Aahara

trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
1
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uAsm 29 armif o pf q if ;
3 cd k i f a y:xG e f ; a±S@a&;aqG;aEG;c%f;
oGm;&mvrf; 32 tm[m&0d k i f ; awmf o m;wOD ;
4 JULY aumif; tm[m&pmtkypf if
toifjh yifp@kd av; æ æ 33 *gr%d
5 ausmf u d k u d k *rfbm&Dqw kd hJ ææ
0dOmOfrsm;.pufwifbm 39 cGefqdkif;
6 armif c srf ; r_ d i f ; xm0&rdwfaqGææ
nD!Gwfr_onftm; 45 armif z l ; wif h
7 &J & if h o uf Z G J trsK;d om;a&;ocGyf ææ
arSmufusomG ;wJh æ æ
8 cuf a usmf bmomjyef
rD;awmiftefzwf 35 JOYCE SLOANE
9 az:a0; jrefrmEdik if ±H dS owif;rD',
D mææ
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10 csrf ; +id r f ; at; txl ; aqmif ; yg;
"g;ayguform; 12 t±S i f = obmo
11 ukdaomf (PRMG) jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m æææ
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31 &efEdkifxGef; trSwfw&aqmif;yg;
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20 &J & if h a tmif 42 aZmf a Zmf a tmif
jynfopfwnforl sm; OHKzG yDwmaZmfjrifh
22 armif p G r f ; &nf
tdv k yH pfpwd "f gwf armif t m[m&
23 ZGefr_dif; 28 armifatmifvD ( tm[m&pmapmif )
2010 tvGef ppftyk pf k ææ
26 0if ; rsKd ; o½kyfaz:yHkrsm;
pufwifbm/oHCmææ armifatmifvD (tm[m&pmapmif)
3
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Oya'xkw/f csrw S cf sio
f nfh trde@f rsm; xkwjf yefcsurf sm;xkw+f yD; ausmif;om;/ oHCm /jynforl sm;udk a=umufvef@w}uD;jzifh
tkycf sKyfvmcJo h nfukd awG@&ayrnf? wdik ;f jynf. tzufzufu qd;k 0g;vmaom pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfw@kd
udk vpfvsL±_um ppftm%mwnf+raJ &;udo k m wpdu k rf wfrwfvyk af qmifvmcJ=h uonf? Edik if aH &;wGiv f nf; 1990 a&G;aumuf
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a&;udv k nf; jiif;y,f+yD; enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd +ydKuGaJ tmif vkyaf qmifaecJ=h uonf?
ud, k t f rsKd ;om;tcsi;f csi;f awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u&rnfu h pd w P iG f ppftm%m±l;rsm;. acgi;f rmr_a=umifh urBmu h v k or*~tzG@J }u;D
u =um;0ifvmcJ&h onf? od@k aomfvnf; xda&mufonfh twdik ;f twm tajctae wcktxd a&mufrvmao;ay? 1990ckEpS f
uwnf;u ukvor*~ow H refrsm; jrefrmEdik if o H @kd vma&mufco hJ nfrmS (37)}udr&f cdS +hJ yDjzpfonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;aumifpD ESihf
taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufaygif; (30)ausmf csrSwfch+J yD; jzpfonf? vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDuvnf; xkwfjyefcsuf
(2)&yfxw k jf yefco hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftm%m±l;rsm;. xif&mS ;xda&mufaom wH@k jyefvu kd af vsmr_rsm;um; r&Scd ahJ cs? Edik if H
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yg0ifaqmif&u G rf t _ ay: xda&mufrr_ &Sq d o kd nfh tcsuu f kd jyoaeayonf? ,ae@xd ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKy. f
jrefrmta&;ud, k pf m;vS,f *rfbm&Dvma&mufc+hJ y;D awG@qakH wmif;qdrk r_ sm; jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf; NLD tygt0if twdu k f tcH
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. a':atmifqef;pk=unftay:xm;&So d nfh uef@owfcsurf sm; avsmah y;a&;ESihf tjcm;Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;v$waf y;a&;/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf etzwd@k wdu k &f u kd af qG;aEG;a&;/ jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ajz&Si;f ay;&efEiS hf trsKd ;om;pD;yGma&;zd&k rf
wckwnfaxmifay;&ef/ *rfbm&D. ud, k pf m;vS,f &efuek +f rdK@Y xm;&Sad &;/ tajccHOay'a&;qG&J mwGif jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;
tm;vH;k oabmxm;yg0ifa&;/ vmrnfh 'DZifbmY ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu, kd w f ikd f jrefrmEdik if v H ma&muf&ef jrefrmEdik f
iHa&;jy\em tajz&Sma&;ponfh awmif;qdck surf sm;udk twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf vma&mufa&;rSvI JG useo f nft h csurf sm;udjk iif;
y,fc=hJ uonf?
rnfo@kd yifjzpfapumrl *rfbm&D. jrefrmEdik if cH &D;pOfEiS yhf wfouf+yD; tpD&ifcpH mudk pufwbmF(3)&ufae@u taxGaxGnD
vmcHOuUXxH wifjych&J m OuUXu “ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH qH;k jzwfcsuu f ay;xm;wJh vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf wdik ;f jrefrmEdik if rH mS
trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf vl@tcGiahf &;udk av;pm;vdu k ef ma&;wd@k wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f vmapzd@k appyfay;
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iHc&DpOfY t}uHjyKcJo h nfh tcsurf sm;tay: wd;k wufcikd rf mr_ &&Sad p&eftwGuf ukvor*~txl; t}uHay; yk*Kd~ vf*rfbm&DEiS hf
eD;uyfpmG qufvuf aqmif&u G o
f mG ;&ef jrefrmtpd;k &udk tmay;a=umif;vnf; OuUXu ajym=um;vdu k o f nf? ukvor*~.
oabmxm;&Si;f aeay+yD? *rfbm&D. }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G rf t _ ay: rnfo@kd yif a0zefajym=um;r_awG &Sad pumr_ pdwyf supf &m/
pdwrf auseyfp&m xda&mufr_ enf;yg;onfh vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f om *rfbm&Dw@kd av#muf=uayOD;rnf? rnfr#=um OD;rnfrod?
jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;awGom ppftm%m±l;wd@k . vkycf siw f ikd ;f vky/f &dik ;f csiw
f ikd ;f &kid ;f onf'h %fawGukd cH=uOD;rnf/ awmfveS f
a&;&Jabmftaygi;f wd@k 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;wd@k t"du aqmif&u G =f u&rnfrh mS ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd +yD; ud, k Ef ikd if t
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pGr;f pGr;f wrH vkyaf qmif=u&efom jzpfonf? ud, k t hf a&;udk ud, k u f wkd ikd f }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G ±f rkH wS yg; tjcm;r&S?d
pnf;vH;k =u? nD!w G =f u?
tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;?
4
“oGm;&mvrf;”
acwftqufquf ay:wl*D 'wfcsf vJ
awmfveS cf &hJ w,f?
t0dZm… tjrifrmS ;eJ@ bk&m;ykx;kd awGzsuw

f hJ
rdpm> orm; iZifumudv k J
okwo f ifc&hJ w,f?
e,fcs@J trsKd ;,kwf *kwaf oG;pkyw

f hJ
t*Fvyd f rsuEf mS jzLawmfvJ
wdu
k x f w
k cf &hJ w,f?
tm&Swu kd o f m; omwlnrD #aumif;pm;a&;qdw k hJ

aqmify'k uf kd Aef;jy+yD;
trsKd ;aumif; om;orD;
ysKd ysKd tdt
k kd rcsew
f hJ zufqpf*syefuvkd J
awmfveS cf &hJ w,f?
a[m æ tck
vGwv f yfa&;}uD;&vd@k
jynfaxmifp}k uD; wd;k wufatmifvyk rf ,f}uHao;
tom;xJu avmufxu G w f hJ
rdpm> bDv;l ppftm%m&Si±f ;_ awGa=umifh
urBmrSm jrefrm&,fv@kd xGe;f vif;ajymifwhJ
Ak'o< moema&mifvJ
ysupf ;D arS;rSed o
f mG ;cJ+h yD?
r,Hrk &Sed @J æ
umv0dbuf aemufy;kd wufv@kd
t0dZm… tjrifrmS ;eJ@ bk&m;ykx;kd awGzsuw f hJ
rdpm> orm; iZifumvdk
bk&m;om;awmfawGowfwhJ
tm%m,pfr;l ppfbv D ;l wd@k vJ
taES;eJ@tjref tJ'v D rf;udk cH&vdrrf ,f?
(cdik )f ay:xGe;f atmif

5
toifjh yifpa‹kd v;
pmwufpmtH qGJvnf;oHeJ@
tkef;armif;acgufoH acG;tloHwdk@/
‘qGr;f awmfAsKŒd ’ qdw
k hJ csupf l toH
r=um;&wm wESpf=umygayghvm;
vGrf;&w,fav;?
oHCmxkawGu jynfom,mapa&;
&nfoefum arwWmawGeJ@
nDnmpGm xºuG
pufwifbmtjzpf&,fu
&ifemp&m topfjzpf=u
aqG;&w,fav;?
pDwef;umºuGcsDcJhwJh yckuULoHCmxkudk
w±kwfjzL tazrSwfwJh
t,kwfwrm vlwpku
±dkufESufum zrf;umqD;vdk@
a&$0ga&mif oHCmv_dif;}uD; v_yfum[D;cJh+yD
tm;&w,fav;?
aevdkvvdk omoemhajrudk
tusOf;wefatmifvkyfwJh rdp>maumifawG æ
‘onf;cHwm Ak'<0g'qdkayr,fh
twdkif;xuf vGefvm+yDyJ’
wGef;vSefum òzdumvJSpkd‹
0kdif;0ef;r,fav;?
omoemtwGuf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf
r=umcifvmr,fh wdkufyGJrSm
oif ygvmzdk‹ta&;
wkdufwGef;um tm;ay;csifw,f
toifhjyifpdk@av;?
july aumif;
6
“0dOmOfrsm;. pufwifbmv”
*sdK;jzLiSufwaumif vef@zsyfysHajy;
oHvGifcufuav; aºu&pfcJh
wudk,fvHk; aoG;awGvl;um
vlom;rsm;pGmu u}udK;twdkif;
idkvm=uw,f ?
qwfueJ wkefcgoGm;wJhurBm}uD;&,f
rsuf&nfjrpfudk &yfwef@vdkufawmh
tpmay;yg
a&ay;yg
t0wfay;yg
atmufqD*sifay;yg
toufcsrf;omay;yg
t&Sufcsrf;omay;yg
ta&;w}uD; tEl;t!$wf
cl;qGwfvdkwJh
'Drdkua&pDyef;
wjcrf;yJ&& ay;yg
aocsmw,f
vl@0dOmOfqdk tjzLyJjzpfjzpf
trJyJ jzpfjzpf
vGyfvyfcGifhudk qmavmifw,f ?
ausmfuu
kd kd
(A u o rsm;tzG@J csKyf)
zdk&rf*sme,frS ul;,laz: jyygonf?
7
nD!w
$ rf o
+ nftm;
ol&aJ umif;awG
azmifzsucf =hJ uw,f ?
usKyfw@kd æ
awmfveS af &;orm;awGa&m
ud,
k thf usKd ;twGuf jyefvnf pGe@f vw
$ zf @kd
trsm;tusKd ;twGuf jyefvnf pGe@f pm;zd@k
tqifoif+h yv D m; ?
OD;aESmuf&J @wcH g;awGukd wGe;f zGihf

ESv;kH om;&J @wcH g;awGukd wGe;f zGihf
yGivhf if;r_ aEG;axG;r_awGe@J
nD&if;tpfuakd wGvkd wajy;nDwnf; pkpnf;
yk*Kd~ vfpaJG wGxm;cJh ygwpD aJG wGxm;cJh nD!w $ rf t_ m;eJ@
tmCmwawGxm;cJ@ rmefrmeawGxm;cJh awmfveS af &;udk t&Sed t f [kejf yefjr‡i=hf u
ae&m±l;wmawGxm;cJh atmify[ JG m vufwurf;rSmwif&w dS ,f ?
tm%m±l;wmawGxm;cJh
tESpEf pS q f ,frmS xm;cJh ?
armifcsrf;rSKd if; (08/ 30/ 08)
8
“arSmufusomG ;wJh pufwifbmnaecif;xJrmS ”
arSmufusoGm;cJhwJh pufwifbm&J@
naecif;wck[m
atmf*vDqefp&m
pufwifbm&J@ naecif;wck igwdk@&J@ tem*wfawGtay:rSm
yufyufpufpuf arSmufusoGm;yHkrsm; igwdk@&J@ rsdK;qufawGtay:rSm
a&'D,x kd u
J rdpm> wd@k &@J ewfq;kd xd;k oHawG igwdk@&J@ EdkifiHawmftay:rSm
vrf;rsm;ay:udk uyfa&m*gqdk;wckvdk tjrpfwG,faecsdefrSm
ESvHk;om;awGxJudk igwdk@wawG&J@ nD!Gwfa&;qdkwmuvnf;
zdwpf ifviG u
hf svmonft h xd æ? rsufrjrif ykÀm;ajcmufa,muf qifprf;ovdkrsdK;
· tdyaf &;r0ao;wJh 0uf00}uD;vdk
urBmra=u aw;oH[m 'D,dkif [dkxdk; udk,fusdK;enf;p&mcsnf;omy æ?
arSmufusoGm;wJh naecif;xJrSm
awmufawmufyyeJ@ tv#HwnD;nD; &Jabmfw@kd a& æ
“vuf c sif ; csd w f x m;=u” tqHk;owfwdkufyGJxJrSm
“a=umcsif ; uyf x m;=u” *rfbm&Dudk arhxm;vdkuf
“t&H _ ; ray;bl ; uG ” bef;uD;rGef;udk arhxm;vdkuf
“vrf ; awG y d w f x m;=u” jynfytultnDawG arhxm;vdkuf
“opf y if a wG vS J x m;=u” oifwdk@&@J jyif;jywJh pdwfqENudkom
“oyd w f p cef ; awG u d k tcd k i f t rm umuG , f = u” ,Hk=unfcsuf av;ay:wif+yD;ypfvdkufprf;yg /
“&&if & r&&if c s” arSmufusoGm;wJh
'g[m æ i&Jyu G o f H aoG;ysuo f rH [kwf pufwifbmnaecif;xJrSm
ausmif;om; jynfol &[ef;&Sifvlwdk@&J@
&J&ifw
h hJ wdu
k yf aJG c:oHjzpfw,f æ?
&J&ifoh ufZJG vGwfajrmufjcif;aw;oHeJ@
ordkif;opfudkzGifhvSpf=ur,f æ?
(· uAsmq&mwdkufarmif;. ‘ukvm;xdkifpdkufysdK;a&;’uAsmrS pmom;)
9
rD;awmiftefzwf
-igrnHhbl;a[h
igrnHb h ;l a[h æ vd@k
aºuG;a=umfaewJholawG rsm;vGef;tm;}uD;wmeJ@ -opPmazgufawGudkawmh
(a[m'D) todkuft+rHK}uD;wckvHk;uawmh cE WDp ae@jyefwdk;awG ay;xm;=ua[h
nHh+yD;oxuf nHh’nHhvm? aoG;xGufoH,dka0pkavmufeJ@ ('if;wdk@&JŒ)
av#mufvJcsufawGudk
-&ifemp&myJ jynfhpHkcGifhvufrSwfrxdk;rd=uapeJ@?
ol&Jaumif;awGrsm;oavmuf
'DDwdkif;jynf}uD; acsmufxJ c%’c%usae&? -tzdESdyfcHtdyfrufawGudk
taumiftxnfaz:r,fqdkwJh
-&ifeifhp&mawG aumif}uD;}uD;awGawmh
udk,fhtrsKd;om;tcsif;’csif;us acgif;+rD;}uD;}uD;awG+cHK
vlpGrf;aumif; a±$a&miftdyfruf}uD;}uD;awG a,mif,rf;
vlrsKd;jcm;awGeJ@usawmh vufoD;vufarmif;}uD;}uD;awG wef;’wef;+yD;
olzek ;f pm; ? bkef;awmfbGJ@}uD;}uD;awG
ukef;ukef;atmf?
-trSm;awGudktrSm;eJ@ajcxdk;
ajcwaygifusKd;pum;vHk; -acsmufxJuwdkif;jynf}uD;
0g;vHk;acgif;xJomwJh ‘v’ tusnf;wef&mpk
toHk;rusjcif;awG rHrDvkyf trm±GwfawG pkbl;}uD;eJ@tjynfh?
ðzwfxkwfowfawG tarGay;
taºuG;rsm;wJh tem*gwf cufausmf
jzwfn‡yfuyfawG atmf}uD;[pfus,f? 17/ 01/ 01
10
“ tdk æ olvm;
jyKwfusoGm;ol@ b,fvuf
nmvufESifhudkifum
rD; +rdefa&,Sufa& vd_ufpm;
&_;oGyfoGm;+yDyJ
rsufESmv$Jvdkufawmh
avmif a& æ a&
tavmif;trSwf okn olraoao;
jyif wa,mufjymusoGm;jyef+yD ighaoG;udkaomufyg ?
a!SmfeH@
“ we*FaEGrsm;rS paersm;
udef;*%ef;rsm; &l;oGyfr_ jymus
atmifhrxm;eJ@
rukocsif=uygeJ@
&J&&J =_ u
ausmufwkH;atmufrS urBmajr}uD;onfvnf;
a&at;at;wpufonf eD&aJ eay+yD ?
toufqDrsm;a0hae&J@
tdyfrufvrf;cGJrSm
vdkufch=J u æ vdkufch=J u ighuAsmrsm; }uJjzef@
[dk æ acsmufurf;yg;atmufrSm yef@oultaºupuav;rsm; aysmf=uygap
tHhzG,fy ewfwdkif;jynf ,rf;eH@ / rsu&f nf
qDOaxmywf ya'omwJh aoG;
yg;uGufom;&J@rsufvHk; +yHK;jzpfatmif +yHK;yg? ZGefvarG;uav;wa,muf
ighausmay:u av#mufoGm;yg ?
oifjzL;zsmwcsyf
,yfawmifwckeJ@ b,folvJ
ckcH=uolawG b,folawGvJ[if
e,fajrr&Sd touf&Sifaeao;olrsm;
vGifwD;acgifrSm oGm;pdk@ æ?
vufoD;vufarmif;wef;
a'goeJ@ uef;aeol azmfa0;
b,folb,f0grcGJwwf
(opf&Guftaorsm;ay:rS &ufpufaom*Dw
zwfraeawmhyg
uAsmpmtkyfrS/ 1974 pufwifbm?)
11
"m;ayguform;
[kwfceJ rD;awGrSdwfoGm;w,f
&SJceJ toHawG +idrfusoGm;w,f
zswfceJ qvkdufrD;armif;awG xkd;vkdufw,f
Zmwfpif&J@ tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm
puf0kdif;ykH opfom;csyfwckaxmifvsuf [mceJ [ifceJ
a&S@rSm vlwa,muf y&dwfowfawG tmarÈdwfoHtqkH;rSm
rsufESmukd t0wfeufpnf;vkd@ w&kHvkH; wajzmif;ajzmif;vufckyfoHrsm;?
(aemufcHwD;vkH;rsm;)
yef;ukH;vmpGyfolwOD;u ar;w,f
'kwf æ cifAsm; "m;rSefrSm ra=umufbl;vm;wJh
'kwf æ aocsmcJhw,f
'kwf 'g enf;ynmwckyJ
"m;awGu wpif;+yD;wpif; b,fwkef;urS oHo,rjzpfcJhygbl;?
ysm;aumifvkd w0D0DysHoef; "m;aygufwm usaemfhtaz
cE<mukd,f&@J ab;/ txuf t0wfeufpnf;ay;wm usaemfhom;
atmuf/ 0J/ ,m tEHS@xkd;pkduf taztem;,lvkd@ usaemf
"m;ayguform;jzpfwJhtcg
usaemfhae&mrSm usaemfhom;aygh
rpkd;&drfygeJ@rdwfaqG æ? ?
csrf;+idr;f at;
12
“nD!w
G f=u”
pufwifbm(18)&uf waxmifu;kd &m&Spq f ,f&h pS f

ta&;awmfy(kH 88)udk csKd ;zsucf w
hJ t
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14
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where Buddhist Monks Are Dis nSed KdS if;cJoh nf? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efuek )f rS tzG@J csKyf?
robed and Detained in –ungeons OD;*rB&D udk oD;oef@ awG@qjkH y;D tzG@J tpnf; 3? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efuek )f ?
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15
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awG@c&hJ ygonf? tcuftcJrsm;}um;rSyif xm;cJyh gonf? t=udr=f udrf aqG;aE$;cJo h nf? pufwif
a}ujimcsurf sm;udk vufa&;ESiahf &;jyD; pufwifbmv 19-&ufae@ wGif bmv23-&ufae@wGif jrefrmedKifiHpm
"gwyf &kH ukd uf m OD;awZESihf OD;*rB&D wd@k u oH C mh w yf a ygif ; pk t zG J @ 0if oH C m ayeSihf tEkynm&Sirf sm; tkypf u k vnf;
rD', D mrsm;od@k E-mail jzifh rD', D m rsm; awmfrsm;u rd;k &Gmaeonfh }um;rSyifrrd d a=ujimcsuf xkwjf yefjy;D qufvufyg0if
odk@ay;ydk@cJhonf? pma&;olonf puf wdk@ jrdK@e,ftvdkuf qkawmif; vrf; qifE$J=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfvdkuf
wifbm 13-&ufae@wiG f &efuek jf rdK@o@kd av#mufyrJG sm;udk qufvufazmfaqmif onf? pufwifbmv 24-&ufae@ wGif
jyefvnfa&muf&jdS yD; oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk cJ=h uygw,f? 88-rsKd ;qufausmif;om;
tzG@J }uD;. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;eSihf a&S@vyk f tzG@J rS udak X;}uG,/f udx k eG ;f jrifah tmif/ pmrsufESm-21odk@
16
rsdK;cspf &[ef;tmZmenf
Zifvif;
[m tm%m&Sit f qufqufukd pdeaf c:
aeovdyk gy?J 'ga=umifv h nf; tm%m
odr;f ppftpd;k & tqufqufu ‘q&m
awmf OD;OwWr’&J@ bG@J emrnfukd ordik ;f pm
rsuEf mS ay:u &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS z,f&mS ;
xm;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 'g[m tm%m&Sif
awGu ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ udk acwf
‘q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ’ vli,fawG eJ@ tqufjzwfypfcsif vd@k ygy?J
“&Jv#if}uH a=umufv#ifjyef” &m;&SmazG&mrSm pHerlemxm;&r,fh tm 'gayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&; eJ@
“ol&owWd enf;v#if Zmenfy*k Kd~ vaf wGta=umif;udk rodrjrif wef;wla&;udk jrwfEdk;olawG&Sdaeor#
ysuf p D ; &rnf ” Edik af tmif ppftm%m&Siaf wGu ydwq f @kd ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’&J@ *k%o f wif;[m
“udk,fhzdk@}uHKv#if [ef@wm;aewJh twGuf q&m}u;D ocif xif&mS ;aerSmygy?J
ouf v k H a umif ; =uap” ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f / ocif atmifqef;/ q&m jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk jyef vSef
“aoG ; rxG u f a om awmfO;D OwWr tp&Sw d hJ yk*Kd~ vaf usmwf kd th avhvmwJt h cg 0dik tf rfbaD t (YMBA)
ppfyGJ}uD;udkqifE$J=u” a=umif; a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkypf mwrf; ac: Ak'b < momuvsm%,k 0 toif;/
“udk,fh&nfrSef;csuf awG &Sm;yg;vmwm awG@ae&w,f? w aemif *sDpDbDat (GCBA) ac:
atmif j rif c sif & if u,fawmh 'DvdktmZmenfyk*~dKvf}uD; jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;&J@ }udK;yrf;tm;
aemuf r wG e f @ =ueJ @ ?”- awG&@J tawG;tjrif a[majym a&;om; xkwrf a_ wGukd csev f yS xf m;vd@k r&ygb;l ?
‘q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ’- csufawG[m "rR"dÏmef usavh&Sdwm jrefrmtoif;csKy}f u;D wd;k wuf us,jf yef@
q&mawmf ysv H eG af wmfrcl hJ wm a=umift h rSew f &m;udk ESpo f ufaxmuf vmatmif oHCmawmfawG oHCmh
,ck pufwifbm (9) &ufq&kd if (69)ESpf cHolwdk@twGuf vrf;n$efcsufawGjzpf or*~D tzG@J awG &J@ axmufct H m;ay;r_u
jynf h + yD j zpf y gw,f ? jref r mwd k @ wwfv@kd ygy?J t"duae&muyg0ifygw,f? tJ'v D kd oH
aus;Zl;rarhtyfwhJ Edik if t hH mZmenfawG &[ef;tmZmenf}uD; ‘q&m CmawmfawG a&S@wef;rS wufwufºuG
xJrmS ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ vnf; tyg awmf OD;OwWr ay:xGe;f cJw h hJ acwf[m ºuG wdik ;f usKd ;jynfusKd ;aqmif vmatmif
t0ifjzpfygw,f? jrefrmh vGwv f yf a&; jAdwo d #uvkd ekd aD cwfjzpfygw,f? ESpu f m tOD;qk;H Edik if aH &;todtjrif rsupf zd iG hf
AdrmR efukd yEMucf scohJ l tmZmenf rsKd ;cspf vtm;jzifh wGupf pf&ifawmh ,ae@acwf ay;cJwh hJ yk*Kd~ vuf awmh q&mawmf OD;OwW
yk*Kd~ vfawGxrJ mS q&mawmf[m a&S@q;Hk eJ@ twefi,ftvSr;f a0;aeygw,f? 'g r ygy?J Ak'. < pmayusr;f *efawGe@J tnD
wef;rSyg0ifwhJ &[ef;tmZmenf}u;D jzpf ayr,fh &[ef;tmZmenf ‘q&mawmf w&m;eJ@arG@avsmaf e=uwJh oHCmawmf
ygw,f? 'Dae@ acwf vli,fawG trSew f OD;OwWr &J@ a[majym a&;om;csurf sm; wd@k taeeJ@ q&mawmf OD;OwWra[majym
17
wJh Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;a[m ajym vSnhf vnf+yD; Edik if w H umta&;t&m Edik if oH @kd 'kw, d t}urd o f mG ;jyefygw,f?
csuaf wG/ Edik if w H umtawG@t}uKH awG rsm;ud k avh v mqnf ; yl ; cJ h y gw,f ? *syefrmS q&mawmf[m ygVEd iS o hf uUÉ
udk csucf si;f em;0ifz@kd rvG,yf gb;l ? 'gay Oa&myY &Sad epOf 1905 ckEpS f ±k&mS ;*syef bmomygarmuQ tjzpf wm0efxrf;&Guf
r,fh aemifEpS t f wefi,f=umwJh tcg ppfjzpf&m *syefutEdik &f wJh owif;udk ygw,f? *syefa&muf w±kwfausmif;
q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ Edik if aH &;w&m;awG =um;wma=umifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ jref om;awGe@J jrefrmEdik if aH &;&mudpu P kd aqG;
[m pum;vk;H taeeJ@ rma=umaeay qefwhJ *syefEikd if t H a=umif;udk avhvm aEG;cJzh ;l w,fv@kd od&ygw,f? w±kwEf ikd if H
r,f/h vufawG@ tESpo f m&t& trsKd ; vdpk w d jf zpfvmygw,f? 1907 ckEpS rSm q udv k nf; oGm;a&mufvnfywfcyhJ gw,f?
bmom omoem twGuf wu,ft &mawmf *syefEikd if aH &mufygw,f? wdu k sKd w±kwt f rsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m
usKd ;&Sad =umif; odvmcsed rf mS oHCmawG Ak'b < mom wuUov kd rf mS ygVEd iS o hf uUÉ qGe, f ufqifEiS v hf nf; awG@qo Hk u d |r;f
xke@J xnfe@J yg0ifaxmufccH =hJ uygw,f? bmomqdkif&m ygarmuQtjzpf (4) cGi&hf &Scd yhJ gw,f? a'guw f m qGe, f ufqif
ordik ;f bmomudk pdw0f ifpm; +y;D ESpef ;D yg; aqmif&u G yf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H ESifh tm&Sa'o vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;
pmzwfavh&SdwJh vli,fawG uawmh tjyefc&D;rSm ud&k ;D ,m;/ refcsL;&D;,m;/ aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? yxr urBmppf+yD;
‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ &J@ bG@J emrnfukd w±kw/f uarBm'D;,m;ESihf xdik ;f Edik if aH wGrmS umeD;rSm q&mawmf jrefrmEdik if @H jyefºuG
rvGrJ aoG rSwrf rd mS jzpfygw,f? txl;o 0ifa&mufcahJ o;w,fv@kd rSww f rf;&Syd g cJyh gw,f? tJ'D tcsed u f +yD; jrefrmvlxk
jzif h “u&uf a 'guf *uf a 'guf ” w,f? em;rsupf yd iG ahf pzd@k Edik if w H umrS &&Scd w hJ hJ
(Craddock, Get Out!) qdw k hJ aºu;G 1911 ck E S p f jref r mEd k i f i H j yef todynm A[kow k rsm;ESihf ,SOw f +JG yD;
a=umfoHudk owd&w,fqdk&if q&m a&mufwt hJ cg/ ‘0dik t f rfbaD t’udk pwif Edik if aH &; w&m;a[majymygawmhw,f?
awmfudk taotcsm rSwfrdrSmjzpfyg xlaxmifc=hJ uwJh OD;bab/ OD;armif}uD;/ q&mawmf&J@ a[majymcsufawG[m
w,f ? “u&uf a 'guf ” (Sir OD;b&if/ ol&, d owif;pm pwifwnf pum;vk;H ajymifajymif xdxrd rd &d v dS w S thJ
Reginald Henry Craddock) [m axmifc=hJ uwJh OD;buav;/ OD;vSaz tp wGuf w&m;yGw J ikd ;f wd;k rayguf atmif
tJ'Dacwfu jrefrmEdkifiH 'kwd,bk&if &Sw d hJ tJ'aD cwfu vli,f vlvwfawGe@J pnfum;w,fvdk@ odrSDolawGu rSwf
cHjzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd v f ufatmufu vGwf ajrmufz@kd wrf;wifcyhJ gw,f?
qef a &pyg;eJ @ o,H Z mw us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;r_ “jrefrmwdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k [m
rsKd ;pkaH ygºuG,v f w S hJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS wdik ;f awGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ usd K ;EG H w ,f q d k w J h atmuf w ef ; us
oljynfom;wd@k pm;0wfaea&; cufcu J syf Edik if aH &;tjrifu jrefrmEdik if u H kd t*Fvyd f pdwrf sm;udk z,f&mS ;ypf=u&r,f? jrefrm
wnf; qif;&J'u k aQ &mufae=u&wm [m vuf atmufu vGwaf jrmufa&;jzpfyg wdik ;f ol jynfom;wd@k [mpGr;f &nfowWd
‘tpdk;&nH@zsif;vGef;vdk@ jzpfw,f’vdk@ w,f? vGwv f yfa&; r&ao;rDpyf=um; &Sad =umif;/ ynm&Sad =umif;eJ@ r[kwrf cH
1921 ckEpS f rwfv 23 &ufae@ a';'&J udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk udk,fhtrsdK;om;wdk@ pdw"f gwu f kd jy&r,f? 'Dvjkd yEdik &f if usKyf
+rdK@e,f qkuvyf&mG w&m;yGrJ mS ‘q&m ud, k w f ikd tf yk cf sKycf iG &hf a&;/ ‘[kr±R ;l ’&a&; wd@k ukd b,fou l rS apmfum;&J zdEydS &f J rSm
awmf OD;OwWr’u e,fcs@J tpd;k &udk a0zef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uzdk@ q&mawmfu r[kwaf wmhb;l ? b,fvt kd iftm;}uD;
a[majymcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd a0zefcv hJ @kd a&;om;a[majymygw,f? acwfynm +yD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwt hJ pd;k &jzpfjzpf
+Adwo d #ppfyv k yd w f @kd &@J zrf;qD; tusO;f cs wwf vli,f vlvwfrsm;udv k nf; [kr±R ;l wdik ;f &if;om;taygi;f pnf;vk;H nDnmpGm
wm cHc&hJ w,f? jrefrmhEikd if aH &; ordik ;f rSm oabmw&m;udk em;0ifatmif aqG;aEG; eJ@weG ;f vSef Edik =f u&if wm&Sncf EH ikd rf ,f
‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m Edik if aH &;t& ajymqdyk gw,f? q&mawmf tdE, dM Edik if H r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k &hf nfreS ;f csuf atmif
zrf;qD;axmifcsc&H wJh yxrOD;qk;H &[ef; rSm &Spd Ofu tdE, dN -jrefrm ESpEf ikd if v H yG f apcsi&f if aemufrwGe@f =ueJ@? a=umuf
tmZmenfjzpfygw,f? vyfa&; twGuf uGef*&ufygwDacgif; tm;ryd=k u eJ@? 'kuu Q kd y"gerxm; =ueJ@?
‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m Edik f aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;cJzh ;l wJt h jyif/ q&m [kr±R ;l wd@k vGwv f yfa&;wd@k qw kd m usKyf
iHwum A[kow k vnf; ES@H pyfygw,f? awmf ud, k w f ikd rf mS vnf; jrefrma'ocGJ wd@k &xdu k wf hJ urBmt h arGtESp}f uD;rsm;
1903 ckEpS rf mS tdE, dN Edik if rH S wqifh jyif uGe*f &ufygwt D zG@J 0if jzpfygw,f? jzpfw,f? AsL±du k a&pD 0g'orm;awGu
opf/ t*Fvef/ *smreD/ tD*spw f @kd o@kd c&D; 1912 ckEpS rf mS q&mawmf*syef b,favmufyJ aESmi@, f uS f aESmi@, f u S f
18
wu,f&atmifvyk Ef ikd w f hJ oabmrSef u|efEdkifiHjzpfae&if 'Dwdkif;jynfu vl “wd k i f ; &if ; om;qd k i f a wG r S m
[m wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k vufxrJ mS om rsd K ;[mvnf ; u|ef v l r sd K ;/ 'D v l r sd K ; 0,f,t l m;ay;=u”
&Sw
d ,f?” udk;uG,fwJh bmom[mvnf; u|ef “'d@k vrl sKd ;awG nDnw G rf S vGwf
q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ud k a&S ; bmom u|ef o moemjzpf r ,f ? 'g vyfcsr;f omr,f”
a[mif;tawG;tac: t,ltq y,f a=umifh u|efbmom u|efomoem “[kr±R ;l ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; &
vSeo f /l trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwf wufºuG tjzpfu vGwfatmif oHCmawmf atmif awmif;qd}k udK;yrf;=u”
atmifv@H_ aqmfot l jzpf ol@acwfvx l k rsm; ausmif;wGif usdef;tdyfrae=u “u&ufa'guf *ufa'gu”f
u vufcx H m;cJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H 0H bJ/ oHCor*~DtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@+yD; 'Dwdkif; (Craddock,Get Out!) qdw k hJ aºu;G
omEk trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ pwifaz: jynf'DvlrsdK;vGwfvyfatmif aqmif a=umfoaH wGe@J a[majymygw,f?
aqmifcw hJ hJ ‘*spD bD aD ttoif;}u;D ’&J@ Edik f &Guo f if=h uw,f”vd@k yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; 1924 ckEpS f &efuek f usK;H }uD;
iHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ atmifjrifapa&;twGuf a[majymcJyh gw,f? vrf; eef;awmf±yk &f iS ±f w Hk &m;yGt J +y;D 'kwd
vnf; q&mawmfu txl;0g,r pdu k f q&mawmf&J@ 0g,rpdkufxkwf ,t}urd f tzrf;cH&jyefygw,f? t*Fvyd f
xkwfcJhygw,f? “u&ufa'guf *uf r_a=umifh 1921 ckEpS f Zlvikd f (1)&uf (2) tpdk;&udk t=unfndK ysufapatmif
a'gu”f (Craddock, Get Out!) qdk &ufwGif oHCor*~DtzGJ@aygif; (30) a[majyma=umif; jypfrx _ if&mS ;w,f qdk
wJh aºuG;a=umfoaH =umifh q&mawmfem ausmrf S ud, k pf m;vS,f awGwufa&muf +yD; tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf
rnf *k%o f wif; ydrk akd y:vGix f if&mS ; vm wJh tpnf;ta0;udk &efuek +f rKd @rmS usi;f y tjypfay;wm cH&jyefwmayg?h
ygw,f? q&mawmf&@J a[majymcsuf Edik cf w
hJ ,f? q&mawmf oHCmawmfawG/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&taeeJ@ q&m
awGa=umifh trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ ydrk kd *spD b D aD t toif;acgi;f aqmifawG tyg awmfukd axmifcsvu kd w f m[m rSm;,Gi;f
t&Sed &f vm+yD;/ vlxt k rsm; Edik if aH &; Ed;k t0if &[ef;&Siv f l y&dowfig;&mausmf wJhtqkH;tjzwfvdk@qdk&rSmygyJ? q&m
=um;vmygw,f? 0HomEk toif;awG wufa&mufw,f? zsmykcH ±dik /f a';'&J+rdK@ awmfO;D OwWr&J@ ±d;k om;r_/ ud, k u f sKd ;riJrh /_
vnf; trsm;tjym; ay:ayguv f m yg e,f/ qkuvyf&mG w&m;yGt J +yD; q&m wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlxt k usKd ;udo k m a&S;±_r_
w,f? awmf OD;OwWrudk Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mvd@k wd@k a=umifh q&mawmfukd pHerlem,l+yD;
‘ol & d , owif ; pm’uvnf ; qd+k y;D tdE, dN &mZowf}u;D yk'rf 124(u) oHCmawmf trsm;tjym; jrefrmtoif;
q&mawmf&J@ a[majymrdef@=um;csuf ESihf 153 (u) wd@k t& t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk csKyf}uD; (GCBA) Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_
rsm;udk axmufcaH &;om;cJyh gw,f? q qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd af [majymr_e@J axmif twGi;f wwyfwtm; yg0ifvm=uyg
&mawmf&@J tawG;tjrifopf aqmif;yg; '%ftjypfay;ygw,f? &[ef;&Siv f l jynf w,f? tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ uGezf &ifrh sm;rSm
awGuv kd nf; ol&, d owif;pmu wcef; oltrsm; rcHr&yfEikd f zdEydS w f hJ tpd;k &udk r oHCmawmfrsm;yg0if aqG;aEG;a[majym
wem;az: jyygw,f? Ak'o < moempnf ausreyfjzpf=uygw,f? q&mawmfukd vm ygawmhw,f? oHCmhor*~t D zG@J awG
yifw;kd wufapcsi&f if OD;pGmyxr u|ef axmifcsvu kd w f ma=umifh ‘*spD b D aD t’ vnf; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;vm
b0u vGwaf tmifvyk &f r,fv@kd q&m toif;}u;D udk vlxu k ydrk akd xmufcH tm; =uygw,f? Edik if t Hh a&;t&mudpaP wGrmS
awmfu rde@f =um;ygw,f? trsKd ; bmom ay;cJw h mawG@&ygw,f? oHCmhor*~t D zG@J awG wufwufºuºG uyG g
omoemtusKd ;twGuf ‘oHCor*~’D q&mawmf yxrt}ud r f 0ifaqmif &Guv f m=uygw,f?
tzGJ@awGxlaxmifzdk@/ vGwfvyfa&;& axmifu jyefvw G v
f mawmh/ wjynfv;Hk q&mawmf OD;OwWr[m jref
atmif aqmif&u G =f uzd@k / OD;OwWr urde@f vSn+hf y;D Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mjyefygw,f? rmEdik if H 'kw, d bk&ifcH u&ufa'gu&f @J
=um;ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf Edik if t H ES@H rmS “t*Fvdyf ypPnf;udk oydwf ‘'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepf’udk qef@usif
oHCor*~t D zG@J awG ay:vm+y;D Edik if aH &; arSmuf=u” oljzpfygw,f? 0dik t f rfbaD t&J@ tqdu k kd
w&m;a[mwJh oHCmawmfawG wd;k yGm; “t*Fvdyf qdkifawGudk oydwf axmufc+H y;D ’[kr±R ;l ’ (Home Rule) &
vmygawmhw,f? arSmuf=u” &Sad &; awmif;qdak [m ajymygw,f? 'dik f
q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u “ ' D “wdik ;f &if;jzpf ypPn;f ud0k ,f,l tmcD tkycf sKyfa&;pepfrmS trwf (103)
wd k i f ; jynf ol w yg; vuf a tmuf c H tm;ay;=u” ae&m&mxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;
19
aumufcu H , kd pf m;vS,f (79)OD;om cGihf aus;vufu'umawG ol}uD;udk r yk*Kd~ vv f nf;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrm
jyKrSmjzpfygw,f? use(f 24) ae&mu bk a=umuf = ueJ @ ? ol } uD ; wif r u +rd K @ awGukd tapmqk;H Edik if aH &;rsupf zd iG ahf y;
&ifcHcef@ AsL±dku&ufawG jzpfygw,f? tk y f 0 ef a xmuf v nf ; a=umuf z d k @ r cJo
h w l @kd teuf q&mawmf[m a&S@q;Hk
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23
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29
30
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31
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32
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33
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ordik ;f ? pmrsm;om jzpfco hJ nf? *syefw@kd ukd armif; 1962 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH. owif;rD'D,m xkwf+yD; +Adwdo#udk jyef0ifvmaom rSwyf w kH ifOya'udk jyXmef;cJ+h y;D TOya'
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qHk; owif;pmjzpfaom (The Maul vyfa&;&&Scd o hJ nf? wnf;jzpfr_ e,fy,fEiS hf jypf'%ftwkid ;f
main Chronicle) owif;pmudk 1836 1940 jynhfvGef aESmif;ydkif;ESpf twmukd ydrk kd cs@J xiG f jyXmef;cJo h nf?
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pm jzpfaom (Morning Star) owif; jrefrmEdik if . H vlenf;pkvrl sKd ;pktcsKd @. t wGif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u owif;pmrsm;
pmxGuv f mcJo h nf? 1853 ckEpS f wGif oHrsm;udu k , kd pf m;jyKaz: jyaoma=umifh tm;vHk;udk jynfolydkif odrf;vdkuf&m
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Rangoon Chronicle) owif;pm ay: vnf;ac:=uonf? bmompum;aygi;f owif;pmavmuonf ESpt f enf;i,f
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Daw Mandalay Gazette) owif;pmudk aom ae@pOfowi;fpmaygi;f 30 ausmf rsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;jy&ef/ trsm;
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Edik af &; twGuo f m toH;k cs cJah vonf? onhaf umufcsurf sm;udk csEikd yf goenf;? ay:xGufvmaom owif;tcsuft
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rsm;udk ydwyf ifxm;aoma=umifh tjcm; onhaf e&mrS aeI oif&&Syd g oenf;? jzwfrr_ sm; / 0g'jzef@csad &; ,E &W m;ESihf pm
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41
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42
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43
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44
rar;ESi?hf umvwd@k / a'owd@k / aemufcH “armifyw D m rif; ” vnf;aumif;/ vjywfr*~Zif; 0wWK&Snf
0ef;usifwdk@qdkonfrSm a&S;0wWKawG pum;rqufvu kd &f ? b,fvuf0g; aomfvnf; aumif;/ tcef;qufr*~Zif;
rSmom ta&;}uD;wm? armf'ef0wWKrSm umjy.? rsupf u d rSwf xm;qJ? 0wWK&n S af omfvnf;aumif; (pm rlc ydrk
awG@csiw f t hJ csed /f awG@csiw f v hJ el @J awG@csif “xdik u f @GJ / xdik ?f at;at; aq;aq; &bJyJ) jzpfoGm;Edkifonfhta=umif;?
ovdk awG@v@kd &.? od@k aomfvnf; Zmwf xdik ?f igajymjy&rSmaygh uG,”f xdEk pS af =umif;a=umifh twdck sKH ;I (Third
a=umif;jyefol 0wWKa&; q&mESihf awG@ pum;ajymyHkuvnf; anmif Person Arrative) wwd,ajymol
onf [ k ajymrS j zpf v d r f h r nf ? 'grS emem? Zmwfrif;om;avoH? Zmwfa=umif;jyefESifh a&;ygawmhrnhf?
qufa&;vd@k &rSm? “[m; æ aeprf;ygOD; armifyD t*Fvyd pf um;u [kw&f @J vm; rodb;l ?
armifyDwmonf æ wm iayg&@J ? rif;bmvkyaf ewmvJ? t yDwmaZmfjrifh nmbufvufEiS hf udik f
tcef;tv,frSm ususee wifysOf wGi;f tm; avhusi+hf yD; t&dyrf v hJ uf 0g; vduk o f r# t&mtm;vH;k tqrwef }u;D
acGxdkifI cg;udkrwfrwfxm;I rsufpd odik ;f uGuf wDxiG af ewmvm;? vkyrf ae xGm;oGm;onf? bmudik u f ikd f (0g) ol@
rSw
d u f m nmbufvufukd txufo@kd eJ@? odik ;f avmu {u&mZf rd;k atmuf vuf ESix hf od r# t&mtm;vH;k tukef
qef@wef; ajr‡mufxm;onf? ajrjyif +ydKifzufuif;bJ@G ukd [kv d }l uD; ,l }uD;ukeo f nf? bma=umifv h J rar;ESi?hf
jrwfpmG bk&m; æ yDwmaZmf jrifh oGm;+yD? [m; æ [m; æ” rpyfpEk iS ?hf ,kwrdW &S[ d ak pm'u rwufEiS ?hf
xGuf &yfayguo f mG ;+yDvm;? “awmfyguG,f/ awmfyguG,f æ ig tHz, G jf zpf&yfqef;yg qdak erS?
“a[haumif æ armifyDwm rif; ajymwmudk em;axmifygO;D ? a&a& vnf onfae&mrSm onfavmuf ESihf
b,fvjkd zpf” vnf &Si;f jy&rSmayg?h r,HEk ikd pf &m jzpf&yf 0wWKwd+k yD;yg+yD[k ajymvd@k awmh&.? od@k
rsupf u d kd tdu k wf ifEiS zhf iG .hf ? 'l;ay: qef;rd@k igo h il ,fcsi;f ayguu f & 0wWKa&; aomf ajymvd@k rjzpfao;? plygarmf'efjzpf
wifxm;aom b,fvufuakd jrm‡ ufum q&m ,Hyk gapawmhv@kd qkawmif; &rSm oGm;vdrrhf nf?enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh em;
vuf0g; umjy.?nmvufu axmif yJav?” vnfatmifajymOD;rS?jzpfyu kH æonfv?kd
xm;qJ? rsuaf phukd jyefrw dS o f mG ; onf? “[m; æ armifyDwm? rif; armifyw D m zd;k olawmfwyg;ESihf
“a[haumif æ a[haumif æ tdu k wf ifu yDjyifvcS sn;f vm;” awG@onf?
iayg æ bmvkyaf ewm wke;f ” “tif; æ owW0grsm; csr;f om=uyg tdyfrufxJrSmvm;? tdyfruf
yDwmaZmfjrifo h nf woufv;kH ap? csrf;om=uygap? tjzpfuawmh tjyifbufrmS vm;rod? olu ajymrjy?
pyf+zJ+zJ tlwlwl rsufESmay;ESifh aecJh 'Dvykd gwhJ æuG,?f ” xdzk ;kd olawmf aemufo@kd &ufowWywf
oljzpfonf? tck ol@rsufESmay:rSm tvG e f th H = ozG , f aumif ; vdu k o f mG ;.? [drE v W m;/ r[m+rKd iv f m;
b,ftcg wke;f ur# rawG@z;l aom !d;l_ avmufaom A[kow k pmtkyf }u;D wGif rod? wywf=um jyefvm.? armifyD
i,faeovdv k /kd a=uuGaJ eovdk vdk trl q,fEh pS v f avmuf qufwu kd f t cef; wmtdraf &mufonf? ntdy. f ? rsuEf mS
t,m cyfwnfwnfrsKd ;udk awG@ae&.? quf aqmif;yg;&Snf}uD;tjzpf xnfh opfawmh rvd@k æ a&udk vufcyk Ef iS hf
“ayguu f & 0wWKawGa&;ae wJh avmufaom yDwmaZmfjrifh. xl;jcm; cHvu kd &f m 0ke;f ceJ bmjzpfreS ;f rod? ol
0wWKa&;q&m ightem;odyf ruyfeJ@? qef;=u,f/ thzH , G x f yd wf ef;/ jzpf&yfqef; wpfudk,fvHk; &$JoGm;.? aemufwcg
igch E<mud, k u f kd rxde@J ? txl;ojzifh igh }u;D udk twdck sKH ;I azmf jyh &ayawmhrnf? a&udk vufckyfESifhcH æ AGrf;ceJ æ a&
&J@nmbufvuf udk rxdapeJ@? xdik u f @JG / twdck sKH ;&wm ta=umif;&S. d ? vH;k }uD;? bHb k ikd af cgi;f u usaeaom a&
xdkifu@GJ ” wa=umif;u 0wWKq&m aZmfaZmf puf ayguf æ? ol@nmvufEiS x hf v
d u kd f
“[m æ jy\emu wrsdK; atmifonf rvdt k yfbJ odik ;f 0dik ;f cs@J xGif aomtcg tvGe}f uD;rm;aom a& vH;k
}uD;ygvm;” +yD; ava=um&Snu f m uAsmt&Sn}f uD; }u;D jzpfomG ;.? r,HEk ikd pf &m? armifyw D m
woufv;kH ayga=umif a=umif 0wWKt&Sn}f uD;awGa&;aom pm a&;q bmvky&f rSe;f rod? od@k aomf iaygu
vkycf ohJ rl @kd tckvkd ayga=umif a=umifjrif &mrsm;udk odyo f abm b0ifrawG@onfh aygayr,fh aumvdyrf mS avm*sp, f w k dW
uGi;f rSm odyf rqef;vS? od@k aomfvnf; ta=umif;? aA'oifz;l I tawG;tac:rnh?H a=umif;
0wWKa&;q&mu odyf odcsif aeonf? aemufwa=umif;u twdkr usKd ;quf pyfqifjcifwwf.? ajr}uD;u
'D iayg bm jzpfygvrd ?f csHK;v#if T0wWKonf 0wWK vwfaomf pyg;vH;k avmuf ausmufp&pf cJ uav;
45
ud k i f = unf h o nf ? oyd w f v H k ; avmuf 0wWKuawmh awmfzdk@aumif;+yD? =um pmrsuf E S m -24 rS
ausmufw;kH }uD; jzpfomG ;onf? &ifrvG,?f 0wWK*dwf rqH;k bJ vl*w d q f ;kH
[m; æyDwmaZmfjrifh oabm a&mufoGm;Ekdifonf? xdk@a=umifh onf pdu
k cf w hJ hJ oHviG yf ifu oHviG cf uf tacG
ayguo f mG ;onf? vdEk iS hf armifyw av;udOk ;D acgi;f rSm*k%jf yKpGyaf y;wm cH&
D m nmvufEiS hf xdor#
tdrx f uJ kd jyef0if? acgi;f tH;k atmufu tuke}f uD; ukeo f nf[k oma&;&awmh ygw,f?ckacwfrmS vdk a&$/aiGwq H yd af wG
av;q,fih g;usyw f ef t}u;D }u;D jzpfomG ; rnf? 0wWK *dr;f abm a&mufcge;D +yD? r[kwb f ;l ?'gayr,fo h yd w
f efz;kd xm;w,f?
.? tvsm;ajcmufay/ tESEH pS af ycG?J zG;D 0wWKq&m aZmfaZmfatmifu æ ol@ 'DacwfrSm tdkvHypfyu JG dk EdkifiHa&;eJ@
æonfpuUL bmoGm;oH;k &rSmvJ? bm tcspq f ;kH oli,fcsi;f armifyw rywfoufygapeJ@/ vl@tcGit
D mudk ig hf a&;wdu k f
oGm;0,fv@kd &rSmvJ? awG;ac:qif jcifykH bmvkyaf y;&rvJ ar;&m? armifyw yGaJ wGe@J tqufpyf ygapeJ@v@kd ajymwm
D mu
oD0&DreS af omfvnf;onfyu kd q f o H ;kH r&? a=uuGpJ mG acgi;f cgjy.? aZmfaZmfatmif awG =um;ae=u&yg w,f? rlvuawmh
armifyDwm idkifaewkef; =urf;jyif uvnf; oli,fcsi;f aumif; yDopGm rif; vl@tcGit hf a&;bmnmqdw k hJ a0g[m&
ay:u oifjzL;zsmtpkwu f av; axmifh 'Dawmifu rausmfEdkifbl;qdk&if rif;r awG r&Sdchb J l;eJ@ wlyg&@J ? 'gayr,fh ppfyGJ
pGe;f rSm =urf;yd;k waumif awG@&onf? &Sw d ahJ emuf rif;taºu;awG igqyfay;& qdw k m &Sad wmh/ ppf&yf pJcw hJ mvnf; &Sd
nmvufEiS hf tomxdvu kd . f ? [m; æ rvm;? rif;eJ@rwnfw w,f ? tJ ' gud k “+id r f ; csrf ; a&;”vd k @
h hJ [dk rE Wav;u
vifyef;avmuf}uD;aom vdyf}uD;jzpf aumifawG acsmif;±du ac:w,fr[kwf vm;? ppfyaJG wG &Sad e&if
k af y;&rvm;? ar;
oGm;.? avmavmq,f =urf;ydk;u &Smygao;onf? armifyDwm acgif;udk tdv k yH pfyv JG nf; usi;f yvd@k r&bl;? a&S;
awmh vdyjf zpf+yD? om wGifwGif cgjyvdkuf.? acwfu +ydKifyaJG wGrmS ud, k cf E<m }uHch ikd f
acgif;&if;wef;ay: wifxm;aom r onfvdkESifh aZmfaZmfatmifonf r_omru pdw"f gwo f ef@pif}uchH ikd rf _ vnf;
ae@nu vufusef 'l;,m;wvdy/f nm armifyw D mxHrS pdwrf aumif;pGm jyefvm yg0ifygw,f? twdck sKyfajym&&ifum,
vufEiS hf tomvSr;f udik v f u kd . f ? [m; cJo
h nf? 'ku}Q uD;aeaom oli,fcsi;f udk Ava&m/ pm&dwWAvyg jynfh0atmif
æ 'l;,m;twkwf}uD; vufoD;qkyf oli,fcsi;f aumif; yDopGm arhomG ;.? qnf;yl;av husifh+yD; +ydKifyJG 0if&wmrdk@
avmufww k . f ? yg;pyfxJ xnfv h @kd r& av;ig;&uf=umawmh armifyDwm bmoma&;yG}J u;D vnf;jzpfygowJ?h ewf
awmh? jy\emyJ? wu,fqkd vH;k ywf aq;±Hkwif&a=umif; owif;=um;& wdk@udk ylaZmfyo+yD; usif;y &wJh yG}J uD;
}u;D rvmbJ e*dv k ;kH ywf qdu k t f wdik ;f ESpf onf? jcifuu kd v ayud;k ? tdv
f @kd æ wJ?h &efuek +f rKd @rmS k yH pf pdw"f gwq f w kd m ud, k f
axmif&Snfvdkufygvm;? jzwfa&mif;& jcifudkufwdkif;om aq;±Hkwif&v#if pdwEf pS yf g; pif=u,f=uHch idk rf u _ kd tav;rl
atmif tckawmh vH;k ywfom wkwo f mG ; onf;xdwzf @kd rjzpfvaS o;? od@k aomfjzpf wJh pdw"f gwyf g?trsm;eJ@qikd w f m uawmh
I aomufr&? oD0&D wckcak wmh rSm; yHuk armifyw D m b,fbufvufarmif; “+idrf;csrf; a&;”eJ@ rdwfaqGjzpfa&;yg?
ae+y?D udk jcifuudu k /f armifyw ppfwu
D m nmbuf kd af &;eJ@ &efozl @JG a&; r[kwf ygb;l ?
ajc&if;wef;rSm wdkufvufp a&$0g vufESifh jcifudk±dkuf/ jcifurao/ aygif tdkvHypfyq JG dkwm acgr-a&mrwdk@&@J
qyfjymwcJ&Sd.? "g;ESifh vufwqpf wpfacsmif;usKd ;+y;D jyKus/ olnmvuf ESihf ewfyu JG ae urBmhtm;upm;+ydKify}JG uD;
avmuf t0dik ;f tav;awGjzwf/ xdt k xdv@kd jcifu t}uD;}uD;jzpfomG ;? b,f jzpfvmcJyh g+yD?+idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@rw d af qG jzpf
ydik ;f uav;awGukd nmvufEiS x hf ?d a&$ avmuf }u;D vd@k wek ;f jcifu EGm;avmuf a&;udk OD;xdy&f u G +f yD; vlom;tcsi;f csi;f
0gqyfjymawmifah wG trsm;}u;D jzpfrnf? }u;D oGm;onf? aygiw ud, k cf E<mtvS+yKd iyf /JG pdwrf aemtvS+yKd if
f pfzufusKd ;vd@k a'g
armifyw D m tvGeOf m%faumif;.? x oxGuf aeaom EGm;avmuf}uD;onhf yG}J uD;jzpfvmyg+yD? tdv k yH pf pdw"f gwu f kd
&H=um; xdk;xm;aom "g;usdK;uav; jcifarmifyw D mudk wG,yf gava&m?b,f tkv d yH pfr;D ±SL;wdik ef @J twlvo l m;awGquf
vSr;f ,lvu kd . f ? nmvufEiS , hf rl I d "g; oufomrvJ? 0wWKav;uawmh 'g vufo,faqmifomG ;=uygvrd rhf ,f? ay
usKd ;uav; t}u;D }u;D jzpfomG ;.? b,f avmufygyJ æ uG,?f usi;f tdv k yH pfy+JG yD;&if w±kwf ayguaf zmf
avmuf }uD;ovJ? ckwifwcsypf m/ zsm }u;D awG taeeJ@ Arm jynf&@J +ird ;f csr;f a&;
wcsypf mavmuf "g;oGm;u }uD;oGm; OKHzG aZmfaZmfatmif udv k nf;jyefvnfo;kH oyfEikd yf gapownf;
.? qyfjymcJhaygufpav;jzwfzdk@ aeae vdk@ qkawmif;vdkuf&yga=umif; ? ?
omom/ udik f vd@k yifr&? rudk r rEdik ?f armifprG ;f &nf
46
1?
tdrfa±S@cef;odk@vSrf;ae ae&.? w±kwf qef@usiaf &; qENjyyGJ
onf@ usaemf@ajcvSr;f rsm;rSm (xdpk Ofu yDuif; qef@usiaf &;[k ajymcJ@
wHcg; ab;wGif wke@f ueJ &yf =u.?) qDu atmf[pfqn l o H rH sm;udk
armifz;l wifh oGm;&.?tdrf a±S@cef;u p
um;ajymoHr sm;udk twdik ;f
oGe;f bk&m;vrf;xJrS twdik ;f om; =um;
ae&.? usaemfu udpk ef;armif / udOk ;D
om;=um;ae&.? usaemf@t ESihf udck g;w@u kd kd awG; aerdonf? olw@kd
azESit hf arwd@k onf usaemf awG b,fqD a&mufae =u+yDv?J bm
ESihf ywfoufonfh pum;udk awGrsm; vkyaf e=u+yDv[ J k awG;aerdjyef
usaemf =um;Edik o f nftxif onf? udik ;f /'Dvv kd yk rf ,f/ ±k;H udk tudck %
ESihf wrif=um;atmifajymae bJomG ;r,f/ ±k;H rSm pDpOf p&m±Sw d m pDpOf
=uonf[yk ifawG;rdonf? +yD;tdrf jyefvmcJrh ,f/ om;udak wmh rif;
“ at;yg tudk em;vnfyg vnf; xde;f Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l / om;udk
w,fumG /'g a=umifrh @kd rif;udk awmh ol@tcef;xJrmS yJ wHcg;ydwaf om@
ar;aewmayg@/ tudk ar;wm cwfxm;cJ@r,f/om;u bmrSrvkyyf gb;l
trsKd;om;a&;ocGyf om rif; ajzprf;yg”

“atmf tud&k ,f/ vlw
vd@k uwday;vnf;/ tudu
csb;l nutaz ESiu
k awmh pdwrf
hf saemf jiif;ckecf @J &
a,mufukd waeukef xdik f onfrsm;udk jyefawG;rdonf? w±kwq f ef@
=unf@aevd@k aum&rvm; t usiaf &; qENjyyGrJ sm;rSm vuf±t dS pd;k &u
ud&k @J +yD;awmh tudv k nf; n ol. tusyftwnf;rsm;udk vlxk
trsKd;om;a&;ESif;qD wke;f uom;udak &vnfatmif
±Sif;jy+yD;+yDqdk/om;uvnf;
tm±kHajymif;atmif wrifzefwD;onfh
vlrsK;d a&;yÉdyuQomjzpfa=umif; usaemf
'Davmufawmh rrdkufygbl; . t,l tqudk tazu ruef@uu G ?f
tud&k ,f/ om;udk tudk em; od@k aomf ,if;w±kwf qef@usiaf &;qENjy
vnf ygw,f/'gayr,fh 'grsK;d yGu
J kd rysuf ysuaf tmif zsuf &rnf[k
u pdw f rxdef; Edkif&if cuf ajymcJ@aom pum;udrk l tazu tjyif;
w,fu/G tckyJ atmfw@J [pf txef qef@usi. f ? onfenf;rSm rSm;
wJ@toHawG =um;ae&w,f ,Gi;f onfh ajz ±Si;f enf;jzpf+yD; ud, k o f m
rd@k vm;/ awmf=um tudk r±Sd vêsi'f u k jQ zpfrmS aocsma=umif; tazu
wkef;/om;u 'gawG =um;+yD; ±Si;f jy.? om; tz ESpOf ;D tcsed f twef
pdwf rxde;f Edik v f @kd oGm;+yD; jy =um jiif;ckecf @J =u+yD;rS taz. oabm
\em ±Sm&if tm;vH;k 'kuQ xm;udk usaemf vufccH @J &jcif; jzpfonf?
a&mufuek rf ,f? ” w±kwf qef@usiaf &;qENjyyGu J kd usaemf@
“tJ'g om;udk rif; Edik af tmif taeESihf rnfo@kd rês raESmuf,u S yf gb;l
xdef;Edkifygh rvm;vdk@ tudk [lonfh uwd udk usaemfay;cJ@&.? od@k
ar;aew mayg@? 'Dvakd e@ rsK;d ESiw hf ikd f taz onf usaemf@ukd pdwrf cs?
rSm±k;H rwufv@kd uvnf;rjzpf xdak =umif@ reufr;kd vif;vd@k ±k;H roGm;rD t
bl;avuGm” csed f tarESit hf cst D cspum;ajymqd+k yD;
nGe@f ±ky±f iS ±f zHk ufqu D atmf aemuf usaemf@ukd tdrcf ef;twGi;f 0if
[pf aºu;a=umforH sm; =um; ap.? tjyifzufrS wHcg;udak om@cwf+y;D
47
rS taz ±k;H oGm;.? xdak e@reufu taz =o*kwv f 6 &uf [D±±kd ;DS rm; +rdK@ay:od@k awG;cJ@ rdw,f tckawm@ wu,fh tm
±k;H rS tdro f @kd jyefrvmrSD wem&De;D yg;rSs tar&duefw@kd =uJcsc@J aom tEkjrLAH;k %m±Sipf epfqu D kd oGm;aewJh 'Dtcsed rf mS
=umatmifusaemf@rmS tcef;wGi;f atmif; '%fa=umif@ ao&tHqq J J tcsed w f iG f 'Dpum;ajym&if &Dp&m oufou jf zpf
aecJ@&.? nGe@f ±ky±f iS ±f zHk ufqu D atmf a&;cJ@onf@*syef ppfom;av; rDE±kd q l Zl l aeawmhrayg”h 'guawmh 1945 ck tdk
oH[pfoH aºu;a=umforH sm;udrk l tcef; uD;. pmxJrS pma=umif;av;jzpfonf? uDem0g±dS umawem urf;ay:od@k wuf
wGi;f rSyif =um;ae&avonf? olonfppfxrJ 0ifcifuwdu k sKwd uUov kd f vmonfh tar&duefwyfrsm;ESi&hf ifqikd f
2? Oya'wef;ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf? wdu k cf ukd &f if; usq;kH cJ&h onf@ *syef ppf
“ppfonf uGsEykf w f @kd cE<mud, k f “rsufESmokwfyk0gudk vufwGif om;av; &D,*kd sD ,ltb d m&m . rSwpf k
rsm;udk pGe@f vLS ±krH #EiS @f vHak vmufrnfr udik &f if; uGi;f jyif tpyfem;Y&yfum/zm; pmtk y f x J r S p mom;wcsKd @ jzpf o nf ?
[k w f ” Tpma=umif ; av;rS m /1945 atmfoaH wGukd em;axmif aerdonf? olonf ppfxJ r0ifcifu wdu k sK+d rKd @ actd
ckEpS t f wGi;f wke;f u aqmfvrGeu f íe;f pk i,fpOfb0udjk yefvnfowd&vmonf? tdw k uUov kd f ausmif;om;wOD; jzpf.?
wdu k yf wJG iG f usq;kH oGm;cJ@onf@ *syefppf va&mifatmufwiG ±f r¸ ;f jraeaom=um “tm%m±SiEf ikd if aH wG[m tqH;k wae@
om;av; *dk±dkzlulemum a&;cJ@onfh yGiEhf iS w hf o l nfh Tb0rSm tb,frsS pw d f rSm usq;kH &rSmygy/J olw@kd &@J xeG ;f ajymifr_
rdwaf qGjzpfol tdu k ef'g xH ay;pmxJrS ysuzf , G f aumif;vSoenf;?” Tpm [m c%ygy/J 'gu0kd if±;kd wef;Edik if aH wGu
pma=umif;wa=umif;jzpfonf? zluel m om;rSm touf 23 ESpt f ±G,f *syefppf ppf}u;D twGi;f rSmom"ujycJ@+y/D zufqpf
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