acwf+ydKifwnf&rSd _ ordik ;f (1848

(1848 rS ,ae@acwf)
acwf+ydKif acwfumvrsm;wGif c&pf,mef toif;awmf. ordik ;f udk 1848 ck awmfveS af &;rS ,ae@acwfxd umvudk
owfrSwfayonf?

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S ifyg,mtwGi;f rS &k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf

armfpudk u&ifrvifrS toif;awmf. yHk

&k&S atmfodak 'gh toif;awmfonf &k&t S ifyg,mtwGi;f wGif txl;tcGi&fh ae&mY &Scd Jhayonf? atmf odka'g0h g'/
oufO;D qHyidk 0f g'ESifh vlom;tusKd ;jyK0g' Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Populism [k aemufyidk ;f &k&t S ifyg,mwGif
aqmify'k t
f jzpfyif az:jyv#u&f aSd yonf? 18 &mpk yDwm. toif;awmf jyKjyifajymif;vJ;jcif;tm;jzifh toif;awmf
onf Zmbk&m. xde;f csKyfr_atmufY &Sad ecJhayonf? ‚. tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m udk,x f nfrmS tjrifhjrwfq;Hk aom
oHCmpk jzpfI/ Zmbk&ifu oludk,w f dkif bdoduof eG f; w&m;0if cef@tyfayonf?

toif;awmfonf trsKd ;rsKd ;aom &yfpzD Dau;&Si;f russification 0g'jzef@csaD &;rsm;Y yg0ifcJhI/ *sL;qef@usif a&;
tpDtpOfY yg0if ywfoufcJhonf[k pGypf GJc&H ayonf? qD;rdu k f qef@usifa&;ESifh *sL;qef@usiaf &; tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
toif;awmf taejzifh wdu k &f dkuyf g0if ywfoufcJha=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; rawG@ &acs? rsm;pGmaom &k&S
atmfodka'gh bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;ESifh obm&ifh 0gpOf}uD;olrsm;u *sL;wdk@tm; ESyd pf uf n‡i;f yef;r_udk yGiyfh iG v
fh if;vif; ckcHcI
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P m; tenf;qH;k taejzifh 19 &mpk. 'kw, d xuf0ufyidk ;f wGif awG@&ayonf? toif;awmftaejzifh *sL;
bmom0ifwdk@tm; xdkodk@ jyKrlr_ w&m;0iftm;jzifhvnf; r&Scd Jhacs?

toif;awmfonf aus;vufawmom;rsm; tay:Y tcGefaumufc&H ef cGijfh yKcJah yonf?

toif;awmftm; Zmbk&if.vlrsm;uJhodk@yif abmfcsAD pfEiS fh tjcm;aom &k&aS wmfveS af &; orm;rsm;u &efot
l jzpf
&_jrifowfrw
S jf cif;udk cH&ayonf?

qdAk ,
D uf ,le,
D t
H wGi;f rS &k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf
&k&S atmfodka'gh toif;awmfonf atmufwb dk mawmfvSeaf &;+yD;aemuf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG f wyfjzLawmf ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gucf aJh yonf? Ttcsi;f t&ma=umifh aemufyidk ;f wGif abmfcsAD pfrsm;. rvdrk ek ;f xm;r_ udk cHc&Jh ayonf? vDeif.
uGejf rLepf tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJ@onf bmoma&;qdik &f m udprP sm;wGif =um;ae0g' rwnf&Sd Edik af oma=umifh ‚taejzifh

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toif;awmftm; u&k%mrJah =umif; jyo&rnf jzpfonf? vDeif. ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; todik f;t0dik ;f wGif toif;
awmftwGuf ae&m[lI r&Sad cs?

atmufwb dk mawmfveS af &; rwdik rf ESD iS fh +yD;aemuf 1917 Ed0k ifbm 7 &uf (jyuQ'ed af [mif; t& atmufwdk bm 12
&uf)wGif qdAk D,uf ,leD,t H wGi;f uGejf rLepf tkycf sKyfr_atmuf urBmwpfcv k Hk; nD!w G =f u&ef v_y&f mS ;r_ wpfck
jzpfcaJh yonf? xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_wiG f Oa&my ta&S@ydik ;f abmfvuefa'o wdik ;f jynfrsm; yg0ifcJh ayonf? tcsKd @aom qvAf
wdik ;f jynfrsm;onf olwdk@. wdik ;f &if;om; toif;awmfrsm;ESifh wdik ;f &ifom; &d;k &mtarGrsm;rSm cdkirf mpGm csnf
aESmif+yD;om; jzpfI/ olwdk@vlxak &m toif;awmfrsm;yg tm;vH;k onf qdAk D,uf. ypfrSwrf sm; jzpfcaJh yonf?
bmoma&;ESiyfh wfoufI qdAk D,uf. w&m;0if &yfwnfrr_ mS “bmoma&;vGwv f yfcGiEfh iS fh oD;cHem;vnfay;jcif;” [k
jzpfaomfvnf;/ Edik if Hawmfonf odyeH̀ nf;us trSew f &m;udkom vufcaH ponfh bk&m;rJ0h g'udk xlaxmifcJhayonf?
bk&m;rJ0h g'tm; a0zefjcif;tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef wm;jrpfxm;+yD; wcgw&H axmif'%fc&H jcif;yif &Sad yonf?

qdAk , D uf ,leD,Honf r#waom t,ltq tawG;tac:ESifh bmoma&;qdik &f m txGÉt f xdy&f Sdaom a&S;OD;
Edik if wH pfEdkiif H jzpfcJhayonf? xdt
k &mrsm; tqH;k owfap&ef/ uGejf rLepftpdk;&onf toif;awmf. ydik fqidk rf r_ sm;udk
jynfoyl idk f odr;f jcif;/ bmomw&m;tm; oa&mfavSmifajymifjcif;/ ,H=k unforl sm;tm; taESmift h ,Suaf y;jcif;/
pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif bk&m;rJ0h g'tm; a[majymjzef@csDjcif;rsm; jyKvkycf aJh yonf? bmomw&m;tay:Y ta&;
,lrr_ sm;&Sad omfvnf;/ Edik fiaH wmf. tusKd ;twGuf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwrf _ t aumif;qH;k aom bmomw&m;rsm;udk
w&m;r0if a=ujimjcif; r&Scd Jhacs? atmfodak 'gh bke;f }uD;rsm;ESifh ,Hk =unforl sm;tm; ta&;,lenf; tcsKd @rSm uGyrf sufjcif;/
ESyd pf ufjcif;/ axmifoiG ;f tus^;f csjcif;/ &Jbufodk@ ydk@jcif;/ pdwZW aq;&Hok dk@ ydk@jcif;rsm;yif jzpf.? tusKd ;qufa=umifh
toif;awmftm; n‡i;f yef;cH&aom/ tmZmenf toif;awmf[k ajymif;vJ jzpfwnfvmcJh.? abmf&ASD pfawmfveS fa&;+yD;
yxr 5 ESpfwiG f oif;tkyq f &mawmf 28 yg;ESifh bke;f awmf}uD; 1200 uGyrf sucf cH &Jh .?

u,fwif&iS f c&pfawmf (uufo',f armfpud)k jyefvnf wnfaqmuf+yD;yHk

1920ESifh 1930 bmoma&; qef@usirf _ vHa_ qmfjcif;. t"du ypfrw S rf mS ,H=k unfold vlO;D a& trsm;qH;k jzpfaom &k&S
atmfodka'gh toif;awmfyif jzpf.? ‚. tm;vH;k eD;yg;aom bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;ESifh ,H=k unf olrsm;rSm ypfowfc&H jcif;
odk@r[kwf &Jbufpcef;odk@ tydk@cH&jcif;rsm; jzpfcJ.
h ? bmoma&; t,ltq qdik &f m ausmif;rsm;tm; tydwcf &H ./
toif;awmf. yHEk Sdyx
f kwaf 0r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfc&H .? 1927 rS 1940 ckEpS tf wGi;f &k&t
S oif;awmf bk&m;ausmif;aygif;
29584rS 500 atmufodk@ av#mhuscJ&h .? xdk 1927 rS 1940 ckEpS t f wGi;f atmfoadk 'gh bke;f }uD; 130000 tzrf;cH&.?

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‚rS 95000 rSm ao'%fay;cH&.? Zmom zvd&k ifpuDrmS T tmZmenf topfrsm; pm&if;wGif wpfyg;
tygt0ifjzpf.?

1941 ckEpS f emZD*smr%DrS qdAk ,D uf,el , D t

H m; wdkucf dku+f yD;aemuf/ *sKd ;Zif pwmvifonf ppfyGJtwGuf rsKd ;cspfrsm;
pkaqmif;ay;&ef &k&S atmfodka'gh toif;awmftm; jyefvnf &Sio f efcGiafh y;cJh.? 1957 ckEpS fwiG f &k&S atmfoakd 'gh
toif;awmf bk&m;ausmif;aygi;f 22000 onf jyefvnf &Sio f efvmcJh.? odk@aomf 1959 ckEpS fwiG f eDuDwm
u&kcsufonf ol. yGJO;D xGuf 0g'jzef@csrD _ taejzifh toif;awmftm; qef@usifI/ bk&m;ausmif;aygi;f 12000 udk
t"rRywd yf if ypfcJh.? 1985 ckEpS fwiG f bk&m;ausmif;aygif; 7000 atmuf wGifom &Scd I Jh / toif;awmf.
0gpOfud,
k fxnf bke;f }uD;rsm;rSm axmifcsc&H jcif;/ odk@r[kwf t"rR xkwf yg,fc&H jcif;wdk@ jzpfcJh.? olwdk@.ae&mrsm;wGif
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qdAk ,D uf ,le,D t
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toif;awmfrS vkyaf qmifonfh tv_'getm; jzef@jzL;jcif;/ vlrz_ v l aHk &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk Edik if H awmfrS vufvJ$,lvkdujf cif;
wdk@ jzpfayonf? yk*~vu d ydik f ypPn;f tm;vH;k ESifh toif;awmfyidk rf sm;udk jynfol vlxk oH;k &ef jynfoyl ikd f
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0wfjyKqkawmif;Edik &f ef cGijfh yKay;xm;aomfvnf; Edkiif aH wmfyidk [
f k owfrSwf xm;ayonf? Edik if Hawmftaejzifh
taxGaxG ynma&;twGuf &HyHkaiGawmifhwif;vmaom tcg/ toif;awmf. ynma&;0efaqmifciG /fh uav;rsm;
twGuf vufry_ nmrsm; oif=um;cGifh ausmif; rsm;udk cGifhrjyKawmhacs? t&G,af &mufolrsm; twGuo f m bk&m;
ausmif;ESifh qufpyfaom tvkyrf sm;udk vkyfuidk Ef idk fonfh avhusifhoifwef;rsm;udkom cGifhjyKxm;ayonf?
bke;f }uD;&[ef; vlwef;pm;/ bmoma&; ausmif;/ avhvma&; tkypf /k we*FaEG ausmif;/ bmoma&; yHEk ySd x f kwaf 0jcif;
tm;vH;k onf w&m;r0if odk@r[kwf wm;jrpfxm;jcif;udk cH&ayonf? TESyd u f yG rf r_ sm;rSm pwmvif uG,fveG +f yD; 1991
ck qdAk D,uf ,leD,H +ydKuGJcsed t f xd qufvuf&SdaecJah yonf? qdAk D,uf ,le, D H +ydKuGJ+yD;aemufwiG f bk&m;rJ0h g'
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&Sad yonf?

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f ufpyfcJhI/ txl;ojzifh
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yky&f [ef; ydik ;f ,mhpf (11) u ruf b&ifeef'g aqmh*sf wGif a=ujimxkwfxm;onfrSm T zufqpf tpd;k &onf
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&Sad eonf” [k jzpf.? ol@a=ujimcsufwGif “emrfyidk f; qdik f&m tm;jzifh (c&pf,mefrsm;) tm;vH;k onf qDrdkurf sm;

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jzpf=u./” emZDtm; c&pf,mef urBm}uD;. *d% k ;f csKyf}uD; tjzpf bGJ@ay;xm;ay.? (a,&_tm; owfcJhaom *sL;wd@k .
bke;f }uD;bGJ@ &Afbidk f csKyf}uD; tjzpf bGJ@ay;xm;jcif; yif)?

umodv k pf ya&m[dwrf sm;rSm xde;f odr;f a&; pcef;rsm;Y *sL;rsm;ESifh twl uGyrf sufc&H ./ Oyrm tm;jzifh umodkvpf
ya&m[dwf 2600 tm; 'ghucf |m Dachau wGif axmif'%fay;cH&+yD; xdt k euf 2000 rSm uGyrf sufc&H .? xd@k jyif
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bke;f awmf}uD;onf *sL;rsm;udk u,fcJhaom aus;Zl;a=umifh 1945 ckEpS fwiG f umodv k pf c&pf,mef xJo@kd
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jcif;xuf umodkvpf toif;awmf. u,fwifcrJh u _ ydrk dk rsm;jym;onf” [k 0efcH xGufqcdk Jh ayonf?

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‚onf yky&f [ef;rif; ydik ;f ,mhpf (11)tm; uGm'&m*pfqrD dk tefEdk Quadragesimo Anno udk tod trSwjf yKapaom
pHjy Edik if Ha&; orm; jzpfayonf?

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pGef@cGmvmaom atmfodak 'gh xkwnftjzpf jzpfwnfvmcJhayonf? wzef abmf&ASD pf awmfveS af &;a=umifhvnf; &k&S
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tm;vH;k eD;yg;udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ud,
k pf m;jyKI awG@&ayonf?

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