Luminary 5of10

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vltcsif;csif;rdk@
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vmjcif;aumif;ovdk
jyefjcif;aumif;&ygapa=umif; ?
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bk&m;jzpfb0awmh ta&G@cHvdkuf& ?
t&l;r}uD;pum;
taomurif;w&m; =um;awmh?
zdk;ZD0
14
aumv[mvawGeJdk aysmf
haysmfcsifwahJ umiff
jynfajy;awG
tdrjf yefEikd =f uyg+yD qdv
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pG,fawmf "gwful;w,f qdkawmhvnf;
ysH=uawmhrSmyg ?
zl;vdkuf&wm tarm ?
+idrf;csrf;aomurBm
tm&yfaEGOD; qdkawmvnf;
(3) ESpftwGif; jzpfvmwJhtcg
pdwful;rD;awmuf uawmifacsmufcsm;
ppfyGJawGvnf;r&Sd pyg;usDawGjynfhvdk@
Asmrsm;ewfyl; wkef&D&D ?
twDtaw &efa=u;G awG+ird ;f

a&m*gcyfodrf; uif;y
tar&duef pD;yGm;a&; emvHxyg+yD
qif;&Jr_vnf; r&Sd=u
Oa&my emvHxyg+yD
orl[ oDcsif;udk qdk=ur,fwJh ?
jrefrmjynfvnf;
ESi;f cJawGaysmaf eqdw
k m vSnahf zG&mS rd
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'gayr,fhvnf;
aysmfae&wJhaumif ?
olu ,Hkcsifcsif ?
14
?
atmifcdkifjrifh
15
a0;&yfajru tdrf
eHeufcif; tdy,
f mx
0ifa&mufvmwJh tawG;u
=um;ae=u iSuu
f av;awG toH
r=um;rdbl;
a[m'Du yJjykwf qdkwJh toH
r=um;rdbl;
a=u;pnfoEH iS hf twl
qGrf;awmfAsdK@ qdkwJh aqmf=ooH
r=um;rdbl;
atmf 'g igh tdrf r[kwfbl; ?
*syefvaJ &muf
tdrfvJ aysmufayg@
nvJ a&mufjyef tdru
f jkd yefawmh
aemufwae@
pcJjh yefayg@
'gu ig@&J@ a0;&yfajru tdrfwJhvm; ?
0if;vJah r (acwW *syef)

16
,Ofaus;rSklvkyfom;rsm;odk h yef}um;csuf
udk,fusdK;=unfh t"dutm%m&SifawGrSm
apwem arwWm qdwfokOf;txyfxyf
ajcmufuyfaewJh &efoyl J
vlawGukd wefb;kd rJah tmif vkyyf pfvu
kd w
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cspfjcif;arwWm t!Smwm pmemr_t!Gef@wHk;wJh
bmwefbdk;rSr&SdwJh
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pepfq;kd yHo
k iG ;f xGi;f xkjcif;cH&wJh vlawGu,
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vkyv
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pdwf"gwfawG ysufpD;oGm;ayg@ ?
tkyfpdk;zdESdyfol &efol&J@
udk,f E_wf ESvHk; oHk;yg;pvHk;
trkef;w&m;awG ydwfavSmifzHk;
remvdk 0efwdk rpP&d,awG v$rf;zHk;
jrifhjrwfpdwf"gwfawG aysmufqHk;
vlaygif;rsm;pGm ---- rsm;pGm
tarSmifzHk;aewJh acwf&J@ wqmcHawG jzpfoGm;
azmufjyefwhJ zdEydS v
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l ef;pm; twdik ;f jzpfomG ;
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aq;a=um c0gcszdk@
wefb;kd wufatmifvyk zf @kd &m
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uko&vdrfhr,f ?
vlr_pepfu t&kyfqdk;rSawmh
vlwcsdK@&J@ pdwf"gwf
t&kyfqdk; tusnf;wef+yDayg@ ?
wdik ;f jynfu rzG@H +zKd ;rSawmh
vlrsm;pk&J@ pdwf"gwf edrfhusr_awGu
ajcmufurBm;xJ txd wdk;vdk@ayg@ ?
pdwf"gwftif*sifeD,m
tdk --- pma&;q&m uAsmq&mwdk@
yef;csD yef;yk &kyf&Sif *Dw
tEkokckr obif
tdk bJ h---- tEkynm&Sif taygif;wdk@
olw@kd &J@ &ifxu
J
tusnf;wefvSwJh tarSmifxk tnpfta=u;
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f rd ;f vSu
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igwdk@ 0efwm }uD;av;pG
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?
xl;wifh
atmufwdkb 18 / 2011
(pma&;q&m uAsmq&m &kyf&Sif'g&dkufwm csdKwl;aZmf .a[majymyGJwGif
trSwfw& &Gwfqdkonfh uAsm ? Edk0ifbm 27 / 2011 )
16
17
tvJtvS,f
wcdsK@awGu
odumQ w&m;udk
to+ymeJ@vJw,f?
wcsKd @awGuawm@
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kd w
J ,f?
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vlrormrSef;odvsufeJ@
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t+rJ +zpfaerSmyJ? ?
oHvGi cf
18
a'gif; / 2012
tESpftpdwfudk wcgvnfwJh
ordkif;&xm; jyKwif;aygufu
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ta=umif;vSpGmawG@cJ@&........?
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cGyaf 'gi;f awG avtaoG;rSm
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18
19

'DjrKdhrSm 0dnmOfawG usaysmufoGm;w,f
'DjrKdhrSm rsuf&nfawG yifv,f jzpfoGm;w,f
'DjrKdhrSm trSefw&m; uckefcJhw,f
'DjrKdhrSm rdwfaqGawG &efoloGm;jzpfoGm;w,f
'DjrKdhrSm ig razmfjyEdkifcJhwmawG trsm;=uD; &dSw,f?
'DjrKdhrSm om;&JwGif;awG &dSaeqJ
'DjrKdhrSm ajracG;awG aysmfaeqJ
'DjrKdhrSm tjyKH;awG&Jhatmuf tpG,fawGu jr aeqJ
'DjrKdhrSm wa,mufxJ vrf;xGufzdk@ a=umufaeqJ
'DjrKdhrSm igrodwJh ya[VdawG vrf;avSsmufaewkef; jzpfw,f?
rodjcif;awGudk &l;csifa,mifaqmifjcif;eJ@ aygif;pyfzdk@
&mZ0wfrSKawGudk rsufvkH;uef;eJh =unfhwwfzdk@
yk&GufqdwfwGif;xJu tvif;a&mifudk aexifzdk@
igav
0domcg ausmif;tpfr=uD;&Jh EGm;b0rSm om,mrSKrsKd;
&efukefrSm jyefr,lcsifawmhbl;?
armif=uD;jidrf;csrf;
20
umwGef;
20
21
umwGef;
udk,fhvl ol hbufom;
22
ausmif;awGrSm jynfol heDwd oif}um;a&;
a'gufwmarmifoif;
ynma&;qkdwm {u&mZf=uD;jzpfzkd@/ w&m;ol=uD;jzpfzkd@ r[kwfyg?
+ynfoljynfom;aumif; jzpfatmifavhusifhay;jcif; ygw?hJ
tawG;tac:ynm&Si=f u;D &l;qk;d
(Rousseau) &J ynma&;eJ @ qk d i f w J h tqk d t rd e f @ yg?ol @ tqk d [ m ,ae@txd
rSeu
f efaeqJyg? ol@tqku
d dk bmx&ef&yfqv
J u
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qef;ppfekdifpGrf;&SdjyD; trSefw&m;ukd opPmcHwJh bufawmfom;jzpfvmum avmuaumif;usKd;
pGrf;pGrf;wrH o,fykd;ekdifol jzpfvmjcif;ygyJ/ tJ'grS jynfolom;aumif; (good citizen) yg? ekdifiH
om;aumif;/ jynfo@l om;aumif; wpfa,muf+zpfvmzk@d twGuf jynfojl ynfom;aumif; wpfa,muf
&JtcGifhta&;/ wm0efeJ@0wW&m;/ av;pm;vkdufem&r,fh pnf;urf;awGu bmawGvJ?
tJ'gawGodatmif/ jyD;awmhav;pm;um vkdufemusifhoHk;atmif b,fvkdvkyfrSmvJ?
jynfoljynfom;aumif;qkdwm wpfOD;wpfa,muftwGuf r[kwfyg? ekdifiHtwGif;&Sd ql=uHKedrfhjrifh
ekdifiHom;tm;vHk; twGufyg?
jynfoljynfom;aumif; wpfa,mufrSm &Sdoihf&SdxkdufwJh ekdifiH=uD;om;pdwfxm;
t&nftaoG;awGjynfh0rS tJ'DekdifiH[m jidrf;csrf;r_/ omm,mr_eJ@ jynfhpHkjyD; zHG@jzdK;wkd;wufr_ukd
tifeJ@tm;eJ@ aqmif&GufekdifrSm? jynfolvlxkukd ekdifiHom;aumif;awG jzpfvmatmif tHkeJ@usif;eJ@
tpkta0;eJ@ avhusiahf y;ekid w
f v
hJ yk if ef;u ynma&;ygy?J
ynma&;&J vkyfief;awG/ arSsmfrSef;csufawGukd jynfhjynfh00 taumiftxnfazmfaewJh
ae&mawGuawmh ausmif;awGyg? rl=udK/ rlvwef;rSonf aumvdyf wuUokdvf trsKd;rsKd;txdyg?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlawGu xif=uygw,f? ausmif;qkw
d m oif wJah e&m/ txl;ojzifh pmoif
22
23
wJhae&m/ wu,fwrf;rSm ausmif;qkdwm vlom;wpfOD;csif;ukd vlaumif;vlawmfjzpfatmif

avhusifhay;/ jyifay;wJhae&mawGrkd@ usaemfwkd@ q&m=uD;awGu vljyif wJh ae&mygwJh?
vlujdk yifw,fqw
dk m &ky0f wKvdk &ku
d Ef u
S /f xkxuf wyfqifvu
dk v
f @dk jy;D wJah e&m r[kwyf g? t=urd =f urd f
txyfxyfavhusiahf y;rS &wJt
h &myg? b0 wpfavSsmufv;kH av;pm;vku
d ef mum txHyk g&rDvpdk jGJ y;D
usio
hf ;kH oGm;onfxd avhusiahf y;wmyg?
jynfoljynfom;aumif;qkdwm rdrdvkdufem&r,fh usifh0wfukd odae&HkeJ@ rjyD;yg?
av;pm;vkdufem usifh=uHr_ eJ@ jynfhpHkrSjzpfrSmyg? jynfoljynfom;aumif;wpfa,muftaeeJ@
av;pm;vkdufem wefbkd;xm;usifhoHk;& r,fht&mrkd@ jynfol@eDwd(Civics) vdk@oHk;E_ef;wmyg?
urBmhedkifiHrsm;rS ynma&;ynm&SifawGvufcHxm;wm u jynfol@eDwdeJ@ ausmif;qdkwm &kyfeJ@emrf
(Body and Soul) vdy
k gy?J cGjJ cm;vd@k &aumif;wJt
h &mr[kwyf gw?hJ bmvd@k vJqakd wmh ausmif;qdw
k m
uav;awGukd xl;cseG x
f ufjrufw@J jynfojl ynfom;aumif;jzpfatmif avhusiahf y;wJah e&m jzpfv@kd ygy?J
'ga=umifhjynfol@eDwd[m ausmif;rSm rdom;pkrSm &yfuGuf/ aus;&Gm/ jrdKawGrSm
bk&m;ausmif;rSm/ tvkyfcGiftoD;oD;rSm / ygwDawG/ vlr_tzGJtpnf;awGrSm/ tm;upm;toif;
awG/ rD',
D mtrsKd ;rsKd ;awGe@J aemufq;kH a&G;aumufyaJG wG/ a&G;aumufy&JG J pnf;&H;k &mrSm rdr&d J ukeyf pPn;f
a=umfjimtqHk; usifhoHk;vdkufem&r,fh t&myg? jynfol@eDwd[m wpfOD;csif;rSonf rdom;pk/
rdom;pkrSonf ausmif;/ &yfuGuf/ tzGJtpnf;eSifhaemufqHk; rdrdedkifiHeJ@ urBmh&Gm=uD;tqifhxd
usifhoHk;&r,fh todeJ@ tusifhyg?
uefawmfwdk@i,fi,fwkef;u ausmif;awGrSmq&m=uD; OD;tkef;armif a&;om;wJh
jynfo@l eDwd udk rlvwef;rS tv,fwef;txd oif=um;cJ&h ygw,f? eHeufausmif;pwufwt
hJ csed rf mS
oif & wmyg? rl v wef ; rS m jynf o l @ eD w d (Civics) ouf o uf e J @ tv,f w ef ; rS m
jynfol@eDwdeSifhusef;rmjcif; (Civics and hygiene) qdkjyD; oif=um;&ygw,f?
q&m=uD ; a&;wJ h rl v wef ; jynf o l @ eD w d t xJ r S m aygif ; oif ; a&;eS i f h ynma&;/
pnf;urf;ao0yfa&;/ raumif;r_udk rjyKoifha=umif;/ tcsdefrSefjcif;/ vrf;Y,Ofaus;r_/udk,fcsif;pm/
0wW&m;&Sdol/ ,Ofaus;r_/ rdbpum; em,ltyfjcif;/ wd&pm>efrsm;udk oem;jcif;/ ausmif;or0g,r/
ouf = uD ; yl a Zmf y G J / i,f p Of u ynmoif t yf j cif ; / ausmif ; wm0ef c J G a 0r_ / xrf ; aqmif j cif ; /
aus;&Gmwm0efcGJa0xrf;aqmifa&;/ cE<mudk,f oef@&Sifa&;/ t0wfoef@&Sif;a&;/ usef;rma&;eSifh
oef@&Sif;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_eSifh oef@&Sif;a&; ponfjzifh oif=um;cJh&ygw,f?
xdk@twl tv,fwef; jynfol@eDwdrSmawmh tydkif;eSpfydkif;&Sdygw,f? yxrydkif;rSm
tk y f c sKyf a &; tcef ; / 'k w d , tyd k i f ; rS m usef ; rmjcif ; ynmjzpf y gw,f ? yxryd k i f ; wG i f
jynfol@tcGifhta&;eSifh jynfol@ 0wW&m;/ aus;&Gmom;eSifh ol=uD;0wW&m;/ q,ftdrfacgif;/ &Gmacgif;/
aus;&GmaumfrwD/ jrdK jytkyfcsKyfa&;/ jrLeDpDy,f/ jrdKaumfrwD aygif;oif;qufqHa&;vkyfief;rsm;
ajzazsmfr_/ aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;/ ynm&SmrSD&mXmersm; ponfwdk@&Sdygonf? usef;rmjcif;tydkif;rSm
taqmuftOD; oef@&Sif;a&;/ oGm;udk*&kpdkuf&ef/ uGrf;pm;jcif; tjypfrsm; tdyfpuftem;,ljcif;/
rD;zdkaqmif/ vrf;ab;aq;qdkif/ umv0rf;a&m*g/ avta=umif;/ yvdyfa&m*g/ponfwdk@yg?
awmfoavmuf aumif;jy;D pdwaf &mud,
k yf g use;f rm=uH cdik af om jynfojl ynfom;aumif;wpfa,muf
24
wu,fwrf;rSm ausmif;qkwd m vlom;wpfO;D csif;ukd vlaumif;vlawmfjzpfatmif avhusifah y;/

jyifay;wJhae&mawGrkd@ usaemfwkd@ q&m=uD;awGu vljyif wJh ae&mygwJ?h vlujdk yifw,fqwdk m &ky0f wKvkd
&kud Ef uS /f xkxuf wyfqifvudk vf @dk jyD;wJah e&m r[kwyf g? t=udr=f udrf txyfxyfavhusifah y;rS &wJht&myg?
b0 wpfavSsmufvHk; av;pm;vkdufemum txHkyg&rDvkdpJGjyD; usifoh ;kH oGm;onfxd avhusifah y;wmyg?
jynfojl ynfom;aumif;qkwd m rdrvd udk ef m&r,fh usifh0wfukd odae&HkeJ@ rjyD;yg? av;pm;vkdufem
usifh=uHr_ eJ@ jynfhpHkrjS zpfrmS yg? jynfojl ynfom;aumif;wpfa,muftaeeJ@ av;pm;vkdufem
wefb;dk xm;usifhoHk;& r,fht&mrkd@ jynfol@ewD d(Civics) vdk@oHk;E_ef;wmyg?
ay:xGe;f vma&;yg? ueaf wmfw@kd ausmif;awGrmS jynfo@l eDwb
d mom&yfeiS ahf 0;cJh wm=umygjy?D
edkifiHwumrSm jynfol@eDwdudk ausmif;awGrSm oif=um;ay;wJh&nf&G,fcsufuawmh
tJ'eD ikd if &H J tem*wfrmS edik if =H u;D om;awG ay:xGe;f vmapzd@k yg? edik if =H u;D om;pdwx
f m; =u,
G 0f olawG
taeeJ@ ydkifqdkif &r,fht&mawGuawmh -
(u) todw&m;jrifhrm;apjcif;
1? pm&dwW. wefzdk; (Oyrm &dk;om;r_/ av;pm;r_/ wm0efodr_/ tusifhpm&dwWcdkif+rJr_) udkod&Sdjcif;
2? rdom;pkpdwf"gwf jrifhrm;r_wefzdk; (rdom;pktcsif;csif; jrwfedk;jcif;/ *&kpdkufjcif;/ rdom;pk.
*k%o
f u
d mQ udk av;pm;wefz;kd xm;jcif;) udk em;vnfjcif;?
3? tzG@J tpnf;pdw"f gwf (twef;wGi;f / ausmif;wGi;f / &yfuu
G w
f iG ;f yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifr.
_ wefz;kd udo
k &d dS
vmjcif;) udo
k abmaygujf cif;?
4? rdrdywf0ef;usif. av;pm;wefzdk;xm;jcif;udk od&Sdvmjcif; (twef;/ ausmif;/ &yf&Gm
*k%w
f ufatmif jyKral qmif&u
G v
f pkd w
d )f
5? &dk;&m"avh ,Ofaus;r_udk av;pm;&rnf[laom tod&Sdvmjcif;?
6? trsdK;om;pHE_ef;eSifh ekdifiHom;aumif; wpfa,muf. t&nftaoGrsm;udk od&Sdfvmjcif;?
(c) jrifrh m;onfh pdwof abmxm; &Sjd cif;

1? rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_ tjynf@&SdpGmjzifh wm0efudk xrf;aqmifedkifjcif;?
2? wm0efodI wm0ef,laqmif&Gufvdkpdwf &SDjcif;?
3? tcuftcJudk aemufrqkwfbJ &ifqdkifausmfv$m;edkifjcif;?
4? olwpfyg;tm; &dkif;yif;ulnDvdkpdwf jynfh0jcif;?
5? touf/ 0g/ ynm/ *k%f=uD;oludk &dkaoav;pm;onfh tavhtx&Sdjcif;?
6? vltcsif;csif; b0aemufcHrwlr_eSifh p&dkufuGJjym;r_rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;?
7? olwpfyg;atmifjrifatmif ulnDpGrf;aqmifay;vdkjcif;?
8? uGJjym;aomvlrsdK;/ bmom/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;jcif;?
9? &yf&GmtusdK;/ vlxktusdK;/ tzGJtpnf;aumif;usdK; o,fydk;vdkpdwf jyif;xefjcif;?
10? vlrsKd ;eJ@ wdik ;f jynfuckd spjf y;D jynfo@l eDwd jynf0h I wm0efoad om edik if =H u;D om;. tjyKtrl tavh
tusijhf zifh aexdik jf cif;wd@k jzpfygonf?
24
25
uav;i,fawG[m jynfo@lewD od if=um;ay;r_uif;rJch &hJ if =uD;edki fi,fnOS f;eJ@ twWpdwfxm;=uD;ol/

pmempdwfrJhol/ pnf;urf;rav;pm;ol/ wm0efrodwwfolawGtjzpf =uD;jyif;vmrSmyg?
tJ'pD dwfxm;[m 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm r&SdtyfwJh pdwfxm;eJ@ tusifyh g?
tJ'oD al wGvufxJ 'Drukd a&pDa&mufomG ;vd@k uawmh
0&kef;okef;um; 'Drdkua&pDyJjzpfygvdrfhr,f?
txufygtcsuftmvHk;udk jcKHvdkufvSsif ausmif;awGrSm jynfol@eDwd oif=um;&jcif;&J
aemufq;kH &v'fu awmh.....
(u) edkifiHoledkifiHom;aumif; (Good citizen) (c) vlawmfvlaumif; (Good person) (*)
'Drdkua&pD tusifhudk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;ol (odk@) 'Drdkua&pD0g'Daumif; (Good democrat) awG
ay:xGef;vmjcif;wdk@ yJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ ausmif;uxGufoGm;wJh vli,fwpfa,mufudk
avhusifhay;vdkufwJh t&mtm; vHk;teuf &ifxJ/ OD;aeSmufxJ pGJusef&pfr,fh t"dut&muawmh
jynfol@eDwdygyJ? qdkvdkwmu tJ'Dvli,f [m jynfol@eDwdudk av;pm;vdkufem usifhoHk;ol (Civicminded person) jzpfoGm;zdk@yg? urBmwpf0ef;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;&J jidrf;csrf;om,m
zGH jzKd ;wd;k wufru
_ kd tJ'v
D v
kd al wGuom aqmif&u
G =f urSmrd@k yg?
D ufomG ;aewJh vrfa=umif;u 'Dru
kd a&pDvrf;a=umif;yg?
ueaf wmfw@kd &J edik if aH wmfu csw
'D r d k u a&pD [ m ed k i f i H = uD ; om;pd w f x m;=uG , f 0 wJ h jynf o l j ynf o m;aumif ; awG e J rS
atmif a tmif j rif j rif u sif h o H k ; ed k i f rS m ? 'gh a =umif h ed k i f i H w umausmif ; awG r S m jynf o l @ eD w d
oif = um;ay;wm[m 'D r d k u a&pD t avh t usif h & atmif avh u sif h a y;wmygyJ / xd k @ twl
'D r d k u a&pD x G e f ; um;wJ h e d k i f i H a wG u ausmif ; awG r S m jynf o l @ eD w d oif = um;ay;wm[m
edik if aH &;aumif;zd@k ygw?hJ jynfo@l eDwd uHv
k w
kH hJ edik if o
H mawGaygygrS 'Dru
kd a&pD&J pH / teSpo
f m&udk
taumiftxnfazmfeikd rf mS jzpfv@kd yg?
uav;i,f a wG [ m jynf o l @ eD w d o if = um;ay;r_ u if ; rJ h c J h & if }uD ; ed k i f i ,f n S O f ; eJ @
twWpdwfxm;=uD;ol/ pmempdwfrJhol/ pnf;urf;rav;pm;ol/ wm0efrodwwfolawGtjzpf
}uD;jyif;vmrSmyg? tJ'Dpdwfxm;[m 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm r&SdtyfwJh pdwfxm;eJ@ tusifhyg?
tJ'DolawGvufxJ 'Drdkua&pDa&mufoGm;vdk@ uawmh 0&kef;okef;um; 'Drdkua&pDyJjzpfygvdrfhr,f?
uefawmfwdk@arSsmfrSef;wmu pHjynfh 'Drdkua&pD vl@abmifyg? tJ'Dvdkjzpfzdk@uawmh
jynfoljynfom;aumif;/ vlawmf/ vlaumif;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD 0g'Daumif; awG avhusifhay;edkifpGrf; &SdwJh
jynfo@l eDwd bmom&yfuakd usmif;awGrmS (txl;ojzifh rlvwef;eJ@ tv,fwef;ausmif;tqif)h
rjzpfrae oif=um;ay;zdk@ vdkwJhtcsdefyg? 'grSjrefrmwdk@&J pHjynfh 'Drdkua&pD edkifiHqDodk@ csDwufyGJ
rSm ql;anSmifh cvkyf uefoif; uif;uif;eJ@ at;csrf;om,mpGm csDwufedkifrSmyg?
a'gufwmarmifoif;
jynfol@acwf*sme,f twGJ1/ trSwf 45
26
'Duae h ArmawG Armpma}u }uovm;
O\mq&mtdk
av;av;tdk (O\majrrS) zcif}uD;a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom a0g[m& / ayg&m%ESifh
o'Ng aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyfrSaeI vpOf jrefrmrsm; jrefrmpmudk od=u/ wdus/ rSefuefpGm ajymqdk
a&;om;Edkifapa&;twGuf ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;a&muf (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif arG;zGm;=uolrsm;ESifh
jrefrmpmudk avhvmvdkufpm;vdkolrsm;twGuf vpOfa&;om;az:jyay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?
,ckyxrqHk;taeeJ@ XmemXmeaumovOm%f / ol@ae&mESifhol wdusrSefuefpGm
a&;om;ajymqdk Edik af pa&;twGuu
f kd wifjyvdu
k yf gawmhonf?
XmemXmeaumov Om%f
q&mtdkonf jrefrmhpmayavmuodk@ wdk;0ifI =unfhaomtcg odp&m/ rSwfp&m/
a&Smifp&m/ aqmifp&mawGrsm;vSygbd[k awG;rdygonf? igbmr# rodao;yguvm;[k rdrdudk,frdrd
tuJjzwfrdygonf? odk@aomfodk@aomf wwfor# rSwfor#ESifhyif ynm'ge jyKvdkuf&ygonf?
XmemESifh XmerSm t"dy`g,f twlwljzpfonf? teufrSm t&yfa'ojzpfonf? aumovrSm
odonfwwfonf/urf;usifvdrRmonf[k t"dy`g,f&dSonf? Xmem XmeaumovOm%f onf
ol@ae&mESifhol xHk;rSDpHus tH0ifcGifus oHk;E_ef;wwfaom todOm%f[k qdkcsifygonf?
pma&;ol yJcl;+rdK@ t-x-u (5) wGiftxufwef;jyq&mvkyfcJhpOfu wynfhrsm;tm;
ok'E< iS u
hf m&du
k t
f a=umif;udk oif=um;ay;cJzh ;l ygonf? wynfw
h pfO;D tm; pkwaf tmif b,fvv
kd yk &f
rvJ[k ar;&m wynfrh u +z&J ygrnf[k ajzvdu
k &f m wpfcef;vH;k tke;f tke;f uuu
f uf jzpfomG ;ygonf?
26
27
jrefrmha0g[m&rsm;onf ol@ae&mESiohf l trnfajymif;vJwwf=uygonf?Oyrm aumif;uifwiG f

ay:onfoh ufw(H 0g) oufwif;rsm;udk taemuft&yfY axmifvukd af y:v#if (pdk@) / ta&S@t&yfY
av;udik ;f oEWeaf y:v#if (oufwH) / ta&S@rdk;ukyfpuf0dki ;f rS taemufrdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;xd ta&S@taemuf
wef;Iay:v#if (}udw)f [k ac: =uonf?
tajzrSefrSm pkwfatmif qkwf&ygrnf?+yJapcsif&ifawmh +zJ&ygvdrfhrnf?
usatmifvkyfonfudk csonf/ usJatmifvkyfonfudk csJonf/ uGJatmifvkyfonfudk cGJonf/
yJhatmifvkyfonfudk zJhonf/ ydk@atmifvkyfonfudkzdk@onf/ Edkifatmifvkyfonfudk Edkifonf/
ysufatmifvkyfonfudkzsufonf ponfwdk@um; ok'<ESifhum&dkufwdk@. erlemtcsdK@wnf; ?
jrefrmha0g[m&rsm;onf ol@ae&mESifhol trnfajymif;vJwwf=uygonf?Oyrm
aumif;uifwiG f ay:onfo
h ufw(H 0g) oufwif;rsm;udk taemuft&yfY axmifvu
kd af y:v#if (pd@k ) /
ta&S@t&yfY av;udik ;f oEWeaf y:v#if (oufw)H / ta&S@rd;k ukypf uf0ikd ;f rS taemufr;kd ukypf uf0ikd ;f xd
ta&S@taemuf wef;Iay:v#if (}uw
d )f [k ac:=uonf?
Zwfrif;om; rif;orD; uGef;axmufem;ae&mwGif qdkaomoDcsif;udk (cGef;axmuf)/
pcef;cs&mrS c&D;xGuaf wmhrnfh tcgqakd omoDcsi;f udk (+rKd ix
f )/ csed cf iG jf zifh csed I
f a&mif;&aomukeu
f kd
(csdwfukef)/ awmif;wif;pojzifh jcifwG,fI a&mif;&aomukefudk (wdkufukef)/ OHKcHI&Gwf&aom
pmrsm;udk (*gxm)/ a=omif;cHI &Gw&f aompmrsm;udk (rEWe)f ? xGe,
f ufpu
kd yf sKd ;csed w
f iG f &Gmaomrd;k udk
(vkyfrdk;)/ pyg;rsm; a&atmif;ap&ef &Gmaomrdk;udk (pm;rdk;)/ rcsufrjyKwfyJpm;&aomtpmrsm;udk
xGufpm/ csufjyKwfIpm;&aom tpmrsm;udk eyfpm/ um,pGrf;&nfudk (owWd)/ Om%pGrf;&nfudk
(AswWd) ponfjzifh uJGjym;atmif cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;onfrsm;udk ol@ae&mESifhol xHk;rSDpHus
oHk;pGJwwfoludk XmemXme aumovOm%f tjrifoefol[k pmrSwfjyK=uygonf?
jrefrmpmaywGif av;vHk;wGJpum;rsm; tajrmuftrsm;&Sdygonf? Oyrmjy&aomf
(ulaz:avmifzuf) t"dyg` ,rf wlaomtwG/J (ylaz:avmifzuf)/ t"dyg` ,w
f al omtwJ/G (ql}uKH erd jhf rif)h
rwlaomtwG/J (jzLjzLazG;azG;)wlaomtwG/J w@kd jzpf=uayonf? xd@k enf;wl(ydeyf ed yf g;yg;) 00wkww
f w
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iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh/ rm;rm;jrifhjrifh/ =uGm;=uGm;0ifh0ifh/ [laom av;vHk;wGJ oHk;ckwGif iGm;ESifhpGifh/
rm;ESifhjrifh / =uGm;ESifh0ifhwdk@onf toHtm;jzifh rwl=uaomfvnf; teuftm;jzifh wl=uayonf ?
Tav;vH;k wGo
J ;kH ckonf jrefrmpmaywGif tom;us+y;D om;jzpfaeI a&S;ynm&Srd sm;vnf; vufcu
H sihf
oHk;cJh=uonf? vuf&Sdynm&Sif}uD;rsm;vnf; a[mif;yifa[mif;aomfvnf; aumif;aeonfhtwGuf
qufvufo;kH pGcJ =hJ uayonf? iGm;iGm;jrifjh rif/h iGm;iGm;0H0h /hH rm;rm;0if0h if/h rm;rm;pGiphf iG /hf =umG ;=umG ;pGiphf iG hf
=uGm;=uGm;jrifhjrifh [lI twGJajymif;+yD; roHk;pGJrdap&ef tvGefowdxm;&ayvdrfhrnf?
jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;onf pum;ajym&mwGifvnf;aumif; pma&;&mwGifvnf;aumif;
tvGefy&d,m,f=uG,f0=uonf? &mZ0ifq&m}uD; olaX;om; OD;ukvm;udk ordkif;okawoDwdk@u
csD;=uL;*k%fjyK=uonf? tb,fha=umifh[lrl olykefwpfrsdK;wnf;udk ykefuefonf/ aomif;usef;onf/
awmfveS o
f nf/ jcm;em;onf/ rusKd ;rEG&H o
dS nf/ tcpm;ysuu
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28
jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;onf pum;ajym&mwGivf nf;aumif; pma&;&mwGi vf nf;aumif;

tvGeyf &d,m,f=uG,0f =uonf? &mZ0ifq&m}uD; olaX;om; OD;ukvm;udk ordik ;f okawoDw@kdu
csD;=uL;*k%fjyK=uonf? tb,fha=umifh[lrl olykefwpfrsdK;wnf;udk ykefuefonf/ aomif;usef;onf/
awmfveS of nf/ jcm;em;onf/ rusdK;rEG&H odS nf/ tcpm;ysufuuG of nf/ ponfjzifh oHk;pGJa&;om;xm;
aoma=umifh jzpfayonf?
aoma=umifh jzpfayonf?
rdk;ay:u (v) wpfrsdK;wnf;udkyif uEN/ ykdENK/ pENm/ pENdrm/ euQwW&mZm/ oDw*l/ 0jENuef/
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aiGaomfwm/ ,kefaiGpef;/ ykrDpef;pef;/ ykrD/aiG,kefrif;/ aiGvpef; ponfjzifh =uG,f=uG,f00
oH;k pJ=G uavonf?
'l;ae&m'l;/ awmfae&mawmfqdkaom nDvmcHa0g[m&uJhodk@ t&mXmeudkvdkufI oHk;pGJaom
pum;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? q&mtdk}uD; xrif;pm;onf/ rif;wkef;rif;}uD; yGJawmfwnfonf/
omoemydkifq&mawmf}uD; qGrf;bkef;ay;onfwdk@um; t&dk;wnf;?
XmemXmeaumovOm%f&Ifhoefapzdk@&m pOfqufrjywfzwf/ pOfqufrjywfrSwf/
pOfqufrjywfa&; [laom 'dk@ta&;oHk;yg;udk OD;xdyfxm;=uygpdk@ ?
O\mq&mtdk
(jrefrmwdkif;pf twGJ(2) trSwf(61) wGif az:jy+yD;?
28
29
t&if;ppfawmh
pepfwpfckvHk;jyif&rSm
vlxkpdef0if;
ausmif;q&mvkyw
f ek ;f u wynf+h zpfcw
hJ hJ ausmif;olausmif;om;awGe@J tcktcsed +f yefawG@
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wynfah [mif;awGe@J pum;a+ym&if; odvu
kd &f wmwpfcu
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om;orD;awGudk tpdk;&ausmif;awGrSm rxm;}uawmhbl;qdkwmyJ? EdkifiH+cm;om;awGvmoifw,f
qdw
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xm;}uw,f? b,frb
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twlwlygyJ? wynhfawGu olwdk@vdkbGJ@&+yD; bmrSrod/ bmrSrwwfwJholawG r+zpfapcsifvdk@
aiGuek af }u;us trsm;}u;D cH+y;D om;orD;awGukd ynmay;ae&wm +zpfa}umif;a+ym}uw,f?
usK&Si uf srSoifw,f
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awmfawmfqdk;ae+yD? q&mq&mrawGu ausmif;rSm aumif;aumif;roifbJ/ usL&SifusrS
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b,f v d k v k y f r vJ v d k @ ar;awmh
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b0ifruscsifbl;?
30
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q&m/q&mrawGu wrifarG;xkwfvdkfufwmr[kwfwmawmh aocsmw,f? ausmif;rSmwpfae@vHk;
" r wpf&mom; " awGukd w[J[
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awGa}umifhvm; qdk+yD; oli,fwef;uae q,fwef;txdpmtkyfawG vSefavSm}unhfawmh
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vd k y gw,f ? ynma&;qd k i f & m yk * ~ d K vf a wG / q&m/ q&mrawG / ausmif ; om;rd b awG e J @
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31
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(True new journel 26.2.2012 rS&,laz: jyygonf?)
32
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32
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34
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36
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36
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qkdvkdwmu ygwDEkdifiHa&;r[kwfbJeJ@ vkyfaewJh EkdifiHa&;vnf; &Sdw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh
tif*sDtkdyJ? obm0 ywf0ef;usifvkyfaewJh tzGJtpnf;&Sdovkd EkdifiHwumrSmqdk&if Civil Right
Movement awG&Sdw,f? olu EkdifiHom; tcGifhta&;awGudk vkyfaewm? ygwDr[kwfbl;? EkdifiH
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48
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Edik fiHa&;qufvkyf+yDqdk&if usGeaf wmfwdk@touft&G,fawGeJ@ w&m;0ifvkyfwJhEkdi if aH &; yHok mefwpfck&drS ,f?

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50
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50
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52
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'gudk t"du usaemfwdk@ awmif;cJhwm?
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ausmif;om; yuwd jzLjzLpifpifeJ@ tJ'Dawmh tJ'DudpPajym&zdk@ a&SrSm nSdE_dif;+yD; at;at;csrf;csrf;
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xGufajy;=uw,f? wcsKdausmif;om;awG ausmif;olawGusawmh tif;vsm;uefapmif;udk
wufajy;w,f?
58
59
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ausmif;olawGrSm qGJ}udK;wdk@ vufaumufwdk@ ygvdk@&Sd&if olwkd@ qGJ,lwmwdk@ bmwkd@ vkyfw,f?
tJ'Dtcgusawmh wcsKdu a&xJusoGm;+yD;awmh...
tukefvHk;u tvJvJtuGJuGJeJ@ xGufajy;=uwJhtcgusawmh tJ'D tif;vm;uefxJrSm
qif;+yD; usaemf ykef;aevdkufw,f/ tJ'D tif;,m;uef ajreDvrf;uav; usaemfa&mufwJhtcsdefrSm
usaemfh rsufvHk;awG jymoGm;w,fAs?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ausmif;om;aygif; axmifcsD+yD; jynfh=uyfaewJhvrf;ay:rSm
acG;waumif a=umifw+rD;awmif r&Sdawmhbl;? tif;vsm;uefabmifay:rSm avua0S@+yD;
wdkufvdkufwJhtcgrSm usaemf csrf;oGm;w,f?
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rwfv 13 &ufae@ udzk ek ;f armf usq;kH cJ&h wmudk rauseyfwt
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ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awGu +idrf;csrf;pGm csDwufqENjycJh=uwmyg?
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jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ordkif;rSm 0rf;enf;a=uuGJzG, f& m aumif;wJh wHwm;eD ta&;tcif;}uD;
jzpfysucf &hJ ygw,f?
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60
t=urf;zufacsre_ ;f wdu
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t&if em;qif=unfh&atmifvm; cifAsm?
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rcHEkdifbl;Asm? 'gudk rcHEdkifa=umif; qENudk azmfxkwfw,fAsm? 'g[m Main Key yJ? zkef;armfudk
ypf o wf v d k u f w ,f A sm? zk e f ; armf aooG m ;w,f A sm? usaemf w d k @ ausmif ; om;ES p f a ,muf
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60
61
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usaemfw@kd qENawG oabmxm;awGukd azmfxw
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ausmif ; xk w f c H & w,f / axmif u s&w,f / aemuf touf a wG pG e f @ &w,f ? tJ ' D v d k
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udak X;=u,
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62
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wdkif;jynfrSm 'D avmuygv w&m;awGjzpfwJh w&m;rSswa&; vGwfvyfa&;awG wu,f
rxGef;um;ao;bl; qdkwJh[mudkawmh cHpm;rdw,faygh
aomw&Sifrsm;cifAs/ vGefcJhwJh 17 ESpfu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG arSsmfrSef;cJhovdk
avmuygv w&m;awG jrefrmEkid if rH mS rxGe;f um;ao;bl;qdak yr,fh rw&m;r_ukd acgi;f iH@k rcHwwfb;l
qdkwJh jrefrmausmif;om;awG&J pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif; pdwf"mwfudkawmh tm%mudkenf;rsKd;pHkeJ@
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wdrf;!$wfr_bufudk urBm}uD; wckvHk; ajymif;vJoGm;w,f?
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17 ESpu
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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG jzpfwJh udkaZmfrif;/ udkaX;=uG,feJ@ udkjyHK;csKdwdk@qdk&ifvnf; 14 ESpf 15
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62
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trsm;}uD; ay;cJh&w,f
(6)
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64
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(7)
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66
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(8)
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66
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(9)
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68
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tJ'Dawmh ausmif;om;awG[m rdrd&J yk*~vdu tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf r[kwfygbl;?
ausmif;om; qdkwm[m vlxkuae+yD;awmh arG;zGm;vmwJh vlxk&Jtpdwftydkif;jzpfw,f?
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tJ'DtwGuf ausmif;om;awG[m trsKd;om;ta&;eJ@ ywfoufvm&if tjrJwrf;
rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfaerSmyJqkdwm[m b,fvdkrSudk usaemfwdk@ oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkwJh
ta=umif;tjcif;t&m w&yfyJ
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ausmif;om;awG&J tcef;u[m wyfrawmf&J tcef;uxuf trsm;}uD; }uD;rm;cJhygw,f?
trsm;}uD;yJ ta&;ygcJhygw,f
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(10)
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68
69
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jzpfrvmbl;
(11)
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&Sad umif;&SEd ikd yf gw,f?
70
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ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk OD;!$wf *k%fjyKvkduf&ygw,f cifAsm? ?
(2005 ckESpf rwfvrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH DVB u xkwfv$ifhcJhwJh tpDtpOfudk
jyefvnfazmfjyygw,f?)
(http://oothandar.blogspot.jp rSul;,laz:jyygonf?)
70
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Ba Maw
BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA
Memoirs Of a Revolution
1939 - 1946
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jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI
a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az: jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif;
jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf?
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;
a'gufwm barmf (Edik if aH wmf t"dywda[mif;)

(c&pf 1893-1977) . twWKywWdtusOf;?
a'gufwmbarmfudk 1893 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (8) &uf/ Ak'[
< l;ae@wGif rtlyif+rdK@Y
OD;aus;/ a':odef;wifrS zGm;jrifonf? arG;csif; ESpfa,mufwGif ti,f jzpfonf? t}uD;rSm Oya'
ygarmuQ a'gufwm b[ef jzpfonf? i,fpOfu c&pf,mef bmom0if jzpf+yD;/ Oa&myrS
jyefvm+yD;aemuf Ak'Q bmom0if jzpfvmonf?
a'guw
f m barmfonf pdeaf ygausmif; (t-x-u (6) Adv
k w
f axmif) rS wuUov
kd 0f if
pmar;yGJ atmifjrifI 1913 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyfrS 0dZmbGJ@ &&Sdonf? &efukef+rdK@ tpdk;&
txuf wef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&m tjzpf acwW0ifa&muf vkyfudkif+yD; umvuwWm;
hJ nf? &efuek f wuUov
kd f t*Fvyd pf may XmewGif
wuUov
kd rf S 1917 ckEpS w
f iG f r[m0dZm bG@J &&Scd o
yxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsdK; uxdu tjzpf 1916 ckESpfrS 1920 jy!fhESpftxd av;ESpfwmr#
aqmif&GufcGifh &&Sdonf? 1921 ckESpf wGif t*Fvefjynf udef;A&pf wuUodkvfodk@ oGm;a&muf
ynmoif=um;cJh+y;D 1923 ckEpS w
f iG f vef'ef+rdK@ *a&;tif; (GraysInn) rS bm&pfpwm 0wfvb
kH @JG
122
&&Scd o
hJ nf? 1924 ckEpS rf mS yif jyifopfEikd if H abm'd;k wuUov
kd f (University of Bordeaux)
rS Ak'b
< momusr;f jyKI/ yg&*lb@JG (Doctcurdel' Universite) &&Scd ahJ vonf? yDtyd cf s'f b
D @JG
twGuf wifoGif;aom pmwrf;rSm "Ak'<bmomESifh c&pf,mef bmom&Sd psmefurRXmef;rsm;
E_id ;f ,SOaf vhvmonf"h (Easten Mysticism) jzpfonf?
1924 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnf a&muf&Sd +yD; 0wfvHkvdkuf&m 1930 jy!fhESpf
om,m0wD *VKef q&mpHESifh rsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;bufrS vdkufygaqmif&Guf&mrS
a'gufwm barmf trnfrSm xif&Sm;vmonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY cGJa&; wGJa&;
jy\em/ tjiif;tcHk jzpfaeo!fhtcg 0wfvHk OD;ausmfjrifh/ &rf+AJ OD;armifarmif ponfwdk@
yg0ifo!fh wGJa&;toif; (armfjrifh+AJygwD) udk wnfaxmifI uGJa&; acgif;aqmiftjzpf
EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf?
1932 ckESpfwGif Edk0ifbmv a&G;aumufyGJwGif trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; 1933
ckESpfwGif +Adwdo# ygvDref wGJzufaumfrwDESifh aqG;aEG;&ef/ jrefrm udk,fpm;vS,f (11) OD;ESifhtwl
bdvyfo@kd wufa&muf aqG;aEG;cJo
h nf? a'guw
f m barmfonf 1934 ckEpS f rwfvwGif ynma&;ESifh
use;f rma&; 0ef}u;D tjzpf vufcH aqmif&u
G cf ahJ vonf? xdEk pS rf mS yif qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk
wnfaxmifI 1933 ckESpfrSm 1942 ckESpftxd acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?
a'gufwmbarmf
&kef;xGufcJh&aom jrefrmjynf
1936 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvY usif;yo!fh (91) Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyK v$wfawmfwGif
&rnfoif; awmifyikd ;f trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? 1937 ckEpS /f {+yv
D wGif a'guw
f mbarmfonf
tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I !Gef@aygif;tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;Edkifojzihf/ jrefrmtrsdK;om;xJrS yxrqHk;
122
123
eef;&if;0ef jzpfvmavonf?
1300 jy!fh ta&;awmfy}kH u;D wGif e,fcs@J vufyg;aprsm;. &ufpufpmG &du
k Ef u
S rf a_ =umihf
Adv
k af tmifausmEf iS fh rEWav; tmZmenf (17) OD; usq;kH cJ&h o!ft
h cg jynforl sm;u !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &
acgif;aqmif eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfESifh taygif;tygrsm;tm; 0dkif;0ef; &_wfcscJh=uonf?
v$wfawmfwGif vnf; twdkuftcHrsm;u t,Hkt=unf r&Sd tqdkwifI/ eef;&if;0ef&mxl;rS
jzKwfcs jcif; cHvdkuf&onf?
1939 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf aoG;pnf;aqmif&u
G &f ef/ wd@k Arm
tpnf;t&Hk; ocifrsm;/ ig;yGifhqdkif/ qif;&Jom; 0HomEk/ aejynfawmf po!fhtzGJ@rsm; yl;aygif;
vufwI
JG Armhxu
G &f yf *d%
k ;f (Burma Freedom Bloc) zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifvu
kd o
f !ft
h cg
tzGJ@acgif;aqmif jzpfvmonf? 1940 jy!fhESpf =o*kwfv (29) &ufae@wGif xGuf&yf*dk%f;
acgi;f aqmif a'guw
f m barmfukd umuG,af &; yk'rf jzifh axmif'%f wESpf tjypfay;um rd;k ukwf
axmifo@kd yd@k vdu
k o
f nf? *syefrsm; jrefrmjynfukd odr;f +y;D o!ft
h cg 1942 ck/ arv wwd,ywfwiG f
*syef ppfaoemywd tD;'gu a'gufwmbarmftm; acgif;aqmiftjzpf cef@xm;I tkyfcsKyfa&;
pDppfr_ aumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;ay;onf?
xdEk pS f =o*kwv
f (1) &ufae@wGif tpd;k &tzG@J zG@J pnf;aomtcg 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmonf?
Edik if aH &; OD;aqmiftzG@J tjzpf wd@k Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;t&H;k zG@J pnf;o!ft
h cgwiG v
f nf; tpnf;t&H;k
acgif;aqmif tm%m&Sif tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1934 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifjr
polrsm;ESit
hf wl Armhvw
G v
f yfa&; jyifqifra_ umfr&Siu
f kd acgi;f aqmifI wdu
k sKd +rdK@od@k oGm;a&muf
aqG;aEG;&m/ *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu wufae0if; wHqdyfjzifh *k%fjyKcsD;jrSifhcJhonf?
*syefEdkifi/H jrefrmEdkifiHtm; 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@wGif vGwfvyfa&;ay;I/
ArmEdik if H tpd;k & zG@J pnf;o!ft
h cg Edik if aH wmf t"dywdtjzpf ArmEdik if H tpd;k &tzG@J udk OD;aqmifco
hJ nf?
xdk@aemuf a'gufwmbarmfonf *syefodk@ vufeufcs +yD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv (16)
&ufwGif *syefEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&; cdkv_HcGihf awmif;&ef jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufcGmcJhonf? 1945
'DZifbmvwGif wdu
k sKd +rKd @&Sd +Adwo
d # ppfwyfxH vufeufcs tzrf;cHco
hJ nf? ,if;aemuf *syefEikd if H
ql*grdk tusOf;axmifrS 1946 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif jyefvnf vGwfajrmufvmcJhonf?
a'guw
f m barmfonf 1977ckEpS f arv (29) &ufae@wGif touf (85) ESpt
f &G,Yf
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orD; av;a,muf usef&pfcJhavonf?
a'gufwm barmfonf pmayrsm;udkvnf; a&;om; jyKpkcJh&m xif&Sm;o!fh
pmtkyrf sm;rSm "Buddhist Mysticism: A Psychological Study"(1942)/ "New
Order Plan for Burma" (1950)/ "Breakthrogh in Burma" (1968) ponfw@kd
jzpfonf?
124
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124
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126
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