Alineain 4 of 10 PDF

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Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.10

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odwwf&r,f? aemufuvnf; a&Su h vlukd odwwf&r,f? 'g[m usr&Jh tcif;tusi;f bJ?”
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“ usrudk xde;f odr;f cJw h vhJ al wGtay:rSmvnf; bmtmCmwrSm r&Sb d ;l ”
“usrwdk h jrefrmawG[m aumuf&;kd rD;vdyk v J @kd ajymwmudk usrawmh r}udKufb;l ’’
“usrwdk jh ynfoal wGu vufjzefjh yD; awmif;csipf w d f r&Sb d ;l vdhk usr ,Hw k ,f’’
“usrudk xde;f odr;f wJv h al wGukd rrke;f bl;? yk*Kd~ vaf &;t& b,fou l rkd ek ;f wD;wm r&Sb d ;l ?”
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ajymaevd@k tydb k ?J usrwd@k ukd vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;ygv@dk bJ ajymr,f? usrwdjhk ynfou l vufjzefjh yD;
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fh kd awmif;qdwk mjzpfw,f?”
“usr trsKd ;om;&if=um;apha&;udk usr tjrJ ,H=k unfygw,f? usrwd@k [m jynfo&l hJ
tiftm;udk tm;ud;k jyD;awmh tvkyv f yk af ewmvd@k tjudrjf udrt f cgcg ajymcJjh yD;ygjyD? jynfo&l hJ
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ar#mv
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taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;udk &Sm&r,f’’
“usr&Jh vHjk cHKa&;udk wm0ef,w l hJ olawGu usrudk aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f qufqH
=uw,f? tJ'DtwGuf aus;Zl;wifw,f? usrudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef qufqHovdkyJ
jynfot l m;vH;k tay:rSm aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f qufq&H if b,favmuf aumif;vdu k rf vJv@kd
usr awG;rdygw,f? 'gayrJh usrudk tus,cf sKyf csovdak wmh jynfou l kd rcsapcsibf ;l ? jynfou l kd
tus,cf sKyf rcsyge@J ? aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f qufqaH pcsiyf gw,f’’
“raumif;wmudk rajymapcsif&if rvkyfygeJ@? aumif;wmawGudk usrwdk@u
wefz;kd xm;ygw,f/ aus;Zl;vnf; wifygw,f? aumif;wmawGcsn;f vkyaf e&if woufv;kH usr
aus;Zl;wifv@kd qH;k rSm r[kwaf wmhygb;l ’’
“jynfoal wG[m vkypf &m&Sw d m vky&f r,f/ vlwidk ;f ud, k w
hf m0ef ud, k af us&r,f’’
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(qefz&efppPudk)
atmufwdkbm 18 / 2010
14
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28 / 8 / 2010
15
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ajymr&k}H uHKzl;rSod
bmomw&m; ewÎ?d
oef;a&$ vku d ef m
xkwd &m;a'oem?
2008
2010
od+yv D m;
xyfrw S x f m;
ppftyk pf &k J ah rG;&mygoabmxm;?
rSw}f uD;
18
umwGef;
19
olr
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tcsdef
atmifouf0ikd ;f
({&m0wD tifwmeufr)S
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tjzLa&mif qkid ;f bkwaf y:wGif xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awG@jrif&aejy;D oHq;l ju;dk twm;tqD; rsm;uvnf;
vrf;r}uD; wckv;Hk udk jzwfcsxm;onf? a&mfbmeHygww f w k rf sm;/ rsu&f nf,Adk ;Hk rsm; ypfeidk o f nfh
tajrmufrsm; ukid af qmifxm;aom vufeuftjynft h pkH wyfqif xm;onfh vkx H ed ;f &Jrsm;tm;
vk;H u oHq;l juk;d twm;tqD;rsm;aemufwiG f toift h aetxm;jzifh &Sad eonf?
&Jt&m&Sw d OD;u cufxefaom rsuef mS jzifh atmfvH tao;pm;udk ukid u f m pl;&Saom
toHjzifh atmf[pfaeonf?
“a&S@w;dk rvmeJ@ / 'g uef@owfe,fajryg/ aemufqw k yf g/ wm0ef xrf;aqmifaewm”
qkad om &Jt&m&Su d ol@a&S@wnfw h nf&h dS vl &maygi;f rsm;pGmudk atmf[pf trde@f ay;aeonf?
vltrsm;pku &Jt&m&Sd. pum;ukd em;raxmifonfhtjyif “a':atmifqef;pk=unf
use;f rmygap” qkad om toHrsm;ukd wlnu D s,af vmifpmG atmf[pfaejy;D vufcyk o f rH sm;uvnf;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrw f nf&&dS m wuUov kd f &dyo f m vrf; twGi;f wajzmif;ajzmif;
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jynforl sm;/ ekid if jH cm;oHwrefrsm; tygt0if vlwaxmifausmcf ef@ vma&mufpak 0;ae=uonf?
reufvif;tm;juD; tcsed u f wnf;u vma&mufapmifq h idk ;f aeaom vlpv k al 0;rSm nae 5
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20
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“a':atmifqef;pk=unfjcHwiG ;f okd u h m;rsm;0ifomG ;jyD” qkad om owif;pum;a=umifh
oHq;l juk;d b,f&, D m csxm;onfh ae&mod@k ajy;olajy;/ tm;vk;H &kw&f w k o f oJ ?J vlawGtm;vk;H
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d nf?
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wpD;ay: v#ijf refpmG qGw J ifae=uonf? vltyk }f uD;u ykI d ykI d &kw&f w k of o J J jzpfvmawmhonf?
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ta=umif;=um;oHrsm;uvnf; vltyk f twGi;f wGif qlnv H eG ;f vSonf?vkx H ed ;f &Jrsm;uvnf;
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vltyk }f uD;rSm tajy;tv$m;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf jcHa&S o h @kd ajy;v$m;juawmhonf?
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vl t k y f u m; urB m ysuf
onft h vm; h h h vl tm;vk;H
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onf? “a': atmif qef;
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qef; pk=unf” qdkaom
ajuG;a=umforH sm;u tdrf
trSwf 54 jcaH &S@wiG f us,f
avmifpmG jrnf[;D vsu&f o dS nf?
21
nae 6 em&D ausmcf sed f jcHtrSwf 54 &Sd jcHpnf;&k;d oHwidk af v;eSpcf u k kd udik u f m trsKd ;orD;
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uGma0;aejyD; ,ae@aetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS vGwaf jrmufvmaom vlxk acgi;f aqmif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfyifjzpfawmhonf?
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olr/ trsKd ;om; acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD;wOD;jzpfaom olr/ vufeufuikd f
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vlx. k eSv;Hk om;wGif xm0& ude;f atmif;aeaom olr h h h
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f wGi;f okd jh yef0ifomG ;awmhonf?
22
wuUov kd &f yd of mvrf;ay:wGif rsu&f nf+zKd i+f zKd iu
f saeaom trsKd ;orD;/ trsKd ;om;/ oHCmawmfrsm;
ukd awG@jrif&onf? olw@dk tm;vk;H aysmaf e=uonf? uifr&mudu k ikd jf yD; uckeaf eaom owif;
axmuf rsm;ukyd if awG@jrifae&onf?
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f m
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jyefonf? jcHa&S@wGif vufckyfoHrsm;u wajzmif;ajzmif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf &kyfykHrsm;udk
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quf=uonf?
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usaejyjD zpfaomfvnf; aysm&f i$ af eaom jynforl sm;. rsuef mS um; ta&mif awmufvsu&f o dS nf?
a':atmif qef; pk=unf trSew f u,f vGwaf jrmufcjhJ yD?
23
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c&D;&Snf}uD;&Jh ajcvSrf;tpomjzpf cifjzLaxG;
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24
awmiftmz&du orRwa[mif; Edb k v J f jidr;f csr;f a&;qk&iS f Frederik Willem de
Klerk uvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmufa&; ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm awmif;qdv k mcJ&h jyD;
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ygw,fv@kd a':atmifqef;pk=unftwGuf Edik if w H um a&S@aewa,muftjzpf aqmif&u G af ewJh
Jared Genser uvnf; ajymygw,f?
“usaemf t&rf;udkyJ 0rf;omygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m eSpfaygif; (21)
eSpt f wGi;f (15) eSpaf vmufu aetdrt f us,cf sKyfe@J aeae&wmyg? 2003 ckepS f arvupvd@k
25
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Barroso/ uae'g 0ef}uD;csKyf Stephen Harper wdk@uvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
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McConnell uvnf ; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf vG w f a jrmuf v mr_ [ m jref r mek d i f i H
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26
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urBmausmf aw;*DwtzG@J U2 uawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmufrt _ wGuf
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27
usrwdk h rsdK;quf a&mufvm_yD h h h
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jrefrmjynfwiG f aexdik v f su&f o dS nf?
touf (21) &S+d yD jzpfaom ra0ESi;f yGio hf ek o
f nf vef'eftajcpdu k f jrefrmhta&;
v_y&f mS ;r_tzGŒJ (Burma Campaign UK)/ tjynfjynfqidk &f m vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf zGŒJ (AI)
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qufo, G f ar;jref;xm;ygonf?
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Luminary
Luminary Magazine
Magazine Volume
Volume 4,No.10
4,No.10
ar;? ? avbmygw&D ŒJ nDvmcHrmS pum;ajymcGi&hf wJh twGuf b,fvt
kd usKd ;tjrwfawG&cJv
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tawmfrsm;rsm;u olwkd@taeeJ@ usr&JŒ rdef@cGef;udk =unfh+yD;wJh tcgrSm olwdk@ wckck
vkycf siv f mw,f/ olw@kd b,fvkd yg0ifv@kd &rvJ/ jrefrmhta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh olw@kd vnf;
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H a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh olw@kd bmvkyv f @kd &rvJ/ b,fvykd g0if v_y&f mS ;vd@k &rvJ/
Burma Campagin eJ@ awG@&rvm;/ b,fvkd tzG@J tpnf;rsKd ;eJ@ awG@+yD; v_y&f mS ;vd@k &rvJ
qd+k yD;awmh vmar;wmawG trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f? tJ'gawmh t&rf; aumif;w,fv@kd jrifryd gw,f?
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rajymao;bl;? ol@taeeJ@ axmufcw H ,fq+kd yD;awmh rajymbl;? avbm tpd;k & qd&k if ol
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tJ'guawmh uGmjcm;w,fv@kd jrifrw d ,f? txl;ojzifh avbmtpd;k & qd&k if a*:'Gef ba&mif;ayg?h
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ar;? ? Burma Campagin UK udk wcdsKŒu pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd wmudk axmufcw H meJ@
ywfouf+y;D tpGe;f a&mufw,fv@kd ajymwmawG&w
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tJ'v D rkd sKd ; ol@&ŒJ wu,fxx d ad &mufa&muf vkyaf qmifru _ kd vk;H 0 rjrif&ao;bl;? tJ'ga=umifh
ukvor*~e@J ywfouf+yD;awmh t&rf;udk pdwyf surf w d ,f? tJ'ga=umifv h nf; usrajymcJw h myg?
ar;? ? tckusi;f yr,fh Ed0k ifbm a&G;aumufyJG tay:a&m b,fvo

kd abmxm;vJ?
30
ajz? ? 'Da&G;aumufyeJG @J ywfouf+yD;awmh olrsm;awGuar;w,f/ 'Da&G;aumufyu JG ae+yD;awmh
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v_yf&Sm;r_ pnf;&kH;a&; vkyfwJh tcsdefrSm usroleJ@oGm;+yD;awmh vkdufyg aqmif&GufcJhw,f?
wtdrw f uf/ wtdrq f if;+y;D ol vlawGe@J awG@w,f/ pum;ajymw,f? tJ't D cgusawmh vlawGu
ol@uakd r;w,f/ rif;udk bmvd@k igw@kd rJay;oifo h vJ/ rif;u bmaumif;vd@k igu rJay;&rvJ/
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hf if;vif; aqG;aEG;ydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l ?
ig bmvdk@ tpdk;&udk rJay;&rSmvJvdk@ ajymwmeJ@ axmifxJrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm; uszkd@qdkwmyJ
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usruawmh 'Da&G;aumufyu JG ae bmrS arSsmv f ifch surf &Sb d ;l ?
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ajz? ? jrefrmEdik if aH &;rSm t"du pdw0f ifpm;wmu tazha=umifyh g? i,fi,fav; uwnf;u

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31
tJ'DvdkyJ udk*sifrDeJ@ reDvmodef;wdk@&JŒ orD;av;qkd&if (3) ESpfyJ&Sdao;w,f? ol
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ar;? ? OD;jrat;&JŒ tajctaeeJ@ywfouf+yD;awmha&m bmawG=um;xm;ao;vJ?
ajz? ? tazu use;f rma&; ukor_uawmh t&rf;vdt k yfw,f? txl;ojzifh ESv;Hk a&m*g&w dS ,f/
ESvkH;aoG;a=um usOf;w,fqdkwJh tcgusawmh tJ'geJ@ ywfouf+yD; olwdk@awG aq;ppfzkd@eJ@/
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uGmjcm;ygw,f? usr 'DEikd if rH mS vkyaf ew,fqw kd m vGwv f yfr&_ w
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trsm;}u;D &Sw d ,f? axmifusc&H r,fqw kd m olw@kd ow
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rsKd ;quft&olw@kd wm0ef ausatmif vkycf +hJ yD;oGm;+yD?
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32
tcdseaf &mufvm+yD? tJ'ga=umifh usrwd@k vil ,fawG xGu+f yD;awmh vkyw f mvd@k vnf; jrifw,f?
wm0efausatmif/ urBmudk ajymatmif usrwd@k vli,fawG wm0efxyf+yD; xrf;aqmifaeyg+yD
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k mrsKd ; ajymcsiv
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ajz? ? atmufwb kd m 16 &ufae@ paeae@rmS ckerf mS yg? tJ'gu tdw k ;l t&Demvd@k ac:w,f?
'DrmS pwdw&f ;d_ awG/ yGv J rf;obifawG vkyw f ahJ e&mrSmayg?h tJ'D tdw k ;l t&Dem&JŒ tjyifrmS ckerf mS ?
usru &dv k m udpk wm pD;&wmudk }uKd uw f ,f? 'gayr,fh bef*su D awmh wcgrS rckezf ;l bl;? &ky&f iS rf mS
awG@wJh tcgusawmh udk,fu vkyfcsifw,f? tJ'DvdkrsdK; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;? aemufawmh
jyefpOf;pm;=unfw h hJ tcgusawmh e,fpyfrmS &Sw d hJ jrefrmEdik if aH &; tusO;f om; a[mif;awGukd
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ydu
k q f H tJ'aD vmuf r&Sb d ;l ? +yD;awmh aq;0g;ukor_twGuv f nf; ydu k q
f H vkv H aHk vmufavmuf
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odyrf odb;l ? vl@tcGit hf a&; qdwk m &aeayr,fv h nf; &aerSe;f udk rodb;l ? usru vlwikd ;f udk
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t"dy`m,f&SdwJh t&m/ ydk+yD;awmh vlawGudk ulnDvdk@ &wJh t&mwckvkdrsdK; ajymif;csif&if
ajymif;vd@k &w,f/ ud, k rhf mS ajymif;ydik cf iG &hf wdS ,f qdw
k mrsKd ;udk usr jycsiw f m? ?
(www.irrawaddy.org rSu;l ,laz: jyygonf?)
33
'kkwd,yifvkHnvD mcHroS nf
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(www.moemaka.com rSu;l ,laz: jyygonf?)
Edk0ifbm 2 / 2010
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34
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35
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36
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wu,fusawmh 'Da¶G;aumufyGJ[m etzppftpdk;&taeeJŒolwdk@Edkifapcsifoludk
tEdik af y;/ ¶H;_ apcsio f u l kd ¶H;_ atmifvyk v f @kd &wJh a¶G;aumufyjJG zpfygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkawG
xJrmS udyk J etz[m olw@kd oabmusw/hJ olw@kd }udK;qGw J ikd ;f ur,fh wdik ;f &if;om;wcsKd @uakd wmh
tvG,fwul0ifta¶G;cHcGihfay;wJhtjyif olwdk@&JŒ}uHŒzGH@udkawmifrS tJ'Dwdkif;&if;om;awGeJŒ
,SOf+ydkifta¶G;cHwmrvkyfapcJhygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;ygwDwkdif; etzvufukdif'kwfvkd@ qkdvkdwm
r[kwyf gb;l ?
+yD;cJhwJha¶G;aumufyGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$wdk@[m olwdk@ppftkyfpktaeeJŒ tcktcgrSm
r[mrdwrf vdak =umif;/ txl;ojzifh wcsed u f twdu k t f cH vkycf w hJ vhJ al wGukd b,fvrkd S vufwJG
rac:Edik af =umif; jyovdu k w f mjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Da¶G;aumufy&JG ŒJ aumif;wJh tusKd ;wckukd
ajymygq&kd if tm;vH;k udk etztay: pdwu f ;l ,Ofra_ w G pGe@f vw $ af tmif rD;armif;xd;k jyvdu k w
f hJ
tcsuyf gy?J 'guaewqufxJ a¶G;aumufyv JG eG f ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ZmwfcrkH mS tiftm;pkpnf;r_
tajymif;tvJawG xyfawGŒvm&Edik yf gw,f?
etztzd@k awmh jynfyrSmydt k ¶Suu f ¶JG rkH u e*du k 'Da¶G;aumufy+JG y;D &if bm}u;D jzpfaeae
ppftpdk;&eJ@0ifyl;vdkufzdk@ pOf;pm;xm;wJh EdkifiHawGawmifrS vufwGef@oGm;wmeJ@}uHK&ygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f rSmawmh }uHŒzGwt f zd@k 'Da¶G; aumufyrJG mS r[mrdwrf &vdu k yf J olw@kd urkd ek ;f wD;olawG
om&vdkufygw,f/ e*dku EdkifiHa&;e,fy,feJŒ uif;uGm ae&muae 'Da¶G;aumufyGJusrS
Edik if aH &;xJ0ifygvm=uolawG[m b,fvEkd ikd if aH &;rsKd ;udq k ufvyk rf vJqw kd m pOf;pm;&ygawmhr,f?
'Da¶G;aumufyGJtajzxGufawmhrS awmifydk@rSef;odvmwJh wjcm;EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGvJ
ydkrdkvufawG@uswJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;ay: wufvm=uvdrfhr,fvdk@,lq&ygw,f? etz&JŒ
“pnf;urf;¶Sd+yD; ppfrSefwJh'Drdkua&pD”[m rJcdk;/ rJydk;(wif}udKrJ/ jynfya&mufrJqdkwmawGeJ@
xyfy;kd wm)/ xifwikd ;f vkyEf ikd cf iG &fh +yD; jynfoal wGusawmh olw@kd vyk o f rSs vufyu kd =f unhaf e&wJh
taetxm;jzpfaeapygw,f? 'DvdkjzpfaewmawGukd w¶kwfa¶S;a[mif;pum;yHkwckeJ@yJ
ckid ;f Edi_ ;f vdu
k cf siyf gw,f? tJ'gu “¶Gmol}uD;usawmh ¶Gmudrk ;D wdu k cf iG ¶fh +dS yD; ¶Gmom;awGusawmh
rD;cGuaf v;awmif xGe;f cGirhf ¶Sb d ;l ” qdw k mygy?J &Jabmf zd;k oHacsmif;
46
2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
ESi fh
tem*wf
tyd k i f ; (5) ed * H k ; yd k i f ;
bD b D p D txl ; tpD t pOf
jo*k w f 7/ 2010
2008 tajccHOya'rSm csKŒd ,Gi;f csuaf wG&v dS @kd uef@uu G w
f o hJ al wG&adS eovdyk /J aemufusrS
wjznf;jznf; jyif,rl ,f qdw k o hJ al wGvnf;&Syd gw,f? wu,fwrf; jyifqifciG &hf rdS vm;/ 'Dta=umif;
awGukd aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? roDwmEG,f pDpOfwifqufxm;ygw,f?
“a':atmifqef;pk=unf yg0ifa&; ryg0ifa&;/ wyfrawmfuae+yD;awmh wyfrawmf
udk,fpm;vS,f 25µ udk yg0ifa&; ryg0ifa&; tJ'Dvdk tjiif;yGm;aer,fhtpm; usaemfwdk@
a&SŒquf+yD;awmh qifhuJqifhuJ ajymif;vJvdk@&wJh tajctae wcktay:rSm 'DzGJ@pnf;yHkudk
axmufcv H u kd rf ,f/ axmufc+H yD; 'Dru kd a&pDpaH wG wd;k oxufw;kd vmatmif qufvuf+yD;awmh
}udK;pm;vkyaf qmifomG ;vd@k &S&d if jzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd u oH;k oyfw,f”
jrefrmEdik if uH kd 'Drukd a&pD tjynft h 0usio hf ;kH wJ/h vl@tcGit hf a&;awGukd av;pm;vdu k ef m
wJh Edik if aH wmftjzpf ay:xGe;f vmEdik af &;twGuf tck etz tpd;k &a&;qGx J m;wJh tajccHOya'udk
vufco H ifw h ,f/ +yD;rS wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJ,rl ,f/ tck &oavmuf,x l m;oifw h ,fqw kd hJ
t,ltqudk vufco H wl OD;u bDbpD u D tywfpOfjyKvkyw f hJ vGwv f yftawG; aqG;aEG;zvS,rf mS
ajymwmudk =um;cJ=h u&wmyg? tJ't D ,ltqudk vufc=H uolawG&o dS vd/k wjznf;jznf;jyif,rl ,f
qdw k hJ t,ltq[m pdwu f ;l ,OfwmyJv@kd jrif=uolawGvnf; &Syd gw,f?
“anmifESpfyif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'aygh/ oludk=unfhr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if wyfrawmf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu Edik if &H ŒJ tjrifq h ;kH tm%mydik f jzpfaew,f? qdak wmh 'Dvkd tm%m&Sif
qefwJh tpdk;& pepfwckatmufrSm zGJ@pnf;yHkwckudk jyefjyifzdk@qdk&if pOf;pm; w,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if
pdwu f ;l ,OfwhJ pOf;pm;r_rsK;d jzpfvrd rhf ,f/ wu,fh jynfov l x
l wk &yfv;kH &JŒ tem*wfb0awGtwGuf
'Dvpkd w d u f ;l ,OfwhJ pOf;pm;csuaf wGe@J uHu, kd +kH yD; ql;yHek if;zd@k awmh rpOf;pm;oifb h ;l ayg/h 'g usr
tjrifjzpfygw,f”
jynfytajcpdkuf 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olawG&JŒ tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD 'kw, d OuUÏ rdq;l yGi&hf ŒJ tjrifjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh
47
etz&JŒzG@J pnf;yH[ k m wjznf;jznf;jyifqifomG ;Edik rf ,fh tvm;tvm b,favmuf&ydS govJ?
tem*wf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if t H jzpf wqif+h y;D wqifh ajymif;vJomG ;Edik af tmif &nf&, G af &;qGx J m;wm
vm;? qef;ppf=unf=h uygp@kd ?
etz tpd;k & jyifqifxm;wJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk =unfv h u
kd rf ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if tJ'D
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udk b,fvrkd S vG,v f ,
G u
f u l el @J jyifv@kd r&atmif olw@kd trsK;d rsK;d jyifqif
xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh ppftpdk;&&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
zG@J pnf;yHtk ajcOya'eJ@ umuG,jf yÏmef;zd@k twGuf jyifqifwahJ e&mrSm enf;rsK;d pHo k ;kH wmawG@&yg
w,f? tJvdkoHk;wJhae&mrSm eHywf (1) taeeJ@ Oya'jyKcJhwJhtydkif;udk =unfhzdk@vdkygw,f?
tJ'OD yjyKtm%mrSm txufvw $ af wmfrmS a&m/ olw@kd ajymwm trsK;d om;v$waf wmfaygah emf/
+yD;awmh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS a&m/ +yD;awmh jynfe,fe@J wdik ;f a'o}uD;&JŒ v$waf wmfawGrmS a&m/
25 µ E_e;f u tm;vH;k ae&m,lxm;+y;D om; jzpfygw,f? tJvkd tm;vH;k ae&m,lxm;+y;D wJt h jyifukd
tkyfcsKyfa&;bufrSm =unfhvdkufvdk@&ifvnf;yJ olwdk@u tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mtm;vHk;udk
ppfwyf&ŒJ v$r;f rd;k r_atmufrmS }udKwifjyifqifxm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? Oyrm orRw qdv k @kd &&dS if
ppfwyftawG@t=uHK&S&d r,f qdw k [ hJ mrsK;d ygw,f? Edik if aH wmfrmS tm%mt}uD;qH;k tzG@J u bmvJ
qdkawmh trsKd;om;vHkjcHKa&;eJ@ umuG,fa&;aumifpDqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DaumifpDudk
tm%modrf;cGifhyg ay;xm;ygw,f? qdkawmh tm%modrf;cGifhyg zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm
ay;xm;w,f qdu k wnf;u olw@kd pdww f ikd ;f usr[kwb f eJ @J bmrSvyk v f @kd r&bl;qdw k m awG@&ygw,f?
w&m;Oya'ydik ;f rSmvnf; tJ't D wdik ;f yJ olw@kd vr$ ;f rd;k xm;wmawG@ygw,f”
etz tpd;k &OD;aqmif+yD;a&;qGx J m;wJh tajccHOya'udk taotcsmavhvmxm;wJh
ENC ac: wdi k ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; a'guw f m qvdik ;f vSsrH e_ ;f
uawmh =um;cJ&h ovdk 'Dz@JG pnf;yH[ k m ppftm%m&Sipf epf t&Snw f nfwaHh &;udk umuG,af &;qGJ
xm;wmvk@d qdyk gw,f? 'gq&kd if wjznf;jznf;jyifqif,rl ,fqw kd hJ t,ltq[m rSm;w,fqw kd hJ
oabmvm;? jynfytajcpdu k f BLC jrefrmEdik if aH &SŒaersm;aumifp&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;atmifxl;u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;yg jyifqifjcif;u¾udk axmufjy+yD; tckvdk
&Si;f ygw,f?
“tJ't D ,ltqu vH;k 0rSm;ygw,f? bma=umifrh mS ;vnf;vd@k ajymr,fq&kd if etz
vuf&t dS qdjk yKxm;wJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' tcef; (12) / yk'rf (436) rSm zG@J pnf;yHjk yifqifjcif;
eJ@ywfoufv@kd ajymxm;wJah e&mrSm tydik ;f (2) ydik ;f &Sw d ,f? yk'rf 436 (u) u t"dutm;jzifh
zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'&JŒ ausm¶d;k vd@k ajym&r,fh jyÏmef;csuaf wG jzpfw,f? tJ'jD yÏmef;csuaf wGukd
jyifwJhae&mrSm tifrwef cufatmifvkyfxm;w,f? tqifh (2) qifh&Sdw,f? wqifhu
bmvJqakd wmh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k &JŒ 75 µ ausmu f jyifqifz@kd oabmwl&r,fv@kd
48
ajymw,f? 'ga=umifh b,fwdkif;jynfrSmrqdk 75 µ &atmifvkyfzdk@awmifrS trwfawGudk
pkpnf;zd@k &m tifrwef cufw,f? b,fq;kH jzwfcsurf qdk 75 µ qdw k m awmfawmfu h ckd ufwhJ
qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfw,f? 75 µ ausmf&r,fvdk@ ajymw,f? b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS rausmfEdkifbl;vdk@
ajymvd@k &w,f? bma=umifv h nf;qdak wmh usew f Jh 25 µ u wyfrawmfom; v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;
vS,af wG jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'D 25 µ xJuvnf; wa,mufwavrSawmifrS umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyf&ŒJ trde@f tm%mudk vGeq f ef+yD;awmh zG@J pnf;yHjk yifwbhJ ufrmS ygEikd pf &mta=umif;r&Sb d ;l ?
tJ'gtjyifr+yD;ao;bl;/ vlxk qENcH,lyGJrSm csjyOD;r,f? tJawmh rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdoltm;vHk;&JŒ
xuf0ufausmu f qENrJ ay;&tH;k r,f? 'DjyÏmef;csuaf wGtm;vH;k uawmh vH;k 0udk jyifciG hf ray;awmh
bl;vd@k &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; a&;vdu k w
f murS wdik ;f jynftwGuf aiGa=u;rukeu f sbeJ @J oufomOD;r,f
vk@d usaemfw@dk ajymcsiw f ,f”
'Dae&mrSm jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG b,fvdka&G;ovJqdkwm
jyef&iS ;f jycsiyf gw,f? jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfrmS jynfo@l vw $ af wmfe@J trsK;d om;v$waf wmfq+kd yD;
v$waf wmf (2) &yf&ydS gw,f?
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS +rdKŒe,f 'grrS [kwf vlO;D a&tvdu k f jynfou l a&G;aumufwif
ajrSmufwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,f (330) eJ@ wyfrawmf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfua&G;wJh wyfrawmfom;
ud, k pf m;vS,f (110) ygygw,f?
trsK;d om;v$waf wmfrmS awmh wdik ;f a'o}uD; (7) ck/ jynfe,f (7) cku jynfoal wG
a&G;aumufxm;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,f (168) OD;eJ@ wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,f wckprD mS (4) OD;uspeD @J umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyfua&G;wJh wyfrawmfom; (56) OD; yg0ifygw,f?
tm;vH;k jcHK=unf&h if jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfrmS jynfou l a&G;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,f 75 µ
/ umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyfu a&G;wJh wyfrawmfom; 25 µ yg0ifaewm jzpfygw,f?
wenf;ajym&&if umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu oabmwlro S m tJ'w D yfrawmfom; 25 µ
&JŒ rJawGu&kd rSm jzpfwt hJ wGuf tajccHOya'udjk yifz@kd cufw,fv@kd ajymae=uwm jzpfygw,f?
'Dawmh tajccHOya'u b,fvkd jyÏmef;csuaf wGukd jyifqifz@kd cufatmifvyk x f m;ygovJ?
EdkifiHawmftajccHrleJ@ywfoufwJh jyÏmef;csuftm;vHk;/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@
ywfoufwJhjyÏmef;csuftm;vHk;/ orRwa&G;cs,fa&;qdkif&m jyÏmef;csufawG/ Oya'jyKa&;/
tkycf sKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;qdik &f m jyÏmef;csuaf wG/ ta&;ay:umvqdik &f m jyÏmef;csut f m;vH;k /
tajccHOya' jyifqifcGifhqdkif&m jyÏmef;csufawG pwmawGudk apmapmuajymcJhovdk
jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f 75 µ u axmufcHr_&+yD;wJhaemuf vlxkqENcH,lyGJ
usif;y&r,f/ tJ'DvlxkqENcH,lyGJrSm rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol w0ufausmf axmufcHr_&rSom
jyifqifEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f? tJ'gawGxu J t"duuswjhJ yÏmef;csuw f csKŒd udk OD;atmifx;l u tckvkd
49
OyrmeJ@ &Si;f jyygw,f?
“tcef; 1 rSm Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ tajccHrrl sm; tcef;wcef;vH;k jyifv@kd r&bl;? tJ't D xJrmS
bmygvq J akd wmh wyfrawmfu Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifrr_ mS yg&r,fqw kd rhJ rl sK;d u vH;k 0jyifciG rhf &Sad wmhb;l ?
aemufwcg Edik if aH wmf t}u;D tuJ&ŒJ t&nftcsi;f owfrw S cf suaf wG/ Oyrm orRw[m
ppfa&;tjrif&&dS r,fqw kd hJ owfrw S cf surf sK;d awG/ aemufwcg orRwa&G;cs,f wifajrmS ufypkH epfawG/
Edik if aH wmforRw vkyw f o hJ u
l kd a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufjcif;cH&wJh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;xJujzpfap/
a&G;cs,w f ifajrSmufjcif; rcHorl sm;eJ@jzpfap a&G;cs,cf iG &hf w dS q hJ w kd hJ [mrsK;d awGukd jyifv@kd ukd r&
awmhb;l ?
aemuf Oya'jyKa&; u¾t&ajymr,fq&kd if ppfAv kd af wG 4 yHw k yHk yg0ifwhJ v$waf wmf
2 &yf zGJ@pnf;wJhudpPawG/ aemufwcg wdkif;a'o}uD;eJ@ jynfe,fv$wfawmfawGrSmvnf;
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfucef@wJh ppfAdkvfawGygwJh udpPawG/ aemuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSmvnf;yJ
trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDudk tm;aumif;aumif;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;awmhu
tm%modr;f ppfaumifpw D &yfvkd zG@J pnf;yHx k rJ mS wnf&v dS nfywfciG jhf yKwhJ udpaP wG/ w&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@
ywfoufvmvd@k &&dS ifvnf;yJ ppfbufqikd &f mw&m;¶H;k qdw k hJ ur?mrSm b,f wdik ;f jynfrmS rS r&Sw d hJ
w&m;¶H;k csKyfawG zG@J pnf;xm;wJu h pd aP wG 'Dvkd ausm¶d;k aygAh sm/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf}uD;w&yfv;kH udk
cdik cf ikd jf rJjrJ touf&iS af pr,fh Oya'jyKa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; u¾ (3) &yfpvH;k udk
xde;f csKyx f m;wJh ausm¶d;k }u;D wckv;kH udk rjyifqifapcsiv f @kd jzpfw,fv@kd usaemfw@kd oH;k oyfygw,f”
aemufwcg t"duuswhJ ta&;ay:umvjyÏmef;csuef @J ywfoufv@kd OD;atmifx;l uyJ
tckvkd quf&iS ;f jyygw,f?
“ta&;ay: jyÏmef;csuaf tmufrmS t"du tm%mt&Sq d ;kH u trsK;d om;umuG,af &;
eJ@vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD jzpfw,f/ trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDudk urBmrSm
b,fz@JG pnf;yHrk mS rSr&Sb d eJ @J tkycf sKyfa&; txJrmS twdtus xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;xm;w,f?
tJawmh tJ'D trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD[m omrefumvrSm
tm%modr;f ppfaumifpD tjzpfe@J aemufu, G rf mS &yfwnfae+yD;awmh ta&;ay:umvvnf;
a&mufa&m a&SŒwef;udk vH;k 0 xGu&f yfwnfomG ;r,f? ol@rmS umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd wm0efw;kd
ay;Edik w f ,f/ cef@xm;Edik w f ,f/ jzKwfEikd w f ,f/ wm0efu ¶kwo f rd ;f Edik w f ,f?
tJ'gtjyif zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u tvkyrf vkyw f t hJ cgrsK;d twdtusajym&vd@k &&dS if
v$waf wmfawGawmif r&Sad wmhwt hJ cgrsK;d rSm trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vH+k cHKa&;aumifp[ D m
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ Oya'jyKa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%m}uD; (3) &yfukd qufvufusio hf ;kH
oGm;r,fqw kd hJ jyÏmef;csuaf wGukd ta&;ay: tcef;rSm twdtus xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;xm;w,f?
'ga=umifh 'DjyÏmef;csuaf wGukd vH;k 0 jyifciG rhf ay;awmhb;l vd@k qdv k jkd cif; jzpfygw,f”
50
'Dawmhum tck etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ zG@J pnf;yHyk g jyifqifyikd cf iG [ hf m 1947 ck ygvrD ef
'Dru kd a&pDacwf zG@J pnf;yH/k 1974 ck jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfygwaD cwf zG@J pnf;yHak wGu tajccHOya'
jyifqifyikd cf iG ahf wGe@J bmrsm; uGmjcm;ygovJ? OD;atmifx;l u tckvkd Edi_ ;f ,SOjf yygw,f?
“1947 ck E S p f zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'rS m zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'jyif q if z d k @
vdt k yfvmwJt h cgrmS v$waf wmf 2 &yfrmS &Sw d hJ trwfawGteufu (3) yHk (2) yHk uae+yD;awmh
oabmwl axmufczH @dk vw kd ,f?
'kw, d tcsuu f v$waf wmf (2) &yfpvH;k wGzJ uftpnf;ta0;rSm jynfe,ftoD;oD;u
ud, k pf m;vS,f trwfawGu axmufcrH aJ y;zd@k vw kd ,f?
wwd,tcsuu f u&iftrsK;d om;awG/ csi;f trsK;d om;awGaygAh sm pojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;
trsK;d om;awG&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;awGukd ¶kwaf vsmah pr,fh jyifqifcsurf sK;d jzpfw,fq&kd if tJ't D rsK;d om;
awGu oabmwlncD suf ay;zd@k vw kd ,f? 'Dvkd tcsut f vufawG ygwmjzpfw,f?
vuf&dS etz&JŒ 2008 zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSmawmhjzif&h if zG@J pnf;yHjk yifwhJ udprP mS
75 µ ausmrf S jzpfw,fqakd wmh 47 zG@J pnf;yHek @J vH;k 0 jcm;em;oGm;w,f? aemufwcku 1947 ck
zG@J pnf;yHrk mS ygwhJ wdik ;f &if;om;jynfe,fawG/ wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;awGbufu pOf;pm;csurf sK;d /
jyÏmef;csurf sK;d awG etz zG@J pnf;yHrk mS wvH;k wyg'rS rawG@&bl;vd@k usaemfajymcsiw f ,f?
1974 qd&k , S v f pf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;u¾rSm awmh tckvuf&dS etz&JŒ
2008 zG@J pnf;yHk jyifqifwmeJ@ tm;vH;k eD;yg; wlw,fv@kd ajym&rSmjzpfw,f/ t"du uGmjcm;csuf
wcky&J w dS ,f? tJ'gubmvJqakd wmh ckeaqG;aEG;cJo h vdk ta&;}u;D wJh yifrausm¶d;k uswhJ tcef;awG/
yk'rf awGujkd yifr,fq&kd if v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tm;vH;k &JŒ 75 µ u jyifqifz@kd oabmwl&r,f/
+yD;&if jynfv;kH u|wq f ENc, H yl JG usi;f y+yD;awmh qENraJ y;ydik cf iG &hf o dS l tm;vH;k &JŒ xuf0ufausmf
qENrt J & jyifqif&r,f”
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jyifqifz@kd cufcaJ ewJo h abm &Syd gw,f? 'Dawmh zG@J pnf;yHw k &yfyg jyÏmef;csuaf wGukd jyifqifEikd cf iG hf
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wu,fvdk@ wdkif;jynfuawmif;qdkvmwJhtcgrSm zGJ@pnf;yHkudk vG,fvG,fululeJ@
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51
jynfoal wG&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,af y;wJh zG@J pnf;yHrk sK;d
rqefbJeJ@ ppftpdk;&&JŒtcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fay;wJh
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enf;enf;eJ@ jyifciG &hf r,fqv kd @kd &&dS ifawmh ckeajymwJh jzpfEikd w f jhJ y\emawGukd tukeaf &Smif&mS ;Edik w f hJ
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'Dtcsuaf wGukd vH;k 0ajymif;vd@k r&atmif ydwyf ifxm;wm &Syd gw,f?
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jyÏmef;csuaf wGu=kd unf&h if t"dutm;jzifh wyfrawmf[m Edik if aH &; OD;aqmiftcef;u¾u
tpOfwpdu k yf g0if&r,fqw kd hJ tajccHru l pvd@k Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yH/k Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/
tkycf sKyfa&; tm%m&yfawGrmS wyfrawmfyg0ifaewJh tcef;u¾ jyÏmef;csuaf wGjzpfwmrd@k
'DtajccHOya'udk b,fv&kd nf&, G cf suef @J a&;qGx J m;w,fqw kd m &Si;f aeyg+yD?
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arSsmvf if&h if;eJ@yJ 'DtpDtpOfukd 'DrmS ed*;kH csKyfvu kd &f ygw,f&iS ?f
52
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ajymwJv h &l ŒJ ajymydik cf iG /fh ajymqdrk u _ kd av;pm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'g[m tifrwef
ta&;}uD;wJh t,lta&;&m jy\emqdak wmh jyefracsybJ v$wx f m;vd@k rjzpfb;l vd@k xifygw,f?
yxrqH;k ajymzd@k vw kd mu “'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m wdu k yf eJG @J &wmr[kwb f ;l ” qdw k hJ t,ltq
yg? 'gukd =um;vdu k w f t hJ cgrmS ol[m pum;Edik &f csiv f @kd tvG,w f ul ajymxGuo f mG ;wmrsm;vm;
vd@k awmif pOf;pm;rdygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dpum;[m a0[ifx/J aomwtm¶Hak wGxJ ysŒH oGm;av+yrD @kd
tm;ememeJ@yJ jyefaxmufjy&ygawmhr,f? wdkufyGJrjzwfoef;bJ &&SdcJhwJh 'Drdkua&pD&,fvdk@
b,frSmrsm;&SdcJhvdk@wkef;? 'Dae@urBmrSm t&if;&SifEdkifiHawGu 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmyJ jzpfjzpf/
uGejf rLepfEikd if aH wGu ajymaewJh 'Dru kd a&pD qdw k myJjzpfjzpf/ tJ'D 'Dru kd a&pDawG[m wdu k yf aJG wG/
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tJ'w D ek ;f u tar&duefEikd if o H m;awG&ŒJ uH=urRmudk [dt k wWvefww d f ork'&N m}uD;jcm;aewJh
t*Fve (f vef'ef) uae qH;k jzwfjyÏmef;aecJw h myg? aemufq;kH tar&duefawGu vufeufuikd f
awmfveS =f uvd@k om vGwv f yfa&;vnf;&/ 'Dae@'rD u kd a&pDqw kd mudk &cJw h myg?
wcg/ t*Fvyd af wG&ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pD qdw k mudv k nf; jyefpOf;pm;=unhyf g? (17) &mpkEpS f
tapmydkif;u atmfvDAmu&Grf;0Jvfwdk@&JŒ ya'o&mZfrif;awGudk qef@usifwJh wdkufyGJpOf}uD;
rjzpfay:cJ&h if jzpfEikd yf grh vm;? t&if;&Sif 'Dru kd a&pDorkid ;f rSm rajymrjzpf yg0if&wJh jyifopf
'Dru kd a&pD qdw k mua&m? 1792 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (21) &ufae@rmS q,fah jcmufa,mufajrmuf
vl0b D &k ifukd jzKwcf sEikd rf S jyifopfEikd if o
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53
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ay:vmwmjzpfygw,f? 'g[m wurBmvH;k rSmyg? jciG ;f csurf ¶Syd gb;l ? jrefrmjynf&ŒJ ra0;wJo h rdik ;f udk
jyef=unh&f if ya'o&mZf oufO;D qHyikd pf epfatmufrmS bm'Dru kd a&pDrS r&Scd o hJ vdk t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd D
b0rSmvnf; jrefrmjynfom;awGtwGuf bm'Dru kd a&pDrrS &Scd yhJ gb;l ? rdik af xmifaygi;f rsm;pGma0;wJh
t*Fvefu tkycf sKyfp&D ifwmudk iH@k caH e&wmyg? t*Fvyd v f ufxuf rif;wdik yf iftrwf qdw k m[m
tck etz&JŒ a&G;aumufyu JG ay:xGuv f mwJh trwfawGvykd J t"duuswmudk bmrSrajymEdik b f J
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acsmacsmarGŒarGŒ tkyfcsKyfEdkifzdk@twGuf odkif;0dkif;ay;ae&wmyg? 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrSm
uHaumif;vdk@ trwfjzpfvmygw,fqdkwJh “}uHhzGH@r[kwf/ wpn r[kwf” olawG[mvnf;
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k ¾meftopfe@J ay:vmr,hf ppftyk cf sKyfa&;wckukd a&aq;qDvu kd vf yk af y;¶Hu k vGv J @kd bmrS
rvkyEf ikd yf gb;l ? zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk wjznf;jznf;csi;f jyKjyifomG ;r,fqw kd mudk wDAt GD oHvi$ &hf
rSmawmif ajymcGirfh jyKwm awG@c=hJ u&yg+yD?
jrefrmjynfrmS &mpkEpS w f 0ufausmf udv k ekd pD epf qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wGukd toufaoG;
ac|;awG &if;+yD; wdu k yf 0JG ifcv hJ @kd om 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;eJŒ tJ'aD emuf awG@&wJh zqyv
acwf 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd mudk &&Sw d myg? tJ'cD ufcjJ yif;xefwhJ wdu k yf pJG Of}u;D r&Sb d eJ @J zqyv uacwf
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0if+y;D aemufrS 'Dru kd a&pD t&omudk jrnf;prf;Edik =f uwmyg? tJ't D &ifuqd&k if 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd mudk
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ppftpk;d & vufatmufrmS qufvufvyk u f idk of mG ;&if; wkid ;f jynfudk wk;d wufaumif;
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tajccHOya'rSm 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf tmrcHcsuaf wG tjynft h pkH rygayr,fh wjznf;jznf;csi;f
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55
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vk;H 0vGwu f if;wJh tpk;d &w&yf ay:xGuaf &;twGuf vk;H yef;&r,fv@dk qo dk al wG yg0ifygw,f? 'gayr,fh
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67
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69
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tckvkd rw&m;wJh a&G;aumufyu JG kd vufrcHEikd af =umif;/ uefŒuGuo f ydwaf rSmufa=umif;
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;u vrf;urf; pmapmifawG jzef@a0ae=uygw,f? rJray;=uzd@k pnf;&k;H
v_ŒH aqmfra_ wGvnf; ae&mwdik ;f rSm vkyk af qmif ae=uygw,f? etz Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;&J@ vky&f ;kd
vkypf Oft& ausmif;om;awG tay:tnd;k }uD;}uD;jzifh zrf;qD;yGaJ wGuvnf; w+ydKifeufx&J adS e
ygw,f?
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'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkrif;udkEdkifwa,mufuawmh axmifxJrSm
axmif'g%f (65) ESpjf zifh aESmufxyf w}udrf tzrf;qD;cHae&ygw,f? vmrnfh atmufwb kd mv
(18) &ufae@q&kd if udrk if;udEk ikd f touf (48) jynfrh mS jzpfygw,f? udrk if;udEk ikd u f kd cspcf ifav;pm;
=uwJh jrefrmjynfom;awG[m a&muf&SdwJh EdkifiHawGrSm udkrif;udkEdkif&J@ arG;ae@udk b,fvdk
tcuftcJawG&&dS dS wckyw f &jyKvky=f urSm jzpfygw,f?
tckvdk udkrif;udkEdkifarG;ae@udk bma=umifhjyKvkyf=uovJqdk&if udkrif;udkEdkifudk
cspcf if=uvdŒk vnf;jzpfovdk udrk if;udEk ikd &f v
hJ yk &f yfawGtay: wefz;kd xm;av;pm;=uvd@k vnf;jzpfyg
w,f? ol[m rdrdtoufudk y"gerxm;yJ wdkif;jynfeJ@ vlrsdK;twGuf toufyifaoao
72
ol @ touf& J @ ouf w rf ; xuf 0 uf a usmf axmif a wG x J r S m jzwf o ef ; cJ h / jzwf o ef ; &J w J h
twGuaf =umifv h nf; jzpfygw,f?
(3)
etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;;rsm;uawmh ol&Jaumif;rSeforSs ESdrfESif;=u qdkwJhaqmifyk'fudk
tcsed rf vwf &Gww f *hJ gxmwckvkd vufuikd x f m;&S+d yD; olw@kd ukd tmrcHEikd af tmif tm%mudk
xdyg;olreS o f rSs olw@kd &efot l jzpf oabmxm;+yD; rJrjJ rif&modr;f }uHK; zrf;qD;axmifcsypfaeyg
w,f? ausmif;om;yJjzpfjzpf/ &[ef;yJjzpfjzpf tm%mudx k yd g;vmol b,f olŒudrk qdk zrf;qD;
axmifcsypfrmS trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f?
'gt h jyif 'if;wd@k &@J vufuikd 'f w k f tzG@J awGjzpfwhJ }uHzh ŒHG ESiphf rG ;f tm;&Sif tzGŒJ om;awGukd
vnf; a&G;aumufyu JG mvrSm jynfoal wGtay: ESrd Ef iS ;f a&; jyKvkyzf @kd oifwef;awG ay;aeygw,f?
etzAdv k cf sKy}f u;D rsm; b,fvykd if wm;qD;wm;qD;/ b,favmufyif ESrd Ef iS ;f ESrd ef if; ausmif;om;awG
&J@aoG;[m b,fawmhrS aemufweG Œf oGm;rSmr[kwyf gb;l ? udrk if;udEk ikd f tygt0if ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;[m wrsdK;quf+yD; wrsdK;quf qufvufcsDwuf wdkufyGJ0ifaer,fqdkwm
tawGŒt}uHKrsm;u oufaojycJyh g+yD?
(4)
ordik ;f tqufqufrmS ausmif;om;awGu trsm;jynfoal &SŒuOD;aqmifum rw&m;
wJt h rdeŒf tm%mrSeo f rSs jywfjywfom;om; zDqefc=hJ u+yD; vlŒtcGit hf a&;udw k u kd , f cl =hJ uwm
a&S;,cifuae ,ae@xd wdik af tmifygy?J
wdkufyGJaygif;rsm;pGm toufaoG;aygif;rsm;pGmvnf; paw;cJh+yD;yg+yDf? b,fvdkyJ
ay;qyf&ygap? ausmif;om;ordik ;f udak wmh b,fausmif;om; rsKd ;qufurS t&dik ;f rcHc=hJ uygb;l ?
,aexdwikd f ordik ;f wifxm;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
'ga=umifv h nf; ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH ESihf ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ wdu k yf oJG rdik ;f udk *k%jf yK
wJo h abmxm;ESihf atmufwkd bmv(18)&ufae@rmS usa&mufr,fh udrk if;udEk ikd &f @J (48) ESpjf ynfh
arG;ae@ukd ae&mwdik ;f rSm usi;f y=uwmjzpfygw,f? udrk if;udek ikd t f ygt0if ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
awG touf&mausm&f n S yf gap/ tjrefq;Hk tusO;f axmifrS vGwaf jrmufygap/ 2010ckEpS rf mS
jyKvkyrf ,fh a&G;aumufyu JG kd tcsed rf w
DS m;qD;Edik yf gap/ w&m;rSswaom awGŒqkaHk qG;aEG; a&;jyKvkyf
Edik af pzd@k jrefrmjynfoal wGEiS t hf wl wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd yf gapvdŒk usrwd@k awG 'DarG;aeŒyGrJ mS qENjyK=urSm
jzpfyg w,f?
Ed0k ifbmv (7) &uf2010 ckEpS rf mS jyKvkyrf ,fh a&G;aumuf;yGu J kd rjzpfjzpfwehJ nf;eJ@
y,fzsu=f uzd@k ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESit hf wl jrefrmEdik if o H l Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f rSm wm0ef&ydS gw,f?
tckvt kd csed rf sKd ;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ udrk if;udEk ikd Ef iS t hf wl (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;awG
73
axmifu jyefvnf vGwaf jrmufcrhJ ,fq&kd if 2010a&G;aumufyu JG kd rjzpfjzpfwehJ nf;eJ@ vufeufrhJ
ESv;Hk &nfjzifh vrf;rawGay:xGuf jynforl sm;ESiw
hf om;wnf;&yfum 2010a&G;aumufyJG qef@usif
qENjyr_rsm; jyKvky=f urSmyJvŒkd usr ,H=k unfygw,f?
(5)
ed*;Hk csKyftaeESihf usrtav;teuf+yK+y;D ajymcsiw f muawmh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif

udrk if;udEk ikd &f ŒJ ydik ;f jzwfrE_ iS hf pdw"f gwu f ykd gy?J ol[m ol@touf&@J xuf0ufru axmifxrJ mS
tusO;f uscaH e&ayr,fh b,fawmhrS etzudk 'l;axmufrmS r[kwb f ;l / b,fwek ;f urSvnf;
'l;raxmufcb hJ ;l qdw k thJ csuu f ykd g? 'g[m ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ pdw"f gwEf iS hf ydik ;f jzwfru _ kd ud,
k pf m;jyK
xm;wma=umifv h nf;jzpfw,fvŒkd usrcH,yl gw,f?
'Dvdk,Hk=unfr_awGa=umifh udkrif;udkEdkifudk av;pm;=uwJh jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG[m
b,fEikd if aH &mufa&muf ukrd if;udEk ikd f arG;ae@ukd rSwrf w S &f & jyKvky=f uwm jzpfygw,f?
usrwdŒk rav;&Sm;Edik if rH mS qd&k ifvnf; arG;aeŒyGu J kd jyKvky=f uzdŒk jyifqifaeyg+yD? tcsKd Œ
vli,fawGuvnf; udrk if;ukEd ikd u f kd av;pm;*k%jf yKaomtm;jzifh ud, k w f ikd af &;oDcsi;f rsm;jzifh
arG;ae@yrGJ mS *k%+f yKoDq=kd ur,fv@kd od&ygw,f?
udkrif;udkEdkif&J@ vufokH;pum;jzpfwJh ausmif;om;aoG;u eD&Jw,f? a'gif;tvHudk
ausmif;e&HrmS jyefpu kd rf ,f qdw k phJ um;av;awGut kd "du &nfne$ ;f =ur,fvŒkd qdyk gw,f?
ppftm%m&Siaf wGu b,favmufyif ausmif;om;awGukd tnSKd ;w=uD; zrf;qD;aeyg
ap? wAdv k u f s wAdv k w f uf ausmif;om;tvHukd qufvufvi$ x hf &l if; ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ aoG;ordik ;f
udk vufqifu h rf; a&;xd;k oGm;=urSm jzpfygw,f?wdu k yf 0JG if cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f gw[ f m tpOfxm0&
Ed;k xvef;qef;aerSm jzpfygw,f?
'd@k acwfusrS nHŒ=uawmhrmS vm; qdw k ahJ r;cGe;f twGuf ausmif;om;wdik ;f rSm tajz&Syd g
w,f? pdwcf svu kd yf g? b,fawmhrS b,fausmif;om;rS tnHŒc/H t&dik ;f cH =uvdrrhf ,f r[kwyf g?
ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ tpOftvmESio hf rdik ;f udk t&dik ;f rcH=uzd@k ŒŒŒ
ausmif;om;awG nDnn D w G n
f wG Ef iS hf wdu k yf q
JG uf=u ayvdrrhf ,f/ r=umcifrmS jyKvyk rf ,fh
a&G;aumufyu JG kd qef@usiyf ,fzsu=f uayvdrrhf ,f/ vlxEk iS t hf wlwu kd yf q
JG uf=u ayvdrrhf ,fv@kd
oHwikd af wGaemufrmS udrk if;udEk ikd w f a,muf awG;awmaeavrvm; usr pOf;pm;aerdygw,f?
atmufwdkbmv (18)&ufae@ 2010 ckESpfrSm(48)ESpfjynfhajrmufawmhr,fh udkrif;udkEdkif
arG;ae@tm; *k%jf yKaom tm;jzifh ŒŒŒ tif-uif;ar
14 / 10 /2010?
74
bk&m;pl;yghap wu,fh tjzpfav;
cif_idrf;opf
tckwavm owif;awGrmS yifpifpm;awG toHukd =um;ae&ygw,f? wu,fuawmh

yifpif&aiGudk wdk;ay;oifhwm tawmf=umaeyg+yD? jrefrmjynfrSm aiGwefzdk; tqrwef
azmif;yGaewm u awmfawmf =um aeyg+y?D aiGw&m/ aiGEpS &f m qdw k mu uav;rkeŒf zd;k bJ&ydS gw,f?
usrtzd;k u oGi;f ukex f wk u f ek f vkyif ef;u nGerf ;_ &mxl;eJ@ 1982 avmufu yifpif,cl hJ ygw,f?
tJ'D tcsed uf tzd;k &JŒ yifpifvpmu 300ausmaf vmuf &w,fw?hJ tzGm;u jynfwiG ;f tcGeu f ae
yifpif,v l u kd af wmh yifpifvpm (200) eD;yg;&ygw,f? tzd;k eJ@ tzGm;u yifpifpm;awGtjzpf
b,fom;orD; qDurS vufjzef@p&mrvdkbJ olwdk@zmom aexdkifpm;aomufEdkifygw,f?
tJ'aD cwfu ae@pm;wa,mufukd 3 usyf 85 jym; ay;wJah cwfyg? om;orD;awGu odwwfv@kd
uefawmh&ifawmh aiGyakd iGvsH tjzpf vSLEdik w f ef;Edik f ygw,f?
usr b}uD; b%fvyk if ef; uaeyifpif,al wmh 1991 ckEpS rf mS yg? ol&wJh yifpifvpm
aiG (600)&mu oHk;ravmufawmh ol@ZeD; pkaqmif;xm;wJh aiGav;udk t&if;tESD;jyK+yD;
twd;k trsm;}uD;r,lbJ ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tvkyjf zpf&kH aps;onfawGukd aiGw;kd cs&owJ?h t'Dtcsed u f
qefwjynfukd (25) usyaf vmuf jzpfaeyg+yD?xrif;pm;csed f {nfo h nfvm&if xrif;pm;ac: zd@k
0efrav; =uao;ygb;l ? usrtzGm; t+rJajymajym aewwfwmu urBmrSm jrefrmvlrsKd ;u
{nf0h wfauswhJ vlrsKd ;awGw?hJ
usrtaz yifpif,lawmh 1994 ckESpfrSmyg? usrausmif;+yD;wJh ESpfrSm taz
yifpif,v l u kd yf gw,f? tazh yifpifaiG (600)usyef @J b,fvrkd S r&yfwnfEikd af wmhygb;l ? usr vnf;
usL&Sifoif/ taz vnf;usL&SifoifawmhrS ausmif;aeqJ armifeJ@ nDr tqifajyygw,f?
vufzuf&nf wcGuu f kd (3)usyaf vmuf jzpfae+yDqakd wmh vufzuf&nf t&rf;}udKufwhJ usr
tar vufzuf&nf avsmah omuf ae&yg+yD?
1995 uae 2001 txd usru Edik if aH &; tusO;f om; tjzpfaxmifxrJ mS &Sad epOf
1996 rSm usr tazqH;k yg;oGm;ygw,f? qufvuf cHpm;ydik cf iG hf tjzpf usr taru vpOf aiG
75
(300) usyf &&Syd gw,f? taruHaumif;wmu usr&JŒarmifa&m/ nDra&m/ truyg/ wOD;wnf;
useaf omrdcifukd apmifah &Smuf=u avawmh tar rsuEf mS ri,f&ayrJ/h tu,fI tazh yifpifai
(G300) usyf eJ@om tar&yfwnf&r,fq&kd if b,fvrkd S &yfwnfEikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? qefwjynfukd
(50)usyef ŒJ (60)usyf =um;xJrmS &Syd gw,f? uu tiSm;,mOfawG ay:ump jzpfv@kd c&D;peJ@
c&D;qH;k udk aiG(200)usyf =uoifw h hJ tcsed yf g?
2003 rSm usr tarqH;k awmh tar rxkwjf zpfwhJ yifpifvpm ( 6) vpm usecf yhJ gw,f?
wu,fvŒkd oGm;xkwf r,f qd&k if axmufcpH m ,l&r,f/ aopm&if; tdraf xmifpk pm&if; bmnm
vdtk yfwmawGe@J rumrdv@kd usrwd@k nDtrawGvJ 'Dtwdik ;f bJ xm;vdu k yf gw,f? tJ'gu usrwd@k
rdom;pk &ifqikd b f ;l wJh yifpifpm; b0awGyg? tJ'D tcsed af &mufawmh qefwjynfawmif (500)
ausmaf vmuf&ydS gw,f? tar&wJh aiG (300) [m uav;rke@f z;kd omomygb?J
2008ckEpS f usrwd@k rdom;pkvu kd f ajrmuf'*Hb k ufukd ajymif;a&GŒ aexdik cf &hJ ygw,f?
rE aW v;vrf;aps;rSm usr }uHKcJb h ;l wJh ta=umif;ajymjycsirf v d @kd yg? rE aW v; vrf;xdyrf mS reuf
(9) em&De@J (10) em&D =um;qd&k if tom;cyfvwfvwf t0wftpm; EGr;f yg;ayrJh oef@oef@ &Si;f &Si;f
eJ@ tzGm;}uD;wa,muf 'efzvm; ajymifajymifav; a&SŒcs+yD; xdik af eavh &Syd gw,f? wjcm;
awmif;pm;olawGvkd w*s*D sD eJ@ awmif;wmrsKd ;r[kwb f J +idr+f idrf oufoufxikd af ewmyg? (10)
em&Dausmv f m&if ppfuikd ;f vrf;rSm&Sw d hJ usr&JŒqdik bf ufukd t+rJvrf;avsmuf vmwwfygw,f?
wcguawmh usrqdik x f J 0ifvm+y;D rke@f [if;cg; (200) zd;k a&mif;ygv@kd olu ajymygw,f?
usrqdik u f tvkyo f rm;awGu wyGJ (300) a&mif;vd@k (200) zd;k qd&k if ra&mif;&Jb;l vdŒk ajymygw,f?
usraps;u jyefvm wmeJ@w;kd vd@k usru a&mif;ay;vdu k yf g ajymrSqikd u f uav;awGu a&mif;ay;
vdu k yf gw,f? olu rke@f [if;zwf rygv&J w,f/ rke@f [if;&nf ydx k yhJ g vd@k ajymygw,f? usru tJ'D
tzGm;}uD;udk pdw0f ifpm; aewm =um+yD rd@k v@kd tzGm;c% xdik yf gv@kd ajym+yD; ar;vdu k yf gw,f
“tzGm;u tdrrf mS xrif;eJ@pm;rvd@k vm;” qdak wmh tzGm;}uD;u acgi;f ndwf tajzay;ygw,f?
usruvJ pdwx f rJ mS tv_vyk cf sipf w d f ay:vmvd@k 'DrmS t0pm;oGm; ygvm;vd@k ajymvdu k yf gw,f?
tzGm;u acgi;f cg jiif;qef+yD; tdrrf mS tzd;k }uD; qmaevdrrhf ,fw?hJ usrvJ qdik u f aumifrav;
awGukd ydx k nfch ikd ;f vdu
k yf gw,f? tJ'D wke;f u qefwjynfukd tnHq;kH qd&k ifawmif (900) avmuf
ay;&ygw,f?
w&ufrmS awmh tzGm;}uD;u olAu f mvGe;f vdŒk rke@f [if;cg; taºuG;a&mif;zd@k ajymyg
kd q
w,f? usrvJ oem;vd@k olŒudk xnfah y;vdu k yf gw,f? ydu
k q f jH yef&zd@k usr rarsmv f ifh ygb;l ? 'gayrJh
aemufae@rmS olu &mweftEGr;f av; (2) &Guf vmay;ygw,f? usru jyefvv _ u
kd v
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qkawG woDcsn;f ay;ygw,f? vlawmfawmf rsm;rsm;u taºu;G ,lomG ;&if awmif;rS ay;ygw,f?
tJ'v D kd vlrsKd ;xJ tzGm;ryg ygb;l ?
76
ol@ukd usrae@wikd ;f awGŒygw,f? usrqDrmS olb,fawmhrS tvum;rpm;ygb;l ? (200)
usyaf wmh oluay;ygw,f/ usrqdik rf mS &yfuu G v
f }l uD; eJ@ ol@uawmfu r=umc% tvum;
tm;ay;ayrJh tzGm;uawmh aiG(200) usyf udak y;oGm;wwfygw,f?
usr&JŒ qdik ef m;rSmbJ touf (76) ESpf &Sad e+yDjzpfwhJ wyfrawmfu tem;,lxm;wJh
tzd;k }uD;vJ &Syd gw,f? olu ygvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pD acwfuv kd J rSw
D vhJ yl g? aA'ifa[mpm;ygw,f?
tzd;k u aoG;wd;k a=umufv@kd rke@f [if;cg; rpm;yg bl;/ ouf}uD;&G,t f q kd akd wmh a&aEG;vdck siv
f @kd
vm0,fwmyg? usru a&aEG; tvum;ay;ae=uyg? tzd;k u ud, k cf si;f pm pum;ajym&Smygw,f?
nD; avmifpmzd;k ukerf mS aygw h ?hJ tzd;k rSm om;wa,muf &Sw d ,fw?hJ olŒom;u wvudk aiG (2)
aomif; axmufyw H ,fw?hJ tzd;k u olŒydik w f hJ tdru f kd wjcrf;jcrf;+yD; iSm;xm;w,fw?hJ tJ'u D ae
wvudk aiG (2) aomif;&w,f? aA'if a[mwmu odyrf sm;rsm;pm;pm; r&ygb;l ?
tzdk;u aeraumif;&if aq;cef;rjybl;? uGrf;,mqdkifrSm a&mif;wJh aq;wGJbJ
0,faomufw,f? usr uGr;f ,mqdik rf mS rke@f omG ;w,fwek ;f tzd;k eJ@awGŒawmh usru tzd;k aer
aumif;bl;vm; vd@k ar;vdu k af wmh tzd;k u aoG;wd;k aevd@k w/hJ usru aq;cef;jyygvm;vd@k ajym
awmh tzd;k u “aq;cef;wcg oGm;&if aiG(1500)/ (2000) avmuf ukew f m orD;&JŒ aoG;wd;k wdik ;f
aq;cef; ajy;&&if tzd;k xrif;awmif pm;&rSm r[kwb f ;l wJ?h yifpifpm; awG&ŒJ b0[m tawmfukd
atmufus aemufus Edik =f uygw,f? wa,mufxaJ ewJh tzd;k u xrif;vc wvudk (2)aomif;
(5)axmif ay;ae&ygw,f? ac|wmwJh taeeJ@ ae@wikd ;f vufzuf&nf raomufbJ wxky(f 75)
usyw f ef aumfzrD pf udb k J tdrrf mS 0,faomufygw,f? vufzuf&nf wcGuu f kd 250-300
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usrqdik af &SŒu tzGm;jzwfroGm;wm owdjyKaerd ygw,f? usr&ifxrJ mS pdwyf al erdwm trSeyf gb?J
'Dvekd ŒJ tJ'&D ufawG twGi;f rSmbJ usr&JŒ udpw P ck &Sv d Œkd awmif'*Hk bufukd oGm;&ygw,f? tawmf
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xdik af ewJh tzGm;udak wGŒygw,f? usr xdwu f eJ 0rf;omoGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'D &yfuu G xf uJ
trudk ar;vdu k rf yd gw,f?
tru “nDr....zGm;rdeŒJ odvm;”wJ/h usru odw,fvŒkd ajymawmh tru “zGm;rdu
oem;zdkŒaumi;fw,fwJh/ olŒ a,mufusFm;u awmausmif;q&m/ olwdk@acwfu (7)wef;
atmif&if awmydik ;f rSm rlvwef; q&m vkyv f @kd &w,fav? yifpifpm;}u;D ayg/h om;axmuforD;cH
vJr&Sb d ;l / zGm;rdu ynmrwwf &Smbl;? olŒcifyeG ;f udb k J rScD akd e&wm? tzd;k }uD; tdy&f mxJ vJae
wm(2)ESpf eD;yg;=umaejyD? yifpif vc awGu ravmufriS qdak wmh aeaumif;aewke;f uqd&k if
tzd;k *sme,fav; bmav; a&mif;w,fav?tckawmh zGm;rdbJ vkyu f ikd af u|;arG; ae&wmwJ/h
77
touf}uD;rS yifyifyef;yef; vkyaf e&w,f”wJ?h tJ't D ru zGm;rd vkyw f hJ tvkyu f kd aocsmodykH
r&vdŒk usrvJ ajymrjycJh ygb;l ?
usr jyefcge;D awmh zGm;rd tdru f kd 0ifvu kd yf gw,f? tdraf v;u ,dik , f ikd ef ŒJ eJŒav;yg?
tdrrf ;kd xm;wJh "edawGvJ aygu+f yJ aeygw,f? x&HawGvJ aqG;ajrh aeygw,f? tdrrf S wuJu h kd
tdrjf zpfw,f qd&k kH av;ygb?J tzGm; bmjzpfv@kd qdifk b f uf rvmwmvJ vd@k usru ar;awmh
tzGm;u “aeraumif;bl; orD;&,fwJh/ usr tdrfxJudk vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh tdrfxJu
tdy, f mav;ay:rSm ydeyf ed v f v DS DS tzd;k wa,muf tdyaf eygw,f? usr tdrx f u J kd vSr;f =unfw h mudk
tzGm;u odoGm;awmh “tJ'g tdrfom;av/ olaeraumif;wm }umjyD/ t&ifuawmh
aq;cef;rSerf eS f oGm;Edik w f ,f tckawmh q&m0ef rjyEdik w f mawmif =umoGm;jyD” wJh ? usru
bma&m*g vJar;awmh ausmif;q&m b0wke;f u &_c&hJ wJh ajrjzLr_eaf wGa=umifah &m/ *sme,f
a&mif;wkef;u reufapmapmx *sme,fwdkufrSm *sme,foGm;,l&awmh yifyef;wmawGa&m
aygif;oGm;wmayghav? aoG;wdk;/ ESvHk;/ &ifusyf/ tdk....tpHkbJ? ydkufqH csrf;om&ifawmh
oufoufomom aeEdik rf mS ayg?h tif; tckawmh olvJ cHpm;&wm roufom/ tzGm;vJ ol@ukd
jrif&wm roufombl; orD;&,fw?hJ
usr vJ wwfEikd o f avmuf aiGav;udk tzGm;vufxJ xnfah y;awmh tzGm; rsuv f ;kH rSm
rsu&f nfawG 0Jaeygw,f? usrvJ csr;f omwm r[kwaf vawmh trsm;}uD; ray;Edik af yrJh usr
rdbawGom qd&k if qdw k hJ tawG;a=umifh usr ay;cJrh yd gw,f? 'DaiG[m ol@w@kd twGuf wnaepm
t[m&udk oH;k aqmifEikd rf ,fvŒkd usrxifryd gw,f? 'gqkd usr tdrk if;vd@k rpGr;f Edik o f al wGukd
v_&usKd ;eyfygw,f? vufzuf&nfz;kd udak wmh avsm&h rSmayhg? usr vzuf&nf raomuf&wmu
jy\em wck r[kwb f ;l av?
tckawmh usr&JŒ tzd;k eJŒ tzGm;vJ yifpifvc eJ@ touf&iS zf @kd rjzpfEikd w f hJ tcgrmS
om;orD; ajr;jrpfawGukd rScD kd ae&ygw,f? wcgwavawmh om;orD; ajr;jrpfawGe@J wpHw k &m
oabmxm; uGv J cJG &hJ if ud, k t hf cef;xJrmS ud, k zhf mombJ 0rf;enf; ae=u&wJh tdrk if;rpGr;f awG
jzpfaeyg+y?D i,fb0 tawGŒt}uKH awGukd pm;+rKH jyef&if; &aoh pdwaf jz ae=u&wJh b0awGyg?usr&JŒ
b}uD;awG }uD;a':awGvJ ud, k zf momud, k f r&yfwnfEikd =f uawmh om;orD; ajr;jrpfawGub kd J
tm;ud;k ae=uygw,f? usr&JŒ }uD;a':uajymygw,f “ touf&n S wf ,fqw kd m vlawG vdck sif
wrf;w wJh t&mjzpfayrJh jrefrmjynfu touf}u;D &G,t f akd wG qdw
k mu 0Éf'u k Q }u;D wJh vlawGbJ
jzpf&r,fwahJ v? ud, k w f ikd vf J rcsr;f om/om;orD;ajr;jrpf awGuv kd J 0efxyk 0f efy;kd jzpfapygw,f?
}uD;a':&JŒ t,ltq twdik ;f qd&k ifawmh touf (58)ESpef @J vlŒavmu udak usmcdik ;f cJw h hJ usr&JŒ
tazeJ@taru 0Éf'kuQ enf;olawG rsm;vm;qdkwJh tawG;eJ@usr&ifxJrSm rwifrus
cHpm;&ygw,f?
cif j id r f ; opf
78
vcpm; bk&ifpepf
wifjyol nKdjr
rif;wke;f rif;ESihf oDaygrif;acwfw@kd Y xGe;f ay:cJh

aom a,mtwGi;f 0ef OD;bd;k v_id u f kd jrefrmh pG,pf ukH sr;f Y
“,ckacwf vlw@kd onf a,mtwGi;f 0eftm; ESv;kH &nf
awmfveS af &; acgi;f aqmifwOD;taeESifh ylaZmf ouUm&
jyKvsu&f =dS uonf” [k tuJjzwfxm;.?
ESvHk;&nf awmfvSefa&;[l&mY tawG;tac: awmfvSefa&;Y tusHK;0ifvsuf&Sd.?
xdkpG,fpHkusrf;Yyif qufvufyg&SdonfrSm “OD;bdk;v_difonf a&S;eDwdusrf;wdk@Y zGifhqdkaom
a&S;¶d;k pOfvm jrefrmh tawG;tac: t,ltqwd@k ukd Edik if jH cm;ESihf ul;vl;qufq&H mrS &&St d yfaom
Edik if aH &; tkycf sKyfa&; pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;todw&m;rsm;ESihf E_id ;f qI xdak cwf jrefrmEdik if o H m;
wd@k tm; tjrifopfw&yf ay;tyfco hJ nf?
Edik if jH cm;A[kowk jyef@ymG ;atmifjyKI jrefrm¶d;k &m ,Ofaus;r_w@kd uv kd nf; jyefvnf
azmfxw k af om jr0wD0ef}u;D OD;p. tpOftvmudk a,mtwGi;f 0efu qufvuf xde;f odr;f onf?
“OD;bd;k v_id f a&;om;pD&ifaom &mZ"rRo*F[usr;f onf Ttcsuu f kd oufaojyK.? xdu k sr;f
wapmifEiS yhf if ol@ukd Edik if aH &;okcrdef ac:xdu k .
f ? pifppf OD;bd;k v_id o f nf ouUw/ ygV/d jrefrm
pmaywd@k Yom ES@H pyfonf r[kw?f taemufwikd ;f 0dZm‰ ESihf odyyH` nm&yfw@kd Yvnf; ES@H pyfonf?
“od@k jzpfI taemufwikd ;f rS &tyfaom ynmA[kow k wd@k ukd jrefrmypPn;f jzpfatmif }uHaqmif
&if;ESihf jrefrmh ¶d;k &mudv k nf; xde;f odr;f ay;onf?
“TY Edik if jH cm;A[kow k jyef@ymG ;atmifjyKI jrefrm¶d;k &m ,Ofaus;r_w@kd uv kd nf; jyefvnf
azmfxw k af om jr0wD0ef}u;D OD;p. tpOftvmudk a,mtwGi;f 0efu qufvuf xde;f odr;f onf[k
qd&k rnfjzpf.”
yxr tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;
OD;bdk;v_difu jrefrmwkd@. &mZ0ifudk,fawG@ESifh vuf&Sd Oa&my tajctaewdk@udk
oH;k oyf!EdS id_ ;f um yxr jrefrmh tajccH tkycf sKyfa&; pnf;rsO;f udk a&;qGcJ ahJ yonf? xdrk =l urf;udk
&mZ"rRo*F[usr;f [k ac:.?
oDaygrif; eef;wufaom 1240 (c&pf 1878) jynfEh pS Yf yif a&;om;+yD;aom xdu k sr;f Y
79
Edik if aH wmf tkycf sKyfa&;udk toufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifpepfr S Oya'abmiftwGi;f Y pd;k pHaom bk&if
pepfodk@ ajymif;vJ&ef pDpOfavonf? bk&ifESifh rdzk&m;udk t*Fvdyf &Sifbk&ifrsm;uJhodk@ vc
&duQmawmfay;xm;+yD; b¾mawmf toHk;p&dwf t&yf&yfudk v$wfawmf0ef}uD;rsm;u
jynfo@l u, kd pf m; csKyfuikd x
f m;&ef &nf&,
G o
f nf?
t*Fvdyf erlem
t*FvefjynfwiG f txufvw $ af wmfEiS hf atmufvw $ af wmf xm;&Sod uJoh @kd jrefrmjynfY
vnf; (1) rsK;d ¶d;k pOfvmtwdik ;f r_;}uD; rwf}uD;/ aqGawmf rsK;d awmfw@kd u woif; (2) jynfol
jynfom;wd@k u oabmwl wifajrêmufonfh vl}uD;pkuwoif; [lI bdvyfygvrD ef zG@J pnf;xm;
&So
d vdk pHxm;vdak vonf?
Tum; t*Fvyd u f kd tpptxif}u;D I olw@kd vkyef nf;rsm;udk cd;k csjcif;[k r,lqtyfay?
t*Fvyd u f kd tEdik w
f u
kd v
f v
kd sS if t*Fvyd .f vky&f yfrsm;udk OD;pGmavhvmI xdx k uf omvGeaf umif;
rGeaf om pepfrsm; wDxiG Ef ikd &f ayrnf? vufeufaumif;rsm;vnf; olw@kd EiS hf +ydKifqikd x f wk v f yk f
Edik &f rnf? b¾ma&;vnf; olw@kd xuf awmifw h if;cdik v
f rkH &_ adS p&rnf? xd@k a=umifh bk&ifEiS hf rdz&k m;
wd@k . tqD;twm;r&Sd oH;k jzKef;r_w@kd ukd abmifcwf&ef vdt k yfavonf?
ajrGrao / wkwfrusKd;
wa=umif;rSmvnf; Oa&mywdu k o
f nf toufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifpepfrS olw@kd u, kd wf ikd f
aoG;xGuo f , H kd awmfveS u f m 'Drukd a&pDacwfo@kd twif;ul;ajymif;cJ&h onf? t*FvefjynfwiG f
1600 jynfEkh pS af vmufrpS I (jrefrmwd@k . awmifial cwf) v$waf wmfEiS hf &Sib f &k ifw@kd twdu k tf cH
jzpfc&hJ mrS wdu k yf rJG sm;jzpfc&hJ onf? tEdik &f aom ygvrD efacgi;f aqmif u&Gr;f 0J (Cromwel) u
olw@kd . bk&if csmvD (Charles 1) udk ao'%fay;um acgi;f jzwfowfco hJ nf?
1780 avmufY (bd;k awmfb&k m;acwf) jyifopf ta&;awmfy}kH uD; jzpfymG ;&m oufO;D
qHyikd f vl0b D &k if (Louis 16) udk jynfo@l vw $ af wmfuyif pufwikd wf ifc&hJ m rdz&k m;vnf; twl
acgi;f jzwfccH &hJ avonf?
jrefrmjynfY oDaygacwfwiG f a&$jynf0ef}u;D OD;bd;k v_id Ef iS hf uif;0efrif;}u;D wd@k OD;aqmifum
Oa&myrSmuho J @kd vcpm;bk&ifpepfo@kd ul;ajymif;&ef }udK;pm;jcif;rSm tajctaeudk apwem
a&SŒxm;I }udK;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf?
tjcm;EdkifiHwdk@Y &Sifbk&ifudk acgif;jzwf+yD;rS ajymif;vJjzpfaom udpPrsKd;udk OD;bdk;v_difESifh
OD;aumif;wd@k u jrefrmjynfY “ajrGrao wkwrf usK;d ” pDrv H akd vonf?
80
v$wfawmfESpf&yf owif;pmESpfrsKd;
OD;bd;k v_id .
f jyKjyifa&; pDru H ed ;f wGif “Tod@k r_;rwfv=l uD; ESpo f if;wd@k wdik ;f a&;jynfr_
vkyaf qmifrnfh !SEd id_ ;f onfu h mv owif;pmq&mwd@k vnf; !SEd id_ ;f &mod@k 0ifI em;axmifap+y;D vSsif
ajymqdo k rSs pum;pkukd owif;pm¶du k I f ae@pOfEikd if u
H kd xkwaf 0aprnf? Edik if o H m;wd@k u r_;rwfw@kd
pnf;a0; wdik yf if=u&mwGif }uKd ufonfr}uKd ufonfw@kd ukd rdrw d @kd u,
kd wf ikd f xkwaf 0aom Edik if o H m;
wd@k yHEk ydS o
f nfh owif;pmrS jyefvnfa0zef&rnf? Tod@k r;_ rwfEiS hf jynfow l @kd wzef!EdS id_ ;f +yD;rS
omvSsif vl}uKd urf sm;aom qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd rif;{u&mZfxH oGi;f onfu h mv oabmwl vufrw S f
xd;k I trde@f awmf taejzifh Edik if o H @dk xkwjf yef&onf”
odk@vSsif OD;bdk;v_difu (1) txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmf (2) tpdk;&
owif;pmESihf jynfo@l owif;pm (3) !SEd id_ ;f I trsm;oabmwl&mudk &Sib f &k ifu vufrw S x
f ;kd um
twnfjyK[laom xH;k pHopfjzifh tkycf sKyfa&;Y tm;vH;k pkaygi;f yg0ifEikd af om rlopfukd csay;av
onf?
,Zfewf ylaZmfjcif;udky,f
bk&m;vufxufu vdp>0rD if;wd@k onf ty&d[med, w&m; (7)yg;udk t"duxm;I
usiohf ;kH um rif;ESihf jynfol tusK;d pD;yGm;udk &SmcJ. h ? r[my&deAd mŠ eokwYf jrwfpmG bk&m;u xkd
w&m; (7)yg;udk az: jyawmf rlonfum; ......
1) pnf;a0;wkid yf ifjcif;
2) tnDt!Gwaf qmif&u G jf cif;
3) Oya'twdik ;f usio hf ;kH jcif;
4) vl}uD;wd@k . tqH;k trY wnfjcif;
5) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; rESyd pf ufjcif;
6) ,Zfewfyal Zmfjcif;
7) &[Eœmwd@k tm; apmifah &Smufjcif;
ty&d[med,onf “rqkwrf ,kwf rysupf ;D Edik jf cif;” [k t"dym` ,f&.? Ak'b < mom jrefrmrif;
tqufqufw@kd onf Trif;usiw hf &m;udk OD;xdyxf m;cJ=h uonf?
OD;bd;k v_id u
f acwfEiS ahf vsmn f aD tmif xdw k &m; (7) yg;wd@k Y wyg; tygt0ifjzpfaom
“,ZfewfylaZmfjcif;” udk y,fzsufvdk.? OD;bdk;v_difu “EdkifiHrSm aumif;&maumif;a=umif;
enf;Oya'opf jyKvkyrf nf&v dS sS if ty&d[med,w&m; ysuv f rd rhf nf xifrw
S f ajymqdak e=uonf?
Tpum;udk tvsO;f rrSwt f yf” [kq. kd ?
ol@oabmt& “a[mif;aomfvnf; y,foifrh S y,frnf/ opfaomfvnf; vdu k o f ifrh S
vdu
k rf nf” udk awG@&onf? ty&d[med, w&m; (7)yg;Y (6) yg;udk qufvuf usio hf ;kH um
81
,Zfyal Zmfjcif;udo k mvSsif acwfEiS hf rqDavsmaf wmhI y,f&efqjkd cif;jzpf.?
xkdodk@ ylaZmf&mwGif ¶dk;om;pGm &Gmapmifhewf/ tdrfapmifhewfrsm;udk qDrD;cJbG,f
ylaZmfjcif;udk rqdkvdk/ vludk paw;Ivnf;aumif; wd&p>mefrsm;udk owfIvnf;aumif;
,Zfyal Zmfjcif;udk qdv k o
kd nf?
Tta&;Y yk*HacwfwGif taemf&xmrif;onfvnf;aumif;/ awmifilacwfwGif
bk&ifah emifonf vnf;aumif; Ttavhtxqd;k udk ydwyf if zdEydS cf +hJ yD; jzpfavonf?
odk@aomf acwftqufqufwdk@Y ta[mif;orm; (conservatives) ESifh
topform; (radicals) wd@k onf Edik if aH &;avmuY twdu k t f cH tajctwif jyKp+rJjzpf&m
wOD;udw k OD; qDvkd taygu&f mS I uef@uu G pf +rJ jzpfonf?
OD;bd;k v_id u
f ty&d[med, 7 yg;Y wyg;y,f&efajymonfuykd if “tm;vH;k ysuu f ek +f yD”
ponfjzifh a0zef=uonf? ok@d aomf xdt k ,l0g'udk OD;bd;k v_id u
f bk&m;a[m ygVad wmf tud;k tum;
rsm; tvHt k avmuf wifjyum y,fco hJ nf?
EdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufaom OD;bdk;v_dif. t&yf&yf oHk;oyfcsufwdk@rSm yltdkufaom
ya'o&mZf&moDwiG f avajyavat;av; wdu k cf wfouJo h @kd pdwcf sr;f omp&m jzpf.?
bk & m;vnf ; tvk y f v k y f & onf

avmuY vl w d k @ onf trd a rG ; onf h t wk d i f ; jzpf I 0D & d , jzif h rok w f r oif
r&Si;f rvif;xm;vSsif ajconf; vufonf;/ qHyif/ tarG;wd@k onf &SnI f vlEiS rhf wl/ arsmufuo hJ @kd
jzpfvrd rhf nf?
avmuY vlw@kd pm;aomuf&efuv kd nf; vH@k v 0D&,
d xkwI f rvkyaf qmifvsS if v,f,m
rjzpfxeG ;f pm;aomuf&ef qefpyg; r&Sjd zpfvrd rhf nf? 0wfqif&efuv kd nf; vH@k v xkwI f r&ufvyk v f sS if
t0wf ykq;kd 0wfqif&efr&S/d tcsn;f tES;D jzpfvrd rhf nf? aexdik &f ef +rKd Œ&Gmtdraf usmif;udrk aS omfvnf;
raqmufvyk v f sS if vGiw
f ;D acgirf mS xD;wnf;ae&vdrrhf nf?
{uefb&k m;jzpfrnfh bk&m;avmif; od'w < ˆ rif;om;aomfvnf; vH@k v xkwI f 'ku&U p&d,
usijhf cif; urRÏmef; pD;jzef;jcif;rsm;udjk yKrS bk&m;jzpfEikd o
f nf?
wud k , f a umif ; ES i f h t rsm;aumif ;

avmuudk aumif;atmifjyK&mY wa,muf/ ESpfa,muf jyKvkyfI raumif;/
trsm;ESifhjyKrS aumif;onf? avmukwW&mta&;Y r*fzdkvf&atmif jyKvkyfvSsifvnf;
82
wa,mufwnf; jyKvkyrf aS umif;onf?
w&m;qdo k nfrmS aq;uJo h @kd jzpf./ &ifbwfemaq;onf &ifbwfemudk aysmufapEdik . f ?
tzsm;udk raysmufapEdik /f tzsm;aq;onf tzsm;udk aysmufapEdik . f ? &ifbwfemudk raysmuf
apEdkif?xkd@twl w&m;onfvnf; avmuaumif;a=umif;usifhvSsif ypPKy`efY aumif;onf?
avmukw&W mY raumif;? avmukw&W m aumif;a=umif;w&m;udk usiv hf sS if avmuY raumif;/
edAmŠ ef r*fzvkd uf m;&.? avmuaumif;usK;d tusiEhf iS hf avmukw&W m aumif;usK;d tusiw hf @kd onf
rkcs qef@usib f ufjzpfonf?
Tum; vuf&dS qd&k , S v f pfavmu wnfaqmufaecsed w f iG f jrefrmjynfwiG f vufawG@
}uKH }uKud af e&aom jy\emrsm;udk OD;bd;k v_id u f ud,
k w
f ikd f &ifqikd cf &hJ ouJo h @kd &.
dS ? jrefrm tpd;k &u
,cktcsed t f wGif ig;arG;jrLa&; =uufbJ arG;jrLa&; ponfw@kd ukd wdik ;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&; zlvrkH t _ wGuf
tm;ay;vsu&f &dS m Ak'b < mom0ifw@kd twGuf em;0ifrcsKyd gacs? od@k aomf Tum; avmuDa&;
jzpfaoma=umifh OD;bd;k v_id u f ohJ @kd om oH;k oyfoifah yonf?
xkdufwefatmif ray;vSsif xdkufwefatmif rvkyf

r_;rwfv}l uD; ESpo f if;wd@k wdik ;f a&;jynfr_ vkyaf qmifrnfh !SEd id_ ;f onfu h mv owif;pm
q&mwd@k vnf; !SEd id_ ;f &mod@k 0ifI em;axmifap+yD;vSsif ajymqdo k rSs pum;pk udk owif;pm¶du k I f
ae@pOfEikd if u
H kd xkwaf 0 aprnf? Edik if o H m;wd@k u rª;rwfw@kd pnf;a0; wdik yf if=u&mwGif }udKufonf
r=udKufonf wd@k ukd rdrw d @kd u,kd wf ikd f xkwaf 0aom Edik if oH m;wd@k yHEk ydS of nfh owif;pmrS jyefvnf
a0zef&rnf?
oDaygrif;acwfY tkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f rS ukeo f nf v,fvyk w f @kd . tusKd ;pD;yGm; ro,fy;kd Edik f
ojzifh vlaygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k onf atmufjynf atmuf&mG a&=unf&m jrufE&k mod@k a&$@ajymif;
oGm;=uonf? jrefrmbk&if e,fajrudpk eG @f cmG um t*Fvyd f vufatmufo@kd a&mufomG ;=uav
onf? OD;bd;k v_id u f xdt k ajctaeudk rESpo f ufI atmufygtwdik ;f oH;k oyfc. hJ ?
“avmuY tvkyu f pd rP sm; aqmif&uG &f mwGif tpd;k &yif jzpfapumrl xdu k w f efatmif
ay;I rcdik ;f vSsif rnfonfh t&mudrk sS ae&musatmif jyKvkyrf nfo h rl &S?d tu,fI tpd;k &.
*k%t f m%mESihf ESyd pf ufI cdik ;f vSsif vSejf yefEikd uf vSejf yefvrd rhf nf? rvSejf yefEikd v f sS if xGuaf jy;
wdr;f a&Smifvrd rhf nf”
tpktpyfvkyfief; aumif;.
pD;yGm;a&;Y tpktpyf (0g) ukr% ` rD sm; xlaxmif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udk OD;bd;k v_id u
f
oabmus.? “ukr% ` D zG@J pnf; aqmif&uG o
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83
w¶kwf vlrsK;d wk@d onfvnf; ,cktcg pnf;pdrOf pPmrsm;pGm wd;k wufonfukd rsujf rifu,
kd af wG@yif
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“ukeo f nf v,fvyk w f @dk . pdwEf v S ;kH onf tjcm;Edik if u
H r_;rwft&m&Sw
d @kd ukd tm;ud;k jcif;
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ausmu h iG ;f ESihf csno f uJo
h @kd jyKvkyw f wf&m.”
aiGudk ol@ae&mESifhol oHk;pGJyg

“aumif;a&mif; aumif;0,fEiS hf v,f,m vkyaf qmifa&;twGuf oH;k oifah om aiGukd
tvk&d &dS m tjcm; wyg;od@k ay;urf;vª'ge;f jcif; rvkyo f if/h rif;rª;rwf &Jruf vufeufuikd w f @dk onf
wdik ;f jynf apmifx h ed ;f &ef tcGeb
f ¾mrSvc&&So d rl sm;jzpfI ul;oef;a&mif;0,f vkyaf qmifEikd f
atmif {uef apmifah &Smufoifo h nf?
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k @kd rapmifah &SmufbJ tvd&k &dS m v_'ge;f ay;urf;oH;k pm;ygu cd;k jcif; (25) yg;wd@k wiG f
(1) vdrv f nf vSnphf m;I,laom ukÉm0[m&
(2) ESyd pf ufI ,laom yo,Sm0[m&wd@k rS vGwu f if;&ef ta=umif;r&Sd
“ukeo f nf v,fvyk w f @kd ul;oef;a&mif;0,f tm;&Sad tmif tydwt f yifr&Sd zGiI
hf ay;jcif;
apmifroifo h rSs apmifr=unf¶h j_ cif; t&if;tES;D r&So d rl sm;udk twd;k r&Sd &if;ES;D aiG ay;urf; r˜pjcif;
onf orŠygo rnf.?”
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tvkyrf vkybf J *gxm rEœ&m;rsm;udk tm;ud;k wwforl sm;udv k nf; “TrEœeu f kd &Gwv
f sS if
a&$r;kd aiGr;kd &Gmonf/ tumv zvrEœejf zifh a&udrk ef;I opfyifukd yufvsS if tcsed rf [kwb f J
toD;oD;onf? yx0D Z,rEœmefudk &GwfvSsif &eftaygif; atmifonf? y'uQ rnfaom
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zkwof iG ;f &m usm;xI udu k of nf? a&S;tcgu rEœew f efc;kd &Syd rkH sm; usr;f *efw@kd Y qdo k nf? ,cktcg
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jynfyodk@ aiGrxGufapESifh
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G f oGm;vmae=uonf? npOfyif Edik if jH cm; zm&pD uyG/J
jyyGrJ sm; cif;usi;f vsuf qkawmfaiGrsm; rjywfay;aeonf?
84
“rdrd Edik if rH S aiGrsm; Edik if jH cm;od@k rxGuaf patmif ud,
k Ehf ikd if uH aiGjzifh ud,
k Ehf ikd if H }u;D us,f
pnfyifatmif vkyaf qmifrS Edik if aH wmf tiftm; awmifah yrnf? &Sib f &k ifukd owday;oifo h nf”
[k OD;bd;k v_id x
f if.?
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aeoifo h nf? txl;ojzifh tr_xrf; t&mxrf;rsm;onf 0h0H phH m;pm; &JprG ;f owWEd iS hf jynfph &kH rnf?
0wfpm;qif,ifyHkrsm; a,mufsm; yDo&rnf? olwyg; ¶dkaocef@nm;aom toGif&Sd&rnf?
oDaygrif;vufxufY xdo k @kd r[kwaf cs/ wae@oY +AJwu kd af wmfo@kd a&muf&&dS mwGif OD;bd;k v_id uf
“,cif awmf=uD;bk&m; (rif;wke;f rif;) vufxufu vufo;kH awmf}uD;rsm;udk =unfv h ukd &f vSsif
a,mufsm;yDyD cGet f m;AvESihf olw@kd ukd jrifaomf tvGef a=umuf&ŒHG cef@nm;zG,jf zpfonf? ,ck
a&$vufxufuav; (oDaygrif;) rSm vufo;kH awmfuav;rsm;udk =unfv h u kd v
f sS if a&$usicf wf
acgi;f aygi;f ESihf xdik rf odr;f tuFs ED iS /hf wd@k ywfEiS /hf yef;aygi;f em;aÉmif;udk yefvsuf ae=uonfukd
jrif&awmh zuf+yD; erf;csipf &mom aumif;awmhonf” [kq. kd ?
bk&ifoHk;aiG odef; 40
oDaygrif; eef;wuf+y;D (4) ESpt
f =um 1244 cktwGuf Edik if aH wmf bwf*suf b¾mawmf
aiG pm&if;um; atmufygtwdik ;f jzpf.?
0ifaiG .....9˜598˜182 usyf 2 rl;
xGuaf iG .....5˜474˜556 usyf (tr_xrf;vc)
useaf iG.....4˜123˜626 usyf 2 rl; (bk&ifo;kH )
xku
d seaf iGukd bk&ifrif;jrwf ud,
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em;or*Fvm 21 odef;
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em;or*Fvm jyK&mwGif wOD;vSsif aiG 7 ode;f pD b¾mawmfrS xkwaf y;cJo h nf? pkb&k m;vwfu
rdz&k m;jzpfvmaom tcg yGx J u J vljyufukd aiG 1˜000 qkcsonf? Tod@k aom toH;k p&dwu f kd
r_;}uD;rwf}uD;rsm;u oabm rusacs?
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85
oD;jcm;&Sad o;onf” [kq.
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jcif; r&Sad pyJ ud, k Ehf ikd if u
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ausmu h iG ;f ESihf csno f uJo h @kd jyKvkywf wf&m.”
0ef}uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;Y OD;bd;k v_id u f yif “om;awmf orD;awmfw@kd uv kd nf; 0efp/k
r_;pk/ r_xrf; &mxrf; rsm;uJo h @kd vcESihf xm;&ef Oya'jyKoifah =umif;/ ydv k sS aH iGukd b%fwu kd zf iG I
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xkad iGw@kd jzifh e,fpyfqikd &f m wyfrsm; cdik cf &hH ef vufeufrsm; vkyu f ikd If ppfonfrsm; pkaqmif;
oif=um;xm;oifah =umif;/ vufeuftiftm; jynfph rkH S &efow l @kd }uH0rHh nf r[kwI f wdik ;f jynf
pnfum;wdk;wufrnf/ Todk@r[kwfvSsif ESmacgif;&Snf odk;aqmif;vlrsKd;jcm;wdk@u jrefrm
trsK;d orD;wd@k ukd erf;¶_yjf cif; jyKrnfjzpfa=umif;/ Tt}uH tpnftwdik ;f jyKjyifajymif;vJygu
ig;ESpt f wGi;f jrefrmEdik if u H kd a&S;uydik o f nft h wdik ;f jzpfatmif }uHaqmifEikd rf nf” [k &Si;f vif;
wifjyonf?
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0ef}u;D OD;bd;k v_id x f H trde@f cH +y;D rS oH;k pG&J awmhrnf? onftwkid ;f rSev f sS if igw@kd ukd &Sib f &k iftjzpfu
cswmyJ” [k trsuaf wmf &Sad vonf?
bdk;v_difay;rS pm;&rSmvm;
,ck rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG f pderf [mobiftzG@J u oDaygrif; ygawmfrZl mwfukd wifjy&m
tawmfyif vl=udKufrsm;.? a&$jynf0ef=uD; OD;bd;k v_id u f tajccH pnf;rsO;f opf rl=urf;yg&adS om
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f &m&mpp/ olu rke@f z;kd ay;rS igw@kd pm;&rSmwJv h m;” [k atmf[pf aiguif rf;+y;D OD;bd;k v_id f
tm; xdpk mtkyEf iS yhf if udik af yguu
f m um;vdycf somG ;avonf?
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csomG ;.? tjzpfreS f &wemyHo k rdik ;f tawG@t}uHKwk@d rmS Ttwdik ;f yif jzpfavonf?
“jref r mawG 'D r k d u a&pD t a=umif ; em;rvnf y gbl ; ” [k tpG J u yf a eol r sm;
twG u f rEœ a v;jzpf 'D r k d u a&pD v _ y f & S m ;r_ t a=umif ; tk d ; a0OD ; nd K jr (1914-1985)
owif;pmynm r[mody`H (csDum*kd) . ukef;abmif&SmykHawmf (1982) rS aumufEkwf
azmf j yonf ?
nd K jr
(www.mizzimaburmese.com rSu;l ,laz: jyygonf?)
86
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Tok@d qo dk nf?
87
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88
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(1) yËdyuQtrsKd;trsKd;xJrSm t"duyËdyuQbJjzpfjzpf/ omrnyËdyuQbJ jzpfjzpf/
b,fyËdyuQrqkd yËdyuQjzpfaewJh zufESpfzufukd wef;wlxm;Ekdifyghrvm;? rxm; Ekdifbl;?
b,fyËdyuQxrJ mS rqkd yËdyuQjzpfaewJzh ufrsm;[m =uD;xGm;r_jcif;rnDnmbl;?
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omrnzufjzpf&rSm aocsmw,f? t"duzufqw dk m yËdyuQxrJ mS a&S@ aqmiftcef;u yg0ifwhJ
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ajymif;vJaew,f? 'Dvadk jymif;vJwmukd t&mudpjP zpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrt _ wGi;f &Sd wku d yf jJG zpfaewJh
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urBmay:rSm tpOfojzifh 'Dtwkdif;yJ ta[mif;ae&mukd topfu0if,ljcif;/
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1927ckEpS f u w&kyjf ynfawmfveS af &; &_;H edrjhf yD;aemuf tajctaeESihf w&kyw f yfeaD wmf c&D;&Snf
csw D ufpOfu tajctae rsm;[m 'Dtwkid ;f yJjzpfw,f?
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yËdyuQjzpfaew,f? 'gayrJh =uKd;pm;avhvmjcif;jzifh rod&mrS od&modk@ ajymif;vmEkdifw,f?
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trSwrf jyK&if &ky0f g'orm; r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayrJh ukev f yk qf ufqrH _ - oabmw&m; - txuf
taqmufttkq H w dk hJ zufrsm;[m wpkw H &mtajctaerSm jyefjyD;t"duESihf tqk;H tjzwfay;wJh
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99
csef a u&S d w f o nf / nD ! G w f a &;wyf a ygif ; pk rzG J @ &ef / tcsd e f q G J a eI r&awmh ? w
&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDxJwGifvnf;/ nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk zGJ@a&;ESifh ywfoufo!fh/ t,l
tqwdu k yf o JG nf/ ydI k jyif;xefvmonf? armfu 1927 ckEpS w f ek ;f u/ cseaf u&Sw d .f owfjzwf
!Si;f qJjcif; cHc&hJ onfw@kd u/kd rarh=u&ef/ “t!Hch aH &;orm;” rsm;udk owd ay;onf?
wyfeDawmfwyfom;rsm;ESifh ygwDau'grsm;twGuf ppfoifwef;pmtkyftjzpf
avhvm&efa&;o!f/h “w&kwjf ynf awmfveS af &;ppfyJG aoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;” qdk o!fh
pmwrf;wGif armfu nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pkzGJ@a&;ESifh ywfoufI/ tav;t euf
wifjyxm;onf? w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &; ppfyo JG nf/ tqifh (2) qifu h kd jzwfoef; cJ+h yD?
yxrtqifrh mS 1924-27 ckEpS u f mv jzpfI/ 'kw, d tqifrh mS 1927-37 ck umvjzpfonf?
,ck wwd,tqifo h @kd 0ifvm+yD? xdt k qifrh mS *syefcck aH &; trsKd ; om; awmfveS af &;ppfyJG
tqifh jzpfonf[k armfu qko d nf?
“tqifo h ;kH ckpvH;k rSm awmfveS af &;ppfyu JG kd w&kwyf pPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;eJ@ ol&@J ygwjD zpfwhJ
uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm wdkuf&r,f?---'DppfyGJ[m w &kwfjynf&J@
vGwfajrmufa&;&J@ tvHudkom xlrSmru/ EdkifiHwum awmfvSefa&; vuQ %mudkvJ
aqmifw,f? 'DtqifhrSm u|efawmfwdk@[m w&kwfawmfvSefa&;udk tqHk; owftxd/
acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ ta&S@yikd ;f eJ@ wurBmvH;k rSm &Sw d /hJ awmfveS af &;tay:rSm/ av;eufwhJ
t&Sed t f 0gukd jzpfay:apvdrrhf ,f” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf/ (4if;pmwrf;? vufa&G;pOfusr;f
twGJ 1)
1937 ck Zlvikd v f (23) &ufae@/ *syefu w&kwjf ynf ajrmufyikd ;f udk usK;
ausmo f rd ;f yduk +f yD;/ ESpyf wft=umwGif armfu ta&;w}uD; rde@f ceG ;f wck ajymonf? 4if; .
acgi;f pOfrmS “*syefx;kd ppfudk ckcaH &;ESihf ywfoufo!fh vrf;!$eef nf;emESihf tvm; tvmrsm;”
[lI jzpfonf? tcsKyfrmS *syefqef@usiaf &;twGuf vkyif ef;pOfjzpfonf?
(1) wjynfv;kH &Sd vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;udk v_@H aqmfjcif;? (2) jynfow l &yf vH;k tm;
v_@H aqmfjcif;? (3) Edik if aH &;taqmufttHu k kd jyK jyifjcif;? (4) *syefcck aH &; twGujf zpfaom/
Edik if jH cm;a&; ay:vpDukd usio hf ;kH jcif;? (5) jynfo@l aexdik rf b _ 0aumif;rGeaf &;twGuf vkyif ef;pOf
ausnmjcif;/ vufawG@vyk jf cif;? (6) Edik if aH wmf umuG,af &;twGuf ynmay;jcif;? (7)
*syefckcHa&;twGufjzpfaom b¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDudk usifhoHk;jcif;? (8)
w&kwfjynfolw&yfvHk; tpdk;&ESifh vufeufudkif wyfom;tm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf+yD;/
trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;wnf;[laom/ wHwikd ;f }u;D wnfaqmufjcif;/ ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
=o*kwv f (15) &ufae@wiG /f yDuif;ESihf wD,efqif+rdK@rsm;/ *syefvufo@kd us onf?
[kad yhEiS hf csm[me,frsm;udv k nf;/ *syefu odr;f vdu k +f y;D aemuf &Se[ f +J rKd @ukd p wduk af e+y?D TwGif
100
cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ pdwrf ygw h ygh jzih/f *syefukd ppfausnm&awmhonf? xdt k csed xf d nD!w G af &;
wyfaygi;f pkz@JG pnf;a&;udprP mS aqG;aEG;I rjywfao;? cseaf u &Sw d u
f wyfeaD wmfukd vH;k 0
xde;f csKyfa&;twGuf awmif;aeonf?
eefuif;wGif &So d !f/h cseaf u&Sw d . f ppfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;od@k csLtif vdik ;f u
aygvpfAsK&dk ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf/ csLaw;ESihf ydeaf wh[KdG ifu awmfveS af &;ppf aumifp. D
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf wufaeonf? =o*kwv f (22) &ufae@wiG /f t awmftwef
oabmwlnrD _ &vm+yD[q k =kd uonf? csLaw;ESihf ydeaf wh[KdG ifw@kd u *syef udk wdu k &f mwGi/f
cseaf u&Sw d u f kd ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wdww f qdwf vufccH =hJ uonf ( Tta=umif;udk
,Ofaus;r_ awmfveS af &;twGi;f wGi/f wyfev D il ,frsm;u azmfxw k f vmcJ=h uonf?) cseaf u&Sw d u f
csLaw;ESifh ydefawh[GdKif wdk@udk/ trSwf (18) wyfrawmf tpk wyfr_;}uD;rsm;tjzpf
cef@tyfvu kd o f nf? cseaf u&Sw d u f wyfeaD wmfukd trnf ajymif;vdu k af om/ trSwf (8)
ppfa=umif; wyfrawmfu/kd &HyakH iGrsm;ESihf vufeufrsm; xkwaf y;onf? xdw k yfrawmf.
wyfom;OD;a&udv k nf;/ (45000) om owfrw S x
f m; onf? od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d u f ajrmufyikd ;f
&Sepf ;D jynfe,fukd oD;jcm;ud, k yf ikd f tkyf csKyfa&; a'otjzpf/ todtrSwf rjyKao;? ulrifwef
tpd;k &atmufwiG f 0if&rnf? wyfuv kd nf; ulrifwefwyfEiS hf aygi;f &rnf[k awmif;aeqJ
jzpfonf? csLaw;ESihf ydef awh[KdG ifukd wyfr;_ }uD;rsm;tjzpf cef@xm;jcif;rSm uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf
wyfeaD wmfukd cGJ xkw&f ef jzpfonf? csLaw;ESihf ydeaf wh[KdG ifukd =um;xm;&efjzpfonf[k
tuJcwform; rsm;u ,lq=uonf?
armfu 1937 ck =o*kwv f vdck |e;f wGif usi;f yo!f/h aygvpfAsK&dk tpnf; ta0;wGif
ol. (10) csuv f yk if ef;pOfukd wifjyonf? use;f ud@k axmifu tjyif;txef uef@uu G af omfvnf;/
armf. wifjycsuu f kd aygvpfAsK&u kd twnfjyKvu kd of nf? nD !Gwaf &;wyfaygi;f pkEiS fh ywfoufI/
ygwDwGif;u vrf;pOfESpf&yf. wdkufyGJonf/ armf. vdkc|ef; tpnf;ta0; rdef@cGef;wGif
txif;om;ay:aeonf? a'oeDrsm;udk cseaf u&Sw d f . vufo@kd 0uGurf tyfEikd [ f k armfu
xyfraH usnmonf?
wzufY cseaf u&Sw d o f nf *syefwyfr;_ rsm;ESihf a'oqdik &f m ppfajy+idr;f csr;f a&;
oabmwlncD surf sm; csKyfq&kd ef }udK;pm;aeqJjzpfonf? uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf wyfeD awmfukd
acsre_ ;f &eftwGu/f wzufu *syefEiS hf ajy+idr;f a&;udk aphpyfvsu&f o dS nf? T tcsed rf sKd ;wGif
cseaf u&Sw d u f kd rnfo@kd ,HEk ikd rf nfenf;? xdrk #ru cseaf u&Sw d o
f nf/ wyf eDawmf wyfr;_ }u;D rsm;udk
&mxl;}uD;rsm;/ tpdk;&tzGJ@ 0ef}uD;&mxl;rsm;ay;I/ armf. awmif;qdkcsuf (10) csuf/
ysujf ym;atmif vkyaf eonf?
“vdkufavsmr_rsm;&Sdw,f? txl;a'oeJ@ wyfeDawmfxJrSm/ uGefjrLepfygwD&J@
101
acgi;f aqmifru _ /kd qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;a&;/ ulrifwefygweD @J qufq&H mrSm uGejf rL epfygw&D @J
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfciG ehf @J vGwv f yfpmG a0zefciG u hf kd xde;f odr;f xm;a&;/ 'Dabmif awGuakd wmh
u|eaf wmfw@kd ausmrf oGm;Edik b f ;l ? avsmah ygw h ,fqw kd m/ wzufx&J @J udpP r[kwb f ;l ? ESpzf ufv;kH &J@
udpjP zpfw,f? nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk zG@J b@kd qw kd m/ ud, k &hf @J t rScD u kd if;r_/ acgi;f aqmifru _ kd
pG e f @ ypf w mr[k w f b l ; ? r[k w f w J h t jyif / awmf v S e f a &;ud k quf v k y f z d k @ twG u f /
r[mrdwrf sm;zG@J jcif;tm;jzif/h oD;jcm;trScD u kd if;r_ukd xlaxmifwm jzpfw,f?” [k armfu
ajymcJo h nf? (“w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygw. D vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;” vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 1)
pufwifbmv (22) &ufae@wiG /f ygwAD [dak umfrwDu ausnmpmwrf;w apmifEiS hf
qH k ; jzwf c suf (4) csuf csvd k u f o nf ? ausnmpmwrf ; ud k A[k d a umf r wD x J Y / “
t!Hch aH &;orm;rsm;u” twnf jyK =uonf? armfurl Tudpu P kd wcGe;f r# rajym Tonfukd
axmufv#i/f ausnmpmwrf;udk armf uef@uu G cf o hJ nf[k ,lq&onf?
w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D
(1) a'guw f mqGe, f ufqif. pefrif;0g'w&m;oH;k yg;udk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH & rnf? (2) ulrifwef
tpdk;&tm; vufeufjzifh jzKwfcsa&; vrf;pOfudkpGef@rnf? qdkAD ,uf tpdk;& tzGJ@rsm;
wnfaxmifa&; ay:vpDudk pGef@rnf? ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;. ajr,m rsm; odrf;ydkufa&;
ay:vpDupkd eG @f rnf? (3) a'oeDwiG &f o dS !f/h qdAk , D uftpd;k &tzG@J ukd zsuo f rd ;f rnf? (4)
wyfeaD wmfukd zsuo f rd ;f um/ ulrifweftpd;k &. ppfa&;&m aumfr &Si. f tkycf sKyfra_ tmufwiG f
trsKd ;om;awmfveS af &; wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;rnf?
TqH;k jzwfcsuf (4) csuw f iG /f ESpcf suo f m armfoabmwl+yD;/ useEf pS cf suf wGif
oabmrwl? ydeaf wh[KdG ifEiS hf csLaw;wd@k u/ oabmwlc=hJ uonf?
rnfo@kd jzpfap/ cseaf u&Sw d u
f xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd vufcu H m/ *syefukd ppf ausnmonf?
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkru l vkd nf; vufcv H u kd o f nf?
TqHk;jzwfcsufudk csefau&Sdwfu vufcHvdkufo!fhaemufwGif/ trSwf (*)
ppfa=umif;wyfrawmfonf/ awmifbuf jrpf0gjrpf ppfrsuEf mS od@k csw D uf&ef cseaf u &Sw d . f
aumfr&Sirf S trde@f &onf/ pifppf trSwf (8) ppfa=umif;wyfrawmf Tbuf od@k csv D mjcif;onf/
*syefppfa=umif; tzdcaH eo!f/h cseaf u&Sw d . f wyfrsm;ud/k xGuf ayguaf y;&ef/ wdik , f rG +f rdK@ukd
umuG,af y;&efr#om jzpfonf? ol@wyfrsm;udk touf &_ayguzf iG ahf y;um/ wyfeaD wmfukd
4if;u|r;f usijf cif;r&So d !f/h ae&m,lppfyw JG iG ;f od@k / oGwo f iG ;f I/ a*smufcsvo kd !fh cseaf u&Sw d . f
tpDtrHr#om jzpfonf?
od@k &mwGif armfonf tqd;k udk taumif;jzpfatmif }udK;pm;onf? cseaf u &Sw d u f
wyfeaD wmfukd omvGet f iftm;}u;D o!f/h *syefppfwyf}u;D ESihf &ifqikd af whay; um/ ol@wyfr}u;D
102
(10) wyfjzif/h a'oeDukd tcsed rf a&G; tkypf ;D oGm;Edik af tmif jyifqif xm;o!fw h ikd /f armfonf
xdtk qd;k udk taumif;jzpfatmif ajymif;,lonf? wyfeD awmfonf ppfajrjyifwiG f xl;jcm;o!fh
atmifyrJG sm;udk &cJo h nf? od@k jzifh ae&m,l ppf yGJ tawG@t}uKH / or&d;k us ppfyJG tawG@t}uKH rsm;udk
&vdu k o f nf?
trSwf (8) ppfa=umif; wyfrawmfY/ wyfr}uD; oHk;wyfygonf? trSwf(115)
wyfr}uD;ud/k vif;ajymifEiS hf eD,efcsi;f wd@k uGyu f oJ nf? trSwf (120) wyfr}uD;udk [d@k vkeEf iS hf
apmfuJ uGyu f o J nf? trSwf (129) wyfr}uD;udk vsLydck si;f ESihf qlqifcsi;f uGyu f o J nf?
Twdu k yf w JG iG f wyfeaD wmfrS tustqH;k rsm;onf? od@k &mwGif wyfeaD wmf onf/ or&d;k us ppfyJG
wckwnf;udo k m tm;ud;k aeonfr[kw?f armf. aoe*FAsK[m t&/ ajymufusm;ppf/
jynf o l @ ppf u d k qif E $ J o nf ? vl x k uk a Ë uk Ë mud k v_ H @ aqmf o nf ? ajymuf u sm;
a'orsm;xlaxmifonf? *syefppfa=umif;rsm; aemufyikd ;f wGi/f ajymuf usm; tajccHpcef;rsm;
zGio hf nf? Tod@k jzifh armfonf/ *syefppfa=umif; aemufyikd ;f wGif ppfrsuEf mS zGio hf nf?
xdkppfrsufESmrsdK;udk *syefrwdkufEdkif? ppfrsufESmu a&$@vsm;ae onf? ajymif;aeonf?
ae&mtES@H tjym; a&mufaeonf? oGm;av&m&mwGif *syef tzd@k ppfrsuEf mS udk awG@ae&onf?
TonfrmS wyfeaD wmfu vlxrk sm;udk ynmay; jcif;/ v_@H aqmfjcif;wd@k a=umifh jzpfonf?
Twdu k yf JG yHo k ¾efu/kd *syefcck aH &; ppfumv wGif omru/ cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf jzpfymG ;o!fh
aemufxyf jynfwiG ;f ppf umvwGiv f nf; uGejf rLepfygwu D toH;k jyKcJo
h nf?
xdkESpf pufwifbmvxJY/ wyfeDawmfonf ulrifwefwdk@ wyfvef@ajy;cJh&
o!fhae&mwGif 0ifIwdkufonfY/ atmifyGJ}uD;&vdkufonf? Todk@jzifh wyfeDawmf.
*k%o f u d mQ onf/ jynfov l x l x k wJ iG af &m/ ulrifwefwyfom;xk twGi;f wGiyf g w[kef xd;k
wufomG ;onf? Tod@k jzihf w&kwjf ynfajrmufyikd ;f xJo@kd xd;k 0ifvmaom/ *syef ppfa=umif;udk
OD;csKd ;ypfvu kd o f nf? xdwk u
kd yf +JG yD;o!fah emufY armfonf ygwx D u J t !Hch aH &;orm;rsm;udk
tompD;&vdu k o f nf? ,cif t!Hch aH &;orm;rsm; vkycf o hJ vd/k wyfeaD wmfukd cseaf u&Sw d f
pdw}f udKuf toH;k jyK cGihf ray;awmh?
“wyfeaD wmfxrJ mS uGejf rLepfygwD acgi;f aqmifr&_ @J / t=uGi;f rJh trScD u kd if;r_ oD;jcm;
vGwv f yfru _ kd xde;f xm;a&;[m/ ta&;}uD;qH;k jzpfw,f? uGejf rLepfrsm;[m 'D tajccHrel @J
ywfoufvm&if/ eJeaJ v;rS awGa0,dr;f ,dik jf cif; r&S=d u&bl;” [k armfu a&;cJo h nf? xdEk pS f
wcsed w f nf;wGi/f armfonf “vpfb&,f0g'udk qef@usi=f u” qdk o!fh pmwrf;udk a&;onf?
xdt k csed u f pOf;vJaumufuspaf om cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf quf qH&mY/ ygwx D u J &Jabmfrsm;onf
rlukd avsmah y;onftxd pdw&f n S =f uonf? oD;cH =uonf? xd@k a=umifh armfu rljy\emESihf
ywfoufvmv#i/f &if;ES;D o!fh rdwaf qrsm; tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSmyif/ a0zefa&; vky&f rnf[k
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awmif;qdo k nf?
armfonf ygwDwGif;u t!HhcHa&;orm;rsm;udk wdkuf+yD;+yD? pOf;vJaom csef
au&Sw d Ef iS vhf nf; rlt& nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk zG@J +yD;+yD? xdpk Of jy\emw&yf ay:vm onf?
,if;rSm tjcm;r[kw?f armfpudrk S 0rfrif; jyefa&mufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf? 0rf rif;onf
w&kwjf ynf. bmr#em;rvnf? 1930-34 ckEpS w f iG f “vuf0”J tvGet f u|H vrf;pOfraS eI
armfukd wdu k cf ohJ !fh 0rfrif;onf/ ,ckw}udrf jyefvmo!ft h cgwiG /f vusmf vrf;pOfukd
pGu
J ikd v f monf? cseaf u&Sw d t
f m;/ *syefcck q H ef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_ }uD;. acgi;f aqmif[k
od'w d< ifvmonf? 0rfrif; jyefvmyHu k kd use;f ud@k axmifu ol. rSww f rf;wGif a&;cJo h nf?
xdak e@rmS aqmif;OD;ayguf &moDjzpfonf? armf/ use;f ud@k axmifEiS hf &Jabmf tcsKd @onf/
,iftef; XmecsKyf &Hk;tjyifbufwGif pum;ajymae=upOf/ av,mOfysHoH =um;&onf?
&kww f &ufaomf *syef AH;k }uJav,mOf[k xifonf? od@k &mwGif av,mOf ysH qif;vmonf?
xd k @ a=umif h ol w d k @ wd k u f a v,mOf y sH u G i f ; uav;qD o d k @ oG m ;=uonf ? &k & S m ;vk y f
av,mOfysu H av;xJrS qif;vmaom/ 0rfrif;udk jrif&onf?
0rfrif;onf jyefa&mufv#if a&mufcsi;f armfEiS hf xdyw f ukd af wG@=uonf? “vuf&dS
tajctae ajz&Si;f a&;twGuf aomhcsu”f [laom pmwrf;wapmifukd tyf onf? xkpd mwrf;Y
wyfeaD wmfukd ulrifwefppfwyfEiS hf aygi;f &ef wifjyvmjyefonf? Tod@k jzifh nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk
vrf;pOfEiS hf ywfoufo!f/h ygww D iG ;f wdu k yf o
JG nf jyef I ay:vmjyefonf? TwGif 0rfrif;ESihf
vrf;pOfcsi;f wlorl sm;uvnf;/ 0rfrif;ESihf aygi;f um/ wpcef; xvmjyefonf? 0rfrif;u ol@eudk
vrf;pOfa[mif;jzpfaom/ “trsdK;om; umuG,fa&;tpdk;&” qdko!fh a=uG;a=umfoHudk
xyfwifonf? Tod@k jzihf ygww D iG ;f u vrf;pOfEpS &f yf wdu k yf o
JG nf/ xyfraH y:ayguv f monf?
1937 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (29) &ufae@wiG /f armfu “ulrifwefEiS hf uGef jrLepfygwD
yl;wGJaqmif&Gufa&; &+yD;aemuf/ avmavmq,f vkyfief;wm0efrsm;” qdk o!fh/
pmwrf;wapmifu/kd wifoiG ;f um *syefcck aH &; ppfyt JG wGi;f / acgi;f aqmifr_ jy \emudk
wifjyaqG;aEG;onf? uGejf rLepfygwo D nf 1932 ckEpS f uwnf;u/ nD!w G f a&; wyfaygi;f pkwck
wnfaqmuf&ef/ urf;vSr;f cJah =umif;/ TnD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk onf/ ygwt D m;vH;k / tpktm;vH;k /
vly*k Kd~ vftm;vH;k ESihf vufeufuikd w f yf tm;vH;k / yg 0ifo!f/h Edik if cH spf yk*Kd~ vfrsm;. nD!w G af &;
wyfaygi;f pk jzpfoifah =umif;jzifh armfu wifjyonf? Ed0k ifbmv (12) &ufae@wiG /f armfonf
,iftef;u wuf=uo G l ygwD au'grsm;tm;/ rde@f ceG ;f wck ajymjyefonf? xdrk ed @f ceG ;f rSm “&Se[ f EJ iS hf
xduk , f rG f usq;kH +yD;aemuf/ *syefcck aH &; tajctaeESihf vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;” [lI jzpfonf?
armfu xdrk ed @f ceG ;f wGif t!Hch aH &;0g'udk acszsuo f nf? Trde@f ceG ;f udk ygww D iG ;f rS vusmf t
acsmiform;rsm;u tjyif;txef qef@usicf =hJ uonf?
104
“ygww D iG ;f oabmw&m; a&csed rf wl=uwm/ ygw0D if tajrmuftjrm;rsm; rSm/
ajrmufyikd ;f csw D ufa&; ppfumvwke;f u ESpyf gwD yl;wGJ aqmif&u G wf /hJ tawG@t }uKH rsKd ; csKd @ww hJ m/
ygwDwGif;rSm "e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm;uvmwJh/ ygwD0if tajrmuf tjrm; &Sdaewm/
ygw0D ifwcsKd @[m t&ifuvdk qif;qif;&J&J wdu k cf &Jh wJh b0rsKd ;udk quf vufaevdpk w d f r&Sad wmhwm/
nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkxrJ mS ulrifwefukd vdu k af vsmwJh rlrw hJ hJ aoGzrD a_ wG &Sad ewm/ trSwf
(8) ppfa=umif; wyfrawmfxrJ mS / ppfb&k ifopf 0g' aoGzaD &;awG ay:vmwm/ ulrifwef
tpd;k &tzG@J xo J @kd / uGejf rLepfygw0D ifa&; jy \em ay:ayguv f mwm/ *syefcck aH &; 'Dru kd a&pD
tajccHa'orsm;rSm vdu k af vsm a&; wdr;f !$wrf r_ sm; ay:ayguv f mwm pwJ/h tajctaersm;
&Sad ew,f?
“ txuf azmfjyyg/ qd;k 0g;wJh tajctaersm;a=umif/h b,fou l b,fo@l udk
acgif;aqmifovJqdkwJh jy\emudk av;av;eufeuf wifjy&r,f? t!HhcHa&; 0g ' udk
jywfjywfom;om; qef@usi&f r,f” (4if;pmwrf; vufa&G;pOfusr;f twGJ 2 )
TonfrmS armfu 0rfrif;udk pdraf c:vdu k jf cif; jzpfonf? Tvrf;pOfEpS &f yf wdu k yf oJG nf/
1945 ckEpS u f srS +yD;qH;k onf?
ordik ;f tjzpftysurf sm;onf/ armf }udKwif erdwzf wfco hJ !ft h wdik ;f jzpfvm onf?
1937 ckEpS w f ek ;f u wyfeaD wmfonf csed @J onf? au'grsm;vnf; enf;onf? cseaf u&Sw d . f
tm%mESihf ppftiftm;udk a=umufae=uonf? od@k &mwGif 1938 ck ESpf atmufwb kd mvwGirf /l
tajctae vH;k 0 ajymif;vJomG ;onf? cseaf u&Sw d of nf w&H;_ xJ&;H_ aeonf? cseaf u&Sw d f
tm%mpuf. A[kcd surf jzpfaom &Se[ f /J eefuif;ESihf +rKd@ }uD;rsm;udk w+rdK@ +yD;w+rdK@ *syefu
od r f ; vd k u f o nf ? w&k w f j ynf ajrmuf y d k i f ; wck v H k ; ud k od r f ; rd a e+yD ? csef a u&S d w f .
trmcHwyfqo kd nfrmS vnf;/ =uufaysmuf/ iSuaf ysmuf aysmufuek +f yD? ulrifwef tpd;k &onf/
eefuif;rS 0l[ef/ 0l[efrS csKH uif;od@k ajymif;oGm; &onf?
Tod@k jzifh ulrifwef ppftiftm;onf toHom&SI d / tqHr&Sad om t&m rSe;f
odvm=uonf? ulrifwefwyfonf/ wdu k pf rG ;f &nf r&S?d wyfom;rsm;udk t&m&Sd rsm;u/
ESyd pf ufuvl jyK =uonf? tusiphf m&dwW ysujf ym;onf? wyfom;rsm; t[m& csKd @wjhJ cif;/
a&m*gpu JG yfjcif;a=umif/h trsm;tjym; aouke=f uonf? cseaf u&Sw d .
f wdu k f cdu
k af &; pdw"f gwf
uif;rJjh cif;ESihf qkwpf pf ay:vpDa=umifv h nf;/ wyfom;rsm; pdw"f gwf ysujf ym;ae=uonf? 1938
ck atmufwb kd mvY/ uGejf rLepfwyfrsm;onf/ t&nft wGut f m;jzif/h rrsm;vSo!fw h ikd /f
}uH@cikd af wmifw h if;vmonf? armf. ajymufusm; aoe*FAsL[mjzif/h *syefuw kd u kd &f mwGi/f
atmifyrGJ sm; qufwu kd &f aeonf? *syef ppf a=umif;aemufyikd ;f wGif ajymufusm;a'o}u;D rsm;udk
wnfaqmufEikd v f mcJo h nf? uGef jrLepfw@kd . atmifyrJG sm;udk csKH uif;&Sd ulrifwef owif;pmrsm;u
zHk;zdxm;aomfvnf;/ *syefppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfESifh tqm[d po!fh *syefowif;pmrsm;u
105
t&dyt f jrGuf azmfjy vm=uonf?
1938 ck atmufwb kd mvwGif cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ *syefEiS hf ppfajy+idr;f a&; vky&f ef/
}udK;pm;vmjyefonf? w&kwfjynf&Sd *smrefESifh +Adwdo# oHtrwfrsm;u =um; vltjzpf
aqmif&u G =f uonf? xdpk Ofu Oa&mywGif [pfwvmESihf csed b f mvdew f @kd awG@qu kH m jrL;epfupd P
ay:aecsed f jzpfonf? &k&mS ;tzd@k Oa&mywGif *smreD/ +Adwed Ef iS hf jyifopfw@kd . r[mrdwt f zG@J EiS hf
ta&S@bufwGif *syefESifh csefau&Sdwfwdk@. r[mrdwf tzGJ@ ESpfckt=um;wGif/ nSyfr!fh
t&dyt f a&mifrsm; ay:aeonf? TwGif &k&mS ;onf cseaf u&Sw d u
f kd tm;ud;k I rjzpfawmh?
xd@k a=umifh w&kw-f *syef ppfyw JG iG f armf. ajymufusm;rsm;udk tm;ud;k &o!fh tajcod@k
a&mufvmonf? od@k widk af tmif armf onf &k&mS ;xHrS rnfo!fh vufeuf tultnDr# r&ao;?
&k&mS ;u vufeufrsm;udk cseaf u&Sw d of @kd qufI ay;aeqJ jzpfonf?
armfu ajymufusm;wyfrsm;onf/ &efo@l xrH S odr;f &o!f/h vufeufrsm;jzifh
ud,k u hf , kd u f kd vufeufwyfqif&rnf? ajymufusm;ppfy. JG rlonf/ ud, k u
hf ,
kd u f kd vuf euf
wyfqifa&; jzpf&rnf[/k ol@wyfrsm;udk oif=um;onf? armfpudu k armfh tay: wGif
oabmxm;ajymif;vmonf Y/ ygwDwGif;u 0rfrif;wdk@vlodkuf. wdkufcdkufr_vnf;
tm;enf;oGm;onf?
1938 ck E S p f t uk e f w G i f / 0rf r if ; ud k axmuf c H c J h o l t csd K @onf / armf z uf o d k @
a&mufvm=uonf? (Oyrm vsLa&Smufcs?D ) xdEk pS Yf use;f ud@k axmifu cseaf u&Sw d f zufo@kd
ckeu f ;l oGm;o!ft h wGu/f ygww D iG ;f wGif armfqef@usiaf &; tiftm;onf/ odod omom}uD;
avsmo h mG ;onf? vl&eS w f iG f usi;f yo!f/h wyfeaD wmfacgi;f aqmifrsm; t pnf;ta0;wckY/ armfu
“ppftwGi;f uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf wyfeaD wmftiftm;ud/k ig;yHk ESpyf kH avsmah tmifvyk af &;” qdo k !f/h
csefau&Sdwf. t}uH,kwfudk zGifhcsum/ trSwf (8) ppfa=umif;wyfrawmfxJwGif
ay:ayguaf eo!f/h ppfb&k if0g'opfukd a0zefonf? A[dak umfrwDukd ta=umif;r=um;yJ/
wyfrsm;udk pnf;rJu h rf;rJh oH;k jcif;udk a0zefonf? ulrifwefu/ &mxl;ay;onfukd *k%, f al eo!fh
oabmrsm;/ (ydeaf wh[KGd ifukd &nf&, G f jcif;jzpfonf?) udk a0zefonf?
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f / ygw. D trScD u kd if;pGm/ &yfwnfa&;udk tav;wif;
axmufjyonf? ygwn D ! D w G af &;udk xde;f odr;f vdv k #i/f wyf eDawmfxo J @kd ulrifwef au'grsm;/
cseaf u&Sw d u f oGwo f iG ;f vmjcif;udk vufrcH&? yg vDref 0g'udk vufrcH&? wyfeaD wmfxw J iG f
uGejf rLepfygwu D yd@k o!f/h Edik if aH &;r_;rsm;udk xm;&rnf[k armfu awmif;qdo k nf? 1938 ck
arvxJwGif/ armfu wyfeDawmf wyf om;rsm;twGuf/ “*syefckcHa&; ajymufusm;
ppfaoe*FAsK[m jy\emrsm;” “a&&Snf ppf” “w&kwjf ynf awmfveS af &;ppfyJG aoe*FAsK[m
jy\emrsm;” po!fh ta&;}uD; aom ppfusr;f rsm;udk jyKpkonf? jroef;wifh
qufvufazmfjyygrnf//
106
0wWKwdk
tjzLa&mifaus;vufay:u trJa&mif
rJvdyfrsm;
armifp;kd csed f
u|eaf wmfaexdik &f mjrdK@. 2004 ESpu f ;l o}uFeyf rGJ w
S w f rf;wifA'GD , D akd cGukd jyefvnf
cHpm;zd@k twGuf cvkwEf ydS v f u kd o
f nf// aw;oHrsm;/ uuGuu f [efrsm;/ y&dwo f wfvKS y&f mS ; rSKw@kd u
pnf;pnf;um;um; ay:xGufvmonf? odyfr=umvS? t+idrfhu=uonfh t+idrfh cef;udk
a&mufvmonf? tjcm;aomvl&iG af wmfrsm;ESit hf wl vl&iG af wmfarmif&ifoef; ac: a'Apfcsr;f udk
awG@&awmhonf?
tckraS wG;=unfrh o d nf? armif&if;oef;udk b,frmS pwifou d |r;f cJo
h vJ? b,f wke;f u
pwifod&SdcJhygovdrfh? ,cktcg jyefvnfpOf;pm;vdk@r&awmh? yxrqHk;w}udrf wnf;ESifh
ol@udkrSwfrdoGm;onfh tcsufuaocsmonf?ol@cEMmudk,fwGif vufwzufyJ&Sd onf?
vufwzufu bma=umifh jzwfco hJ enf;? tb,fa=umifjh zwfc&hJ oenf;? xdk vufwzufjzwf
cJ&h onfukd aemufrS odc&hJ onf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap yxrw=urd w f nf;ESihf yif vufwzufr&So d nfh
vlwpfO;D tjzpfEiS hf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwrf o d mG ;onf? xm0&rSwf oGm;onf?
ol@udkowdjyKapcJhonfh aemufwcsufu ol.emrnf a'Apfcsrf;? 'guvnf;ol@
emrnf&if;vm;? avSmifajymifonfh emrnfjzpfa=umif; aemufro S &d onf? &ky&f iS Zf mwf um;xJrh S
vufwzuf/ 'g;wzuf &ky&f iS rf if;om; a'Apfcsr;f udk tpJjG yKI ol@.rdwaf qG taygi;f toif;rsm;u
ok@l udk ac:wGio f nfeh mrnf? emrnf&if;u armif&ifoef;?
wjrdK@wnf; w&yfwnf;aexdik af omfvnf; wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf rawG@jzpfc?hJ wcgw&H
ol@ukd vl=um;xJw h iG af wG&onf? trsK;d om;ae@/ &Spaf v;vH;k ESpyf wfvnfae@/ o}ueF u f si;f yonfh
o}uFeyf w GJ iG f ol@udak wG@&wwfonf? &Hzef&cH g omausmaf rmifEiS hf &d'k D wd@k ukepf q kH ikd w f iG f +yHK;&Gif
&,farmaeaom ol@ukd awG@c&hJ wwfonf? vli,frsm;=um;wGif ol@ukd xdo k @kd awG@&jcif;jzpfonf?
a'Apfcsr;f / rawG@&wm tawmf=umaygu h mG ? aea&;xdik af &; tqifajy&J@vm;?
[kwu f hJ q&m / q&maum aeaumif;&J@vm;? at;uGm / aumif;w,f[q k u kd m usaemf
ol@vufwzufukd qkw! f pS x
f m;wwf onf? usaemfu tav;teufxm; qufqrH eS ;f oloo d nf?
107
wu,fu ol@oil ,fcsi;f rsm;u aemufajymifuspD ,fjyD; ac:a0:onfh a'Apfcsr;f udk
usaemf rac:csif ? ol@rb d u ol@ukd tjrwfwEd;k ac:wGif trnfay;xm;onft h wdik ;f xdek mrnfuykd J
ac:csio f nf? wnf=unf av;eufap&atmif/ oluvnf; a'Apfcsr;f ac:onfukd ESpo f ufy&kH onf?
w jyHK;jyHK;ESihf jyKH;aewwfonf?
tom;!d! k kd ydeyf efyg;yg; / t&yftarmif; redrrhf jrif/h vlaumifu cyfao;ao; / ol@ukd
cspf c if o l u rsm;onf ? ouf w l & G , f w l vl i ,f a wG = um;wG i f ol @ ud k a wG @ &wwf o nf ?
ol@uakd emufajymif=unfap=uayvdrrhf nf? ol@rmS waomaom &,farm aewwfonf? aeawmh
vnf; wa,mufwnf; r[kw?f oli,fcsi;f awGEiS t fh wlaeonf?
tar&duefudk a&mufvmjyD;aemuf udk,fcENmroefpGrf;oltjzpf / 'kuQdwtjzpf
cHpm;cGi&hf xm;ol ? aq;ukocGiEhf iS hf aexdik pf &dwf cHpm;cGi&hf xm;onf? tvkyrf vkyyf J aevd@k &onf?
tvky&f mS p&m rvdak wmh ? od@k aomf vlrKS a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif vkyu f ikd af e wwfonfh vli,f?
vGecf o
hJ nfh &ufowWEpS yf wfcef@u um;armif;vdik pf if xkwaf y;onfjh rdK@e,f&;kH wGif
olEiS u fh |eaf wmf qHck =hJ uao;onf? u&iftrsK;d om; ESpaf ,muftwGuf bmomjyefot l jzpfEiS hf
uln&D efvu kd v
f mcJjh cif;jzpfonf[q k o
kd nf?
e,l;a,mufukd oGm;vnfvu kd af o;w,f q&m&,f? tJ'rD mS wvavmufaejyD;
jyefvmcJhw,f? jyefa&mufwm odyfr=umao;bl;? e,l;a,muf a&mufaepOf 'DudkvGrf;
aecJah o;w,f q&m? odyv f rG ;f wmESihf jyefvmwm?
a[; h h h 'DjrdK@ukd vGr;f w,fwv hJ m;uGm? rif;rSm vGr;f p&m&Sv d @kd aygh ? vGr;f &r,fo h l
&Sad evd@k aygu h mG ? Armjynfukd aumrvGr;f bl;vm;? arG;&yfajrudk rvGr;f awmh bl;vm;? rjyefcsif
bl;vm; a'Apfcsr;f ?
q&m 'Dvakd r;vmvdrrhf ,fv@kd rxifv@kd ar;rdwmygq&m&,f? ajymrdwmrSm;yg w,f?
q&mar;cGef;awGu u|efawmfudk wnfhwnfhrSefoGm;w,fAsm? vufwzufudk xdrSefwJh
usnq f efxufyjkd y;D jyif;xefemusn;f p&myJAsm? q&m odwt hJ wdik ;f yJav? Armjynf udjk yefomG ;&if
bmjzpfoGm;rvJ? u|efawmfbmjzpfoGm;rvJ? u|efawmf udk,fcENmrSm aygufaewJh tar$;
wr#iaf wmif touf&iS cf iG &hf rSm r[kwb f ;l ?u|eaf wmfukd 'D&efol ppf tkypf u k b,favmufrsm;
0dik ;f a=uG;=urvJ? }udK;pifuakd wmif wufciG &hf vdu k rf mS r[kwf bl; xifyg&@J q&m&,f?
tJ'ga=umifh tvGr;f awGukd prf;a&xJrmS ar#mvdu k jf yD;aygu h mG ?
2003o}uFeyf GJ usi;f ypOfu &du k x f m;onfh AD', D akd cGudk =unfah erdpOf a';Apfcsr;f .
vl&i$ af wmf [efyeftrlt&mudk wDArD eS o f m;jyifay:wGif awG@ae&onf? o}uFeyf w GJ iG f tjidrchf ef;
wcef;ygonf? o}uFeo f cH syvf nf;ygonf? xdk ESpcf ef;pvH;k wGif a';Apfcsr;f u yg0ifo&kyaf qmif
ujyxm;jcifjzpfonf? olu xdkESpfcef;wGif yg0ifo&kyfaqmifcGifh&onf udk wyfrufcHkrifol/
108
tjidrx hf w hJ iG f rif;orD; av;vuf / vl&i$ af wmf ajcmufO;D / o}uFeo f cH syw
f iG f olEiS hf u|eaf wmf
tygt0if oHcsyo f rm; q,fa,muf?
u|eaf wmfu [mowcsuv f yk vf ukd w f ikd ;f a';Apfcsr;f u ol@vufxu hJ vl&i$ f awmf
vufuikd w f w k f ( pmvdy)f jzifh u|eaf wmf a=umay: / ycH;k ay:od@k zsuu f eJ/ zsuu f eJ &du k vf u kd o f nf?
xdak emuf acgi;f ygrusef ol&u kd wf m cH&onf? u|eaf wmfu rsuv f ;kH w vH;k apmif;vdu k w f ikd ;f
ol@twGuf &du k u f uG jf zpfaeavonf?
yJrG wdik rf DS Zgww f ukd pf Ofuwnf;u tm;vH;k !SEd id_ ;f xm;jyD;om;? }udKwifawmif;yef
xm;jyD;om;? pdwfrqdk; tjypfr,l=uzdk@ awmif;yefxm;jyD;om;? tjypfrjzpf&atmifqdk jyD;
u|efawmftm; a';Apfcsrf;u vuftkyfrdk;I &Spfcdk;awmif;yefxm;jyD;om;? ZmwfcHkay: wGif
ZmwfuwmESiw hf al tmif o¾efvyk o f &kyaf qmif&wmjzpfI em;vnfrKS ay;cJ=h u jcif;jzpfonf?
rif;orD;av;vuf/ wvufjyD;wvuf u=u qd=k upOf rif;orD;ab;uyfI &yfum ,yfawmif
wzswzf swcf yfay;cJo h nfh a';Apfcsr;f ? ,yfawmifcyfvu kd wf ikd ;f vufwzufjywfaeaom ykc;kH ay:rS
tuFspD yfonf v_ycf gaeavawmhonf? vlwikd ;f ESiEhf id_ ;f ,SOf =unfrh v d #uo f m;jzpfaeonf? ol@rmS
arG;&myg vufEpS zf ufxu J vufwzufr&Sad wmh iH;k wd? owdvnf;&vGr;f vnf; vGr;f aygu h mG
[kwv f m;? at; igawmh rif;}uD;awmf }uD;udk owd&w,f? rif;}uD;awmf}uD;udk vGr;f w,f?
pdwfxdcdkufrSmpdk;ojzifh u|efawmfol@tvGrf;udk tm&Hkajymif;vdkufonf? xdktcg
u|eaf wmfacgi;f udk olu&du k af vonf? wDArD eS o f m;ay:u u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpaf ,muf. wD;wd;k
v_y&f mS ;r_ uuGuu f kd y&dwo f wfu b,fov d u kd yf grvJ? u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpaf ,muf yJoo d nf?
xdpk Ofu pdw'f %f&m temw&udk rcHpm;apvdI k [movkyv f u kd jf cif;jzpfonf? wu,fu
ol@&ifxJwGif pdwfxdcdkufrSKu eufeuf&SdKif;&Sdif; tjrpfwG,fcJhjyDjzpfonf? pdwf'%f&m/
b0'%f&mrsm;udk yde;f =umzufay:a& rwifouJo h @kd av#mqif;ajymuf uG,yf gapom; qdjk yD;
OHK[Jh zG[hJ ESiu hf Ik r&? xdek musn;f emusif trSww f &wd@k ukd zefw;D apcJ=h uonf? w&m;cHuv kd nf;
rke;f wD;I rqdEk ikd af wmh ?
rdciftygt0if nDtpfukd armifErS rsm;pGmESihf &Siu f JG uJcG &hJ onf? cspo f wl @kd EiS hf t"rR
tuJcG cH &hJ I emusn;f p&m xyfay:vmcJo h nf? xd@k tjyifrek ;f wD; &$&H mS ol. t"rR trde@f =oZm
tm%matmufwiG f trde@f remcHyJ emcH&jyefonf? xdt k cg xyfI xyfcg emusn;f &avonf?
cspo f wl @kd EiS hf rsu&f nfpufvuf cJcG mG cJ&h or# ud, k t hf wGuf r[kw?f olw@kd twGuo f mjzpfvmcJo h nf?
eef;yviftacgiftzsm;xufu trdef@ay; olawG. tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf oufouf
taocHay;vm&wmygvm;qdw k mudk odvm onft h cg pdw. f cHjyif;rSK a'goudk b,ft&mESirhf S
tpm;xd;k ukpm;I r&awmh?
ppfom;pkaqmif;pOfuwnf;u wdik ;f jynftwGu[ f k rajymcJh ? wcsKd @ae&ma'o wGif
109
xdo k @kd aumufauG@vrd ! f mS wwfonf? w&Gmudk ppfom; wpfa,mufaomf 4if; / ESpf a,mufaomf
4if; ppfx0J if&rnf? r0ifrae& ? &Gmom;ESifh&Gmol}uD;u xdkcGw J ef;udk wm 0ef,l=u&rnf?
ysuf u G u f v #if '%f a iG a y;aqmif & rnf ? '%f o if h a p&rnf ? &G m }uD ; v#if &G m }uD ; ovd k
&Gmi,fv#ifi,fovdk aiG'%fESifh tjcm;'%frsm;&&Sdap&rnf? xdktcg &Gmu vli,frsm;
rJazmuf&onf? touf (15) ESpfuae touf (25) ESifh (30)=um; pm&if; aumufjyD;
rJazmuf=u&onf? armif&ifoef; touf (15) ESpfudk rJuscJhavonf? {&m0 wDwdkif;
a&=unf+rKd @e,fu aus;vuf&mG i,f Zeyk'f onf armif&ifoef;a=umifh jypf'%f uif;vGwo f mG ;+y;D
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110
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111
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112
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113
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Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.10

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