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jynfrsm;onf/ Oa&myESifh E_id ;f ,SOv f #if acwfrw
SD ;dk wufr_ tm;enf;aea=uif; olwdk@udk,fow l dk@ awG@&Sv
d mayonf?
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aexdik forl sm;udk 0ifxGucf iG fjh yKxm;rsm;onf tpPvmrfwidk f;jynfwdk@tm; tajymif;tvJ jyKvky&f ef wGe;f tm;ay;ouJho@kd
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atmfwrdk if tifyg,m arS;rSed o

f mG ;jcif;
jynfwiG ;f yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh 19 &mpk tukeyf idk f;wGif atmfwrdk if tifyg,monf pwif ,kwaf vsmhvmcJo h nf? yxr
urBmppfwiG f olwdk@onf *smr%DbufrS &yfwnf&ef qk;H jzwfcJhI/ xdpk pf}uD;wGif *smrefonf ppf&;_H oGm;aoma=umifh ol
wdk@. A[dt k m%mrSmvnf; +zdKcGJcHvdku&f ayonf? xdjk zpf&yfonf wl&uD vlrsKd ;a&;acgif;aqmif twmwmhuf urmvf
yg&mS ;tm; tm%mudk &&Sad p&ef wdku&f dkuf wGe;f tm;ay;cJjh cif; jzpfomG ;ayonf? yxrurBmppf +yD;aomtcg atmfwrkd if
tifyg,m. tºuif;tusef tydik f;onfyif Oa&my em,ursm;. =unf&h j_ cif;atmufY usyx f kwpf nf; cHvkdu&f ay
awmhonf? atmfwrdk ifwdk@. vufatmufcrH sm;jzpfaom ,ckacwf tvfab;eD;,m;/ abmhpef ;D ,m;/ [mAD*Zkd ;D em;/
blvaf *;&D;,m;/ tD*sp/f *&d/ tD&wf/ vufbEGe/f rGefweD *D &d;k / &dak r;eD;,m;/ aqmf't
D ma&AD;,m;/ qmAD;,m;/ qD;&D;,m;/
a*sm'f ef/ wl&uDEiS fh abmvfuef wdik ;f jynfrsm;/ ajrmuf tmz&duwdki;f jynfrsm;ESifh yifv,feuf. ajrmufbufyikd f;
wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;. =oZmcHrsm; jzpfomG ;awmhonf?

rsm;pGmaom rlqvif wdki;f jynfrsm;onf Oa&my Edik if aH &;ykpH H tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh trsKd ;om;a&; 0g'udk arG;pm;
vufuidk fjyK&ef enf;em&Sm}uHI rlqvifurBmodk@ xd;k 0ifvmcJhonf? tD*sp/f qD;&D;,m;ESifh wl&uDuJhodk@ Edkiif rH sm;onf
olwdk@. Edik if aH &; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pnf;=uyfaom rl0g'rsm; csrw S fum olwdk@jynforl sm;. =um;Y trsKd ;om;a&;
*k%o f dumQ tjzpf cdik rf mvmatmif }udK;yrf;=uonf? tD&wfuo Jh dk@ tjcm;aom Edik if rH sm;wGif ESp&f Snv
f rsm; bmoma&;
*d% k ;f rsm;t=um; wif;rmr_/ rlqvifEiS fh rlqvif r[kwo f rl sm;t=um; }udKwifq;Hk jzwfaom pdwjf zifh r,HkouFmr_rsm;
cdik rf maeI trsKd ;om; nD!w G rf u
_ dk &,l&ef cufcJvaS yonf?

wl&uD/ tD*spf/ b*Fvma'h&/Sf tif'edk ;D &Sm; wdk@uJhodk@ tcsKd @aom rlqvif wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm bmoma&;ESihf Edik fiaH &;udk
oD;jcm;xm;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazG=u+yD;/ aqmf't D ma&AsEidk firH mS xdrk S oD;jcm;jzpfayonf? ‚rSm tpPvmrfomoem
oef@pifa&;qdkaom aqmify'k fjzifh 0g[mbD 0g'udk vufcu H m 0g[mbD tpPvmrf bmoma&;Edik if aH wmf tjzpf &yfwnf
ayonf?

tdE,
Nd udk cGJpw
d jf crf;jzmjcif;
tdE, Nd udk cGJpw d fjcrf;jzmjcif; qdkonfrmS 1947 ckEpS f =o*kwv
f wGif tdENd,ESifh ygupPwef[I l tcsKyftjcmydik af om
ESpEf idk if H ay:aygufvmjcif;udk &nf!e$ ;f ayonf? +Adwo d #u vGwfvyfa&; owfrSwf vdkuaf omtcg ,cifu +Adwo d #-
&mh*sf a'otm; ESpfjynfwpfjynf pmcsKyftygt0if ESpEf idk fit H jzpf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvdkuaf yonf? xdpk mcsKyft&
txl;ojzifh yef*syEf iS fh ba*Fga'owdk@onf ygupPwef[k jzpfvmcJah yonf?

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1947 wGif tdENd,udk cGJjcrf;+yD; jzpfay:vmaom ygupPwefonf urBmh rlqvif trsm;qH;k Edik if jH zpfI 'kwd, urBmppf
vGef umv urBmh q,fEdkiif aH jrmuf t}uD;qH;k Edik if H jzpfcaJh yonf? 1971 ck ESpfwiG f aoG;ajrus ppfyGJ}uD;jzpfI ba*Fg
jynfe,fonf b*Fvma'h&t Sf jzpf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom Edkiif jH zpfcaJh yawmhonf?

,ae@wGif ygupPwefonf tif'edk ;D &Sm;+yD;v#if 'kw,

d tpPvmrfomomem0if vlO;D a& trsm;qH;k Edik if H jzpfI EsLuvD;
ydik f rlqvifEidk fiH wpfEidk if H jzpfayonf?

tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQ

tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQonf Edkiif aH &;wif;rmr_rsm;ESifh yGiv fh if;pGm &efvrdk r_ sm;udk &mpkEpS cf ef@ =umatmif qGJqef@v#uf
&Sad yonf? acwfopf *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm; (a&0wD bmom0ifrsm;). trsKd ;om;Edik if t H jzpf tpPa&;vf Edik if H xlaxmifrE_ iS hf
tjcm;wpfzufwiG f tm&AfEidk if rH sm;ESifh vlrsKd ;wl ygvufpwdik f; vlrsKd ;wdk@tm; udk,yf idk ef ,fajr aysmufq;Hk apr_ jzpf&yf
rsm;rSm xdtk a&;tcif;. t"du aomhcsufwpfck jzpfayonf? xdyk ÉdyuQonf tjriftm;jzifh tm&AfEidk if rH sm;/ tjcm;
rlqvifEdkiif rH sm;ESifh tpPa&;vfwdk@t=um;om ywfoufonf[k xif&aomfvnf; bmoma&;/ vlrsKd ;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_
qufpyfr/_ vl@tcGit fh a&;/ tjcm;aom r[mAsL[musonfh ta&;t&mrsm;a=umifh urBmESit fh 0Sr;f wpfo;D yk*~v
jzpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;vdkujf zpfap ta=umif;aygi;f pHkudk udk,pf m;jyKv#uf yg0if ywfoufaeayonf?
wpfcsKd @uvnf; tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQonf taemufurBmESifh tpPvmrfurBmt=um; wpfppESifh tr_u d fup
jy\'fr;D avmif p&m jzpfvmonf[k oH;k oyf=uI/ tcsKd @rS xdko;Hk oyfcsufudk vufrcHay? rnfodk@qdkap xdyk ÉdyuQ
a=umifh bufEpS b f ufrS axmufcHorl sm;t=um; r=umc%aom tacstwif yÉdurQ sm; urBmESifh t0Sr;f jzpfae&ay
onf?

a&eH "e
1953ESifh 1964 =um;wGif bk&if qtk('f)onf ol@zcif tdAed qtk('f) bk&ifpepfudk jyefvnf pkpnf;+yD; aqmf'D
tma&AD;,m; tkyfcsKyfa&; opfudk zefw;D cJhonf? xdt k yk cf sKyfa&;opfwiG f qufoG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme (1953) pdu k yf sKd ;a&;
ESifh a&oGi;f a&xkw0f ef}uD;Xme (1953)/ avmifpmESifh "gwfqD 0ef}uD;Xme (1960)/ tvkyo f rm;ESifh vlrz_ v
l Hak &; 0ef}uD;
Xme (1962)/ owif;ESijfh yef=um;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme (1963) wdk@yg0ifI/ ol@xuf 29 ESpif ,faom nDi,f wvmv wvmvf udk
o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&; 0efcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfcJ@ayonf?

1958-59 wGif wvmvf u trsKd ;om; aumifpDudk jyKjyifajymif;vnf;&ef tpD&ifcpH m wpfck tqdw k ifoGi;f cJhonf? ol
tpD&ifcH ouJo h dk@ ol. tpD&ifcpH mtm; w&m;0if vkyyf idk cf Gifh r&Sad om aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f a&; ud, k x
f nftjzpf xm;&Scd Jh
onf? ol@tawG;tac:rSm ‚onf tpd;k &udk,fxnfwiG ;f Y vlxkbufrS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@yg0if ywfoufvmEdik &f ef
yxr ajcvSrf;jzpfcJhonf? wvmvf onf ol. tpD&ifcpH mudk tdraf &S@rif;om; jynfyY &Spd Of bk&ifrif;tm; wdku&f u kd f
wifjycJjh cif; jzpfayonf? bk&if qtk('f) onf &d;k &d;k om;om;yif xdt k pD&ifcpH mtm; Edik if .H bmoma&;ynm&Sit f zGJ@
(tkvr† m)tm; wifjyI trsKd ;om;aumifpD zGJ@pnf;jcif;onf tpPvmrfomoemESifh udkun f rD _ &Srd &Sdudk ar;jref;cJ&h m
xdt
k awG;tac:rSm xdkbmoa&; tzGJ@tpnf;wGi;f wGiyf if aysmufuG,fomG ;[ef&aSd yonf/ odk@r[kwf qufvuf ajymqdk
aeaumif;vnf; ajymqdkaeEdik fayonf? ESpfaygi;f oH;k q,f =um+yD;aomfrS xdt k awG;tac:tm; taumiftxnf
az:&ef trsKd ;om;aumifp[ D k 1992 ckEpS w
f iG f pwif ay:aygufvmayawmhonf?

xdt
k awmtwGi;f 1960 wGif avmifpmqD jynfyydk@ Edik if rH sm; tpnf;t&H;k jzpfwnfvmcJhonf? yxr q,fpk od@k r[kwf
xdx
k ufydkI ‚onf wnf+rJcJh+yD; txl;tjzifh tzGJ@0ifEdkiif rH sm;t=um; =oZmoufa&mufcaJh yonf? xdu
k mvwGiyf if

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zdik Zf ,fEiS fh qtk('f)wdk@t=um; wif;rmr_rmS }uD;xGm;vm+yD; aemufq;Hk 1964 ckEpS fwiG f yÉdyuQ aygufuJGawmhonf?
qtk('f)u zdik Zf ,ftm; bk&ifo h ufapmifhwyfjzifh zrf;qD;xm;rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufI/ zdik Zf ,fuvnf; qtk('f)tm; bk&ifh
oufapmifhwyfjzifh zrf;qD;xm;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcaJh yonf? xdyk ÉdyuQwGif qtk('f)onf xD;eef;ypfcGm pGe@f cJI h / udik &f kd
odk@ xGufcmG vmcJhonf/ xdrk S *&dodk@ xGucf mG cJhI 1969 ckEpS fwiG f *&dYyif uG,v
f eG cf aJh yonf? xdk@aemuf zdik Zf ,fonf
bk&ifjzpfvmawmhonf?

1967 (tm&Af tpPa&;vf) ppfyGJu tjcm;aom oufa&mufr_rsm;udk jzpfcJhI/ pl;tufw;l ajrmif;udk ydwfvu dk &f jcif;onf
vufAsm;Y rGerf m&mvf u'gzDudk tm%m&vmapaom awmfveS ;f a&;udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf? xdrk q S ufI ‚onf
(1970)wGif qD;&D;,m;udk jzwfI aqmf't D ma&AD;,m;rS vufbEGefodk@ o,fydk@aom a&eHyu
dk v
f idk f;udk ydwfvkdu&f onf
txd OD;wnfcaJh yonf? xdt k usKd ;w&m;udk vufAsm;u aumif;pGm cHpm;&ayonf/ vufAsm;onf Oa&myod@k a&eH
wifydk@&mwGif ukeu
f sp&dwfoufomaom vrf;qHk jzpfcJhayonf?

1970 wGif aemufcH a&eHurk `%rD sm;ESifh a&eHxGuEf idk if Hrsm; o[Zmwwnfph Gm qufqaH &;xlaxmifr_ jzpfonfh
taemufwidk ;f qdik &f m avmifpmqD oGi;f xkwrf u
_ dk tajccHoabmwlnD tjzpfa&;qGJxm;aom oabmwlnDwpfck
jzpfvm&ef &kww f &u af jymif;vJcaJh yonf? TudpPwiG f u'gzt D pd;k &opfrS awmif;qdkaom a&eHaps;E_e;f wd;k jr‡iahf &;
udpoP nf vGepf mG xda&mufr_ &Scd aJh yonf?

tpPa&;vfEiS fh tdref ;D csi;f Edik if Hwdk@ jzpfaom 1973 ckEpS f ,Geu

f ufyg ppfyGJwiG f a&eHurk % ` Dxyd fo;D rsm;onf AD,ifemod@k
OD;wnfcu
Jh m a&eHxGuEf idk if rH sm; (tdyk uf). acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;r_jyK&ef pDrcH &Jh onf/ tdyk uf acgif;aqmifrsm;u
vufAsm;. awmif;qdkcsuf (a&eHaps; jr‡ifhwifa&;) udk OD;pm;ay; ajymqdv k mcJIh / ppfyGJa=umifh xdkawmif;qdck sufrsm;udk
awmif;qd&k ef ydrk dn
k D!Gwv f mcJah yonf?

1973 ckEpS f tm&Af tpPa&;vf 6 &ufppfyGJwiG f tm&Afwdk@ &H;_ edrjfh cif;onf a&eHjyoemudk cvkyEf Syd v f kdufovdk
jzpfomG ;cJI
h / ‚udk wkef@jyefaomtm;jzifh taemufEidk if rH sm;u tpPa&;vftm; ta&;ay: ulnrD r_ sm; ay;cJjh cif;a=umifh
tpPa&;vfu tD*spEf iS fh qD;&D;,m; ppfwyfudk atmifEidk cf Jhonf? xdk@a=umifh tm&AfurBmu tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf
taemufEdik if rH sm;tm; a&eHwifydk@jcif;udk qef@usicf aJh wmhonf? bk&ifzidk Zf ,fu aqmf't D ma&AD;,m;. a&eHr&S aom
aiGa=u;tm; tpPa&;vfEiS fh xdyq f idk fw;dk ae&aom a&S@wef;rsufEmS pmrS Edik if rH sm;udk axmufy&Hh ef &HyaHk iGtjzpf oabmwl
ay;cJah yonf? wenf;tm;jzifh a&eHudk ta&;ygaom vufESuftjzpf toH;k jyK&ef tcGit fh vrf;&cJah yonf?

avmifpmqD. txl;ta&;ygr/_ tm&Af-tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQESifh Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; r+idrrf oufjzpfrE_ iS fh raocsmao;r_
rsm;onf/ a'owGi;f Edik if aH &; tajctaetm; wif;rmaeqJyif jzpfaeayao;onf?

tD&ef awmfveS af &; ESpcf k

1905 ESifh 1911 =um;wGif tD&efY tajccHOya'qdki&f m awmfveS fa&; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdkawmfveS fa&;onf tD&ef ajr
&Sif pepfudk tqH;k owfapI yg&mS ;wGif ygvDrefpepfudk xlaxmifum &Sm; bk&if. tcsKyftjcm tm%mudk pnf;rsn;f cH
jzpfapcJhayonf? yxrtaejzifh tD&ef. zGJ@pnf;yHu k dk twnfjyKcJah omfvnf;/ aemufq;Hk &Sm;bk&iftay:Y tEdik &f +yD;
aomtcg/ acwfvdku0f g'rD sm;ESifh acwf&;dk 0g'rD sm;t=um; tcsif;csi;f wdu
k cf dkurf _ jzpfyGm;cJ&h mrS awmfveS af &;rSm t[ef@
twm;}uD; jzpfomG ;ayawmhonf? xdk@aemuf yxr urBmppf jzpfvmaomtcg urBmppfwiG f yg0ifaom ESpb f ufv;kH rS
ppfonfrsm;onf tD&efodk@ usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufcJhI tD&eftpd;k &udk tm;enf;csed J@oGm;apum vGwv f yfa&;udyk g +cdr;f
ajcmufvmcJhonf? uGm*sm rif;quf. eef;wGi;f ta&;awmfyjHk zifh &mZm&Sm;zmv0D ;zmv0Donf eef;wufvmI awmfveS af &;

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tusKd ;qufa=umifh jzpfay:vmaom rdZk mhzzf mtk'if&S&mS ;.
; pnf;rsnf;cH bk&ifpepf. tcGit
fh m%mrSm 1925 wGif
tm;enf;vmcJh avawmhonf?

tpPvmrf0g' awmfveS fa&;[k ac:aom 1979 ck tD&efawmfveS af &;onf tD&efEidk fit H m; &Sm;rk[rR'f &mZm zmv0D.
vufatmufwGif &Sad om pnf;rsnf;cH bk&ifpepfrS &S, D m rlqvif acgi;f aqmif t,mwdv k m cdrk ife.
D tkycf sKyfr_
atmufodk@ a&mufum vl}udKufrsm; bmoma&; oDt&dk Dvufuidk fjyK0g' tpPvmrf jynfol@Edik if H jzpfvmcJah yonf?
tD&ef awmfveS af &; +yD;aemuf tpPvmrf0g' jynfol@Edik if H tjzpf twnfjyKaom tpd;k & wufvmaomtcg/ &l[[ f v
kd m
cdrk ifet
D m; tD&ef. t"dywd acgi;f aqmiftjzpf a&G;aumufcaJh yonf? awmfveS fa&;+yD; 2 ESpt f wGi;f o[Zmw
0g'rD sm;/ b,f,dr;f 0g'rD sm;ESifh tpPvmrf tm;oef0g'rD sm; t=um; tcsi;f csi;f wdkucf dkurf r_ sm; jzpfcJhI aemufq;kH wGif
tpPvmrftm;oef0g'rD sm; bufrS vH;k 0tEdik cf aJh yonf? wpfcsed w f nf;wGif tar&duef/ &k&mS ;ESifh ta&S@tv,fyikd ;f rS
tm&AfEidk if tH rsm;pku olwdk@. a'owGi;f tpPvmrfEidk if aH &; tawG;tac:opf. pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG vmI/
q'ef[pl ed t f m; ausmaxmuf aemufcH jyKay;v#uf tD&efEidk fio H dk@ usL;ausmfapcJ&h mrS tD&ef tD&wfppfyGJ jzpfcaJh yonf?

8ESp=f um yifv,fauG@ppfyGJ twGi;f wGif tD&ef-tD&wf ESpb f ufvHk;onf ppfbufqidk &f m enf;ynmrsm;udk v#Kd @0Supf Gm
}udK;yrf;&SmazG=uI/ 1990 wGif tD&ef tD&wfppfyGJudk &yfwef@v#uf tD&wfonf ul0dwfodk@ 0ifa&muford ;f ydkucf Jhayonf?
xdrk S aemufqufwGJ tar&duefEiS fh r[mrdwfwdk@. OD;wnfcsuf &eforl mS tD&wfjzpfoGm;+yD; tar&duefonf t=urf;
zufErSd Ef iS ;f a&;udk ta=umif;jyI 2003 wGif tD&wfodk@ usL;ausmford ;f ydkufu q'ef[pl ed u
f dk okwfoifvdu
k fayonf?

xdo k dk@ tar&duefEiS fh r[mrdwfwdk@onf tD&wfEiS fh tacstwif jzpfaepOfwiG f tD&efrSm +ydKifbufr&Sd }udK;yrf;cGihf &oGm;
+yD; 2009 ckEpS fwiG f xdyfo;D enf;ynm acwfveG Ef idk if H}uD;rsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;onfh tqifhodk@ 0ifa&mufEikd &f ef tmum
o odk@ udk,yf idk f+*dKvfwk wifEidk af om tqifh odk@r[kwf wma0;ypf 'H;k ysyH pfvw$ Ef dkio
f nf txd enf;ynm atmifjrifr_ukd
&oGm;cJah yonf? tD&ef. EsL;uvD;enf;ynm ydik fqidk rf _urdk l urBmEh idk firH sm;t=um; tjiif;yGm; pOf;pm;p&m jzpfaeqJyif
jzpfayonf?

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