jyefvnfE;dk ºuGonfh 0g' (1720-

(1720-1906)
jyefvnfE;dk ºuGaom 0g' odk@r[kwf jyefvnfE;dk ºuolrsm;qdo k nfrmS uJvAf ifepfrsm;ESifh 0ifpav,ef; wd@k .
jyefvnfE;dk ºur_udk udk,pf m;jyKI/ Ed;k xr_}uD;[k ac:qdak yonf? ajrmuftar&duwGif tDAif*svDu,frsm;/ y&ufbkdiw
f m
0g'rD sm;/ bwWZd 0H g'rD sm;ESifh rufoadk 'g0h g'D toif;awmfrsm;. ay:xGe;f wd;k wufvmr_udk awG@ &ayonf?
xdvk y_ &f mS ;r_onf wajz;ajz;ESifh tm;aysmhoGm;aomtcgwiG f ‚onf jyefvnf tpm;xd;k ol rsm; v_y&f mS ;r_tm;
jrifw
h ufvmap&ef ay;tyfcJhayonf?

Ed;k xr_}uD;
yxrOD;qH;k Ed;k xr_}uD;rSm at'D 1730- 1740 wGi/f tar&duef udv k edk eD ,frsm; y&dw
k ufpfwifh bmoma&;
pdwjf yif;xeforl sm;. vdi_ ;f u,uf yifjzpfayonf? bk&m;w&m;ESiq fh ikd faom olawmfpifw&m;rsm;udk a[majymjcif;/
0wfjyKenf; &d;k &d;k rsm;ESifh ESu&f id_ ;f aom yk*~vu d tjypfrsm;ESifh a,&_c&pf. udk,pf m; tjypf cH,al y;r_rsm; tav;ay;
a[majymonfh &d;k &m jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkycf aJh yonf? ordik f; ynm&Sif qpf'eD tD; tmvfpxGr;f Sydney
E. Ahlstrom u ‚onf “Edi k if Hwumqdki&f m y&dw k ufpf wifrh sm; uaomif;ueif; jzpfjcif;. wpfpdwfwpfyikd ;f r#om
jzpf.” [k &_jrifxm;ayonf? ‚onf *smr%DwGif ydik ;f ,pfwufZif/ t*FvefwiG f tDAif*svDuJvf
jyefvnfE;dk xjcif;ESifh rufodk@'ufZifrsm; udv k nf; jzpfay:apcJah yonf? ‚onf 0wfjyKtoif; xlaxmifjcif;.
touf0dnm^f jyefvnf &Sio f efa&;udk A[djk yKcJI h ? 0wfjyKvlxkqidk &f m pka0;r_rsm;/ y&ufbidk fwm 0g'rD sm;ESihf 'gch sf
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ *smref jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ bwfywufpfrsm;ESifh rufoadk 'gh toif;awmfrsm;odk@ rsm;pGm xda&muf
cJah yonf? xdk@tjyif aus;u|ef vlO;D a&;rsm;xHodk@vnf; jyef@ESH@cJah yonf? 'kwd,t}udrf Ed;k xr_}uD; (1800- 1830)
onf yxrt}udrEf iS fh rwlnaD wmhbJ/ ‚onf toif;awmfrrJh sm;od@k OD;wnfv#uf wufºuaom awG@qHrk r_ sm;tm;jzifh
yk*v ~ du u,fwifjcif;cH&r_tm; &dkuo f iG f;cJah yonf? ‚onf refreG Ef iS fh jrifhjrwfaom v_y&f mS ;r_tzGJ@ uJho@kd aom
jyefvnf tpm;xdk;r_0g'. tpydik ;f tkypf rk sm;odk@vnf &du k cf wfoGm;ayonf? wwd, Ed;k xr_}uD;onf 1857 wGif
pwifcJh+yD; urBmESit fh 0Sr;f txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd f pum;ajymEdik if rH sm;odk@ jyeff@ESH@v_y&f mS ;cJah yonf? ajrmuf tar&durS
Ed;k xr_}uD;xJodk@ aemufq;Hk 0ifvm aom tkypf rk mS yifwufpfudkwJvf0g'rD sm; jzpfI/ olwdk@. a&aomufjrpfrmS
rufodka'ghp/f 0ufpav,ef wdk@ jzpfayonf? jrifhjrwfaom v_y&f mS ;r_tzGJ@onf 1906 ckEpS w f iG f avmhtif*s,fvpf+rdK@
tZlpm vrf;r ay:rS pwifcJhayonf? yifwufpfuw dk Jvf0g'rD sm;onf aemufyidk ;f wGif ESuf+cdKufb, G f v_y&f mS ;r_
Charismatic movement tm; OD;aqmifca Jh yonf?

jyefvnf tpm;xd;k 0g'rD sm;

jyefvnftpm;xd;k 0g'rD sm;qdkonfrmS toif;tzGJ@}uD; pkpnf;xm;jcif; r&So d nfh trsKd ;rsKd ;aom v_y&f mS ;r_ tzGJ@rsm;udk
ud,k pf m;jyKI/ acwf+ydKif c&pf,mef omomemrsm;/ rlvyifr rSeu f efaom c&pf,mefrS vrf;vGJ aom tzGJ@rsm;[k
todtrSwf jyKcH&olrsm; jzpfayonf? xdt k yk pf rk sm;onf jyefvnf wnfaqmuf &ef }uHpnfv#uf “wrefawmf
0wˆKtm;” vrf;jyusr;f tjzpf oH;k avh&aSd yonf? jyefvnf tpm;xd;k 0g'rD sm;onf 'kwd, Ed;k xr_acwf}uD;wGif
wd;k wufzGH@+zdK;vmcJhI/ y&dw
k ufpfwifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh ordik ;f 0if qufoG,rf _ &Scd Jhayonf? od@k aomf
uGJjym;jcm;em;onfrmS ‚wdk@onf olwdk@udk,o f wl dk@ jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif; jyKvkyo f nf[k rnfonft h cgwGirf S
raz:aqmifay? a,&_acwfumv twdik ;f toif;awmf tm; qufvuf wnf&aSd ponf[k aºu;a=umf+yD;/
toif;awmfwiG ;f wGif aysmufq;Hk aeonf[k olwdk@ axmufjyaom tcsufrsm;tm; jyefvnf tpm;xd;k jcif;om
jzpfcaJh yonf? xdt k oif;tzGJ@rsm;rSm “aemuf ydik ;f ae@&uf olawmfpifrsm; toif;awmf” (refreG f) ESifh “a,a[m0g
oufaocH v_y&f mS ;r_” rsm; jzpfay onf?

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