Constana

For other uses, see Constana (disambiguation).

Constana (Romanian pronunciation: [konstantsa]),

historically known as Tomis (Greek: or , Konstantia, Bulgarian: or , Turkish:
Kstence), is the oldest continuously
inhabited city in Romania. It was founded around 600
BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constana
County and the largest city in the region.
As of the 2011 census, Constana has a population of
283,872, making it the fth most populous city in RomaConstana panorama in 1910
nia. The Constana metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km (19 mi) of the city, and, with 425,916
inhabitants,[1] it is the second largest metropolitan area in
Romania.
The Port of Constana has an area of 39.26 km2 (15.16
sq mi) and a length of about 30 km (19 mi). It is the
largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports
in Europe.[2]

History

See also: History of Dobruja

According to Jordanes (after Cassiodorus), the founda- Constana Prefecture (nowadays the Constana Military Circle)
damaged during citys occupation by the Central Powers (1916
1918)

Ruins of Tomis

The port of Constana in 1941

tion of the city was ascribed to Tomyris the queen of the

Massagetae (The origin and deeds of the Goths):[3]

her enemies, Queen Tomyris crossed over into

that part of Moesia which is now called Lesser
Scythia - a name borrowed from Great Scythia
-, and built on the Moesian shore of the Black

After achieving this victory (against Cyrus

the Great) and winning so much booty from
1

3 CLIMATE
Sea the city of Tomi, named after herself.

longest mosaic pavements in the world.

In 1878, after the Romanian War of Independence, ConIn 29 BC the Romans captured the region from the stana and the rest of Northern Dobruja were ceded by
Odryses, and annexed it as far as the Danube, under the the Ottoman Empire to Romania. The city became
name of Limes Scythicus (Scythian Frontier).
Romania's main seaport and transit point for much of RoIn AD 8, the Roman poet Ovid (43 BC-17) was banished manias exports.
here by Augustus and it was where he spent the remaining
eight years of his life. He laments his exile in Tomis in
his poems: Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. Tomis was
by his account a town located in a war-stricken cultural
wasteland on the remotest margins of the empire.[4]

On October 22, 1916 (during World War I), the Central

Powers (German, Turkish and Bulgarian troops) occupied Constana. According to the Treaty of Bucharest in
May 1918, article 10.b (a treaty never ratied by Romania), Constana remained under the joint control of the
Central Powers. Allied troops liberated the city in 1918
after the successful oensive on the Thessaloniki front
knocked Bulgaria out of the war.
In the interwar years, the city became Romanias main
commercial hub, so that by the 1930s over half of the
national exports were going through the port. During
World War II, when Romania joined the Axis powers,
Constana was one of the countrys main targets for the
Allied bombers. While the town was left relatively undamaged, the port suered extensive damage, recovering
only in the early 1950s.

Statue of Ovid in front of the Museum of National History

2 Geography

A statue of Ovid stands in the Ovid Square (Piaa Ovidiu)

of Constana, in front of the History Museum (the former
City Hall).
A number of inscriptions found in the city and its vicinity show that Constana lies where Tomis once stood.
Some of these are now preserved in the British Museum
in London.[5] The city was afterwards included in the
Province of Moesia, and, from the time of Diocletian,
in Scythia Minor, of which it was the metropolis. After the 5th century, Tomis fell under the rule of the
Eastern Roman Empire. During Maurices Balkan campaigns, Tomis was besieged by the Avars in the winter of
Mamaia, view towards Constana
597/598.
Tomis was later renamed to Constantiana in honour of Constantia, the half-sister of Roman Emperor
Constantine the Great (274-337). The earliest known usage of this name was "" (Constantia) in
950. The city lay at the seaward end of the Great Wall
of Trajan, and has evidently been surrounded by fortications of its own. After successively becoming part of
the Bulgarian Empire for over 500 years, and later of the
independent principality of Dobrotitsa/Dobrotici and of
Wallachia under Mircea I of Wallachia, Constana fell under the Ottoman rule around 1419.
A railroad linking Constana to Cernavod was opened
in 1860. In spite of damage done by railway contractors there are considerable remains of ancient masonry
walls, pillars, etc. An impressive public building, thought
to have originally been a port building, has been excavated, and contains the substantial remains of one of the

Constana is the administrative center of the county with

the same name and the largest city in the EU Southeastern
development region of Romania. The city is located on
the Black Sea coast, having a beach length of 13 kilometres (8 miles). Mamaia, an administrative district of
Constana, is the largest and most modern resort on the
Romanian coast. Mineral springs in the surrounding area
and sea bathing attract many visitors in the summer.

3 Climate
Constana is the warmest city in Romania. It has a humid
subtropical climate (Cfa), with oceanic and semi-arid inuences. There are four distinct seasons during the year.
Summer (early June to mid September) is warm, dry and

3
sunny with a July and August average of 23 C (73 F).
The beginning of summer brings plenty of precipitation,
but by early July the weather becomes settled and dry.
Most summer days see a gentle breeze refreshing the
daytime temperatures. Nights are warm and somewhat
muggy because of the heat stored by the sea.

5 Economy

Autumn starts in mid or late September with warm and

sunny days. September can be warmer than June, owing
to the heat accumulated by the Black Sea. The rst frost
occurs on average in mid November.
Winter is much balmier compared to other cities in southern Romania. Snow is not abundant but the weather can
be very windy and unpleasant. Winter arrives much later
than in the interior and December weather is often mild The port of Kustendje/Kstence in 1856. Drawing by Camille
with high temperatures reaching 8 C (46 F) - 12 C (54 Allard
F). The average January temperature is 1 C (34 F).
Winter storms, which happen when the sea becomes particularly treacherous, are a common occurrence between
December and March.
Spring arrives early but its quite cool. Often in April and
May the Black Sea coast is one of the coolest places in
Romania found at an altitude lower than 500 m (1,640.42
ft).
Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the
year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008). The winter and
the summer of 2007 were respectively the warmest and
the second warmest in recorded history with monthly averages for January (+6.5 C) and June (+23.0 C) breaking all-time records. Overall 2007 was the warmest year
since 1889 when weather recording began.

View toward Constana shipyard

Demographics

As of 1878, Constana was dened as a poor Turkish

shing village. As of 1920, it was called ourishing,
[18]
According to the 2002 Romanian census, there were and was known for exporting oil and cereals.
310,471 people living within the city of Constana, mak- Constana is one of Romanias main industrial, commering it the fth most populous city in Romania.
cial and tourist centers.[19] During the rst half of 2008,
As of 2011, 283,872 inhabitants live within the city some 3,144 new companies were established in Constana
limits,[1] a decrease from the gure recorded at the 2002 and its neighbouring localities, a number surpassed only
in Bucharest and Cluj County.[20] The Port of Constana
census.
is the largest on the Black Sea and the fourth largest
As of 2014, an article of INS said that the population of in Europe.[21] The city also boasts a comparably large
Constana grew, the city having at the end of the year shipyard.[22]
319,678 inhabitants living permanently within the city
Tourism has been an increasingly important economic aclimits.
tivity in recent years. Although Constana has been proAfter Bucharest, the capital city, Romania has a number moted as a seaside resort since the time of Carol I, the
of major cities that are roughly equal in size: Constana, development of naval industry had a detrimental eect
Iai, Cluj-Napoca and Timioara.
on the citys beaches.[23] Nevertheless, due to its proximThe metropolitan area of Constana has a permanent pop- ity to other major tourist destinations, Constana receives
ulation of 387,593 inhabitants,[1] i.e. 61% of the to- a signicant number of visitors every year, who discover
tal population of the county, and a minimum average of and visit the citys monuments and attractions. Also, Con120,000 per day, tourists or seasonal workers, transient stana is a centre of commerce and education, both of
people during the high tourist season.
which signicantly contribute to the local economy.

TOURISM

consists of 23 year-round bus lines, and one summer

sightseeing double decker open top bus line to tourists.
In the early 2000s, the city bought 130 new MAZ buses to
replace the aging eet of DAC buses. The entire eet is
now made up of buses from the 2000-2008 period, which
are painted in distinctive bright colors, such as pink, yellow and green. There is also a eet of double decker
Volvo buses that run in the summer, providing access to
and from the resort of Mamaia. As of October 2013, the
cost of a return ticket is 3 RON.[24]

A2 motorway, also known as Suns Highway

Transport

Trams were active until the early 2000s. By this time,

however, the cars were almost 25 years old and with
the diculties in maintenance, were decommissioned in
favour of long-wheelbase buses. Two trolley bus lines
were active until the late 2000s - now also decommissioned and replaced by buses.

The opening, in 1895, of the railway to Bucharest, which

crosses the Danube River at the bridge at Cernavod,
brought Constana considerable transit trade in grain and
petroleum, which are largely exported; coal and coke
head the list of imports, followed by machinery, iron
goods, and cotton and woollen fabrics.

At the end of March 2014, all public buses were upgraded

with Wi for free use by all passengers. Speeds fall into
the 3G HSDPA mobile range. Also, as an upgrade to
the ticketing system, since the same time, tickets and per
day all bus lines subscriptions can be bought via SMS,
accepted by all national operators.[25]

The A2 motorway provides a rapid road link between

Constana and Bucharest, while the A4 motorway acts as
the citys outer trac ring, diverting heavy trac to and
from the Port of Constana and to Mangalia.

There are also plenty of private minibuses (similar to

a share taxi) which run along longer and more intricate
lines. The price of a minibus ticket, as of October 2013,
varies between 1 and 2 RON depending on the operator.

The Port of Constana includes the North Port and the

South Port, and is the fourth largest in Europe. It is
protected by breakwaters, with a lighthouse at the entrance. The port is sheltered from the northerly winds,
but southerly winds can prove highly dangerous at times.
The Black Sea squadron of the Romanian eet is stationed here. A large canal (the Danube-Black Sea Canal)
connects the Danube River to the Black Sea at Constana.

7 Tourism

Situated at the crossroads of several commercial routes,

Constana lies on the western coast of the Black Sea,
185 miles (298 km) from the Bosphorus Strait. An ancient metropolis and Romanias largest sea port, Constana traces its history some 2,500 years. Originally
The city is served by Mihail Koglniceanu International
called Tomis, legend has it that Jason landed here with
Airport.
the Argonauts after nding the Golden Fleece.

One of Constanas distinct pink MAZ buses, running on Route

44.

The sitting woman and the thinker of Hamangia. 5th millennium BC. National History and Archaeology Museum, Constana

Constanas public transport system is run by Regia Autonom de Transport n Comun Constana (RATC), and One of the largest cities in Romania, Constana is now an

7.1

Main sights

important cultural and economic center, worth exploring

for its archaeological treasures and the atmosphere of the
old town center. Its historical monuments, ancient ruins, grand Casino, museums and shops, and proximity to
beach resorts make it the focal point of Black Sea coast
tourism. Open-air restaurants, nightclubs and cabarets
oer a wide variety of entertainment. Regional attractions include traditional villages, vineyards, ancient monuments and the Danube Delta, the best preserved delta in
Europe.
The National History and Archaeology Museum is located in the old City Hall and has a very large collection
of ancient art.

7.1

Main sights

Carol I Mosque, Constana is the centre of Islam in Romania.

The Casino at sunset

Details from the House with Lions

7.1.1 Ovids Square

Designed by the sculptor Ettore Ferrari in 1887, the statue
dedicated to the Roman poet, Publius Ovidius Naso, gives
name to this square. Emperor Augustus exiled Ovid to
Tomis in 8 AD.

7.1.2 The Roman Mosaics (Ediciul Roman cu

Mozaic)

The Genoese Lighthouse

A vast complex on three levels once linked the upper town

to the harbor. Today, only about a third of the original edice remains, including more than 9,150 sq ft (850 m2 )
of colorful mosaics. Built toward the end of the 4th cen-

TOURISM

to honor Genoese merchants who established a ourishing sea trade community here in the 13th century.
7.1.4 The Casino (Cazinoul)
Designed by architects Daniel Renard and Petre Antonescu and completed between the two World Wars, the
art-nouveau style Constana Casino features sumptuous
architecture and a wonderful view of the sea. The pedestrian area around the Casino is a sought-after destination
for couples and families, especially at sunset.
7.1.5 The House with Lions (Casa cu Lei)
The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul

Blending pre-Romantic and Genovese architectural

styles, this late 19th century building features four
columns adorned with imposing sculptured lions. During
the 1930s, its elegant salons hosted the Constana Masonic Lodge.
7.1.6 The Archeology Park (Parcul Arheologic)
The park houses columns and fragments of 3rd and 4thcentury buildings and a 6th-century tower.
7.1.7 National Opera and Ballet Theater Oleg
Danovski
7.1.8

St. Peter & Paul Orthodox Cathedral

Constructed in Greco-Roman style between 1883 and

1885, the church was severely damaged during World
War II and was restored in 1951. The interior murals
display a neo-Byzantine style combined with Romanian
elements best observed in the iconostasis and pews, chandeliers and candlesticks (bronze and brass alloy), all designed by Ion Mincu and completed in Paris.
7.1.9
The Ottoman Hunchiar mosque in Constana is still used by the
Turkish minority

tury AD and developed over the centuries, it was the citys

commercial center until the 7th century. Archaeological
vestiges point to the existence of workshops, warehouses
and shops in the area. Remains of the Roman public baths
can still be seen nearby. Aqueducts brought water 6 miles
(10 km) to the town.

7.1.3

The Genoese Lighthouse (Farul Genovez)

Soaring 26 feet (7.9 m), the Genoese Lighthouse was

built in 1860 by the Danubius and Black Sea Company

The Great Mahmudiye Mosque (Moscheea

Mare Mahmoud II)

Built in 1910 by King Carol I, the mosque is the seat

of the Mufti, the spiritual leader of the 55,000 Muslims
(Turks and Tatars by origin) who live along the coast of
the Dobrogea region. The building combines Byzantine
and Romanian architectural elements, making it one of
the most distinctive mosques in the area. The centerpiece
of the interior is a large Turkish carpet, a gift from Sultan
Abdul Hamid. Woven at the Hereke Handicraft Center in
Turkey, it is one of the largest carpets in Europe, weighing 1,080 pounds. The main attraction of the mosque is
the 164 ft (50 m) minaret (tower) which oers a stunning
view of the old downtown and harbor. Five times a day,
the muezzin climbs 140 steps to the top of the minaret to
call the faithful to prayer.

7
7.1.10

Hnkar Mosque (Geamia Hunchiar)

11 Sports

The mosque was built between 1867-1868 by Ottoman

Sultan Abdlaziz for Turks who were forced to leave
Crimea after the Crimean War (185356) and settled in
Constana. The mosque has a 24m high minaret and was
subject to a restoration in 1945 and 1992.

Constana is home to several football clubs, with FC Viitorul playing in the Romanian rst division. There are
two rugby teams in Constana: RC Farul Constana, who
play in Divizia Naional BRD, and Constructul Cleopatra Constana, who play in Divizia A. One of the top Romanian handball clubs, HCM Constana, is also based in
the city. Olympic champion gymnasts Simona Amnar
7.1.11 The Fantasio Theatre (Teatrul Fantasio)
and Ctlina Ponor were born in Constana. Rzvan Florea, Olympic champion swimmer was also born in ConBuilt in 1927 by Demostene Tranulis, a local philan- stana. The tennis player Simona Halep is also a native of
thropist of Greek origin, this theatre used to be called the city.
Tranulis before 1947, after the name of its benefactor.
Its a ne building featuring elements of neoclassical ar- Constana and Mamaia, the neighboring summer holiday
chitecture, located in the heart of the city, on Ferdinand resort, are home to the Constana-Mamaia ETU Triathlon
European Cup that was held there in 2014 and 2015 and
Boulevard.
is also planned to take place in 2016.[26][27]
7.1.12

Romanian Navy Museum (Muzeul marinei

romne)

The museum is the largest institution of this kind in Romania and it hosts precious evidence concerning the development of the countrys military and civil navy. The
idea of founding the museum was outlined for the rst
time in 1919, but it was materialized only in the late
1960s at the initiative of Nicolae Ceauescu, when the
Romanian Navy Museum was ocially opened on 3 August 1969. Museum collections capture models of ships,
knots, anchors, navy uniforms. It has also a special collection dedicated to important gures who made history
in the Romanian navy. Prices for one ticket go from 5
RON to 10 RON.

Neighborhoods

(Formally, Mamaia and Palazu Mare are separate villages

administered by Constana municipality.)

Politics

The current mayor of Constana is Decebal Fgdu (Social Democratic Party).

The Constana Municipal Council, elected in the 2016
local government elections, is made up of 27 councilors,
with the following party composition:

10

Media

Main article: Media in Constana

12 International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

12.1 Twin towns Sister cities

Constana is twinned with:

12.2 Consulates

13 Natives of Constana
Main article: List of people from Constana

14 Education
Universities
Mircea cel Btrn Naval Academy
Constana Maritime University
Ovidius University
Andrei aguna University
Tomis University
Dimitrie Cantemir University
High schools
Mircea cel Btrn National College
Constantin Bratescu National College
Mihai Eminescu National College

16 STUDIES
Electrotechnics and Telecommunication High
School
George Clinescu High School
Ovidius High School

[16] 2011 census results per county, cities and towns Structura
Etno-demograc a Romniei. Edrc.ro. 2011-12-28.
Retrieved 2012-06-30.

Decebal High School

Traian High School
Computer Science International High School
Nicolae Rotaru Sports High School
Orthodox Theological Seminary
National College of Arts Queen Marie
International Schools
Cambridge School of Constana (CSC) http:
//cambridgeconstanta.ro/

15

References

[1] Population at 20 October 2011 (in Romanian). INSSE.

5 July 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
[2] Constana. Romanian Tourist Oce. Retrieved 200904-18.
[3] Jordanes. The origin and the deeds of the Goths, Chapter
X.
[4] The Cambridge Companion to Ovid ed. Philip Hardie
p.235.
[5] British Museum Collection
[6] Constana Climate Normals 1961-1990. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved
March 21, 2015.
[7] Klimatafel von Constanta (Konstanza), Dobrudscha /
Rumnien (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990)
from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher
Wetterdienst. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
[8] AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute
maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF). Romanian
Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007.
Retrieved March 21, 2015.
[9] Mamaia Climate Normals 1981-2010.
data.org. Retrieved December 9, 2016.

[15] Ioan N Roman, La population de la Dobrogea d'aprs le recensement du 1er janvier 1913 in La Dobrogea Roumaine,
Bucharest, 1919

climate-

[10] The history of Constana (Romanian)

[17] Populaia stabil dup etnie judee, municipii, orae,

comune (XLS) (in Romanian). Institutul Naional de
Statistic. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
[18] Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing
Company. p. 77.
[19] GhidTuristic.Ro: Judeul Constana" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2 December 2008.
[20] Cuget Liber: Constana are 3.144 de rme noi, n primele
ase luni din 2008" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2 December
2008.
[21] Port of Constana Ranking. www.eosnap.com. 201010-19.
[22] "antierul Naval Constana: Despre noi". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
[23] Juler, Caroline. Rumunia. Przewodniki National Geographic (in Polish). National Geographic Polska.
[24] ILiNC. Regia Autonom de Transport n Comun Constana | Home. www.ratc.ro. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
[25]
[26] 2014 Constanta-Mamaia ETU Triathlon European Cup
| Triathlon.org. www.triathlon.org. Retrieved 2016-0126.
[27] 2016 Constanta-Mamaia ETU Triathlon Premium European Cup | Triathlon.org. www.triathlon.org. Retrieved
2016-01-27.
[28] Les jumelages de Brest. Mairie-brest.fr. Archived from
the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
[29] Kota Kembar Makassar-Constantia. Ali Mochtar Ngabalin. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
[30] Twinning Cities. City of Thessaloniki. Archived from
the original on 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
[31] Eight Cities/Six Ports: Yokohamas Sister Cities/Sister
Ports.
Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau.
Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved
2009-07-18. External link in |publisher= (help)

[11] Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition

[12] A Handbook of Roumania. Archive.org. Retrieved
2012-06-30.
[13] Robert Stnciugel and Liliana Monica Blaa, Dobrogea
n Secolele VII-XIX. Evoluie istoric, Bucharest, 2005; pg.
202
[14] Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 182

16 Studies
Livia Buzoianu and Maria Barbulescu, Tomis, in
Dimitrios V. Grammenos and Elias K. Petropoulos
(eds), Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea, Vol.
1 (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2001) (BAR International
Series; 1675 (1-2)), 287-336.

17

External links

Constana travel guide from Wikivoyage

Ocial website
Constana Seaport ocial site

10

18

18
18.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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18.2

Images

File:A2-A4-02.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/A2-A4-02.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:

130km.ro Original artist: 130km.ro
File:Actual_Constanta_county_CoA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Actual_Constanta_county_
CoA.png License: Public domain Contributors: Version of [1] and [2], redrawn after the old CoA Original artist: ?
File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027,_Konstanza,_Siebelfhren_im_Hafen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-027%2C_Konstanza%2C_Siebelf%C3%A4hren_im_Hafen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de
Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a
cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Horst Grund
File:Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Casa_cu_Lei_3.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 ro
Contributors: Own work Original artist: ViperDex
File:Cazinoul_din_Constanta_la_rasarit_HDR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Cazinoul_din_
Constanta_la_rasarit_HDR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 ro Contributors: Own work Original artist: Djphazer
File:Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_
Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Adrian Cadar
File:Cercul_Militar_Constanta,_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg Source:
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Militar_Constanta%2C_fosta_Prefectura.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.monumenteromania.ro/monumente/
resized/86242a028ef58ed6251d2d5f8b1fde2b.jpg Original artist: Unknown author. The image was uploaded by Musichistory2009.
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Constanta,_lighthouse.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Constanta%2C_lighthouse.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Krzysztof Dudzik (User:ToSter)
File:Constanta_Griechische_Kirche.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Constanta_Griechische_
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File:Constanta_Historisches_Museum.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Constanta_Historisches_
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File:Constanta_Moschee.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Constanta_Moschee.JPG License: CC
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File:Constanta_pink_bus.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Constanta_pink_bus.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

18.2

Images

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File:Constanta_romania.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Constanta_romania.jpg License: Public

domain Contributors: NASA - Earth From Space Original artist: NASA - Earth From Space
File:Constanta_shipyard.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG License: CC
BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Acaro
File:Constana_Generala_1909.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Constan%C5%A3a_
Generala_1909.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://roconstanta.tripod.com/vechi/vechi.html Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https:
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File:Constana,_Catedrala_Sfinii_Petru_i_Pavel,_5.jpeg Source:
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Constan%C8%9Ba%2C_Catedrala_Sfin%C8%9Bii_Petru_%C8%99i_Pavel%2C_5.jpeg License:
Self-photographed Original artist: Aisano
File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Fatada_principala_Casei_cu_Lei.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Fatada_principala_Casei_
cu_Lei.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 ro Contributors: Own work Original artist: AndraRaicu
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on
information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: see below Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 . Original artist: Government of Ukraine
File:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg Source:
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Central_African_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Geamia_Hunchiar_(Hnkar_Mosque),_Constanta.jpg Source:
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Geamia_Hunchiar_%28H%C3%BCnkar_Mosque%29%2C_Constanta.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Htkava
File:Hamangia_Muzeul_din_Constanta.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Hamangia_Muzeul_din_
Constanta.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: CristianChirita
File:Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors:
Revista de istorie militar. 3-4/2006. p. 22
Original artist:
Camille Allard
File:Mamaia_Beach_(September_2013).JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Mamaia_Beach_
%28September_2013%29.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Razvan Socol
File:Moscheea_Carol_I,_Constanta.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Moscheea_Carol_I%2C_
Constanta.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Orasul_antic_Tomis_-_Therme.jpg Source:
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Therme.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Postoiu Roxana
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:ROU_CT_Constanta_CoA.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/ROU_CT_Constanta_
CoA.png License: Public domain Contributors: Maria Dogaru, Heraldica Romaniei, Brasov 1994 Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
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data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:ROU_CT_Constanta_Flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/ROU_CT_Constanta_Flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on images on the website of the Mayor oce [1] Original artist: Transformed into vector image
by User:Baltaci
File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Restorated_medieval_lighthouse_and_modern_radio_tower.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/
b0/Restorated_medieval_lighthouse_and_modern_radio_tower.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Restorated medieval lighthouse
and modern radio tower Original artist: Alexandru Pnoiu from Bucharest, Romania
File:Romania_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Romania_location_map.svg License:
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File:Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg Source:
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commons/7/7a/Statue_of_Ovid_and_National_History_Museum_in_Constantza.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Statue of
Ovid and National History Museum in Constantza Original artist: Alexandru Pnoiu from Bucharest, Romania

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