xd;k rvJ?
1848 ckEpS f uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;xJrmS 'Dar;cGe;f twGuf rmhupf &f @J

tajz[m tvGeftaumiftxnfrJhwJh tajzwckr#om jzpfcJhygao;w,f?
ydw
k u
d satmifajym&&if vkyif ef;w0efuykd J !ïejf y+yD; enf;emudk r!ïejf ywJh tajz
r#om jzpfcyhJ gao;w,f? tJ't D ajzuawmh tJ'ED ikd if aH wmf,EW&m;udk ‘tkypf ;kd ol
vlwef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;xm;wJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;’ eJ@ tpm;xdk;&r,f?
‘'Drukd a&pDukd t&,la&;’ eJ@ tpm;xd;k &r,fqw kd m jzpfygw,f?
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;udk tkypf ;kd oltjzpf b,fypkH eH @J zG@J pnf;rvJ? 'Dvkd
pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;wmudk tjynfhpHkqHk;eJ@tukefpifqHk; ‘'Drdkua&pDt&,la&;’ eJ@
b,fvt kd wdtusenf;eJ@ aygi;f pyfay;rvJpwJh ar;cGe;f awGe@J ywfoufv@kd rmhupf [ f m
Avmpdwu f ;l ,OfraecJyh g? tajztwGuf vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_tawG@tñuu H kd ar#mv
f ifh
apmifph m;aecJyh gw,f?
(yJ&pfbt kH zG@J &@J tawG@tñu[H m enf;yg;vSayr,f)h rmhupf [

f m bHt k zG@J
&J@ tawG@tñuHukd jyifopfjynf jynfwiG ;f ppfpmtkyx f rJ mS twwfEikd qf ;kH tao;
pdwu f suscjJG crf;pdwjf zmcJyh gw,f? tck 'Dpmtkyx
f uJ ta&;t}uD;qH;k pmyd'k af wG
udk xkwEf w
k =f unf=h uygp@kd ?
70
tv,facwfrmS tpðyay:aygucf w hJ hJ “A[drk S csKyu
f ikd x
f m;wJh Edik if aH wmf
tm%m[m ae&mtES@H tjym;rSm t+rw J rf;ppfwyf/ ykvyd /f AsL±du k a&pD/
omoemydik rf sm;/ w&m;ol}u;D rsm;jzif”h 19 &mpkxrJ mS zG@H òz;vmcJw h ,f?
t&if;eJ@tvkyf t=um;&Sd vlwef;pm;twdu k t f cHjzpfra_ wG wd;k yGm;vm
wmeJ@tr# “EdkifiHawmftm%m[mvnf; t&if;u tvkyftay:
zdEydS zf @kd twGuf wjynfv;kH qdik &f mtm%m jzpfw,f/ vlwef;pm;tkypf ;kd
r_u&d , d mjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuaf wG[mvnf; yd+k yD;xif&mS ;vmw,f?
vlwef;pm;wdu k yf pJG OftwGi;f / wpHw k &m a&S@od@k wd;k wufru _ kd &&Sw d hJ
awmfveS af &;rsm; jzpfay:+yD;wdik ;f rSm Edik if aH wmftm%mqdw k m zdEydS af &;
oufouftwGuf jzpfw,fqw kd thJ csu[ f m xif&mS ;oxuf xif&mS ;
vmw,f?” 1848 - 49 awmfveS af &;aemufyikd ;f rSm Edik if aH wmftm%m
[m “t&if;u tvkyftay: ppfqifa&;twGuf jynfvHk;qdkif&m
vufeuf” jzpfvmcJw h ,f? 'kw, d tifyg,mu 'Dtajctaeudk cdik rf m
apcJw h ,f?
“tifyg,meJ@ wdu k ±f ukd q

f ef@usibf ufusaewJh t&muawmh bHt k zG@J yJ
jzpfygw,f?” bHt k zG@J [m “bk&ifpepf vlwef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_ukd zsuo f rd ;f rSm
jzpf±rkH u vlwef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_qw kd hJ t&myifu,
kd u
f ykd g zsuo f rd ;f ypfr,fh
orRwEdik if &H @J wpHw
k &mo¿mef” jzpfw,f?
ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm; qd&k ,
S v
f pforRwEdik if &H @J tJ'D “wpHw
k &m” o¿mef
qdw
k m b,fvv kd ?J bHt
k zG@J u pwifzefw;D cJw
h hJ Edik if aH wmfua&m b,fvv kd ?J
“ææ bHt k zG@J u xkwjf yefwhJ yxrqH;k trde@f '*D &Duawmh t+rJwrf;
ppfwyfukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; 'gukd vufeufuikd f jynforl sm;eJ@ tpm;xd;k ap
qdw
k myJjzpfw,f?æ”
71
vDeif
'Dawmif;qdck suuf kd tcktcg qd&k , S vf pfv@kd emrnfcwH hJ ygwt D m;vH;k &J@
vkyif ef;pOfawGxrJ mS txift&Sm; xnfx h m;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd vyk if ef;pOf
awGu wu,fwrf;rSm bmwefz;kd rsm; &Sv d @kd v?J 'gukd u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if &H @J qd&k ,
S v
f pf
awmfveS af &;ygw0D ifawGe@J rif&ADS pfawG&@J tðytrlu=kd unf&h if txift&Sm;
awG@Eikd yf gw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh olw@kd [m azazmf0g&D 27 &uf awmfveS af &;
t+yD;rSmudyk J 'Dawmif;qdck suu f kd taumiftxnfazmfz@kd vufawG@t& jiif;qdk
cJv
h @kd ygy?J
“yJ&pfbt kH zG@J ukd t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;a&;pepft& òr@r&yfuu G f

toD;oD;rS a&G;cs,v f u
kd w
f hJ ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;w,f?
ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m rJay;olawGtay: wm0ef,&l w,f? ud, k pf m;
vS,af wGukd tcsed rf a&G; jyefvv J , S Ef ikd w f ,f? "rRwmyif ud, k pf m;vS,f
trsm;pk[m tvkyo f rm;awG jzpf=uw,f? od@k r[kwf tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm;&J@ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf trsm;u todtrSwðf ycHxm;&
olrsm; jzpf=uw,f? ææ ykvyd t f zG@J [m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &&J@u&d , d m
r[kwaf wmhbJ ol@&@J Eikd if aH &; tcGit hf m%mtm;vH;k csucf si;f qH;k ±H;_
oGm;+y;D bHt k zG@J vufatmufrmS tcsed rf a&G; jyefvv J ,S Ef ikd w
f hJ wm0efcH
tzG@J jzpfvmw,f? tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;vufatmuf wjcm;XmecGaJ wG
tm;vHk;u t&m&SdawG[mvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ? bHktzGJ@0ifawGup+yD;
jynfol@0efxrf;tm;vHk;[m tvkyo f rm;rsm;&J@vkycf yJ &=uw,f?
Edik if aH wmf txufwef;t&m&S}d u;D rsm; pHpm;aecJw h hJ txl;tcGit hf a&;
rsm;eJ@ axmufyahH =u;rsm;[mvnf; 'Dt&m&S}d uD;awG aysmufu, G f
oGm;wmeJ@ wygwnf; aysmufu, G o f mG ;w,f?ææ”
“bkt
H zG@J [m tpd;k &a[mif;&J@ ±kyyf ikd ;f tiftm;awGjzpfwhJ t+rJwrf;
ppfwyfe@J yv
k yd t
f zG@J awGukd zsuo
f rd ;f +yD;wmeJ@ wòyifeuf emrfyikd ;f zdEydS f
72
a&;tiftm; wenf;tm;jzifh ‘omoemydik t
f m%m’ udv
k nf; zsuf
odr;f &ef óu;yrf;cJw
h ,f?æ”
“w&m;ol}uD;rsm;&J@ tay:,Ht&trSDcdkuif;r_vuQ%m[mvnf;
&Sad wmhrmS r[kw?f olw@kd ukd a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufz@kd / wm0efcaH pzd@k e@J
jyefvvJ , S Ef ikd zf @kd jzpfw,f?æ”
'gu=kd unf&h if bHt k zG@J u zsuo f rd ;f vdu

k w
f hJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;ae&mrSm
tpm;xd;k vdu k w f hJ t&muawmh - t+rw J rf;ppfwyfukd zsuo f rd ;f jcif;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;
tm;vH;k udk a&G;aumufcef@tyfjcif;/ olw@kd ukd jyefvnfvv J , S Ef ikd jf cif;pwJh ydrk kd
jynh0f wJh 'Drukd a&pDpepf “r#om” jzpfwhJ yHpk aH yguaf eygw,f? 'gayrJh 'D “r#om”
qdwk hJ pum;av;[m wu,fwrf;rSm t&if;cHtm;jzifh rwlwhJ ,EW&m; 2 ck&@J
tpm;xd;k r_}uD;udk qdv k wkd myg? 'Dae&mrSm “ta&twGurf S t&nftcsi;f od@k
ajymif;vJjcif;” &J@ erlemwckukd awG@Eikd yf gw,f? Oyrm 'Dru kd a&pDukd pdwu f ;l vd@k
&Edkifoavmuf tjynfhtpHkqHk;/ tukefpifqHk;jzpfatmif taumiftxnf
azmfvu kd w
f t hJ cg "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDuae ypPn;f rJ'h rD u kd a&pDtjzpf ajymif;vJomG ;
w,f? (wpHkw&maom vlwef;pm;tm; ESdyfuGyfa&; txl;tiftm;tjzpf
t"dym` ,f&wJ)h Edik if aH wmf[m wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh e*dt k "dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmf
r[kwaf wmhwhJ t&mwcktjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJomG ;w,f?
"e&Siv
f wl ef;pm;udk ESyd u f yG zf @kd / ol@&@J wefjyefcck rH u
_ kd acsre_ ;f zd@k vdt k yf
ygao;w,f? txl;ojzifh bHt k zG@J tzd@k vdt k yfcyhJ gw,f? bHt k zG@J ±H;_ edrchf &hJ jcif;
ta=umif;&if;w&yfu 'Dupd v P yk af qmif&mrSm pdwjf ywfom;r_ rvHak vufcv hJ @kd
jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ESdyfuGyfa&;,EW&m;qdkwm 'Dae&mrSmawmh vltrsm;pk&J@
vufxu J ,EW&m; jzpfaeyg+yD? aus;u|epf epf/ ajru|epf epfe@J vkycf pm;u|epf epf
wke;f uvdk vlenf;pk&@J vufxu J ,EW&m;rsKd ; r[kwaf wmhyg? jynfot l rsm;pk
73
vDeif
ud, k w f ikd u
f jynfou l kd zdEydS o
f rl sm;tay: ESyd u
f yG wf mjzpfwt hJ wGuf ESyd u
f yG af &;
“txl;tiftm;” qdw k m &Sad ep&m rvdak wmhygb;l ? tJ't D "dym` ,ft&qd&k if
Edik if aH wmf[m pwifwrd af umyaysmufaeyg+yD? tcGix hf ;l cHvel nf;pk (tcGix hf ;l cH
t&m&S}d uD;rsm;/ t+rJwrf;ppfwyf&@J t&m&S}d uD;rsm;) &J@ ,EW&m; rvdak wmhbJ
olw@kd vyk w f t
hJ vkyu
f kd vltrsm;pku ud, k w
f ikd wf u
kd ±f u
kd f tpm;xd;k vkyEf ikd yf gw,f?
EdkifiHawmftm%m&J@ vkyfief;aqmifwmawG[m jynfolw&yfvHk;&J@vkyfief;
jzpfvmavav/ 'Dtm%mwnf&zdS @kd rvdt k yfavav jzpfvmw,f?
'ge@J ywfoufv@kd rmhupf f tav;xm;azmfjywJh bHt k zG@J &J@atmufyg

vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd txl;*±kðyoifyh gw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh t&m&Srd sm;tm;
axmufyw hH hJ ±H;k p&dwt f m;vH;k eJ@aiGa=u;qdik &f m tcGix hf ;l tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f
vdu k jf cif;/ Edik if aH wmftr_xrf;tm;vH;k &J@ vpmaiGukd “tvkyo f rm;&J@vkycf ”
tqifx h d av#mch svu kd jf cif;wd@k jzpfygw,f? 'DrmS tvSnt hf ajymif; wckukd t&Si;f
vif;qH;k awG@&w,f? "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pDrS ypPn;f rJ'h rD u
kd a&pDo@kd tvSnt hf ajymif;/
zdESdyfolrsm;&J@ 'Drdkua&pDrS tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ 'Drdkua&pDodk@ tvSnfh
tajymif;? EdkifiHawmfu “txl;tiftm;” wcktjzpf vlwef;pm;wckckudk
ESdyfuGyfwJh tajctaerS jynfoltrsm;pk wenf;tm;jzifh tvkyform;eJ@
v,form;rsm;&J@ taxGaxGtiftm;u zdEydS o f rl sm;udk ESyd u f yG w
f hJ tajctaeod@k
tvSnt hf ajymif; jzpfygw,f? rmhupf &f @J oif=um;csuaf wGxrJ mS txl;xif&mS ;wJh
tJ't D csu/f Edik if aH wmfe@J pyfvsO;f +y;D ajym&&if ta&;t}u;D qH;k jzpfEikd zf , G &f wdS hJ tJ'D
tcsuu f ykd J vlawGu vH;k 0arhaysmufxm;=uwm jzpfygw,f? ra&rwGuEf ikd f
atmif rsm;jym;vSwhJ acwfay:a&;om;csuaf wGxrJ mS 'Dtcsuu f kd razmfjy=u
ygb;l ? 'Dtcsu[ f m acwfaemufuswhJ “uav;uvm;qefr”_ w&yf jzpfae
ovdv k rkd sKd ;eJ@ 'Dta=umif; rajymbJaewm “aumif;wJt h csi;f t&m” jzpfaeyg
w,f? c&pf,mefawG[m olw@kd bmomudk Edik if aH wmfbmomwcktjzpf tod
74
trSwðf ycH&+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;0dnmOfygwhJ a&S;OD;c&pf,mef
bmomudk “uav;uvm;qef” w,fq+kd yD; “arh” ypfc=hJ uovdk yHpk rH sKd ;ayg?h
EdkifiHawmftxufwef;t&m&Sdrsm;&J@ vpmudk av#mhcsa&;qdkwm

uav;uvm;qefwhJ a&S;OD;'Dru kd a&pD awmif;qdck suw f ck “r#om” jzpfwhJ yHpk H
aygufaeygw,f? ,ckacwf tacsmif0g'udk “wnfaxmifolrsm;” xJrS
wa,mufjzpfwhJ qd&k , S 'f rD u kd &ufwpfa[mif; tuf'yG b f ef;pwde;f (Eduard
Bernstein) [m “a&S;OD;” 'Dru kd a&pDtay: "e&Sit f jrife@J atmufwef;usus
oa&mfwmawG xyfwvJvJ vkycf w hJ ,f? tacsmiform;tm;vH;k eJ@ ,ckacwf
aumufpuD;0g'orm;wd@k vdyk gy?J olvnf;yJ atmufygtcsuaf wGukd vH;k 0em;
rvnfygb;l ? yxrtcsuu f “a&S;OD;” 'Dru kd a&pDpepfo@kd wpHw k &m “jyefvn S ”hf
wm rvky&f if t&if;&Sipf epfuae qd&k , S vf pfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;zd@k rjzpfEikd b f ;l ?
(bmvd@k vq J akd wmh 'Dvrkd S rvky&f if Edik if aH wmfvyk if ef;aqmifwmawGukd vltrsm;pk
u aqmif&GufwJhpepf/ 'Duwqifh vlxkw&yfvHk;u aqmif&GufwJhpepfudk
b,fvv kd yk f ul;ajymif;Edik rf mS vJ?) 'kw, d tcsuu f t&if;&Sipf epfe@J t&if;&Sif
pepf ,Ofaus;r_w@kd tay: tajccHwhJ “a&S;OD;'Dru kd a&pD” [m ordik ;f rwdik rf aD cwf
od@k r[kwf t&if;&Sipf epfrwdik rf aD cwfu a&S;OD;'Dru kd a&pDe@J rwlygb;l ? t&if;&Sif
pepf,Ofaus;r_u twdik ;f twm}u;D rm;wJh xkwv f yk af &;rsm;/ puf±rkH sm;/ rD;&xm;
vrf;rsm;/ pmyd@k e@J a=u;eef;pepf/ w,fvzD ek ;f pepf pwmawGukd zefw;D xm;w,f?
'DtajccHay:rSm “Edik if aH wmftm%m” a[mif;&J@ vkyif ef;aqmifwmtrsm;pk[m
odyfudk±dk;pif;vG,fulvmw,f? 'gawGudk rSwfyHkwifjcif;/ rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/
ppfaq;jcif;pwJh tvGe@f tvGev f , G u f w
l hJ tvkyu f av;awGtjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJ
ypfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'gawGudk pmwwfolwdkif; tvG,fwulvkyfEdkifw,f?
omref “tvkyform;rsm;&J@vkyfc” eJ@ tvG,fwulvkyfEdkifw,f? 'ghtjyif
'Dvyk if ef;aqmifwmrsm;eJ@ yl;wGaJ ewJh tcGix hf ;l cH t&dyt f a,mifreS of r# “t&m&Sd
75
vDeif
}uD; taqmifta,mif” eJ@ qifww
l mrSeo
f r#ukd z,f&mS ;ypfEikd w
f ,f? (z,f&mS ;
ypfz@kd vnf; vdw
k ,f?)
t&m&St d m;vH;k udk ¹cif;csurf &Sd a&G;cs,cf ef@xm;um tcsed rf a&G; jyef
vnfvv J ,S rf u
_ kd emcHapjcif;/ olw@kd &@J vpmawGukd omref “tvkyo f rm;rsm;&J@
vkycf ” tqifo h @kd av#mch sjcif;pwJh ±d;k pif;+yD; “ol@bmomol xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf e
wJ”h 'Dru kd a&pD vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;[m tvkyo f rm;rsm;eJ@ v,form;trsm;pk&@J
tusKd ;udk wvH;k wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif tjynft h 0 pkpnf;ay;Edik w f ,f? wcsed f
wnf;rSm t&if;&Sipf epfrS qd&k , S vf pfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf wHwm;cif;
ay;w,f? 'Dvyk af qmifcsurf sm;[m Edik if aH wmfukd jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@
oufqikd w f ,f? 'gayrJh taumiftxnfazmfaeqJ od@k r[kwf jyifqifaeqJjzpfwhJ
“vk,uforl sm;xHrS jyefvnfv, k ufa&;” vkyif ef; wenf;tm;jzifh xkwv f yk af &;
y&dabm*rsm;tm; t&if;&Siyf *k v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf p_ epfrS vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfv;kH
ydkifqdkifr_pepfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;eJ@ qufpyfay;rSomv#if txufyg
vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;[m t"dym` ,fe@J ta&;ygr_ tjynft h 0 &&SEd ikd w
f ,f?
“bHktzGJ@[m p&dwfpu t}uD;qHk;a&aomufjrpfjzpfwJh ppfwyfeJ@

tpd;k &t&m&Sw
d yfz@JG w@kd ukd zsuof rd ;f vdu
k jf cif;jzifh "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;
tm;vH;k u wifjycJw h hJ p&dwo f ufomwJt h pd;k & xlaxmifa&;qdw k hJ
aºu;a=umfouH kd taumiftxnf azmfcw hJ ,f?” vd@k rmhupf uf a&;cJh
ygw,f?
v,form;rsm;[m "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;&J@ wjcm;vl@tv$mrsm;

vdyk gy?J olw@kd txJu rjzpfpavmuf tenf;pk vlrsm;om ("e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@
t"dym` ,ft&) “xdyq f ;kH udw
k uf” Edik =f uw,f? “vlwiG u
f s,jf zpf” Edik =f uw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh vlcsr;f om jzpfEikd =f uw,f? "e&Sijf zpfEikd =f uw,f? od@k r[kwf
76
ºu,f0wJh tcGix hf ;l cHt&m&Srd sm; jzpfEikd =f uw,f? (t&if;&SiEf ikd if t
H rsm;pkrmS v,f
orm;rsm; &S=d uw,f?) 'DvEkd ikd if t H m;vH;k rSm v,form;trsm;pk}u;D [m tpd;k &&J@
zdEydS rf u_ kd cH=u&vd@k tpd;k &udk òzcscsi=f uw,f? “p&dwo f ufomwJ”h tpd;k &udk
ar#mv f ifah wmifw h =uw,f? 'gukd taumiftxnf azmfEikd w f m ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;yJ
&Sw
d ,f? ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;[m 'gukd taumiftxnf azmfvu kd jf cif;tm;jzihf
wcsed w f nf;rSm Edik if aH wmfukd qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepft& jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;qDo@kd
ajcvSr;f vSr;f vdu k wf ,f?
3? ygvrD efpepfzsuo
f rd ;f a&;
rmhupf u
f 'Dvakd &;cJyh gw,f?
“bHtk zG@J [m ygvrD efqefwhJ tzG@J tpnf;rjzpfoif?h pDrt

H yk cf sKyfa&;eJ@
w&m;pD&ifa&;wdk@udk wòyifeufaqmif&GufwJh tvkyftzGJ@tpnf;
jzpfoifw
h ,f?ææ”
“ææ t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;a&;pepf[m ygvrD efxrJ mS ud, k pf m;

vS,t f jzpf aeap+y;D jynfou l kd zdEydS cf ikd ;f zd@k twGuf tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;
xJrS b,fob l ,f0gukd a&G;cs,rf vJqw kd m 3 ESpf od@k r[kwf 6 ESpw f }urd f
qH;k jzwfwmrsKd ; rjzpfoifyh g? bHt k zG@J awGtwGi;f pnf;±H;k xm;wJh jynfol
awGukd tvkyt f au|;ðyzd@k jzpfoifw h ,f? Oyrm rdrv d yk if ef;twGuf
tvkyform;rsm;/ tvkyf=uyfrsm;eJ@ pm&if;udkifrsm;udk pdwfóuuf
&SmazGa&G;cs,Ef ikd af tmif vkyif ef;&Siw f ikd ;f udk yk*v
~ u d a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG hf
pepfu tvkyt f au|;ðyxm;ovdk jzpfoifw h ,f?”
77
vDeif
tcktcg qd&k ,
S af &SmAf if0g'eJ@tacsmif0g'}uD;pd;k aewma=umifh 1871
ckEpS u
f ygvrD efpepfukd txufrmS vdk rSwaf vmufom;avmuf a0zefcw hJ phJ um;
awG[mvnf; rmhupf 0f g'&J@ ‘tarhaysmufcpH um;rsm;’ xJrmS yg0ifaeygw,f?
0ef}u;D tvky/f ygvrD eftvkyw f @kd jzifh toufarG;aeolrsm;/ ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;udk
opPmazmuforl sm;eJ@ ,ckacwfrmS ‘vufawG@usw’hJ qd&k , S v f pf0g'rD sm;[m
ygvrD efpepftay: a0zefcsut f m;vH;k udk rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;tm; vkycf ikd ;f xm;+y;D tJ'vD kd
tvGeu f sKd ;a=umif;qDavsmw
f hJ tajccHay:uae ygvrD efpepftay: a0zefcsurf eS f
or#ukd “rif;rJ0h g'” tjzpf ±H@_ cs=ujyefygw,f? &Syd 'f rD efrsm; (Sheidemanns)/
a';Apfrsm; (Davids)/ vD*si;f rsm; (Legiens)/ qif;bufrsm; (Sembats)/
&Daemh',frsm; (Renaudels)/ [if'gqifrsm; (Hendersons)/ Aef'gAifrsm;
(Vanderveldes)/ pawmeif;rsm; (Staunings)/ A&efwif;rsm; (Brantings)/
bpfqv kd ufwpfrsm; (Bissolatis) eJ@ taygi;f tygw@kdvkd “qd&k , S v f pf” awGukd &G@H rek ;f
vm=uwJh “a&S@wef;a&muf” ygvDrefEdkifiHrsm;rS ypPnf;rJhawG[m rif;rJh*dk%f;
tzG@J 0g'udak wmif tacsmif0g'eJ@ tr$mnDaemifomjzpfreS ;f odayr,fh wae@wjcm;
pmemaxmufcv H m=uwm tH=h op&mawmh r[kwyf g?
'gayrJh rmhupf t
f aeeJ@ awmfveS w
f hJ tEkyËdavmrenf;emudk yvufcf
aemhA/f aumufpuDe@J wjcm;vlawG yHak zmfcw hJ yhJ pkH rH sKd ;/ tESpo
f m&rJw h hJ zuf&iS f
pum;vH;k awGtjzpf/ em;axmifaumif;wJh pum;vH;k awGtjzpf oabmrxm;
cJhyg? txl;ojzifh awmfvSefa&;tajctae txift&Sm; r&ifhrSnfhao;wJh
tcgrsKd ;rSm ygvrD efpepf “0uf+cH” udak wmif toH;k csEikd pf rG ;f r&Sw d hJ rif;rJ0h g'eJ@
b,fvjkd ywfjywfom;om; vrf;cG&J r,fqw kd m rmhupf u f aumif;aumif;odyg
w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm wu,fwrf; awmfvSefa&;us+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
tjrifuo kd ;kH um ygvrD efpepfukd b,fvadk 0zef&r,f qdw k mvnf; rmhupf u f
aumif;aumif;odygw,f?
78
ygvrD efxu
J ae+yD; jynfou l kd zdEydS ef if;acscikd ;f xm;zd@k twGuf tkypf ;kd ol
vlwef;pm;xJu b,fo@l uakd &G;cs,&f rvJqw kd m ESpt f enf;i,frmS w}udrf qH;k
jzwfjcif;[m ygvrD efpepf&@J wu,ft h ESpo f m&jzpfw,f? ygvrD efz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH
t& bk&ifpepf Edik if aH wGrmS yJjzpfjzpf/ 'Dru kd a&pDtusq;kH orRwEdik if aH wGrmS yJ
jzpfjzpf 'DtESpof m&yJ jzpfw,f?
'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m Edik if aH wmfjy\emta=umif; ajymaewm

jzpfw,f? ygvrD efpepfuv kd nf; Edik if aH wmf&@J taqmufttHw k rsKd ;tjzpf oabm
xm;wm jzpfw,f? qdak wmh ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;[m 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+y;D bmawG
vky&f r,fqwkd hJ ±_axmifu
h =unf&h if ygvrD efpepfuae b,fvekd nf;eJ@ ±ke;f xGuf
rvJ? 'Dpepfr&Sad tmif b,fvv kd yk rf vJ?
xyfajym&OD;r,f? yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J tawG@tñuHay: tajccHwhJ rmhupf &f @J
oifcef;pmawGukd vlawGu vH;k 0udk arhxm;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gah =umifh 'Dae@acwf
“qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uf” awG (qdv
k w
kd mu 'Dae@acwfrmS qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'tay: opPm
azmufoal wG) [m ygvrD efpepftay: rif;rJ0h g'tjrif od@k r[kwf azmufjyefa&;
tjrife@J a0zefcsuaf wGuykd J em;vnfw,f? wjcm;tjrife@J a0zefcsuaf wGukd
wu,fwrf; em;rvnfEikd af wmhb;l ?
ygvrD efpepfuae ±ke;f xGuzf @kd enf;vrf;qdw k m "rRwmyJ ud, k pf m;vS,f

tzGJ@tpnf;zGJ@r_eJ@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufrlawGudk zsufodrf;ypfzdk@ r[kwfygbl;?
ud,
k pf m;vS,t f zG@J tpnf;awGukd pum;ajymqdik t f jzpfuae “tvky”f tzG@J
tpnf;awGjzpfatmif ajymif;vJypfz@kd jzpfygw,f? “bHt k zG@J [m ygvrD efqefwhJ
tzG@J tpnf; rjzpfoif/h pDrt H yk cf sKyfa&;eJ@w&m;pD&ifa&;wd@k ukd wòyifeufaqmif
&Guw f hJ tvkyt f zG@J tpnf; jzpfoifw h ,f?”
79
vDeif
“ygvrD efqefwhJ tzG@J tpnf;rjzpfoif/h tvkyt f zG@J tpnf; jzpfoifh
w,f?” ææ 'Dpum;u tckacwf ygvrD eftrwfrsm;eJ@ qd&k , S 'f rD ukd a&pDygw&D @J
ygvrD ef “acG;ykuav;rsm;” udk txdemem xd;k ESuv f ukd yf gw,f? tar&duef/
qGpZf mvef/ jyifopf/ t*Fvef/ aemfa0 pwJph wJh b,fygvrD efpepfEikd if u H rkd qdk
=unf=h unfyh g? 'DEikd if aH wGrmS “Edik if aH wmf”&J@ wu,ft h vkyu f pd aP wGukd uef@vef@um
aemufu, G rf mS vkyo f mG ;=uwmcsn;f yJ? tpd;k &XmeawG/ ±H;k awG/ ppfO;D pD;XmeawG
uae vkyo f mG ;=uwmyJ? ygvrD efqw kd mu “trsm;jynfo”l udk vdrn f ma&;qdk
wJh txl;vkyif ef;twGuf pum;ajymzd@k r#om jzpfw,f? 'Dtcsuu f odyu f kd
rSeu f efveG ;f vd@k "e&Si'f rD ukd a&pDorRwEdik if w H ckjzpfwhJ ±k&mS ;orRwEdik if rH mS awmif
ygvrD efppfppfw&yf rwnfaxmifEikd af o;cifrmS awmif ygvrD efpepf&@J tjypf tem
tqmawG csucf si;f ay:xGuv f mcJw h ,f? pudb k ,fvrD sm;eJ@ q,fvw D ,fvpf
vdv k rl sm;/ csm;aemhAef @J tufyq f ifw, D ufvv kd rl sm; pwJph w d "f mwfysujf ym;aewJh
evAdef;wHk;ol&Jaumif;rsm;[m qdkAD,uftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pdwfysufp&m
taumif;qHk; "e&SifygvDrefyHkpHjzpfatmifawmif vkyfypfEdkifcJh+yD; pum;ajym
qdik af wGjzpfatmif ajymif;ypfEikd cf =hJ uw,f? qdAk , D uftzG@J tpnf;awGtwGi;f u
“qd&k , S vf pf” 0ef}uD;rsm;[m [dwv f ;kH [efv;kH pum;rsm;/ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;jzifh
,Hv k , G wf hJ v,form;awGukd vSnphf m;ae=uw,f? tpd;k &yifu, kd x f rJ mS vnf;
vltajymif;tvJav;awG t+rJvyk af ew,f? &nf&, G cf suw f cku qd&k , S vf pf
awmfveS af &;ygw0D ifawG/ rif&ADS pfawG rsm;Edik o f r# rsm;rsm;udk aiGvnf;rsm;rsm;&/
*k%v f nf;&Sw d hJ &mxl; “pm;aygu”f rsm; tvSnu hf s pHpm;Edik af pzd@k jzpfw,f?
wjcm;&nf&, G cf suu f awmh “jynfov l x l &k @J tm±H”k udk “qGaJ qmif” xm;Edik zf @kd
jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh “Edik if aH wmf” &J@ ta&;udprP sm;udak wmh tpd;k &±H;k }uD;rsm;eJ@
ppfXmecsKyfrsm;rSm “aqmif&u G ”f =uygw,f?
80
tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;ygw&D @J tmabmfjzpfwhJ *sv J ekd m±d'k g;
(Jyelo Naroda jynfo@l ta&;) owif;pm&J@ t,f'w D mhtmabmfaqmif;yg;
wyk'rf mS r=umao;cifu 0efcaH &;om;xm;wmudk ajymygr,f? 0efcw H ahJ voH
uawmh vltm;vH;k Edik if aH &;jynfw h efqmvkypf m;aewJh “aumif;rGew f v hJ @l tzG@J
tpnf;” xJu vlawG&@J twkr&Sw d hJ pdwaf pwemrGeaf voHe@J yg 0efcx H m;wm
uawmh “qd&k , S v
f pfrsm;” ('Dpum;vH;k oH;k &wmudk cGiðhf yyg?) OD;pD;wJ0h ef}uD;Xme
awGrmS awmif AsL±du k a&pD ,EW&m;[m wu,fwrf;rSm rajymif;vJyg? ta[mif;
twdik ;f ygy?J enf;vrf;a[mif;twdik ;f vkyu f ikd af e=uygw,f? awmfveS af &;qefwhJ
pDru
H ed ;f awGukd “vGwv f wG v f yfvyf” }uD;udk zsuq f ;D aeygw,f pwJh tcsuaf wG
jzpfygw,f? tJ'zD iG [ hf 0efccH suf r&Scd bhJ ;l qd&k ifawmif qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;
ygwD0ifawGeJ@ rif&SDApfawG tpdk;&xJ yg0ifvkyfudkifcJhwJh wu,fhordkif;u
tJ't D csuaf wGukd oufaojyraebl;vm;? 'ge@J ywfouf+yD; rSwo f m;oihw f hJ
wckwnf;aomtcsuf &Syd gw,f? a&G;aumufyJG 'Dru kd a&pDygw0D ifawG (Cadets)
eJ@twl 0ef}uD;XmeawGrmS &Sad e=uwJh csm;aemhArf sm; (Chernovs)/ ±kqmaemhAf
rsm; (Rusanovs)/ ZifZaD emhArf sm; (Zenzinovs) eJ@ *sv J ekd m±d'k gowif;pmu
wjcm;t,f'w D mawG[m t&Supf w d v f ;kH 0r&Sad wmhbJ udpaP o;ao;av;udk ajym
aewJh yHpk rH sKd ;eJ@ vlytkH v,frmS rsuEf mS xlxel @J ajymvdu k wf muawmh “olw@kd &@J ”
0ef}u;D XmeawGrmS t&m&m[m ta[mif;twdik ;f yJ &Sad eygw,fw/hJ awmfveS af &;
qefwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDpum;vH;k rsm;u aus;vufaevltrsm;udk vSnphf m;zd@k / AsL±dk
ua&pDe@J óu;eDpepfvyk [ f efrsm;uawmh t&if;&Sirf sm;udk “ESv;kH acG@” apzd@k -
'g[m “±d;k om;pGm” aygi;f pyfjcif;&J@ tESpo f m&ygy?J
"e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tusiyhf su/f ykyo

f ;kd aewJh ygvrD efukd bHt
k zG@J u
tpm;xd;k vdu k wf hJ taqmufttHpk epfxrJ mS vGwv f yfpmG tjrifxw k af zmfjcif;/
aqG;aEG;jcif;qdw
k m vdrn f mvSnphf m;zd@k twGuf jzpfroGm;ygb;l ? bma=umifv h J
81
vDeif
qdak wmh trwfrsm;ud, k wf ikd f tvkyv
f yk &f w,f? olw@kd twnfðyvdu k w
f hJ Oya'
awGukd ud, k wf ikd f taumiftaxnfazmf&w,f? wu,fv h ufawG@ &v'fawGukd
ud, k w f ikd pf rf;oyf&w,f? a&G;aumufay;wJh vlxu k kd wdu
k ±f u kd wf m0efc&H w,f?
'gawGa=umifyh gy?J ud, k pf m;vS,t f aqmufttHpk epfuawmh qufvuf&adS e
ayr,fh ygvrD efpepfvrkd sKd ; txl;pepfwrsKd ;/ Oya'ðyr_e@J tyk cf sKyfrt _ vkyf cGaJ 0
wmrsdK;/ udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk tcGifhxl;ay;wmrsdK;uawmh r&Sdawmhygbl;?
ud, k pf m;vS,f taqmufttHpk epf rygbeJ @J 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m pOf;pm;vd@k r&Edik f
yg? ypPn;f rJ'h rD u kd a&pDuakd wmifrS pOf;pm;vd@k r&yg? 'gayrJh ygvrD efpepfrygbeJ @J
'Dru kd a&pDukd pOf;pm;Edik yf gw,f? pOf;vnf; pOf;pm;&r,f? "rRwmyJ? "e&Siaf wG&@J
tkyfpdk;r_udk òzcsypfa&;[m u|efawmfwdk@&J@ wu,fpdwftm;xufoefwJhqEN
jzpfz@kd awmh vdw k mayg?h 'Dta&;[m tvkyo f rm;awG&@J rJuq kd , G wf hJ “a&G;aumuf
yG”J aºu;a=umfow H ckr#om rjzpfapzd@k awmh vdw k mayg?h 'gayrJh rif&ADS pfawGe@J
qd&k , S vf pfawmfveS af &;ygw0D ifawG/ &Sw d 'f rD efrsm;eJ@v*D si;f rsm;/ qif;bufrsm;eJ@
AefygAv J rf sm;wd@k vv kd al wG twGuu f awmh tJ't D a&;[m a&G;aumufyaJG ºu;a=umf
oHr#om jzpfygw,f?
tvGew f &mrSwo f m;oifwh t

hJ csuu
f rmhupf [ f m bHt k zG@J wu G /f ypPn;f rJh
'Dru
kd a&pDtwGuf vdt k yfwhJ t&m&Srd sm;&J@ vkyif ef;aqmifwmawGta=umif;
ajymwJth cgrmS “tvky&f iS w f a,muf” iSm;&rf;xm;wJh vkyo f m;rsm;eJ@ Edi_ ;f ,SOf
ajymygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh “tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ tvky=f uyfrsm;/ pm&if;udik f
rsm;” udk iSm;&rf;vkyuf ikd wf hJ omreft&if;&Sivf yk cf if;udik cf if;eJ@ Edi_ ;f ,SOaf jym
ygw,f?
rmhupf rf mS Avmpdwu
f ;l ,OfwmrsKd ; vH;k 0r&Scd yhJ g? qdv
k w
kd mu ol[m
vl@tzG@J tpnf; “topf” wckukd pdwu f ;l eJ@ wnfaqmuf/ wDxiG zf efw;D wmrsKd ;
rvkyfcJhyg? ol[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta[mif;uae topfodk@ ul;ajymif;wJh
82
o¿mefawGudk ordkif;qdkif&m obm0jzpfpOfw&yftjzpf =unfhjrifavhvm
ygw,f? ol[m ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm; vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_wck&@J wu,ft h wG@tñuHukd
avhvm+yD; 'Dxu J vufawG@oifcef;pmawG xkw, f zl @kd óu;pm;cJyh gw,f? yJ&pfbkH
tzG@J xu H ae “ynmoif,”l cJyh gw,f? }uD;jrwfwhJ awmfveS af &; twG;tac:
&Si}f uD;rsm; tm;vH;k [m 'Dvykd gy?J tzdEydS cf vH wl ef;pm;rsm;&J@ }uD;jrwfwv hJ y_ &f mS ;r_
tawG@tñuHrsm;xJu ynmoif,zl @kd ra=umuf&@HG c=hJ uygb;l ? olw@kd v_y&f mS ;r_
awGe@J ywfoufv@kd ynmjycsiaf ewJh q&m}u;D awG “oGeo f ifq;kH rpum;” ajymwm
rsKd ; (Oyrm yvufcaf emhAu f “olw@kd [m tpuwnf;u vufeufrudik o f ifch hJ
ygb;l ” vd@k ajymwmrsKd ;/ qJ&pfwv J u
D “vlwef;pm;w&yf[m ud, k u hf , kd u f kd
xde;f csKyfz@kd vw
kd ,f” vd@k ajymwmrsKd ;) b,fwek ;f urS rvkycf yhJ gb;l ?
AsL±du k a&pDqw kd thJ &mudk wcsuw f nf;eJ@ ae&mtm;vH;k tuket f pif

zsuo f rd ;f zd@k pOf;pm;vd@k rjzpfyg? 'g[m pdwu f ;l ,Ofro _ m jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh
AsL±dkua&pD,EW&m;a[mif;udk wcsufwnf; ±dkufcsdK;+yD; ,EW&m;opfwckudk
csucf si;f xlaxmifum tJ', D EW&m;opfuo kd ;kH +yD; AsL±du
k a&pDreS o
f r#ukd wjznf;
jznf;csi;f zsuo f rd ;f oGm;zd@k upd u P kd pOf;pm;wmuawmh pdwu f ;l ,Ofr_ r[kwyf gb;l ?
'g[m yJ&pfbt kH zG@J &@J tawG@tñuH jzpfygw,f? 'Dupd [ P m awmfveS w f hJ ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;&J@ wdu k ±f ukd ef @J vwfwavmvkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfygw,f?
t&if;&Sipf epfu “Edik if aH wmf” pDrt H yk cf sKyaf &;vkyif ef;aqmifwmawGukd

±d;k pif;vG,uf al tmif ajymif;vJypfygw,f? 'ga=umifh “t&m&Sv d }l uD;rif;tvky”f
awGukd pGe@f y,fz@kd &m jzpfEikd yf gw,f? udpw P ckv;kH udk (tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;jzpfw)hJ
ypPn;f rJvh w
l ef;pm;&J@ tzGt J pnf;vufxJ tyfxm;Edik yf gw,f? 'DtzG@J tpnf;u
vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfv;kH udk ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D “tvkyo f rm;/ tvky=f uyfe@J pm&if;udik f
rsm;” udk iSm;&rf;ygvrd rhf ,f?
83
vDeif
u|eaf wmfw@kd [m pdwuf ;l ,Oform;rsm; r[kwyf g? pDrt H yk cf sKyfrr_ eS f
or#e@J emcHrr_ eS o f r# wcsuwf nf; z,f&mS ;Edik zf @kd “tdyrf ufruf” raeyg? 'gawGu
rif;rJ0h g'aD wG&@J tdyrf ufawGyg? ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf&@J vkyif ef;wm0efawG
ta=umif; em;rvnfv@kd ruf=uwmyg? rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ bmrSrqdik yf gb;l ? 'Dtyd rf uf
awG rufaevd@k omuawmh wu,fvufawG@rmS tckvkd &Sad ewJh vlawG[m wjcm;
vlwrsdK;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;wJhtcsdeftxd apmifh+yD;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSef
a&;udk vkyzf @kd yJ &Sad wmhw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u 'Dvrkd [kwb f ;l ? qd&k ,S vf pfawmf
vSeaf &;udk tckv&kd adS ewJh vlawGe@J yJ vkycf siw
f ,f? tckv&kd adS ewJv h al wGqw kd mu
emcHr/_ }uD;=uyfr/_ “tvky=f uyfrsm;/ pm&if;udik rf sm;” pwmawGe@J uif;uGmvd@k
r&wJv h al wGyg?
'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;wJh emcHrq _ w

kd m aoG;pkycf v
H yk o
f m;jynfol
tm;vH;k &J@ vufeufuikd w f yfO;D / wenf;tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;udk emcHz@kd
jzpfw,f? ae@csi;f ncsi;f / csucf si;f pwifEikd +f y;D pvnf;pwifoifw h hJ tvkyu f awmh
Edik if aH wmft&m&Srd sm;&J@ txl; “vl}uD;rif;vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;” ae&mrSm
“tvky=f uyfrsm;/ pm&if;udik rf sm;” &J@ vkyif ef;aqmifwmawGe@J tpm;xd;k zd@k y?J
'Dvyk if ef;aqmifwmawGukd tckacwfrmS omrefòr@oòl r@om; t&nftcsi;f &S±d ekH @J
tjynft h 0vkywf wfygw,f? “tvkyo f rm;vkycf ” r#e@J yJ aumif;aumif;vkyEf ikd f
=uygw,f?
tvkyo f rm;rsm; jzpf=uwJh u|eaf wmfw@kd u,

kd w
f ikd [
f m t&if;&Sipf epf
u zefw;D xm;wJh &v'fawGukd tajccH+yD; tvkyo f rm;tjzpf &&Scd w hJ hJ u|eaf wmf
wd@k u, kd yf ikd f tawG@tñuHukd tm;xm;=ur,f? vufeufuikd f tvkyo f rm;rsm;&J@
Edik if aH wmftm%m&J@ ausmaxmufaemufcðH yr_e@J wif;=uyfwhJ oHr%dpnf;urf;
udk xlaxmif=ur,f? 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ twdkif;twm}uD;rm;wJh xkwfvkyfa&;udk
pnf;±H;k =ur,f? Edik if aH wmft&m&Srd sm;qdw k m u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J !ïe=f um;csuu f kd
84
taumiftxnfazmforl sm;om jzpfomG ;atmif/ rJay;olawGtay: wm0efcw H /hJ
jyefvnfvJvS,fcef@xm;EdkifwJh/ vkyfcenf;enf;yJ &,lwJh “tvkyf=uyfrsm;eJ@
pm&if;udik rf sm;” om jzpfomG ;atmif ajymif;ypf=ur,f? ("rRwmyJ yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ;/
tqift h rsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ &S=d uwJh twwfynm&Siaf wG&@J tultnDukd &,l&rSmayg?h )
tJ'gawG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@ vkyif ef;wm0efawGygy?J ypPn;f rJh
awmfveS af &; atmifjrifwmeJ@ p+yD;vkyEf ikd w f ,f? vkyv f nf; vky&f r,f? twdik ;f
twm}uD;rm;wJh xkwv f yk af &;tajccH &Sad e+yDq&kd if 'Dwm0efawGukd pwifvyk f
vdu k w f meJ@ AsL±du k a&pDtm;vH;k wjznf;jznf; “wdraf umyaysmuf” vmrSmyJ?
rsuaf wmiftrSwt f om; (“”) rygwhJ yHrk eS t f aetxm;wck/ vkycf pm;aus;u|ef
pepfwek ;f ueJ@ vH;k 0jcm;em;wJh yHrk eS t f aetxm;wckukd wjznf;jznf; xlaxmif
EdkifrSmyJ? 'Dtaetxm;atmufrSm }uD;=uyfr_eJ@ pm&if;tif;vkyfief;awG[m
vG,u f o l xuf vG,u f vl m+yD; vlwikd ;f tvSnu hf s vkyEf ikd v
f mr,f? tJ'aD emuf
rSm 'Dtvkyaf wG[m bmrSrxl;qef;wJh tavhtxjzpfvm+yD; aemufq;kH rSm
txl;vl@tzG@J tv$mwck&@J txl;tvkyaf wGtjzpfu tqH;k owfomG ;vdrrhf ,f?
19 &mpkEpS &f @J 70 pkEpS u

f mvrSm ^m%fxufjrufwhJ *smrefq&kd , S f
'Drdku&ufwa,muf[m pmwdkufvkyfief;udk qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf&J@
erlemwcktjzpf =unfjh rifcw hJ ,f? 'g[m odyrf eS yf gw,f? vuf&u dS mvrSm pmwdu k f
vkyfief;[m EdkifiHawmft&if;&Sif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@&J@yHkpHeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wrsdK; jzpfw,f? e,fcsJ@pepfu x&yfpftm;vHk;udk 'DyHkpHrsdK;
tzG@J tpnf;awGjzpfatmif wjznf;jznf;csi;f ajymif;ypfaew,f? 'DypkH rH mS qd&k if
tvkyyf +d yD; iwfjywfaewJh “atmufajcomref” vkyo f m;rsm;&J@ acgi;f ay:rSm
AsL±duk a&pD,EW&m;u pd;k rd;k xm;w,f? 'gayrJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ t&mudpaP wGudk
pDrcH ef@cw
JG hJ ,EW&m;uawmh 'DypkH xH rJ mS toif&h +dS yD; jzpfaeyg+yD? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
t&if;&Sirf sm;udk wGe;f vSeyf pfr,f? 'DaoG;pkyo f rm;awG&@J ckcrH u _ kd vufeufuikd f
85
vDeif
tvkyo f rm;rsm;&J@ oHvufo;D eJ@ acsre_ ;f ypfr,fq&kd if 'gawGvyk +f y;D wmeJ@ ‘uyfyg;
aumif’ ryg&w dS /hJ twwfynmwyfqifr_ tqifjh rifrh m;wJh ,EW&m;wckukd u|eaf wmf
wd@k &&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? 'D,EW&m;udk aoG;pnf;nD!w G af ewJh tvkyo f rm;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f
aumif;aumif;}uD; armif;ESiEf ikd v f rd rhf ,f? olw@kd [m twwfynmonfawG/
tvky=f uyfawGe@J pm&if;udik af wGukd iSm;&rf;vdrrhf ,f? tm;vH;k twGuf vkycf
uawmh a,bk,s “Edik if aH wmf” t&m&St d m;vH;k udk ay;ovdk tvkyo f rm;vkycf
yJ ay;rSmygy?J tJ'guawmh tcdik t f rmeJ@ vufawG@uswhJ vkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfyg
w,f? x&yfpt f m;vH;k eJ@ywfouf+yD; csucf si;f vkyEf ikd w f hJ tvkyyf g? vkyv f u kd &f if
vkyo f m;jynfoal wGtay: aoG;pkyw f mawG &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf g? 'Dvyk if ef;wm0ef
vky&f mrSm yJ&pfbt kH zG@J u (txl;ojzifh Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ ywfouf
+yD;) pwif taumiftxnf azmfcw hJ mawGukd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;ygvrd rhf ,f?
vufeufuikd yf pPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ }u;D =uyfre_ @J acgi;f aqmifr_ atmuf

rSm twwfynmonfawG/ tvky=f uyfawG/ pm&if;udik af wGe@J t&m&St d m;vH;k
[m “tvkyo f rm;vkycf ” xufrydw k hJ vpmudyk J &&Sw d t
hJ ajctaersKd ;jzpfatmif
pD;yGm;a&;wckv;kH udk pmwdu k v f yk if ef;yHpk rH sKd ; pnf;±H;k wnfaqmuf&r,f? 'g[m
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vwfwavm&nfreS ;f csuyf ?J 'DvEkd ikd if aH wmfrsKd ;/ txufyguo hJ @kd
aom pD;yGm;a&;udk tajccHxm;wJh Edik if aH wmfrsKd ;udo k m u|eaf wmfw@kd vdv k m;yg
w,f? 'Dvv kd yk rf o
S m ygvrD efpepfukd zsuo f rd ;f Edik +f yD; ud,k pf m;vS,tf aqmuf
ttHpk epfawGukd xde;f odr;f Edik v
f rd rhf ,f? 'gro S m vkyo f m;vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ tJ'v D kd
taqmufttHpk epfawGukd "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;u a&mif;rpm;Edik af tmif vkyEf ikd f
vdrrhf ,f?
86
4? trsKd ;om; wpnf;wvH;k wnf;jzpfa&;twGuf pnf;±H;k jcif;?
“wrsKd ;om;vH;k udk b,fyzkH @JG pnf;r,fqw kd mudk bHtk zG@J taeeJ@ tao;
pdwf ra&;qGJjzpfcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh rl=urf;xJrSmawmh tao;i,fqHk;
aus;vuf&Gmuav;awGtxd yJ&pfbHktzGJ@vdkrsdK;/ EdkifiHa&;o¿mef
tzG@J tpnf;awGz@JG z@kd jzpfw,fv@kd &Si;f &Si;f yJ a&;om;xm;ygw,f? æ”
yJ&pf&dS “trsKd ;om;ud, k pf m;vS,t f pnf;ta0;” od@k bHt k zG@J o;D oD;rS
ud,k pf m;vS,af wG a&G;cs,af pv$wzf @kd jzpfygw,f?
“æ tJ't D csed rf mS A[dtk pd;k &twGuf enf;yg;ayr,fh ta&;}uD;wJh

vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; usef&SdaevdrfhOD;r,f? 'gawGudk wa,muf
a,mufu vky}f uHzefw;D xm;wJh yHrk sKd ;eJ@ ry,fzsuyf pf&? bHt k zG@J &@J
t&m&Srd sm;xHo@kd v$t J yf&r,f? wm0ef,pl w d f jrifrh m;wJh ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;xHo@kd v$t
J yf&r,f?æ”
“ætrsKd ;om; wpnf;wvH;k wnf;jzpfru _ kd zsuq f ;D rypf&wJt h jyif bHk

tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt& pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;zdk@ jzpfw,f? EdkifiHawmf
tm%mudk zsufqD;ypfjcif;jzifh 'gudk taumiftxnfazmf&r,f?
'Dae&mrSm Edik if aH wmftm%mqdw k m trsKd ;om; wpnf;wvH;k jzpfru _ kd
pkpnf;azmfjywJt h &m jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh trsKd ;om;qdw k thJ &meJ@ uif;
vGwfae+yD; ol@&J@txufrSm &Sdaew,fqdkayr,fh wu,fuawmh
trsKd ;om;qdw k t hJ &m&J@ cE<mud,
k xf u
J xGuv f mwJh uyfyg;uyfajr‡mif
usD;aygif;r#omjzpfwJh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk qdkvdkygw,f? tpdk;&
tm%ma[mif;eJ@ zdEydS af &;twGurf #omjzpfwhJ ,EW&m;udk z,f&mS ;
ypf&r,f? 'gayrJh ol@&@J usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmw f hJ vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;
87
vDeif
udak wmh vl@tzG@J tpnf;tay: pd;k rd;k aewJh tm%m&J@ vufxu J vk,l
+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ wm0efcu
H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;xH v$t
J yf&r,f?”
(urBmhordkif;0ifyk*~dKvf jzpfcsifwma=umifh urBmhtHhzG,f 7 yg;xJrSm

yg0ifwJh tm&Srdkif;em;&Sd bk&m;ausmif;udk zsufqD;cJhwJh) [D±dkpx&ufwyf
(Herostratus) vdk emrnfausmw f phJ mtky/f opPmazmuf bef;pwde;f a&;wJh
pmtky/f qd&k , S v f pfpepftwGuf a&S;OD;vdt k yfcsurf sm;eJ@ qd&k ,S v f pf'rD u
kd a&pD&@J
vkyfief;wm0efrsm; pmtkyfudk=unfh&if tckacwf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'&J@
tacsmiform;rsm;[m rmhupf &f @J txufyg ajymqdck suaf wGukd b,favmuf
awmif em;rvnf=ubl;vJqdkwm odk@r[kwf ydkwdusatmifajym&&if b,f
avmufawmif em;rvnfcsif=ubl;vJqdkwm t&Sif;vif;qHk; awG@&ygw,f?
bef;pwde;f u rmhupf af &;om;wJh txufazmfjyyg pmyd'k ef @J ywfouf+yD;awmhuykd J
bmajymovJq&kd if 'Dvyk if ef;pOf[m “æEdik if aH &;twGi;f oabmt&=unf&h if
tESpo f m&uswhJ tcsut f m;vH;k rSm ya&muf'eG ;f &J@ jynfaxmifpzk uf'&,fpepfe@J
tvGeu f kd qifwyl gw,f? æ rmhupf ef @J ‘"e&Siaf ygupf ’ ya&muf'eG ;f (bef;pwde;f
u “"e&Siaf ygupf ” qdw k hJ pum;udk rsuaf wmiftrSwt f om;eJ@ a&;ygw,f?
ceJ@whJ avoHayguaf tmif a&;wmyg?) wd@k &@J t=um;rSm uGv J cJG suaf wG &Sad eay
r,fh tqdyk gtcsuaf wGe@J ywfoufv@kd olw@kd pOf;pm;yHak wGuawmh xyfwel ;D yg;
usaeygw,f?” bef;pwdef; qufa&;xm;wmu - a'oudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_
taqmufttHak wG[m wae@wjcm; ta&;}uD;vmwmawmh trSeyf gy?J 'gayrJh
“'Dru kd a&pD&@J yxrqH;k vkyif ef;wm0efu rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wd@k pOf;pm;cJw h hJ
yHrk sKd ;/ acwfrED ikd if aH wmfawGukd zsuo f rd ;f +y;D (jynfe,fe@J wikd ;f toD;oD; v$waf wmfrS
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ trsKd ;om;v$waf wmfukd zG@J pnf;+y;D jynfe,fe@J wdik ;f toD;oD;
v$waf wmfuakd wmh bHt k zG@J toD;oD;u a&G;cs,w f hJ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;
wJeh nf;eJ@) Edik if aH wmf tzG@J tpnf; wnfaqmufru _ kd vH;k 0ajymif;vJypfr,f? 'Dvekd @J
88
e*dyk pkH H trsKd ;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,pf epfwckv;kH vH;k 0aysmufu,G o
f mG ;apr,fqw
kd hJ
vkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfoifyh g&@J vm;? 'Dtcsuu f kd u|eaf wmf oHo,jzpfrw d ,f?”
(bef;pwde;f a&; “tpcscD surf sm;”/ *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif; (1899) pm 134 -
136?)
rmhupf &f @J “uyfyg;ajr‡mifus;D aygi;f jzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuq f ;D

a&;” tjrifukd ya&muf'eG ;f &J@ jynfaxmifppk epfe@J a&maxG;ajymqdw k muawmh
wu,fu h kd wkev
f y_ zf ,
G &f mygy?J 'gayrJh 'g[m a&Smifwcifawmh r[kwyf g? bmvd@k vJ
qdak wmh rmhupf [ f m 'Dae&mrSm A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfe@J qef@usib f ufjzpfwhJ jynf
axmifppk epfta=umif;udk ajymaewm vH;k 0r[kw?f "e&Siw f ikd ;f jynftm;vH;k rSm
&Sad ewJ/h a[mif;EGr;f aewJh "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf,EW&m;udk zsuq f ;D ypfz@kd ta=umif;udk
ajymaewmom jzpfw,fqw kd mudk tacsmiform; bef;pwde;f rpOf;pm;rdv@kd ygy?J
tacsmiform; pOf;pm;rdwmuawmh ol@ab;ywfvnfrSm &SdaewJh

"e&Siaf ygupf evAde;f wH;k tusiahf wGe@J “ðyjyifa&;0g'” &J@ xdik ;f rdi_ ;f r_tjcif;t&m
awG jynfah ewJh ywf0ef;usix f u
J t&mom jzpfw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh “a'o
ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyrf _ taqmufttH”k om jzpfw,f? 'Dtacsmiform;[m ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;&J@ awmfveS af &;ta=umif;udk pOf;awmifrpOf;pm;wwfawmhygb;l ?
&,fawmh&,fp&myg? 'gayrJh owdðyzd@k aumif;wmu tJ't D csuef @J

ywfoufv@kd bef;pwde;f udk b,forl S apm'uwuf rae=uwmyJ? bef;pwde;f udk
vltawmfrsm;rsm;u acsyajymqdck =hJ uw,f? txl;ojzifh ±k&mS ;pmaye,fy,frmS
yvufcaf emh/ Oa&mypmaye,frmS aumufpuD;wd@k u acsya&;om;cJ=h uw,f?
'gayrJh olw@kd EpS af ,mufxu
J b,fou l rS bef;pwde;f tJ'v
D kd rmhupf uf kd yHyk ef;
zsuwf mudk bmrSrajymcJ=h uygb;l ?
89
vDeif
'Dtacsmiform;[m awmfveS af &;enf;usus enf;enf;rSrawG;wwf
awmhyg? awmfveS af &;ta=umif;vnf; enf;enf;rS rawG;wwfawmhyg? tJ'D
awmh “jynfaxmifppk epf” qdw k m rmhupf u
f pajymcJw
h mvd@k q+kd yD; rmhupf u f kd
rif;rJ0h g'&J@zcif ya&muf'eG ;f eJ@ a&maxG;ypfygw,f? ud,
k uhf ,kd u
f ,kd f rl&if;rmhupf f
0g'aD wG jzpfw,f/ awmfveS w f hJ rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;awGukd umuG,af eolawG
jzpfw,fqdk+yD; a=unmxm;=uwJh aumufpuD;eJ@yvufcfaemhwdk@uvnf;
'Dtcsuef @J ywfouf+yD; bmrS rajym=uygb;l ? tJ't D csu[ f m qd&k if rmhupf 0f g'eJ@
rif;rJ0h g't=um; jcm;em;csut f ay: aumufpuD;0g'rD sm;eJ@ tacsmiform;rsm;
atmufwef;usus =unfjh rifae=uwmawG&@J Zmpfjrpfwck jzpfw,f? 'D=unfh
jrifrt_ a=umif; aemufyikd ;f rSm aqG;aEG;ygO;D r,f?
bHt
k zG@J &@J tawG@tñut H ay: oH;k oyfxm;wJh rmhupf &f @J txufazmfjyyg
pum;rsm;xJrSm jynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@ qdkifwmqdkvdk@ tpteawmif ryg&Sdyg?
rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wd@k wlnw D hJ wu,ft h csuuf kd tacsmiform; bef;pwde;f
jrifEikd pf rG ;f r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wd@k uGv
J cJG suu
f u
kd sawmh bef;pwde;f
u wlncD suv f @kd jrifaejyefw,f?
rmhupf ef @J ya&muf'eG ;f wlnw D thJ csuu

f olw@kd EpS af ,mufpvH;k vuf&dS
EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk “zsufqD;a&;” tay: &yfwnf=uw,f? rmhufpf0g'eJ@
(ya&muf'eG ;f / bmuleifw@kd &@J ) rif;rJ0h g't=um;&Sd tJ'tD csut f ay: tjrifwn l D
wmudk tacsmiform;rsm;a&m/ aumufpuD;0g'Drsm;yg rawG@jrif=uygbl;?
bmvd@k vq J akd wmh olw@kd [m 'Dtcsut f ay:rSm rmhupf 0f g'udk ausmcdik ;f cJ=h uvd@k
jzpfygw,f?
rmhufpf[m ya&muf'Gef;eJ@a&m/ bmuleifeJ@yg oabmrwlwmu

jynfaxmifpkpepfjy\emtay:rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? (ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf
90
jy\emudak wmh ajymzd@k awmif rvdak wmhyg?) jynfaxmifppk epfqw kd m rif;rJ0h g'&J@
"e&Siaf ygupf tjrifrsm;uae ayguzf mG ;vmwJh rlwck jzpfw,f? rmhupf [ f m
A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epftay: &yfco H l jzpfygw,f? txufrmS ud;k um;azmfjycJw h hJ
rmhupf &f @J o;kH oyfcsuaf wGxrJ mS A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfuae vGaJ csmo f mG ;wJh tcsuf
&,fv@kd vH;k 0ryg&ydS gb;l ? Edik if aH wmftay: evAde;f wH;k “t,lo;D ,H=k unfr”_ awGe@J
jynfvh #aH eolrsm;om "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf,EW&m; zsuo f rd ;f a&;udk A[dck sKyu
f ikd rf p_ epf
zsuo f rd ;f a&;tjzpf rSm;,Gi;f pGm =unfjh rifwwf=uygw,f?
'gayrhJ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ qif;&JwJhv,form;rsm;[m olwdk@&J@

vufxrJ mS Edik if aH wmftm%mudk qkyu f ikd xf m;=ur,f/ ud, k bhf mom bHt k zG@J awG
twGi;f rSm tvGev f w G v f yfpmG pnf;±H;k pkpnf;=ur,f/ bHt k zG@J awGtm;vH;k &J@ v_y&f mS ;
r_awGudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; jzpfapum t&if;udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf=ur,f/
t&if;&Siaf wG&@J cck rH u
_ kd acsre_ ;f =ur,f/ yk*v ~ ud ydik f rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;/ puf±rkH sm;/
ajr,mrsm; pwmawGudk trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;odk@
v$aJ jymif;=ur,fq&kd if 'g[m A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epf r[kwb f ;l vm;? 'g[m tukef
pifq;kH / tjynf0h qH;k 'Drukd a&pDA[dck sKyu f ikd rf p_ epf r[kwb f ;l vm;? aemuf+y;D 'g[m
ypPn;f rJvh w
l ef;pm;&J@ A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epf r[kwb f ;l vm;?
A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfukd qENtavsmuf usio hf ;kH zd@k jzpfEikd w

f ,f? bHt
k zG@J
awG[m trsKd ;om;w&yftjzpf qENtavsmuf pkpnf;zd@k jzpfEikd w f ,f? "e&Sif
tkypf ;kd r_e@J "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf ,EW&m;udk zsuq f ;D a&;twGuf ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;
bHt
k zG@J awG qENtavsmuf aygi;f pnf;zd@k jzpfEikd w f ,f? 'DjzpfEikd rf a_ wGukd bef;pwde;f
vH;k 0rpOf;pm;Edik cf yhJ gb;l ? evAde;f wH;k tm;vH;k wd@k &@J xH;k pHtwdik ;f bef;pwde;f [m
A[dck sKyu f ikd rf u
_ kd txufuaeyJ vmEdik w f hJ t&mwck/ AsL±du k a&pDe@J ppfa&; taqmuf
ttHktjzpfom twif;wnfaqmuf xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifwJht&mwcktjzpfyJ
oabmayguyf gw,f?
91
vDeif
rmhupf [ f m ol@tjrifawG yHyk ef;tzsucf &H Edik w f mudk óuodaecJw h hJ yHpk H
ygy?J bHt k zG@J [m trsKd ;om;wpnf;wvH;k wnf; &Srd u _ kd zsuqf ;D vdck w
hJ ,f? A[dk
tm%mydkifr_udk zsufodrf;vdkcJhw,f pwJhpGyfpGJcsufawG[m wrifvkyf}uHajym
qdkr_awGom jzpfw,fvdk@ rmhufpfu wriftav;xm; azmfxkwfcJhygw,f?
“trsKd ;om;wvH;k wpnf;wnf;&Srd u _ kd æ pnf;±H;k wnfaqmufz@kd jzpfw,f” qdw k hJ
pum;rsm;udk rmhupf u f &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS oH;k cJyh gw,f? &nf&, G cf suuf awmh tod
pdw&f &dS dS usio hf ;kH wJ/h 'Dru kd a&pDuswhJ ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@ A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfukd
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;&J@ ppftyk pf /k AsL±du k a&pD A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfe@J qef@usib f uf
xm;+yD; wifjycsiv f @kd ygy?J
'gayrJh em;raxmifvdkolrsm;avmuf b,folrS em;rxdkif;=uyg?

Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuo f rd ;f / uyfyg;uyfajr‡mif us;D aygi;f udk z,f&mS ;qdw
k hJ
pum;awGuykd J tckacwf qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pD0g'&J@ tacsmiform;awGu r=um;
csi=f uwmyg?
5? uyfyg;aumifEikd if aH wmfukd zsuo

f rd ;f a&;
'Dta=umif;t&meJ@ywfouf+yD; rmhupf &f @J pum;rsm;udk ud;k um;azmfjy
cJ+h yD;yg+yD? tck xyfrjH znfph u
G af zmfjyygO;D r,f? rmhupf u
f 'Dvakd wG a&;cJyh gw,f?
“vH;k 0opfviG w f hJ ordik ;f qdik &f mzefw;D r_rsm; a,bk,sñuHawG@&wJh uH

=urRmuawmh - 'DtopfawG[m vlrb _ 0ta[mif; yHo k ¿mefrsm;/
acwfawmifuek af ewJh yHo k ¿mefrsm;eJ@ wpHw k &mwlnw D m&Sad e&if
topf[m ta[mif;&J@ yHw k rl yl mG ;tjzpf txifc&H wwfygw,f? 'Dvekd @J
acwfrED ikd if aH wmftm%mudk ±du k cf sKd ;wJh tckbtkH zG@J topf[mvnf;
tv,facwfu bHt k zG@J awG&@J jyefvnftouf0ifvmr_tjzpf txif
cH&w,f? (rGew f uf*eD @J *g&eG 'f if;rsm; Montesquieu and Girondins
92
pwJ)h jynfe,fuav;rsm; pkaygi;f r_tjzpf txifc&H w,f? w&m;vGeAf [dk
csKyu
f ikd rf u
_ kd a&S;OD;acwfuvnf; 'Dvykd J qef@usicf =hJ uwmyJ? wd;k cs@J xm;
wmyJ uGmw,fv@kd txifc&H w,f?æ”
“æ vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk wG,u f yfpm;aomufae+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@

vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;r_udk wm;qD;aewJ@ EdkifiHawmfuyfyg;aumifu
pky,
f x
l m;wJh tiftm;rSeo f r#ukd vl@tzG@J tpnf;cE<mud, k w
f iG ;f od@k
bHktzGJ@pepfu jyefvnfoGwfoGif;ay;vdrhfr,f? 'Dvkyf&yfwckeJ@yJ
jyifopfjynf jyefvnfemvefxal &;udk a&S@o@kd weG ;f aqmfay;vdrrhf ,f?
æ”
“aus;vuf&Sd xkwfvkyfolrsm;udk olwdk@&J@ oufqdkif&mjynfe,f

òr@awmfrsm;&J@ pdw"f mwfa&;&m acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufo@kd bHt k zG@J pepf
u oGwo f iG ;f vdrrhf ,f? òr@jytvkyo f rm;rsm;[m aus;vuf&x dS w
k f
vkyo f rl sm;&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk ud, k pf m;ðywJh obm0ud, k pf m;vS,af wG
jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tmrcHcsuu f kd bHt
k zG@J pepfu ay;vdrrhf ,f? "rRwmyJ
bHtk zG@J wnf&rdS y_ ifu, kd rf mS a'oud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyrf _ yg0if+y;D om; jzpfw,f?
'gayrJh 'Du, kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyrf [_ m tcktcg tz,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f wJh Edik if aH wmf
tm%mudk t[ef@twm;ðywJ@ t&mr[kwaf wmhygb;l ?”
“uyfyg;uyfajrm‡ ifus;D aygi;f ” wckjzpfwhJ “Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuo f rd ;f

a&;”/ 'gukd “z,f&mS ;a&;”/ 'gukd “zsuq f ;D a&;”/ “tcktcg tz,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f wJh
Edik if aH wmftm%m” pwmawG[mqd&k if bHt k zG@J &@J tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tuJjzwf
cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&mrSm rmhupf o f ;kH cJw
h phJ um;awG jzpfygw,f?
'gawGtm;vHk;udk vGefcJhwJh &mpkESpf0ufeD;yg;umvu a&;cJhwmyg?

rmhupf 0f g'yifu,
kd o
f iG jf yifukd vlxak wG od&edS m;vnfapzd@k twGuf 'Dpum;awGukd
93
vDeif
tcktcg azmfxw k zf @kd vdyk gw,f? rmhupf [
f m ol@b0rSm aemufq;kH ñuHawG@cw hJ hJ
awmfvSefa&;}uD;udk avhvm+yD; ed*Hk;csKyfcsufawG qGJxkwfcJhw,f? ypPnf;rJh
awmfveS af &;acwf aemufw}udrf usa&mufvmcsed rf mS yJ tJ'eD *d ;kH csKyfcsuaf wGukd
vlawGu arhypfc=hJ uw,f?
“bHt k zG@J tay: vlawGu trsKd ;rsKd ;t"dym` ,fziG =hf uw,f? bHt k zG@J uay;
wJh tusKd ;pD;yGm;udv k nf; olw@kd vo kd vdk trsKd ;rsKd ;aumufEw k =f uw,f?
'Dtcsuu f jyaewmuawmh bHt k zG@J [m tvGeaf ysmah ysmif;wJh
Edik if aH &;o¿mefjzpf+y;D t&ifu &Scd w hJ hJ tpd;k &o¿meftm;vH;k uawmh
zdEydS af &;vuQ% Q myJ aqmifcw hJ ,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf gy?J bHt
k zG@J e@J ywfouf
+yD; wu,fwrf; v#Kd @0u S ef ufew J hJ tcsuu f awmh - bHt k zG@J [m tESpf
om&t& tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&J@ tpd;k &w&yfjzpfw,f/ xkwv f yk f
olvlwef;pm;eJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mydkifqdkifol vlwef;pm;wdk@&J@
wdu k yf t JG wGi;f u &cJw h &hJ v'f jzpfw,f? aemufq;kH rS &SmazGawG@&&dS wJh
Edik if aH &;o¿mef jzpfw,f/ tvkyu f kd pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwaf jrmufap
Edik w f hJ Edik if aH &;o¿mefjzpfw,f qdw k mawG jzpfygw,f?”
“'Daemufq;kH tcsut f vuf r&Sb

d ;l qd&k if bHt
k zG@J pepf[m taumif
txnfjzpfrvmEdik b
f ;l ? vdrn
f mr_wckom jzpfvrd rhf ,f?æ”
pdwu f ;l ,Oform;rsm;[m vl@tzG@J tpnf;qd&k , S v

f pfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyEf ikd rf ,fh Edik if aH &;o¿mefrsm; &SmazGa&;eJ@ tvky±f y_ af e=uw,f? rif;rJ0h g'D
awGuawmh Edik if aH &;yH¿ k mefrsm; jy\emudk vH;k 0ab;z,fxm;cJ=h uw,f? ,ck
acwf qd&k , S 'f rD u kd a&pDtacsmiform;rsm;[m ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf&@J
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm; Edik if aH &;o¿mefrsm;udk rausmv f m$ ;oifw
h hJ tuef@towf
tjzpf vufcx H m;=uw,f? olw@kd [m 'D “pHerlem” udk vufprkH ;kd +yD; &Scd ;kd ud;k uG,f
94
=uw,f? 'Do¿mefawGudk acsr_ef;zdk@ &nf&G,fwmrSefor#udk rif;rJh0g'tjzpf
jypfwifajymqd=k uw,f?
qd&k ,S v f pf0g'qdik &f meJ@ Edik if aH &;wdu

k yf q JG ikd &f m ordik ;f wckv;kH xJuae
rmhupf x f w
k ,
f &l &Scd w hJ muawmh - Edik if aH wmfqw kd m rkcsaysmufu, G v f rd rhf ,f?
(Edik if aH wmfwnf&jdS cif;rS Edik if aH wmfrjhJ cif;od@k ul;ajymif;wJ)h Edik if aH wmf uG,af ysmuf
r_twGuf ul;ajymif;a&;o¿mef[m “tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k xm;wJh
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;” jzpfvdrfhr,f - qdkwJhoabmw&m; jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh
rmhupf [ f m tJ't D em*wftqif&h @J Edik if aH &;yHo k ¿mefawGukd &SmazGawG@&zdS @kd róu;
pm;cJhygbl;? ol[m jyifopfordkif;udk tao;pdwfavhvmw,f? 'gudk cGJjcrf;
pdwjf zmw,f? tajctaeawGu "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf,EW&m;tm; zsuq f ;D a&;qDo@kd
OD;wnfa&G@vsm;aew,fqw kd hJ ed*;kH csKyfcsuu
f kd 1851 ckEpS f tawG@tñuHtay:
tajccH+yD; qGx J w k wf ,f? rmhupf [ f m 'DavmufyJ vkycf yhJ gw,f?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ vlxkawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_aygufuGJvmwJh
tcgrSm 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_[m ±H_;edrfhjcif;/ tcsdefwdkawmif;jcif;/ tm;enf;csufrsm;
&Sjd cif;rsm; &Scd ahJ yr,fv
h nf; 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_u bmo¿mefawGukd &SmazGawG@&cdS o
hJ vJ
qdw k mudk rmhupf [ f m pwifavhvmcJw h ,f?
bHt
k zG@J [m ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;u “aemufq;kH rS &SmazGawG@&&dS wJ”h
o¿mefjzpfw,f? tvkyfudk pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwfajrmufapEdkifwJho¿mef
jzpfw,f?
bHt
k zG@J [m "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmf,EW&m;tm; zsuq
f ;D ypf&ef ypPn;f rJh awmf
vSeaf &;w&yf&@J yxrt}udróf u;yrf;r_&v'f jzpfw,f? bHt k zG@J [m zsucf vH u kd &f
wJh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;ae&mrSm 0ifa&muftpm;xd;k Edik +f yD; tpm;vnf; xd;k udx k ;kd
95
vDeif
&r,fh Edik if aH &;o¿mef “aemufq;kH rSmrS &SmazGawG@&&dS wJ”h Edik if aH &;o¿mef
jzpfw,f?
1905 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1917 ckEpS f ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rsm;[m rwljcm;em;wJh

tajctae/ tcsut f vufrsm;t& bHt k zG@J &@J vkyif ef;wm0efukd qufvufvyk f
aqmifcw hJ ,f? rmhupf f ^m%fynmxufjrufpmG ðyvkycf w hJ hJ ordik ;f a&;t& cGjJ crf;
pdwjf zmcsuuf kd twnfðyay;cJw h ,fpwJh ta=umif;t&mawGukd aemufyikd ;f rSm
u|eaf wmfw@kd qufvufawG@jrif&OD;rSmyg?
tcef; (4)
qufvufzwf&ef/ tde*f ,f&@J jznfph u

G &f iS ;f jycsurf sm;?
rmhupf [ f m bHt k zG@J tawG@tñuH&@J ta&;ygre_ @J ywfouf+yD; tjcm;

tcsurf sm;udk wifjycJw h ,f? tde*f ,f[m tJ'jD y\emudk xyfcgwvJvJ xkwf
azmfajymqdck +hJ yD; rmhupf &f @J cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmcsuef @J ed*;kH csKyfcsuaf wGukd &Si;f jycJw
h ,f?
wcgw&HrmS tJ'jD y\em&J@ wjcm;rsuEf mS pmawGukd tvGet f m;&S&d /dS tvGef
uGuu f u G u
f iG ;f uGi;f eJ@ azmfjycJw h ,f? 'ga=umifh ol@&@J &Si;f jycsuaf wGukd oD;oef@
wifjyzd@k vdyk gw,f?
1? aetdrjf y\em
tde*f ,f[m ol@&@J aetdrjf y\empmtkyf (1872 ckEpS )f rSm bHt

k zG@J &@J tawG@
tñuHrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;xm;ygw,f? 'gt
h jyif Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD;
96
awmfveS af &;u vkyaf qmif&r,fh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ta=umif; t}udr}f udrf
ajymcJw h ,f? ol[m 'Dtcdik t f rmjy\emta=umif;udk ajymwJah e&mrSm wzuf
rSm ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmfe@J rsuaf rSmufEikd if aH wmfw@kd t=um; wlncD suf
rsm;udk &Si;f jycJwh ,f? 'Dwn l cD suaf wGukd tajcðy+yD; 2 rsKd ;pvH;k udk Edik if aH wmfv@kd yJ
ac:a0:vd@k &ygw,f? wjcm;wzufrmS qd&k if tde*f ,fu 'D 2 rsKd ; uGmjcm;csurf sm;
udk &Si;f jycJw
h ,f? wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmfzsuo f rd ;f a&;od@k ul;ajymif;r_ta=umif;
udk &Si;f jycJwh ,f?
“aetdrjf y\emudk b,fvakd jz&Si;f rvJ? rsuaf rSmufacwf vl@tzG@J

tpnf;rSmawmh 'Djy\emudk ajz&Si;f &mwGif wjcm;aomvl@tzG@J tpnf;
jy\emrSeo f r#ukd ajz&Si;f wJeh nf;twdik ;f yJ ajz&Si;f w,f? axmufyrhH e_ @J
awmif;qdrk w _ @kd ukd pD;yGm;a&;t& wjznf;jznf;csi;f xde;f !‡ad y;wJeh nf;eJ@
ajz&Si;f w,f? 'gayrJh 'Denf;u 'Djy\emudyk J topfjyefvnf arG;xkwf
ay;aejyefw,f? 'Dawmh 'Denf;eJ@u jy\em vH;k 0ajyvnfroGm;ygb;l ?
'gqkd vlra_ wmfveS af &;ua&m 'Djy\emudk b,fvakd jz&Si;f ay;rSmvJ?
'guawmh umva'otvdu k f enf;emtajymif;tvJawG&rdS mS jzpf±kH
ru yd+k yD;euf±i_d ;f wJh wjcm;jy\emrsm;eJ@vnf; qufpyfaeygw,f?
tJ'DtxJrSm ta&;}uD;qHk;jy\emwckuawmh òr@jyeJ@ aus;vuf
t=um; qef@usib f ufjzpfru_ kd zsuo
f rd ;f a&;jzpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J
wm0efu tem*wfv@l tzG@J tpnf;&J@ zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufrt _ wGuf
Avmpdwu f ;l ,OfqefwhJ pepftrsKd ;rsKd ;udk owfrw S zf @kd r[kwaf vawmh
'Dae&mrSm 'Djy\emtwGuf tcsed ðf zef;raeawmhyg? 'gayrJh aocsmwm
wckawmh &Sdygw,f? tcktcg òr@}uD;awGrSm aetdrfrsm; tvHk
tavmuf&adS e+yD;jzpfv@kd 'gawGukd usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmpf mG toH;k cs
Edik rf ,fq&kd if td;k tdrrf vHak vmufr_ tppftrSejf y\emudk csucf si;f
97
vDeif
ajz&Si;f ay;Edik v f rd rhf ,f qdw
k mygy?J "rRwmyJ 'gukd taumiftxnf
azmfz@kd u rsuaf rSmuftrd yf ikd &f iS af wGqu D tdraf wGukd tydik o f rd ;f ydu
k &f
r,f? aep&mr&Sw d hJ tvkyo f rm;awG od@k r[kwf vuf&rdS mS ¹ywfoyd pf mG
aeae=u&wJh tvkyo f rm;awGukd tJ't D rd af wGrmS ae&mcsxm;ay;
&r,f? 'Dvykd J vky&f rSmayg?h ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;u Edik if aH &;tm%m
odr;f yduk +f yD;wmeJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf tusKd ;&Sw d hJ 'Dvv kd yk if ef;
rsKd ;[m rsuaf rSmufacwfEikd if aH wmfu wjcm;t&m0wˆKawGukd tydik f
odr;f wJu h pd eP @J (ppfom;awG ae&mcsxm;zd@k ) tdro f rd ;f wJh udpaP wGvykd J
taumiftxnfazmfz@kd vG,u f yl gvrd rhf ,f?” (*smrefbmomxkwf
1807 pmrsuEf mS 22)
'Dae&mrSm Edik if aH wmftm%m&J@ o¿mefajymif;vJru _ kd rwifjyxm;

ygb;l ? Edik if aH wmftm%m&J@vy_ &f mS ;r_ twGi;f oabmudo k m aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f?
rsuaf rSmufEikd if aH wmfuawmifrS trde@f awGcsrw S +f yD; aetdrrf sm;udk tydik o f rd ;f
wm/ tydik pf ;D wmawG vkyaf ewmyJ? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH wmf[mvnf;
o¿meft&ajym&&if aetdrrf sm;udk odr;f ydu k zf @kd / taqmuftOD;awGukd tydik f
odr;f zd@k “trde@f csrw S ”f rSmyg? 'gayrJh pDrt H yk cf sKyfa&;,EW&m;a[mif;/ wenf;tm;
jzifh "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;eJ@ qufE, G af ewJh AsL±du k a&pD,EW&m;udk toH;k ðy+yD;awmh
ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;Edik if aH wmf&@J trde@f awGukd aqmif&u G v
f @kd r&Edik yf gb;l qdw
k m
&Si;f ygw,f?
“ævkyo f m;jynfow
l @kd u tvkyu f &d ,
d mtm;vH;k eJ@ pufrv _ yk if ef;wck
vH;k udk wu,fvufawG@ odr;f ydu k wf ehJ nf;em[m ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'&J@
‘jyefvnf0,f,jl cif;’ enf;emeJ@ vH;k 0qef@usib f ufusw,f? 'gukd
owdðy&ygr,f? 'kw, d enf;emrsKd ;udk usio hf ;kH &if tvkyo f rm;wOD;
wa,muf[m aetdrw f ck/ v,fajr,muGu/f tvkyu f &d , d mwcsKd @&@J
98
ydik &f iS f jzpfvmvdrrhf ,f? yxrenf;emrsKd ;udk usio hf ;kH &ifawmh ‘vkyo f m;
jynforl sm;’ [m tdrrf sm;/ puf±rkH sm;/ tvkyu f &d , d mrsm;udk pkaygi;f ydik f
qdkifolrsm; jzpfvdrfhr,f? ,kwfpGtqHk; ul;ajymif;a&;umvwck
twGi;f rSm 'Daetdr/f puf±pkH onfrsm;udk wOD;csi;f yk*Kd~ vfrsm;eJ@ tzG@J
tpnf;rsm; tcrJt h oH;k ðyzd@k vH;k 0eD;yg; cGiðhf yrSm r[kwb f ;l ? Oyrm
ajr,myk*v ~ u
d ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd zsuo
f rd ;f wm[m ajrcudk zsuo f rd ;f vduk f
wm r[kw?f ajrcudk ajymif;vJxm;wJh o¿mefwrsKd ;eJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;
od@k ay;aqmif&r,f? 'ga=umifh vkyo f m;jynforl sm;u tvkyu f &d , d m
tm;vH;k udk wu,fvufawG@ odr;f ydu k w
f ,fqw kd m[mvnf; tiSm;
,la&;eJ@ tiSm;csxm;a&;pepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;rSm r[kwfbl;?”
(pmrsuEf mS 68)
'Dtyd'k rf mS wifjyxm;wJjh y\em wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmfwrd af um

yaysmufa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajccHe@J ywfoufwhJ jy\emudk u|eaf wmfw@kd
aemuftcef;rSm aqG;aEG;ygr,f? tde*f ,fu tvGeo f wdxm;+yD; a&;om;xm;
wmyg? “,kwpf t G qH;k ul;ajymif;a&;umv wcktwGi;f rSm” ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;
Edik if aH wmf[m aetdrrf sm;udk tcrJt h oH;k ðyzd@k “vH;k 0eD;yg;” cGiðhf yrSm r[kwb f ;l vd@k
olu a&;xm;ygw,f? jynfolw&yfvHk; ydkifqdkifwJh aetdrfrsm;udk wOD;csif;
tdraf xmifrsm;od@k iSm;&rf;r,fq&kd if iSm;&rf;c,l&r,f? wpHw k &mtwdik ;f twm
t& }uD;=uyfrv _ nf; &S&d r,f? tdrrf sm; ae&mcsxm;&mrSm wpHw k &mpHrsm;vnf;
owfrw S &f r,f? 'gawGtm;vH;k twGuf wpHw k &maom Edik if aH wmfo¿mef&adS ezd@k
vdt k yfygw,f? 'gayrJh t&m&Sad wGu tcGix hf ;l ae&mawG &,lxm;wJ/h ppfa&;eJ@
AsL±du k a&pDtxl;,EW&m;w&yf &Sad ezd@k awmh vH;k 0rvdt k yfygb;l ? aetdrrf sm;udk
tcrJah e&mcsxm;ay;Edik w f hJ tajctaeod@k ul;ajymif;wJu h pd u
P awmh Edik if aH wmf
vH;k 0 “wdraf umyaysmufa&;” eJ@ qufpyfaeygw,f?
99
vDeif
bvefu0DG g'orm;rsm;[m bHt k zG@J tawG@tñurH sm;&J@ *,uf±u
kd rf c_ &H wJh
twGuf bHt k zG@J +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSm rmhupf 0f g'rlawGtay: ajymif;vJ&yfwnfvmcJyh u kH kd
ajym&if;eJ@ tde*f ,fu 'D&yfwnfru _ kd atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjycJw h ,f?
“æypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_vyk zf @kd vdw
k ,f? vlwef;
pm;rsm;eJ@twl Edik if aH wmfuykd g zsuo
f rd ;f a&;od@k ul;ajymif;&mrSm tm%m
&Sipf epfukd usiohf ;kH zk@d vdw
k ,f?æ” (pmrsuEf mS 55)
'Dae&mrSm tde*f ,fu “Edik if aH wmfzsuo f rd ;f a&;’ udk todtrSwðf y

xm;w,f? 'l;&if;qef@usiaf &;pmtkyx f rJ mS awmh olu txufazmfjyyg pmyd'k f
xJu rluykd J rif;rJ0h g'rltjzpfe@J jiif;y,fxm;jyefw,f? 'DEpS cf [ k m yËdyuQjzpfae
w,fv@kd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a0zefa&;uav;awGrmS 0goemxHw k ohJ rl sm; od@k r[kwf
“rmhupf 0f g' Zmwford ;f a&;vkyaf eol” "e&Sit f pdwtf ydik ;f wd@k u jrifaumif;jrif
=uygvrd rhf ,f? wu,fv@kd tacsmif0g'rD sm;uvnf; tde*f ,fukd “rif;rJ0h g'”D
wa,mufv@kd owfrw S rf ,fq&kd if 'g[m bmrSt=hH op&mr&Syd gb;l ? bmvd@k vq J kd
awmh ,cktcg Edik if w H um0g'rD sm;udk rif;rJ0h g'tD jzpf pGypf wJG hJ vky&f yfu qd&k , S f
a&SmAf if0g'rD sm; twGi;f rSm =umavacwfpm;av jzpfaevd@k ygy?J
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f ypfwmeJ@wygwnf; Edik if aH wmfvnf; ysuf

oGm;rSmyJv@dk rmhupf 0f g'u wav#mufv;kH oGeo f ifcyhJ gw,f? 'l;&if;qef@usiaf &;
pmtkyx f rJ mS “Edik if aH wmfwrd af umyaysmufa&;” eJ@ ywfoufw/hJ ausm=f um;wJh
pmyd'k rf mS rif;rJ0h g'aD wGukd tde*f ,ftjypfwifxm;wmu olw@kd [m Edik if aH wmfzsuf
odr;f a&;udk axmufcv H @kd qw
kd hJ ±d;k pif;wJh ta=umif;&if;a=umifh r[kwyf g? Edik if H
awmfukd “ae@csi;f ncsi;f ” zsuo f rd ;f ypfEikd wf ,fv@kd olw@kd a[majymaejcif;a=umifh
om jzpfygw,f?
100
,cktcg }uD;pd;k aewJh “qd&k , S ’f rD u
kd a&pD0g’” oabmw&m;[m Edik if H
awmfzsuo f rd ;f a&; jy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; rif;rJ0h g'tay:xm;wJh rmhupf 0f g'&J@
oabmxm;udk yHyk ef;vH;k 0zsuyf pfw,f? 'ga=umifh rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd xu G +f yD;
qifEcJ$ w hJ hJ rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;eJ@ jiif;ckeyf w
JG yGt
J a=umif; avhvm=u&if txl;tusKd ;&Sd
ygvrd rhf ,f?
2? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;eJ@jiif;ckyH JG
'Djiif;cHyk [
JG m 1873 ckEpS rf mS jzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd [m ya&muf
'Gef;0g'Drsm; wenf;tm;jzifh “ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_orm;rsm;” odk@r[kwf
“=oZmtm%m qef@usiaf &;0g'rD sm;” tm; a0zefa&;om;xm;wJh aqmif;yg;
awGukd tDwvDq&kd , S vf pfEpS yf wfvnf pmapmifo@kd ay;yd@k c=hJ uw,f? 'Daqmif;yg;
rsm;udk 1913 ckEpS u f srS *smrefbmomeJ@ e,l;Zpf (acwfopfowif;pm) rSm
azmfjyEdik cf whJ ,f?
rmhupf u
f Edik if aH &;ypfy,fwhJ rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;udk oa&mf&if; 'Dvakd &;xm;
ygw,f?
“æ wu,fv@kd tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH &;wdu k yf [ JG m awmf

vSeaf &;o¿mefawG aqmifaeygu wu,fv@kd tvkyo f rm;rsm;[m
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tm%m&Sipf epf ae&mrSm rdrw d @kd &@J tm%m&Sipf epf
udk tpm;xd;k xlaxmifygu 'Dvq kd kd olw@kd [m rlawGukd rxDrjhJ rifðywJh
jypfr_}uD;udk usL;vGef&muswmaygh? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tvkyf
orm;awG[m vufeufukd pGe@f y,fwm/ Edik if aH wmfukd zsuo f rd ;f wm
rvky=f ubJ olw@kd wawG&@J qd;k 0g;edru hf svw S hJ ae@pOfvt kd yfcsuaf wG
jynf0h apzd@k twGuf "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;&J@ ckcrH u_ kd acsre_ ;f zd@k twGuf olw@kd
[m Edik if aH wmfukd awmfveS w
f @J ,m,Dqefwo hJ ¿meftjzpf ajymif;vJ
101
vDeif
ypfv@kd ygy?J (acwfopfowif;pm tkyw
f JG - 32/ 1913 - 14 ckEpS ?f
pmrsuEf mS - 40)
=unfyh g? rmhupf [ f m rif;rJ0h g'aD wGukd acsy&mrSm Edik if aH wmf tJ'eD nf;eJ@
“zsuo f rd ;f ” wmrsKd ;udyk J qef@usicf w hJ myg? vlwef;pm;awG aysmufu, G w
f thJ cg
Edik if aH wmfvnf; aysmufu, G vf rd rhf ,f? od@k r[kwf vlwef;pm;awGukd zsuo f rd ;f
vdu k w f thJ cg Edik if aH wmfvnf; ysuo f mG ;vdrrhf ,fqw kd t
hJ jrifukd rmhupf u
f vH;k 0
rqef@usiyf gb;l ? tvkyo f rm;rsm;[m vufeuftoH;k ðyr_ukd jiif;y,f&r,f? pepf
wuspnf;±H;k xm;wJh t=urf;zuftiftm;toH;k ðyr_ukd jiif;y,f&r,f? wenf;
ajym&&if “"e&Siv f wl ef;pm;&J@ ckcrH u_ kd acsre_ ;f &ef” twGuf tvkyt f au|;ðyr,fh
Edik if aH wmftm; toH;k ðyr_ukd jiif;y,f&r,fqw kd hJ ajymqdck suuf kd olu qef@usif
wm jzpfw,f?
ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;twGuf vdt k yfwhJ Edik if aH wmf[m “awmfveS w f /hJ
,m,DqefwhJ o¿mef” &S&d r,fv@kd rmhupf u f &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS tav;xm;ajym
cJw
h ,f? rif;rJ0h g'tay: olqifEw J$ hJ wdu k yf &JG @J wu,ft h "dym` ,fukd vlawGu
wvGw J acsmf vkyyf pfwmrsKd ; rjzpfap&atmif umuG,zf @kd &nf&, G af jymcJw
h myg?
ypPn;f rJ@vw l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmfukd ,m,Dr#omyJ vdt k yfygw,f? Edik if aH wmf
zsuo f rd ;f a&;udk &nf&, G cf sut f jzpf xm;wJah e&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J rif;rJ0h g'D
rsm;t=um; oabmuGv J rJG _ vH;k 0r&Syd gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd udik pf x JG m;wmuawmh
tJ'&D nf&, G cf suaf &muf&zdS @kd twGuf Edik if aH wmftm%m&J@ ud&, d mrsm;/ t&if;
tjrpfrsm;eJ@ enf;emrsm;udk ,m,DtoH;k ðy+yD; aoG;pkyo f rl sm;udk qef@usizf @kd jzpfyg
w,f? 'g[m vlwef;pm;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f zd@k twGuf tzdEydS cf v H wl ef;pm;&J@ tm%m
&Sipf epfukd ,m,Dtm;jzifh vdt k yfwo hJ abmeJ@ twlwyl gy?J rmhupf [ f m rif;rJh
0g'rD sm;udk qef@usi&f mrSm ol@jy\emudk txufjrufq;kH eJ@ t&Si;f vif;qH;k enf;eJ@
wifjyw,f? tvkyo f rm;awG[m t&if;&Siaf wG&@J xrf;yd;k udk wGe;f vSe+f yD;wJh
102
aemufrmS “vufeufawGukd pGe@f y,f” =u&rvm;? 'grrS [kwf t&if;&Siaf wG&@J
ckcHr_udk acsr_ef;&mrSm 'DvufeufawGudk oHk;&rvm;? vlwef;pm;w&yf[m
vufeufwu G kd pepfwustoH;k ðy+yD; wjcm;vlwef;pm;w&yfukd qef@usiw
f ,f
qdkwm EdkifiHawmf&J@ “,m,Do¿mef” r[kwf&if wjcm;bmjzpfEdkifao;vJ
pojzifh olu wifjywm jzpfygw,f?
qd&k ,
S v
f pf'rD ukd a&pD ygw0D ifawGtm;vH;k ud, k uhf ,
kd u
f ,
kd f ar;=unfh
prf;yg? olw@kd [m rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;eJ@ jiif;cH&k mrSm Edik if aH wmfjy\emudk tJ'eD nf;
twdik ;f wifjy=u&J@vm;? 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,ftzG@J csKyf&@J w&m;0ifq&kd , S f
vpfygwD trsm;pkua&m Edik if aH wmfjy\emudk tJ'eD nf;twdik ;f wifjy=u&J@vm;?
tde*f ,fu tJ't D awG;tac:udyk J ydt k ao;pdwu f sus/ yd+k yD;omref

qefqefe@J &Si;f jyxm;w,f? OD;pGmtm;jzifh olu ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'rD sm;&J@ a&maxG;
aewJh t,ltqrsm;udk oa&mfygw,f? =oZmtm%mrSeo f r#/ emcHrr_ eS o f r#/
tcGit hf m%musio hf ;kH r_ rSeof r#ukd jiif;y,forl sm;tjzpf olw@kd u,
kd of w
l @kd “=oZm
tm%mqef@usiaf &;0g'rD sm;” vd@k ac:ae=uwmudv k nf; olu oa&mfygw,f?
tde*f ,fu puf±/kH rD;&xm;vrf;/ yifv,fu;l oabFm pwmawGukd Oyrmay;+yD;
wifjyygw,f? tJ't D &mawG[m puf,EW&m;awGukd oH;k xm;wJt h jyif vlrsm;
pGm&J@vyk af qmifru _ kd pDru H ed ;f wus aygi;f pyfxm;w,f? 'gawG[m ±_yaf xG;euf
eJwhJ twwfynmqdik &f m wnfaqmufcsuaf wG jzpfw,f? wu,fv@kd emcHr_
&,fvdk@ wpHkw&m r&Sdbl;qdk&if tusdK;quftm;jzifh =oZmtm%m/ tcGifh
tm%m wpHw k &m r&Sb d ;l qd&k if tJ'tD &mawG[m wckrS toH;k usrmS r[kwf
bl;? 'g[m &Si;f raebl;vm; pojzifh tde*f ,fu wifjyygw,f?
“æ wu,fv@kd tJ'aD csycsuaf wGe@J acgi;f trmqH;k =oZmtm%mqef@

usiaf &;orm;rsm;udk u|efawmf qef@usifvdkufwJhtcgrSm olwdk@u
103
vDeif
a[m'Dtajzudkom ay;Edkif=uw,f? ‘[kwfygw,f? 'grSefygw,f?
'gayrJh 'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd [m u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J u,kd pf m;vS,af wG
udk tJ'vD =kd oZmtm%mrsKd ;udk tyfEiS ;f vdu k w
f m r[kwyf gb;l ? wm0ef
wckukd tyfEiS ;f vdu
k w
f mom jzpfw,f?’ 'Dy*k Kd~ vaf wGuawmh t&m0wˆK
awG&@J emrnfukd ajymif;ay;vdu k ±f ekH @J 'Dt&m0wˆKawG yifu, kd [
f m
vnf; ajymif;vJomG ;wmyJv@kd xifae=uwmud;k ? æ”
=oZmtm%mjzifh tkycf sKyfrq _ w

kd meJ@ ud,k yf ikd v
f w G vf yfpmG tkycf sKyfr_
qdwk mwd@k [m Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut
f & ,lqcsurf sm;om jzpfw,f? tJ'gawGukd toH;k
ðywJh e,fy,fu vlrj_ zpfay:wd;k yGm;wJt h qifh trsKd ;rsKd ;tvdu k f ajymif;vJaew,f?
'gawGukd tºuif;rJt h &mawGtjzpf ,lqwm[m t"dym` ,f r&Sb d ;l pojzifh tde*f ,f
u &Si;f jy+yD; pufu&d ,d m&J@ twdik ;f twm}uD;wJh xkwv f yk af &;wd@k ukd toH;k cswhJ
e,fy,f[m tqufrjywf us,f0ef;vmaew,fvdk@ jznfhpGufajymygw,f?
tJ'aD emuf olu =oZmtm%mjy\emudk aqG;aEG;&mu Edik if aH wmfjy\emudk
ajymif;vJwifjyygw,f?
“ætem*wfvrl t _ zG@J tpnf;[m tm%mwnf&rdS u _ kd xkwv f yk af &;

ta=umif;tcsut f & r&Srd jzpf vdt
k yfwhJ abmiftwGi;f rSmom uef@
owfcGifhðyxm;vdrfhr,fvdk@ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;u ajym
qd&k ifawmh olw@kd e@J em;vnfr_ &&Spd &mta=umif; &SEd ikd yf gw,f? 'gayrJh
olwdk@[m tm%mwnf&Sdae&wJh ta=umif;tcsufrSefor#udk
r=unfjh rifbJ pum;Edik yf J vkae=uw,f?”
“=oZmtm%mqef@usiaf &;orm;rsm;[m Edik if aH &;=oZmtm%mudk

qef@usiaf &;/ Edik if aH wmfukd qef@usiaf &;qdw
k hJ aºu;a=umfre_ @J yJ ud,
k hf
ud,
k u
f ,
kd f bma=umifh uef@owfrxm;wmvJ? vmr,fh tem*wfvrl _
104
awmfveS af &;&J@ tusKd ;oufa&mufra_ =umifh Edik if aH &;vuQ%maqmif
wJh Edik if aH wmfe@J wygwnf; Edik if aH &;=oZmtm%mvnf; aysuu f , G f
oGm;vdrrhf ,f? wenf;qd&k &if trsm;qdik &f m vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;
[m Edik if aH &;vuQ%m r&Sad wmhbJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ wu,ft h usKd ;
pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufwJh/ ±dk;±dk;pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ vkyfief;
aqmifwmrsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;vdrfhr,fqdkwmudk =oZm
tm%mqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;uawmh =oZmtm%mEdkifiHa&;
vuQ%maqmifwhJ Edik if aH wmftm; ay:ayguaf pwJh vlrt _ a=umif;
tcsurf sm;udk rzsu&f ao;cifrmS awmif 'gukd wcsuw f nf; zsuo f rd ;f
vduk zf @kd awmif;qd=k uw,f? vlra_ wmfveS af &;&J@ yxrqH;k tvkyu f
=oZmtm%mqdw k hJ t&mudk zsuo f rd ;f a&;yJ jzpfoifw
h ,fv@kd olw@kd u
awmif;qd=k uw,f?”
“'Dv}l uD;rif;rsm;[m awmfveS af &;udk jrifz;l =uyg&@J vm;? awmfveS f

a&;qdw k m urBmavmu}uD;xJrmS =oZmtm%m toH;k qH;k t&myJ?
'g[m oHo,&Si;f ygw,f? awmfveS af &;qdw k m vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJ&dS
=oZmtm%mxufwhJ vufeufawGjzpfwhJ aoewf/ vSpH yG /f tajrmuf
pwmawGudkoHk;+yD; rdrdqENudk wjcm;vltiftm;tpdwftydkif;u
vufcv H matmif twif;vkyaf qmifwm jzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;rSm
atmify&JG wJh tpdwt f ydik ;f [m wdu k cf u kd cf &hJ wm tcsn;f tES;D rjzpf
apzdk@twGuf azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;udk udk,fh&J@vufeufrsm;jzifh
+cdr;f ajcmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh ud, k &hf @J tyk pf ;kd r_ukd xde;f odr;f &r,f? yJ&pf
bHt k zG@J [m "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk &ifqikd &f mrSm vufeufuikd jf ynfol
rsm;&J@ 'DvdkrsdK;=oZmtm%mudk toHk;rðycJhygu w&ufxufydk+yD;
wnfwEhH ikd yf grh vm;? ajymif;jyefajym&&if bHt k zG@J u 'Dv=kd oZmtm%m
105
vDeif
udkoHk;wm odyfudkenf;cJhwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ tjypfrwifxdkuf
bl;vm;? 'ga=umifh atmufygEpS cf x
k u
J wckyJ jzpf&r,f? wcku =oZm
tm%mqef@usiaf &;orm;awG[m ud, k b f mawG ajymaerSe;f rod
=uwmjzpfr,f? 'gq&kd if olw@kd [m ±_yaf xG;atmif vkyaf e=ujcif;om
jzpfw,f? wjcm;wcku olwdk@[m udk,fajymwm udk,fod=uwm
jzpfr,f? 'gq&kd ifawmh olw@kd [m ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;ta&;udk opPm
azmufae=uwm jzpfw,f? 'D 2 ckxu J b,f[myJjzpfjzpf azmufjyef
a&;orm;rsm;udk tvkyt f au|;ðyjcif;om jzpfw,f?” (pm - 39)
'DwifjycsufxJrSm EdkifiHawmf “wdrfaumyaysmuf” oGm;aewJh

umvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;eJ@pD;yGm;a&;qufpyfr_ ta=umif;t&mxJ xnfhoGif;
avhvm&r,fh jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? ('Dta=umif;t&mudk
vmr,fhtcef;rSm oD;oef@a&;om;xm;ygw,f?) tJ'Djy\emawGuawmh
trsm;qdik &f mvkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;[m Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;aqmifwm tjzpfrS
±d;k ±d;k pDrt
H yk cf sKyfa&; vkyif ef;aqmifwmtjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJomG ;wmeJ@ ywfouf
wJjh y\emeJ@ ‘Edik if aH &;vuQ%maqmifwhJ Edik if aH wmf’ eJ@ ywfoufwjhJ y\emwd@k
jzpfw,f? tJ''D w k ,
d jy\emrSm oH;k xm;wJh pum;vH;k [m em;vnfrv _ rJG mS ;zd@k
txl;vG,fulygw,f? 'Dpum;vHk;u EdkifiHawmfwdrfaumyaysmufr_jzpfpOfudk
&nf!eï ;f vdw k myg? 'DjzpfpOftwGi;f wpHwk &maom tqifrh mS wdraf umyaysmuf
aewJh Edik if aH wmfukd Edik if aH &;vuQ%mraqmifwhJ Edik if aH wmfv@dk ac:Edik yf gw,f?
tde*f ,f&@J txufygwifjycsuu f =kd unf&h if rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;udk qef@usif

&mrSm jy\emudk olwifjywJeh nf;[m tajymifajrmufq;kH ygy?J ud, k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,kd f
tdef*,f&J@wynfhrsm;vdk@ owfrSwfae=uwJh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;[m rif;rJh
0g'rD sm;udk qef@usi&f mrSm 1873 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f t}udro f ef;aygi;f rsm;pGm 'D
jy\emudk wifjycJ=h uw,f? 'gayrJh rmhupf 0f g'aD wG wifjyEdik w f /hJ wifjyoifw h hJ
106
enf;eJ@awmh r[kwfygbl;? EdkifiHawmfzsufodrf;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh rif;rJh0g'
t,ltq[m ±_yaf xG;+yD;/ awmfveS af &;oabm uif;rJyh gw,f? tde*f ,fu
tJ't D wdik ;f yJ ajymcJyh gw,f? awmfveS af &;ayguzf mG ;r_/ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_qw kd hJ udpeP @J
t=urf;zuftiftm;/ =oZmtm%m/ tcGit hf m%m/ Edik if aH wmfw@kd e@J ywfoufwhJ
awmfveS af &;txl;vkyif ef; wm0efrsm;qdw k u hJ pd aP wGuykd J rif;rJ0h g'aD wGu rjrif
vk=d uwm jzpfygw,f?
rsuaf rSmufacwf qd&k , S 'f rD u

kd &ufawGtaeeJ@ rif;rJ0h g'tay: a0zef
aeus ta=umif;t&mudk csKyfvu kd rf ,fq&kd ifawmh ‘u|eaf wmfw@kd [m Edik if aH wmf
udk todtrSwfðyw,f? rif;rJh0g'DawGuawmh todtrSwf rðy=ubl;’qdkwJh
tjynft h 0 evAde;f wH;k qefwhJ taygpm;pum;r#omygy?J "rRwmyJ? 'Dvt kd ayg
pm;pum;rsKd ;udk pOf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f &S=d uwJh awmfveS w f hJ tvkyof rm;rsm;u &G&H mS
=urSm rkcsygy?J tde*f ,fajymwm[m qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufawGe@J rwlygb;l ? qd&k , S f
vpfawmfveS af &;a=umifh Edik if aH wmfqw kd thJ &m[m yaysmufomG ;vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ
tcsuu f kd qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g't D m;vH;k vufc=H uw,fv@kd tde*f ,fu tav;xm;
ajymygw,f? tJ'Daemuf olu awmfvSefa&;jy\emudk tcdkiftrmusus
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? qd&k , S 'f rD ukd &ufawGuawmh tacsmif0g'pGu J yfaewma=umifh
tJ'jD y\emudyk J a&Smifz,favh &S=d uw,f? 'gukd rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;twGuf ‘okaw
oevkyf’ zdk@ oD;oef@csefxm;avh&Sd=uw,fvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f? tdef*,fu 'D
jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&mrSm wu,ft h csut f csmuswmudk aumufuikd yf g
w,f? bHt k zG@J [m Edik if aH wmf/ wenf;tm;jzifh tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;
±H;k xm;wJh vufeufuikd f ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS af &;tm%mudk 'Dxuf
yd+k yD; toH;k rðyoifch ahJ yzl;vm;vd@k tde*f ,fu ar;cGe;f xkwyf gw,f?
,ckacwfrmS v$r;f rd;k aewJh w&m;0ifq&kd ,S 'f rD u

kd a&pDygw[
D m awmf
vSeaf &;twGi;f ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ tcdik t
f rm vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;eJ@ ywfouf
107
vDeif
&if evAde;f wH;k qefqef ajymifavSmifoa&mfwhJ pum;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf “apmif=h unfh
wmayg”h qdw k hJ a00g;0g;/ a&Smifz,fz,f pum;rsm;eJ@ v$zJ ,favh&=dS uygw,f?
'gah =umifh qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygw[
D m tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; awmfveS af &;eJ@ ywf
ouf+y;D ynmay;&r,fh rdrw d m0efukd ypfy,fxm;w,fv@kd rif;rJ0h g'aD wGu tjypf
wif=uwm ta=umif;rJah wmh r[kwyf gb;l ? ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;[m b%fawG
tay:eJ@ EdkifiHawmftay: bmawGvkyfoifhovJ/ b,fvdkvkyfoifhovJqdkwJh
jy\emudk tcdik t f rmtusq;kH cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmzd@k &nf&,G +f yD;awmhyJ tde*f ,fu
ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;&J@ 'Daemufq;kH awmfveS af &;udk okawoeðywm jzpfygw,f?
3? abb,f (Bebel) xHay;pm
1875 ckEpS f rwfv 18 - 28 &ufpeJG @J a&;om;cJw h hJ tde*f ,fxrH S abb,f

odk@ay;pmrSm EdkifiHawmfeJ@ywfouf+yD; rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@&J@a&;om;csuf
awGxrJ mS tajymifajrmufq;kH vd@k rajymEdik &f ifawmif tajymifajrmufq;kH xJu
wckv@kd ajymvd@k &wJh pum;udk atmufrmS azmfjyr,fh pmyd'k x f rJ mS awG@&rSm jzpfyg
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd od&oavmufq&kd if 'Dpmudak &;yd@k +yD;aemuf 36 ESpt f =um
1911 ckEpS rf mS rS abb,fu trSww f &rSww f rf; (u|eaf wmhb f 0) tkyw f JG 2
xJrmS 'Dpmudk yxrqH;k t}udrx f nfo
h iG ;f yHEk ydS xf w
k af 0jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
rmhupf [
f m ol@&@J ausm=f um;wJah y;pmjzpfwhJ b&dwf (Bracke) xHay;
pmxJrmS *do
k mvkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;udk a0zefcw
hJ ,f? tde*f ,f[mvnf; abb,f
xH ay;pmxJrmS 'Dr=l urf;udyk J a0zefa&;om;cJyh gw,f? 'DpmrSm tde*f ,fu Edik if H
awmfjy\emudk txl;wvnf&nf!eï ;f +yD; 'Dvakd &;xm;ygw,f?
“ævGwv f yfwhJ jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf[m vGwv

f yfwhJ Edik if aH wmftjzpf
ajymif;vJoGm;w,f? pum;vHk;t& t"dy`m,faumufajym&&if
vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmfqdkwm wdkif;oljynfom;awGeJ@ ywfouf&if
108
vGwv f w G v f yfvyf vkyaf qmifEikd w f hJ Edik if aH wmfjzpfw,f? wenf;tm;
jzifh tm%m&Sipf epftpd;k & Edik if aH wmfjzpfw,f? Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf
vd@k tJ'v D kd tajymtqdt k m;vH;k udk pGe@f ypfoifyh g+yD? txl;ojzifh rlv
t"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfwck r[kwaf wmhwhJ yJ&pfbt kH zG@J ay:aygu+f yD;
aemufyikd ;f rSm 'gawGukd pGe@f ypfoifyh g+y?D ya&muf'eG ;f udk rmhupf af 0zefw@J
pmtkyx f rJ mS a&m/ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf; pmtkyf
xJrmS yg vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk qd&k , S v f pfpepft& wnfaqmuf+yD;wJh
aemufrmS Edik if aH wmf[m ol@tvdv k kd òyuGaJ ysmufu, G o f mG ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd
wdu k ±f u kd t f wdtvif;ajymxm;w,f? 'gayrJh rif;rJ0h g'aD wGuawmh
‘jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf’ qdw k phJ um;eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd em;cg;avmufatmif
oa&mfae=uwke;f ygy?J 'gah =umifh Edik if aH wmfqw kd m wdu k yf q
JG ifrt _ wGi;f /
awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm &efoludk tiftm;eJ@zdESdyfzdk@twGufoHk;wJh
,m,D,EW&m;r#omjzpfwt hJ av#muf ‘vGwv f yfwhJ jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf’
qdw k hJ ajymqdck su[ f m vH;k 0t"dym` ,fuif;rJyh gw,f? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;
[m Edik if aH wmfukd qkyu f ikd tf oH;k ðyaeao;wJt h csed rf mS 'guo kd ;kH wm[m
vGwv f yfrt _ a&;twGuf r[kwyf gb;l ? ol@&@J &efoal wGukd zdEydS x f m;
zd@k twGuo f m jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfrt _ a&;udpt P a=umif; ajymqdk
vmEdkifwJhtcg a&mufwmeJ@ EdkifiHawmfqdkwJht&m[mvnf; r&Sd
awmhygb;l ? ‘bHt k zG@J tpnf;’ qdw k phJ um;vH;k [m tvGeaf umif;rGew f hJ
a&S;*smrefpum;vH;k yg? jyifopfpum;vH;k ‘bHt k zG@J ’ eJ@ t"dym` ,fwl
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh EdkifiHawmfqdkwJhpum;vHk;udk ae&mwdkif;rSm ‘bHk
tzGJ@tpnf;’ qdkwJhpum;vHk;eJ@ tpm;xdk;oHk;zdk@ u|efawmfwdk@
t}uHðyvdyk gw,f?” (*smrefbmomrl&if; pmrsuEf mS 321 - 322)
109
vDeif
'DrmS owdðyoifw
h mu txufygpmxuf &ufowWygwt f csKd @aemuf
us+y;D rS (1875 ck arv 5 &ufae@&ufpeJG @J ) ay;yd@k whJ rmhupf &f @J ay;pmwapmifxrJ mS
rmhupf u f a0zefxm;wJh ygwv D yk if ef;pOfuykd J txufyg tde*f ,f&@J pmu &nf
!ïe;f a&;om;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+y;D tJ't D csed rf mS tde*f ,fe@J rmhupf [
f m
vef'efrmS twlwuGaexdik af e=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh txufygpm&J@
aemufq;kH 0gusrmS “u|eaf wmfw@kd ” qdw k phJ um;udk tde*f ,fu toH;k ðyxm;wm
[m ol@taeeJ@a&m/ rmhupf t f aeeJ@yg *smreftvkyo f rm;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;xH
t}uHðyxm;wm aocsmygw,f? ygwDvkyfief;pOfxJu “EdkifiHawmf” qdkwJh
pum;vH;k ae&mrSm “bHt k zG@J pnf;” qdw k phJ um;eJ@ tpm;xd;k zd@k t}uHðywm jzpfyg
w,f?
wu,fv@kd om tacsmif0g'eJ@ vdkuaf vsmnDaxGjzpfatmif vky}f uH

zefw;D xm;wJh ,ckacwf “rmhupf 0f g'” &J@ acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk tJ'v D ykd J ygwv D rf;
pOfujkd yifz@kd t}uðH ycJrh ,fq&kd ifawmh 'Dacgi;f aqmifrsm;u 'gukd “rif;rJ0h g'” tjzpf
wHqyd u f yf+yD; b,favmufawmif a[mifzmG a[mifzmG eJ@ used q f vJ u kd =f urvJ
rodb;l ?
olwdk@wawG a[mifzGmzGm ajym=uprf;ygap? 'gtwGuf "e&Sif

vlwef;pm;[m olw@kd ukd cs;D usL;=uygvrd rhf ,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd uawmh ud, k v

f yk pf &m&Sw d m qufvyk =f u&rSmyJ? u|ef
awmfw@kd &@J ygwv D yk if ef;pOfukd jyefvnfrrG ;f rHðyjyif&mrSm rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd &@J
t}uðH ycsuaf wGukd rkcsxnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ygvrd rhf ,f? &nf&, G cf suu
f awmh trSef
w&m;eJ@ ydrk ekd ;D pyfapzd@k / rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ vGaJ csmaf ewmawGukd y,fzsu+f yD; rmhupf 0f g'
usvmapzd@k / tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&J@ rdrw d @kd vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf u
JG kd ydrk kd
rSefuefpGmvrf;!ïefEdkifapzdk@ jzpfygw,f? aAmf&SDApfawGxJrSmawmh rmhufpfeJ@
110
tde*f ,fw@kd &@J tJ't
D }uHðycsuuf kd qef@usiw f v hJ l &Srd mS r[kwyf gb;l ? pum;toH;k
tE_e;f eJ@ywfoufv@kd tcuftcJawmh&EdS ikd yf gw,f? *smrefbmomrSm “bHt k zG@J
tpnf;” vd@k t"dym` ,f&wJh pum;vH;k u 2 vH;k &Sad eygw,f? tde*f ,fuawmh
bHtk zG@J tpnf;wckuykd J &nf!eï ;f wJph um;vH;k udk roH;k bJ 'Dvt kd zG@J tpnf;awG
pkaygif;xm;wJh bHktzGJ@tpnf;pepfudk &nf!ïef;wJh pum;vHk;udkyJ toHk;ðy
xm;ygw,f? 'Dpum;vH;k rsKd ; ±k&mS ;bmomrSm r&Syd gb;l ? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd
[m jyifopfpum;vH;k “bHt k zG@J ” udyk J toH;k ðy&zd@k &Syd gw,f? 'Dpum;vH;k uvnf;
tm;enf;csuaf wG&adS wmh &Sw d mayg?h
“yJ&pfbt kH zG@J [m rlvt"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfwck r[kwaf wmhyg?”

oabmw&m;a&;±_axmifhu=unfh&if 'Dpum;[m tdef*,fajymwJhtxJrSm
ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? a&S@upum;eJ@ qufpyf=unfhvdkuf&if 'Dpum;
vH;k [m vH;k 0&Si;f vif;aeygw,f? bHt k zG@J [m Edik if aH wmfwck r[kwaf wmhygb;l ?
bmvd@k vq J akd wmh bHt k zG@J [m vltrsm;pkukd zdEydS zf @kd r[kwb f J (aoG;pkyo f jl zpfw)hJ
vltenf;pkudk zdESdyfzdk@om jzpfw,f? bHktzGJ@u "e&SifEdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk
zsuq f ;D ypfcyhJ g+yD? zdEydS af &; txl;tiftm;wyfz@JG ae&mrSm vltrsm;ud, k wf ikd f
tpm;xd;k 0ifa&muf vkyv f mcJ+h yD? 'gawG[m rlvt"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfr[kwf
awmhwhJ tcsuaf wGygy?J aemuf+yD; yJ&pfbt kH zG@J om cdik cf ikd rf mrmjzpfvmcJ&h if
bHt
k zG@J pepfxu J Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufwhJ tjcif;t&mawG[m tvdv k kd “wdrf
aumyaysmuf” oGm;rSmyg? Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;XmeawGukd “zsuq f ;D ” p&mudk
rvdak wmhb;l ? 'DXmeawG[m bmrSvyk pf &mr&Sd jzpfvmwmeJ@tr# olw@kd &@J tcef;
u¾awG[m ukeq f ;kH oGm;rSmyJ?
“rif;rJ0h g'aD wGuawmh ‘jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf’ qdw

k phJ um;pke@J u|eaf wmf
wdk@udk oa&mfae=uwkef;ygyJ” vdk@ tdef*,fu ajymqdk&mrSm bmuleif
(Bakunin) ta=umif;eJ@ *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufawGtay: bmuleifwu kd cf u
kd f
111
vDeif
wJt h a=umif;awGukd txl;ojzifh &nf!eï ;f ygw,f? 'Dwu kd cf u
kd rf a_ wGrmS rSeuf ef
wmawGvnf; &Sw d ,fv@kd tde*f ,fu ,lqygw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh “jynfo@l
Edik if aH wmf” qdw k m “vGwv f yfwjhJ ynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf” vdyk J ,kwrdW +hJ yD; qd&k ,
S v f pf
0g'eJ@ rudu k nf vD @kd jzpfygw,f? tde*f ,f[m rif;rJ0h g'tay: *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD kd
u&ufawG&@J wdu k yf q
JG ifru _ kd rSeu
f efwv hJ rf;a=umif;ay: wifay;zd@k / 'Dwu kd yf JG
qifru _ kd rlt& rSeu f efvmapzd@k / ‘Edik if aH wmf’ eJ@ywfouf+yD; 'DtxJrmS ygaewJh
tacsmif0g'qefwhJ tpGt J vef;awGukd z,f&mS ;ypfz@kd óu;pm;cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh
0rf;enf;p&mygy?J tde*f ,f&@J pm[m 36 ESpv f ;kH vH;k acsmifx;kd xm;wm cHc&hJ w,f?
'Dpmudk yHEk ydS xf wk af 0cJ+h yD; aemufrmS awmif tde*f ,fu a&Smif=uOfz@kd owday;cJw h hJ
trSm;awGuykd J aumufpuD;u vufawG@rmS acgi;f rmrmeJ@ xyfcgxyfcg usL;vGef
cJw
h ,f? 'Dta=umif;awGukd aemufyikd ;f rSm qufvufa&;om;ygr,f?
1875 ck pufwifbmv 21 &ufpeJG @J abb,fu tde*f ,fxH pmjyefchJ

w,f? pmxJrmS ygwv D yk if ef;pOfr=l urf;tay: tde*f ,f a0zefxm;wmawGukd
ol “tjynft h 0oabmwl” a=umif;/ vpfbcf euf (Liebknecht) &J@ tvG,f
wul tav#mhay;vdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf; ol±_H@csa=umif; a&;om;xm;
ygw,f? (abb,f&@J jyefvnfowd&csurf sm;/ *smrefbmom tkyw f JG 2 pmrsuf
ESm 334) 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J &nf&, G cf surf sm;qdw
k hJ abb,f&@J pmtkyif ,fukd
zwf=unf&h ifawmh Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f aewJh tjrifawGukd
awG@&ygw,f?
“vlwef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_tay: tajccHxm;wJh Edik if aH wmfukd jynfo@l Eikd if H

awmftjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJypf&r,f?” (u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J &nf&, G cf surf sm;
pmtky/f *smrefbmom/ 1886 ckEpS /f pmrsuEf mS 14?)
112
abb,f&@J tJ'pD mtkyif ,fukd (9 }udraf jrmufaemf) xkww f t
hJ xJrmS
udk tJ'v D ykd J a&;om;xm;w,f? *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufygw0D ifawG[m Edik if H
awmfe@J ywfouf+yD; tacsmif0g'oabmw&m;awGukd acgi;f rmrmeJ@ xyfjyef
wvJvJ ajymqdak e=uwm rqef;ygb;l ? txl;ojzifh tde*f ,f&@J awmfveS af &;
usus&iS ;f jycsuaf wG vHvk ðkH cHðcHe@J acsmifx;kd cHxm;&+yD;/ b0tajctaetm;vH;k
uvnf; 'Dval wGukd awmfveS af &;eJ@ a&&Snf “jzwfawmuf” xm;wJh tcsed rf mS
'Dvjkd zpfwm rqef;ygb;l ?
4? tmzmh (Erfurt) vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;tay: a0zefcsuf
tmzmhvyk if ef;pOfr=l urf;tay: a0zefcsuu f kd tde*f ,fu aumufpuD;

xH 1891 ck ZGev f 29 &ufae@rmS ay;yd@k cw hJ ,f? 'gukd aemuf 10 ESpf =umrS
acwfopfowif;pmrSm azmfjycJw h ,f? Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; rmhupf 0f g'oif
=um;csufawGudk avhvm&mrSm 'Da0zefcsufudk z,fxm;vdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
bmvd@k vq J akd wmh Edik if aH wmftaqmufttHq k ikd &f m jy\emrsm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
qd&k ,
S 'f rD ukd a&pDygweD @J tacsmif0g'tjrifawGuykd J 'DpmxJrmS t"duOD;wnf
a0zefxm;vd@k jzpfygw,f?
tde*f ,f[m pD;yGm;a&;jy\emrsm;eJ@ywfoufv@kd tvGew f &mwefz;kd

&Sw
d hJ avhvmcsuu f v kd nf; ðyvkycf w hJ ,fqw
kd m 'Dae&mrSm ñuHóuufwek ;f ajymvdk
ygw,f? acwfrt D &if;&Si0f g' awG@ñuHae&wJh tajymif;tvJtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk olb,f
avmuf *±kwpdu k /f eufeuf±i_d ;f ±di_ ;f tuJcwfcw hJ ,f/ 'ga=umifh ol[m u|eaf wmf
wd@k &J@ rsuaf rSmuf/ e,fcs@J acwfumv vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ta=umif;udv k nf;
wpHw k &mtwdik ;f twmt& b,fvókd ujrifEikd w f ,fqw kd mawGukd ol@avhvm
csurf mS awG@jrifEikd yf gw,f? vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;xJrmS t&if;&Sipf epf&@J xl;jcm;csuf
113
vDeif
vuQ%mudk yHak zmf&mrSm oH;k xm;wJh “pDru
H ed ;f rJrh ”_ qdw
k hJ pum;vH;k udk &nf!eï ;f
+yD; tde*f ,fu 'Dvakd &;ygw,f?
“ætpkpyfurk % ` pD epfrS pufrv_ yk if ef;u¾wckv;kH udk csKyfuikd /f vuf

0g;}uD;tkyw
f hJ x&yfppf epfo@kd ul;ajymif;a&muf&cdS sed rf mS yaysmufomG ;
rSmu yk*v~ ud xkwv f yk af &;omru pDru H ed ;f rJrh v
_ nf; yg0ifygw,f?”
(acwfopfowif;pm twGJ 20/ trSwf 1/ 1901 - 02 pmrsuEf mS
8?)
'Dae&mrSm t&if;&Sipf epf&@J aemufq;kH tqifh wenf;tm;jzifh e,fcs@J

pepftay: oabmw&m;t& tuJjzwf&mrSm t"dutusq;kH tcsuu f kd awG@&
ygw,f? t&if;&Sipf epf[m vuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;&Sipf epf jzpfvmw,fqw kd hJ
tcsuf jzpfygw,f? aemufu wGq J ufxm;wJh t&if;&Sipf epfqw kd hJ pum;vH;k udk
tav;xm;zdk@ vdkygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf
od@k r[kwf Edik if aH wmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sipf epf[m t&if;&Sipf epf r[kwf
awmhb;l ? 'gukd Edik if aH wmfq&kd , S v
f pfpepf od@k r[kwf tvm;wl wjcm;emrnfe@J
ac:a0:vd@k &ae+yD pojzifh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;u rSm;,Gi;f pGm
ajymqdak ewmawG tvGejf yef@E@HS aevd@k ygy?J x&yfpaf wG[m "rRwmyJ jynfph w kH hJ
pDru H ed ;f awG b,fwek ;f urS rvkycf b hJ ;l ? ckvnf; rvkyb f ;l ? vkyv f nf; rvkyf
Edik yf gb;l ? 'gayrJh x&yfpaf wGtaeeJ@ b,favmufyJ pDru H ed ;f vkyv
f yk /f t&if;tES;D
bk&ifawGtaeeJ@ xkwv f yk af &; twdik ;f twmudk Edik if t H 0ef;t0dik ;f tvdu k ef @J
omru EdkifiHwumt0ef;t0dkif;tvdkuf b,favmufyJ óuwifwGufcsuf
wGufcsuf/ xkwfvkyfa&;twdkif;twmudk olwdk@taeeJ@ pepfwuseJ@ b,f
avmufyJxdef;!‡dxdef;!‡d u|efawmfwdk@[m t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSmyJ &Sdae
rSmygy?J t&if;&Sipf epf[m tqifo h pfuakd &mufwm rSeaf yr,fh t&if;&Sipf epfyJ
rkcsjzpfaerSmyJ? ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@ tppftrSeu f ,kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tjrift&
114
qd&k if 'Dvt kd &if;&Sipf epfrsKd ;uG[J m qd&k ,S vf pfpepfe@J “eD;uyf” ae+yq D w
kd hJ ajymqdk
csu[ f m qd&k , S v
f pfawmfveS af &; ay:ayguzf @kd eD;uyfae+yD/ vkyzf @kd rcufawmhb;l /
vkyzf @kd jzpfEikd af e+yD/ tjrefvyk zf @kd vnf; vdv
k m+yDqwkd m oufaojyaewJh ajymqdk
csufom jzpfw,f? ðyjyifa&;orm;tm;vHk;u qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk
jiif;y,fae=uwmeJ@ t&if;&Sipf epfukd rGr;f rHjc,foay;ae=uwmudk onf;cHae
oifw h ,fv@kd t"dym` ,f&wJh ajymqdck suf vH;k 0r[kwyf gb;l ?
tckEikd if aH wmfjy\emudk jyefaumuf=uOD;pd@k ? tde*f ,fu ol@pmxJrmS

txl;tzdk;wefwJh t}uHðycsuf 3 ckudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? yxrwcku
orRwEdik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufygw,f? 'kw, d wcku trsKd ;om;jy\emeJ@ Edik if H
awmf taqmufttHw k @kd t=um; qufpyfre_ @J ywfoufw,f? wwd,wcku
a'oEW&ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;eJ@ ywfoufygw,f?
tde*f ,fu orRwEdik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufwt hJ ydik ;f udk tcsut

f csm
ðy+yD;awmh tmzmhvyk if ef;pOf[m Edik if w H um qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwD tm;vH;k
twGuf odyu f t
kd a&;}uD;ygw,f? 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f tzG@J csKyfwckv;kH
twGuv f nf; erlemyHpk H jzpfygw,f? 'gawGukd aemufctH jzpfxm; pOf;pm;+y;D awmh
tydrk cs@J bJ ajymEdik w
f muawmh tde*f ,f[m 'Dae&mrSm 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f
tzG@J wckv;kH &J@ tacsmif0g'udk a0zefxm;w,fqw kd mygy?J
tde*f ,fu 'Dvakd &;xm;w,f? “vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;&J@ Edik if aH &;awmif;

qdck surf sm;xJrmS csKd @,iG ;f csu}f u;D wck &Sad eygw,f? wu,fwrf; wifjyoifw h mudk
rwifjyxm;bl;?” (tde*f ,f&@J rsO;f om;csu?f )
'DaemufrmS olu *smr%D&@J tajccHpOf;rsO;f Oya'[m wu,fawmh

tvGe@f tvGeaf zmufjyefwhJ 1850 tajccHOya'pnf;rsO;f Oya'udk ul;,lxm;
jcif;om jzpfw,f? *smref±dkufpwufv$wfawmf[m 0Dvf[if; vpfbfceuf
115
vDeif
(Wilhelm Liebknecht) ajymovdyk J “oufO;D qHyikd pf epf&@J t&Suu f kd zH;k ay;
xm;wJh t0wfr#om jzpfw,f? jynfe,fuav;rsm; wnf&rdS e_ @J *smrefjynfe,f
uav;rsm; pkaygi;f um jynfaxmifpzk @JG ru
_ kd w&m;0iftodtrSwðf ywJh pnf;rsO;f
Oya'udk tajccHtjzpf xm;+y;D awmhrS tvkyu f &d ,
d mtm;vH;k udk trsm;ydik t
f jzpf
ajymif;vJvakd o;w,fq&kd if 'g[m vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f wm xif&mS ;w,f” pojzifh
&Si;f jyygw,f?
“‘'Djy\emudk &Si;f jyzd@k u tEW&m,f}uD;ygw,f?” vd@k tde*f ,fu

jznfhpGufajymygw,f? orRwEdkifiHxlaxmifa&; awmif;qdkcsufudk
ygwv D yk if ef;pOfxJ w&m;0ifxnfo h iG ;f zd@k qwkd m *smr%DEikd if rH mS rjzpf
Edik rf eS ;f tde*f ,fu aumif;aumif; odaevd@k 'Dvkd ajymwmyg? 'gayrJh
odomxif&mS ;wJh 'Dta=umif;jycsuu f kd “vlwikd ;f ” vnf; vufcw H myJ
qd+k yD; tde*f ,fu auseyfraeyg? olu 'Dvq kd ufajymygw,f? “bmyJ
jzpfjzpf/ wenf;r[kww f enf;eJ@ 'Dupd u P akd wmh ajz&Si;f zd@k vdyk gw,f?
ajz&Si;f zd@k b,favmufawmif vdak eovJqw kd m tckuykd J qd&k ,
S 'f rD kd
u&ufygw&D @J owif;pmtrsm;pkawGxrJ mS tacsmif0g' tajymtqdak wG
jyefESH@aeyHku oufaojyaew,f? qdk&S,fvpfqef@usifa&;Oya'udk
wcgxyfjyXmef;rSm pd;k wm&,f/ tJ'OD ya'pd;k rd;k pOfu tcsed rf usao;bJ
ajymcJq h ckd w
hJ mawGukd jyefowd&rd=uwm&,fw@kd a=umifh tcktcgrmS
wcsdK@vlawGu *smr%DEdkifiH&J@ vuf&SdOya'awGatmufrSm ygwD&J@
awmif;qdck sut f m;vH;k udk +ird ;f csr;f wJh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh taumiftxnf
azmfEikd af =umif; ygwu D todtrSwðf yay;apcsiv f m=uw,f? æ”
*smrefq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufawG 'Dvv
kd yk =f uwm[m qd&k ,
S v
f pfqef@usif
a&; Oya'udk wcgxyf+yD; jyXmef;rSm a=umufae=uvd@k jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tajccH
tcsuu f kd tde*f ,fu txl;wvnfaxmufjy+yD; 'Dvyk &f yfukd tacsmif0g'vd@k
116
olu rwH@k rqdik ;f ac:a0:vku d yf gw,f? *smr%DrmS orRwEdik if pH epfvnf; r&S/d
vGwvf yfrv _ nf; r&Sjd zpfaewma=umifu h ykd J “+idr;f csr;f wJ”h vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f
oGm;zd@k pOf;pm;wmawG[m vH;k 0,kwrdW w hJ ,fv@kd tde*f ,fu twdtvif; qdyk g
w,f? ol[m ud, k ahf jcvufawG wkwaf ESmif+yD;om; rjzpf&avatmif pum;
ajymwm txl;owdxm;ygw,f? orRwpepf&w dS hJ Edik if rH sm; od@k r[kwf tvGef
vGwv f yfr&_ w dS hJ Edik if rH sm;rSmawmh qd&k ,
S v f pfpepfqo D @kd +idr;f csr;f pGm jzpfay:wd;k
wufoGm;r_udk “pdwful;Edkifw,f” (pdwful;±HkyJaemf) vdk@ tdef*,fu tod
trSwðf yajymqdyk gw,f? 'gayrJh *smr%DrmS awmh 'Dvrkd [kww f t
hJ a=umif; olu
xyfajymygw,f?
“æ *smr%DrmS awmh tpd;k &[m teEWe;D yg; tcGit hf m%mudk udik xf m;

+y;D / ±du
k pf wufvw $ af wmfe@J wjcm;ud, k pf m;vS,f tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k
taeeJ@u bmwu,ft h m%mrS r&Sb d ;l jzpfaew,f? 'Dawmh *smr%D
rSm 'Dvrkd sKd ;todtrSwðf y a=unmw,fq&kd if - aemuf+yD; rvdt k yfbJ
'grsKd ;vkyw f ,fq&kd if - 'Dvyk &f yf[m oufO;D qHyikd pf epf&@J t&Suzf ;kH
t0wfukd z,f&mS ;ypf+yD; rdru d ,kd w f ikd u
f ol@&@J t&Suaf e&mudk zH;k ay;wJh
t0wftjzpf toH;k awmfcw H o hJ abmyJ jzpfrmS yg? æ”
tdef*,f&J@ 'Dt}uHay;csufudk acsmifxdk;xm;wJh *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdk

u&ufwpfygwDrS w&m;0ifacgif;aqmiftrsm;pk}uD;[m wu,fyJ oufOD;
qHyikd pf epf&@J t&Suu
f kd zH;k ay;olrsm; jzpfomG ;=uyg+yD?
“æ'Dvakd y:vpDrsKd ;[m t&if;ppfvu kd &f if ud,

k yhf gwu
D kd vrf;vGaJ &muf
atmif wGe;f yd@k ay;wmyJ jzpfEikd yf gw,f? vlawGu a,bk,susw/hJ
j'yfrw
hJ hJ Edik if aH &;jy\emawGukd a&S@wef;wif+yD; vwfwavmusw/hJ
tcdkiftrmuswJh jy\emawGudk zHk;uG,fypf=uvdrfhr,f? 'D'kwd,
117
vDeif
jy\emrsKd ;u ta&;}uD;wJh udpaP wG/ Edik if aH &;tusyt f wnf;awG
jzpfay:vmwmeJ@ ae@pOfvyk if ef;xJ tvdv k kd 0ifvmwJjh y\emrsKd ; jzpf
w,f? 'Dvzkd ;kH uG,xf m;wJh tusKd ;qufuawmh tqH;k tjzwftcsed rf mS
ygw[ D m ajcrudik rf v
d ufrudik rf d jzpfomG ;r,f? tqH;k tjzwfay;&r,fh
jy\emrsm;eJ@ ywfouf&ifvnf; b,fwkef;urS raqG;aEG;cJhvdk@
jy\emay:vmrS r&Sif;vif;wm/ rnD!GwfwmawG jzpfvmr,f?
'guvGv J @kd wjcm; bmtusKd ;qufrsm; jzpfEikd af o;vd@k v?J æ”
“tJ'Dvdk rsufarSmuf,m,DtusdK;pD;yGm;udkom=unfh+yD; t"du&yf

wnfcsu}f u;D udk arhxm;wmrsKd ;/ tJ'v
D kd ,m,Datmifjrifrt _ wGuo f m
vH;k yef;ae+y;D jzpfvmr,fh tusKd ;qufuakd wmh rpOf;pm;wmrsKd ;/ tJ'v D kd
v_y&f mS ;r_&@J ypPKy`et
f wGuf tem*wfukd paw;ypfwmrsKd ; tJ'v D v
kd yk f
&yfrsKd ;awG[m ‘±d;k om;’ wJh &nf&, G cf suef @J jzpfcsijf zpfr,f? 'gayrJh
'g[m tacsmif0g'ygy?J tptqH;k tacsmif0g' jzpf+ryJ ?J ‘±d;k om;’ wJh
tacsmif0g'[m tacsmif0g'tm;vHk;xJrSm tEW&m,f t}uD;qHk;
jzpfr,f xifygw,f?æ”
“aocsmwJh tcsuw f ck&w

dS ,fq&kd if wjcm;r[kwb f ;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd
ygweD @J tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;[m 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if aH wmfo¿mef
atmufrmS om tm%mudk t&,lEikd w f ,fqw kd hJ tcsujf zpfw,f? 'Drkd
ua&pDorRw Edik if aH wmf[m ypPn;f rJth m%m&Sipf epf&@J txl;o¿mef
jzpfw,fv@kd awmif ajymEdik w f ,f? 'gukd jyifopfawmfveS af &;}uD;u
oufaoxlc+hJ yD;yg+yD?æ”
rmhupf &f @J a&;om;csut

f m;vH;k udk csnrf #ief eD @J oDxm;ovdk qufpyf
ay;xm;wJh tajccHtawG;tac:udk tde*f ,fu 'Dae&mrSm txl;ay:vGif xif&mS ;
118
pGmeJ@ xyfavmif;wifjyygw,f? tJ'guawmh 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if aH wmf[m
ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfqo D mG ;&ef teD;qH;k vrf;a=umif;jzpfw,f qdw k mygy?J
ta=umif;u 'Dvkdyg? 'DvdkorRwEdkifiHawmf[m t&if;tESD;&J@ tkyfpdk;r_udk
enf;enf;rS rzsuo f rd ;f ygb;l ? tusKd ;quftm;jzifh vlxt k ay: zdEydS rf u
_ akd &m/
vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u JG ykd g enf;enf;rS rzsuo f rd ;f bl;? 'gt h jyif rkcsyJ 'Dwu kd yf u JG kd
us,jf yef@vmapw,f? }uD;xGm;vmapw,f? xif&mS ;vmapw,f? onf;oef
jyif;xefvmapw,f? 'Dvekd @J tzdEydS cf v H xl &k @J tajccHtusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm; jynf0h zd@k
jzpfEikd w
f hJ tajctaeay:xGuv f mwmeJ@ wòyifeuf ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epf
enf;vrf; od@k r[kwf vlxt k wGuf ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@ acgi;f aqmifrq _ wkd hJ
wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzifh 'DjzpfEikd rf u _ kd rkcs taumiftxnfazmfvrd rhf ,f?
'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,ftzG@J csKyf wckv;kH twGuq f &kd if 'Dpum;rsm;[mvnf;yJ
rmhupf 0f g'xJrmS “tarhaysmufcpH um;rsm;” jzpfygw,f? 'gawGukd arhxm;cJw h ,f
qd k w m 1917 ck E S p f ±k & S m ;awmf v S e f a &;&J @ yxrES p f 0 uf u mvtwG i f ;
rif&ADS pfygwo D rdik ;f u txl;xif&mS ;pGm oufaojycJw h ,f?
wdik ;f jynfvOl ;D a&xJrmS trsKd ;om;tvdu

k f yg0ifrt
_ csKd ;tqeJ@ quf
pyfaewJh jynfaxmifppk epforRwEdik if aH wmf jy\emta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;&mrSm
tde*f ,fu 'Dvakd &;ygw,f?
“rsuaf rSmufacwf*smr%DEikd if aH wmfukd bmeJ@tpm;xd;k oifo h vJ?”

(*smr%DrmS azmufjyefwhJ oufO;D qHyikd f pnf;rsO;f Oya' &Sad ew,f?
tvm;wl azmufjyefwphJ epfjzpfwhJ jynfe,fuav;rsm;tjzpf tydik ;f
ydik ;f cGyJ pfwhJ pepfvnf; &Sad ew,f? 'Dvkd cGyJ pfwphJ epf[m “y&yf&mS ;0g'”
&J@ xl;jcm;wJh vuQ%mtm;vH;k udk *smr%Dwckv;kH rSm zsuyf pf&r,fh
tpm; cdik rf mvmapw,f?) “u|eaf wmft h jrift& ajym&&if ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;taeeJ@ wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfw/hJ cGyJ pfv@kd r&wJh orRwEdik if H
119
vDeif
awmfo¿mefudkyJ toHk;ðyEdkifygw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@
us,jf yef@whJ ae&mawGrmS wckv;kH t& ajym&if jynfaxmifppk epforRw
Edik if u
H kd vdt
k yfaewke;f yJ? 'gayrJh ol@&@J ta&S@yikd ;f ae&mawGrmS awmh
'Dpepf[m twm;tqD;wck jzpfvmaeyg+yD? t*FvefrmS awmh u|e;f
2 u|e;f rSm trsKd ;om; 4 rsKd ; aexdik w f ,f? ygvrD efuawmh wckwnf;
jzpfayr,fh 'Dae@txdawmif Oya'ðypepfu 3 rsKd ; jzpfaew,f? 'Dawmh
t*FvefrSmom jynfaxmifpkpepforRwEdkifiH xlaxmifr,fqdk&if
wd;k wufrw _ &yf jzpfvrd rhf ,f? qGpZf mvefEikd if u H av;rSm 'Dpepf[m
apmapmuwnf;u twm;tqD; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'gukd onf;cHaeEdik w f hJ
ta=umif;&if;u qGpfZmvefEdkifiH[m Oa&myEdkifiHrsm; pepfxJrSm
aemufvdkufoufouftzGJ@0iftjzpf ae&wmudk a&mifh&Jaejcif;
a=umifhom jzpfw,f? *smr%Dtzdk@qdk&ifawmh qGpfZmvefyHkpH
jynfaxmifppk epf vkyrf ,fq&kd if }uD;rm;wJh aemufqw k rf _ jzpfrmS yJ?
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHeJ@ tjynfht0 aygif;pnf;xm;wJh EdkifiH=um;rSm
rwlwm 2 csuf &Syd gw,f? yxru jynfaxmifpx k J yg0ifwhJ jynfe,f
toD;oD;/ wdik ;f toD;oD;rSm ol@ud, k yf idk f jynfo@l a&;&m Oya'ðyr_/
&mZ0wfa&;&m Oya'ðyr_e@J w&m;±H;k pepf &Syd gw,f? 'kw, d u jynf
e,ftoD;oD;/ wdkif;toD;oD;rSm trsdK;om;v$wfawmftjyif jynf
axmifpkv$wfawmfvnf; &Sdygw,f? jynfe,f}uD;}uD;i,fi,f[m
jynfe,fu, kd pf m;ðy+yD; jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfrmS rJay;qH;k jzwfv@kd
&ygw,f?” *smr%DrmS jynfaxmifppk epf[m tjynft h 0aygi;f pnf;
xm;wJh Edik if aH wmfpepfukd oGm;zd@k twGuf tul;tajymif;,m,Dtqifh
jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 1866 ckEpS ef @J 1870 ckEpS &f @J “txufuvmwJh
awmfveS af &;” udk qkw, f w
k of mG ;apzd@k r[kwb f J 'gukd “atmufu
vmwJh v_y&f mS ;r_” eJ@ jznfph u G af y;zd@k jzpf&r,f?
120
tdef*,f[m EdkifiHawmfo¿mefjy\emtay: bmodbmom
raewJt h jyif tul;tajymif;o¿mefrsm;udk óu;óu;pm;pm;eJ@ tvGet f ao;pdwf
usus cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJhygw,f? &nf&G,fwmu oufqdkif&mtul;tajymif;
o¿mef[m b,fuae b,fqu D kd ul;ajymif;aeovJqw kd hJ tcsuuf kd rwlwhJ
udpt P oD;oD;&J@ tcdik t f rm ordik ;f qdik &f m txl;vuQ%mawGe@J qufpyf+yD;
&Si;f vif;atmifvyk zf @kd jzpfygw,f?
jy\emudk ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;eJ@ ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;±_axmifu h ae

csO;f uyfavhvm&mrSm tde*f ,f[m rmhupf v f ydk J 'Dru
kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf r_ u
l kd
&yfcyH gw,f? wckwnf;jzpfw/hJ cGyJ pfv@kd r&wJh orRwEdik if aH wmfpepfukd &yfcyH gw,f?
jynfaxmifpo k rRwEdik if pH epf[m ¹cif;csuw f ck jzpfw,f/ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_twGuf
twm;tqD;wck jzpfw,fvdk@ olu jrifygw,f? 'grSr[kwf 'Dpepf[m
oufO;D qHyikd Ef ikd if pH epfuae A[dck sKyfuikd rf &_ w
dS hJ orRwEdik if pH epfqD ul;ajymif;wJh
tul;tajymif;o¿mefwck jzpfw,f? wpHkw&m xl;jcm;wJhtajctaersm;
atmufrmS 'Dpepf[m “wd;k wufrw _ &yf” jzpfw,fv@kd olu jrifygw,f? tJ'D
xl;jcm;wJth ajctaersm;xJrmS trsKd ;om;jy\emu xdyw f ef;u ygwmayg?h
tdef*,f[m jynfe,fuav;rsm;pepf&J@ azmufjyefwJhvuQ%mudk

cyfemema0zefygw,f? wcsKd @tckid t f rmudpaP wGrmS 'DazmufjyefwhJ vuQ%mudk
trsKd ;om;jy\emeJ@ zH;k uG,w f v hJ yk &f yfuvkd nf; cyfemema0zefygw,f? 'gayrJh
tdef*,f[m rmhufpfvdkyJ trsdK;om;jy\emudk ab;z,fxm;vdkwJhqEN
enf;enf;rS r&Syd gb;l ? æ ‘wfcsef @J yvkd ef rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;uawmh “olw@kd ” jynfe,f
uav;rsm;&J@ usO;f ajrmif;wJ/h evAde;f wH;k qefw/hJ trsKd ;om;a&;0g'udk vH;k 0obm0
uspmG qef@usi&f if;eJ@ 'DqENrsKd ; azmfjywJt h rSm;udk r=umr=um usL;vGew f wf
=uw,f?
121
vDeif
t*FvefrSmqdk&if yx0Dtaetxm;/ wlnDaom bmompum;eJ@
&mpkrsm;pGm&Sw d o
hJ rdik ;f pwJh ±_axmifu h =unf&h if tydik ;f ydik ;f aom a'ouav;rsm;
&Sd trsKd ;om;a&;jy\emudk “ajz&Si;f +yD;” oGm;cJw h yhJ pkH H ayguyf gw,f? 'gayrJh
tJ'ED ikd if rH mS awmif trsKd ;om;a&;jy\em[m r&Sad wmhwm r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mudk
tde*f ,fu xifxif&mS ;&Sm;owdðyrdygw,f? 'gah =umifh t*FvefrmS jynfaxmifpk
orRwEdik if H xlaxmifr,fq&kd if “wd;k wufrw _ &yf” jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd olu ,lq
wmyg? "rRwmyJ 'Dae&mrSm tde*f ,f[m jynfaxmifppk epf orRwEdik if aH wmf&@J
csKd @,iG ;f csuaf wGukd a0zefwhJ udpu P kd enf;enf;rS rpGe@f vw $ yf gb;l ? wpkwpnf;
wnf;jzpfw/hJ A[dck sKyfuikd rf &_ w dS hJ 'Drukd a&pDorRwEdik if aH wmf xlaxmifa&;twGuf
jywfjywfom;om; 0g'jzef@csd wdu k yf q JG ifwu
hJ pd u
P v
kd nf; enf;enf;rS rpGe@f vw $ f
ygb;l ?
'gayrJh tde*f ,f[m 'Dru kd a&pDA[dck sKyu f ikd rf p_ epftay: "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;
tawG;tac:&Sirf sm;eJ@ rif;rJ0h g'rD sm; tygt0if "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;tawG;
tac:&Sirf sm; em;vnfaeovd/k AsL±du k &ufpepft"dym` ,fe@J vH;k 0em;rvnf
ygb;l ? ol@tjrift&qd&k &if A[dck sKyfuikd rf q _ w kd m a'oEW&ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
tus,t f jyef@&rdS u
_ kd enf;enf;rS z,frxm;yg? 'Du, kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfrp_ epf[m Edik if H
awmf waygi;f wpnf;wnf;&Srd u _ kd rdrqd ENtav#muf xde;f odr;f apEdik +f yD; c±dik f
rsm;eJ@ jynfe,frsm;tm; wcsed w f nf;rSm AsL±duk a&pDtm;vH;k eJ@ tay:u “trde@f
ay;r_” tm;vH;k udk tuket f pif y,fzsuEf ikd v f rd rhf ,f?
EdkifiHawmfeJ@ywfouf+yD; rmhufpf0g'&J@ vkyfief;pOfoabmaqmifwJh

tjrifrsm;udk tde*f ,fu tao;pdw&f iS ;f &if;eJ@ 'Dvakd &;ygw,f?
“æ 'Dawmh waygi;f wpnf;wnf;&Sw d hJ orRwEdik if aH wmfwck jzpf&r,f?

'gayrJh rsuaf rSmufjyifopforRwEdik if v
H kd yHpk rH sKd ;awmh r[kwb
f ;l ? rsuf
122
arSmufjyifopforRwEdik if aH wmf[m 1798 wke;f u wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ
{u&mZfb&k ifr&Sw d hJ {u&mZftifyg,mEdik if aH wmfe@J bmrSruGmjcm;bl;?
1792 ckEpS u f 1798 ckEpS t f xd umvwke;f uawmh jyifopfEikd if &H @J
jynfe,ftoD;oD;/ c±dik t f oD;oD;[m tar&duefypkH H ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyrf _
tcGifhtm%m tjynfht0&&Sd=uw,f? u|efawmfwdk@vnf; 'DvdkyJ
&&Sdoifhw,f? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk b,fvdkzGJ@pnf;oifhovJ??
AsL±du k a&pDr&Sad tmif b,fvv kd yk rf S &rvJqw kd mawGe@J ywfoufv@kd
uawmh tar&duefe@J yxrt}udrf jyifopforRwEdik if aH wmfw@kd u
u|efawmfwdk@udk jyocJhyg+yD? rsufarSmufacwfrSmawmif uae'g/
=opa=w;vseJ@ wjcm;t*FvdyfudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;u jyoaewkef;yJ?
'Dvykd pkH rH sKd ; jynfe,f (wdik ;f ) eJ@ c±dik rf sm;&J@ ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfrp_ epf[m
Oyrm qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifppk epfxuf ydv k wG v f yfw,f? qGpZf mvef
jynfaxmifppk epfrmS u jynfe,f (wdik ;f ) tqif[ h m jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H
awmf wckv;kH eJ@ ywfoufv@kd tvGev f w
G vf yfygw,f? 'gayrJh txl;
a'otqifheJ@ c±dkiftqifhrsm;tay:vnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
vkyEf ikd wf ,f? jynfe,f (wdik ;f ) tqifh tpd;k &rsm;[m txl;a'oeJ@
c±dik t f qift h wGuf tkycf sKyaf &;rª;rsm;eJ@ t&m&Srd sm;udk cef@tyfygw,f?
'grsKd ;[m t*Fvyd pf um;ajymwJh Edik if rH sm;rSm vH;k 0r&Syd gb;l ? u|eaf wmf
wdk@ 'grsdK;udk tem*wfrSm zsufodrf;ypf&r,f? y&yf&Sm;pepfrSm
vif;'&dwf (Landrate) rsm;eJ@ &D*s&D eG pf &dwf (Regierungsrate) rsm;
(txl;cef@ t&m&Srd sm;/ c±dik /f jynfe,f ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;/ tkycf sKyaf &;rª;
rsm;eJ@ txufrS cef@tyfwhJ t&m&St d m;vH;k ) udk zsuo f rd ;f ovdrk sKd ;
jywfjywfom;om; zsuo f rd ;f ypf&r,f?” tde*f ,fu 'gukd tajccH+yD;
ud,k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;pOftydik ;f rSm atmufygpum;rsm;
udk xnfhoGif;zdk@ t}uHðyygw,f? “jynfe,f (odk@r[kwf wdkif;)/
123
vDeif
txl;a'oeJ@ c±dik rf sm;[m t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;wJph epft&/
t&m&Srd sm;udk a&G;aumufjcif;jzifh tjynft h 0ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfru
_ kd
taumiftxnfazmfw,f? a'oqdkif&meJ@ jynfe,ftm%mydkif
t&m&Srd sm;udk Edik if aH wmfrS cef@tyfwphJ epfukd zsuo f rd ;f w,f?”
u|eaf wmfw@kd ±k&mS ;rSm twkta,mifawmfveS af &;/ twkta,mif

'Drdkua&pDt0ef;t0dkif;&J@ twkta,mif qdk&S,fvpfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m
vltrsm; t}uD;tus,af 'goxGuaf vmufatmifuykd J 'Dtcsuef @J ywfoufv@kd
("rRwmyJ 'Dtcsuw f ckyJ ruyg?) 'Drukd a&pDtay: b,fvakd usmcdik ;f oGm;=uw,f
qdwk m (1917 ckEpS f arv 28 &ufae@xw k f trSwf 68) y&my'gowif;pmrSm
u|eaf wmfaxmufjycJ+h yD;yg+yD? 'Dowif;pmudk um&ifpuDe@J wjcm; “qd&k , S v
f pf”
0ef}uD;rsm;&J@ tpd;k &u ydwyf ifcyhJ gw,f? u|eaf wmf 'Dvakd 0zefaxmufjywmudk
e,fcs@J "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;eJ@ “r[mrdw”f zG@J vufwx JG m;=uolawGu em;r0ifwm
obm0usygw,f?
owdðyoifw h hJ tcsuw f ck &Syd gw,f? jynfaxmifpo k rRw Edik if aH wmf

qdw k m rkcsyJ A[duk csKyfuikd x f m;wJh orRwEdik if aH wmfxuf vGwv f yfrt _ rsm;}uD;
yd&k w dS ,fv@kd txl;ojzifh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pDorm;rsm;=um;rSm us,u f s,f
jyef@jyef@}uD;udk ,H=k unfpv JG ef;aew,f? 'DtpGt J vef;[m rSm;,Gi;f a=umif;udk
tde*f ,fu tcsut f vufrsm; udik pf +JG yD; tvGew f u d swhJ Oyrmwcke@J oufao
jycJw h ,f? tJ't
D pGt
J vef;[m rSm;ygw,f? rSm;,Gi;f a=umif;udk tde*f ,f axmuf
jywJh 1792 - 98 ckEpS u f mv&Sd jyifopf&@J A[du k csKyfuikd wf hJ orRwEdik if aH wmfe@J
qGpZf mvef&@J jynfaxmifpo k rRw Edik if aH wmfw@kd e@J ywfoufwhJ tcsut f vuf
rsm;u oufaojyaeygw,f? ppfreS w f /hJ 'Dru
kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epf orRw
Edik if aH wmfuay;wJh vGwv f yfr[ _ m jynfaxmifppk epfEikd if aH wmfu ay;wmxuf
ydrk sm;ygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if ordik ;f rSm a'oqdik &f m/ jynfe,fqikd &f mpwJh
124
vGwfvyfr_udk trsm;qHk;ay;cJhwmu A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepf orRwEdkifiHawmfyJ
jzpfw,f? jynfaxmifppk epf orRwEdik if aH wmf r[kwyf gb;l ?
wu,fawmh jynfaxmifppk epforRwEdik if &H ,f/ A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epf

orRwEdik if &H ,f/ a'oEW&ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyaf &;&,f/ 'gawGe@J ywfoufwhJ jy\em
wckv;kH udk u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwD 0g'jzef@csad &;eJ@ v_@H aqmfa&; vkyif ef;awGrmS twdwf
ua&m/ ypPyK` efrmS yg *±kpu kd wf m rvHak vmufygb;l ?
5? rmhupf &f @J pmtkyf “jyifopfjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf” twGuf 1891 rSm

a&;om;wJt h rSmpm?
jyifopfjynfjynfwiG ;f ppf pmtkyf wwd,t}udrx f w

k af 0jcif;twGuf
(1891 ckEpS f rwfv 18 &uf ae@px JG ;kd +yD; acwfopfowif;pm Neue Zeit rSm
yxrqH;k xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycJw
h )hJ tde*f ,f a&;om;cJw h hJ trSmpmxJrmS Edik if aH wmf
tay: oabmxm;qdik &f m jy\emrsm;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ rSwcf surf sm;udk pdw0f if
pm;zG,f pyfrpd yf&m a&;om;xm;wJt h jyif yJ&pfbt kH zG@J &@J oifcef;pmrsm;tay:
ed*;kH csKyfcsuu f v kd nf; txl;xif&mS ;ay:vGipf mG a&;om;xm;ygw,f? 'De*d ;kH csKyf
csu[ f m bHt k zG@J jzpfay:+yD;aemufyikd ;f tESpf 20 =um umv&J@ tawG@tñuHwck
vH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;a&;om;xm;vd@k tvGeef uf±i_d ;f ygw,f? 'gt h jyif *smr%D
rSm tjyef@tES@H &Sad ewJh “Edik if aH wmfqw kd t hJ &mtay: t,lonf;pGm ,H=k unfr”_
udk txl;OD;wnfqef@usix f m;w,f? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufv@kd ajym&&if
'De*d ;kH csKyfcsu[ f m rmhupf 0f g'&J@ tjrifrh m;qH;k &&Scd suf jzpfw,fv@kd vH;k 0ajymEdik f
ygw,f?
jyifopfrSm awmfvSefa&; jzpfyGm;+yD;wdkif; tvkyform;rsm;[m

vufeufukd udik af qmifvm=uw,f? “'ga=umifh Edik if aH wmftm%mudk
udkifxm;wJh "e&Sifwdk@&J@ yxrqHk; tvkyfu tvkyform;rsm;udk
125
vDeif
vufeufðzwfa&;yJ jzpfw,f? 'Dvekd nf;eJ@ tJ'u D tvkyo f rm;awG
[m awmfveS af &;rSm atmify&JG +yD;wdik ;f wdu
k yf o
JG pfe@J ñuH&+yD; ±H;_ edrrhf e_ @J
tqH;k owf&w,f?” vd@k tde*f ,fu !ïejf yygw,f?
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;toD;oD;&J@ tawG@tñuu H kd 'Dvekd *d ;kH csKyf

a&;om;xm;wm wdw k ekd @J &Si;f vif;vSygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm jy\em&J@ tESpo f m&
wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfeJ@ ywfoufwJhjy\em&J@ tESpfom& (tzdESdyfcH
vlwef;pm;rSm vufeuf&o dS vm;qdw k t hJ csu)f udk rdr&d & qkyu f ikd xf m;ygw,f?
'DtESpfom&udkyJ "e&SiftawG;tac: tv$rf;rdk;cHxm;&wJh ygarmuQrsm;eJ@
"e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd a&pDorm;rsm;u t+rJwrf;vdv k kd ypfy,fxm;=uwm jzpfyg
w,f? 1917 ckEpS f ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;twGi;f rSm rif&ADS pfwOD;jzpfo/l rmhupf 0f g'D
tavmif;tvsm Z,f&w D ,fvD (Tsereteli) u "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;awmfveS af &;
rsm;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ txufygtrSew f &m;udk ajAmifxw k af zmf ajymcJw h thJ wGuf
ol@ukd (umaAnuf Cavaignac ol&bG@J e@J ) *k%ðf yxdu k yf gw,f? (rSwcf suf -
umaAnufqw kd m 1848 ckEpS f ZGev f twGi;f rSm yJ&pftvkyo f rm;rsm;&J@ tHºk u
r_ukd ESyd u
f yG cf whJ hJ jyifopfAv kd cf sKyf}uD; jzpfygw,f?) Z,f&w D ,fvu D ol@&@J “ordik ;f
0if” ZGef 11 rde@f ceG ;f xJrmS "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;[m yDx±d*k &uftvkyo f rm;rsm;udk
vufeufðzwfz@kd qH;k jzwfcsucf sxm;w,fv@kd ajAmifxw k af jymcJw h ,f? "rRwmyJ
'Dq;kH jzwfcsuu f kd olu, kd w f ikd f cscw
hJ yhJ pkH /H “Edik if aH wmf” qdw k m 'Dvykd J vky&f rSmyJ
qdwk hJ yHpk eH @J ajymcJw h myg?
"rRwmyJ? Z,f&w D ,fv&D @J ordik ;f 0if ZGef 11 rde@f ceG ;f [m olacgi;f aqmif
wJh qd&k ,
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(1) EdkifiHawmfqdkwm “vlwef;pm;w&yfu wjcm;vlwef;pm;udk

zdEydS wf hJ ,EW&m;” wckr#om jzpfw,f? 'Dtcsu[ f m bk&ifpepfEikd if aH wmfrmS xuf
'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if aH wmfrmS “wckrS rav#m”h bl;vd@k tde*f ,fu ajym&mrSm
rif;rJ0h g'w D csKd @ “oif=um;” aeovdrk sKd ;/ zdEydS af &;o¿mefqw kd m ypPn;f rJvh wl ef;
pm;tzd@k bmrS*±kpu kd af ep&mrvdw k uhJ pd P jzpfw,fqw
kd hJ t"dym` ,fe@J ajymwm vH;k 0
r[kwyf gb;l ? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf o JG ¿mefe@J vlwef;pm;zdEydS rf o _ ¿mefw@kd [m ydrk kd
us,jf yef@/ ydrk v kd wG v f yf/ ydrk akd jAmifusygu vlwef;pm;rSeo f r# r&Sad wmhatmif
zsuo f rd ;f wJh wdu k yf rJG mS ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyygw,f?
(2) bmjzpfvdk@ opfvGifwJhrsdK;qufwckuomv#if EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh

trdu_ o
f ±du
k wf ckv;kH udk tuket
f pifpeG @f ypfEikd rf mS vJ? 'Djy\emu 'Dru
kd a&pD
aysmufu,G af &;jy\emeJ@ qufpyfaeygw,f? 'gukd tck u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;
ygr,f?
134
6? 'Dru
kd a&pDaysmufu,
G af &;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd tde*f ,f&@J a&;om;csu?f
'Dta=umif;t&meJ@ywfoufv@kd ol@&@J tjrifawGukd tde*f ,fu “qdk

&S,f'Drdku&uf” qdkwJh tac:ta0:[m ody`Hynmt&qdk&if rrSefuefwJh
ta=umif; ajym&if;eJ@ wifjyjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
tde*f ,fu ol 1870 jynfv h eG Ef pS rf sm;twGi;f a&;om;cJw
h /hJ t"du
tm;jzifh “Edik if w H um” jy\emrsm;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ aqmif;yg;aygi;f csKyf pmtkyf
twGuf trSmpmudk 1894 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 3 &ufae@ &ufpeJG @J a&;om;cJyh gw,f?
ol ruG,v f eG cf if 1 ESpcf tJG csed u
f a&;om;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? 'DtrSmpmxJrmS
olu ol@aqmif;yg;awGtm;vHk;rSm “qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf” qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
roH;k bJ “uGejf rLepf” qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udyk J oH;k xm;a=umif;/ bmvd@k vq J akd wmh
tJ't D csed w
f ek ;f uqd&k if jyifopfu ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'rD sm;eJ@ *smr%Du vmaq;vf
0g'Drsm;[m olwdk@udk,folwdk@ qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;vdk@ ac:a0:aewma=umifh
jzpfa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygw,f?
tde*f ,fu 'Dvq
kd ufa&;ygw,f?
“æ'gah =umifh rmhupf ef @J u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J xl;jcm;wJh
tjrifukd azmfjy&mrSm 'Dvkd vdo k vdq k ,JG v l @kd &wJh pum;vH;k rsKd ;udk oH;k vd@k
rjzpfbl;? tckawmh tajctaeawGu rwlawmhvdk@ 'Dpum;vHk;
(“qd&k , S 'f rD ukd &uf”) udk vufcv H @kd &Edik rf ,f xifygw,f? 'gayrJh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;pOfu a,bk,sq&kd , S v f pfvuQ%mr#om r[kwb f J
wdu k ±f ukd u
f eG jf rLepf vuQ%maqmif+yD; Edik if aH &;t& aemufq;kH &nf
rSef;csufuvnf; EdkifiHawmfwckvHk; aysmufuG,fa&;/ tusdK;quf
tm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDaysmufu, G af &;vnf;jzpfwhJ ygww D cktzd@k 'Dpum;
vH;k [m rwdusyg? bmyJjzpfjzpf/ ppfreS w f hJ (tde*f ,f&@J rsO;f om;csu)f
EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG[m udk,fhemrnfeJ@ waoGrwdrf; udkufnD=uwm
135
vDeif
r[kwyf gb;l ? ygwuD jzpfay:wd;k yGm;ae+yD; emrnfuawmh e*dt
k wdik ;f
+rJaewwfv@kd yg?”
tekyËdavmr0g'D tde*f ,f[m ol@&@J aemufq;kH ae@rsm;txd tEkyËd

avmrtay: opPm&Scd w hJ ,f? tde*f ,fajymwmu rmhupf ef @J u|eaf wmfrh mS tvGef
aumif;rGe+f yD; odyeH` nf;t&vnf; wduswhJ ygweD mrnfwck &Scd ahJ yr,fh wu,fh
tppftrSeyf gw/D wenf;tm;jzifh vlxv k uQ%maqmifwhJ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;
ygw&D ,fv@dk awmh r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? tck (19 &mpktukerf mS ) awmh wu,fyh gww D &yf
&Sad eyg+yD? 'gayrJh ygweD mrnfuawmh odyeH` nf;t& rwdusygb;l ? udprP &Syd g?
ygwu D om jzpfay:wd;k yGm;ae&if aemuf+y;D ygweD mrnf[m odyeH` nf;t& rwdus
bl;qdw k m ygwu D todtrSwðf yxm;+yD; rSeu f efwhJ OD;wnfcsut f wdik ;f ygwD
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aewmudk 'Drwdusru _ twm;tqD; rðy&if “emrnfukd vufcH
vd@k &” rSmyg?
[moq&mwa,mufa,mufu tde*f ,fajymyHt k wdik ;f u|eaf wmf

wd@k aAmf&ADS pfrsm;udk ESpo f rd ahf jymqdw k m &SEd ikd yf gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS wu,fyh gwD
wck &Sad ew,f? ygw[ D m tvGeaf umif;rGepf mG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aew,f? 'Dawmhum
1903 ckEpS f b&yfqJ - vef'ef uGe*f &ufrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd [m trsm;pkjzpfw,f
qdwk hJ a&Smifwcifoufoufr#omjzpfwhJ tcsuu f vGv J @kd wjcm;bmt"dym` ,frS
r&wJh “aAmf&SDApf” qdkwJh t"dy`m,fvnf;rJh/ xl;vnf;xl;qef;wJh emrnfudk
awmifrS “vufcv H @kd &” rSmygv@kd ESpo f rd ahf jymqdw k m &SEd ikd yf gw,f? rsuaf rSmuf
umvrSm &DywfbvDuifygwDu vlawGeJ@ ‘awmfvSefwJh’ "e&Sifaygufp
'Dru kd a&pDorm;awGu Zlvikd v f eJ@=o*kwv f twGi;f rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwt D ay:
zdEydS &f ef&mS cJv
h @kd ‘aAmf&ADS pf’ qdw k hJ emrnfukd vlxw k &yfv;kH u av;pm;vmw,f?
'ghtjyif u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ vufawG@jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_twGif;rSm }uD;rm;wJh
ordik ;f 0ifw;kd wufra_ wG &&Scd w hJ ,fqw kd mudk 'DzEd ydS &f ef&mS r_awGu oufaojyae
136
w,f? 'Dawmh {+yDvwke;f u u|eaf wmfwifjycJw h hJ ygweD mrnfajymif;a&; t}uH
ðycsut f ay: ,cktcg u|eaf wmfu, kd wf ikd af wmifrS 'G[d yGm;&rvdk jzpfaew,f?
&JabmfawGukd “tjiif;yGm;r_ ajyvnfapwJeh nf;em” wck wifjy&r,f xifyg
w,f? qdv k w kd mu u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D kd uGejf rLepfygwv D @kd ac:a0:+y;D aAmf&ADS pfv@kd
uGi;f puGi;f ydwef @J qufvufac:a0:zd@k t}uHðy&r,f xifygw,f?
'gayrJh ygw&D @J emrnfjy\em[m Edik if aH wmftay: awmfveS w f yhJ pPn;f rJh

vlwef;pm;&J@ oabmxm;jy\emxuf ta&;ygrt _ & rEdi_ ;f ,SOo
f matmifukd
trsm;}uD;enf;yg;ygw,f?
EdkifiHawmfta=umif; yHkrSefaqG;aEG;ajymqdk=uwJhtcg tdef*,fu

rusL;vGerf ad pzd@k owday;cJwh hJ trSm;udyk J t+rJwrf; usL;vGew f wf=uw,f?
'DtrSm;udk txufrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd pyfrpd yf&m axmufjycJ+h yD; jzpfygw,f? 'gukd
twdtusq&kd &if - Edik if aH wmfukd zsuo f rd ;f w,fqw kd m 'Drukd a&pDuykd g zsuf
odrf;wJhoabm/ EdkifiHawmfwdrfaumaysmufuG,fw,fqdkwm[m 'Drdkua&pD
wdraf umaysmufu, G w
f hJ oabmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd t+rJwrf;arhavsmh
wwf=uw,f?
±kwfw&uf =unfhvdkuf&ifawmh 'DrSwfcsuf[m tvGefxl;qef;yHk

ayguaf e+yD; em;rvnfEikd pf &mvnf; jzpfaeygw,f? tenf;pku trsm;pkukd
emcHa&;qdwk rhJ u
l kd usiohf ;kH rSm r[kww
f hJ vlrp_ epfwck a&mufvmzd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd
wawG awmifhwae=uavovm;qdk+yD; vlwcsdK@u pdk;&drfpðyvmwmawmif
vufawG@rmS &SEd ikd yf gw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh 'Dru
kd a&pDqw
kd muvnf; tJ'rD ul kd
todtrSwðf ywJo h abm jzpfaevd@k ygy?J
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Drukd a&pD[m tenf;pku trsm;pkukd emcHa&;rle@J xyfwl

rusygb;l ? 'Dru
kd a&pDqw kd m[m tenf;pku trsm;pkukd emcHa&;rlukd tod
137
vDeif
trSwðf ywJh Edik if aH wmfwckyJ jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vlwef;pm;w&yfu
wjcm;vlwef;pmtay:/ vlOD;a&wpdwfwydkif;u wjcm;tpdwftydkif;tay:/
t=urf;zuftiftm; pepfwustoH;k ðyzd@k twGuf pnf;±H;k xm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;
w&yfyJ jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@&J@ aemufqHk;&nfrSef;csufu EdkifiHawmfqdkwJht&mudk

zsufodrf;zdk@/ wenf;tm;jzifh pnf;±Hk;r_eJ@ pepfusr_&SdwJh t=urf;zuftiftm;
rSeo f r#ukd zsuo f rd ;f zd@k / vlvcl si;f t=urf;zufrr_ eS o f r#ukd zsuo f rd ;f zd@k yJ jzpfyg
w,f? tenf;pku trsm;pkukd emcHa&;qdw k rhJ u
l kd usio hf ;kH rSm r[kww f hJ vlrp_ epf
wck a&mufvmrSmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd awmifw h rae=uyg? 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk a&muf&Sdzdk@ óu;yrf;wmeJ@wcsdefwnf;rSm tav;teuf
,Hk=unfxm;wmu 'Dvdk&Sdygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpepf[m uGefjrLepfpepfodk@
zG@H òz;wd;k wufomG ;vdrrhf ,f? tJ't D cgrmS vlvcl si;f t=urf;zuftiftm;oH;k zd@k
vdkawmhrSmr[kwf? vlwa,mufu wa,mufudk emcHzdk@vnf; vdkawmhrSm
r[kw?f vlO;D a&&J@ wpdww f ydik ;f u wjcm;tpdwt f ydik ;f udk emcHz@kd vnf; vdw k mhrmS
r[kwb f ;l ? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh vlawG[m t=urf;zufre_ @J emcHrq _ wkd mawG ryg
bJe@J vlrb _ 0&J@ tajccHrrl sm;udk usio hf ;kH wJh tavhtx &&Sv d mrSmjzpfv@kd y?J
tavhtx&Sv d mr_qw kd hJ tJ't

D a=umif;tcsuu f kd tav;xm;apcsif
vk@d tde*f ,fu opfviG w f hJ rsKd ;qufwck ta=umif;udk ajymygw,f? 'DrsKd ;quf[m
“opfviG w f /hJ vGwv f yfwhJ vlrt _ ajctaersm;atmufrmS }uD;jyif;vm+yD; Edik if H
awmfqw kd hJ trdu_ o f ±du
k w f ckv;kH udk tuket f pif pGe@f ypfEikd v
f rd rhf ,f” vd@k ajym
xm;ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm Edik if aH wmfqw kd m Edik if aH wmftrsKd ;tpm;tm;vH;k udk qdv k kd
w,f? 'DxrJ mS 'Dru kd a&pDorRwEdik if aH wmfvnf; tygt0ifjzpfw,f?
138
'Dtcsuuf kd &Si;f jyzd@k q&kd if Edik if aH wmfwrd af umaysmufu,
G af &;twGuf
pD;yGm;a&;tajccHtwk jf rpfjy\emudk avhvmzd@k vdyk gw,f?
tcef; (5)
Edik if aH wmfwrd af umyaysmufa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajccH
'Djy\emudk rmhupf [f m ol&@J *do k mvkyif ef;pOfa0zefcsuf (wenf;

tm;jzifh 1875 ckEpS f arv 5 &ufae@ b&dwf Bracke xH ay;pmvnf; jzpfw,f?
pmudk 1891 ckEpS u f srS acwfopfowif;pm NewwZeit twGJ 9 trSwf 1 xJrmS
yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0jzpfw,f? ±k&b S momeJ@ wtkycf si;f owfowf xkwcf w hJ ,f?) pmtkyf
xJrmS tao;pdwf pHpk v kH ifvif &Si;f jyxm;w,f? 'DtvGeaf umif;wJph mtky&f @J
tjiif;yGm;zG,&f mtydik ;f rSm vmaq;0g' (Lassalleanism) udk a0zefxm;wJh
tydkif;wydkif; yg0if+yD; ajym&&if tJ'Da0zefcsuf[m aumif;rGefwJhtydkif;udk
zH;k v$r;f oGm;w,f? aumif;rGew f thJ ydik ;f qdw
k mu uGejf rKepfpepf&@J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;
r_e@J Edik if aH wmf wdraf umyaysmufrt _ =um; qufE, G yf u kH kd cJjG crf;pdwjf zmxm;wJh
tydik ;f jzpfygw,f?
1? rmhupf u
f jy\emudw
k ifjyyHk
1875 ck arv 5 &uf b&dwx f oH @kd rmhupf af &;wJah y;pmudk txufrmS

u|eaf wmfw@kd ud;k um;wifjycJw
h hJ 1875 ckEpS f rwfv 28 &uf abb,fxo H @kd
tde*f ,fa&;wJh ay;pmeJ@ tay:,H E_id ;f ,SO=f unfyh gu rmhupf [ f m tde*f ,fxuf
139
vDeif
“EdkifiHawmf*dk%f;om;” ydkqefwJhyHk aygufaew,f? EdkifiHawmfjy\emtay:
rmhupf ef @J tde*f ,fw@kd &@J tjrifawGu tawmfumG jcm;wJyh kH ayguaf ew,f?
tde*f ,ftaeeJ@ abb,fukd t}uHay;wJt h xJrmS Edik if aH wmfe@J ywf

oufv@kd toH;k ruswhJ tajymtqdk tm;vH;k udk pGe@f ypfoifah =umif;/ ygwv D yk if ef;
pOfxrJ mS “Edik if aH wmf” qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udk tm;vH;k zsu+f yD; “bHt k zJ@G tpnf;”
qdw k hJ pum;vH;k eJ@ tpm;xd;k oifah =umif; a&;om;xm;+yD; yJ&pfbt kH zJ@G [m rlv
t"dym` ,ft& Edik if aH wmfw&yf r[kwaf wmhb;l vd@k awmif olu twdtvif;
ajymcJw h ,f? 'gayrJh rmhupf t
f aeeJ@usawmh “tem*wf uGejf rLepfv@l tzJ@G tpnf;
&J@ Edik if aH wmfpepf” ta=umif;udk ajymqdw k mawmif &Scd w
hJ ,fqakd wmh uGejf rLepf
pepfatmufrmS awmif Edik if aH wmf&zdS @kd vdt k yfwmudk rmhupf u f todtrSwðf y
w,fv@kd ,lq&rvdk jzpfaew,f?
'gayrJh 'Dv,kd q
l &if vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f ygvrd rhf ,f? taotcsm avhvm
=unfrh ,fq&kd if rmhupf ef @J tde*f ,fw@kd &@J Edik if aH wmftay: tjrifrsm;/ Edik if aH wmf
wdraf umyaysmufjcif;tay: tjrifrsm;[m vH;k 0xyfwu l saew,f? txufrmS
ud;k um;xm;wJh rmhupf &f @J pum;[mvnf; wdraf umyaysmufr_ jzpfpOftwGi;f &Sd
Edik if aH wmfpepfuykd J &nf!e¸ ;f wm jzpfw,fqw kd mudk awG@&EdS ikd yf gw,f?
"rRwmyJ tem*wfrmS “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” jzpfpOfu b,fae@

b,f&ufrmS povJqw kd m twdtus owfrw S zf @kd ta=umif;r&Syd g? 'g[m &Snf
=umwJh jzpfpOfwckjzpfrmS aocsmwJt h wGuf 'Dvo kd wfrw
S zf @kd ta=umif; ydv
k @kd
awmif r&Sad wmhyg? rmhupf ef @J tde*f ,fw@kd t=um;rSm tjrifjcif; uGmjcm;wJyh pkH H
ayguaf ewmuvnf; olw@kd aqG;aEG;wJh acgi;f pOfcsi;f rwlwm&,f/ OD;wnfajz&Si;f
wJh &nf&, G cf sucf si;f rwlwm&,fw@kd a=umifh jzpfygw,f? tde*f ,f&@J &nf&, G f
csuuf Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfoufv@kd xdpk Ofu acwfpm;aewJh (vmaq;&J@ acgi;f xJrmS
140
vnf; tvm;wl&w dS )hJ tpJt G vef;rsm;tm; vH;k 0,kwrdW w hJ ,fqw kd mudk abb,f
odatmif uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f / xufxufjrufjruf/ wdw k w kd wk w f w
k ef @J &Si;f jy
vd@k jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh rmhupf u f awmh 'ge@J rwlwahJ cgi;f pOf uGejf rLepf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ta=umif; t"du aqG;aEG;&if;eJ@ tvsO;f oifv h @kd om 'Djy\em
udk wifjycJyh gw,f?
rmhupf &f @J oabmw&m;wckv;kH [m tptqH;k tpG+J rJq;kH / jynf0h ukef

pifr_ t&SdqHk;/ twGif;oabm ºu,f0qHk;/ vkd&if;rsm;jzifh todyfonf;qHk;
o¿mefe@J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ ed,mroabmw&m;udk toH;k ðy+yD; acwfrt D &if;&Sif
pepfukd pl;prf;avhvmxm;r_&@J &v'fyJ jzpfygw,f? "rRwmyJ rmhupf t f aeeJ@
jzpfay:vmawmhr,fh t&if;&Sipf epf usq;kH r_ukd pl;prf;wJt
h cga&m/ tem*wf
uGefjrLepfpepf&J@ tem*wfjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk pl;prf;wJhtcgrSmyg 'Ded,mr
oabmw&m;udk toH;k ðyzd@kf jzpfvmygw,f?
'Dawmh b,ftcsut f vufawG tajccH+yD;awmh tem*wfueG jf rLepf

pepf&@J tem*wfjzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jy\emudk wifjyEdik o
f vJ?
uGejf rLepf0g'[m t&if;&Sipf epftwGi;f u ay:xGuv f mwmjzpfw,f?

t&if;&Si0f g'uae ordik ;f t& jzpfay: wd;k yGm;vmwm jzpfw,f? t&if;&Si0f g'u
arG;zGm;ay;vdu k wf hJ vlrt_ iftm;w&yf v_y&f mS ;r_&@J &v'f jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuf
tvuftay: tajccHzdk@yJ jzpfw,f? rmhufpf[m Avmpdwful;,Ofcsufwck
wDxiG zf @kd / rodEikd wf mudk av#mufcef@reS ;f zd@k vH;k 0rpOf;pm;yg? obm0aA'ynm&Sif
wa,mufu ouf&rdS sKd ;EG,f topfwck[m 'Dv'kd v D kd arG;zGm;vmw,f/ 'Dv'kd v D kd
twdtus OD;wnfcsut f wdik ;f ajymif;vJaew,f qdw k mudk od+yD;wJah emufrmS
tJ'rD sKd ;EG,&f @J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jy\emudk widjywJo h abmrsKd ;twdik ;f yJ rmhupf uf
uGejf rLepf0g' jy\emudk wifjyygw,f?
141
vDeif
Edik if aH wmfe@J vl@tzG@J tpnf;wd@k t=um; qufE, G rf j_ y\emrSm *do
k m
vkyif ef;pOf zefw;D xm;wJh ±_yaf xG;wJh tjrifawGukd rmhupf u
f OD;pGmyxr z,f&mS ;
ypfw,f? olu 'Dvakd &;ygw,f?
“‘rsuaf rSmufacwf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;’ qdw k m t&if;&Siv f @l tzJ@G tpnf;

jzpfw,f? 'g[m ,Ofaus;wJh wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k rSm wnf&adS ew,f?
tv,facwfu t&mrsm; a&maESmyg0ifaewmudk tenf;eJ@trsm;
z,fxw k cf +hJ yD; jzpfw,f? Edik if t H oD;oD;&J@ xl;jcm;wJh ordik ;f qdik &f m
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_a=umifh tenf;eJ@trsm; o¿mefajymif;cJ+h yD; jzpfw,f?
tenf;eJ@trsm; zH@G òz;wd;k wuf+y;D jzpfw,f? wzufrmS qd&k if ‘rsuaf rSmuf
acwf Edik if aH wmf’ qdw k m wdik ;f jynfrwlwt hJ avsmuf rwlb;l ? y&yf&mS ;
*smreftifyg,mu[meJ@ qGpZf mvefu[m rwlb;l ? t*Fvefu[m
eJ@ tar&duefu[m rwlb;l ? 'ga=umifh ‘rsuaf rSmufacwf Edik if aH wmf’
qdw k m pdwu f ;l zefw;D csuw
f ck jzpfw,f?”
“'gayrJh rwlwhJ ,Ofaus;+yD; wdik ;f jynfrsm;&Sd rwlwhJ Edik if aH wmfrsm;[m

o¿meftrsKd ;rsKd ; jcm;em;=uapumrl wlncD suaf wmh &Syd gw,f? 'gu
awmh t&if;&Si0f g' tenf;eJ@trsm; zG@H òz;wd;k wuf+yD;jzpfwhJ acwfrD
"e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; vl@tzJ@G tpnf; tajccHay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;
=ujcif; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh olw@kd rmS wlnw D hJ tajccHx;l jcm;csuf
wcsKd @vnf; &Syd gw,f? 'Dt"dym` ,ft& ajym&ifawmh ‘rsuaf rSmufacwf
Edik if aH wmf’ [m tem*wfEikd if aH wmfe@J rwlygb;l ? tem*wfrmS qd&k if
tck&adS ewJh "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm; vlrp_ epf tkwjf rpf[m &Sad wmhrmS r[kwf
awmhb;l ?”
142
“'Dawmh ar;p&mwck ay:vmygw,f? Edik if aH wmfpepf[m uGejf rLepf
vl@tzJ@G tpnf;rSm bmtajymif;tvJawG jzpfay:rvJ? wenf;tm;jzifh
qd&k if tJ't D csed rf mS rsuaf rSmufEikd if aH wmf vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;eJ@
qifww l hJ b,fvrl p_ epf vkyif ef;aqmifwmawG qufvuf&adS eOD;rvJ?
'Dar;cGe;f udk odyeH` nf;uspmG eJ@yJ tajzay;rS jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? jynfoql w kd hJ
pum;eJ@ Edik if aH wmfqw kd hJ pum;wd@k udk t}udrw f axmifr# yl;wGaJ y;
awmif 'Djy\em&J@ tajzeJ@ enf;enf;av;rS eD;pyfrmS r[kwb f ;l ?”
rmhupf [ f m “jynfo@l Eikd if aH wmf” ta=umif; ajymqdck suf tm;vH;k udk

tJ'Dvdkoa&mf+yD;aemufrSm azmfjyygar;cGef;udk xkwfvdkufw,f? aemuf+yD;
u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd owday;wJo h abmeJ@ 'Dar;cGe;f udk odyeH` nf;usus ajzqdrk ,f
qd&k if cdik cf ikd rf mrm twnfðyxm+yD;om; odyeH` nf;us tcsut f vufrsm;udk
tajccHro S m jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd ajymygw,f?
jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ ed,mroabmw&m; wckv;kH eJ@ odyyH` nmw&yfv;kH u

vH;k 0twdtus twnfðycJw h hJ ta&;}uD;qH;k tcsu/f t&ifwek ;f u pdwu f ;l ,Of
0g'rD sm;u arhxm;cJah =umif;/ tckawmh qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;udk a=umuf=u
ol tckacwf tacsmif0g'rD sm; arhae=uwJh tcsuu f awmh ordik ;f rSm t&if;&Sif
pepfrS uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;wJh txl;umv od@k r[kwf txl;tqifw h ck
rkcs&&dS vdrrhf ,fqw
kd hJ tcsuyf gy?J
2? t&if;pepfrS uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;r_
rmhupf u
f qufajymygw,f?
“æt&if;&Siv
f @l tzJ@G tpnf;eJ@ uGejf rLepfv@l tzJ@G tpnf;wd@k t=um;rSm
yxrt&mrS 'kw, d t&mod@k awmfveS af jymif;vJwhJ tul;tajymif;
umvwck &Sdaew,f? 'D[meJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfwJh EdkifiHa&;
143
vDeif
tul;tajymif; umvwckvnf; &Sad ew,f? 'Dumv&J@ Edik if aH wmf[m
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS w
f hJ tm%m&Sipf epfomyJ jzpfEikd w
f ,f?
æ”
acwfrt D &if;&Sif vl@tzJ@G tpnf;twGi;f ypPn;f rJv h w

l ef;pm;&J@ tcef;
u¾tm; cJjG crf;pdwjf zmcsu&f ,f/ 'Dv@l tzJ@G tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;jcif;qdik &f m
tcsut f vufawG&,f/ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;eJ@ "e&Sivf w
l ef;pm;wd@k &@J xdyw
f u
kd f
jzpfaewJh tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm; rajy+idr;f Edik rf &_ ,f pwmawGukd rmhupf u
f tajccHum
txufyge*d ;Hk csKyfcsuu f kd azmfxwk cf w hJ ,f?
t&ifuqd&k if jy\emudk 'Dvw kd ifjycJw

h ,f? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;[m
rdrdvGwfajrmufa&;&zdk@twGuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk wGef;vSefòzzsuf&r,f?
tm%mudk t&,l+y;D rdr&d @J awmfveS w
f hJ tm%m&Sipf epfukd wnfaqmuf&r,f?
tckawmh jy\emudk wifjyyHu k wpHw k &mrwlawmhb;l ? uGejf rLepf

pepf&&dS m tem*wfqD OD;wnfjzpfay: wd;k yGm;aewJh t&if;&Sif vl@tzG@J tpnf;rS
uGejf rLepfpepf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;od@k ul;ajymif;&mrSm “Edik if aH &; tul;tajymif;
umv” wckr&Sb d J rjzpfEikd yf g? 'DumvtwGi;f &Sd Edik if aH wmf[mvnf; ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;&J@ awmfveS w f hJ tm%m&Sipf epfomyJ jzpfEikd w f ,f?
'gqdk&if 'Dtm%m&SifpepfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDt=um; qufpyfr_ua&m

b,fvv
kd ?J
u|eaf wmfw@kd ocd +hJ y;D =uwJt

h wdik ;f uGejf rLepfa=ujimpmwrf;u “ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;udk tkypf ;kd vlwef;pm; tjzpfo@kd jr‡iw hf ifa&;” eJ@ “'Drukd a&pDukd t&,l
a&;” qdw k hJ t,ltq ESp&f yfukd ±d;k ±d;k pif;pif;yJ ,SOw f xGJ m;ygw,f? txufrmS
qdck o
hJ r#tm;vH;k udk tajccH+yD;oH;k oyf&if t&if;&Sipf epfrS uGejf rLepfpepfukd ul;
144
ajymif;&mrSm 'Dru kd a&pD[m b,fvakd jymif;vJw,f qdw
k mudk ydrk w
kd u
d spmG owf
rSwaf jymqdk Edik yf gw,f?
t&if;&Sif vl@tzJ@G tpnf;twGi;f rSm 'Dru kd a&pD[m tacsmarmqH;k

tajcaeawGatmufrmS jzpfay:wd;k yGm;w,fq&kd if 'Dru kd a&pD orRwEdik if aH wmf
twGi;f rSm tenf;eJ@trsm; jynfph w kH 'hJ rD u
kd a&pDukd &&Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh tJ''D rD kd
ua&pD[m t&if;&Siaf oG;pkyrf &_ @J usO;f ajrmif;wJh abmiftwGi;f rSm uef@owfxm;
jcif;udk cHae&w,f? tusKd ;quftm;jzifh vufawG@rmS t+rJwrf;yJ vlenf;pkukd
tusKd ;ðywJ/h ypPn;f OpPm&Sif vlwef;pm;awGuo kd m tusKd ;ðywJ/h vlcsr;f omrsm;
udo k m tusKd ;ðywJh 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfw,f? a&S;*&dorRwEdik if rH sm;rSm vGwv f yfr_
qdwk m u|eyf ikd &f iS rf sm;twGuf vGwv f yfrj_ zpfco hJ vdk t&if;&Siv f @l tzJ@G tpnf;
twGi;f &Sd vGwv f yfr[ _ mvnf; t+rJwef;yJ tajccHtm;jzifh tJ'o D abmygy?J
t&if;&Sif aoG;pkyrf p_ epf tajctaeawGa=umifh acwfrv D yk cf pm; aus;u|erf sm;
[m qif;&JraGJ wr_'%fukd cH&vGe;f vd@k olw@kd [m “'Dru kd a&pDukd *±krpdu k Ef ikd =f u”/
“Edik if aH &;udk *±krpdu k Ef ikd =f u”yg? rSewf rf;+idr;f csr;f wJh tajctaerSmqd&k if vl
trsm;pk[m trsm;qdik &f m Edik if aH &;b0rSm ryg0ifEikd af tmif ty,fcx H m;&w,f?
'Dajymqdck suf rSeu f efa=umif;udk *smr%Du t&Si;f vif;qH;k oufaojy

aew,fv@kd ajymvd@k &ygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh 'DEikd if rH mS tajccHpnf;rsO;f Oya'
t& w&m;0ifr[ _ m tawmf&n S =f umvSwt hJ csed f (1871 rS 1914 xd) &mpkEpS f
w0ufe;D yg; umvtwGi;f rSm wnf+idr}f uH@cikd af ecJw h ,f? *smrefq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD
ygw[
D m “w&m;0ifru _ kd toH;k cs” wJh udprP mS wjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS xuf tvkyf
trsm;}uD; ydv
k yk Ef idk cf +hJ yD; ygwtD wGi;f od@k odr;f oGi;f cJwh hJ tvkyo
f rm; &mE_e;f tcsKd ;
tquvnf; urBmrSm tjrifq h ;kH jzpfw,f?
145
vDeif
Edik if aH &;t& Ed;k =um;wufºuwJh vkycf pm;aus;u|ef &mE_e;f tcsKd ;tq
[m t&if;&Siv f @l tzJ@G tpnf;twGi;f awG@&or#xrJ mS tJ'v D kd tjrifq
h ;kH jzpfw,f
qdak wmh ude;f *%ef; b,favmuf&ydS govJ? vkycf pm;vkyo f m; 15 oef;xJrmS
woef;om qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pD ygw0D ifawG jzpfw,f? 15 oef;xJrmS 3 oef;om
tvkyo f rm;or*~0ifawG jzpfw,f?
rjzpfpavmuf vlenf;pkuav;om cHpm;&wJh 'Dru kd a&pDygy?J vlcsr;f om

rsm;om cHpm;&wJh 'Dru kd a&pDygy?J t&if;&Siv f @l tzJ@G tpnf;&J@ 'Dru kd a&pD[m
'Dvykd gy?J t&if;&Si'f rD u
kd a&pD ,EW&m;udk aoaocsmcsm =unfrh ,fq&kd if rJay;cGiehf @J
ywfoufvdk@ (tao;tr$m;vdk@xif&wJh) “tao;tr$m;”tcsufuav;rsm;
(Oyrm a'oaexdkifol jzpfr_qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;/ trsdK;orD;awGudk
z,fxm;jcif;rsm; pwJt h csuu f av;rsm;) rSmyJjzpfjzpf/ ud, k pf m;vS,f Xmersm;&J@
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;awGrmS yJjzpfjzpf/ pk±;kH cGit hf ay: vufawG@twm;tqD;ðyr_rsm;
(trsm;qdik &f m taqmufttHrk sm;[m “olawmif;pm;rsm;” twGurf [kwf
qdw k mrsKd ;) rSmyJjzpfjzpf/ vH;k 0 t&if;&Siq f efwhJ owif;pm*sme,f xkwaf 0a&;
rlrsm;rSmjzpfjzpf/ ae&mwumrSm 'Dru kd a&pDtay: trsKd ;rsKd ; uef@owfxm;wm
awGukd awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? qif;&Jom;awGtay: 'Duef@owfrr_ sm;/ ¹cif;csurf sm;/
0dik ;f y,frr_ sm;/ wm;qD;r_rsm;u =unfv h ukd &f if ao;ao;uav;awGv@kd xif&yg
w,f? txl;ojzifh qif;&Jr'_ %fukd b,fwek ;f urS ud, k w f ikd rf ñuHz;l wJt
h jyif
tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ vlxb k 0twGi;f rSm olw@kd e@J b,fwek ;f urS eD;eD;
uyfuyf rqufqHzl;olrsm; ('DtrsdK;tpm;xJ yg0ifaewmu 99 &mcdkifE_ef;
r[kwaf wmif 90 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f aom "e&SiEf ikd if aH &;orm;rsm;eJ@ 0g'jzef@csad &;orm;
rsm;) &J@ tjrifrmS ao;ao;uav;awGyv J @kd xif&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gawG pkaygi;f
vdu k &f ifawmh 'Duef@owfra_ wG[m qif;&Jom;rsm;udk Edik if aH &; b0xJuae
146
z,f&mS ;ypfw,f/ wGe;f xkwyf pfw,f? olw@kd ukd 'Dru
kd a&pD b0xJrmS wufwuf
ºuºu ryg0ifEikd af tmif vkyxf m;w,f?
rmhupf [ f m t&if;&Si'f rD ukd a&pD&@J tJ't D ESpo

f m&udk aumif;aumif;
}uD; qkyuf ikd rf yd gw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh bHtk zJ@G &@J tawG@tñuHukd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm
&mrSm rmhupf u f 'Dvakd jymygw,f? tzdEydS cf aH wG[m zdEydS o f l vlwef;pm;xJu
tcdik t
f rm b,fob l ,f0gukd ygvrD efxrJ mS ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfaeap+yD; rdrw d @kd
tm; ESyd uf yG af prvJ qdw k mudk ESptf enf;i,frmS w}udrf qH;k jzwfciG hf &=uw,f?
'Dt&if;&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD[m rkcsusO;f ajrmif;w,f? qif;&Jom;rsm;udk

cd;k a=umifc;kd 0Suf yxkwx f m;w,f? 'ga=umifh wckv;kH [m vluv kd rd n
f mxm;wJh
twkta,mifom jzpfw,f? tJ'v D kd 'Dru
kd a&pDuae “wae@wjcm; jynf0h vmwJh
'Dru kd a&pD” od@k ±d;k pif;pGm/ wdu k ±f ukd uf spmG / acsmarmpGm jzpfay:wd;k yGm;oGm;zd@k
qdw k m rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? vpfb&,f ygarmuQrsm;eJ@ "e&Siaf ygupf tacsmif0g'rD sm;
uawmh 'gukd jzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd ,H=k unf=uw,f? 'Dvkd vH;k 0rjzpfEikd yf g? a&S@o@kd
wenf;tm;jzifh uGejf rLepf0g'od@k jzpfay:wd;k yGm;zd@k qw kd m ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf
udk rkcsjzwfoef;&r,f? wjcm;enf; rjzpfEikd yf g? bmvd@k vJqakd wmh t&if;&Sif
aoG;pkyo f rl sm;&J@ wefjyefcck rH u _ kd wjcm;b,fou l rS od@k r[kwf wjcm;b,fenf;
vrf;eJ@rS csKd ;zsuEf ikd rf mS r[kwv f @kd ygy?J
ypPn;f rJth m%m&Sipf epf[m wenf;tm;jzifh zdEydS o f rl sm;udk ESyd u

f yG zf @kd
twGuf tzdEydS cf rH sm;&J@wyfO;D udk tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±H;k ay;zd@k [m
'Dru
kd a&pDukd wd;k cs@J ae±Hrk #e@J rjzpfyg? ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epf[m 'Dru kd a&pDukd
t}uD;tus,f wd;k cs@J w,f/ 'gukd yxrqH;k t}udrt f aeeJ@ qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf
'Dru
kd a&pD/ jynfo@l twGu'f rD u kd a&pD jzpfvmapw,f? ºu,f0csr;f omolawG
twGuf 'Dru kd a&pD rjzpfapbl;? wòyifeufxrJ mS ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;[m zdEydS f
147
vDeif
olrsm;/ aoG;pkyo f rl sm;/ t&if;&Sirf sm;&J@ vGwv
f yfrt _ ay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf _
woDwwef;}uD;udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifw,f? vlom;w&yfvHk;udk vkyfcpm;
aus;u|eb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufapzd@k twGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd [m olw@kd ukd ESyd u f yG &f
r,f? olwdk@&J@ jyefvSefckcHr_udk tiftm;oHk; acsr_ef;&r,f? 'DudpP&Sif;ygw,f?
ESyd u
f yG rf &_ wdS ahJ e&m/ t=urf;zuf tiftm;oH;k r_ &Sw d ahJ e&mrSm vGwv
f yfrr_ &So
d vdk
'Dru kd a&pDvnf; r&Syd g?
od=u+y;D jzpfwthJ wdik ;f tde*f ,fu 'Dtcsuu f kd abb,fxH ay;pmxJrmS

ajymifajrmufpmG azmfjycJwh ,f? 'DpmrSm olu “ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmfukd
vGyvf yfrt_ a&;twGuf toH;k ðywmr[kwb f ;l ? ol@&@J &efoal wGukd zdEydS x f m;zd@k
twGuo f m jzpfw,f? vGwv f yfrt
_ a&;udpt P a=umif; ajymqdv k mEdik w f thJ cg
a&mufwmeJ@ Edik if aH wmfqw kd t
hJ &m[mvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l ” vd@k a&;xm;ygw,f?
trsm;pk}uD;jzpfwhJ jynfoal wG[m 'Dru kd a&pDukd cHpm;&w,f? jynfol

tay: aoG;pkyo f rl sm;/ zdEydS o
f rl sm;udak wmh tiftm;oH;k +yD; ESyd u
f yG w
f ,f? wenf;
tm;jzifh olw@kd ukd 'Dru
kd a&pD&@J tjyifbufo@kd z,fxw k x f m;w,f? tJ'guawmh
t&if;&Sipf epfuae uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd tul;tajymif; umvrSm jzpfay:r,fh
'Dru
kd a&pDtrsKd ;tpm; jzpfygw,f?
uGejf rLepfv@l tzJ@G tpnf;twGi;f umva&mufwt hJ cgro

S m t&if;&Sif
rsm;&J@ ckcrH u _ kd tuket f pif acsre_ ;f +yD;oGm;w,f? t&if;&Sirf sm; aysmufu, G f
oGm;w,f? vlwef;pm;rsm; r&Sad wmhb;l ? (qdv k w
kd mu vl@tzJ@G tpnf;twGi;f rSm
xkwv f yk af &; y&dabm*rsm;tay: qufE, G af er_e@J ywfouf&if vlawGt=um;
uGmjcm;csufr&Sdawmhbl;?) pwJh tajctaejzpfvmr,f? tJ'DtcgusrSom
“Edik if aH wmf[m aysmufu, G v f rd rhf ,f? vGwvf yfru_ pd t
P a=umif; ajymqdvk mEdik f
vdrrhf ,f?” tJ't D cgusro S mv#if wu,fwrf;jynf0h wJh 'Dru kd a&pD wenf;tm;
jzifh bmc|wf,iG ;f csurf S rygwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDtwGuf jzpfEikd af cs &Svd mvdrrhf ,f?
148
'gut kd aumiftxnf azmfEikd v f rd rhf ,f? aemuf+yD; tJ't
D cgusro S m 'Dru kd a&pD
[m pwifwrd af umaysmufu, G vf rd rhf ,f? ta=umif;&if;uawmh ±d;k ±d;k av;ygy?J
t&if;&Si0f g' aus;u|epf epfvnf; r&Sad wmhbJ t&if;&Sif aoG;pkyrf p_ epfa=umifh
&SdcJhwJh ra&rawGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;wJh xdwfvef@p&mrsm;/ ±dkif;pdkif;r_rsm;/
vdrn f mr_rsm;eJ@ ,kwrf mr_rsm; pwJt h jcif;t&mawGvnf; r&Sad wmhwt hJ avsmuf
vlawG[m &mpkEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm od&edS m;vnfxm;cJ=h u+yD; ESpaf xmife@J cs+D yD; eDwd
pmtkyaf wGxrJ mS tzefw&mawr# a&;xm;cJw h hJ vlrq
_ ufqaH &; tajccHrrl sm;udk
vdu k ef mwJh tavhtx wjznf;jznf;&vmvdrrhf ,f? tiftm;qdw k m &Spd &m
rvdak wmh/ t=urf;zufr&_ ,fv@kd &Spd &mrvdak wmh/ emcHr&_ ,fv@kd vnf; &Spd &m
rvdak wmh/ Edik if aH wmfv@kd ac:a0:wJh t=urf;zufa&; txl;,EW&m;vnf; &Spd &m
rvdak wmhyg?
“EdkifiHawmfwdrfaumyaysmufw,f” qdkwJh pum;toHk;tE_ef;udk
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jzpfpOf&@J wjznf;jznf;jzpfrv _ uQ%meJ@ tvdt k avsmufjzpfrv _ uQ%m ESpcf v k ;kH
udk azmf!e¸ ;f aevd@k ygy?J 'DtusKd ;oufa&mufrr_ sKd ;udk tavhtxqdw k hJ t&m
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aemufwcku t&if;&SifpepfrS uGefjrLepfpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;wJh
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vd@k r&Sad wmhv@kdyg? 'Daea&mrSm “vl” qdw k m vlwef;pm;udk qdv k wkd myg? vlO;D a&&J@
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k m wef;
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rmhupf uf qufajymygw,f? “æ'gayrJh 'Dtemtqm[m uGejf rLepf

pepf&@J y%mrtqifrh mS rv$rJ a&Smifom &Sad erSmyJ? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh
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tzJG@tpnf; pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkeJ@ 'DtaqmufttHktay:
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qdwk hJ t&mrsm;xuf b,fawmhrS ydrk jrifEh ikd bf ;l “
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f ;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
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164
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eJ@ Edik if aH wmftay: vlra_ wmfveS af &;&J@ oabmxm;jy\emudv k nf; *±kpukd f
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rsKd ;rSmawmif 'gukd a&Smifz,fz@kd óu;pm;=uw,f/ od@k r[kwf tav;rlz@kd ysuf
uGuf=uw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf[m 1914 ckESpfrSm 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk
ysupf ;D oGm;apwJh tacsmif0g'&J@ wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vmr_jzpfpOfu=kd unf&h if
awG@&r,fh txl;jcm;qH;k tcsuyf J jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHawmftay: ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;&J@ oabmxm;jy\emudk

tJ'v
D kd a&Smifz,fwm[m tacsmif0g'udk tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f tcGio hf map+yD; tusKd ;
quftm;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'udk ±kyyf suq f if;ysujf zpfap+yD; vH;k 0,kwn f ahH pw,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifh tJ'v D kd ajymEdik yf gw,f?
170
0rf;enf;zG,&f m txufazmfjyygjzpfpOfukd twdck sKyfyjJ zpfjzpf azmfjyzd@k
twGuf rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ ywfouf&if tausm=f um;qH;k oabmw&m;q&mrsm;
jzpfwhJ yvufcaf emhAef @J aumufpuD;wd@k ukd Oyrmxm;+yD; ajymygr,f?
1? rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;tay: yvufcaf emhA&f @J jiif;cHck suf
yvufcaf emhA[ f m qd&k ,

S v f pf0g'eJ@ ywfoufv@kd rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;eJ@
oabmxm;ta=umif; txl;wvnf &Si;f jywJh pmwrf;wckukd a&;om;cJw h ,f?
'gukd rif;rJ0h g'eJ@q&kd ,
S v
f pf0g'qdw
k hJ acgi;f pOfwyf+y;D 1894 ckEpS rf mS *smrefbmomeJ@
xkwaf 0cJyh gw,f?
yvufcaf emhA[ f m 'Dacgi;f pOfukd aqG;aEG;&mrSm rif;rJ0h g'qef@usiaf &;

wdu k yf t
JG wGi;f vwfwavmtusq;kH / tylwjyif;tjzpfq;kH Edik if aH &;t&vnf;
ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh jy\emudk usifusifvnfvnf a&Smifv$JaqG;aEG;
xm;w,f? tJ'jD y\emuawmh Edik if aH wmftay: awmfveS af &;&J@oabmxm;eJ@
a,bk,sEikd if aH wmfqikd &f m jy\emyJ jzpfygw,f? ol@&@J pmwrf;rSm tydik ;f 2
ydik ;f u txl;ay:vGiw f ,f? wydik ;f u ordik ;f qdik &f meJ@pmayqdik &f m jzpfw,f?
pwmem (Stirner) ya&muf'eG ;f polrsm;&J@ tawG;tac: ajymif;vJre_ @J ywf
oufwhJ wefz;kd &Sw d hJ tcsut f vufrsm; yg0ifw,f? wjcm;tydik ;f uawmh evAde;f
wH;k tjrifawGygy?J 'DtxJrmS rif;rJ0h g'aD wGukd olc;kd "m;jyawGe@J rjcm; yHak zmfxm;wJh
nHzh si;f wJh oH;k oyfcsurf sm; yg0ifygw,f?
tJ't D ydik ;f 2 ydik ;f udk yl;wGx

J m;wm tvGe&f ,fp&maumif;+yD; 'g[m
±k&mS ;awmfveS af &; tóuumveJ@ awmfveS af &;umv wav#mufv;kH yvufcf
aemhA&f @J vkyaf qmifrw _ ckv;kH udk tvGeaf y:vGiaf pw,f? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh 1905
ckESpfrS 1917 ckESpftxd umvtwGif;rSm yvufcfaemhAf[m EdkifiHa&;t&
171
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aqmifcvhJ @kd ygy?J
rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd [m rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;eJ@ jiif;cH&k mrSm Edik if aH wmftay:
awmfveS af &;&J@ oabmxm;jy\emqdik &f m rdrw d @kd tjrifrsm;;udk tvGet f ao;
pdwfuspGm &Sif;jycJhwm u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifcJh+yD; jzpfw,f? rmhufpf&J@*dkom
vkyif ef;pOf a0zefcsuf pmtkyt f wGuf 1891 ckEpS rf mS tde*f ,fu trSmpma&;om;
&mrSm “u|eaf wmfw@kd [m” (qdv k w
kd mu tde*f ,fe@J rmhupf w f @kd [m) “tJ't D csed f
rSm bmuleifeJ@ wjcm;rif;rJh0g'Drsm;tay: tvGefjyif;xefpGm wdkufyGJqifE$JcJh
&w,f? tJ't D csed [ f m (yxr) tifwmae&Sief ,f [d*f (Hague) uGe*f &uf
+yD;wm 2 ESpef ;D yg;yJ &Sad o;w,f?” vd@k azmfjyxm;w,f?
rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;[m yJ&pfbt kH zG@J ukd olw@kd &@J “ud, k yf ikd ”f t&mtjzpf/
olw@kd oabmw&m;rsm;&J@ vufawG@oufaoxlcsut f jzpf owfrw S zf @kd óu;pm;
cJ=h uw,f? 'gayrJh bHt k zG@J &@J oifcef;pmrsm;udak &m/ 'Doifcef;pmrsm;tay: rmhupf &f @J
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsufudkyg vHk;0em;rvnf=uygbl;? EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;a[mif;udk
zsuq f ;D ypfz@kd vo kd vm;/ 'gukd bmeJ@ tpm;xd;k &rvJqw kd hJ tcdik t f rmEdik if aH &;
jy\em 2 &yfe@J ywfouf&if rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;[m eD;pyfwt hJ ajzudak wmif
ay;Edik pf rG ;f r&Syd gb;l ?
'gayrJh ‘rif;rJ0h g'eJ@q&k d ,

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udk vH;k 0a&SmifuiG ;f r,f/ aemuf+y;D bkt H zG@J rwdik rf eD @J aemufyikd ;f umv&J@ rmhupf 0f g'
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a&mufomG ;rSmyJ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh tacsmif0g'tvdv k m;qH;k u txuf
azmfjyyg Edik if aH &;jy\em 2 ckukd vH;k 0razmfxw k af &; jzpfv@kd y?J 'gukd razmfxw k f
bl;qd&k ifyJ tacsmif0g'tzd@k atmifyw JG ck jzpfae+yD?
172
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aumufpuD;&J@usr;f rsm;udk tjcm;bmompum;xuf ±k&mS ;bmom

od@k jyefqwkd mu tvGeyf rkd sm;wm oHo,&Spd &m rvkyd g? aumufpuD;&J@ usr;f rsm;
udk *smr%DrmS xuf ±k&mS ;rSm ydzk wf=uw,fv@kd tcsKd @*smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;u
&,fp&majymwm ta=umif;rJh r[kwyf g? (tvsO;f oifv h @kd ajym&OD;r,f? 'D&,fp&m
pum;xJrmS ajymolrsm;ud, k w
f ikd f óuwifcef@reS ;f rdwmxuf trsm;}u;D ydak v;euf
wJh ordik ;f t"dym` ,fyg&ydS gw,f? ordik ;f t"dym` ,fu 'Dvykd g? ±k&mS ;tvkyo f rm;
rsm;[m 1905 ckESpfrSm urBmhtaumif;qHk; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD pmayxJu
taumif;qH;k a&;om;csurf sm;udk zwfcsiv f m=uw,f? zwfcsio f l ta&twGuf
uvnf; tvGeu f kd rsm;jym;w,f? 'grsKd ; t&ifwek ;f u r&Scd zhJ ;l bl;? aemuf+yD;
tJ'aD &;om;csuaf wG&@J bmomjyefpmtkyaf wG/ rl&if;pmtkyaf wGukd trsm;tjym;
&&Scd w
hJ ,f? 'Davmufrsm;wm wjcm;wdik ;f jynfawGrmS r&Scd zhJ ;l bl;? tJ'v D ekd @J ±k&mS ;
tvkyform;rsm;[m ydkrdka&S@wef;a&mufwJh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckrS ºu,f0wJh
tawG@tñuHwnf;[laom ysKd ;yifrsm;udk u|efawmfw@kd &J@ ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;
v_y&f mS ;r_wnf;[laom Eke,fwahJ jray:od@k jrefjrefqefqef ajymif;a&$@pu kd yf sKd ;
cJ=h uw,f?)
aumufpuD;udk rmhupf 0f g'jzef@jzL;oltjzpfomru bef;pwde;f trª;

ðyaom tacsmiform;rsm;tm; jiif;cHak csyol tjzpfvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if rH mS
vlord sm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tcsuw f ckuakd wmh odorl &So d avmufy?J 1914 -
15 tusyt f wnf; tonf;oefq;kH umvrSm aumufpuD;[m r,H=k unf
Edik af vmufatmif t±kyq f ;kd pGm a,mif0g;0g;jzpf+y;D / qd&k ,
S af &SmAf if0g'udk umuG,f
wJEh w HG iG ;f od@k b,fyb kH ,fenf; usa&mufomG ;cJo h vJqw kd mudk ppfaq;r,fq&kd if
tJ't D csuu f kd vspv
f sL±_xm;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? tJ't D csuu f awmh wjcm;r[kw?f
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tacsmif0g'ud, k pf m;vS,f (bef;pwde;f ) wd@k ukd rqef@usirf u D mvrSm tvGe@f
tvGef ,dr;f ,dik cf w hJ ,fqwkd hJ tcsuyf gy?J 1901 - 02 pwk*wf (Stuttgart)
rSm xkwfa0cJhwJh Zm,m (Zarya vif;tm±k%f) *sme,f[m awmfvSefwJh
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tjrifrsm;udk umuG,fa&;om;wJh rmhufpf0g'*sme,f
jzpfw,f? Zm,m[m aumufpuD;eJ@ rv$rJ a&Smifom jiif;cHck &hJ w,f? 1900
ckEpS f yJ&pfEikd if wH umqd&k ,S v f pfnvD mcHrmS aumufpuD; tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJw
h hJ
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rsm;tay: oabmxm;[m rjywfom;bl;? [dak &Smif'v D J$ jzpfaew,f? aphpyfa&;
qefw,fv@kd Zm,mu qdyk gw,f? *smr%DrmS xkwaf 0cJw h hJ aumufpuD;&J@
ay;pmrsm;udk=unfh&ifvnf; ol[m bef;pwdef;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufwm
rvkycf ifumvrSm tvGeaf wGa0,dr;f ,dik cf ahJ =umif; ay:vGiyf gw,f?
'gayrJh txufygtcsufxuf tvGef@tvGefydkta&;}uD;wmu

atmufygtcsuf jzpfygw,f? rmhupf 0f g'tay: aumufpuD;&J@ aemufq;kH opPm
azmufro_ rdik ;f udk u|eaf wmfw@kd tckaecg pHpk rf;avhvmwJt
h cgrmS tacsmif0g'
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jy\emudk olwifjyyHk/ &Sif;vif;yHkenf;emudkyJ=unhf=unfh ol[m EdkifiHawmf
jy\emeJ@ywfoufwhJ tydik ;f rSmudyk J tacsmif0g'bufukd wpdu k rf wfrwf wdr;f
apmif;aecJw
h mudk awG@&&dS ygw,f?
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174
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vdt k yfcsurf sm;qdw k hJ pmtkyrf mS rmhupf 0f g'udk “bvefu;DG 0g'” tjzpf pGypf x JG m;
w,f? (tJ't D csed uf p+yD; ±k&mS ;&Sd tacsmif0g'rD sm;eJ@ vpfb&,f"e&Sirf sm;[m
'Dvykd J t}udraf xmifaygi;f rsm;pGm pGypf cJG =hJ uw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ awmfveS w f hJ rmhupf f
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bef;pwde;f u rmhupf &f @J jyifopfjynfjynfwiG ;f ppf pmtkyu f kd txl;tav;xm;
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;&mrSm olu yJ&pfbt kH zG@J &@J oifcef;pmrsm;eJ@ywfoufwhJ
rmhupf &f @J tjrifrsm;udk ya&muf'eG ;f &J@ tjrifrsm;tjzpf a&maxG;ypfz@kd tcsn;f ES;D
óu;pm;cJw h ,f? 'Dta=umif;awGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd txufrmS ajymxm;+yD; jzpfyg
w,f? uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;&J@ 1872 ckEpS t f rSmpmrSm rmhupf u f xyfrH
tav;xm; azmfjycJw h hJ ed*;kH csKyfcsuu f kd bef;pwde;f u txl;tm±Hpk u kd cf w
hJ ,f?
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Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udyk J tvG,w f ulqyk u f ikd +f yD; rdr&d nf&, G cf sut f wGuf toH;k ðy
aevd@k rjzpfb;l ” qdw k mygy?J
'Dpum;udk bef;pwde;f u odyf “oabmus” vGe;f vd@k ol@pmtkyrf mS

3 }udrf xufrenf; toH;k ðyxm;+yD;/ 'gukd vH0k yHyk ef;zsuu
f m tacsmif0g'oabm
aqmifatmif t"dym` ,fziG xhf m;w,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd od=uwJth wdik ;f rmhupf &f @J qv kd &kd if;oabmu tvkyf

orm;vlwef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk acsre_ ;f / csKd ;zsu/f azmufcyJG pf&r,f?
'gayrJh bef;pwde;f t"dym` ,fazmfyt
kH &qd&k if Edik if aH &;tm%modr;f ydu k w f t
hJ cg
tvGet f usL;/ pdwx
f ufoefwhJ enf;emawG roH;k zd@k tvkyo f rm;awGukd rmhupf f
u 'Dpum;rsm;eJ@ owday;cJo h a,mif jzpfaew,f?
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rmhufpf&J@ tawG;tac:udk yHkyef;zsufwJhae&mrSm bef;pwdef;xuf
=urf;wrf;/ qd;k 0g;yHrk sKd ; pOf;pm;vd@k r&awmhb;l ?
'gq&kd if aumufpuD;u bef;pwde;f 0g'udk tvGet

f ao;pdwu
f sus
jiif;qdak csy&mrSm b,fvakd wGajymxm;ovJ?
txufazmfjyyg tcsurf mS tacsmif0g'u rmhupf 0f g'udk vH;k 0±kyyf suf

qif;ysuv f yk w
f hJ udpu
P kd olcjJG crf;pdwjf zmwm rvkyyf gb;l ? rmhupf &f @J jynfwiG ;f ppf
pmtkyt f wGuf tde*f ,fa&;om;wJh trSmpmxJu txufyg pum;yd'k u f kd olu
ud;k um;+yD; 'Dv&kd iS ;f jyw,f? rmhupf t f vdt k &qd&k if tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m
toif&h +dS yD;om; Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk tvG,w f ulqyk u f ikd v
f @kd rjzpfb;l ? 'gayrJh
a,bk,stm;jzifhqdkv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;[m 'D,EW&m;udk qkyfudkif
Edik pf rG ;f &Sw
d ,f? 'DavmufyJ aumufpuD;u &Si;f jyw,f? rmhupf &f @J wu,ft h jrife@J
vHk0ajymif;jyefjzpfwJh tjrifrsm;udk rmhufpftjrifjzpfatmif bef;pwdef;u
t"dy`m,fzGifhwJhta=umif;udk aumufpuD;u wvHk;wyg'r#rajym? ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; awmfveS af &;&J@ wm0efu Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk “acsre_ ;f ” zd@k jzpfw,f
vd@k rmhupf [ f m 1852 ckEpS u f wnf;u wifjycJw h thJ a=umif;udk aumufpuD;u
wvH;k wyg'r#rajym?
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l ef;pm;awmfveS af &;&J@ vkyif ef;wm0ef
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jcm;em;csu[ f m aumufpuD;&J@ zH;k uG,rf u_ kd cHvu
kd &f w,f?
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rSm ajz&Si;f zd@k pdwcf svufcs csex
f m;vd@k &ygw,f” vd@k aumufpuD;u
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172 *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif;)
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k mrS r[kwb f ?J tESpof m&tm;jzifh
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jzpfw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;&J@ vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;qdik &f m
tajccHjy\emtm;vH;k udk “tem*wfrmS ajz&Si;f &ef pdwcf svufcscsex f m;”
zd@k yJ tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;u tckaecgrmS vdv k m;ae=uwJt h wGuaf =umifyh ?J
ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk acsre_ ;f ypfoifw h ,fv@kd
tde*f ,fw@kd u 1852 ckEpS rf S 1891 ckEpS t f xd ESpaf ygi;f 40 =um umvtwGi;f
wav#mufv;kH oif=um;cJw h ,f? 'gayrJh 1899 ckEpS rf mS tacsmiform;rsm;u
'Dtcsuef @J ywfouf+yD; rmhupf 0f g'udk vH;k 0opPmazmuf=uwJt h cg aumufpuD;
[m EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk zsufqD;zdk@ vdkrvdkqdkwJh jy\emudk uvDurmeJ@
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awGqw kd mu óurodEikd b f ;l qdw
k hJ “jiif;cHv
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f ”hJ (jiif;cHak evnf; bmrS
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tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;udk awmfveS af &;twGuf toif&h adS eapa&;
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oufwu hJ pd rP mS rmhupf ef @J aumufpuD;t=um; acsmufurf;yg;}u;D jcm;aeygw,f?
aumufpuD;&J@ aemufpmwrf;wckta=umif; ajym=u&atmif? 'D
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w,f? 'Dpmwrf;rSm “ypPn;f rJv h w
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xm;w,f? pma&;ol@pmwrf;rSm tvGew f efz;kd &Sw
d hJ tcsurf sm;udk trsm;}uD;a&;
om;xm;ayr,fh Edik if aH wmfjy\emudu k sawmh a&SmifuiG ;f xm;w,f? pmwrf;
wckv;kH rSm Edik if aH wmftm%mudk t&,lord ;f yduk af &;ta=umif;yJ ajymxm;w,f?
wjcm;bmrS rajymbl;? wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&&if aumufpuD;[m tacsmif
177
vDeif
orm;rsm;udk tav#mah y;wJh ajymyHak jymenf;udk a&G;cs,x f m;w,f? ta=umif;
uawmh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk rzsuq f ;D bJe@J Edik if aH wmftm%mudk odr;f ,lz@kd
jzpfEikd w
f ,fv@kd ajymqdx k m;vd@k y?J 1872 ckEpS rf mS rmhupf u f “acwfrrDawmhw”hJ
t&mtjzpf owfrw S af jymqdck w hJ hJ uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf; vkyif ef;pOfxu J
tydik ;f udyk J 1902 ckEpS rf mS aumufpuD;u jyefvnftoufoiG ;f cJyh gw,f?
tJ'pD mwrf;xJrmS “vlra_ wmfveS af &;&J@ o¿mefrsm;eJ@vufeufrsm;”
qdk+yD; tydkif;wydkif; owfowfa&;om;xm;w,f? 'Dtydkif;rSm vlxkEdkifiHa&;
oydwt f a=umif;/ jynfwiG ;f ppfta=umif;/ “acwfrED ikd if }H uD;rsm;&J@ tiftm;}uD;
rm;vSwhJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;rsm;jzpfwhJ AsL±duk a&pDe@J ppfwyf” ta=umif;wd@k ukd
aumufpuD;u ajymxm;w,f? 'gayrJh yJ&pfbt kH zG@J u tvkyo f rm;awGukd bm
oifcef;pmawG ay;oGm;cJo h vJqw kd meJ@ ywfoufv@kd usawmh aumufpuD;u
wvH;k wyg'r# rajymbl;? 'Dawmh Edik if aH wmftay: “t,lo;D ud;k uG,”f wm
rvky=f uzd@k tde*f ,fu vltrsm;udk txl;ojzifh *smrefq&kd , S vf pfrsm;udk owd
ay;cJw h m ta=umif;rJh r[kwb f ;l qdwk m awG@jrifEikd yf gw,f?
atmify&JG ypPn;f rJvh w l ef;pm;[m “'Dru
kd a&pDvyk if ef;pOfukd taumif
txnfazmfygvrd rhf ,f” qd+k yD;awmhyJ aumufpuD;u jy\emudk udik w f ,
G f
xm;w,f? aemuf+yD; 'Dvkyfief;pOfyg tcsuftvuftoD;oD;udk olu
qufvuf &Si;f jyygw,f? 'gayrJh "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDae&mrSm ypPn;f rJ'h rD u
kd a&pDe@J
tpm;xdk;a&;jy\emeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ 1871 ckESpfrSm &&SdwJh tcsuftvuf
topfrsm; ta=umif;udkawmh olubmr#rajymygbl;? aumufpuD;u
“}uD;us,xf nf0g[efayguw f ”hJ ajymaeus tESprf phJ um;rsm;eJ@ 'Djy\emudk
'Dvw
kd m0efr@J ajz&Si;f ygw,f?
“vuf&t dS ajctaeatmufrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tompD;r&Edik w f m
ajymp&mawmif rvdyk g? awmfveS af &;qdw k m ud, k Ef u_d uf &Sn=f um
euf±i_d ;f wJh wdu
k yf qJG ifrv
_ yk rf S &ygw,f? qufvufwu kd yf qJG ifomG ;&if;
u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J @ vuf & S d E d k i f i H a &;eJ @ vl r _ a &;taqmuf t tH k u d k
ajymif;vJypfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f?”
178
'g “ajymp&mawmifrvd”k wm aocsmygw,f? jrif;[m jrufpm;w,f?
aAmvf*gjrpf[m uufpyD,efyifv,fxJ pD;0ifw,fpwJh trSew f &m;rsm;vdyk aJ yg?h
'gayrJh cufwmu “euf±i_d ;f wJ”h wdu k yf pJG ojzifh tESprf w hJ hJ }uD;}uD;us,uf s,f
pum;awGo;kH +yD; awmfveS w f hJ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;twGuf tvGe@f tvGet f a&;
}uD;wJh jy\emw&yfudk a&SmifuGif;xm;wJhudpPyJ? wenf;tm;jzifh ypPnf;rJh
awmfveS af &;u Edik if aH wmftay:eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDtay: oabmxm;eJ@ywfoufv@kd
ol@t&ifu &SdcJhwJh/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;r[kwfwJh awmfvSefa&;awGeJ@ rwl
jcm;em;wJh “euf±i_d ;f wJ”h tcsuaf wGu bmawGvq J w
kd jhJ y\emudk a&SmifuiG ;f
wJuh pd yP ?J
'Djy\emudk aumufpuD;a&SmifuGif;vdkufwm[m wu,fawmh

'Dta&;}u;D wJh tcsurf mS tacsmif0g'udk tav#mah y;vdu k wf myJ jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh
pum;vH;k awGt&uawmh ol[m tacsmif0g'udk tjyif;txef ppfa=unm+yD;
“awmfveS af &; tawG;tac:” ta&;}uD;yHu k kd tav;xm;ajymvdak jym/ (tvkyf
orm;awGukd awmfveS af &;&J@ tcdik t f rm oifcef;pmrsm; oif=um;ay;zd@k a=umuf
&G@H aerSawmh 'D “tawG;tac:” u b,favmufrsm; wefz;kd &SOd ;D rSmvJ?) 'grS
r[kw&f ifvnf; “awmfveS w f hJ pdwuf ;l pH0g'udk eHygww
f pftjzpf OD;xdyyf ef&r,f”
vk@d ajymvdak jym/ 'grrS [kw&f ifvnf; t*Fvyd t f vkyof rm;rsm;[m tcktcg
“"e&Siaf ygupf eJ@ odyrf uGmawmhb;l ” vd@k a=unmvdak =unmeJ@y?J
olu 'Dvakd &;ygw,f? “qd&k , S v f pfv@l tzG@J tpnf;xJrmS o¿meft&

tvGeu f jJG ym;jcm;em;wJh vkycf if;udik cf if;rsm; twlwuG,OS w f JG wnf&dS
aeEdik w
f ,f? AsL±du k &ufo¿mef (´´)/ tvkyo f rm;or*~o¿mef/
or0g,ro¿mef/ yk*~vduo¿mef pojzifhaygh? ææ Oyrm
AsL±du
k &ufwpf (´´) zG@J pnf;r_w&yf rygv@kd r&wJh vkycf if;udik cf if;awG
&Srd ,f? rD;&xm;vkyif ef;vdrk sKd ;ayg?h 'Dvyk if ef;rsKd ;awGrmS 'Dru
kd a&pDenf;
179
vDeif
uswhJ zG@J pnf;r_[m atmufygo¿mefe@J wnf&EdS ikd w f ,f? tvkyo f rm;
rsm;u ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk a&G;aumuf+yD; olw@kd ukd ygvrD efypkH rH sKd ;eJ@
zGJ@pnf;xm;r,f/ 'DtzGJ@tpnf;u tvkyfpnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;awG
a&;qG+J yD; AsL±du
k &ufwpf taqmufttH&k @J pDrt H yk cf sKyfru_ kd }uD;=uyf
r,fpwJh o¿mefjzpfw,f? wcsKd @vyk cf if;udik cf if;rsm;&J@ pDrt H yk cf sKyfru_ kd
tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;xH v$aJ jymif;ay;xm;Edik w f ,f? wcsKd @uakd wmh
or0g,rrlrsm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;ay;xm;Edik w f ,f? (1903 ckEpS f *seD AD mrSm
xkwaf 0wJh ±k&mS ;bmomjyef pmrsuEf mS 148 ESihf 115)
'Dta=umif;jycsu[ f m rSm;ygw,f? rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd 70 ckEpS rf sm;

rSm bHt
k zG@J &@J oifcef;pmrsm;rdk Oyrmtjzpfxm;+yD; &Si;f jycJwh mawGe@J pm&if 'g[m
aemufwvSr;f qkwo f mG ;wmyJ?
rkcs&zdS @kd vdt

k yfr,fqw kd hJ “AsL±du
k a&pD” zG@J pnf;r_e@J ywfouf+y;D ajym&&if
rD;&xm;vkyif ef;[m t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef; u¾twGi;f u wjcm;b,fvyk f
ief;rsm;eJ@rqd/k b,fpuf±rkH sm;/ b,fuek pf q kH ikd }f uD;rsm;eJ@rqd/k b,ft}uD;pm;
t&if;&Sifv,f,m vkyfcif;rsm;eJ@rqdk bmrS rjcm;em;ygbl;? 'Dvkyfief;awG
tm;vH;k rSm twwfynmoabmt&/ pnf;urf;udk wif;wif;usyu f syf vdu
k ef m
zd@k / vlwikd ;f ud, k w hf m0efustvkyu f kd tvGew f w d u d sus vkyaf qmifz@kd tºuif;rJh
awmif;qdw k ,f? 'Dvrkd S r[kw&f if vkyif ef;wckv;kH &yfqikd ;f oGm;vdrrhf ,f od@k r[kwf
pufud&d,meJ@ txGufypPnf;awG ysufpD;oGm;vdrfhr,f? 'Dvkyfcif;udkifcif;
tm;vH;k rSm tvkyo f rm;rsm;[m "rRwmyJ “ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk a&G;cs,+f yD;
olw@kd ukd ygvrD efypkH rH sKd ;eJ@ zG@J pnf;ay;xm;” &vdrrhf ,f?
'gayrJh tcsuftcsmtusqHk;u tJ'D “ygvDrefyHkpHrsdK;” qdkwm

u|eaf wmfw@kd em;vnfaewJh "e&Siyf gvrD eftaqmufttHpk epf&@J ygvrD efypkH rH sKd ;
180
r[kwb f ;l ? tcsut f csmtusq;kH u tJ'D “ygvrD efypkH rH sKd ;”[m "e&Siyf gvrD efpepf
abmifukd ausmrf pOf;pm;wwfwhJ aumufpuD; xifovdrk sKd ; “tvkypf nf;urf;
pnf;rsOf;awG a&;qGJ+yD; AsL±dku&ufwpf taqmufttHk&J@ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_udk
}uD;=uyf” ±Hrk #omvkyrf mS r[kwb f ;l ? qd&k ,S v f pfv@l tzG@J tpnf;rSm tvkyo f rm;
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;wJh “ygvrD efypkH rH sKd ;” [m “rRwmyJ “tvkyf
pnf;urf;pnf;rsO;f awGukd a&;qG+J yD;” “taqmufttH”k &J@ “pDrt H yk cf sKyfru_ kd
}uD;=uyf” rSmyJ? 'gayrJh 'DtaqmufttH[ k m “AsL±du k a&pDqefw”hJ taqmuf
ttkH jzpfrmS r[kwb f ;l ? tvkyof rm;rsm;[m Edik if aH &;tm%m&&S+d yD;aemufrmS
AsL±du
k a&pD taqmufttHak [mif;udk zsuq f ;D ypfvrd rhf ,f? tuket f pifzsuq f ;D
ypfvrd rfh ,f? 'gukd 'Dtvkyo f rm;rsm;/ tr_xrf;rsm;eJ@yJ zG@J pnf;xm;wJh taqmuf
ttHo k pfwcke@J tpm;xd;k vdrrhf ,f? 'Du, kd pf m;vS,af wG AsL±du k &ufjzpfomG ;apzd@k
twGuf rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,fwdk@ tao;pdwf&Sif;jywJh atmufygtpDtrHrsm;udk
csucf si;f usio hf ;kH vdrrhf ,f? (1) ud,
k pf m;vS,af wGukd a&G;aumufcef@xm;rSm jzpf±kH
ru olw@kd udk tcsed rf a&G;jyefvnfvv J , S Ef ikd w
f ,f? (2) ud, k pf m;vS,af wG&J
vpm[m tvkyo f rm;vpmxuf rydak p&bl;? (3) }u;D =uyfre_ @J ppfaq;r_vyk if ef;
udk vltm;vHk;u vkyfaqmifa&;qdkwJhpepfudk csufcsif;usifhoHk;w,f? 'DvdkeJ@
vltm;vH;k [m ,m,D “AsL±du k &ufrsm;” jzpfvmw,f? 'gah =umifb h ,forl S “AsL±dk
u&uf” jzpfrvmEdik af wmhb;l ?
“bHtk zG@J [m ygvrD eftzG@J tpnf; rjzpfoif?h pDrt

H yk cf sKyfa&;eJ@ w&m;
pD&ifa&;wd@k ukd wòyifeufaqmif&u G w f hJ tvkyt
f zG@J tpnf; jzpfoifw h ,f” qdwk hJ
rmhupf &f @J pum;rsm;udk aumufpuD; vH;k 0&Si;f vif;pGmoabmrayguyf g?
aumufpuD;[m "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;ygvrD efpepfe@J ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
'Dru
kd a&pDpepft=um; jcm;em;csufudk vHk;0em;rvnfyg? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;
ygvrD efpepfu (jynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf r[kww f hJ) 'Dru
kd a&pDe@J (jynfov l x
l uk kd
181
vDeif
qef@usiw f h)J AsL±du
k a&pDw@kd ukd aygi;f pyfxm;wm jzpfw,f? ypPn;f rJvh wl ef;pm;
'Dru kd a&pD pepfuawmh AsL±du k a&pDukd tjrpfygrusezf ,f&mS ;zd@k tpDtrHrsm;
csucf si;f csrw S v
f rd rhf ,f? 'DtpDtrHrsm;udk tqH;k wdik t
f xd/ AsL±du
k a&pDukd vH;k 0
csKy+f ird ;f wJt
h xd/ jynforl sm;twGuf 'Dru kd a&pDtjynft h 0&&Sw
d t
hJ xd vkyaf qmif
Edik v
f rd rhf ,f? 'gukd aumufpuD; vH;k 0em;rvnfb;l ?
'Dae&mrSm aumufpuD;[m Edik if aH wmftay: “t,lo;D pGm ud;k uG,rf ”_

eJ@ AsL±du
k a&pDtay: “t,lo;D pGm,H=k unfr”_ qdw k hJ tawG;tac:a[mif;udyk J
xkwjf yaew,f?
tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;tm; qef@usiaf &;eJ@ywfoufv@kd aumufpuD;&J@

aemufq;kH eJ@ taumif;qH;k pmwrf;jzpfwhJ “tm%m&&Sad &;twGuf csw D uf&m
vrf;” qdw k phJ mwrf;udk tck=unf=h unf&h atmif? ('Dpmwrf;udk ±k&mS ;bmomod@k
rjyef&ao;bl;xifw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh ±k&mS ;azmufjyefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;
t&rf;um;qH;k tcsed f 1909 ckEpS rf mS 'Dpmwrf;udk xkwaf 0cJw h ma=umifh jzpfw,f?)
'Dpmwrf;[m tawmfw;kd wufvmw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh 'Dpmwrf;[m 1899
ckESpfrSm bef;pwdef;udk qef@usifa&;om;wJh pmwrf;vdkr[kwf? a,bk,s
awmfveS af &; vkyif ef;pOfta=umif; aqG;aEG;rxm;bl;? 1902 ckEpS rf mS a&;om;
wJh vlra_ wmfveS af &;qdw k phJ mwrf;vdv k nf; r[kw?f vlra_ wmfveS af &;&J@ vkyif ef;
wm0efrsm;ta=umif;udyk J aqG;aEG;xm;wmrsKd ; r[kwb f ;l ? tck'pD mwrf;rSmu
“awmfveS af &;acwfumv” a&mufvm+yDqw kd m rjzpfrae todtrSwðf y=uzd@k
u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd wGe;f yd@k ay;aewJh tcdik t f rmtajctaersm; ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;
xm;w,f?
pma&;olu vlwef;pm;yËdyuQrsm; a,bk,sjyif;xefvmyHek @J e,fcs@J pepf

a&mufvmyHkwdk@udk twdtvif;axmufjyygw,f? 'Dvdk axmufjywJhtydkif;
182
uawmh txl;ta&;}uD;wJh tusKd ;ðyr_ jzpfygw,f? taemufOa&myrSm “1789
- 1871 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;umv” ay:aygu+f yD;wJah emufyikd ;f ta&S@bufa'o
rSmvnf; tvm;wlumvwck 1905 ckEpS rf mS pwifay:aygucf ahJ =umif;/ urBm
ppf[m a=umufcref;vdvd vsijf refpmG eJ@ eD;uyfvmaea=umif;/ “ypPn;f rJvh wl ef;
pm;taeeJ@ awmfvSefa&;r&ifhrSnfhao;bl;vdk@ rajymEdkifawmh” a=umif;/
“u|efawmfwdk@[m awmfvSefa&;umvwckxJodk@ csif;eif;0ifa&mufcJh+yD”
jzpfa=umif;/ “awmfvSefa&;acwfumv}uD; pwifae+yD” jzpfa=umif; olu
ajymqdyk gw,f?
'Dpum;awG[m &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &SdvSw,f? aumufpuD;&J@ 'D

pmwrf;udk aywHtjzpf oabmxm;+y;D *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD ukd &ufawG[m e,fcs@J ppf
rwdik cf ifrmS bmawGvyk yf gr,fv@kd uwdawGay;cJyh ekH @J e,fcs@J ppf jzpfvmcsed rf mS awmh
olw@kd (aumufpuD;ud, k w
f ikd f tygt0if) [m ysupf ;D r_Ew HG iG ;f od@k b,favmuf
eufeuf±i_d ;f ±di_ ;f usa&mufomG ;yHw k @kd ukd Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unfo h ifyh gw,f? “u|eaf wmfw@kd
[m (qdv k wkd mu *smrefq&kd ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufygw[ D m) wu,fv h ufawG@aysmah ysmif;
wmxuf yd+k y;D aysmah ysmif;aew,fv@kd vlawGu tvG,w f ulxifEikd w f t
hJ EW&m,f
vuf&t dS ajctaerSm &Sad eygw,f” vd@k aumufpuD;u 'Dpmwrf;rSm a&;xm;
w,f? vufawG@tjzpfu *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u kd &ufygw[ D m vlawGxifwmxuf
trsm;}uD;yd+k yD;aysmah ysmif;w,f? tacsmif0g'qefw,f r[kwyf gvm;?
yd+k yD;owdðyoifw
h mu “Edik if aH &;t& awmfveS af &;” eJ@ ywfoufwhJ
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsufudkyJ txl;aZmif;ay; a&;om;xm;wmygvdk@ aumufpuD;
ud, k w
f ikd af jymxm;wJh 'Dpmwrf;rSm olu awmfveS af &;acwfumv a&muf&v dS m
cJ+h yDv@kd twdtvif; a&;om;xm;ayr,fh Edik if aH wmfjy\emudak wmh vH;k 0a&Smif
uGi;f xm;jyefygw,f?
183
vDeif
jy\emudk 'Dvak d &SmifuiG ;f wm/ E_wyf w
d af ewm/ a0hum0du
k u
f meJ@ trSm;udk
trSex
f ifatmif ajymwmawGukd vky&f yfwck taeeJ@ pkaygi;f =unfv h u
kd &f if 'Dvyk f
&yfu ol@ukd tacsmif0g'buf vH;k 0a&mufomG ;atmif rvGrJ aoGweG ;f yd@k vu kd f
wmygy?J 'Dta=umif;udk tck u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
*smrefq&kd ,S 'f rD u
kd &ufygw[ D m aumufpuD;rSwqifh atmufygtwdik ;f
a=unmae[ef&w dS ,f? u|Eyfk [ f m awmfveS af &; tjrifrsm;udk udik pf x JG m;w,f
(1899 ckEpS )f ? u|Eyfk [ f m ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;&J@ vlra_ wmfveS af &; rvGrJ aoG
jzpfvmrSmudk todtrSwðf yw,f (1902 ckEpS )f ? u|Eyfk [ f m awmfveS af &;acwf
umvopfwck qdu k af &mufvmwmudk todtrSwðf yw,f (1909 ckEpS )f ? 'gayrJh
u|Eyfk [
f m ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;&J@ Edik if aH wmfqikd &f m vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; jy\emeJ@
ywfoufvdk@uawmh 1852 ckESpfuwnf;u rmhufpfajymcJhwJhpum;rsm;udk
ausmcdik ;f um aemufjyefqw k o
f mG ;aew,f (1912 ckEpS )f ?
aumufpuD;[m yifeaD umhe@J oabmw&m;jiif;cH&k mrSm jy\emudk

tJ'v
D w
kd u
kd ±f u
kd u
f suse@J yif wifjycJw
h m jzpfw,f?
3? aumufpuD;eJ@ yifeaD umh (Pannekoek) wd@k &@J oabmw&m;jiif;cHrk ?_
yifeaD umh[m “vuf0&J ,f'u D ,f” *d%k ;f &J@ ud,k pf m;vS,w f a,muf
tjrife@J aumufpuD;udk qef@usicf w hJ ,f? 'D*%
kd ;f rSm ±dZk mvlZifbwf/ um;vf
&m'uf (Karl Radek) eJ@ wjc;olrsm; yg0ifygw,f? olw@kd [m awmfveS af &;
enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd udik pf =JG uw,f? aumufpuD;[m rmhupf 0f g'eJ@tacsmif0g'
=um;rSm rlrphJ mG ,dr;f ,dik w
f hJ “tv,fA[d0k g'*d% k ;f ” bufukd ajymif;vJomG ;ae
w,fvkd@ olwdk@tm;vHk;u wnDw!Gwfwnf; jrif=uw,f? 'DtjrifrSefuef
a=umif; ppfy}JG uD;u tjynft h 0jyvdu
k w f ,f? ppfyjJG zpfvmwJt h cgrmS (rmhupf 0f g'
tjzpf wcsKd @u vGrJ mS ;pGmac:aecJ=h uwJ)h “tv,fA[d0k g’” *d% k ;f / wenf;tm;jzifh
184
aumufpuD;0g'*d%
k ;f &J@ pufqyk zf ,
G &f m atmufwef;usrt
_ m;vH;k [m ay:xGuf
vmcJw
h ,f?
yifeDaumhu EdkifiHawmfjy\emta=umif; aqG;aEG;a&;om;wJh

“vlxðk yrlvy_ &f mS ;r_e@J awmfveS af &;” (acwfopfowif;pm/ 1912 ckEpS f twGJ
30/ trSw2f ) aqmif;yg;xJrmS aumufpuD;&J@ &yfwnfcsu[ f m “vufO;D r_rwhJ hJ
a&'Du,f0g’” &yfwnfcsuw f ck jzpfw,f? “rwufrºuapmifah r#maf &; oabm
w&m;” jzpfw,fv@kd ajymygw,f? “aumufpuD;[m awmfveS af &;jzpfpOfukd
r=unfjh rifvbkd ;l ” (pmrsuEf mS 616) vd@k a&;om;xm;w,f? yifeaD umh[m
jy\emudk tJ'v D kd wifjy&if;eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd pdw0f ifpm;wJh ta=umif;t&mudk
a&mufvmygw,f? Edik if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;awmfveS af &;&J@
vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ta=umif;udk a&mufvmygw,f?
olu 'Dvakd &;ygw,f? “ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@wu kd yf [

JG m Edik if aH wmf
tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifwJhwdkufyGJ
jzpf±Hkr#omru EdkifiHawmftm%mudk qef@usifwJh wdkufyGJvnf;
jzpfw,f? æ ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm; awmfveS af &;&J@ twGi;f oabmu
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ tiftm;ud&d,mudk toHk;+yD; EdkifiHawmf&J@
tiftm;ud&, d mudk zsuq f ;D wm/ zsuof rd ;f wmyJ jzpfw,f? wdu k yf q JG if
r_&@J aemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf Edik if aH wmftzG@J tpnf; vH;k 0zsuq f ;D +yD;wJh
tcgusrS wdu k yf +JG yD;qH;k oGm;w,f? vltrsm;pk tzG@J tpnf;&J@ omvGef
aumif;rGefcsufuawmh tkyfpdk;olvlenf;pktzGJ@tpnf;udk zsufqD;
Edik jf cif;yJ jzpfw,f?” (pmrsuef mS 548)?
yifeaD umh[m ol@&@J tawG;tac:udk azmfjywJt h cg pum;toH;k tE_e;f

awGt& tvGe}f uD;rm;wJh csKd @,iG ;f csuaf wG &Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh t"dym` ,fuawmh
185
vDeif
&Si;f vif;ygw,f? tck 'DtawG;tac:udk aumufpuD; b,fvw kd @kH jyefwu
kd cf u
kd f
w,fqw kd m =unf=h upd@k ? pdw0f ifpm;zG,f aumif;ygw,f? aumufpuD;u 'Dvkd
a&;xm;w,f?
“,cktxd awG@&oavmuf qd&k , S 'f rD u

kd &ufrsm;eJ@ rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;
t=um; jcm;em;csufudk ajym&r,fqdk&if/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;u
Edik if aH wmftm%mudk &,lv=kd uw,f? rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;uawmh 'gukd
zsuq f ;D ypfv=kd uw,f? yifeaD umhusjyefawmh 'D 2 rsKd ;pvH;k udk vkycf sif
aew,f?” (pmrsuEf mS 724)
yifeaD umhwifjyyHrk mS &Si;f vif;wdusre_ @J tcdik t

f rmusrr_ sm; r&Sv d yS g?
(ol@aqmif;yg;rSm wjcm;csdK@,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;w,f?
'gawGuakd wmh tckta=umif;t&meJ@ rqdik v f @kd rajymawmhyg?) 'gayrJh aumuf
puD;[m yifeaD umh wifjywJh rluswhJ tESpo f m&udak wmh qkyu f ikd rf cd w
hJ ,f?
tJ'DtajccHuswJhrleJ@ ywfoufvdk@udkyJ aumufpuD;[m rmhufpf0g'&yfwnf
csufudk vHk;0ausmcdkif;+yD; tacsmif0g'bufudk vHk;vHk;a&muf&SdoGm;cJhw,f?
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;eJ@ rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;t=um; jcm;em;csuef @J ywfoufv@kd
ol@&@J wifjycsu[ f m vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ol[m rmhupf 0f g'udk vH;k 0
,kwn f ahH p+yD; yHyk ef;ysuaf pygw,f?
rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;eJ@ rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;t=um; jcm;em;csuu f 'Dvjkd zpfygw,f?

(1) rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;[m Edik if aH wmfqw kd thJ &mudk vH;k 0zsuo
f rd ;f zd@k &nf&, G yf gw,f?
'gayrJh qd&k ,
S vf pfawmfveS af &;u vlwef;pm;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD;wJt
h cgro S m/
wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmfwrd af umyaysmufa&;qD OD;wnfwhJ qd&k , S v
f pfpepfukd
wnfaqmufvdkuf+yD;wJhtcgrSom tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuf[m taumiftxnf
ay:Edik w
f ,fv@kd rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;u ,lqw,f? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uawmh Edik if aH wmfukd
186
ae@csif;ncsif; tukeftpif zsufodrf;csif=uw,f? olwdk@[m EdkifiHawmfudk
b,fvt kd ajctaeatmufrmS rS zsuo f rd ;f Edik w
f ,fqw
kd mudk em;rvnf=ubl;?
(2) rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;oabmt& ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;taeeJ@ Edik if aH wmftm%mudk
t&,l+yD;aemufrSm EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;a[mif;udk tukeftpifzsufqD;ypf+yD;/
'Dae&mrSm vufeufuikd f tvkyo f rm;tzG@J tpnf; yg0ifwhJ bHt k zG@J ypkH rH sKd ; Edik if aH wmf
,EW&m;topfe@J tpm;xd;k &r,f? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uawmh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk
zsufqD;ypfzdk@ awmif;qdk=uayr,fh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ 'gudk bmeJ@
tpm;xd;k rvJ/ ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;tm%mudk b,fvt kd oH;k ðyrvJqw kd mawGe@J
ywfoufv@kd bmrS&iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif; em;rvnf=ubl;? olw@kd [m awmfveS w f hJ
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ EdkifiHawmftm%mudk toHk;ðyzdk@vdkw,fqdkwJh
tcsuu f kd jiif;awmifjiif;y,f=uw,f? olw@kd [m ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;&J@ awmfveS f
wJh tm%m&Sipf epfukd jiif;y,f=uw,f? (3) rmhupf 0f g'rD sm; awmif;qdw k mu
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ vuf&SdEdkifiHawmfudk toHk;csum/ awmfvSefa&;
twGuf toifjh zpfatmif jyifqifxm;&r,f? rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uawmh 'gujkd iif;y,f
=uw,f?
'Djiif;cHkr_rSm rmhufpf0g'udk udk,fpm;ðyolu aumufpuD;r[kwf?

yifeaD umhom jzpfw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh ypPn;f rJvh wl ef;pm;[m Edik if aH wmf
tm%mudk tvG,fwulodrf;,l±HkeJ@ r+yD;bl;? wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf
,EW&m;a[mif;udk vlopfrsm; vufxo J @kd v$aJ jymif;vdu
k ±f ekH @J r+yD;bl;? 'gukd
±du
k cf sKd ;zsuqf ;D +yD; ,EW&m;topfe@J tpm;xd;k &r,f pojzifh oif=um;cJo h [
l m
rmhupf yf J jzpfv@kd ygy?J
aumufpuD;[m rmhupf 0f g'udk ausmcdik ;f um tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;

qD oGm;aeygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh tacsmiform;rsm; vH;k 0vufrcHEikd w
f hJ
tawG;tac:jzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;zsuo f rd ;f a&; tawG;tac:udk aumuf
187
vDeif
puD;&J@ acsycsuxf rJ mS vH;k 0rawG@&bl;? aemuf+yD; “&,lord ;f yduk rf ”_ qdw
k m
vltrsm;pku ±d;k ±d;k pif;pif; tm%m&,lru _ kd qdv
k w
kd ,fq+kd yD; tacsmiform;
rsm;twGuf olu xGuaf yguaf y;cJw h ,f?
aumufpuD;[m rmhupf 0f g'udk ±kyyf suq f if;ysujf zpfatmif vkycf w

hJ ,f?
ol@vyk &f yfukd zH;k uG,zf @kd twGuf ol[m pmtky}f uD;orm;enf;emudk oH;k w,f?
olu rmhufpfudk,fwdkif ajymcJhwJhpum;w&yfudk “udk;um;” wifjyw,f?
“Edik if aH wmftm%m vufxrJ mS tcGit hf m%mawGukd tºuif;rJph pk nf;xm;” zd@k
vdt
k yfw,fv@kd rmhupf u f 1850 ckEpS rf mS a&;cJw
h ,f? 'gukd aumufpuD;u
udk;um;+yD; “A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepf” udk yifeDaumhu zsufqD;csifaeovm;vdk@
atmify&JG avoHe@J ar;cGe;f xkwv f u
kd w
f ,f?
'gu vSnphf m;r_wckom jzpfw,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epfukd jynfaxmifpk

pepfe@J tpm;xd;k a&;jy\emrSm rmhupf 0f g'eJ@ ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'wd@k wloa,mif
a,mif bef;pwde;f u vSnphf m;wJyh pkH rH sKd ;ygy?J
aumufpuD;&J@ “ud;k um;csu”f [m temwjcm;aq;wjcm; jzpfae

w,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epf[m Edik if aH wmf,EW&m; ta[mif;rSma&m/ topfrmS yg
vkyfvdk@&ygw,f? tvkyform;rsm;[m rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfudk qEN
tavsmuf waygi;f wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif pkpnf;=uw,fq&kd if 'g[m A[dk
csKyfuikd rf p_ epf jzpfvmvdrrhf ,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m t+rJwrf;ppfwyf/ ykvyd w f yfz@JG e@J
AsL±du
k a&pDwnf;[laom A[du k csKyfuikd x
f m;wJh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk “vH;k 0
zsuq f ;D ypfr”_ tay: tajccHvrd rhf ,f? aumufpuD;[m yJ&pfbt kH zG@J e@J ywf
ouf+yD; rmhupf ef @J ted *f ,fw@kd &@J vlord sm;wJh aqG;aEG;csuaf wGuakd wmh ab;z,f
xm;um/ jy\emeJ@ bmrSrqdik w f hJ ud;k um;csuu
f kd qGx J wk w
f ifjyw,f? 'g[m
uvdrðf cHqefveG ;f w,f?
188
aumufpuD; qufvufa&;om;xm;wmu “ææ yifeDaumh[m
t&m&Srd sm; Edik if aH wmfvyk if ef;aqmifwm vkyaf er_ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfcsif
ovm; rodb;l ? 'gayrJh Edik if aH wmftyk cf sKyfa&;Xmersm;xJrmS rajymeJ@/
ygwDeJ@ tvkyform; or*~awGxJrSmawmif t&m&Sdrsm; r&Sdvdk@
rjzpfb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vkyif ef;pOfu Edik if aH wmft&m&Srd sm; xm;&Sd
jcif;udk zsuo f rd ;f zd@k rawmif;qdyk g? 'gayrJh olw@kd ukd jynfov l xl u k
a&G;aumuf&efawmif;qdx k m;w,f? tck u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;ae
wmu ‘tem*wfEikd if aH wmf’ tkycf sKyaf &;,EW&m;[m b,fvykd o kH ¿mef
jzpfrvJqw kd hJ jy\emr[kwyf gb;l ? Edik if aH wmftm%mudk rodr;f ydu k &f
ao;cifrmS (aumufpuD;&J@ rsO;f om;csu)f u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J Edik if aH &;
wdu k yf u
JG Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuo f rd ;f rvm; rzsuo f rd ;f bl;vm;
qdwk hJ jy\emudo k m aqG;aEG;aejcif; jzpfw,f? b,f0ef}uD;XmeeJ@
Xmet&m&Srd sm;udk zsuo f rd ;f ypf&rvJ” aumufpuD;u 'Dae&mrSm
ynma&;Xme/ w&m;a&;Xme/ b¾ma&;XmeeJ@ ppfa&;Xmewdk@udk
Oyrmxm;wifjy+y;D 'Dvq kd ufa&;ygw,f? “rzsuo f rd ;f ygb;l ? tpd;k &udk
qef@usiw f hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd Edik if aH &;wdu k yf u
JG vuf&b dS ,f0ef}uD;Xme
udkrS zsufodrf;ypfrSm r[kwfbl;? em;vnfr_rvGJrSm;apzdk@twGuf
u|efawmfxyfajymygr,f? atmifyGJ& qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDu
‘tem*wf Edik if aH wmf’ udk b,fyo kH ¿mefe@J vkyrf vJqw kd jhJ y\emudk
u|eaf wmfw@kd aqG;aEG;aewm r[kwb f ;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd twdu k t f cH
ygwu D vuf&EdS ikd if aH wmfukd b,fvakd jymif;vJypfrvJqw kd hJ jy\emudk
aqG;aEG;aewmom jzpfw,f?” (pmrsuEf mS 725)
'g[m wrifvn S phf m;xm;wm xif&mS ;ygw,f? yifeaD umh wifjywm

u awmfveS af &;jy\em jzpfw,f? ol@aqmif;yg; acgi;f pOfua&m/ txufrmS
189
vDeif
ud;k um;cJw
h hJ pmyd'k af wGuyg 'Dtcsuu f kd xif&mS ;pGm jyoaeygw,f? aumufpuD;
u 'Djy\emudk ausmv f m$ ;+yD; “twdu k t
f cHygw”D jy\emudk wifjyw,f?
'g[m awmfveS af &;tjrifae&mrSm tacsmif0g'tjrife@J tpm;xd;k vdu k wf myJ?
olajymwJhoabmu rsufarSmufrSm u|efawmfwdk@[m twdkuftcHygwD
jzpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd tm%modr;f +yD;&if bmvkyrf ,fqw kd m tJ'tD cgusrS
ajym=uwmaygq h w kd o
hJ abm jzpfw,f? awmfveS af &;qdw k m aysmufomG ;+yDav/
tacsmiform;rsm;u 'guykd J vdv k m;ae=uwm jzpfw,f?
u|efawmfw@kd tckajymaewmu twdu k t f cHygwt D a=umif;vnf;

r[kwf? a,bk,sEdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ ta=umif;vnf; r[kwf/ awmfvSefa&;
ta=umif;om jzpfw,f? awmfveS af &;qdw k m ypPn;f rJv
h wl ef;pm;u “tkycf sKyaf &;
,EW&m;” eJ@ EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;wckvHk;udk zsufqD;ypf+yD; 'gudk vufeufudkif
tvkyof rm;rsm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;wJh ,EW&m;topfe@J tpm;xd;k wmudk qdv k wkd ,f?
aumufpuD;[m “0ef}u;D Xmersm;” qdw k mawGtay: “t,lonf;pGmud;k uG,”f
aewm xif&mS ;w,f? 'gawGukd bmjzpfv@kd tpm;xd;k vd@k r&&rSmvJ? Oyrm tvkyf
orm;eJ@ ppfom;rsm;&J@ udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh qdkAD,uftzGJ@
tpnf;&J@ tºuif;rJt h m%matmufrmS txl;u|r;f usio f rl sm;aumfrwDrsm;eJ@
tpm;xd;k vd@k bmvd@k r&&rSmvJ?
jy\em&J@ tESpo f m&u “0ef}uD;Xmersm;” udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f

xm;rvm;? “txl;u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDrsm;” od@k r[kwf wjcm; tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;udk xlaxmifrvm;qdw k thJ csuf vH;k 0r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gu ta&;r}uD;
ygb;l ? jy\em&J@ tESpo f m&u Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif; ("e&Siv f wl ef;pm;eJ@
qufo, G rf t
_ zHzk &kH adS e+yD; yHpk aH [mif; tavhtxa[mif;awG yHak oys@H E@HS prd 0hf if
aewJh EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;a[mif;) udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;rvm;/ 'gudk
zsuq f ;D ypf+yD; topfwcke@J tpm;xd;k rvm;qdw k t hJ csuyf J jzpfygw,f? awmfveS f
190
a&;qdw k m vlwef;pm;topfu Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif;udo k ;kH +yD; !ïe=f um;
tkycf sKyfwmrsKd ; r[kwbf J vlwef;pm;topfu Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;ta[mif;udk
zsufqD;ypfum EdkifiHawmf,EW&m; topfudkoHk;+yD; !ïef=um;tkyfcsKyfwmrsdK;
jzpfygw,f? rmhupf 0f g'&J@ 'DtajccHtawG;tac:udk aumufpuD;[m aygyh suyf suf
vkyw f ,f? 'grrS [kwf 'gukd vH;k 0em;rvnfb;l ?
t&m&Srd sm;jy\emudk olwifjyyHu k =kd unf&h if bHt

k zG@J &@J oifcef;pmudk
em;rvnfbl; odk@r[kwf rmhufpf&J@oif=um;csufawGudk em;rvnfbl;qdkwm
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@&w,f? “ygwDeJ@ tvkyform; or*~awGxJrSmawmif
t&m&Srd sm; r&Sv
d @kd rjzpfb;l ? æ” pojzifh olu ajymwmudk =unfyh g?
t&if;&Sipf epfatmufrmS / "e&Siv f w

l ef;pm;tkypf ;kd r_atmufrmS t&m&Sd
rsm; r&Svd @kd rjzpfyg? t&if;&Sipf epfu ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;udk zdEydS x f m;w,f?
vkyo f m;xkukd u|eðf yxm;w,f? t&if;&Sipf epfatmufrmS vkycf pm; aus;u|ef
pepf wnf&Sdaer_eJ@ vlxk&J@ qif;&JrGJjymusr_ tajctaetm;vHk;a=umifh 'Drdk
ua&pD[m uef@owf/ csKyaf ESmif/ jzwfawmufcx H m;&w,f? csKd @wahJ tmif tvkyf
cHxm;&w,f? wjcm;ta=umif;&if;a=umifh r[kw?f tJ't D a=umif;&if; wck
wnf;a=umifyh ?J u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J Edik if aH &;tzGt
J pnf;rsm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;or*~
rsm;twGi;f u tr_xrf;awG[m t&if;&Sipf epf ywf0ef;usiaf =umifh zsuq f ;D r_
cHae&w,f? (od@k r[kwf ydrk wkd u
d satmif ajym&&if zsuq f ;D r_c&H r,fh tvm;tvm
&Sad ew,f?) AsL±duk &ufrsm; jzpfvmr,fh tvm;tvm&Sad ew,f? qdv k w
kd mu
vlxek @J uif;uGm+yD; vlxt k xufrmS &yfwnfaewJh tcGix hf ;l cHrsm; jzpfvmr,fh
tvm;tvm&Sad ew,f?
tJ'g[m AsL±du k a&pDpepf&@J tESpo

f m&yJ? t&if;&Siaf wG&@J "eydik q
f ikd f
r_ukd rodr;f ydu
k &f ao;cif/ "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;udk ròzcs&ao;cifrmS ypPn;f rJv h l
191
vDeif
wef;pm;&J@ tr_xrf;awGawmifrS wpHw
k &mtwdik ;f twmt& “AsL±du
k &ufqef”
wm rvGrJ aoG&v dS rd rhf ,f?
aumufpuD; tvdt k &qd&k if qd&k ,

S v f pfpepfatmufrmS vnf; a&G;
aumufcef@xm;cH&wJh tr_xrf;awG qufvuf&adS eOD;rSmqdak wmh t&m&Sad wG
vnf; quf&SdaeOD;rSmyJ? AsL±dkua&pDvnf; quf&SdaeOD;rSmyJpwJh t"dy`m,f
jzpfw,f? olrmS ;aewmu 'Dtcsuyf J jzpfygw,f? rmhupf [ f m bHt
k zG@J ukd erlem
xm;+yD;awmhyJ ajymavh&w dS mu qd&k ,S vf pfpepfatmufrmS tr_xrf;awG[m
“AsL±duk &ufawG” r[kwaf wmh? “t&m&Sad wG” r[kwaf wmh? tJ'v D kd r[kwf
awmhwJhta=umif;u t&m&Sdrsm;udk a&G;aumufcef@tyfwJhrludk usifhoHk;rSm
jzpf±Hkru olwdk@udk tcsdefra&G; jyefvnfvJvS,fEdkifwJhrludkvnf; usifhoHk;rSm
jzpfw,f? vpmudv k nf; tvkyo f rm;rsm;&J@ zsr;f r#vyk cf tqifth xd av#mch srmS
jzpfw,f? aemuf+yD; ygvrD eftzG@J tpnf;awGuv kd nf; “tkycf sKyfa&;eJ@ Oya'
ðya&;udk wòyifeufvkyfaqmifwJh tvkyftzGJ@tpnf;awG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;rSm
jzpfw,f?
yifeaD umhukd acsywJh aumufpuD;&J@ acsycsuw f ckv;kH udk tESpo f m&

t&=unf&h if txl;ojzifh ygweD @J tvkyo f rm;or*~awGxrJ mS awmifrS t&m&Sd
rsm; r&Sv d @kd rjzpfb;l qdw
k hJ aumufpuD;&J@ tHzh ,G t f a=umif;jycsuu f kd tESpo f m&
t&=unf&h if rmhupf 0f g'udk qef@usi&f mrSm befpwde;f ajymcJw h hJ “acsycsu”f
a[mif;awGuykd J aumufpuD; ajymaewmjzpfa=umif; awG@&ygw,f? bef;pwde;f
&J@ opPmazmufpmtkyf “qd&k , S v
f pfpepftwGuf a&S;OD;vdt k yfcsurf sm;” xJrmS
bef;pwde;f u “a&S;OD;” 'Dru kd a&pDtawG;tac:rsm;udk wdu k cf ukd x f m;w,f?
“pmtky}f uD; w&m;ao'Dru kd a&pDpepf” vd@k olu ac:a0:xm;wJh t&mrsm;udk
wdu k cf u
kd xf m;w,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vkyyf ikd cf iG thf m%m t0ef;t0dik ;f owfrw S w
f hJ
!ïe=f um;csuaf wG/ vcr&wJh t&m&Sad wG/ tm%muif;rJw h hJ A[du k , kd pf m;vS,f
192
tzG@J tpnf;awGpwJh t&mrsm;udk wdu k cf u
kd x f m;w,f? 'D “a&S;OD;” 'Dru kd a&pD
pepf toHk;rusyHkudk oufaojyzdk@twGuf bef;pwdef;u 0ufbf (Webb)
ZeD;armifESHwdk@ ajymxm;wJh +Adwdo#tvkyform;or*~rsm; tawG@tñuHudk
udk;um;xm;w,f? tvkyform;or*~rsm; tESpf (70) twGif; “tºuif;rJh
vGwv f yfpmG ” (pmrsuEf mS 137 *smrefyEkH ydS jf cif;) jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_u a&S;OD;'Drkd
ua&pDpepf toH;k rusa=umif;udk oabmayguaf pcJw h ,f? 'gah =umifh a&S;OD;'Drkd
ua&pDpepfukd omref'rD u kd a&pDpepf wenf;tm;jzifh AsL±du k a&pDe@J wGzJ ufxm;
wJh ygvrD efpepfe@J tpm;xd;k cJ=h uw,f pojzifh bef;pwde;f u ajymygw,f?
wu,fvufawG@rmS tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;[m “tºuif;rJv h w G v f yf”

wJh tajctaeatmufrmS jzpfay:wd;k yGm;cJ=h uwm r[kwb f J “t&if;&Sipf epf&@J
tºuif;rJhu|efðyr_” atmufrSm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJh=uwmom jzpfygw,f?
'Du|eðf yr_atmufrmS tES@H tjym;&Sad ewJh qd;k oGr;f r_/ t=urf;zufr/_ vdrn f mr_/
vlqif;&Jrsm;tm; “tqifjh rif”h tkycf sKyaf &;udprP sm;tjyifbufo@kd z,fxw k x f m;
r_pwJh t&mrsm;udk wenf;r[kwfwenf; onf;cHtav#mhay;&wmrsdK;[m
"rRwmyJ “rv$rJ a&SmifEikd ”f wJu h pd P jzpfygw,f? qd&k ,
S vf pfepfatmufrmS awmh
“a&S;OD;” 'Dru kd a&pDpepf&@J tjcif;t&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m rvGrJ aoGjyef
vnf&iS o f efvmvdrrhf ,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh jynfovl xl [ k m ,Ofaus;wJh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;rSm yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf x&yf=u+yD; rJay;jcif;ESifh a&G;
aumufjcif;wd@k rmS trScD u kd if;pGm yg0if=u±Hrk u/ ae@pOftyk cf sKyfa&;udprP sm;rSmyg
trStD cdu k if;uif; yg0if=uvdrrhf ,f? qd&k , S v
f pfpepfatmufrmS tm;vH;k aom
vlrsm;[m wvSnphf D tkycf sKyf=urSmjzpfv@kd b,fwOD;wa,mufurS vma&muf
tkycf sKyfz@kd rvdak wmhwhJ tavhtxudk tjref&&Sv d mvdrrhf ,f?
rmhupf [
f m ol@&@J xufjrufwhJ a0zefyikd ;f jcm;^m%fjzifh bHtk zG@J &@J vuf
awG@vyk af qmifcsurf sm;twGi;f u tvSnt hf ajymif;udk owdðyrdcw hJ ,f? tacsmif
193
vDeif
orm;rsm;[m ol&aJ bma=umifwm&,f/ "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;eJ@ jywfjywfom;om;
vrf;rcGv J w
kd mwm&,fw@kd a=umifh 'DtvSnt hf ajymif;udk a=umufvef@=uw,f?
'gudk todtrSwfvnf; rðycsif=ubl;? rif;rJh0g'orm;rsm;usjyefawmh pdwf
avm}uD;aewma=umifhjzpfap/ vlr_tajymif;tvJ}uD;rsm;twGuf &Sd&r,fh
tcsut f vufawGta=umif; vH;k 0em;rvnf=uwma=umifjh zpfap 'DtvSnhf
tajymif;udk rawG@jrifcsi=f ubl;? “Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif;udk zsuq f ;D ypfz@kd
qdw k m pOf;awmifrpOf;pm;oifb h ;l ? 0ef}uD;XmeawG/ t&m&Sad wG r&Sv d @kd b,fjzpf
ygrh vJ” vd@k tacsmiform;rsm;u ajymygw,f? olw@kd acgi;f xJrmS evAde;f wH;k
0g'u jynfv h #aH ew,f? olw@kd [m wu,fwrf;rSm awmfveS af &;udk r,H=k unf=u/
awmfveS af &;&J@ zefw;D r_prG ;f tm;udk r,H=k unf=u±Hrk u awmfveS af &;udk ao
ravmufa=umuf=uw,f? (u|efawmfwdk@qDu rif&SDApfawG/ qdk&S,fvpf
awmfveS af &;ygw0D ifawGe@J qifww l ,f?)
“u|eaf wmfw@kd [m Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif; zsuq f ;D zd@k upd u P ykd J pOf;

pm;&r,f? t&ifwek ;f u jzpfcw hJ hJ ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;&J@ tcdik t
f rmoifcef;pm
awGukd avhvmaep&m rvdb k ;l ? zsuq f ;D ypfvu
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f thJ &mae&mrSm bmeJ@tpm;
xd;k rvJ/ b,fvkd tpm;xd;k rvJqw kd hJ jy\emudk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmaep&m rvdb k ;l ”
vd@k rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;u ajymwmjzpfw,f? ("rRwmyJ txl;c|eq f ;kH rif;rJ0h g'
orm;rsm;u ajymwmjzpfw,f? c±dak ygu h if (Kropotkin) eJ@ taygi;f tygawGe@J
twl "e&Siv f wl ef;pm; aemuf+r;D qGJ vkyaf e=uwJh rif;rJ0h g'orm;rsm;u ajymwm
r[kwb f ;l ? 'gah =umifh rif;rJ0h g'orm;awG&@J enf;y&d,m,f[m url;±ª;xd;k enf;
y&d,m,fom jzpfw,f? vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_&@J vufawG@tajctaeawGuv kd nf;
xnfhpOf;pm;/ tcdkiftrmjy\emrsm; ajz&Sif;zdk@udkvnf; ta=umuft&GH@
uif;rJph mG / awmfveS af &;uspmG óu;yrf;wJeh nf;y&d,m,fr[kwb f ;l ?
194
trSm;ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udk a&Smif=uOfz@kd rmhupf u f oif=um;cJw h ,f? tjrifh
rm;qH;k aom &J&ifrh j_ zifh Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif; wckv;kH udk zsuq f ;D zd@k olu
oif=um;ovdk/ wcsdefwnf;rSm 'Djy\emudk tcdkiftrmusus azmfxkwfzdk@
udvk nf; oif=um;ygw,f? bHt k zG@J [m 'Drukd a&pDudk us,jf yef@apzd@k e@J AsL±du k a&pD
udk tjrpfygrusef z,f&mS ;zd@k twGuf enf;emtzHzk u kH kd usio hf ;kH aqmif&u G jf cif;
tm;jzifh &ufowWygwf tenf;i,ftwGi;f rSm opfviG w f hJ ypPn;f rJEh ikd if aH wmf
,EW&m;udk pwifwnfaxmifEikd cf ahJ =umif; rmhupf u f oif=um;cJw h ,f? bHt k zG@J 0if
rsm;&J@ awmfveS w
f &hJ &J ifrh u
_ kd twk,=l uygp@kd ? olw@kd &@J vufawG@enf;emrsm;udk
vwfwavmvufawG@us+yD; csucf si;f vnf; vkyaf qmifEikd w f hJ enf;emyH=k urf;
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k a&pDpepfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd tuket f pifzsuqf ;D ypfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f?
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f ;D ypfEikd zf @kd ukd tmrcHwhJ tcsuu f awmh qd&k , S vf pfpepfu
tvkycf sed u f kd av#mch svrd rfh ,f? vlxu k kd b0opfo@kd jr‡iw
hf ifay;vdrrhf ,f? jynfol
trsm;pktaeESihf vlwikd ;f ¹cif;csurf &Sd “Edik if aH wmf vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;” udk
aqmif&u G =f uwJh tajctaersm;udk zefw;D ay;vdrrhf ,f jzpfw,f? 'Dtcsuu f
Edik if aH wmfo¿mefreS o f r# vH;k 0wdraf umyaysmufro _ @kd a&S±a_ pvdrrhf ,f?
aumufpuD;u 'Dvq
kd ufa&;xm;w,f?
“æ vlxo k ydw&f @J vkyif ef;wm0ef[m Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zsuq f ;D

a&;&,fv@kd b,fawmhrS rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? tpd;k &tm; wpHw k &m jy\em
tay:rSm vdkufa&mr_&Sdvmatmif ðyvkyfa&;/ odk@r[kwf ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;tay: &efvw kd hJ tpd;k &ae&mrSm ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;tay:
pmemwJh tpd;k &w&yfe@J tpm;xd;k a&;yJ jzpfEikd w f ,f? æ 'gayrJh b,faom
tcgrS b,ftajctaersKd ;rSmrS 'g[m (ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;u ol@tay:
195
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&efvdkwJh tpdk;&w&yftay: atmifyGJcHr_[m) EdkifiHawmftm%m
zsuq f ;D a&;od@k ra&S@±E_ ikd b
f ;l ? Edik if aH wmftm%mtwGi;f tiftm;csed cf iG f
v#m wpHkw&majymif;vJa&;odk@om a&S@±_Edkifw,f? æ 'ga=umifh
u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m t&ifuvdkyJ
ygvrD efxrJ mS trsm;pk ae&m&atmifvyk +f y;D ygvrD efukd tpd;k &&J@ t&Sif
ocifjzpfatmif ajymif;ypfjcif;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmftm%mudk &&Sad &;
jzpf+rJjzpfaeygw,f?” (pmrsuEf mS 726/ 727/ 732)
'g[m wu,fu h ykd J tjynf0h qH;k eJ@ t,kwn f qhH ;kH tacsmif0g'yJ jzpfyg
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aumufpuD;&J@ tawG;tac:[m “ypPn;f rJv h w
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tac:od@k aemufwvSr;f qkwo f mG ;wm jzpfw,f?
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oljrwfE;kd vSwhJ “nD!w G af &;” udk t&,lz@kd vdv k rd rhf ,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh olw@kd
tm;vH;k [m “ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;tay: pmemwJ”h tpd;k &&yf&&Sad &;twGuf
wdu
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u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@ qd&k ,

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vrf;cG&J vdrrhf ,f? Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif;udk tuket f pifzsuq f ;D zd@k wdu
k yf JG
0if&vdrrhf ,f? 'gro S m vufeufuikd yf pPn;f rJvh w
l ef;pm; ud,k w f ikd f tpd;k &jzpfvm
Edik v
f rd rhf ,f? atmufyg 2 ck[m tvGe@f tvGef uGjJ ym;jcm;em;wJh t&mrsm;
jzpfygw,f?
196
aumufpuD;taeeJ@ vD*si;f wd@k / a';Apfw@kd / yvufcaf emhAw f @kd / ydx
k &uf
qd@k Aw
f @kd / Zm&Dw,fvw D @kd / csmaemhAw
f @kd vv
kd al wGe@J w&if;wES;D rdwzf @JG z@kd vdv k rd rhf ,f?
bmvd@k vq J akd wmh olw@kd [m “Edik if aH wmftm%mtwGi;f tiftm;csed cf iG v f #m
ajymif;vJa&;” twGuf “ygvrD efxrJ mS trsm;ae&m&a&;” eJ@ ygvrD efukd “tpd;k &
&J@ t&Sio f cif” jzpfatmif ajymif;ypfa&;twGuf vkycf siaf e=uvd@k ygy?J tvGef
tzdk;wefvSwJh &nfrSef;csufygyJ? tacsmiform;awGu vHk;0vufcHEdkif=u+yD;
t&m&mudk blZmG ygvrD efpepforRwEdik if aH wmf&@J abmiftwGi;f rSm uef@owf
xm;Edik w f hJ &nfreS ;f csuyf gy?J
'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@uawmh tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;eJ@ vrf;cG&J

vdrfhr,f? 'gqdk&if vlwef;pm;tod&SdwJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wckvHk;[m
u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J twl wdu
k yf 0JG if=uvdrrhf ,f? “tiftm;csed cf iG vf #m ajymif;vJa&;”
twGuf wdu k rf mS awmh r[kw/f "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;udk wGe;f vSezf @kd twGuf "e&Sif
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xlaxmifa&;twGu/f od@k r[kwf tvkyo f rm;/ ppfom;rsm;&J@ ud, k pf m;vS,f
qdAk ,
D uftzG@J tpnf;&J@ orRwEdik if x H al xmifa&;twGu/f ypPn;f rJv h wl ef;pm;&J@
awmfveS wf thJ m%m&Sipf epf xlaxmifa&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if=urSm jzpfw,f?
EdkifiHwumqdk&S,fvpf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rSm aumufpuD;xuf

vuf,muswhJ tawG;tac:tkypf rk sm; &Syd gw,f? Oyrm *smr%DrmS qd&k , S pf vpf
vpOf*sme,f (Socialist Monthly) tkypf k (vD*si;f / a';Apf/ aumh Kolb eJ@
puif'aD eAD,ef;om;awG jzpf=uwJh pawmeif Stauning/ b&efwif Branting
wd@k tygt0if wjcm;olrsm;) jzpfw,f? jyifopfe@J b,fv*f s, D efrmS awmh a*smf
&ufpf&J@ aemufvdkufrsm;eJ@Aif'gADvfwdk@ jzpfw,f? tDwvDygwDxJrSmawmh
wl&yfw/D x&DAehJ @J wjcm;vuf,mud,k pf m;vS,rf sm; jzpfw,f? t*FvefrmS qd&k if
azbD,ef*% kd ;f om;rsm;eJ@ “vGwv
f yforl sm;” jzpfw,f? (vGwv f yfwhJ tvkyf
197
vDeif
orm;ygwu D kd qdv
k w
kd myg? wu,fuawmh vpfb&,fawGtay: wav#mufv;kH
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vl}u;D rif;tm;vH;k [m ygvrD efvyk if ef;eJ@ ygwo D abmw&m;a&; tmabmfyikd ;f rSm
tvGe}f u;D rm;wJh tcef;u yg0if+y;D r=umc% t"dutcef;u yg0ifwhJ yk*Kd~ vaf wG
jzpfw,f? olw@kd [m ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;tm%m&Sipf epfukd twdtvif; jiif;y,f
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ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; “tm%m&Sipf epf” qdw k m 'Drukd a&pDe@J “yËdyuQjzpf” aeyg
w,f? olw@kd [m wu,fawmh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru kd &ufawGe@J tESpo f m& bmrS
rjcm;em;ygb;l ?
'Dtajctaeudk xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD; usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmpf mG eJ@ qGJ

xkwv f u
kd w f hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J aumufcsuu f awmh 'kw, d tifwmae&Sief ,f
tzG@J }uD;&J@ w&m;0ifu, kd pf m;vS,t f rsm;pk}uD;[m tacsmif0g'bufukd vH;k 0
a&muf&o dS mG ;+yDqwkd mygy?J bHt k zG@J &J@tawG@tñuH[m arhaysmufjcif;cH&±Hrk u
yHyk ef;zsujf cif;udv k nf; cHc&hJ +yD? tvkyo f rm;rsm; xºuv_y&f mS ;=u&r,ft h csed f
eD;uyfvm+yDjzpfa=umif;/ Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;a[mif;udk zsuq f ;D +yD; topfwcke@J
tpm;xd;k jcif;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd . Edik if aH &;tkypf ;kd r_ukd vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk qd&k , S v f pf
pepft& jyefvnfqnfaqmufa&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpf jzpfap&r,ft h csed f
eD;uyfvm+yDjzpfa=umif; tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; olw@kd u ynmay;zd@k a0vma0;
vufawG@rmS tJ'ge@J qef@usib f uftawG;tac:awGukd tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm;
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&mrSmvnf; tacsmif0g’twGuf xGuaf yguaf wG trsm;}uD;ay;xm;cJ=h uw,f?
e,fcs@J pepfòyifqikd rf a_ =umifh }uD;xGm;vmwJh ppfa&;,EW&m;udk ydik q f ikd f

xm;=uwJh Edik if aH wmfrsm;[m tcktcg ppfbv D ;l }u;D awG jzpfae=u+y?D urBm}u;D udk
t*Fvyd u
f tkycf sKyfrvm;/ *smr%Du tkycf sKyfrvm;/ 'Db¾mt&if;u tkycf sKyf
198
rvm;/ [db k ¾mt&if;u tkycf sKyrf vm;qdw k jhJ y\emudk ajz&Si;f zd@k twGuf 'Dppf
bDv;l }uD;awG[m oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynfov l x
l uk kd owfjzwfae=uw,f?
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*,ufukd jzpfay:aprSm rkcsjzpfygw,f?
(vDeif&@J vufa&;rlrmS atmufygtwdik ;f qufvufa&;xm;ygw,f?)
tcef; (7)
1905 ESihf 1917 ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rsm;&J@ tawG@tñuH
'Dtcef;acgi;f pOf&@J ta=umif;t&m[m odyu f s,jf yef@ygw,f? a&;&if

tkyw f t
JG csKd @ a&;vd@k &w,f? a&;vnf;a&;oifw
h ,f? 'DpmapmifrmS awmh "rRwmyJ
tawG@tñurH sm;xJu ta&;t}u;D qH;k oifcef;pmta=umif;avmufyJ uef@owf
a&;&awmhrmS yg? ypPn;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;awmfveS af &;&J@ vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;xJu
EdkifiHawmfeJ@ wdkuf±dkufywfoufwJh tydkif;udkyJ a&;&awmhrSmyg? ('Dae&mrSm
pmrljywfawmufomG ;ygw,f?)¢
yxrt}udryf EkH ydS jf cif;twGuf aemufqufwt

JG rSmpum;
'Dpmapmifukd 1917 =o*kwv f eJ@ pufwifbmvrSm a&;om;cJw h ,f?

aemufxyf tcef;jzpfwhJ tcef; (7) “1905 ESihf 1917 ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rsm;&J@
tawG@tñuH” twGuf u|eaf wmf aumufa=umif;a&;xm;+yD;om;yg? 'gayrJh
acgif;pOfavmufyJ a&;±HkuvGJ+yD; wa=umif;rS a&;csdefr&yg? 1917 ckESpf
atmufwb kd m awmfveS af &;umvOD;&J@ Edik if aH &;tusyt
f wnf;u “=um;jzwf
wm;qD;” cJv h @kd jzpfygw,f? 'D “=um;jzwftwm;tqD;” rsKd ;u óuqd&k rSmyg?
199
'gayrJh pmapmif&@J 'kw, d tydik ;f (“1905 ESihf 1917 ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rsm;&J@
tawG@tñuH”) udk a&;zd@k upd uP awmh tcsed t f awmf=um qdik ;f xm;&awmhr,fh
yHyk gy?J “awmfveS af &;tawG@tñuH” ta=umif;a&;wmxuf 'gukd vufawG@
jzwfoef;wmu ydak ysmaf rG@z,
G af umif;+yD; ydt
k usKd ;jzpfxeG ;f apygw,f?
pma&;ol
yDx±d*k &uf
1917 ck/ Ed0k ifbm 30 &uf?
&nf!eï ;f
V. I. Lenin’s The State and Revolution is a reprint of the text given in

the Selected Works of V. I. Lenin, Eng. ed., Foreign Languages
Publishing House, Moscow, 1952, Vol II, Part I.

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EdkifiHawmftpdk;&

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yxrt}udrf - ar/ 2014 ckEpS ?f

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4? Edik if aH wmf “wdraf umyaysmufjcif;” ESihf t=urf;zufawmfveS af &; 31

tcef; (2) EdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;/ 1848 - 51 ckESpfrsm;twGif;

2? awmfveS af &;ed*;kH csKyfcsuf 49

tcef; (3) Edik if aH wmfe@J awmfveS af &;

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2? tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;tay: aumufpuD;&J@jiif;cHrk ?_ 173

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yxrt}udryf EkH ydS jf cif;twGuf aemufqufwt

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twk,pl &mawGe@J a&Smif=uOfp&mawG &Syd gw,f? qufvuf

rdrw d @kd u ArmjynfawmfveS af &; qifEaJ$ ewmyg? Armjynf&@J

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armfpw D ek ;f uawmh 'Dvrkd ñuHygb;l ? bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh

'ga=umifh ArmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epfu xlaxmifxm;

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