Ak'o

< moem ordik ;f

od'w < ˆ a*gwr rnfaom Ak'<. arG;bGm;jcif;rS pwifco Jh nfh Ak'<omoem. ordki;f onf c&pfrwdik frDS bDpD 6
&mpkrS rsuaf rSmufacwfwidk jf zpfI/ ,ae@acwfu;kd uG,af eqJ oufwrf; t&Snq f kH; bmomrsm; teufrS
bmomwpfck jzpfonf? tdEdNjynfrS pwifc+Jh yD; ta&S@tm&S/ tv,ftm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S a'o
rsm;odk@ jyef@ESH@ xGe;f um;cJo
h nf? wpf+ydKifeufwnf; odk@r[kwf tcsed u f mv uGJjym;v#uf tm&Swu kd .
f
rsm;pGmaom a'orsm;odk@ oufa&mufco Jh nf? Ak'o < moem. ordik ;f onf rsm;pGmaom zGH@+zdK; a&G@av#m
r_rsm;a=umifh rwlnDr_rsm; &So d nft
h jyif tcsi;f csi;f *d%
k ;f uGJrsm; jzpfonfh [de,e/ r[m,e ESifh ax&0g'
wdk@. &d;k &mrsm;onfvnf; xGe;f um;r_ arS;rSed fr_ tcsdeu f mvrsm;rSm acwf+ydKif r[kw=f uacs?

rmwdum
• (1) Ak'<. b0wm
• (2) a&S;OD; Ak'o
< moem
o (2-1) yxr oHCm,em (bDpD 5 &mpk)
o (2-2) 'kw, d oHCm,em (bDpD 4 &mpk)
• (3) tmaomurif;. omoemjzef@csDjcif; (bDpD 261)
o (3-1) wwd, oHCm,em (bDpD 250)
o (3-2) *&dacgrodk@
o (3-3) oD&v d uFmESifh jrefrmodk@ jyef@ES@H jcif;
• (4) qGeCf tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk)
• (5) *&d-Ak'< tjyeftvSeo f ufa&mufjcif; (bDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 1 &mpk)
o (5-1) tm&S tv,fyi dk ;f odk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
• (6) r[m,e ay:ayguv f mjcif; (bDpD 1 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpk)
o (6-1) ESp}f u dra f jrmuf pwkwˆ oHCm,em
• (7) r[m,e xGe;f um;jyefES@H jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)
o (7-1) tdE, Nd
o (7-2) tm&S tv,fyi kd ;f ajrmufykdi;f a'o

7-2 (u) tm&Stv,fydi k ;f

7-2 (c) ywfo;D ,

7-2 (*) wm&if; jrpf0Sr;f a'o

7-2 (C) w&kwf

7-2 (i) ud;k &D;,m;

7-2 (p) *syef
o (7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S

7-3 (u) q&D 0d*sm,ef tifyg,m (at'D 7- 13 &mpk)

7-3 (c) crm tifyg,m (at'D 9- 13 &mpk)

7-3 (*) AD,uferf
• (8) [de,e jzmxGujf cif; (at'D 5 &mpk)
• (9) wausmhjyef ax&0g' (at'D 11 &mpkrS -)
• taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;

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(1) Ak'.
< b0wm
Ak'<0ift& Ak'< od'w < aˆ *gwr (bDpD 546-324) tm; rlvtp rm*"rsdK;EG,f jzpfonfh ous (oufus) rsdK;
EG,frS arG;bGm;cJhayonf? ol@tm; ousrked [kvnf; odrw S =f uI t"dy`g,rf mS ous (oufus) rsKd ;EG,.
f
ynm [k jzpfayonf?

aemufydik ;f wGif rm*"wdik ;f jynf tjzpf yl; aygi;f vdu k of nfh uydvwdik ;f . jynf&h iS jf zpfaom zcifjzpfo l
oka'Ng"e &mZm. tkyx f dr;f r_atmufwiG f pnf;Zdrfrsm;jzifh +cH&v
H #uf a&S;OD;b0udk jzwfo ef; cJ+h yD;aemuf
od'x < onf avmu. yuwdjzpfpOfukd xd;k azguf qdu k af &mufc+Jh yD;aemuf avmu[lonf vGwaf jrmuf
Edik fjcif; r&S/d 'kuQ aomursm; 0dik ;f &Hv#u&f aSd =umif;udk tajzxkwcf aJh yonf? olonf ol. t"dy`g,f rJh
aom pD;Zdrcf Hpm;r_rsm;udk ypfy,fv#uf &[ef;b0udk cH,cl aJh yonf? ol. tEWdr t"dXmefrmS &aoh&[ef;
b0jzifh 'kuQ taygi;f rS rvGwaf jrmufEikd [ f k jzpfI/ pdwt f vdktm; tvGet f rif; ESdyu
f Gyfjcif;/ tvGet
f rif;
tvdv k udk f jcif;udk yg,o
f nfh tv,ftvwfvrf; pOf rZPsdryÉdyÉmudk a&G;cs,cf Jhayonf?

aAg"danmifyif[k odrw S o
f nfh oabFmozef;yif. atmufY opPmw&m;udk rawG@rcsi;f wpfz0g;rS rcGm[k
oH"Xd mefjyKv#uf usifhaqmifcaJh yonf? touf (40)wGif oAŠnKw (ukefpifo)d ^m%fawmfukd &&Scd I Jh
a*gw r Ak'[ < k xif&mS ; vmcJah yonf? Ak'<. teufrmS oAŠnKw^m%fpOf &&So
d /l Ed;k =um;od&o
Sd l [k jzpfay
onf?

usefaom ol@oufwrf; 45 ESpu f mvywfv;kH tEN, d tv,fyikd ;f a'o jzpfonfh **Fg jrpf0Sr;f wav#muf
vSnv fh nfv#uf vlrsdK; EG,f axGaxGxo
H dk@ =o 0g'rsm;udk ydk@cs jzef@csDcaJh yonf?

Ak'<. t&du
k t f &m qufcHrnfo h [l I
l cef@tyfr_ r&Scd Jhjcif;/ =o0g'rsm;tm; w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef rSww
f rf;wif
r_ jywfvyfcjJh cif;a=umifh aemifESpfaygif; 400 twGi;f wGif t,lurJG sm;pGm ay:xGe;f vmcJhayonf? yxrqH;k
taejzifh ,ae@ ax&0g'wGio f m use&f aSd eaom edum, Ak'<0g' t,lrsm;ESifh/ usrf;opfrsm; a&S;a[mif;
enf;rsm;udk vufcrH Y_ tajccHonfh *d% k ;f uGJrsm;jzpfonfh r[m,eESihf [de,ersm; [lI jzpfayonf?

(2) a&S;OD; Ak'o

< moem
bDpD 3 &mpk omoemjyKrif; tmaomu &mZm rwdik frDSxd Ak'o < moemonf **Fgjrpf0Sr;f ESifh ‚.
a&S;a[mif; yifrXmaersm;Yom ajz;ajz;csi;f jyef@yGm;v#uf &SdcI
Jh / todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f pnf;urf; 0denf;
rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tjiif;yGm;bG,f udprP sm;a=umifh Ak'<. =o0g' rl&if;rsm;udk jyefvnf pkpnf;onfh
oHCm,em ESp}f udrwf ifcJhayonf?

(2-
(2-1) yxr oHCm,em (bDpD 5 &mpk)
yxr oHCm,emudk Ak'< tm,kocFg&v$w+f yD; r=umrSu D mvYyif ,ae@ &mh*sf*sm&f [krnfaom &m*smwf
&D[m t&yfwiG f Ak'. < t*~om0u}u;D jzpfaom t&Sifr[mu\z }u;D r_;v#uf usi;f ycJah yonf? t
a=umif;rSm Ak'<. =o0g'rsm;eSifh oGeo f ifr_ okweW frsm;udk jyefvnfrw
S of m;&efEiS hf &[ef;rsm; twGuf
0denf;rsm;udk owfrw S &f efwdk@ jzpfayonf? Ak'<. nD0rf;uGJv nf;jzpf t"du om0ursm;rSvnf; jzpfaom
tmeENmtm; Ak'<. a[majymr_rsm;udk qifhjyefap+yD;/ tjcm;aom om0u}uD; jzpfonfh Oygvt d m; 0denf;
Oya'rsm;udk qifjh yefapcJhayonf? ‚wdk@rS ydÉu usrf; awmf. tajccHrsm; jzpfvmI ygVd/ w&kwf wdbuf
bmomrsm;jzifh pkpnf;xm;onf [k Ak'&< mZ0if rSww f rf;rsm; t& vufcx H m;ayonf?

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oHCm,emwifonf qdjk cif;rSm Ak'a< [mcJhaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk trsdK;wl&m/ oabmwl&mudk pkI
ydÉud tm;jzifch GJI/ edum,ftm;jzifh cGJI rSww
f rf;wifjcif; jzpfayonf? xdt k cg &Sify&k m%ax&fu “ig&h iS f
wdk@ oHCm,emwifyGJudk aumif;pGm jyKtyf+yD/ od@k &mwGif igrlum; Ak'<rsuaf rSmufawmfrS =um;em rSwo
f m;
onfh twdik ;f qufvuf aqmif&u G f ygt”hH [k rdef@=um;cJah vonf?

xdk@a=umifh yxroHCm,emwifyGJ jyKvkyfpOfuyif Ak'a< [m=um;onf qd&k mY oabmxm;uGJvGJru

_ dk
pwif awG@&ayonf?

(2-
(2-2) 'kw,
d oHCm,em (bDpD 4 &mpk)
tcsKd @aomoHCmrsm;. pnf;urf;enf;vrf; rsm;tay: trsdK; rsKd ;aom avsm&h Jr_rsm;ESifh pyfv#O;f I tcsi;f
csi;f tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; a&csdejf rifvh maoma=umifh ygÉvdyw k jf ynf umvmaomu rif;}u;D .
tm%mpufjzifh axmufyI Hh / &Sio
f AŠumrDax&fO;D aqmifI 'kw, d oHCm,emudk usi;f ycJhayonf? yxr
oHCm,emwGif rSww f rf;wifcJah om Ak'.< =o 0g'rsm;ESifh ,ck 0denf; avsm&h Jr_rsm;onf rudu
k n
f D a=umif;
udk jyo&efom 'kx, d oHCm,emtm; usi;f ycJhjcif; jzpfayonf?

xdok C
H m,emwifyGJwiG f oabmxm;uGJvJaG om 0Z…Dyw k u
W &[ef;wdk@u &[ef;wpfaomif;udk pkpnf;I
aumorŠjD ynfwiG f pif+ydKif yxroHCm,emudk wifcJ=h uayonf? xdpk if+ydKio
f C
H m,em ESpcf krS edum,f/
0de,/ tbd"rRm/ ygVad wmfrsm; uGJvGJpmG rSww
f rf;wifxm;onfukd awG@&ayonf?

(3) tmaomurif;. omomemjzef@csjD cif; (bDpD 261)

b&mrD rS tmaou&mZm.
tmaou&mZm. trdef@jyef
jyefwrf; trSwf 6 oHausmufwidk rSfrS tydik ;f tp (bDpD 236)/
236)/ +Aw
d o
d # jywdu
k f

tEd ,
Nd Edik if H qefcsD t&yfrS Xmyemwdu
k }f uD; (bDpD 3 &mpk)

arm&d, jynf&h iS f tmaomurif;}uD; (bDpD 273-232) onf tdEdNjynf ta&S@ydik ;f ,ckacwf atmf&pfo#
[kwiG o f nfh uvd*Fe,f uvd*aF oG;acsmif; pD; ppfyJt G m; atmifEidk +f yD;aemuf Ak'b < momod@k ul;ajymif;cJh
ayonf? pufqw k &f &GH mS zG,f yÉdyuQrsm;udk aemifw&v#uf rif;}uD;onf jyoem ta&;tcif;rsm;udk
pGef@vw$ &f ef qH;k jzwfc+Jh yD;aemuf Xmyemwdu k rf sm;wnfaqmufjcif; owW0gtm;vH;k . toufZD0tm;
av;pm;=u&ef rSww f idk rf sm;pduk x
f jl cif; vlom;wdk@tm; "rRw&m;tm; vdu k ef map&ef wdu
k w f eG f; E_;d aqmfjcif;
rsm;tm;jzifh omoemjyKco Jh nf? olonf Edkiif t H 0Sr;f vrf; rsm;azguv f yk fjcif; aq;&Hkrsm;/ &dyo f mrsm;/
wuUov dk af usmif; rsm;/ wl; ajrmif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;vnf; vkyaf qmifcJhayonf? olonf vlrsKd ;
bmom *dk%;f Zwfpepfrsm; rcGJjcm;bJ wef;wl qufqcH Jhayonf? Tumvonf Ak'<0g'rSm tdE, dN rS
ausmv f Gev f #uf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;odk@ OD;pGm yxrjyef@ESH@omG ;aom umvyifjzpfI tmaomurif;}uD;

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csex f m;cJah om ausmufjym; ausmufpmrsm;t& awmifbuf oD&v d uFm/ taemufbuf *&db&k if
Edik if rH sm;txdyif Ak'o
< moemjyK&ef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; apv$wcf aJh =umif;awG@&I ajrxJyifv,f
&yf0rS ;f xdyif ayguaf &mufc[
Jh ef&aSd yonf?

(3-
(3-1) wwd, oHCm,em (bDpD 250)
tmaomurif;onf ,ae@acwf ywWem rnfaom ygÉvdyw k t
f &yfY bDpD 250 ywf0ef;usifwiG f wwd,
oHCm,emudk wifapcJoh nf? ‚udk t&Sif arm*~vdyw k w W \d }uD;r_;I usi;f ycJah yonf? &nf&,G cf suf
rSm oHCmrsm; txl;ojzifh eef;wGi;f ESihf qufE,
G af eonfh &[ef;rsm; oef@pifap&efyif jzpfonf?

xdo
k C H m,emwGif &Sifarm*~vdywk w W \
d u ,cif oHCm,emrsm;wGif ryg0ifaom uxm0wˆKusr;f udk
&Gwzf wfI ydÉuawmfY tpDt pOfxnho f iG ;f onfukd oabmxm;uGJaom &[ef; rsm;u &mZ+*dKvfteD;
emvef'g+rdK@Y pif+ydKifoC
H m,emudk wifcjJh yefonf?

odk@aomf tm%m&Sad om olwdk@. axmufcaH om t,lonf tEdik &f +rJ jzpfonfh "rRwmtwdik ;f tmaom
u rif;axmufcHaom t,l0g'udk Ak'o < momemjyKrsm;jzifh xdpk Ofu olwdk@ox
d m;aom urBmt
h &yf a'o
rsm;odk@ apv$wf omoemjyKcJah yonf?

(3-
(3-2) *&dacgrodk@
tcsKd @aom tmaomu. trdef@jyefwrf; urŠn;f ausmufpmrsm;u tmaomurif;onf *&d (acgr) urBm
odk@vnf; Ak'o < moemjzef@cs&D ef tm;pdu k cf aJh =umif; az:jyayonf? xdt
k csdeu
f tdE,
Nd rS *&dtxd e,ferdw f
ydik ;f jcm; tqufjywfr_ r&Scd cJh s? trde@f jyefwrf;rsm;onf *&d (acgr) ydik fe,frsm;odk@ odomxif&mS ;onfh
Edik fiaH &; pnf;&H;k jcif;rsdK; jzpfa=umif; az:jyaeayonf? *&d{u&mZf v$r;f rd;k csed u f mv Ak'o< moemjyKjcif;udk
vufc&H onfh bk&ifrsm;. trnfrsm;rSm Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid Kingdom pDv, D l
ppf'f bk&ifEdkiif HrS tifw, D cdk syf 2 oD;tdk@pf (bDpD 284-247)? Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt
tD*spfrS ywdv k rD D zDvm'Jzv f ?dk Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia rufq'D dke;D ,m;rS tifwD*;kd emhpf
*dwk mem (bDpD 276-239)? Magas of Cyrene pD&;D ef (,ck vufAsm;) rS r*~g@pf (bDpD 288-258)?
Alexander II of Epirus tD;yf& yfpf (,ck *&D; pf taemufajrmufyikd ;f ) rS tvufZ ef;j'm; 2 (bDpD 272-
255) wdk@yif jzpfayonf?

tmaomuvufxuf Ak'o
< moemjyKjcif; (bDpD 260- 218) tmomu trdef@jyefwrf;t&-

“Ta'o/ e,fpyfrsm;/ xdrk S ,lZem 600 (5400- 9600 uDvrdk w D m) uGma0;onfh *&db&k if
tifw, D u dk sKd tkycf sKyfonfx/d xdx
k ufausmI
f bk&ifav;yg;jzpfonfh ywdv k rD D. tifwD*akd emhpf/
r*~pf ESifh tvufZef;j'm; tkycf sKyfonfah 'orsm;/ tvm;wl awmifyikd ;f usdK@csf (usKd vD,m)
yefa';pf/ ESifh wrf&mygeD (oD&v D uFm) xdwikd f "rR. atmifEkdirf Y_ &S.
d ?” (tmaomu jyefwrf;
trSwf 13/ awmif 'rDum)? [lIvnf;aumif;

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xdk@xufyI
dk ygVdaumufa=umif; rsm;t& tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&d Ak'<
&[ef;awmfrsm;yif jzpfcI
Jh ,Ofaus;r_ ESpcf =k um;Y bmoma&; ul;vl;r_ eD;uyfcJha=umif; awG@&onfrmS -

“ax&f (t}u;D tuJ) arm*~vdyw k EW iS fh omoem. a&mifjcnf {u&mZfrif; (tmaomu) wdk@

oHCm,emudk aqmif=u^f;+yD;aomtcg/ ax&fav;yg;tm; [dw k pfyg; 'Dwpfyg;ESifh wyg&efwu
(*l*s&wfEiS fh qif;*sf rsm;udk &nfoefaom taemufjynfrsm;od@k ) apv$wv f #u/f olonf *&d
(,Ge;f ) odk@ apv$wo f rl sm;udk "rR&uQw d [k uif;yGef;ay;cJh.? (r[m0Ho 12)? [lI jzpf.?

tmaomurif;. *&d tm&mrpf ESpb

f mom urŠn;f ausmuf
ausmufpm (uef'[m/ ubl;vf jywdu
k )f

tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&dvrl sKd ;rsm; jzpfonf[o l nfh tcsuu
f dk oabmxm;
udu k n
f o
D nfh a'guw f m &meef*spfaygv.f pl;prf; r_jzpfaom “tmaomuonf tif'kd-*&db&k if 'D,dk 'd;k
wyf ESifh twlwlyif? olonf "rRowfrsm;udk *&dbmompum;/ tm&mrpf bmom pum;rsm;jzifh a&;xd;k
cJ.
h / ‚wdk@teuf wpfckrmS uef'[m ausmufpmwGif az:jyonfh bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ [lonfh *&d
a0g[m& “,lpb D D;,m;” toH;k jzpfI “"rR” twGuf oH;k jcif;yif” jzpf.? ‚rSm-

“10 ESpf jynfah jrmuf+yD;aemuf/ bk&if yDtkd'gqpD f (tmaomu)onf vlom;rsm; twGu f

bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ (*&d-,lpD;bD;,m;) udk trsm;od&ef jyK.? TumvrSpI olonf vlom;
wdk@tm; ydkrI
dk bmomw&m;Y =unfnKd ap./ avmutvH;k Y t&m&mwd@k tm; aygrsm;ºu,f0
ap.?” (*sDyD um&mw,fv. D *&d rl&if;rS jyefqkd)/ [k jzpf.?

rnfr# tjyeftvSef =oZmoufa&mufonfrmS &Si;f vif;jywfom;r_ r&Sad y? odk@aomf tcsdK@aom pma&;

q&mrsm;. xifjrifcsurf Sm *&d0g'Drsm;ESihf Ak'<0g'Drsm; t=um;&Sd qifc&pf0g' a&csdew f pfcsKd @onf xdt
k csdefrS
yif *&De,fajrrsm;Y pwifco Jh nf [l.? olwdk@. axmufjycsurf Sm xdu k mvuyif *&de,fajrrsm;Y
Ak'b < mom todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; &Sad ecJhjcif; jzpfI/ txl;ojzifh tvufZef;j'm; (pdef@uvDrifh tvufZ ef;j'm;)
ESifh c&pf,mef acwf}udK umvu Ak'&< [ef; rsm;. =o 0g'/ usi}hf uHr_rsm;ESihf vH;k 0eD;yg;wlaom/ tmaomu
rif;. taemufbufodk@ taxmufawmfrsm;rS qif;ouf vmbG,&f aSd om ax&,lx (ygVd-ax&0g'rS
ajymif;vnf;[ef&)Sd rsm;yif jzpf.? pD;&fe+f rdK@ (,ck vufAsm;) rS tawG;tac: ynm&Sif [D*pf Dpf udkyif
tmaomu apv$waf om omomemjyK tzGJ@. =oZmv$r;f cH&ol[k xifrw S &f ay.?

tvufZefj'm;Y ywdv k Drpf acwfumvrS Ak'b

< mom0ifrsm;. "rRp=umyHk trSwfrsm;jzifh ocsõKif; *lrsm;udk
vnf; awG@&&Sd ay.? tvufZef;j'm;wGif Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; wnf&cdS rJh _EiS hf ywfoufv#uf tcsdK@ okawoD
rsm;. axmufjycsufrsm;rSm Tae&mrsm;Y c&pf,mef pifwmrsm;tm; wnfaxmifr_rsm;rSm aemufydki;f
wGirf S jzpfcaJh yonf [l.? (a&mbwf vifpqf if)?

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at'D 2 &mpk tvufZef;j'm; c&pf,mef w&m;ao0g'Drsm;u acgi;f ESpv f ;Hk Ak'b
< mom (omrae) ESifh tdEdN
t0wftpm;rJh &[ef;rsm; (*&dtac: *sifEdkqdkzpfrsm;) . *&dtawG;ac:rsm;ay: =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;udk
todtrSwjf yKcJo
h nfrmS -

“Todk@ t&mwpfck. tjrifq h H;k aom *k%&f nfjzpfaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf a&S;rzGH@+zdK;ao;

aom vlrsdK;wdk@tm; tm;opfoGe;f ay;I wdik ;f a'orsm;tay:od@k ‚. tvif;a&miftm; oGe;f
csay;.? xdkrS ‚onf *&dokd@ a&muf&v dS m./ yxrOD;pGm ‚. tqG,frmS tD*spv f rl sdK; rsm;.
wrefawmfrsm; tpfq&D ;D ,ef;wdk@. umvf';D ef; (bmoma&; acgif;aqmif) rsm;/ *l;vf wdk@.
qJvw f pfbke;f }uD;rsm;/ b&ufw ef wdk@. pmre (omrae)rsm;/ qJv h w
f @kd . 'oe ynm&Sifrsm;/
&Sio f efarG;xjcif; ta=umif;udk a[majymI =u,fwm&mwd@k . vrf;!$efjzifh *sK' (,k')e,frsm;
odk@ a&mufvmaom yg&Sew f @kd . r*~Drsm; yifjzpfI/ tdE,
Nd t0wftpm;rJh &[ef;rsm;ESifh a&S;awm
ae vl&idk ;f rsm;. 'oe ynm&Sifrsm;onfvnf; xdt k eufwiG f yg0if./ olwdk@tm; ESpfrsKd ;ESpfpm;
cGJjcm;v#uf tcsdK@udk pmre (omrae) rsm;[k vnf;aumif; tcsdK@ukd jArRmrsm;[kvnf;aumif;
ac:wGi. f ?” [k jzpf.? (uvD;rifw h f atmhzf tvufZef;j'm;/ pxGe;f rufw odk@r[kwf
aomifajymif;axG vm pmtkyt f rSwf 1 tcef; 15)

'Gefe,f at rufuif;ZD; . pdef@ tk&d D*if pmtkytf & c&pfESpf (2) &mpk +Adwef c&pf,mefacwf}udK umv
wGif Ak'<bmomonf qJvw f pf bke;f }u;D rsm;ESifh twl wnf&aSd eonf [k qdk.? xdkpmtkyw f iG f-

“bk&m;jzpfcGi&fh jcif; (bk&m;OD;acgi;f tjzpf "gwfawmfujl cif;) t,ltqudk oGeo f ifpJ+G rJaponfh
Ak'< bmomESifh qJvw f pfbke;f }u;D rsm;. tqH;k trrsm;a=umifh u|e;f (+Adwed f)onf c&pf,mefjzpf& ef
tvm;tvmrSm a&S;uyif tm;aumif;aecJhayonf?” (td&k *D if- tDZu D idk ;f zGifhqcdk su)f

(3-
(3-3) oD&vuF
dvuFmESifh jrefrmod
modk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
oD&v d uFmonf tmaomu. om; r[dENEiS hf taz: 6 OD;a=umifh bDpD 2 &mpktwGi;f wGif bmomajymif;
cJ&h onf? olwdk@onf bk&if}uD; a'0eHy, d wpPEiS hf rl;rwfrsm;pGmudk omoemajymif;apcJo h nf? Ttcsdef
umvonf a&S;&d;k pGJ qif[mvdwdk@. A[djk zpfonfh r[m0d[m& bke;f }uD; ausmif;udk wnfaqmufaom
umvjzpfayonf? ygVd ydÉuawmftm; rif;}uD; 0dw*W greD vufxuf bDpD 29- 17 ckEpS frsm;wGif oD& d
vuFmY rSww f rf;wif a&;rSwcf jJh cif; jzpfI xdYk ax&0g' &d;k &m tm;aumif;cJhayonf? aemufyidk ;f wGif
Ak'a< Cmo (at'D 4- 5 &mpk) uJo h dk@ tcsdK@aom tXuxm ynm&Sifrsm; xGe;f um;cJI h olw@kd onf &d;k &m
¹yef;aom tXuxmrsm;udk pepfwus jyKpkcaJh yonf? xdu k mvwGif r[m,e 0g'rSm oD&v d uFmY
txdu k t
f av#muf =oZmv$r;f rd;k aomfvnf; ax&0g'rS t+yD;wdik f csKyfuidk fEkdi+f yD; oD&v
D uFmonf ax&
0g' trmcHe,fajr jzpfvmcJu h m xdkrw S qifh 11 &mpkrS pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&So@kd jyef@ESH@cJah yonf?

tdE,
dN wduk if ,f. ta&S@bufe,f (,ckacwf jrefrmESihf xdik ;f ) a'orsm;wGif tdE, dN Ofaus;r_rmS rGev
f lrsdK;
tay:odk@ t}u;D tus,f vGr;f rd;k cJah yonf? r[m,e/ [de,e *d% k ;f rsm; ruGJrSD bDpD 3 &mpkrS pwifI
tdE,dN {u&mZf tmaomu&mZm. omoemjyKjcif;udk rGefwdk@onf cH&onf[k qdak yonf? jrefrmS Edik if H
tv,fydki;f &Sd ydoEd;k uJo
h dk@ a&S@usaom rGefAk'<ausmif; aqmifrsm;onf at'D 1 &mpkEiS fh 5 &mpk =um;
umv uyif &Sad eayonf?

(Ado Ed;k onf rGew

f dk@v$r;f rd;k &m a'o jzpfco
Jh nf qdjk cif;rSm u|Efkyo
f abmjzifh ordik ;f a&;jcif; r[kwfyg/ u|Efkyf
taejzifh T ordik ;f udk 0ufbfqdk'af y:rS History of Buddhism qdo k nfudk bmomjyefjcif;om
jzpfygonf?)

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'mG &m0wDrS rGef "rRp=umyHk (at'D 8 &mpk)

txl;ojzifh tdE, Nd . *kyw

f ,mOfaus;r_EiS fh *kyw
f rwdik frSD umv ,Ofaus;r_rsm; v$r;f rdk;aom rGew f dk@.
Ak',
< Ofaus;r_rsm;onf at'D 5 &mpkESif 8 &mpkt=um; xGe;f um;cJah om rGefb&k ifhEikd if rH sm;. atmufwiG f
ta&S@awmiftm&S wav#mufjyef@ESH@cJah yonf? at'D 6 &mpkywf0ef;usifrS pI r[m,e Ak'b < mom
wa&G@a&G@yGm;rsm;aeaom ta&S@awmift m&S. ajrmufbufykdi;f wGif rGew f dk@. =oZmatmufY ax&0g'
xGe;f um;vmcJah yonf?

tmaomu ,we (at'D 2 &mpk) t& tmaomurif;onf ajrmufbuf [dr0EWmudk jzwfv#uf wm

&if; jrpf0Srf;a'o cd&k efa'o/ tif'dk Oa&my pum;ajymaom wdck g&,
D efwikd ;f a'orsm;odk@ omoemjyKrsm;
apv$wf cJhayonf?

(4) qGeC
f tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk)
tmaomurif;uG,v f eG +f yD; ESpaf ygi;f (50) cef@t =um bDpD 185-173 wGif qGeC f rif; qufukd xlaxmif
cJo
h nf? arm&d,rif;quf. aemufq;kH jzpfaom bk&if b[mj'mw vky}f ucH &H +yD; ppfo}l uD;csKyf ykp,s
arwW qGeC f onf xD;eef;udk &,lcaJh yonf? tmaomu ,we uJo h dk@aom Ak'b
< moma&; pmayrsm;u
(jArRm a&S;&d;k 0g'D) ykp,sarwWonf Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@tm; vdv k m;jcif; r&SdbJ Ak'o < moemtm; ESdyfpuf
uvljyKonf[k a&;om;r_rsm; &Sad yonf? Ak'b < momrsm;u olonf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D
v#uf &[ef;omraersm;udk owfjzwfco Jh nf[k a&;om;cJah yonf? tmaomurif; wnfaqmufcJhaom
Ak'< Xmyemwdu k f (apwD) 84000 tm; zsufq;D cJI h (t&f xufyg;)/ Ak'&< [ef;wpfyg;pD. acgi;f wpfv;Hk
twGuf a&$'*Fg; 100 qkaiGxw k cf o
Jh nf [l.? xyfaygi;f I Ak'<rw S wf rf;rsm;t& emvef'g Ak'<*g,m/
qmewf/ rxk&m uJo h dk@aom ajrmufrsm;pGmaom bkef}u;D ausmif;ajr (0d[m&) rsm;onf [dENLbk&m;
ausmif;rsm; tjzpf toGiaf jymif;cJ&h avonf [l.?

tcsKd @uvnf; Ak'<0g'tm; ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKcJo h nfh tmaomurif;. aemufyidk ;f / qGeC f vuf

atmufwiG f Ak'b < mom. tajctaerSm usq;kH v#uf tusyw f nf;qH;k tcsed jf zpfonfrmS jzpfEidk facs
&Sad y.? odk@aomf ESdyuf Gyfr_rsm;udu
k m; rSwcf suf csefxm;onfudk rawG@&[k qd.
k ? tDwed ;f vrfrw G .f Avh
vm oH;k oyfcsuYf “taxmuftxm;rsm;t& pD&ifcsucf sv#if oufaotaxmuftxm; tqufjywfr_
a=umifh ykp,sarwW
,sarwWonf tjypfrS vGwu f if;&rnfyif” [kjzpf.? tjcm;aom =oZmwuUdr }u;D aom
ordik ;f ynm&Sif &drk v
D mow
mowf
owyf gu wl;az:&&Sdr_ taxmuftxm;rsm;udk axmufjyv#uf Todk@tuGJtvGJ
(ykykp,sarwWtm; t,lo;D Ak'b < mom qef@usifa&;orm;[k ajymqdkr_) udk xifjrifcsuf ay;&mY Ak'<

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bmom vuf&mrsm; jzpfonfh apwDaygi;f 84000 tm; rnfo h nfth cgurS vufawG@tm;jzifh zsuq f ;D
cJjh cif; r&S[ d k jzpfI? owfygu g pdwrf oufromjzifh Ak'<bmomwdk@. ajymqdkro _ nf ykp,sarwW.
arm&d,tm; wdu k cf u dk cf rJh _ ESifh qGeC f rif; quftaejzifh Ak'<bmomtm; ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾rS
rxm;cJhjcif;tay: pdwfysuv f #uf yHak qmif wifjyr_ av;eufap&ef tom;ay; csJ@um;cJ[ h ef &So d nf[k qdk
ayonf? Tumvmrsm; twGi;f Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;onf **Fgjrpf0Sr;f a'tm; pGef@cmG cJh=uonf? aemuf
ydik ;f wGif ajrmufyidk ;f odk@ OD;wnfonfh (OwW&ygo) odk@r[kwf awmifbufyikd ;f ('ufqifeygo) a'orsm;rSyg
pGef@cmG cJh =uv#uf a&S;a[mif; rm*" e,fedrw d w
f iG f Ak'v
< uf&mrsm; zef;wD;r_rsm;rSm arS;rSde&f yfpv
J mum
taemufajrmuf ydik ;f a'o *E<& ESifh rxk&ma'orsm;/ ta&S@awmifyikd ;f tr&0wD e,fy,frsm;wGif jyef
vnf ae&m,l vmcJah yonf? qGeC f rif;quf tm%moufa&mufjcif; &Sdr&Sd raocsmaom tdENdjynf
tv,fydki;f b&f[w k f uJo h dk@ tcsdK@ a'orsm;wGiv f nf; tcsKd @aom Ak'v< uf&mrsm;udk awG@&ayonf?

(5) *&d-Ak'< tjyeftvSeo

f ufa&mufjcif; (bDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 1 &mpk
&mp)k

*&d aiG'*Fg; rif;eENm (1) bDpD 160-135

bDpD 326 ck ywff0ef;usiw f iG f tvufZef;j'm; onf *&dwf onf ,ae@acwf tmz*efepPwef Edik if jH zpf
onfh b&ufw;D ,m;udk atmifEdkio f rd ;f ydu
k +f yD;csed frS pI *&dbk&ifyidk fEkdiif HrmS tdE,Nd taemufbufyikd ;f ESifh
tdrfe;D csi;f jzpfvmcJo
h nf? yxrydik ;f bDpD 323 cef@wiG f qDv;l ppf Edik if Hro S nf aemufyidk ;f bDpD 250
cef@rSpI *&d-b&ufwef bk&ifEh dkiif jH zpfvmcJhayonf?

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at'D 1-
1-2 &mpk *E<&a'o&Sd a&S;OD; yxr Ak'&< yk yf mG ;rsm;rS wpfcjk zpfonfh *&d-Ak'< qif;wk

*&d-b&ufw ef bk&if 'rufx&d,mpf (1) onf bDpD 180 wGif tdE, dN jynf ygwvdyw k x
W d 0ifa&muf
odr;f ydu
k I
f tif'dk-*&d bk&ifyidk fEidk fiu
H dk xlaxmifcaJh yonf? bDpD 1 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif ‚tifyg,mY
tdE,Nd ajrmufyidk ;f rS a'orsm;pGm yg0ifcaJh yonf? tif'dk-*&d bk&ifrsm; vufatmufwiG f Ak'< bmom
onf tm;ay;cs;D ajr‡mufc&H I olwdk@. tEN, d jynftm; 0ifa&muford ;f ydu
k fro_ nf arm&d, tifyg,mtm;
axmufct H m;ay;&ef jzpfa=umif;jyov#uf qGeC f rif;qufvufatmufY (bDpD 185-73) ESdyfpufcH
&ygonf[k qdkaom Ak'o < moemtm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufa=umif;vnf; jyovdck aJh yonf??

tif'dk-*&d rif;rsm;teuf txif&mS ;qH;k aom rif;wpfyg;rSm rif;eENm (eef;pHESpf bDpD 160-135) jzpfI Ak'<
bmomodk@u;l ajymif;um r,m,e Ak'b < momtm; tm;ay;cs;D ajr‡muf jyKco Jh nf? olonf tmaomu
&mZm odk@r[kwf aemufyidk ;f uk&Sefrif; ueufo# uJo h dk@yif jzpf.? rif;eEN OD;acgif;jzifh aiG'*Fg;wGif wpfcg
wpf&H 'vuf &Spcf kygaom p}umyHkEiS hf awG@& ayonf? ,Ofaus;r_ wdu k &f u
dk t
f jyeftvSef zvS,frr_ sm;wGif
rif;eENEiS fh t&Sif em*aoe (em*ode)f wdk@. tjyefvSef ajymqdak om rdvdENynm (bDpD 160 cef@u) onf
xif&mS ;.? rif; eENm. t&du k tf &mudk qufco H nfh rif; rsm;pGmtm; "rR. aemufvu kd f 'umrsm;[k olwdk@.
'*Fg; rsm;wGif az:jycJh ayonf? ?

rif;eENmESifh 'vuf &Spcf yk g "rRp=umyHk '*Fg;yHk (+ADwdo# jywdu

k f

tcsKd @aom =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;onf r[m,e Ak'<. qifu h jJh zpfpOfay:Y v$r;f rd;k oGm;I *&dewfb&k m;
rsm; uJo h dk@ Ak't
< m; vl-bk&m; uJo h dk@awG;ac:ar#mjf rif qnf;uyfr_rsm; &Sad yonf? xdu k mvrsm;wGif
r=umc% *&d- Ak'r_<r_ jyKv#uf Ak't < m; ewfb&k m;uJo h @kd ud;k uG,f ,H=k unfr_rsm;udv k nf; awG@&&dS ayonf?
“taemufwidk ;f ESifh &if; ES;D qufpyf+yD;om;jzpfonfh vlb&k m;[lonf tjzLxnfvo l m; jzpfjcif;udk ud,
k pf m;
jyKonf[al om a,sb&k 'oe v$r;f rd;k jcif;vnf; jzpfEkdib f ,
G f&adS yonf? xd@k jyif taemufwikd ;f om;rsm;u
olwdk@. bk&m;rsm;onf ta&;}u;D aom yifr&if;jrpfrsm;udk pDrHjyKvkyfEikd o f nf[al om qnf;uyfr_rsm;ESifh
yrnf;yrm wlaeayonf?” (bk'Nref- "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity" )

(5-
(5-1) tm&S tv,fyidk ;f odk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;

wDv, < momwdk@. a&$'*Fg; (*ltrSwf 6)

d m; wdyf wGif awG@&aom Ak'b

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at'D 1 &mpku oGe;f vkyaf om Ak'b < momwdk@. a&$'*Fg;udk tmz*efepPwef ajrmufyidk ;f wDv, d m;wdyf
wl;az:a'owGif &ayonf? xd'k *Fg;wGif jcaoFhykHEiS hf &wemoH;k yg;udk yHak qmifaom (eef'Dyw) yHjk zifh jzpfI
(cg&dkpD bmom (a&S@tmz*ef bmompum;) yHjk yift& jcaoFo h nf ta=umufw&m;rsm;udk yg,zf suf
jcif;udk yHak qmifonf)/ wpfjcm; wpfbufwiG f a&S@*&d ([Dvifepfpw f ufc)f cg; 0wfpESihf a&S;oufom
avmedww f dk@. a&S; ajy;edrw d faqmif ewfb&k m;rsm; aqmif;onf[k qdak om yDw mqdk@pf OD;xkyu f dk aqmif;
xm;onfh vH;k 0 ud, k vf ;Hk wnf;enf;yg; vlwpfa,mufu Ak'< "rRp=umudk vSrd fhaeonfyh kHjzifh jzpfayonf?
cg&dkpb
D momjzifh yHjk yifudk ("rRcgch &f my&m,mw (ud)k )[kjzpfI “Oya' "rRpufudk vSnafh omol” [k
teufjzpfayonf? ‚onf tapmydik ;f umvu Ak't < m; ud, k pf m;jyKwifjyjcif; jzpfonf[k oH;k oyf
xifjrif=uayonf?

(6) r[m,e ay:aygufvmjcif; (bDpD 1 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpk

&mpk)

ueufo#urif;. uk&eS t
f ifyg,m Ak'.
< yHjk zifh '*Fg; (ol@trnftm; *&d bmomjzifh bk''f )dk at'D 120

at'D 1 &mpkrS pI tdENdjynf taemufajrmufyikd ;f wGif Edik fiaH &; &_yaf xG;ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzifh r[m,e
Ak'<0g' xGef;um;vmcJah yonf? tif'kd-*&d bk&ifhEidk if o
H nf wpfpp v$r;f rd;k vm+yD; olw@kd . ,Ofaus;r_tm;
tif'dk-pufo, D ef rsm;ESifh bDpD 12 cef@u pwifI uk&eS ftifyg,mtm; xlaxmifcJo h nfh ,kcsDrsm;u
vufcH vmcJah yonf?

uk&eS w
f dk@onf Ak;'<bmomtm; axmufct H m;ay;olrsm; jzpfI at'D 100 ywf0ef;usifcef@u *svef'g
odk@r[kwf u&Srf ;D ,m;e,fwiG f uk&Seb f &k if ueufo#u u pwkwo ˆ C
H m,em wpfcu k kd wifcaJh yonf?
‚udk ax&0g'rS *d% k ;f uGJjzpfaom r[m,ewd@k u wifjcif; jzpfI/ ax&0g'rsm;u xdk oHCm,emtm;
todtrSwf rjyKbJ &Hzef&cH gwiG f rdpm> &[ef;rsm;. oHCm,em[kyif qdak yonf?

‚onf Ak'b < mom o¾mefopfjzpfI Ak't < m; xm0&bk&m;uJo h dk@ qnf;uyfylaZmfaom t,ljzpfay
onf? t,ltqtm;jzifh “jzpfwnfrw _ idk ;f onf Ak'<. obm0Y&SI d (bk&m;jzpfxukd af om) vlom;wdk@tm;
Ak't
< jzpf "gwaf wmfu;l ay;r_ (udef;0yfr)_ Ak'u < ,kd fymG ;tjzpf cH,al yonf? tdE, Nd taemufajrmufyidk ;f ESifh
uk&eS t
f ifyg,mwGi;f rS t,lt qrsdK;pHk v$r;f aeaom t,ljzpfonf [l.?”

(6-
(6-1) ESp}f udraf jrmuf pwkwˆ oHCm,em
at'D 100 ywf0ef;usifcef@u *svef'g od@k r[kwf u&Sfr;D ,m;e,fY uk&Seb f &k if ueufo# vufxufwiG f
pwkwˆ oHCm,em wpfcu k dk wifcoJh nf [kqakd omfvnf; ax&0g'rsm;twGuf ESpaf ygi;f ESp&f mcef@ apm
v#uf oD&vd uFmY ud, k yf idk f pwkwˆ oHCm,em &Scd IJh ygVdjyXmef;csuu
f kd yxOD;qHk;taejzifh ayxuf
tuQ&m wifcaJh yonf? xdk@a=umifh pwkwˆ oHCm,emrSm ESpcf kjzpfI wpfco k nf oD&v d uFmwGi/f tjcm;
wpfco
k nf u&Srf ;D ,m; (om0wd̂
om0wd̂0wD) wGif jzpfayonf?

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jyef@xu
G v
f maom Ak'b
< momESifh ukeo
f ,
G v
f rf;a=umif; at'D 1 &mpk

u&Srf ;D ,m; pwkwˆ oHCm,emwGif ueufo#onf oHCm 500 udk pkI &Si0f q d ak rwW,s tm; }uD;r_;
apcJoh nf [k qdak yonf? tpdwt f ydik ;f tm;jzifh ‚onf tbd"rRm. tXuxmwGif yg0ifonf jzpfEidk f
aomfvnf; ‚ud, k w f idk f jyXmef;csujf zifh wnf&aSd eonfrSm jzpfEikd fp&m &Sad yonf? oHCm,emwGif okwf
awmfaygi;f oH;k odef;ESifh tqdak ygi;f ud;k oef;ausmfukd pkaqmif;v#uf +yD;ajrmufap&ef 12ESpf=um onf[k
qdak yonf? ToHCm,em. t"du jzpfxeG f;r_rmS r[my&dedAmŠ eokw[ f k xifjcm;aom om0wd̂owD
(u&Srf ;D ,m;) tbd"rRm. wd;k csJ@aom tud;k tum; o+*õKvu f sr;f jzpfonfh us,jf yef@aom tXuxm}uD;
tm; usrf;jyKjcif;yif jzpfayonf?

okawoDrsm;u xdak cwfxt dk cgwiG f om0wd̂0wD usr;f awmfY a&S;usaom y&mc&pf bmomrS oif
ouU&u dk f rSww f rf;tjzpf bmompum;rSm odompGm ajymif;vJomG ;onf[k ,H=k unf=uayonf? T
ajymif;vJro _ nf usrf;awmf. tESpo f m&tm; xdcu kd fepfemr_ r&Sad omfvnf; oifouU&u dk f bmom
pum;onf tEd, N wGif jArR0g'Drsm;. usrf;oH;k bmompum;jzpfonfh tjyif tjcm;aom tawG;tac:
orm;rsm; (bmom vlrsdKK;rcGJ) vnf; oH;k pGJ=uayonf? xdk@a=umifh Ak'. < t,lrsm;onf ydkru dk s,jf yef@aom
y&dwof wfrsm;xHodk@ a&muf&o Sd mG ;ayonf? Tod@k aom ta=umif;jzifh tdE, Nd &Sd Ak'<ynm&Sifrsm;=um;
tXuxmrsm;ESifh tjcm;usrf; rsm;udk oifouU&u kd jf zifh a&;om;r_bufodk@ ,dr;f ,dik f tm;omvmcJo h nf?
ax&0g'uJo h dk@ a&S;usaom *d% k ;f rsm;pGmurl oifouU&u dk o f nf ayg&m% bmomw&m;. bmom
pum; jzpfaoma=umifh Ak'u < ol. =o 0g'rsm;udk oifouU&u dk of @kd jyefqjkd cif;tm; jywfom;pGm wm;jrpfcJh
onf [lI olwdk@.usrf; pmtm; oifouU&u kd of @kd ul;ajymif;apjcif; r&Scd Jhay? Ak'o < nf ol. &[ef;rsm;tm;
trsm;oH;k em;vnfonfh bmompum;xuf t&yfo;kH omompum;rsm;udk omajymqd&k ef vdv k m;cJh
ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsdefrsm; ukev f Gevf maomtcg ax&0g'Drsm;. usr;f oH;k bmompum;onf
ayg&% tusqH;k aom bmompum;rsm;uJo h dk@ *dk%;f omompum; jzpfvmayawmhonf?

(7) r[m,e xGe;f um;jyef@ESH@jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)

r[m,e xGe;f um;jyef@ESH@jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)

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r[m,eAk'b < monf tdE, Nd . ta&S@bufyikd ;f rSonf ta&S@awmiftm&S ajrmufykdi;f od@k tm&Stv,fyidk ;f
w&kyf ud;k &D; ESifh aemufq;Hk at'D 538 wGif *syeftxd jyef@ESH@xeG ;f um;cJhayonf?

(7-
(7-1) tdE,
Nd
uk&eS af cwfukef ukyw
f rif;qufvufxuf (at'D 4 &mpkrS 6 &mpk) wGif Ak'<bmomonf tEN, d Y
tm;opfavmif;cJjh yefonf? aemuf&mpkaygif;rsm;pGm tdE, Nd . ta&S@ ajrmufyikd ;f &Sd Ak',
< Ofaus;r_twGuf
ausm=f um;I =oZm&Sad om ynma&; yifrXmejzpfonfh emvef'g uJo h dk@ r[m,e ynmoif=um;a&;
A[dkyifrrsm;udk xlaxmifcJhayonf? *kyw f yHkpHAk'b
< momonf ta&S@awmiftm&Sro S nf w&kwjf ynftxd
rsm;pGm =oZm&Sv d #uf jyef@ESH@caJh yonf?

Ak'E< iS fh aAm'dowW (11 &mpk ygV tifyg,m)

g,m)

tdE,
Nd Ak'b < momonf vljzL [Gefrsm;. 0ifa&mufodr;f ydkujf cif; ESifh rD[u
D v
k zdESdyfra_ =umifh at'D 6
&mpkwiG f tm;enf;oGm;cJo
h nf?

&Si[
f , d efqidk f. at'D 7 &mpk c&D;oGm;rSww f rf;wGif “tE<&/ 'ef,muwfw,ESifh '&0D' (,ckacwf
tE<& y&ma'h&SfEiS fh wrD;vfem;'l; jynfe,f)wGif Ak'<0g'ausmfaZm aecJo h nf? ,ckacwf eDaygjzpfonfh
a'o 0ef;usiw f iG f rsm;pGmaom apwDrsm; aysmufys,cf JhI Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;rSm (,ckacwf taemuf
befa*g jynfe,fjzpfonf)h *l; ' bk&ifEidk if H qefu rif;. n‡i;f yef;r_rsm;udk cHc&Jh ayonf? xdu k mvtwGi;f
umuG,f apmifah &Smufay;cJah om [m&SmAm'etm; [d,efqikd u f aus;Zl;wifxm;ayonf?” [m&Sm
Am'erif;rsm;. bk&ifEdkiif +H yD;aemuf rsm;pGmaom bk&ifEikd fiHi,frsm; pkaygi;f ay:xGe;f vmum aemufyidk ;f
**Fgjrpf0Sr;f wav#mufrS &mh*sfyw k frsm;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmI befa*ga'oonf +ydKifbuf ygVrif;tifyg,m
atmufY &Sad epOf Ak'b < mom tkypf ;dk onfh tkyfpkrsm;tm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufxm;r_rsm; aysmufu, G f
oGm;onf[k qdkjcif;udk rodrom jiif;yg,x f m; ayonf? Ta'o ode[dELN rif;qufrsm;. xd;k ESufr_rsm;
a=umifh ygV rif;quf r+ydKysufrw SD iG f r[m,e Ak'<bmomonf tm;opfavmif;v#uf at'D 8 &mpkEiS fh
12 &mpkwiG f blwefEiS fh puUiaf 'orsm;od@k jyef@ES@H omG ;cJah yonf? ygVrif;rsm;onf rsm;pGmaom Ak'<yx k ;dk
ausmif;uefrsm;ESifh ,mOfaus;r_ tarGt ESpfrsm;udk zefw;D cJhayonf? [d,efqidk u f rSwcf sucf sonfrmS
trsKd ;rsdK;aom a'orsm;wGif Ak'<bmomonf *sdr;f 0g'ESifh [dELN 0g'rsm;tm; vrf;a=umif;ay;cJhayonf?
at'D 10 &mpk avmufwiG f ygVrif;rsm;vGeI f [dELN rif; rsm; pd;k pHvmaomtcg Ak'b< momonf Ad\Ed;k
(Ad&SfE;l ) 0g'[dELN rS Ak'o < nf Ad\ Ed;k . 9 yg;ajrmuf (vlom;b0jzifv h maom) bk&m;tjzpf 0ifpm;vm
onf[k qdjk cif;udk oabm wlnrD _ r&SdbJ rodrom jiif;qefxm;ayonf?

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tEN, d Ak'b < momu at'D 1193 ck ajrmufyikd ;f wGif jzpfymG ;cJh onfh rk[ rR'f cgvufc. f vufatmufY
wmuufcf tpPvmrfrpf 0iford ;f olrsm;u emvef'g tm; rD;&d_@crJh u _ dk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;rSm xif&mS ;ayonf?
12 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif Ak'k b < mom trmcHe,fjzpfonfh bD[m&fjynfe,ftm; tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm;
atmifEidk f+yD;aemuf Ak'b < momrsm;tm; Edik fiaH &;tm%mydik frsm;. yhHy;kd tm;ay;r_EiS hf vlra_ &;Zwfpepfrsm;
tm; axmufct H m;ay;r_rSm qH;k &H;k oGm;cJhayonf/ odk@aomf vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,,f =kH unfru_ kd ESdyuf Gyjf cif;
r&Scd Jhacs? xdkrS Ak'b < momonf ajrmufyikd ;f [dr0EWmawmifajcESifh awmifyidk ;f oD&v d uFmwGif ae&m,lcJh
ayonf? xdk@jyif t'fAidk w f m ([dENL a0'EW t,l) uJodk@ +ydKifbuf [dELN tkyfpk/ bmhuw f D (bmhuw f ;D tm;
AD;&SfE;l / oD0 wdk@uoJh dk@ bk&m;[k owfrw S o f nfh *dk%;f ) v_y&f mS ;rsm; xGe;f um; vmjcif;ESihf omoemjyK qlzD
(tpPvmrf 0dyoem 'oe tkyfpk) rsm;. xd;k azgufr_rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < momrSm arS;rSdefqw k ,f w k f vmcJh
ayonf?

(7-
(7-2) tm&S tv,fyidk ;f / ajrmufyidk ;f a'o
7-2 (u) tm&Stv,fyidk ;f
Ak'b< momonf Ak'v < ufxufrSpI tm&Stv,fyikd ;f wGif =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJbh ,
G f &Sad yonf? ax&0g' usrf;
oH;k ygVu
d sr;f rsm;. pum;pOft& b&ufw;D ,m;rS ukeo f nf nDaemifESpOf D;jzpfaom wufygqk ESifh
bmvd
bmvdu wd@k onfh Ak'x < o
H dk@ a&mufvm=uI wynfo h m0ursm; jzpfvmcJah yonf? olwdk@onf b&uf
wD;,m;odk@ jyefaomtcg Ak't < m;&nfp;l I ausmif;aqmif wnfaqmufco Jh nf [l.?

tm&Stv,fydki;f onf tdE, Nd w&kyfEiS hf yg&mS ;wd@k . =um;qHkrw

S t
f jzpf &Sn=f umpGm wnf&cSd aJh yonf?
at'D 2 &mpktwGi;f ,cifu [efvrl sdK;wd@k . taemufbufod@k jyef@E@HS ro _ nf txl;ojzifh *&D-b&uf
wef bk&ifhEidk if Hjzpfonfh tm&S [DvifepPwufcf (a&S;*&d,mOfaus; r_) xGef;um;&m a'orsm;
qDodk@ ,SuEf , G f vmcJah yonf? xdrk w
S qifh Ak'o < moemonf ajrmufyikd ;f odk@ jyef@ES@H vmv#uf Ak'b< mom
vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; jzpfwnfvmonftxd jzpfcI Jh tm&Stv,fykdi;f wGif Ak'b < mom bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;yif
&Svd mcJ.
h ? yd;k vrf; r. tcsdK@aomae&mrsm;wGif Ak'b < momapwDrsm;ESihf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm; jynfv
h ke;D yg;
&Sad eaom +rdK@rsm; yg0ifay.? ,if;rSm ta&S@taeufrS vmonfh c&D;oGm;rsm;tm; }udKqdk {nfch &H m
Xmaersm; jzpf[ef &S. d ?

at'D 2 &mpk 3 &mpku r[m,e ra&m,Surf DS ax&0g',Ofaus;r_onf wmuufcf vlrsKd ;pkrsm;xHodk@

jyef@ESH@omG ;cJhayonf? xdak 'orsm;rSm ,ckacwf ygu pPwef/ u&Srf ;D ,m;/ tmz*efepPwef/ tD&efta&S@
bufyidk ;f ESifh urf;&d;k wef;a'o/ OZbufupPw ef/ wmcfrefepPwefEiS hf wm*spfupPwefwdk@ jzpf.? *E<& .
a&S;a[mif;jynfe,frsm;/ b&ufw;D ,m;/ ywfo;D ,m;ESihf qGef';D ,m;wdk@Yvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm &Scd I Jh xdkrS
wqifh w&kyjf ynfodk@ jyefESH@omG ;cJ. h ? xdwk muufcf vlrsdK; pkrsm;teuf Ak'b< momtm; yxOD;qH;k vufcH
&,laom vlrsdK;rSmpkrmS wmcD-&Sm[D jzpfI olw@kd . Ak'b < momtm; vufcjH cif;rSm bDpD 3 &mpxuf
aemuf ruscJhacs? odk@aomf Tbmomw&m; wpfcw k nf;udo k m tcsKyftjcm ,H=k unfr_ bmomtjzpf
rowfrw S cf Jhacs? Zd&k t
dk ufpwm bmom/ [dENL/ eufpwd&k , D ef- c&pf,mef (uGefpwefwDEb dk ,frS
c&pf,mefbke;f }uD; eufpwdw k ;D ,yfpf (at'D 386-451). c&pfESpfyg; (aumif;uifrS xm0&bk&m;onf
vnf; c&pfawmfyifjzpf. [laom) t,l&aSd om c&pf,mef*dk%;f )/ *sL;/ refepfc, D ef (at'D 210-276 wGif
yGifhco
Jh nfh wrefawmf refe. D bmom -a&S;tD&efvlrsKd ;wdk@. t"du bmomwpfck)/ &Srrf efepfZif Z if (0dnm^f
rsm;udk ,H=k unfonhf &d;k &mewfbmom) aemufvu dk rf sm;/ wef&D (a&S; wmhucf f vlrsdK;wdk@. &d;k &mbmom)
bmomrsm; tjcm;aom a&S;OD;rlv vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmomw&m;wpfck pepfwus r&Sdaom olrsm;vnf;
a&maESmv#uf &Sdaeayonf?

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trsKd ;rsdK;aom edum, (eDu,f) ausmif;rsm;onf tm&Stv,fykdi;f ESihf w&kwjf ynfwdk@wiG f at'D 7 &mpk
0ef;usicf ef@txd wnf&aSd eayonf? r[m,ersm;onf xdkumvwGif pwnfI v$r;f rd;k vmaomfvnf;
edu,frsm;udk pGJrwS o
f nfh om0wd̂0wDEiS hf "rR*w
k wf u rsm;od@k t,lvr$ ;f rd;k cJjh cif; r&Sdacs? usefaom tm&S
tv,fydki;f bkef;}uD;ausmif; rsm;onf a&G;cs,x f m;aom 0denf;rsm;udk usio fh ;Hk cJhayonf?

tm&Stv,fydki;f a'orsm;ESifh atmufbuf tdE, dN wdu

k if ,fwdk@wiG f uk&eS t
f ifyg,m uJo h @kd Ak'b
< mom
bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;pGm xGe;f ay: zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? at'D 5 &mpkwiG f uk&eS tf ifyg,mtm; vljzL [efrsm;u
0ifa&muford ;f ydu k +f yD; rif[cD v
l rif; vufxufwiG f Ak'b
< momrsm;rSm rsm;pGm ESdyu f Gycf cH &Jh ayonf?

tm&Stv,fydki;f Ak'b < momonf at'D 7 &mpkwiG f tpPvmrfbmom jyef@ES@H xGe;f um; vmaomtcg
pwifarS; rSdeo
f mG ;+yD; ppfyGJrsm;twGi;f omoedu taqmuftkHrsm;pGm zsuo f rd ;f cHvu
dk &f ayonf? rlqvif
rsm;u olwdk@tm; c&pf,mefrsm;/ *sK;rsm;uJo h @kd “'if;rpf” usr;f &olrsm; tjzpfowfrw S cf o
Jh nf? tvf
bD,eDleD u Ak'o< nf wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfI trnfrmS “Al;Z” jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJah yonf?

Ak'b< momonf *sif*pfcef;. odr;f ydu k rf _rsm;aemuf rGef*kdrif;qufrsm;atmufEiS fh/ tDvcf ef;edwf ESifh
cg*gwidk ;f cef;edwf wdk@ rif;qufrsm;udk wnfaxmifv#uf olwdk@. Ak'b < momtm; =oZmanmif; ap&ef
aqmif=unf;cJah om at'D 13 &mpkwiG f jyefvnf jrifw h ufcJh jyefonf? odk@aomf ESpf 100 twGi;f wGif
xdak 'orS rGef*dkrsm;rSm tpPvmrfbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;=uv#uf olwdk@ESit hf wl tm&Stv,fyikd f; a'o
tm;vH;k odk@ tpPvmrf omoem jyef@ymG ;oGm;awmhonf? rGef*dk ta&S@ydik ;f ESifh ,Gefrif; quf r#om [de,e
Ak'<0g'tm; vufuidk f jyKv#uf usef&cSd Jhayonf?

7-2 (c) ywfo;D ,

taemufbufqo D dk@ jyef@ESH@omG ;aom Ak'b
< momonf t&fqmquf'f ywfo;D , xJodk@/ aemufq;Hk
a&S;u rm*D,mem ,ckacwf wmhcfrefepPwef [kwiG o f nfh rJAh f a'orsm; txd a&muf&o dS mG ;ayonf?
qdkA,
D uf a&S;a[mif;okawoe tzGJ@rS rJAh f a'owGif tvGe}f uD;rm;aom Ak'q< if;wk/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; ESifh
toH;k taqmifrsm;udk wl;az:&&Sad yonf?

(ywfo;D ,ef;) ywfo;D vlrsKd ;wdk@onf Ak'b < mom omoemjyK&mY wdu k &f u
kd yf g0if ywfoufcaJh yonf?
ywfo;D vlrsKd ; tdrfa&S@rif;om; tef&SD*sKd (at'D 148) onf w&kwo f dk@ oGm;cJhI Ak'u< sr;f *efrsm;tm;
w&kwf bmomodk@ yxrqH;k bmomjyefqo kd l tjzpf xif&mS ;ayonf?

7-2 (*) wm&if; jrpf0rS ;f a'o

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rsufv;Hk jym tm&Stv,fyidk ;f vl ESifh ta&S@tm&S Ak'&< [ef;awmf (bDZmhuv
f u
Jh /f ta&S@ wm&if;jrpf0rS ;f a'o w&ky/f at'D 9
&mpk/ 10 &mpk)
tm&Stv,fydki;f (w&kw/f wmupPwef/ wm&if; jrpf0Sr;f / Zif*si;f ) a'o rsm;onf tvGew f &m rsm;jym;
pGmaom Ak', < Ofaus;r_ vuf&mrsm; (eH&H yef;csDrsm;/ "gwak pwDrsm;/ t0wfyef;csDrsm;/ qnf;uyfylaZmf&m
Xmersm;) udk az:jyv#u&f aSd yonf? ‚wd@k rSm tdE, dN ESihf [DvifepPwufcf ,mOfaus;r_ v$r;f rd;k a=umif;
udk ay:vGifapayonf? qm&if;'D,ef vuf&monf *E<& yHkpHukd =oZmoufrr_ sm; rsm;vSI/ usrf; pmtkyf
rsm;wGiv f nf; *E<&w D dk@. cg&w dk D pmudk awG@&ayonf?
tm&Stv,fydki;f om;wdk@onf ta&S@ydik ;f od@k Ak'b < mom qufo, G af y;a&;Y t"duae&mrS yg0ifc[ Jh ef&aSd y
onf? Ak'u < srf;rsm;tm; w&kwb f momodk@ pwifbmomjyefcJhorl sm;rS tef&S&*DS sKd (at'D 148) uJo h @kd ygwfoD
vlrsdK;rsm; (w&kyt f ac: tefZ)D r[kwaf omfu avmuqDrm (at'D 178) uJo h @dk ,lZD wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rS
tef [lpef odk@r[kwf ZD;uGif ESifh ZD,dk odk@r[kwf uefqef*idk ;f uJo h dk@ qdik 'f ,
D ef (w&kwf- qlaw SuTe/
粟特) wdk@ jzpf=u.? Ak'<pmay bmomjyefoal ygif; 37 OD; rSm xif&mS ;I trsm;pkrmS tm&S tv,fyidk ;f
om;rsm; jzpfa=umif; od&ESd dik af yonf?
tm&Stv,fydki;f ESifh ta&S@yidk ;f Ak'&< [ef; awmfrsm;onf at'D 10 &mpkxw d idk f jyif;xefaom (,mOfaus;r_)
zvS,jf cif;udk xde;f xm;Edik cf Jha=umif; wm&if;jrpf0Sr;f a'o awG@&cdS surf sm;u jyoaeayonf? T=oZm
v$r;f r_rsm;onf w&kww f dk@. }u;D rm;aom &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_udkyif xyfjyefwvJvJ pdrfh0ifomG ;v#uf w&kwf
tEkavmr0g'Dwdk@onf? Ttcsufay:Y tajccHv#uf ay:xGe;f vmjcif; jzpfayonf?

7-2 (C) w&kwf

Ak'b< momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@ at'D 1 &mpk ywf0ef;usicf ef@uyif tm&Stv,fyikd ;f rS wqifh a&muf& Sd
cJ[
h ef &Sad yonf? (tcsdK@aom &d;k &m pum;pOft& tmaomu pd;k pHaepOf uwnf;uyif &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;onf w&kwjf ynfodk@ a&mufvmcJo h nf[k qdak yonf)? od@k aomf at'D 8 &mpkwiG frS Ak'b
< mom
tm; jyif;jyif;xefxefv_y&f mS ;onfh yifrXme jzpfvmcJah yonf?

at'D 67 wGif &[ef;awmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh rGww f dk ESifh csLzefvefwdk@ a&muf&v Sd m+yD; Ak'b< momonf
w&kwjf ynfodk@ w&m;0if rdwq f ufcJhayonf? at'D 68 ckESpw f iG f {u&mZfjynf&h iS f. umuG,af pmifh
a&Smuf r_atmufY {u&mZfaejynfawmf vlt , dk ef;ESifh eD;uyfonfh t&yfY ,ae@widk w f nf&aSd eonfh
0wfausmif;jzL ( 白 馬 寺 ) udk wnfaqmufcJhayonf? at'D 2 &mpk tukefcef@wiG f (Ak'<aus;&Gm)
toduk tf +rHKudk yif&eG t
f &yf (,ae@ ,laZmif/ *sifZ)k Y atmifjrifpmG wnfaxmifcJah yonf?

yxrOD;qH;k r[m,e 0dnm% a&;&m w&kwb f mom jyefusrf;udk uk&eS f &[ef;awmf avmuqDrm u
at'D 178 ESifh 189 wGIf vlt , dk ef;Y jyKpkcaJh yonf? tapmOD;qH;k Ak',
< mOfaus;r_ vuf&m tjzpf
w&kwjf ynfwiG f awG@&&Sd onfrSm ao;i,fonfh (yef;csD) aiGya'omyif (at'D 200) yifjzpfI *E<&a'o
yHkpHerlem jzpfayonf?

topfa&mufvmonfh *E<& rS =o0g' ESitfh twl qif;wkawmfrsm;u/ axmifhrwfao&Sm oyf,yfpmG

aom qH/ rkwq
f w
d f/- oydwt
f wGuf pepfwus acguo f m;us &Hxk m;aom ouFuef;jzifh xGi;f xkxm;
aom TaiGya'oyif Ak'q< if;wkonf a&S;OD;*E<& vuf&mrsm;udk yHak qmifa=umif; cdik frmpGm axmufjy
aeayonf? ("Crossroads of Asia" p209)

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arwW,s Ak'< (ajrmufyidk ;f 0dik ;f at'D 443)

Ak'b < momonf wefrif;quf (at'D 618-907) tpydik ;f wGif tm;opfavmif;cJah yonf? Trif;quf
tm; Edik fi&H yfjcm;rS &d;k &m,Ofaus; r_rsm;u yGiv hf if;pGm ul;pufcI Jh / at'D 4 &mpkrS 11 &mpktwGi;f ajrmuf
rsm;pGmaom w&kwf Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;. c&D;oGm;r_rsm;a=umifh tdE, dN &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh ul;vl;r_
rSm jyefvnf &Sio f efcoJh nf? wefaejynfawmf csef*if;ef (,ae@- Zdtif Xi'an)onf Ak'< tawG; tac:
rsm;. t"du yif&if;a'o jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdrk w S qifh Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;ESifh uifw&dk SD oHwref
rsm;. tultnDjzifh *syefodk@ tacscsciG fh &&Scd aJh yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wefrif;quf. aemufq;kH ydik ;f
rsm;wGif Edik if &H yfjcm; ,Ofaus;r_ v$r;f rdk;jcif;rsm;tm; tm;ray;awmhbJ wef{u&mZf 0laZmifu at'D
845 wGif Edik if Hjcm; bmomw&m;tm;vH;k (c&pf,mef epfw&dk , D ef0g'/ Zd&k t dk ufpwm 0g'/ ESihf Ak'<0g'rsm;
tygt 0if) udk w&m;r0if [k a=ujimum/ wdik ;f &if; bmom wmtdk0g'tm; axmufycHh aJh yonf? ol.
tkycf sKyfajrtESH@ Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@. ydik fqikd fr_rsm;udk jynfolykdio f rd ;f jcif;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; rsm;/ omoedu
taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk zsuq f ;D jcif;/ Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;udk uGyfrsujf cif;rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < mom.
&d;k &m ,Ofaus; r_rsm;ESifh tawG;tac: v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;rSm tqH;k owfc&Jh ayonf?
odk@aomfvnf; Ak'b < momtm; t}u;D tus,fEydS u f Gycf +Jh yD; ESpw f pf&m aemufyikd ;f qGef rif;quf (at'D
1127-1279) vufxufwiG f Ak'<bmomonf jyefvnf &Sio f efciG hf &cJhjyefonf? oef@&iS ;f &majrESihf csef
Ak'<0g'onf &mpkwpfcsdK@ qufvuf&iS cf iG hf &cJ[ h ef&+dS yD; aemufykdi;f wGif xdrk S *syef Zif Ak'<0g'tjzpf xGe;f um;
cJah yonf? w&kwjf ynfwiG f csefAk'< 0g'onf qGefrif; quf (at'D 1127- 1279) wGif tm;opfavmif; cGifh
&cJ+h yD;/ ‚. bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;r_EiS fh ynmoif=um;a&; A[dXk me}u;D rsm; jzpfcJhayonf?

,ae@acwfwiG f w&kwjf ynfu olwdk@onf urBmay:wGif Ak'<vuf&mrsm;ESihf tarGtESpfrsm;udk pkaqmif;

t&rdq;Hk wdik ;f jynfrsm;teufrS jzpfonf[ *k%af z:v#uf &Sdayonf? wefrif;quf vufxuf at'D 8
&mpkwiG ;f u wnfqmufcaJh om jrpfo;kH pif; qH&k mrS pdu k =f u nfah e[ef vuf&eS f r[mAk'q < if;wkawmfrmS
vuf&t Sd xd urBmt h }u;D qH;k Ak'q
< if;wkawmfyif jzpfI/ *efqk tydik f 'ef; [Get f eD;&Sd rGw*f dk v_id f*l/ [efeef
tydik f vlt, dk ef; teD;&Sd avmif;rif; *&Gww f @kd pf ESifh *Geuf iG ;f teD; 'gZl ausmufyef;cH;k rsm;rSm ta&;yg
qH;k aom Ak', < Ofaus;r_ vuf&mrsm; jzpfonf[k ,lepfpudk urBmh tarGtESpf qdik &f m qdu k frS qdak yonf?

7-2 (i)
(i) ud;k &D;,m;

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Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;odk@ at'D 327 0ef;usicf ef@wiG f w&kwf oHt rwfrsm;. ud;k &D;,m; bk&ifhEikd fiH
*d*k m,d
Gm,d,dk xHodk@ tvnfc&D;wGif usrf;*efrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk aqmif=unf; oGm;jcif;jzifh pwif rdwf
qufcaJh yonf?? ud;k &D;,m;wGif txl;ojzifh at'D 7 &mpkrS pwifaom ZifAk'<0g' xGe;f um;cJh ayonf?
at'D 1392 ckESpf ,Drif;quf. uGejf zL&Sif tpydik ;f *sdKpDteG f umvwGif Ak'<bmomonf t}uD;tus,f
cGJjcm;jcif;udk cHc&Jh aomfvnf; Zif0g' aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;rSm c|i;f csujf zpfayonf?

7-2 (p)
(p) *syef

t+rD;aygY xdik af eaom Ak'q

< if;wk ( em&m pD&ifp/k tqkum umv/ at'D 7 &mpk/ wdu
k sKd trsdK;om;jywdu
k )f

at'D 6 &mpkwiG f ud&k ;D ,m; bk&if oH;k Edik if Hrw

S qifh *syefEidk fioH dk@ Ak'<bmomudk rdwqf ufay;cJah yonf?
at'D 754 ckESpw f iG f w&kwf omoemydik f *ef*sD *syefAk'<bmomxHo@kd 0de, (Oya') pepfrsm;udk
ay;qufcaJh yonf? xdt k a=umif;a=umifh *syef Ak'b < momonf xyfqifh zGH@xmG ;cJI h / pdik cf sKd ESifh ul;udik ;f
wdk@onf at'D 9 &mpkrS w&kwAf k'b< mom. w&m;0if qufcHru _ dk jyKcJhayonf?

yx0Dtaetxm;t& yd;k vrf;r c&D;qH;k jzpfaom *syefonf Ak'o < moem tdE, Nd rS aysmufu, G +f yD; tm&S
tv,fydki;f ESifh w&kww
f dk@odk@ jyef@ESH@vmaom tcsed w
f iG f Ak'< toGit
f jyifrsm; zG@H +zdK; apEdik cf aJh yonf?

at'D 710 rSpI [d, k *l sd Hōryū-ji odk@r[kwf udkzu l l*sd Kōfuku-ji a&$"rRm&HkEiS fh tmvdef ig;qifh
apwDrsm; uJo h dk@ ra&wGuEf dik af vmufaom omoedu taqmufttHrk sm;udk wnfaqmufcJh =u ayonf?
ra&wGufEidk af om yef;csDrsm; yHw k lrsm;udv
k nf; jyKvkyfc=Jh uI ‚wdk@rSm r=umc%tm;jzifh tpd;k &rS
ypPn;f 'g,um tjzpf axmufycHh Jhayonf? *syef Ak'<bmom tEkynmrsm; zefw;D r_onf at'D 8 &mpkEiS fh
13 &mpk=um; em&m/
em&m [dtefEiS fh urRu&k acwfumv wGif txGe;f um;qH;k jzpfcJhayonf?

at'D 12 ESifh 13 &mpkrS pI 'd*k ifEiS fh tdpidk ;f wdk@. w&kyjf ynfrt

S jyef t,lov D rsm;tm; rdwq f uf
ay;+yD;onfh aemufyidk ;f wGif Zif tEkrmevuf&mrsm; zGH@+zdK;cJhayonf? Zif tEkynmrsm;onf Zlrd-td/ ESifh
tifqdk uJoh dk@) yef;csDtm;jzifh txl;tjzifh az:jyv#u&f +Sd yD;/ (txl;ojzifh [dik ;f ukpf uJo h @kd ) uAsmrsm;/
avmu opPmudk a,bk,sEiS fh &d;k &d;k pif;pif; yif (tv,ftvwfvrf; pOf) udk wifjyonfh yHkaqmifr_rsm;
jzpfayonf? oAŠnKw ^m%fudk ypPKy`eu f mvY &SmrS;D jcif;onfvnf; tjcm;aom ta&;ygonfh csefE, dk l
vBuf yGJawmf/ odk@r[kwf yef;rsm;qif,ifonfh tdub D me vuf&mrsm;uJo h dk@ ajymif;vGJjcif;odk@ OD;aqmifcJh
ayonf? Tqifu h JjzpfpOfonf rnfonfh vlom;v_y&f mS ;r_onf rqdk cdik frmaom ^m%fpOfa&;&mESifh

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tjyifock r qufpyfr_ tpESifh tOD;qH;k jzpfonfh v_y&f mS ;r_ qufpufjcif; edo, rsm;jzpfonf [l.?
(martial arts).

Ak'b
< momonf *syefEidk if w
H iG f ,ae@txd tvGef wufºu v#uyf if &Sad eyonf? Ak'b < mom omoedu
taqmufttHak ygi;f 80000 0ef;usicf ef@onf yHrk Sev
f nfywfv#uf zGH@+zdK;qJyif &Sad eayonf?

(7-
(7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S

aAm"dowW avmu0g& (urfabm'D;,m; 12 &mpk)

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urfabm'D
abm'D;,m; Ak'< (14 &mpk)

at'D 1 &mpktwGi;f wGif ta&S@tv,fykdi;f &Sd ywfo;D ,ef; tifyg,m xGe;f um;vmjcif;ESifh bwpfjyef
usm;wpfjyef a&mrtifygwdk@a=umifh ukef;wGi;f yd;k vrf;a=umif;wGif xde;f csKyfuef@owfr_rsm; &Scd aJh yonf?
xdtk awmtwGi;f wGif a&mrwdk@onf tvGew f &m ºu,f0vmjcif;a=umifh olw@kd . tm&SZrd cf HypPn;f rsm;
0,fvt dk m;rSm jrifhrm;vmjyefonf? T0,fvt dk m;u ajrxJyifv,fa'oESihf w&kwf t=um; a&vrf;
a=umif;udk &Sio f efapcJI h tdE,
Nd onf tv,f=um;cHa'o jzpfvmcJhayonf? xdt k csderf S pI ukeo
f ,
G f r_
qufo, G af &; pD;yGm;a&; tacscsr_EiS fh Edik if aH &;0ifa&muf pGuzf ufr_ygrusef tdE, dN onf ta&S@awmif
tm&Sodk@ jyif;jyif;xefx ef =oZmv$r;f rd;k vmcJah yonf? tdE, Nd . ukeo
f ,
G f vrf;a=umif; rSm jrefrm
awmifyidk ;f / &Sr;f (xdik ;f ) awmifyidk f;ESihf tv,fyidk ;f / urfabm'D;,m; atmufyidk ;f / AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f ESifh
rsm;pGmaom urf;&d;k wef; +rdK@jyrsm;rSm csw d q
f uftjzpf wnfaxmifvmcJah yonf?

ESpfaygi;f axmifausmf =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJah oma=umifh tdE, dN ESihf a'owGi;f Edkiif t H rsdK;rsKd ;rSm &d;k &mxH;k wrf; rsm;
tajccHtm;jzifh nD!w G af eayonf? ygVd/ oifouU&u dk Ef iS fh tdE,
dN usrf;pmoH;k bmompum;rsm;onf
ax&0g'ESifh r[m,e Ak'<bmomrsm;/ jArR0g' ESifh [dENLbmomrsm;. bHo k ;Hk bmompum;rsm; jzpfI
&mr,eZwfvrf;/ r[mbm&w Zwfvrf;rsm; uJo h @kd tdE, dN pmayESifh usrf; pmrsm;onfrv S nf; xdak 'o
rsm; twGi;f wdu k &f u
dk f ul;pufr&_ aSd ecJah yonf?

at'D 5 &mpkrS 13 &mpktwGi;f / ta&S@awmiftm&Sonf tvGet f iftm;aumif;aom tifyg,m jzpfcJhI

Ak'<Ao
d u
k mvuf&mrsm;ESifh tEkynmvuf&m zefw;D rsm;Y tvGew f &m aqmif&u G v
f mcJah yonf? Ak'<
bmomonf tdE, Nd wku
d if ,frS yifv,fa&a=umif; tm;jzifh wku
d &f u
dk f 0ifa&muf =oZmoufvm+y;D / T

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tifyg,mrsm;odk@ r[m,e t,lonfvnf; vdu k yf gvmcJah yonf? q&D 0d*s, tifyg,monf awmif
bufodk@/ crmtifyg,monf ajrmufbufo@kd =oZmtwGuf +ydKifqkdiv f mcJI
h olwdk@. tEkynm vuf&m
rsm;onf r[m,e aAm"dowˆ Adrmefrsm; tjzpf az:aqmifcJhayonf?

rvufumrS q&D0*d sm,ef [efjzifh t0avmudw0g& usuo

f a&aqmif a&$qif;wk/ *seb
f -D tif'edk ;D &Sm;

7-3 (u) q&D 0d*sm,ef tifyg,m (at'D 7-

7- 13 &mpk)
tif'dkeD;&Sm; qkrwfwsmu|ef;ay:&Sd zvifbef; rS A[dkjyKaom a&ydik f tifyg,m q&D0d*s, onf pdik v
f if'&m
[k ac:aom rif;qufatmufY r[m,eESihf [de,e Ak'b < momudk arG;pm;cJah yonf? zvifbef;
onf }u;D rm;aom Ak'b < momXme wpfckjzpfcI Jh xdak 'owGif tifyg,mjynf&h iS uf &[ef; aygif; wpf
axmifudk ol@eef;wGi;f Y yifhzw
d faxmufyxHh m;cJo
h nf [k ,d*siu f az:jyxm;ayonf? twuf&mS ;onf ;
wdbufodk@ omoemjyKtjzpf roGm;rSD xkda'o (zvif;bef;) wGif ynmqnf; yl; cJah yonf?

q&D 0d*s, rS Ak't< Ekynmrsm;onf ‚. tifyg,mwd;k csJ@r_t wGi;f ta&S@awmiftm&Sodk@ jyef@ESH@cJah yonf?
TumvtwGi;f rSm tvGew f &m oyf,yfao&Sm vuf&majrmufru _ kd yHak qmifonfh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
aAm"dowW qif;wkrsm;tm; a'owGi;f wav#mufawG@&ayonf? tvGew f &m vuf&majrmufaom
Adouk mrsm;udk Ad;k &d;k Aka"m (at'D 780 cef@wiG f wnfaqmufcI Jh / urBmay:wGif t}u;D qH;k aom Ak'<qif;wk)
omoedu taqmufttHYk rsu0f g;xifxif awG@jrif&qJ jzpfayonf? ‚onf *smAm;Y&SI d xdik af e
aomyHk Ak'<qif;wkawmf 505 qlyg0ifayonf? at'D 13 &mpkrS pI tpPvmrfrsm;. jyef@ESH@r_a=umifh
tm%m rwnft+idrf rjzpfrSD/ q&D0d*s,onf tdE, dN rif;rsm;jzpfonfh usLvm rsm;ESifh yÉdyuQjzpfjcif;udk
a&Smif=u^fcaJh yonf?

7-3 (c) crm tifyg,m (at'D

(at'D 9-
9- 13 &mpk)
aemufydik ;f / at'D 9 &mpkrS 13 &mpkwiG f r[m,eESihf [dENLwd@k =oZm}uD;onfh crmtifyg,monf ta&S@
awmiftm&S u|e;f qG,f. rsm;pGmaom a'orsm;udk xde;f csKyfcaJh yonf? crmrsm;. vufatmufY
omoedu taqmufttHkaygi;f 900 ausmu f kd urfabm'D;,m;ESihf tdrfe;D csi;f xdik ;f Edik if w
H dk@Y wnf

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aqmufcaJh yonf? tefaumonf
um TzGH@+zdK;r_. yifrXmejzpfcJhI/ ausmif; 0ef;ESihf +rdK@tzGJ@t pnf;onf +rdK@ae
vl wpfo ef; ywf0ef;usifcef@udk axmufyhHEikd cf Jhayonf? *s,mAmrif (&) at'D 1181-1219
onf }u;D us,qf ;Hk aom bk&ifrsm;teuf wpfyg;jzpf+yD; ab,GeEf Sifh t efaumoG umoGef wGif }uD;rm;aom
r[m,e Ak'< qif;wkawmfudk wnfaqmufcaJh yonf?

7-3 (*) AD,uferf

at'D 11 &mpkwiG ;f yifrajrjzpfonfh tdE,

dN ESihf Ak'<bmom qkw,
f w
k v
f mI/ r[m,ewdk@onfvnf;
ta&S@awmiftm&SwiG f arS;rSdev
f maomtcg oD&v d uFmrS ax&0g' Ak'b
< momonf (AD,uferfodk@)
tpm;xd;k 0ifa&muf rdwqf ufvmcJah yonf?

(8) [de,e jzmxGujf cif; (at'D 5 &mpk)

[de,e Ak'b < momonf at'D 5 &mpkEiS hf 7 &mpk=um;wGif tdE, Nd ta&S@yidk ;f rS ay:ayguv f mcJah yonf?
‚tm; wcgw&HwiG f r[m,e. *dk%;f uGJ[k owfrw S I f wcgw&HwiG f Ak'<bmom. wwd,ajrmuf
t"d p=um[k owfrw S af yonf? (,e. teufrmS (bD;) p=um pkjzpfonf)? [de,eonf r[m,erS
jzef@xu G v
f monf jzpfaoma=umifh pdwu f ;l rsm;udk toH;k jyKjcif;ESihf a,m* tusifhrsm;tygt 0if xyfaygif;
rGe;f rHaom u|r;f usifpmG zGiq fh cdk sufrt
S y tjcm;aom tawG;tac:opfrsm;udk qnf;uyfjcif; r&Sad cs? T
a,mu Ak'b < mom. rsm;pGmaom usihf}uHtm;xkwrf _rsm;rSm [dELN a,m*D *d% k ;f ESifh t,l¹yef;v#u&f Sd
ayonf? T*d% k ;f tm; &Siyf wfrorfb0g xlaxmifcjJh cif; jzpfayonf?

tapmydik ;f [de,e. usi}fh uo H lrsm;onf e,fpeG fe,fzsm; a'ocHrsm;twGi;f Yom usifvnf owif;oH;k
cJ&h I at'D 9 &mpkwiG f r[m,ewdk@. t"dyyifrjzpfonfh emvef'g ESihf 0dcr&Sv D wdk@uo
Jh dk@ wuUovdk }f uD;
rsm;tm; qufccH iG fh &&Scd aJh yonf? rlqvifrsm; 0ifa&mufvmaom at'D 12 &mpkwiG f tjcm; rsm;pGm
aom Ak'<bmom*d% k ;f rsm;ESitfh wl [de,eonfvnf; arS;rSdefaysmufu, G f oGm;cJ&h ayonf? ‚onf
wdbufodk@vnf; jyef@ESH@c+Jh yD; at'D 7 &mpkrS 12 &mpkxd ajymifajrmufaom ul;qufr_rsm;udk jyKcJI h ,ae@
xdwidk f Ak'<bmom}uD;pd;k &m a'ojzpfaeayonf? *syefwiG fvnf; twdik ;f twm wpf& yftajc wnfcI Jh
‚rS csifZdk Ak'b
< momtjzpf ul;ajymif;vmcJhayonf?

(9) wausmjh yef

yef ax&0g' (at'D 11 &mpkrS -)

ax&0g' Ak'<vmom jyef@ESH@vmjcif; (at'D 11 &mpkrS - )

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tpPvmrfrsm; 0ifa&mufvm+yD; tdE, dN yifrajrrS Ak'b
< mom qkw, f w
k of mG ;aom at'D 11 &mpkrS
pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&SwiG v f nf; r[m,ersm;. arS;rSdefjcif;odk@ OD;wnfomG ;ayonf? tdEN, d wdu
k f
i,fudk jzwfv#uf wdu k }f uD;rsm;. vrf; a=umif;onf yifv,fa&a=umif;rS oD&v d uFmudk jzwfv#uf
ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f rSonf w&kwjf ynftxd zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? xdrk S at'D 11&mpk ywf0ef;usicf ef@wiG f
oD&v
d uFmrS ygVd rSwwf rf;rsm;jzifh ax&0g' Ak'b
< momonf a'owGi;f rdwq f ufvmcJah yawmhonf?

ordik ;f 0if jrefrmtifyg,mtm; xlaxmifaom taemf&xm (tEk&'k <) at'D (1044- 1077) onf
wdik ;f jynftm; pkpnf;v#uf ax&0g Ak'b < momudk axmufyhHcJhayonf? at'D 11 &mpkEiS hf 13 &mpk t=um;
aejynfawmfjzpfcaJh om yk*w H iG f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom apwDyw k ;dk rsm;udk oauFwtjzpf awG@& I ‚
wdk@rS 2000 0ef;usifcef@onf ,ckwikd f wnf&adS eayonf? aejynfawmf yk*t H m; 1287 wGif rGef*kdrsm;
odr;f ydu k af om tcg jrefrmrsm; tm%m,kwaf v#mch JhI xdik ;f wd@k wefc;dk xGm;cJah yonf? odk@aomf ax&0g'
Ak'b< momonf ,ae@xd jrefrmEdik if . H yifr bmomyif tjzpf usef&aSd eayonf? (19) &mpk aESmifyidk ;f
jrefrmwdk@. aemufq;Hk rif;quf. aemufq;kH rif; oDaygrwdik frSD eef;wufvmaom rif;wkef;rif; vufxuf
wGif oD[rdk l aypm ygVad wmfrsm;udk ausmufxuftuQ&mwifjcif; jyKvkyI f ‚udk yÌroHCm,em [k
uif;yGe;f wyfcJhayonf?

xdik ;f Edik fit

H m; topfjyefvnf xlaxmifaom pudx k idk ;f rif;qufuvnf; at'D 1260 ywf0ef; usiw f iG f
ax&0g' Ak'b < momtm; axmufycHh JhI t,k'N acwf (14 &mpkrS 18 &mpk) wGif ydkrkd tif;jznfch Jh+yD; xdik ;f vl@
todik ;f t0dik ;f . twGi;f tpdwt
f ydik f; jzpfvmcJhayonf?

20 &mpktwGi;f ta&S@awmiftm&S Edik if Hrsm; vGwv f yfa&;&vmaom tcg ax&0g'Ak'b < mom tm;
aumif;aom jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 0ef}u;D csKyfOD;Ek vufxufY rif;wke;f rif;vufxuf wifcaJh om yÌr
oHCm,emrS ausmufxuf tuQ&mrsm;udk yHkESdyfpmjzifh qXr oHCm,em[k uifyGe;f wyfI rSww f rf;
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f rf; ydÉuonf &Sit f &[H (jrefrmEdik if Ho@kd Ak'o
< moemtm; pwif rdwqf ufo)l ./
ydÉu pmrlEiS fh rwl[Il / &SiOf uUXuJo
h dk@ &[ef; ynmwwfrsm;u tjrwfwEd;k r&Scd Jhay?

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k if ,fa'ojzpfonfh vmtdEk iS fh urfabm'D;,m;rsm;od@k at'D 13 &mpkwiG f ax&0g' wdk@ xd;k azguf
0ifa&muf oGm;cJah yonf? odk@aomf urf;&d;k wef;a'orsm;ESihf ta&S@awmftm&S. u|e;f rsm;qDodk@ 14 &mpkrS
pI tpPvmrfomomemrSm tiftm;aumif; xGm;usdKi;f vmI rav;&Sm;/ tif'dke;D &Sm;/ rsm;pGmaom
u|e;f rsm; ESifh zdvpfyidk f awmifyidk ;f xd jyef@ESH@omG ;cJah yonf?

odk@aomf “uGejf rLepfygw. D pD&ifcsuf [k pGyfpJx G m;aom 1965 pufwifbm vlowfyJ”G [k ac:onfh
aoG;ajrus jzpf&yf+yD; ql[mwdk tm%m&vmaom 1966 ckrS pI tif'kde;D &Sm;wGif Ak'b < mom jyefvnf
&Siof efvmEdik cf Jhayonf? “tif'edk ;D &Sm;vlx. k vdt
k yfcsutf wGuf tif'kde;D &Sm;wGif bmo}u;D ig;&yftm;
w&m;0ifbmomrsm; tjzpf trdef@xw k cf aJh yonf? ‚wd@k rmS tpPvmrf/ y&dw k ufpwifh/ &drk efuufovpf/
[dELN ESifh Ak'<bmomwdk@ jzpfonf?” ,ae@wiG f tif'dke;D &Sm;Y Ak'b < mom0if 10 oef;cef@&I dS trsm;pkrSm
w&kwEf , G bf mG ;rsm; jzpfayonf?

taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;

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c&pfw&m;awmftm; a[maeonfh &Si*f sdKZmzuf (12 &mpk *&d pmrl)

Ak'b
< momESifh ywfoufI *&d-Ak'< tEkynmvuf&mrS Ak'<bmomESihf taemufwikd ;f wd@k =um; rSww f rf;
rsm;/ owif;tcsut f vufrsm;/ ESifh a&S;pum;pOfrsm;udk aocsmpGm plprf; csut f & Ak'b< momonf
taemufwidk ;f odk@ jywfawmif;jywfawmif; a&muf&cdS [ Jh ef&adS yonf? *|ef 'rwfpuwf. *&dbmomjyef
Ak'<0ifEiS fh (tdE,
Nd c&pf,mef bke;f }uD; rsm;jzpfaom) bmvrfEiS hf *sdKZmzufwdk@. Zwfvrf;rsm;onfvnf;
c&pf,mefrsm;odk@ pD;0ifv#u&f cSd o
Jh nf? at'D 1300 wGif *sKd Zmzuf. c&pf,mef umodv k pf &[EWm
jzpfonf [laom Zwfvrf;onf xif&mS ;vmcJah yonf?

Ak'b < momESifh Oa&my=um; tjcm; wduk &f u

kd f jyefveS fqufqaH &; jzpf&yfrmS tv,facwfumv (at'D
1100 ESifh 1400 =um;) jyifopf b&if*sb D ke;f }uD &wfb&mhurf S 0Dv#t
H m; jyopfb&k if pdef@v;l 0pfu at'D
1235 wGif rGef*dkeef;awmf armifh*w G tf m; oHw reftjzpf apv$wjf cif;yif jzpf.? xdq k ufo, G rf _rmS
cdik ;f vufcf (,ae@ uGm,vufcf umZpPwef)wGif jzpfcI Jh 0dv#tH m; xdr;f ausmif;&cufaom (t,l
aygah om) c&pf,mef[k xifrw S &f ayonf? (Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road").

[lvm*l acwfumvaemufyidk ;f wGif rGef*kd tDvcf ef;wd@k onf Ak'<bmomtm; wppjzifh odr;f oGi;f vmcJh
onf? rsm;pGmaom Ak'b < mom omoedu taqmufttHkrsm;Y yg&mS ;ESifh tD&wf e,fav#mufY uGuf
=um; uGu=f um; &SdaecJah yonf? ‚wd@k rS rnfonft h &mrS at'D 14 &mpkwiG f rwnf&adS wmhay? tdvf
cef;edwf. Ak'<bmomwdk@. tajctjrpfrsm;onf tmh*[ f efEiS fhtwl edXw
d o
H mG ;cJo
h nf?

taemufwidk ;f om;rsm; tm%m&Sad epOf bmomw&m;ESihf ‚. xif&mS ;&Si;f vif;aom tEkynm vuf
&mrsm;tm; rsuaf rSmufjzpfaom udv k edk Dacwfumv twGi;f wGif Ak'b
< momtm; pdwf0ifpm;r_rSm wd;k yGm;
vmcJh ayonf? 1853 ck *syef zGifhyGJu *syef. pdwf0ifpm;bG,f aumif;aom tEkynmESihf &d;k &m tjzpf oH;k
oyfr&d ef zefw;D Edik cf o
Jh nf? ‚onf urBmh t&Sio f efq;kH Ak'<bmom&d;k &mtjzpf wifquf Edik fcJh ayonf?
20 &mpk.aemufwGJ qlnrH _rsm;aemuf taemufwikd ;f wGif omrmefjynforl sm;t=um; Ak'< bmomtm;
pdwf0ifwpm; &Sv d mcJhayonf?

Ak'b
< momonf ‚. onf;cHru _ dk oGeo f ifjcif;/ bk&m;ocifrS =oZmtcsKyfjcm ydik q
f dkifr_ r&Sjd cif;ESifh pdppf
awG;awmjcif; (0dyoem)/ rdru d ,dk rf drd jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;jzifh yuwdjzpfwnfru _ kd em;vnfatmif
csn;f uyfjcif; rsm;a=umifh qGJaqmifr_yg0g cdkifrmv#ufyif &Sdaeayonf?

OD;aX;vGiOf ;D jyefqjyKpk
dkjyKpkonf
onf?

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