7-2 (C) w&kwf

Ak'b < momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@ at'D 1 &mpk ywf0ef;usifcef@uyif tm&Stv,fydki;f rS wqifh a&muf&Sd cJ[
h ef
&Sad yonf? (tcsKd @aom &d;k &m pum;pOft& tmaomu pd;k pHaepOf uwnf;uyif &[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf
w&kwfjynfodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf[k qdkayonf)? odk@aomf at'D 8 &mpkwiG rf S Ak'b < mom tm;
jyif;jyif;xefxefvy_ &f mS ;onfh yifrXme jzpfvmcJah yonf?

at'D 67 wGif &[ef;awmfEpS yf g;jzpfonfh rGww f dk ESifh csLzefvefwdk@ a&muf&v Sd m+yD; Ak'b
< momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@
w&m;0if rdwq f ufcJhayonf? at'D 68 ckEpS fwiG f {u&mZfjynf&h iS f. umuG,af pmifh a&Smuf r_atmufY
{u&mZfaejynfawmf vlt, dk ef;ESifh eD;uyfonfh t&yfY ,ae@wdik w f nf&aSd eonfh 0wfausmif;jzL (白馬寺) udk
wnfaqmufcJhayonf? at'D 2 &mpk tukecf ef@wGif (Ak'a< us;&Gm) todu k t f +rHKudk yif&eG t
f &yf (,ae@ ,laZmif/
*siZf )k Y atmifjrifpmG wnfaxmifcJhayonf?

yxrOD;qH;k r[m,e 0dnm% a&;&m w&kwb f mom jyefusrf;udk uk&eS f &[ef;awmf avmuqDrm u at'D 178 ESifh
189 wGIf vlt, dk ef;Y jyKpkcaJh yonf? tapmOD;qH;k Ak'<,mOfaus;r_ vuf&m tjzpf w&kwfjynfwiG f awG@&S&d onfrmS
ao;i,fonfh (yef;cs)D aiGya'omyif (at'D 200) yifjzpfI *E<&a'o yHpk eH rlem jzpfayonf?

topfa&mufvmonfh *E<&rS =o0g' ESit fh twl qif;wkawmfrsm;u/ axmifrh wfao&Sm oyf,yfpmG aom qH/
rkwqf dw/f - oydwt
f wGuf pepfwus acgufom;us &Hx k m;aom ouFuef;jzifh xGi;f xkxm; aom TaiGya'oyif
Ak'q
< if;wkonf a&S;OD;*E<& vuf&mrsm;udk yHkaqmifa=umif; cdik rf mpGm axmufjy aeayonf? ("Crossroads of
Asia" p209)

arwW,s Ak'< (ajrmufyidk ;f 0dik ;f at'D 443)

Ak'b < momonf wefrif;quf (at'D 618-907) tpydki;f wGif tm;opfavmif;cJah yonf? Trif;quf tm;
Edik if &H yfjcm;rS &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_rsm;u yGifhvif;pGm ul;pufcI
Jh / at'D 4 &mpkrS 11 &mpktwGi;f ajrmuf rsm;pGmaom
w&kwf Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;. c&D;oGm;r_rsm;a=umifh tdENd, &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh ul;vl;r_ rSm jyefvnf &Sio
f efco
Jh nf?

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wefaejynfawmf cse*f if;ef (,ae@- Zdtif Xi'an)onf Ak'< tawG; tac: rsm;. t"du yif&if;a'o jzpfvmcJo h nf?
xdrk w
S qifh Ak'<bmomonf ud;k &D;,m;ESifh uifw&dk SD oHwref rsm;. tultnDjzifh *syefodk@ tacscsciG fh &&Scd aJh yonf?
odk@aomfvnf; wefrif;quf. aemufq;Hk ydik ;f rsm;wGif Edik if &H yfjcm; ,Ofaus;r_ v$r;f rdk;jcif;rsm;tm; tm;ray;awmhbJ
wef{u&mZf 0laZmifu at'D 845 wGif Edik if jH cm; bmomw&m;tm;vH;k (c&pf,mef epfw&dk D,ef0g'/ Zd&k t kd ufpwm
0g'/ ESifh Ak'0< g'rsm; tygt0if) udk w&m;r0if [k a=ujimum/ wdik ;f &if; bmom wmtd0k g'tm; axmufychH aJh yonf?
ol. tkycf sKyfajrtESH@ Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@. ydik q f idk rf r_ sm;udk jynfoyl idk o
f rd ;f jcif;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;/ omoedu
taqmuf ttHrk sm;udk zsufq;D jcif;/ Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;udk uGyrf sufjcif;rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < mom. &d;k &m
,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifh tawG;tac: v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;rSm tqH;k owfc&Jh ayonf?
odk@aomfvnf; Ak'b < momtm; t}uD;tus,Ef ySd fuyG cf Jh+yD; ESpfwpf&m aemufyidk ;f qGef rif;quf (at'D 1127-1279)
vufxufwGif Ak'b < momonf jyefvnf &SifoefciG fh &cJjh yefonf? oef@&Si;f &majrESifh csef Ak'0< g'onf &mpkwpfcsKd @
qufvuf&iS fciG fh &cJ[ h ef&+Sd yD; aemufyidk ;f wGif xdrk S *syef Zif Ak'0< g'tjzpf xGef;um; cJhayonf? w&kwfjynfwiG f cseAf 'k <
0g'onf qGerf if;quf (at'D 1127- 1279) wGif tm;opfavmif;cGifh &cJ+h yD;/ ‚. bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;onf
,Ofaus;r_EiS fh ynmoif=um;a&; A[dXk me}uD;rsm; jzpfcJhayonf?

,ae@acwfwiG f w&kwfjynfu olwdk@onf urBmay:wGif Ak'v < uf&mrsm;ESifh tarGtESprf sm;udk pkaqmif; t&rdq;kH
wdik ;f jynfrsm;teufrS jzpfonf[ *k%faz:v#uf &Sad yonf? wefrif;quf vufxuf at'D 8 &mpkwiG ;f u
wnfqmufcaJh om jrpfo;Hk pif; qH&k mrS pdku=f unfah e[ef vuf&eS f r[mAk'q < if;wkawmfrmS vuf&t Sd xd urBmth }uD;qH;k
Ak'q< if;wkawmfyif jzpfI/ *efqk tydik f 'ef;[Get f eD;&Sd rGw*f dk v_id *f /l [efeef tydik f vlt,
dk ef; teD;&Sd avmif;rif;
*&Gww f dk@pf ESifh *Geu
f iG ;f teD; 'gZl ausmufyef;cH;k rsm;rSm ta&;yg qH;k aom Ak'<,Ofaus;r_ vuf&mrsm; jzpfonf[k
,lepfpudk urBmh tarGtESpf qdik &f m qdu k frS qdkayonf?

7-2 (i)
(i) ud;k &D;,m;
Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;odk@ at'D 327 0ef;usicf ef@wGif w&kwf oHtrwfrsm;. ud;k &D;,m; bk&ifEh idk if H *d*k mG ,d,kd
xHodk@ tvnfc&D;wGif usr;f *efrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk aqmif=unf; oGm;jcif;jzifh pwif rdwf qufcaJh yonf??
ud;k &D;,m;wGif txl;ojzifh at'D 7 &mpkrS pwifaom ZifA'k <0g' xGe;f um;cJh ayonf? at'D 1392 ckEpS f ,Drif;quf.
uGejf zL&Sif tpydik ;f *sKd pDteG f umvwGif Ak'b
< momonf t}uD;tus,f cGJjcm;jcif;udk cHc&Jh aomfvnf; Zif0g'
aqmif&Gurf r_ sm;rSm c|if;csufjzpfayonf?

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