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(1)
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a0cJG&ef cufygao;onf? apmifh-unfh&ygOD;rnf?
(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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(5)
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&Sdaeao;w,fvdk u|efawmfwkd ajymae&jcif; jzpfygw,f?
e,fcsJqefusifa&;udk e0w = etz uvnf; ajymae/ uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ajymaeawmh wlraebl;vm;?
EdkifiHa&;rSm ajymwmxuf vkyfwmudk tav;xm;&ygr,f? olajymwmeJ udk,fajymwm wlae&if oltvkyf&J
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jzpfygvdrfhr,f// olqkd&S,fvpf eJ ol jynfol awG[m twkta,mifyJ qkdwmudk zGifhcsrS rSefygw,f?
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5

jynfolhtm%m

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ajz&Sif;ygvdrfhr,f? tJ'DpJGcsufeJ &Sif;csufawGudk wwdkif;jynfvkH; a&SarSmufrSm vkyf-uyg//
tJ'Dvkdom vkyfvdkuf&if bDvl;pnf;vlpnf; uJGoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? etz tJ'Dvdk vkyf0Hovm;?
ar; = ukdvdkeDpepfa[mif; csKyf_idrf;oGm;_yDqkd&if e,fcsJpepfu b,fvkdykHomefeJ quf&SdaewmvJ?
tbd"mef&J zGifhqkdcsufudk a&SqkH;rSm ajymcJhyg_yD? t"dy`m,f zGifhqkdcsufwcku tm%mrsm;ukd rdrdwdkif;jynftay:
ajz =
omru jyifywdkif;jynfrsm; tay:odkyg jzef-uufjcif;vdk qkdygw,f// tJ'Dvdk jzef-uufjcif;&J &nf&G,fcsufu Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;ol
(hegemon) &J csKyfukdifr+atmufrSm EdkifiHa&;eJ tkyfcsKyfa&;udk pkpnf;xm;zdkyJvdk qdkygw,f// twdtus bmomjyefwm
r[kwfyg?
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EdkifiHawmfopfawG zJGpnf;cGifhay;&w,f// odyfr-umvdkufbl;? tckawmh trsKd;om;EdkifiHawmfawG[m tckvdkenf;ynm
acwf}uD;rSm&Sdzdk rvdkawmhbl;vdk tmabmfv$ifhae-uyg_yD? tmabmf zefwD;ae-uyg_yD? urBm&Gm}uD;rSm tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
EdkifiHawG rvdkawmhbl;qkdwmvnf; -um;&ygw,f? wcsKduvnf; EdkifiHi,fawG trsm;}uD; wnfaxmif-uvdk ajymygw,f?
vltcGifhta&; twGufqdk&if 0if_yD;usL;ausmf&rSmyJ qkdwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? ( vltcGifhta&;qdkwmxuf a&eHuG,f0wJh
EdkifiHqdk&if 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf&rSmyJvdk ajymwmu wJhwdk;usygw,f? vdk&if;a&muf_yD; vufawGeJvnf; udkufygw,f )
-um;ae&wmawG rsm;ygw,f? trsK;d om;Edik if aH wmf/ vGwv
f yfwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if aH wmf jzpfuwnf;u u|eaf wmfwdk
jynfoal wG[m bmvGwv
f yfa&; t&omrS rcHpm;vdu
k &f ygb;l ? jynfwiG ;f ppf'%fyJ cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dru
kd a&pDrw
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wu,fh e,fcsJtE W&m,f}uD;ygyJ?
csKyfvdkuf&ifawmh tJ'DtmabmfawG tm;vkH;[m plygyg0gEdkifiH}uD; wckwnf;&Sda&;/ urBmhykvdyf}uD; wOD;wnf;&Sda&;/
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ukd,feJ ydifbufjzpfvmrSmukd rvdkvm;-uygbl;? ud _yD;ESdrfxm;csifygw,f? [pfwvm&Jvufaxmuf eHrnfausmf *ufpwmydk
AdkvfcsKyf vlawGtpkvdkuftyHvdkufowfwJhacgifcsKyf [if;rvm; (1900 = 45 ) (oludk,folowfaooGm;ol ) u k&Sm;jynfrSm
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7

jynfolhtm%m

ar; =
ajz =

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&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr+ b,fEdkifiHjcm;a&eHukr`%DurS rvkyf&bl;? vkyf&if'%fcwfcH&r,fqdkwJh Oya'yg? usL;bm;qefusifa&; ( Helms
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olr[mrdwf EdkifiH}uD;awGudku uefuGuf-uygw,f?
wdkukd,fpm;vS,fyg_yD; qkH;jzwfxm;wJh Oya'r[kwfvdk wdktcGefray;Edkifbl;vdk auG;a-umfum t*Fvdyfudk ykefuef_yD;
ukdvkdeDb0u kef;xGufcJhwJh tar&duef[m tckawmh wurBmvkH;u udk,fpm;vS,fawG rygwJh/ tar&duef ukd,fpm;vS,f
awGomygwJh tar&duef v$wfawmfuae wurBmvkH; vkdufemapqdkwJh Oya'awG jy@mef;aeyg_yD? b,favmufarmufrm
Akdvfus tEdkifusifhvdkufygovJ?
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owif;wck tqkdt& Oa&myor*~ ( E.U ) u tmz&du um&pfbD,Ha'oeJ ypdzdwfork'N&mxJu u|ef;
EdkifiHuav;awG tm;vkH;aygif; ( 71 ) EdkifiHeJ pmcsKyfwck csKyfw,fqdkygw,f? pmcsKyf&Joabmu tar&duefa':vm 13 5
bDvsH tultnDay;_yD; tJ'DEdkifiHawGeJ ukefoG,fa&; vkyf-ur,f//
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tar&duefu u|efawmfwkd 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGukd axmufcHtm;ay;aew,f r[kwfvm;/ olukdu|efawmfwkd
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jzpfwwfwm&,fudk owdy&ygr,f? ta&;t}uD;qkH;u umv/ a'o/ ya,m*udk xnfhwGufa&; jzpfygw,f?
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tmz&du uae_yD; roufrom= r+rvS xGufcGmoGm;cJh-uwJh e,fcsJorm;awG jyefvnfajcoGufaewmvnf; owdyyg?
tokH;csa&;eJ om,mpD;a&;udkvnf; cJGjcm;&ygr,f? Apdef/ xGef;tkyfwkd[m olwdkukd,fusKd;twGuf om,mpD;wmyg?

jynfolhtm%m
*syefeJaygif;vdkuf/ t*FvdyfeJaygif;vdkufvkyf_yD; trsKd;om;a&;ukd ausmcdkif;cJhygw,f?
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ajz =
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11

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12

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15

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16

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vH + aqmf _ yD ; ppf a oG ; ppf r mef t_rJ w uf

aeatmif vkyfw,f?
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pd w f a wG vH + aqmf _ yD ; / enf ; emusawmh
tvGeftu|H &ufpufkdif;pkdif;wJh usL;ausmf
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taqmif E d k i f q k H ; auG ; a-umf o H w csKd
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oHwifum "e&SifaygufpawG&J axmufcHr+
&atmif vkyfcJhw,f?
*syef u awmh ta&S tm&S
omwlnDr#a&; auG;a-umfoHeJ e,fcsJ
usL;ausmfcJhw,f? zufqpftpkd;&awG[m
jynfolawGudk vmbf,lvmbfpm; tusifh
tysuf j ym;qk H ; t&m&S d q d k ; awG & J pD r H
jc,fvS,fr+ atmufrSmxm;_yD; = jynfol
awG&J a&SrSmusawmh oef&Sif;r#wwJh
tpdk;& tjzpftodtrSwfy cHcsif-uw,f?
'gawGuawmh ordkif;rSm xif[yf
cJhwJh zufqpfpepf&J ykHyef;omefawG
jzpfygw,f?
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pD;yGm;ysufuyf/ jynfoleJtpkd;&/
zufqpfeJ ppfay:vpD?
1929 ck/ atmufwdkbmvrSm
tar&duef pawmhaps;uGuf ysufoGm;cJh
ygw,f? 'Duae wqifhul;_yD; wurBmvkH;
pD;yGm;ysuu
f yf qku
d cf -hJ u&w,f? Ekid if rH sm;pGm
a'0gvDcH-u&w,f? vkyfief;awG &yfqkdif;_yD;
tvk y f v uf r J h a wG wd k ; yG m ;vmygw,f ?
pufr+EkdifiHrsm;jzpfwJh tar&duefrSm tvkyf
orm; 12 oef;/ *smr%D 56 oef;/ t*Fvef
27 oef; tvkyfvufrJh jzpfukef-uw,f?
tJ ' D a cwf vl O D ; a&t&qk d & if &mck d i f E + e f ;
odyfrsm;ygw,f?
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ukefawGrSm taumufcGefE+ef; wkd;jrifhpnf;
-uyfjcif;/ ydwfyifjcif;pwmawGeJ umuG,fzkd
ud ; pm;-uvk d urB m h u k e f o G , f a &; od o d
omom usqif;oGm;ygw,f?
tpk d ; &toD ; oD ; [m tusyf
twnf; jzpf&wJh 0efxkyftm;vkkH;ukd tcGef
xrf;jynfoal wG&J yck;H ay:v$w
J ifzdk vkyf vm
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trsKd;om;awGukd u|eftjzpf oGwfoGif;_yD;
uk d v d k e D E k d i f i H a wG u k d yk d r d k z d E S d y f z k d / 'gtjyif
ppfa&;enf;eJ urBmudk topfwzef jyef
vnfcJGa0_yD; aps;uGufjy\em ajz&Sif;zdk
vnf; vkyfvm-uw,f? wzufrSm jynf
wGif;jynfy awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawG
wkd;yGm;}uD;xGm;vmrSmuddk udwifwm;qD;zkd
}uHpnf-uw,f?
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EkdifiHa&; ay:vpDeJ vuf&Sdtajctaeu

tvGwfkef;xGufzkd xGuf&yfvrf;&Smr&wJh
twGufa-umifh ppfay:vpDudk rokH;pJG&if
rjzpfawmhbl;vkdvnf; cH,lvm-uw,f?
(4)
ay:aygufykH
urB m rS m zuf q pf p epf tES H
tjym; ay:aygufvm-uwJh txJu 'kwd,
urBmppfjzpfapwJhtxd zufqpfokyfukd
twdkif;twmt& vGefvGefuJuJ azmfjycJh-u
wJ h 0if d k ; pG e f ; ok H ; Ed k i f i H e J pyd e f t a-umif ;
jyefajymif;ajymvkdygw,f?
tDwvD?
trsKd;om;a&;0g'orm;/ uGefjrL
epf qefusifa&;orm;/ wcgu qdk&S,fvpf
jzpfcJhwJh rlqdkvDeD&J OD;aqmifr+eJ 1919 ckESpf/
rwf v 23 &uf r S m zuf q pf 0 g'qd k w m
pay:vmcJ h w ,f ? tif t m;}uD ; vm&mu
1922 ckESpfrSm bk&ifuzdwfac: _yD; tpkkd;&zJG
apygw,f? zJG_yD;vdk r-umrDrSmyJ tDoD,kd;
yD;,m;ukd 0ifodrf;vkd EkdifiHaygif;csKyf toif;
}uD;u uefuGuf_yD; trdefawG xkwfcJh&
w,f? 'Dtrdef awGudk *krpku
d cf yhJ gb;l ? ajAmif
qefusifcJhygw,f?
tDwvDzufqpf wyfzJG0ifawG
[m trsm;tm;jzifh ppfr+xrf;a[mif;awG
jzpfvdk zufqpfwyfzJGudk usepGm pnf;kH;EkdifcJh
-uw,f ? &S y f e uf wyf o m;rsm;tjzpf
eHrnf}uD;cJw
h ,f? 1925 ckEpS rf mS twdu
k t
f cH
tzJGtm;vkH;ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdrfeif;
vk d u f _ yD ; aemuf r S m awmh rl q k d v D e D [ m
ppfwyf}uD; wwyfvkH;ukd vufudkifyum
tm%m&Siftjzpf cH,lvkdufygw,f?
*smr%D?
[pfwvmu 1919 ckESpfrSmyJ
*smref v l r sKd ; ae&S i f e ,f q d k & S , f v pf
tvkyform;ygwD vdk t"dy`m,f&wJh emZD
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qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf r[kwf/ &nfrSef;csufu
*smr%DEkdifiH&J ppftiftm;ukd }uD;xGm;
zH G zd ; apzk d / urB m uk d *smref v l r sKd ; awG u
omv#ifv$rf;rdk;zkd jzpfw,f?
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olwdkudk wenf;wvrf;eJ u,fwifvdrfh
r,fvkdxifwJh (,kHavmufatmif qJGaqmif
EkdifwJh ) ygwDukd 0kdif;0ef;tm;ay;wwfwm
"rRwmyg? emZDygwDu tcGifhta&;udk tokH;
csum trsKd;om;a&;udk vH+aqmf_yD; vlxk&J
axmufcHr+&atmif ud;yrf;EkkdifcJh-uw,f?
pufr+vufr+ vkyfief;&SifawGu
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f rm;or*~awG zJG pnf;wm
uk d tvk y f & S i f a wG u ck c H w k d u f z suf E k d i f z d k
twGuf axmufcHcJhjcif;vnf; jzpfw,f? 'g
a-umif h 1933 ck E S p f / ZEM 0 g&D v rS m emZD
acgif ; aqmif [pf w vmud k orR w
[if ; 'if A wf u t"d y wd t jzpf a-unm
ceftyfay;cJhygw,f?
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[pfwvm&J tm%m&Sifpepf wnf_rJapzkd
od e f ; oef ; ruwJ h *smref v l r sKd ; awG [ m
vufeufeJ ESdyfuGyfjcif;om cHcJh&ygw,f?
ordkif;jyqkdcsufu w,loef trsKd;om;a&;
0g' ud k i f p J G v m&if ol r sm;trsKd ; om;awG
acsr+ e f ; zsuf q D ; cH & wmwif r u rd r d t rsKd ;
om;rsm;vnf; zdESdyfzsufqD;jcif; cH&w,f
qkdwmygyJ? twdkuftcHygwD[lI r&Sdap&bJ
Ek d i f i H t m%muk d emZD a cgif ; aqmif a wG & J
vufrSmomxm;_yD; tkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHjzpfvm
ygw,f?
pydef?
1923 ckESpfrSm ykdifrdkdkifAD;,m;
tm%m&S i f jzpf v mygw,f ? bk & if
t,fvfrGefqkdu 1930 rSm tm%m&Sifpepf
zsufodrf;a-umif; a-unmayr,fh -oZm
roufa&mufcJhyg? 1931 ckusrS wdkif;jynfu
ESifxkwfvdk&ygw,f?
1936 ck r S m qd k & S , f v pf /
uGefjrLepf/ orRwEkdifiH vdkvm;olawGeJ
pif ' D u ,f r if ; rJ h 0 g' ( Syndicalism )
ygwDrsm;aygif;_yD; tpkd;&zJGcJh-uw,f? 'gayrJh
z&efukd acgif;aqmifwJh ppfwyft&m&SdawG
u vufrcH ykefuefcJh-uw,f? 3 ESpf-um
17

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ppfyJGrSm vlwoef;cef aoauscJh&w,f?
orR w Ek d i f i H b uf u qd k A D , uf , l e D , H /
jyifopf/ ruUqDudkwkdu ulnD-u_yD; z&efudk
udk zufqpftDwvD/ *smr%Dwkdu ulyg
w,f ? t*F v d y f u awmh -um;aew,f
ajym_yD; *smr%Dbuf yif;ygw,f? aemufq;Hk
z&efukd tEkid &f oGm;ygw,f? ykid rf kd idk Af ;D ,m;
rvkyfEdkifwJhudpPawGukd z&efukdu vkyfEkdifcJh
ygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; -um;ae
w,f a-unm_yD; zufqpfEdkifiHawGeJ
eD;eD;uyfuyf qufqHcJhvdk ukvor*~u
1955 ckESpftxd -uOfxm;wm cHcJh&w,f?
z&efudku 1969 ckrSm rif;om;
[G r f u mvk d pf u d k tem*wf b k & if e J Ek d i f i H
t}uD;tuJ tjzpfvsmxm;ay;cJhw,f? ,ck
txd bk&ifjzpfaeqJyg?
*syef?
tm&SrSm&SdwJh *syefjynf zufqpf
Ek d i f i H jzpf v myk H u sawmh ppf 0 g'uae
ul;ajymif;vmjcif; jzpfygw,f? rlvuawmh
*syefvnf; wkwfvkd taemufe,fcsJEkdifiH
awG&J rr#wwJhpmcsKyfawGukd vufrSwfxkd;
ay;cJh&wJh wdkif;jynfjzpfygw,f? ar*sDyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;awGa-umifh wdk;wufvmcJhwJh
*syef[m 1890 ckEpS rf sm;usrS pmcsKyfupd aP wG
ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhwmyg? wkdif;jynfumuG,fa&;
twG u f tav;xm; pk d ; &d r f p d w f w k d u
e,fy,fcsJxGifvdkwJhpdwfudk tvG,fwul
ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhw,f = vdk cHomatmif
ed * k H ; csKyf a y;wJ h ork d i f ; q&mwcsKd vnf ;
&Sdygw,f?
wu,fwrf; awG&wmuawmh
tpG e f ; a&muf trsKd ; om;a&;pd w f tcH e J
pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,f csJxGifzdktwGuf tquf
rjywf usL;ausmfppfrsm; qifE$JcJhjcif; jzpfyg
w,f ? *syef r S m tJ ' D w k e f ; u bk & if e J
ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;u zufqpf0g'udk
oabmusw,f? tmSupkd ;kd rd;k r,fh {u&mZf
jzpfatmif vkyfay;vdkyJ? zufqpf0g'DawG
uvnf ; bk & if u d k bk & m;wql * l w vH k ;
jzpfatmif jykyftjzpfxm;_yD; *syefzufqpf
0g'udk tpGrf;ukefusifhoHk;Edkif-uvdk auseyf
w,f? 1894 = 95 rSm xdkif0rfu|ef;udk odrf;
ygw,f? 1904 = 05 rSm k&Sm;ukdEkdif_yD;
qcgvifu|ef;ukd odrf;jyefygw,f? tm;tif
awmif h w if ; vmwmeJ tr# wk w f q D u
18

tcGifhta&;awG wkd;,l/ ykdtEdkifusifhygw,f?

1910 rS m ud k & D ; ,m;vnf ; *syef vuf
atmuf a&mufoGm;&jyefygw,f?
1914 yxrurB m ppf jzpf v m
awmh wkwfjynf pef;wkef;jynfe,fu
*smrefawGudk wdkufxkwf_yD; tcGifhta&;awG
vuf a jymif ; ,l y gw,f ? ypd z d w f o rk ' N & m
twG i f ; u *smref y d k i f u|ef ; awG u k d v nf ;
wkduf,lvkdufygw,f?
1931 rS m ref c sL;&D ; ,m;uk d
odr;f _yD; wkwef ef;usb&k if yk,u
D dk (kyaf o;)
Ed k i f i H t }uD ; tuJ cef cJ h w ,f ? 1932 rS m
wkwfeJ ppfjzpfjyefygw,f? refcsL;&D;,m;ukd
0ifodrf;wJhudpP EkdifiHaygif;csKyf toif;}uD;rSm
tacstwif aqG;aEG;-uawmh vufOD;r+&Sd&Sd
toif;}uD;uae EkwfxGufvkdufygw,f?
'gawG u awmh *syef j ynf r S m
ppf0g'DawG v$rf;rkd;zkd jzpfvmapwJh aemufcH
awGyg?
pD;yGm;a&;bufukd ppfa&; wdk;csJr+
u taxmuf t ul ycJ h w mawG v nf ;
&SdcJhygw,f? yxrurBmppftwGif; vufvSrf;
rDoavmuf yg0ifcJh&mu wkdif;jynfrSm t_rJ
csKdwJhaewJh ukef-urf;ypPnf;awG &cJhygw,f?
jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfr+ wkd;wufvmcJhw,f?
ppfa&; tcsuftvufawGu t}uD;pm;
pufr+vkyfief; wkd;csJr+udk wGef;tm; ay;EkdfifcJh
w,f? 1920 ckESpfrsm;a&mufawmh t}uD;
pm;pufr+u _yD;jynfhpkHoGm;wJh tqifh
a&muf c J h w ,f ? xk w f v k y f a &; tyd k i f ; rS m
vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f uk r ` % D } uD ; awG v nf ;
ay:xG e f ; vmcJ h w ,f ? pd k u f y sKd ; a&;buf
wkd;wufatmifvnf; vkyfEdkifcJh-uw,f?
'gayrJ h tar&d u ef & J pD ; yG m ;
aps;uGuf ydvJr+u *syefjynfudkvnff; csef
rxm;&pfcJhyg? urBmhukefoG,fa&; usqif;r+
u *syefjynf&J pD;yGm;a&;eJ ykdukefvkyfief;udk
rsm;pGm xdcdkufapcJhygw,f? awma&mrdyg
'kuQa&mufukef-uygw,f? 'ga-umifh ppfwyf
t&m&S d a wG e J trsKd ; om;a&;0g'D a wG u
vuf&Sdtpkd;&ukd a0zefwkdufckdufvm-uyg
w,f? 'DvkdeJ 1930 ck aemufykdif;up_yD;
*syefjynf&J EkdifiHa&;rSm ppfwyf&J-oZm
v$ r f ; rk d ; r+ txG w f t xd y f a&muf v myg
awmhw,f? uufbdeufrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;
ta&twGuf enf;vmygw,f? 1932 ckrS

ppf+H;csdef 1945 txd *syef0ef}uD;csKyf 11

a,mufteuf 8 a,mufu ppfAv
dk cf sKyfawG
jzpfygw,f?
zuf q pf p epf u k d wmpl _ yD q k d & if
xk;H pHtwdik ;f uGejf rLepfawG roufom-uyg?
pD;yGm;ysufuyf rqkdufrD 1928 ckuwnf;u
*syefjynfrSm uGefjrLepf axmifaygif;rsm;pGm
zrf;qD;cHcJh&_yD; jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJ qefusif
a&; ajymqkdr+awG tydwfyifcH-u&w,f?
pmtkyfeJ owif;pmxkwfa0r+udk wif;usyf
pGm ukdifwG,fcJhw,f? wdk;wufolrSefor#udk
qefusifzkd tpkd;&uOD;pD;_yD; t&efppfa&;
tzJGtpnf;awG/ vli,ftzJGawG/ -uuf
ajceD t zJ G awG / trsKd ; orD ; toif ; awG e J
bmoma&;toif;/ oma&;ema&; toif;
awGudk vH+aqmftokH;cscJh-uw,f?
ajym&r,f q k d & if ppf a &;t&
jynfyrSm atmifyJGcHaew,f qdkEdkifayr,fh
jynfwGif;rSmawmh *syefvlrsKd;awGtaeeJ
ruHbl;avmufatmif }uD;rm;wJh rwnf
_idrfr+awG uHawGcHpm;-u&ygw,f? jynfy
a&muf *syefwyfom;awGu tqufrjywf
wkdufyJGawGwkduf&if; aoaususKd;uef;ae-u
&ovkd/ jynfwGif;rSmvnf; acsmif;ajrmif;
owfjzwfwm/ tm%modrf;zkd ud;pm;&if;
owf-ujzwf-uwmpwJh t-urf;zufr+awG
ay:aygufaeygw,f?
(5)
Oa&myzufqpfeJ tm&Szufqpf
zuf q pf p epf jzpf a y:vmyk H e J
azmf j ycsuf a wG E+ d i f ; ,S O f - unf h r ,f q d k & if
Oa&myeJ tm&S (*syef ) wlwmvnf;&Sd =
rwlwmvnf; &Sdygw,f?
wu,f u 1930 w0d k u f r S m
zuf q pf t ,l t q/ tmabmf / zuf q pf
tzJGtpnf;awG Oa&myrSm ae&mtESH ay:cJh
wmyg? t*F v ef v nf ; rvG w f y gbl ; ?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSmvnf; &SdwmygyJ?
uk d , f h t usKd ; pD ; yG m ;/ uk d , f h t rsKd ; om;a&;
tay:rS m yJ tajccH - uvk d a&&S n f t wl
,S O f w J G a ezk d cuf w J h 0 g' jzpf y gw,f ?
[pfwvmu zufqpf0g'ukd tokH;y_yD;
rlvvrf;xGifcJhol rlqkdvDeDudk -oZmv$rf;
ud;qJGygw,f? aemufrS *syefudk ull;quf
oGm;wmyg?
Oa&myrSm pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;

jynfolhtm%m
tusyf t wnf ; awG a -umif h zuf q pf 0 g'
ay:vm&wmjzpf_yD;/ *syefuawmh ppf0g'
uae ul;ajymif;oGm;wm jzpfygw,f?
ay:vmwJhtcgrSvnf; udk,fhEdkifiH
ordkif;eJ rwluJGjym;wJh tajctae/ rwlwJh
tusKd;pD;yGm;awGa-umifh rwlwJh auG;a-umf
oHawG &Sdygw,f? tDwvDrSm aqmifyk'fvkyf
xm;wJh rlqv
dk eD D t_rJwrf;rSew
f ,f qkw
d hJ
auG;a-umfoHudk [pfwvmu *krpkduf
ygbl ; ? *syef r S m awmh *syef { u&mZf & J
tifyg,m wkd;csJa&; yJ auG;a-umfygw,f?
*smr%D e mZD a wG u qd k A D , uf , l e D , H u k d
1941 uwnf ; u taemuf b uf u ae
wkdufaeygw,f? atmifyJGawGvnf; &ae
ygw,f ? 'gayrJ h *syef z uf q pf a wG u
ta&Sbufuae 0ifrwkdufygbl;? wdkuf&if
e,fajrawG trsm;}uD; &Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh
&r,f h e ,f a jru qd k u f a b;&D ; ,m;vd k
a'o}uD ; jzpf a ew,f ? ta&S awmif
tm&SrSmu o,HZmwawG ayguG,fkHru
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ 'wfcsfe,fcsJorm;awG
wl;azmf&,laeygw,f? tJ'Dvdk cl;_yD;cyf_yD;
udkyJ 0ifE+dufygw,f? rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;udkyJ
y"mexm;ygw,f? *syefuom ta&Su
0ifwdkuf&if qdkAD,uf,leD,H r+rvS cH&
ygr,f ? 'gayrJ h tusKd ; tjrwf t m;vk k H ;
*smr%DuyJ &oGm;rSmjzpfvkd *syefu vkH;0
rwkdufcJhyg? awmifbufukdyJ wkd;cJhygw,f?
t*F v ef r S m avbm0ef } uD ; a[mif ;
armfqavacgif;aqmifwJh _Adwdo#,leD,H
(1931 = 1939 ) zuf q pf v + y f & S m ;r+ u
qD ; rk d u f (*sL; =tm&yf ) qef usif a &;eJ
_Adwdo# "eo[m, tusKd;pD;yGm;udpPyJ
tmkHpkdufygw,f?
'gayrJh olwdktcsif;csif; wl-u
wmawG (trsm;tm;jzifh jynfwGif;a&;rSm)
uawmh rsm;rSrsm;yg?
= ol w k d wawG [ m Ek d i f i H a &; rD ; S L ;
rD;yef;awGv$wf_yD; rdrdoufqkdif&m vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfukd ukd,fpm;y-uol
csnf ; ygyJ ? wurB m vk H ; uk d / e,f a jra'o
toD;oD;ukd tpdwfpdwfykdif;um }uH&myg
awGeJwGJ_yD; cJGa0-uwm/ Akdvfuszdk vkyf-u
wmrSm wl-uw,f?
= wrsKd ; om;vk H ; tE W & m,f ud k
umuG , f z k d eJ wrsKd ; om;vk H ; acsmuf x J

rusatmif u,fwifzkd uk,

d u
hf ,
dk u
f dk u,f
wif&Sif*kduf zrf;-uwmrSm wl-uw,f?
= tpG e f ; a&muf trsKd ; om;a&;0g'
(a&SmfAif0g') auG;a-umfwm/ ppfwyfu
wpwp EkdifiHa&;xJ 0ifygvmwm 'grSr[kwf
tm%m&Sif&J wvufudkif ppfwyfjzpfoGm;
wm/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudk vufrcH-uwm/
jynfolukd 'Drdkua&pD ray;-uwmawGrSm wl
-uw,f?
= a&S;kd;pJGvlxk wpdwfwykdif;ukd qJGaqmif
Ekdifzdk ya'o&mZf/ {u&mZfpwJholawGudk
kyfjytjzpf tokH;cs-uwmrSmvnf; qifwl
w,f?
= 'gtjyif uG e f j rLepf a wG e J wd k ; wuf
olawGudk qkd;qkd;0g;0g; ESdyfuGyf&mrSm wl-u
w,f?
= ud,
k t
hf usK;d pD;yGm; yGe;f yJv
h m_yDq&dk if urBmh
tzJG tpnf;rsm;ukd qefusizf kd vdt
k yfvm&if
EkwfxGufzkd 0efrav;-uwmrSmvnf; wl-u
w,f?
(6)
ppfwm;qD;a&;eJ urBmh _idrf;csrf;a&;
u|efawmfwdk uGefjrLepfawG[m
azmufjyefwJhppfukd qefusifolawG jzpfyg
w,f? _idrf;csrf;a&;ukd vkdvm;olawG jzpfyg
w,f// aemuf_yD; zufqpfpepfukd &GHrkef;ol
awGxJrSm a&Swef;a&mufcJholawGyg? 'g
a-umifhvnf; urBmhjynfolawGeJ vufwJG_yD;
zufqpfpepfukd wkdufzsufcJh-uygw,f?
'gtjyif u|eaf wmfwkd wawG[m
urBmh_idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdef;odrf;vkdolawG
jzpfygw,f? urBmhjynfolawGeJtwl urBmh
_idr;f csr;f a&; v+y&f mS ;r+awGrmS yg0ifc-hJ uw,f?
,aetxd wwd,urBmppfukd wm;xm;Ekid f
-uygw,f?
'kwd,urBmppf _yD;oGm;ayr,fh
zufqpfpepfukd wcgwnf;ajrjrKyfo_*FKd[f
ypfEkdifcJhwm r[kwfyg?
urB m ay:rS m vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f
t&if;&Sifpepf &Sdae&if/ e,fcsJpepf &Sdae&if
zuf q pf t E W & m,f q k d w m tcsd e f r a&G ;
ay:Edkifygw,f? txl;ojzifh urBmht&if;&Sif
pepf r S m taxG a xG t usyf t wnf ; }uD ;
(pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;rSm) ay:&if zufqpfpepf
ay:wwfygw,f?
'DaeurBmh tajctae[m

wurBmvkH;qkdif&m === urBmr+yjcif;

t&if;&SifoD0&DawGeJ tmabmfawG zefwD;
aecsdef jzpfygw,f? urBmhtcif;tusif;opf
twGuf ajcvSrf;awG jyifaecsdef/ qif;&J
csrf;om uGmjcm;r+ }uD;rm;aewJh tcsdef
jzpfygw,f?
'gtjyif zufqpf0g' a&cHajrcH
trsKd;om;a&;0g'awG acgif;axmifxaewm
vnf; owdy&r,f?
ork d i f ; rS m ppf w yf u vmwJ h
zufqpf ([pfwvm/ z&efudk/ *syef ) awG/
'grS r [k w f ppf w yf u d k wvuf u d k i f
vkyx
f m;Ekid w
f hJ zufqpf (rlqv
dk eD /D ay:wl*u
D
qvmZm) awGcsnf; awG&ygw,f? 'g
a-umifhvnf; vlxkukd ppfwyfvkd oabm
xm;-uw,f ? waoG ; / woH / wrd e f
jy@mef;_yD; vkdufemcdkif;cJhw,f?
'D a e Armppf w yf u aum =
b,fvkd trsKd;tpm; ppfwyfvJ?
uGefjrLepfawGuawmh zufqpf
pepfeJ ol&Jt}uH,kwfudk b,fwkef;urS
acgi;f ikH rcHco
hJ vkd = tckvnf;f acgi;f ikH c-H urSm
r[kwfyg?
jynfwGif;jynfy = zufqpfpepf
rSefor# qefusif-u?
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk =
wkdufzsuf-u?

zufqpfpepfvufopfawG
tckacgif;jyefaxmifaejyef_yD?
zufqpfpepfa[mif;wkef;u
aocJh&wmudkvJ
rarhaysmufoifhygbl;?
zufqpf0g'qdkwm[m
t&if;Sifpepf&J xkwfvkyfr+/
e,fcsJpepf&J yHkpHwckqkdwmvJ
owd&oifhygw,f?
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r; (,m,D)
. tpD&ifcHpm = 1994 ckESpfrS

19

(1)
EkdifiHwum owif;rD'D,mrsm;rS
r-umao;rD u xk w f j yef c J h o nf h owif ;
ESpfyk'fESifhpyfvsOf;aom pOf;pm;csufwcsKdukd
wifjyvkdygonf? yxrwyk'frSm rufqm
csL;quf j ynf e ,f r S Armjynf t pk d ; &tm;
pD;yGm;a&;t& jypf'%fcwf ta&;,la&;
Oya' rufqmcsL;quf bm;rm;avm
( Massachusetts Burma Law ) ukd
tar&d u ef z uf ' &,f w&m;k H ; rS y,f c s
vkdufonfhowif;? aemufwyk'frSm 0gaqm
'Drdkua&pDa&;&m nDvmcHt_yD; ay:xGuf
vmaom ( jyifopfEkdifiH. owif;xkwf
jyefcsuf )? owif;ESpfyk'fvkH;rSm 'Drdkua&pD
a&;/ Armjynf t a&;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;t&
jypf'%fcwf ta&;,la&;wkdESifh qufpyfae
ygonf?
(2)
Armjynfjynfolvlxku trkef;
}uD;rkef;aom etztm; 0kdif;0ef;qefusif
jcif;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh udqkd&rnfhudpP
jzpfygonf? ukdvkdeDb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;
ud;yrf;pOfumvu t*Fvdyftcuf Armh
tcsuf [k auG;a-umfoH xkwfcJh-u/ ,lq
cJhJ-uouJhokd 'DaewGifvnf; etz tcuf
tcJ}uD;av/ 'Drdkua&pD atmifyJGeD;av [k
,lqIjzpfonf? raumif;oly,f aom
vkyf&yfyg[k ,lqI jzpfonf?
uk v or*~ E S i f h if ; .vuf
atmufcH tzJGtpnf;rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh
w&m;r#wr+ u k d vk d v m;aom urB m h
Ed d k i f i H r sm;ES i f h urB m h j ynf o l r sm;wk d u ppf
20

tpk d ; &. rw&m;r+ r sm;ES i f h / jynf o l w k d

'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;cGifh r&Sd
atmif &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyf_yD; ydwfyif
aeonfrsm;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;qefusif-u/
jypf ' %f c wf - uonf u k d ta&;}uD ; aom
jynfywGef;tm;tjzpf ,lqxm;aomfvnf;
jynfwGif;zdtm; (jynfolzdtm;) u ykd_yD;
t"duusonf[lIvnf; tav;teuf
cH , l y gonf ? uG e f j rLepf r sm;taejzif h
vufawGt&vnf; Toabmxm;twkid ;f
usifhokH;vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?
ppftpd;k &tm; jypf'%fcwfa&;rSm
tajccHtm;jzifh udpPaumif;jzpfaomfvnf;
rwlaomjypf'%fcwfa&; udpPrsm;wGif udpP
wckcsif;tvkduf rwlv#if rwlovkd cJGjcrf;
pdwfjzm-unfh&ygrnf? Armjynf 'Drdkua&pD
a&;twGuf pdwf&if;apwem kd;om;rSefuef
pG m tul t nD a y;vk d o nf h Ed d k i f i H r sm; &S d
ouJhokd 'D,kefjrifI 'DcsKHxGifaom/ a&
aESmuf_yD; ig;zrf;vkdaom EdkifiHrsm; &SdaeI
jzpfonf?
u|efawmfwdkonf Armjynf.
vwfwavm tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk tav;
xm;onfESifh wcsdefwnf;wGif tem*wf
tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;rsm;ud k v nf ; ajrmf j rif & ef
vkdygvdrfhrnf? tem*wf tE W&m,fukdvnf;
udwifwGufqzdk vkdygrnf?
Oyrmwck wifjyygrnf? zufqpf
*syef u d k Armjynf t a&;ES i f h rywf o uf
ao;rD/ ArmjynfawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk
rsm;u tkyfpkd;ol _Adwdo#wkdtm; qefusif
awmf v S e f & ef ud ; yrf ; aeonf h tcsd e f

twGif;rSmyif xdkpOfu Armjynf trsKd;om;

Ek d i f i H a &;acgif ; aqmif w csKd u zuf q pf
qef usif a &;twG u f oabmw&m;a&;
buf r S pwif j yif q if c J h - uonf ? xk d
acgif;aqmifrsm; ajrmfjrifEkdifr+ pGrf;&nf&SdcJh-u
ygonf? xdka-umifhom zufqpf*syefrsm;
Armjynf w G i f ; 0if _ yD ; a0omvD j ynf w G i f ;
bDvl;0ifovkdrsKd; -urf;-u/ &rf;-ucsdefY
jynf o l w &yf v k H ; zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;
twGif; pkpnf;vmrdatmif oabmw&m;
a&;t&ESifh vufawGt& tcsdefwdktwGif;
atmifjrifpGm pnf;kH;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhjcif;yg?
,aewnf & S d q J tE W & m,f
tm;vkH;onf etzukd rKdifyxm;ygonf?
okd&mwGif ordkif;tawGtuHt& jynfy
tE W&m,frsm;onf wcsdefcsdefY jynfwGif;
tE W&m,f okdr[kwf wdkif;jynf. t"du
tE W & m,f t jzpf ajymif ; vJ v mwwf
onf u d k v nf ; owd y&ef vk d y gonf ?
Armjynfokd a&muf&SdvmcJh-uaom ukdvkdeD
e,fcsJ pepf/ zufqpfpepfwkd udk &nf!e ;f jcif;
jzpfygonf?
(3)
rufqmcsL;quf bmrm;avm
ukd tar&duef. tjrifq
h ;Hk w&m;k;H u y,fcs
vkdufaomtcg jynfya&muf Armjynf 'Drdk
ua&pD tiftm;pkxJrS wcsKdu pdwfysufrd
a-umif; xkwfazmfajymqkdvm-uygonf?
tar&duefjynfwGif etzppftpkd;&tm;
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jypf'%fcwf ta&;,la&;
tqdkywifoGif;csufrsm;ukd y,fcscJhonfrSm
Tw}ud r f w nf ; r[k w f y g? rd e,f

jynfolhtm%m
aumifpDxJY Armjynfqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;t&
jypf ' %f c wf ta&;,l a &; tqk d ycsuf
tEkdif&onfhtcg xdyfqkH;rS rdawmf0efu
y,f c svk d u f o nf h tjzpf r sKd ; / uG e f * &uf
v$wfawmftrwff tpkwpku tqkdycsuf
wifoGif;onfukd tjcm;tpku qefusif
y,fcsvdkufonfh tjzpfrsKd;awG &SdcJhzl;ygonf?
tar&duef tpk;d &u Edik if w
H Ekid if u
H dk jypf'%f
cwf ta&;,la&; vkyf = rvkyfqkdonfrSm
tqdkygEkdifiH. vdktyfr+ESifh awmif;qkdr+wdk
tay: rlrwnfyg? xkdEkdifiHtm; jypf'%fcwf
vd k u f j cif ; jzif h tar&d u ef t pk d ; &twG u f
tusKd;tjrwf b,favmuf&SdrvJqkdonfh
tcsuf a y:wG i f o m t"d u rl w nf a e
ygonf? oltwGuf enf;enf;tusKd;&Sdv#if
jypf'%fcwfa&; enf;enf;vkyfrnf/ tusKd;
rsm;rsm;&Sdv#if jypf'%fcwfa&; rsm;rsm;
vkyfrnf? jyif;jyif;xefxefvkyfrnf? tusKd;
tjrwf &ykHray:ao;v#if jypf'%fcwfa&;
rvkyfao;yg?
a':atmifqef;pk-unfu etz
tpkd;&tm; pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jypf'%fcwf
ta&;,lr+rsm;vkyfzdk EkdifiHwumodk yef-um;
xm;_yD; jzpfonf? tar&duef tpkd;&u
vnf; a':atmifqef;pk-unf yef-um;csuf
udk arhavsmhjcif;r[kwfyg? (EU) tzJG0if
Oa&myEd k i f i H r sm;ES i f h tar&d u ef tpk d ; &
ukd,fwkdif xda&mufaom pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m
ta&;,lrr+ sm; ryvky&f ao;onfudk orRw
uvifwefuvnf; owdyrdygonf? tar
&dueftpk;d &onf ArmjynfEiS hf pyfvsO;f aom
ol tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;uk d wG u f c suf c sd e f q
aejcif;om jzpfygonf?
Tae&mwGif tar&duef tpkd;&
. jypf'%fcwfa&;qdkif&m tcsuftvuf
wcsKdukd xkwfEkwfwifjyvkdygonf? ol.
Zmwf k y f t rS e f u k d od a p&ef jzpf y gonf ?
zGwx
f u
G rf S awmifydk reS ;f od&v#irf l Armjynf
twGuf tusKd;r&SdEkdifyg?
(4)
1996 ck E S p f ZG e f v (25 )
&ufaewGif aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;&Sd tar
&duef ppftajcpkdufpcef; AkH;cJGcHcJh&onf?
qufwkdufqkdovkd Zlvkdif (17 ) &ufaewGif
(TWA) av,mOf r sm; ayguf u J G r + j zpf c J h
onf? Ttjzpftysuf ESpf&yfwGif tD&ef =

vpfAsm;EkdifiHwkdESifh qufpyfr+ &SdEkdif onf

[k tar&duef tpkd;&u pOf;pm;cJh-uonf?
tck d i f t rmtm;jzif h rnf o nf h o uf a o
taxmuf t xm;rS r&S d a omf v nf ;
txif ukd pGyfpJGcsufvkyf_yD; tar&duef
tpkd;&u (d Amato Act) udk jy@mef;
vkdufonf? TOya'ukd orRw uvifwef
u vufrSwfa&;xkd;_yD; twnfyay;cJhonf?
tD&efESifh vpfAsm;EkdkifiHwdkwGif tar&duef
a':vm oef ; (40 ) xuf a usmf v G e f _ yD ;
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHaom rnfonfhEkdifiHjcm; a&eH
ukr`%Dukdrqkd tar&dueftpkd;&u ta&;
,lEkdif&ef tcGifhtm%m tyfESif;ay;vkduf
onfhOya' jzpfygonf? tD&efESifh vpfAsm;
Ek d i f i H w k d rS m t-urf ; zuf 0 g'ud k tm;ay;
tm;ajr m uf yae-uaom Ek d i f i H r sm;[k
0g&Sifwef. pGyfpJGjcif;cHae&aom EkdifiHrsm;
jzpf-uonf? trSefrSm tar&dueftpdk;&
taejzifh TudpEP pS &f yf ray:aygurf D vaygi;f
rsm;pGmuwnf;u (d Amato Act ) ukd
pOf;pm;_yD;cJh-uyg_yD?
1980 ckESpfrsm;uvnf; tar
&duefu tD&efESifh vpfAsm;EkdifiHwkdtm;
jypf ' %f c wf & ef ud ; yrf ; cJ h y gao;onf ?
xkdpOfu tar&dueftpkd;&. &nf&G,fcsuf
rS m taemuf E k d i f i H r sm;. pD ; yG m ;a&;
toufaoG;a-umjzpfaom a&eHaxmufyHhr+
uk d umuG , f & ef E S i f h yif v ,f a uG a'o/
ta&S tv,f y k d i f ; a'owd k wG i f aoe*F
AsL[m acgif;aqmifr+ae&mukd tar&duefu
&,lxm;&ef jzpfonf?
tjcm;Oya'w&yfrmS 1996 ckEpS /f
rwfvtwGif;u tar&duefuGef*&ufrS
jy@mef;vkdufaom (Helms Burton Act)
yifjzpfonf? usL;bm;jynf qefusifa&;
Oya'yg? usL;bm;*sufav,mOfrsm;u
tar&duef rSwfykHwifxm;aom av,mOf
ESpfpif;ukd 1996 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvtwGif;
ypfcscJh_yD;aemuf ESpfvt-umrSm TOya'
ukd jy@mef;vku
d o
f nf? trSerf mS Tav,mOf
ES p f p if ; ypf c srcH & rD t&if u wnf ; u
( Helms Burton Act ) uk d tqk d y
wifoGif;cJh_yD; jzpfygonf?
1960 ck E S p f r sm;uwnf ; u
tar&duefu usL;bm;EkdifiHtm; pD;yGm;a&;
jypf'%fcwfr+rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&; ydwfqdk

r+rsm; yvkyfvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? xdkokd

yvkyfjcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;wGif tawG;
tac:qkdif&m ta-umif;&if;cHrsm; yg0ifae
ovk d ol ausmaxmuf a emuf c H a'o
jzpfonfh A[kdESifh vufwiftar&duwkdwGif
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a&;twG u f wnf q J t ajctaersm;uk d
rxdcdkufap&ef[laomtcsufvnf; yg0if
onf?
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uG u f uG u f n H n H jzpf o G m ;&onf ? ol .
wqif_h yD;wqifh qufwu
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qefusifvm-uonf? aemufqkH;wGif tar
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tpDtpOfrsm; ay:aygufrnfh tajctaexd
qk d u f a &muf v mcJ h o nf ? Ttjzpf r sKd ; ud k
tar&d u ef t pk d ; & tm%myk d i f r sm;u
ar#mfvifhrxm;cJh-uyg?
TOya'ESpf&yf rjy@mef;rD ( 6 )
vcefuwnf;u tar&dueftpkd;&onf
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acgufjyef av#muf_yD; jypf'%fcwf ta&;
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acwfuwnf;u ol.EkdifiHa&; ydifbufrsm;
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vmcJhonf?
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rS m tar&d u ef . tm%mjyEk d i f i H a &;uk d
21

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qefusif_yD; vGwfvyfcGifh/ ukd,fydkifjy@mef;cGifh
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tar&duef. jypf'%fcwfa&;qkdif&m Oya'
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'%fcwf ta&;,la&; qkdonfukd enf;em
wcktjzpf okH;ygonf?
tar&duef. 1996 ckESpf (d
kd pfqef;vmonf[k
Amato Act ) wGif ykrd o
ajymEkdkifonfhtcsufrSm wqifh_yD;wqifh
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rsm;. txufwGif xm;ygonf? e,fvGef
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22

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29

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jzpfonf? tvkyf. tusKd;oufa&mufr+
a-umifhom vlwdkonf wd&p>mefavmurS
vlavmuokd }uD;rm;pGm ckeful;ajymif;vJ
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ES p f a csmif ; onf wpk H w ck a om twwf
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yD o aompum; vd k t yf r + ay:ayguf v m
onf? a&S;vlrsm;onf tvkyfjzpfpOfwGif
t&m0wKESifh tjcif;t&m trsKd;rsKd;xJrS
wpk H w ck a om
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ab;ywf 0 ef ; usif . qk d ; 0g;aom tajc
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33

jynfolhtm%m
wumwGif vufawGb0u vlrsm;udk ynm
ay;cJhonf? ay:aygufcgp a&S;bkHtzJGwGif
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tajcpku
d rf o
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quf q H & ef v k d t yf a om enf ; vrf ; jzpf _ yD ;
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jcif;yif jzpfonf? OD;a%Smuf}uD; vkH;jcrf;
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jzpf o nf ? if ; wk d . -oZmt&S d e f ouf
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a-umif h v nf ; aumif ; / toH x G u f a om
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&Sdayonf?
34

Ttaxmuf t xm;rsm;uk d
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; yg&*l}uD; csm;vf'g0if (1809
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ok d jzif h vl . oaE< o m;onf
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tod o nf A[k d e Af a -umpepf

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jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmayonf? vltzJGtpnf;
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ay:xGufvmaom t&mjzpf_yD; wcsdefwnf;

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yk H o nf bmompum;. wqif h w uf
vSrf;aeaom jzpfpOftwGif;Y wdk;yGm;&m
tajccHtjzpfyif usef&pfaeao;onf?
ok d aomf tajccH t k w f j rpf E S i f h
txuf taqmufttkH tpm;xkd;cH&aom
tcgY bmompum;onf if ; .
taqmufttkt
H &qkv
d #if (tajccHtm;jzifh
,cifuESifh wykHpHwnf;&Sdv#if ) bmom
pum;onf tajccHtkwfjrpf vuQ%mESifh
txuftaqmufttkH vuQ%mygaom
tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh roufqdkifay? bmom
pum;onf wpkHwckaom vlwef;pm;ukd
tvk y f t au|;yonf r [k w f ? vl tzJ G
tpnf; wckvkH;ukd tvkyftau|; yonf?
tajccH t k w f j rpf w ck u k d tvk y f t au|;

yonfr[kwf tajccHtkwfjrpftm;vkH;ukd
tvkyftau|; yonf? xdka-umifh bmom
pum;wGif vlwef;pm; vuQ%m r&Sdacs?
vl v l c sif ; quf q H a &; ud & d , m
jzpf a om bmompum;onf txuf
taqmufttkHESifhvnf; rwlonfh tcsuf
rS m = if ; .t0ef ; t0d k i f ; onf txuf
taqmuf t tk H . t0ef ; t0k d i f ; xuf
twkdif;rod us,fjyefjcif;yif jzpfonf?
bmompum;onf xkwfvkyfa&;rS tajccH
tk w f j rpf / tajccH t k w f j rpf r S txuf
taqmufttkHtxd vkyfief;t0ef;t0kdif;
tm;vkH;&Sd vlrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+w&yfvkH;ESifh
wkdufkdufqufoG,faeonf? txuf t
aqmufttkHonf tajccHtkwfjrpfESifhom
v#if wkdufdkufqufoG,faeonf?
bmompum;ES i f h vl r sm;.
v+yf&Sm;r+omef tm;vkH;onf wkdufkduf
qufoG,faeaoma-umifh bmompum;ukd
rk c syif tquf r jywf uG , f 0 vmap
vdrrhf nf? pufrv
+ yk if ef;ESihf v,f,mvkyif ef;/
0dZmynmESifh twwfynm/ a&mif;0,fa&;/
o,f,lykdaqmifa&;ponfwdk. jzpfay:
wd k ; yG m ;vmr+ u vnf ; bmompum;uk d
pum;vk H ; opf r sm;/ pum;topf r sm;jzif h
rd r d u k d , f u k d jznf h p G u f & ef awmif ; qd k v m
aeayonf ? Tok d jzif h bmompum;.
o'NgtaqmufttkH aumif;rGefvmonfh
jzpfpOfudk vG,fulvmaponf?
bmompum;. xl ; jcm;aom
vuQ % mrsm;ud k zG i f h j yvk d u f j cif ; onf
bmompum;. twGif;ykdif;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+
w&m;rsm;ES i f h tvG e f t a&;}uD ; onf h rl
oabmrsm;ukd csrSwf&ef 0dZmynmtm;
taxmuftul ycJhonf?
bmompum;. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+
onf wnf & S d a eaom bmompum;uk d
zsufodrf;ypf_yD;/ bmompum;topfukd
zefwD;aomenf;jzifh jzpfajrmufvmonf
r[kwfbJ/ wnf&Sdaeaom pum;. tajccH
ay:wGif bmompum;. tpdwftykdif;rsm;
ud k wk d ; csJ I yk d r d k a umif ; rG e f v mapaom
enf;jzifh jzpfajrmufvmapayonf? bmom
pum;onf t&nftcsif; omefwrsKd;rS
t&nftcsi;f omefopfodk ul;ajymif;&mY
aygufuJGaomenf;jzifh jzpfajrmuffvmonf
35

jynfolhtm%m
r[kwfbJ/ ta[mif;ukd csufcsif;zsufodrf;
ypf _ yD ; topf u d k w nf a qmuf v k d u f o nf h
enf;jzifh jzpfajrmufvmonf r[kwfbJ/
t&nf t csif ; opf tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm;
wjznf ; jznf ; pk y k H v mI t&nf t csif ;
ta[mif ; rsm;/ tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm; w
jznf;jznf; aysmufuG,foGm;onfh enf;jzifh
om jzpfajrmufvmayonf?
bmompum;ESifh awG;ac:r+onf
wckESifhwck rcJGcGmEkdifavmufatmif quf
oG , f a eonf h wpk H w ck a om t,l t q/
csif h c sd e f r + E S i f h qif j cif r + u k d razmf j yaom
bmompum;[l I b,f a wmh r S r&S d c J h ?
bmompum; tcsuf t vuf vk H ; 0ryg
aom/ obm0k y f 0 w K rygaom Avm
[if;vif; awG;ac:r+[lI b,fawmhrS r&SdcJh?
&Sdvnf;r&SdEdkifacs?
bmompum;onf awG;ac:r+.
wdkufkdufjzpf&yf jzpfonf? (Tum; rmhufpf
. ajymqdkcsufjzpfonf )
awG;ac:r+onf bmompum;ukd
tm;ukd;rSomv#if wu,fhjzpf&yf jzpfvm
Ekdifonf? bmompum; (0g ) toHxGuf
ajymqdkaom bmompum;ESifh a&;om;
azmf j yaom pum;onf wpk H w ck a om
awG ; ac:r+ u k d v nf ; aumif ; / yuwd b m0
urBmavmu&Sd tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywf
ouf a om t,l t quk d v nf ; aumif ; /
urBmavmu jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+. yuwd
bm0 w&m;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; azmfjy
aomenf; (omef ) jzpfonf? awG;ac:
r+ u d k bmompum;ES i f h v nf ; aumif ; /
bmompum;ukd awG;ac:r+ESifhvnf;aumif;
cJGypfvkdufv#if pdwf0g'pJGvrf;aeolrsm;.
EGHxJokd usa&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf? awG;ac:r+
ay:vmonf E S i f h wyd i f e uf csuf c sif ; yif
bmompum; ta&cHGyg&Sdayonf? Tjzpf
pOfonf wcsdefwnf; jzpfay:vmr+yif jzpf
onf? if;wdkukd wckESifhwck cJGypfjcif;ukd ry
oifhonfomru/ if;wkdudk tcsdefumv
yk d i f ; pnf ; a-umif ; t& cJ G y pf j cif ; vnf ;
ry&ay?
awG ; ac:r+ t,l t qwk d ES i f h
uku
d n
f pD mG awG;ac:r+. tESpo
f m&ESihf if;.
us,f j yef euf e J a om twd k i f ; twmud k
tenf;ESifhtrsm; rSefuefpGm azmfjyEkdifrnfh
36

wpkHwckaom pum;vkH;rsm; &Sdvmonf?

pum;vkH;rsm;onfvnf; awG;
ac:r+ rSefuefr+ESifh wdusr+udk azmfjyaom
twkdif;twm 'D*&Dt&-unfhv#if av;euf
r+ twdkif;twm &Sdayonf? TtcsufESifh
ywfoufI pum;vkH;ESifh awG;ac:r+ qufpyf
r+ & d S v #if twG i f ; oabmES i f h omef .
a,bk,squfpyfr+vnf; Todk &Sdayvdrfh
rnf? Tonfum; wckukdwck -oZmt&Sdef
ouf a &muf j cif ; jzif h tcsif ; csif ; t-um;
wd;k wufaom jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmr+ jzpfpOfyif
jzpfonf?
awG;ac:r+onf pum;vkH; tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk t_rJwrf;-oZm oufa&muf
_yD; bmompum;uvnf; o'NgzJGpnf;ykHukd
-oZmoufa&mufayonf? bmompum;
uvnf; awG;ac:r+ukd jyefvnf-oZmouf
a&muf u m awG ; ac:r+ . wu,f h t ES p f
om&ud k yk H o G i f ; ay;_yD ; azmf j yayonf ?
bmompum; jynfhpk Haumif;rGefvmav/
vlom;awG;ac:r+. uG,f0r+ESifh }uD;rm;
aom atmifjrifr+rsm;udk ykdrkda&mifjyef[yf
Ek d i f a v jzpf a yonf ? if ; ES i f h a jymif ; jyef
tm;jzifh ajym&v#if awG;ac:r+ykdI xif&Sm;
vmav/ ykdrkdIjynfhpk Haumif;rGefvmav/
ykdrdkwdusvmav/ bmompum;vnf; ykdI
&S i f ; vmav/ yk d r k d I wd u svmav/ yk d r d k
vG , f u l v mav/ b0if u sr+ r sm; yk d r k d I
jynfhESufvmavyif jzpfonf?
txufygwkdrSm bmompum;
ESifh awG;ac:r/+ pum;vkH;ESifh t,ltqwdk
tjyeftvSef yrloufa&mufjcif;ESifh ywf
ouf I touf y gonf h tEk y d a vmr
w&m;yif jzpfayonf?
Tjy\emtm; cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm
jcif;ukd tqk;H owf&mY igwdk onf atmufyg
ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;udk csKyf,lEdkifayonf?
awG;ac:r+onf igwkd.todwGif
yuwd b m0jzpf & yf u k d a&mif j yef [ yf j cif ;
jzpf o nf ? bmompum;onf vl r sm;
t-um;Y wa,mufESifhwa,muf awG;ac:
r+ukd azmfjy&ef owfrSwf&efESifh wqifhwuf
vSrf;&ef enf;emjzpfonf? qdkvkdonfum;
bmompum;onf vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;
ud&d,mjzpfonf// awG;ac:r+ESifh bmom
pum;onf wck E S i f h w ck rcJ G c G m Ed k i f

avmuf a tmif quf o G , f a eayonf ?

if;wdkonf wckukdwck t_rJwrf; tjyef
tvSef yrloufa&mufayonf? tEkyd
avmrusaom Ttjyef t vS e f yrl
oufa&mufr+onf awG;ac:r+ESifh bmom
pum; uG,f0vma&;ESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;
twGuf ta-umif;tcsufwck jzpfayonf?
Ta[majymcsuf . twG i f ;
oabmudk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm&mrS atmufyg
ed*kH;rsm;ukd &&Sdayonf?
yxred*kH;?
tbd"rRm. tajccHjy\emukd
ajz&Sif;&mY kyf0g'*dk%f;ESifh pdwf0g'*kd%f;
[lI tajccHjzpfaom/ wckESifhwck qefusif
aom &efbuf*kd%f;ESpf*kd%f;onf tpOf
ojzifh wnf&Sdayonf?
tbd"rRm. tajccHjy\emukd
kyf0g'tjrift& &Sif;jyjcif;onf/ pdwf0g'
t& &Sif;jyjcif;ESifh ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qefusif
um kyf0wKonf yxrt&mjzpfI tod
onf 'k w d , t&mjzpf o nf [ k k y f 0 g'u
,lqayonf? pdw0f g'url if;t,ltqESihf
ajzmif h a jzmif h } uD ; qef usif _ yD ; tod o nf
yxrt&m/ kyf0wKonf 'kwd,t&m[lI
,l q onf ? vl r + a &;ork d i f ; vuf a wG ES i f h
0dZmynm. atmifjrifr+rsm;u rmhufpf0g'
tbd " rR m k y f 0 g'. 0d Z m enf ; usr+ E S i f h
awmfvSefr+ukd oufaoxljy&ef/ tbd"rRm
pdw0f g'. 0dZm enf;rusr/+ azmufjyefrw
+ kd ukd
oufaojyaeayonf? rmhufpf0g'tbd"rRm
kyf0g'onf vltzJGtpnf;&Sd wdk;wufaom
tif t m;pk r sm;/ oef ; aygif ; rsm;pG m aom
vkyfom;jynfolrsm;. awG;ac:r+ tvHawmf
jzpf o nf ? tbd " rR m pd w f 0 g'url urB m
a[mif ; . azmuf j yef y suf p D ; aeaom
tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf tvkyftau|; yae
ayonf? tbd"rRme,fy,fwGif *kd%f;ESpf
*dk%f;. wdkufyJGonf vlwef;pm;wdkufyJGukd
a&mifjyef[yfjcif;jzpfI wd;k wufrE+ iS hf azmuf
jyef r + t -um;/ 0d Z m ynmES i f h tarS m if
tiftm;pkt-um;&Sd wkdufyJGukd a&mifjyef
[yfjcif; jzpfonf?
'kwd,ed*kH;?
rmh u f p f 0 g'. tbd " rR m k y f 0 g'
onf 0dZmynmESifh vlr+a&;vufawG.
}uD;rm;aom atmifjrifrr+ sm;ukd trSD yvsuf

jynfolhtm%m
toufonf oufrJht&mrsm;udk umv&Snf-umpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+rS ay:xGufvmaomt&m jzpfonf[lonfh oabmw&m;t&/
vufawGt& }uD;rm;aom t"dy`m,f&Sdonfh ed*kH;ukd &&SdcJhayonf?
urBmay:wGif toufonf vkdtyfaom ta-umif;tcsuftm;vkH; jzpfay:vmaomtcgY ay:aygufvmayonf? xdka-umifh
ouf&Sdt&monf oufrJht&m jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+rS w&m;ESifhukdufnDpGm ay:xGufvmaomt&mjzpfonf? xdka-umifh p-um0Vmudk
zefqif;aom wefc;kd t}uD;qk;H ocifta-umif;ESihf ywfoufI pdw0f g'u wefqmqif_yD; ajymqkcd sut
f m;vk;H onf 0dZm ynm tajctjrpf
vkH;0r&Sday? if;wdkonf vlvlcsif;aoG;pkyfr+tay: tajcpkdufonfh aovkqJqJ yduJGvmjcif;ESifh ykyfokd;aqG;ajrhvmjcif;wkd. tusKd;quf
jzpf_yD; pepfa[mif;urBma[mif;rS ay:xGufvmonfht&m jzpfonf?
wwd,ed*kH;?
igwdktmkHcHpm;r+ tm;vkH;. a&aomufjrpfonf igwdk.todrS trSDcdkuif;pGm wnf&Sdaeonfhkyf0wK jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfum;
pdwf"mwftjcif;t&monf kyf0wKu cE<mukd,ftmkHt*Fgrsm;udk *,ufkdufonfh tusKd;oufa&mufr+ jzpfonf? t"dy`m,frSm pdwf0g'
ajymqkdcsuftm;vkH;rSm vkH;0yif 0dZmynm tajctjrpf r&Sday?
pwkwed*kH;?
todonf xl;jcm;pGm pnf;kH;xm;aom ouf&Sdkyf0wK. *k%ft*Fg&yf jzpfonf? todonf vltzJGtpnf; umv&Snf-um
pGm jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r+rS ay:xGufvmaom t&mjzpfonf? &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdaom tvkyfyrlv+yf&Sm;r+ESifh toHxGufaom bmom
pum;wdkonf vljzpfrnfhvl0Hukd vltjzpfokd ajymif;vJvm&mY tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tajccHtcsufESpfcsuf jzpfonf? tvkyfonf
vlom;udk zefwD;cJhonf? OD;a%Smufonf awG;ac:r+.t*Fg jzpfonf? awG;ac:r+onf OD;a%Smuf.pGrf;&nf jzpfonf? xdka-umifh
awG;ac:r+ESifh OD;a%Smuft-um; rnfonfhqufpyfr+r# r&Sd[laom pdwf0g'orm;rsm;. ajymqdkcsufrsm;onf obm0rusaom r[kwf
r[wf ajymqkdcsufrsm; jzpfonf? if;onf wu,fh0dZmynmESifh enf;enf;r# rwlacs?
yred*kH;?
bmompum;ESifh awG;ac:r+onf wckESifhwck rcJGcGmEdkifavmufatmif qufoG,fae_yD; wckukdwck t_rJwrf; tjyeftvSef
yrloufa&mufayonf? bmompum;onf awG;ac:r+udk azmfjyaom ud&d,mjzpf_yD; vlrsm;t-um;Y awG;ac:r+udk owfrSwf&efESifh
azmfjy&efenf;em jzpfonf? bmompum; tcsuftvuf rygaom Avm[if;vif; awG;ac:r+onf b,fawmhrS r&Sday? &Sdvnf;r&SdEdkifacs?
xkda-umifh awG;ac:r+ESifh bmompum;udk cJGypfonfh pdwf0g'orm;wdk ajymqkdcsufrsm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ukd tvkyftau|;y_yD;
0dZmynmESifh enf;enf;r#rwlay?

urBm}uD;wnfSdr+[m xrf;ydk;xm;olwpHkwa,muf Sd&r,fqdkwJh =

tajccHtm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;wJh oabmw&m;tajccHeJ pOf;pm;wJhtcgu vloef}uD;u
xrf;/ vdyu
f xrf; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? vl odk r[kwf vdyu
f aum b,fay:&yfaeovJqw
dk m
qufawG;awmh vHk;csmvnfukefawmhwmyJ? wefcdk;Sifjzpfvdkjzpf/ vdyfay:vdyfqifh_yD;
vdyfoHo&mrqHk;wm jzpfvdkjzpf/ a,mif0g;0g;jzpfukefrSmyJ? trSefw&m;eJ -umav
a0;av jzpfrSmyg?
oabmw&m;tajccH rS e f u ef w J h t cgusawmh od y ` H e nf ; usprf ; oyf r +
jzpfvm_yD; ud&d,mopfeJ prf;oyfav trSefw&m;ydkawGavav jzpfvmygw,f?
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r; ( ,m,D ) . Edik if aH &;tpD&ifcpH m/
f ( 15 ) &uf?
1994 ckEpS /f -o*kwv

37

abm*aA' a[ma\ymcsuf
a[ma=ymcsuf ( 6 ) rStquf

jy\em ( 2 )?
t&if;.vSnfhywfr+?
t&if;.vSnfhywfr+ESifh vSnfhywf
r+tcsdef? t&if;.vnfywfr+onf w}udrf
vnfywfkHjzifh &yfqdk if;oGm;onfr[kwf?
vnfywfr+wck _yD;qkH;_yD;aemuf/ aemufxyf
vnfywfr+wck jzpfyGm;um t&if;v+yf&Sm;
r+. vSnfhywfr+tcsdefrsm; ay:aygufvm
ayonf? t&if;. vnfywfr+ukd oD;jcm;
uif;uGmaom tjzpftysuftjzpf oabm
rxm;bJ / umvyk d i f ; jzpf p Of taeES i f h
xGufay:vmonfhtcg if;ukdt&if;. vSnfh
ywfr+[k ac:ayonf [k rmhufpfu qkdcJh
onf?
vSnfhywfr+ jzpfpOftwGif;wGif
t&if;onf xkwfvkyfa&;e,fy,fESifh vSnfh
vnfa&; e,fy,frsm;ukd jzwfoef;&onf?
xkwfvkyfa&; e,fy,ftwGif; t&if;wnf&Sd
aom tcsd e f u k d t&if ; . xk w f v k y f a &;
tcsdef[k ac:onf? vSnfhvnfa&; e,fy,f
twG i f ; wnf & S d a omtcsd e f u k d t&if ; .
vSnfhvnfa&; tcsdef[kac:onf?
xkwfvkyfa&; tcsdeftwGif;wGif
tvkyfjzpfpOf. tcsdefonfvnf; tusKH;0if
onf ? ok d jzpf I xk w f v k y f a &;tcsd e f E S i f h
tvk y f c sd e f o nf wxyf w nf ; r[k w f a y?
xkwfvkyfcsdefonf tvkyfcsdefxuf ykd&Snf
onf? tvkyfcsdef tenf;ESifhtrsm;udk xkwf
vkyfa&;u. vuQ%mu OD;pGmqkH;jzwf
38

ayonf? Oyrm csnfiifpufkHu aepOf wpkH

w&m yrm%&S d a om 0g*G r f ; uk d csnf j zpf f
atmif xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonf? okdaomf
rD;&xm;pufacgif;kHu rD;&xm;pufacgif;
wckvkH;udk xkwfvkyfEkdif&ef &ufq,ftcsKd
apmifhqkdif;&ayonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh pufkH
. twwfynm a&csdefu qkH;jzwfayonf?
xkwfvkyfaom ypPnf;trsKd;tpm;wlygu
twwf y nm a&csd e f j rif h a om puf k H .
tvk y f c sd e f t yd k i f ; tjcm;onf wk d a wmif ;
onf? twwfynm a&csed ef rd ahf om puf.
Hk
tvkyfcsdef tykdif;tjcm;onf &Snfavonf?
tcsKdaom xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;Y tvkyf
ypf r S w f o nf obm0jzpf p Of . -oZm
oufr+ukd cH&onf? TumvtwGif;wGif
if;.t*Fg&yfwGif lyaA'qdkif&m/ "mwkaA'
qdkif&mESifh tjcm;ajymif;vJr+rsm; jzpfay:
apayonf? TtcsdefrsKd;Y tvkyfjzpfpOf
onf wck v k H ; ok d r[k w f wpd w f w yk d i f ;
tm;jzifh &yfpJoGm;ayonf? Oyrm t&uf
azmufaomjzpfpOfESifh opfyifrsm; aygufzGm;
aom jzpfpOfonf TuJhodkaom xkwfvkyf
a&; tcsdefyifjzpfonf? Oyrm pyg;oD;ESHrsm;
pkdufysKd;&mwGif ysKd;}uJonfhtcsdefrS &dwfodrf;
onfhtxd tvkyfjzpfpOfrSm vkH;0vkdvkdyif
&yfpJoGm;ayonf? xkwfvkyfa&; tcsdefonf
ukef-urf;rsm;udk okdavSmifcsdefvnf; yg0if
onf? xkwfvkyfa&;ukd ykHrSeftmrcHEdkif&ef
twGuf rnfonfh xkwfvkyfa&; uYrqkd

wpkHw&m yrm%&Sdaom ukef-urf;rsm;udk

okdavSmif&ef vdktyfayonf? tcsKdaom
ursm;Y ukef-urf;rsm;udk &moDtvdkuf
xk w f v k y f a oma-umif h (Oyrm ok d ; arG ; /
aq;&Guf) okdavSmifcsdefonf ykdI-umav

?
onf
t&if;vSnfhvnfa&; tcsdefonf
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39

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43

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44

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45

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twWvEdwfork'N&m wzufwcsufESifh
tm&Swkduf/ -opa-w;vsEdkifiHwdkY
tm;upm;ukd -unfh+r+ESifh aiGa-u;
okH;pJGr+wdkudk t}uD;tus,f
ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhonf? urBmESifhcsDaom
-oZmta-umif;ukd ajym&mwGif
urBmhabmvkH;tzJGcsKyfOuUX
bvufwmESifh tdkvHypfaumfrwDOuUX
qmrm&efcsfwdkyif olukdrrD-uay?
'guawmh 2000 ckESpf/ rwfv
27 &ufxkwf *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmrS
aumufEkwfcsuf jzpfygw,f?
'Dowif;pmu pOfay;xm;wJh
pm&if;xJrSm tm;upm;0goem&Sifrsm;/
pmzwfolrsm; txdtawGrsm;wJh
eHrnfwcsKd xkwfEkwfjyygr,f?
1? l;ywfrm;a'gcf = rD'D,molaX;}uD;?
2? qufbvufwm =
urBmhabmvkH;tzJGcsKyf OuUX?
3? [GrftefwkdeD,dkqmrm&efcsf =
EddkifiHwumtkdvHypfaumfrwD OuUX?
4? vD,kdumhcf = *smr%DrS
rD'D,molaX;}uD;?
5? wufwmem = pDtifeftifef (CNN)
46

owif;Xmeukd wnfaxmifol
wOD;vnf;jzpf/ (AOL)
wdkif;0gemrD'D,mvkyfief;}uD;.
'kOuUXvnf;jzpfw,f?
6? zDvfEkduf = EkdufuD (NIKE) ac:
urBmht}uD;qkH; tm;upm;tokH;taqmif
ypPnf;ukr`%D}uD;. OuUX?
7? vJeuf*sKd[efqif = Oa&my
abmvkH;tzJGcsKyf OuUX?
15? qDvfAD,kdbmvlpudkeD = tDwvDEkdifiH
atpDrDveftoif; OuUX?
17? csm;vfpfzk = urBmESifht0Srf;
udkumukdvmrS }uD;rSL;usif;yaom
tm;upm;yJGrsm;. wm0efcH?
24? a&mbwf'a&;zwfpf =
tuf'D'wfpfukr`%D}uD;. OuUX?
40? z&ifhbufuifabm0g; =
*smr%DabmvkH;tzJGcsKyf OuUX?
44? rkdufu,fa*smf'ef =
,ciftar&duefa-u;pm;
bwfpuufabmorm;/
,cktoif;ykdif&Sif?
46? 'Gefuif; = vufa0SyJGpDpOfol?
48? wdkuf*g;0k'fpf = a*gufoD;dkuform;?
49? ,D;ef*sL;yGef =
Oa&myabmvkH;avmurS urBmausmf
abmhpreftr+udk
Edkifatmifvdkufay;ola&Sae?
'Dpm&if;-unfhvdkuf&ifukdyJ
b,fvkdyk*d~KvfawGu
tm;upm;avmuukdk
csKyfukdifxm;EdkdifovJqdkwm ykHay:ygw,f?
eHygwfwpf tqifh&xm;wJh yk*d~Kvf[m
urBmay:rSm tatmifjrifqkH; a-u;pm;

uvyfoif; refcsufpwm,lEkdufwuf
toif;ukdawmif
aiGeJayguf0,fxm;vkdufEkdifolyg? aiGu
tm;upm;ukd a&Saqmifaeygw,f?
r-umcifuyJ ouU&mZf 2006
ckESpf/ urBmhzvm;ydifyJGtdrf&Siftjzpf
*smr%Dudk a&G;cs,fvkdufygw,f?
trsm;pku &r,fxifxm;wJh
awmiftmz&duEdkifiH 1 rJeJ
ta&;edrfhoGm;ygw,f?
awmiftmz&duEdkifiHukd
rJay;zkdvkyfxm;wJh tdk&Sif;eD;,m;EkdifiHawG
ukd,fpm;y ukd,fpm;vS,fu rJray;bJ
a&SmifxGufoGm;ygw,f? _cdrf;ajcmufcH&vkd
vkd qkdygw,f?
aqmif;&moD
tkdvHypftdrf&Siftjzpf aqmhvdwfpD;wD;
(Salt Lake City ) rd ta&G;cH&atmif
vmbfaiG,l_yD; rJay;cJhwJh
tkdvHypfaumfrwD0ifawGukd
ta&;,lvkduf&ygw,f?
,ckusif;yawmhr,fh ouU&mZf
2000 tdkvHypftdrf&Sifjzpfzdk yDuif;eJ
qpf'eD ,SOfydifyJGrSmvnf;
jy\emay:cJhygao;w,f?
csKyfvkduf&if
tm;upm;rSmvnf; vmbfxkd;wm/
_cdrf;ajcmufwmawG &Sdaeygw,f?
zGHzd;_yD;EkdifiHawGu urBmhpD;yGm;a&;wifru
tm;upm;rSmyg zGHzd;pwkdif;jynfawGtay:
tcGifhta&;,laewm awGEkdifygw,f?
+H;onfEkdifonfxuf =
yg0if,SOfydifjcif;omt"du qkdwJh
tkdvHypfaqmifyk'f[m tdrf&SifEdkifiHtjzpf

jynfolhtm%m
usif;ycGifh &a&;rSmyg tusKH;0if aeovm;rod/ qif;&JEdkifiHrsm;om vkdufem&rnfh
aqmifyk'fvkd jzpfaeygw,f? tkdvHypfoduQmukd aiGeJ0,fvdk&ae_yD qkdwJhoabmyg?
tm;upm;rSm tqifhtwef; &SdcJhzl;wJh Armjynf&J tajctaeuaum =
= ta&Sawmiftm&S tqifhrSmawmif jrufpm;vkdufae&wm
-umyg_yD?
= Armhtm;upm;tay: -oZm&Sdol b,fESa,muf &SdygovJ?
(csKyfvkduf&if = wa,mufyJawGygw,f)
= tm;upm;a&Sa&;uaum =
ArmjynfrSm rm;a'gvdk oluG,f}uD;rsm; ay:xGef;aeyg_yD/
odef;&mcsDvSLolyif &Sdvmyg_yD? vkdtyfonfrsm; !ef-um;vkduf&if xyfvnf;vSL-u&OD;
rSmyg? a&Sa&;ukdawmh apmifh-unfh&ygvdrfhr,f?
usef;rma&;eJ ywfoufwJh tqifhrSmawmh tpGrf;jycJhyg_yD? ?

wdkwdkxGmxGm

47

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jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efzufqpf0g'

e,fcsJ qefusiaf &;

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zufqpfpepfta-umif;

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Armjynfqikd &f mowif; ( 2 ) yk'f

20

xd;k om;rsm;rsm;&atmifvyk af ewJ'h ikd cf sKyf

25

taemufr;kd ukypf uf0ikd ;f qDu

30

tbd"rRmydk cscsuf

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abm*aA'a[majymcsuf

38

Edik if w
H uma&;&mwdw
k x
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42

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
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