အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း

1 Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.
12
1
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tvif;tdrpf um; pmrsuEf mS 4
acwf_ydKifcHpm;rSk(uAsm)
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cHrk uforl sm; oDwmatmif 8
&J&aJ wmuftar armifarmifOD; 9
b0vrf;udk jzwfoef;jcif; atmifcdkifjrifh 10
v$waf wmf aumhom; 11
tE &W m,faumifrsm; aevif; 12
om;oH;k om; 0if;Edkif 13
+idr;f csr;f pGmjrefrmjynfokd h rif;wm&m 14
cGyfa'gif;c&D; tndK 15
trSwfw& pmrsufESmrsm;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ajymcJw
h hJ h h h AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 18
urBmah usmif;q&m}uD; OD;oef h armuQynma&; 20
Adv
k cf sKyf. &ifaoG;rsm; c&D;onf t,f'w D m 22
jru|e;f ndKndK h h h jrifhaqGOD; 46
umwG e f ;
[efav;umwGe;f rsm; [efav; 16
Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.12 2

2
2
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3 Luminary MagazineVolume 4,No.12

3
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10
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copy from http://www.maukkha.org/
21
'DZifbm 10/ 2010
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22
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23
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24 --
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25
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ajymae=uwmu olwkd [ h m '\e tpOftvmwpfcrk #jzpfw,f // bmoma&;r[kwb f ;l qdw k mygy/J /
26
'g ayr,fh olwkd &h J h yk*v~ u d '\eeJ h yk*v ~ u d toGiaf jymif;a&;[m urBmay:rSm taumif;qH;k jzpfw,f/
/ vmr,fh &mpkEpS af wGrmS yk*Kd~ vf wpfO;D csi;f pDeJ h ouf&o dS wW0gawGtm;vH;k &ifqikd &f r,fh pdeaf c:r_
awGtwGuf ta&;}uD;qH;k jzpfw,fvkd h 'Dqek J u h sKyfwkd h todtrSwjf yKwmudk ajymif;vJaprSm r[kwf
ygb;l ” wJ/h /
jrefrm Ak'<bmom0ifxkua&m bmvdk h'Dqkudk vufcHzdk h jiif;&ygovJvdk har;wJhtcg
jrefrmjynfu Ak'b < mom&[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfwhJ b'NE W Ck&w[E u W rdef yh u kH “ckvt kd odtrSwjf yK
wm aus;Zl;wifygw,f// 'gayr,fh 'Dqu k kd vlom;tm;vH;k udak y;csiw f ,f// vlwikd ;f [m (}udK;pm;&if)
bk&m;jzpfEikd =f uwmud;k ”wJ/h / “usKyfwkd u h awmh quf&mS aeOD;rSmyJ/ aemufq;kH rSm qkuv kd ufcrH ,fh Ak'<
bmom0ifwpfO;D udk awG &h vdrrhf ,f ar#mv f ifw
h ,f”vdk h *&J[cd sif u qufvufajymjyygw,f//
'g urBmb h moma&; aygipf ;kH u acgi;f aqmif}uD;awGu Ak'b < momudk taumif;qH;k bmom
tjzpfraJ y;a&G;cs,v f u kd =f uyHk owif;jzpfygw,f// 'Dvo kd wl kd h acgi;f aqmifawG ud, k w
f ikd u f a&G;vdu
k f
wmudk trsm;pkuawmh bmrS jyefrajym=uygb;l // wcsKd u h awmh rauseyf=ubl;// rdrw d kd h bmomudk
ausm+f yD; Ak'b < momudk rJay;&ygrvm; qd+k yD; olwkd h acgi;f aqmifawGukd rausreyfa0zefwmawG
0ufbq f ukd af wGrmS zwf&w,f//
u|eaf wmf 'Daqmif;yg;udk &&Sw d mu qpfcb f mom0ifawG(jrefrmu yefcsmyD ac:olawG)
xkww f hJ qpfc'f \e uGe&f uf Sikh Philosophy Network 0ufbq f u kd u f jzpfygw,f//
armifomEd;k
'kw,
d yifvkH
'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHjuD;uaejyD;awmh b,fvdk&vm'frsm; &vmedkifvdrfhr,fvdkh ar#mfvifhygovJ?
'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHjuD;[m tm;vkH;ua r#mfvifhxm;juwJh ajymif;vJatmif azmfaqmifedkifwJh pGrf;tm;
wpfckyJvm;qdkwmudk odyg&ap?
tajz/ / 'gawG[m u|efawmfudku tm%mtajymif;tvJ jzpfcsifvdkh ar#mfvifhjyD; vkyfwm
r[k w f y gbl ; ? u|ef a wmf w d k @ tm;vk H ; u wu,f h p pf r S e f w J h awG @ qk H a qG ; aEG ; yG J w pf c k jzpf z k d @ twG u f
enf ; vrf ; wpf c k & zd k @ &,f / wu,f h u d k wd k i f ; &if ; om;tm;vk H ; pnf ; vk H ; nD n G w f r _ u d k jzpf v mapr,f h
enf;vrf;awGudkyJ ar#mfvifhjuwmyg? ppftpdk;&u ausmaxmuf aemufcHay;xm;wJh olwdkhwpfawG[m
'Dtcsufudkawmh vkH;0udk oabm aygufxm;&r,f? tJ'gubmvJqdkawmh tckvuf&Sd jyXmef;jyD;
twnfjyKxm;wJh zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'[m edkifiHawmfudk tuskd;omrJhapjyD; vkH;0tvkyfjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;
qdw
k mygy?J tJ'aD wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd ar#mv f ifw
h mu tm%mudk ajymif;vJzhkd r[kwyf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfww hkd awG
bmudk vdck sio f vJqakd wmh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ pm;yGcJ rHk mS wu,fph pfreS jf yD; tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f apr,fh aqG;aEG;yGw J pfck
jzpfvmzdk@ygyJ? jyD;awmh wdkif;&if;om; tm;vkH;eJh twlwuG wu,fpnf;vkH;nDnGwfwJh jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfwpfckudk wnfaqmufekdifzdk@ twGuf enf;vrf;awG&SmazGzdk@yJar#mfvifhwmyg? tJ'gygyJAsm? awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;yGJpjyD;jyDqdk&if u|efawmfwdkh tcsdefenf;enf;awmh ,lvdk@&wmayghAsm? jyD;awmhrS zGJ@pnf;ykHOya'udk
jyef j yD ; awmh ok H ; oyf = u&rS m aygh ? tJ ' gawG j yD ; awmh r S w pf c g w&m;r#wjyD ; vG w f v yf r _ tjynf h & S d w J h
a&G;aumufyGJtopf wpfck jyKvkyfedkifzdk@ twGuf enf;vrf;awG&Smvdk@&wmyJAsm?
OD;0if;wif
27
r=umcif vGwv f yfa&;ae@ ESpyf wfvnfwpfck }uHK&jyefO;D rnf?
usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynfrmS vGwv f yfa&;ae@ qdw k mawGukd }uHKcJ&h wJEh pS af ygi;f u (60) ausm&f dS
ayr,fh wu,fvw G vf yfa&;&w,fqw kd mu 1948 ckEpS f yxrqH;k ESpaf vmufyJ &Sw d ,fv@kd awG;rdygw,f?
bma=umifh 'Dvakd jym&w,fqw kd m usaemfrh mS oufaojyp&m &Syd gw,f?
=unfhvdkufyg? jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;&wm (63) ESpf jynfhwJhtcsdefrSm wdkif;jynfu
zGH@+zdK;r_tenf;qHk;/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ tnHhqHk;/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_ t}uD;rm;qHk; pwJh
urBmt h qd;k 0g;qH;k pHEe_ ;f owfrw S cf suaf wGxrJ mS a&muf&adS eyg+y?D urBmt h qd;k qH;k tm%m&Siw f ikd ;f jynf
awGxJrSm jrefrmjynf xdyfqHk;u ygaewm/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 2000 ausmfu tusOf;
axmifawGxrJ mS ,H=k unfcsuaf =umifh tusO;f uscaH e&wm/ ode;f eJ@csw D hJ 'kuo Q nfawG jrefrmjynfu
xGuaf jy;ae&wm/ ode;f eJ@csw D hJ jynfoal wGu twdwrf mS ud, k whf ikd ;f jynfxuferd u hf sqif;&JwhJ
EdkifiHawGqDxGuf+yD; tvkyf vkyfudkifae&wm/ ausmif;ae&r,fh uav;oli,fawGu pmoifcef;
jyifyrSmxGu+f yD; rdom;pktwGuf 0rf;ausmif;ae&wm pwJt h csuaf wGu yd+k yD; xifomjrifomjzpf
wJt h &mawG jzpfaeygw,f?
rvGwfrvyf t"rRvkyftm;ay;udpP/ uav;

ppfom; pkaqmif;jcif;/ ajrjr‡Kyfrikd ;f jy\em
vGwv
f yfa&;
ajz&Si;f zd@k ta&;w}uD; vdt k yfaewm pwJh
vuf&rdS mS a&m tem*wfrmS yg wdik ;f jynfukd
xdcu kd af pr,fh udp&P yfawGuvnf; trsm;
}uD;?
xdev f if; ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; t*FvdyfESpfopf
ul;+yDqw kd meJ@ ‘[ufy;D e,l;,D;,m;’ vd@k
atmfz@kd oal wGa&m/ vGwv f yfa&;ae@ ESpyf wf
vnfudk apmifhpm;aeolawGyg jrefrmjynf
tES@H rmS &Sad eygw,f? taemufwikd ;f jyuQ'ed f
&JŒ ESpo f pfu;l udk }udKqdw k t hJ pOftvm w
jznf; jznf;us,fjyef@vmwm bma=umifh
vJv@kd pdw0f ifpm;olawGvnf; &Sad eygw,f?
jzwfausmcf &hJ wJh ESpaf [mif;awGu pdwcf sr;f omp&m/ auseyfp&m enf;yg;aevd@k vmr,fEh pS o f pfrmS
aumif;rGeyf gapa=umif; ar#mv f if}h udKqd=k uwmyJ jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd ,lqrdygw,f?
wu,fwrf; wdkif;jynf&JŒ acwftajctae aumif;rGef+idrf;csrf;r,fqdk&if ESpfopful;
tcgor,u usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynftwGuf tifrwef r*Fvm =uufoa&&Srd mS jzpfygw,f? ESpo f pfu;l
ae@eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;ae@u qufwu kd q f okd vdjk zpfawmh vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@ ar#mv f ifah ysm&f i$ jf cif;awGu
w+yKd ifwnf;cHpm;&ovdk jzpfrmS yg? tckawmh tJ'gawGu pdwu f ;l tdyrf ufawGxrJ mS yJ &SEd ikd rf ,fxifyg&ŒJ ?
wu,fawmh vGwv f yfa&;ae@&JŒ tESpo f m&[m oufqikd &f mwdik ;f jynfrmS rSw D if;aexdik f
28
oltaygi;f eJ@ oufqikd o f vd/k &&Sw
d hJ tusK;d pD;yGm;qdw k mawGuvnf; tm;vH;k twGuf jzpf&ygr,f?
aumif;usK;d aumif;arG cHpm;&&ifvnf; twlw/l qd;k arGukd cHpm;&r,fq&kd ifvnf; twlwl r#a0cHpm;&zd@k
vdyk gw,f? wcsK@d awG aumif;pm;zd@k wcsK@d u ('grrS [kw)f trsm;u qd;k 0g;wJt h wd'u k Q cHpm;ae&r,fq&dk if
rw&m;ygbl;? vGwfvyfcGifh/ vkyfydkifcGifh/ tusKd;pD;yGm; tm;vHk; omwlnDr#jzpfzdk@vdkygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;qdkwmuvnf; jynfoltm;vHk; wu,fwrf; vGwfvyfrS vGwfvyfa&;&w,fvdk@
ajymEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh rlv vGwv f yfa&;&&Spd Ofu t"dym` ,fowfrw S cf su/f tESpo f m&awGukd
jyefvnf&mS azG=unfrh yd gw,f?
jrefrmjynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;[m b,foal wGtwGuf jzpfw,fqw kd mudk 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D
(4) &uf vGwv f yfa&;ae@u a=unmcJw h hJ vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;rSm -
“igwdk@onf wpfrsKd; wpfbmom wpdwfwa'o. aumif;usKd;csrf;omudk rvdkvm;/
ausmom; &ifom; olum; igum; cGjJ cm;jcif;udk tvdrk &S?d jrpfacsmif;oDwm ork'&N mawmifwef;
wd k @ jzif h u rB m h " rR w m obm0tyd k i f ; tjcm; xif & S m ;pG m owf r S w f t yf a om &mZ0if & S n f a 0;
a&S;ya0o%DrSpI ,ckxufwdkif jrefrmEdkifiHom;[k orkwftyfol wdkif;&if;om;taygif;wdk@
ZmwdcsufaºuG aexdkif=u&m jrefrmEdkifiHawmf w0Sef;udk waoG;wom;wnf;[laom }uKd;xl;/
tvdt k avsmuf obm0taxmuftyHjh zifo h mv#if jzpfay:tyfaom apwemwnf;[laom }udK;xl;/
wpd w f w 0rf ; wnf ; [l a om }ud K ;xl ; T}ud K ;oH k ; yg;jzif h urB m qH k ; wd k i f +rJ c k d i f w nf w H h a tmif
&pfywfz@JG pnf;tyfaom jynfaxmifpt k jzpfukd vufqyk v f ufuikd f igw@kd tydik &f av+y?D ” vd@k twdtvif;
azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'DtcsufawGeJ@ 'Duae@jrifawG@ae&wJh taetxm;udk ,SOfwGJoHk;oyf
=unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh vGwfvyfa&;&JŒ tESpfom& b,fa&GŒb,fr# usefaeao;w,fqdkwm
rSe;f qEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f?
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tcsKyt f jcmtm%m/ o,HZmw pwJh tarGtESpaf wGua&m b,foal wGtwGuf
jzpfygovJ? 'gukd vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;rSm tckvkd twdtvif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
“igw@kd Edik if aH wmf}uD;onf rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf wpfz@JG wpfoif;. tarGtESprf [kw/f
rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf wpfz@JG wpfoif;. yk*v ~ ud tydik yf pPn;f r[kw/f rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf
wpfz@JG wpfoif;u csKyfuikd f tEdik o f rd ;f ,l tusK;d cHpm;tyfaom Edik if rH [kw/f twdwu f mv uvnf;
aumif;/ ,ck rsuaf rSmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ aemifvmvwW@H aom tem*wfumvY vnf;aumif;
igwdk@jynfaxmifpk}uD; twGif;Y rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom }uD;i,fa0;eD; usm;r rjcm; opPm
awmfcEH ikd if o H m;[loa&GŒwd@k . tarGtESpf tydik yf pPn;f tusK;d cHpm;&mjzpfonf[al om vl@bmom
vl@w&m;ESit hf nD urBmOD;umv vlw@kd . yxr pnf;&H;k r_Y vltaygi;f wd@k . oabmqENt& vlt0Se;f .
tusK;d udk aumif;pGm&Guaf qmifEikd t f ahH om yk*K~ v d uf kd a&G;aumufI orRw wifajr‡muf =uaom
razmufrjyef rpGef;r+id yuwdoef@&Sif;jzLpifaom rlv vl@0g'ESifhavsmfpGm pnf;urf; Oya'
aocsmxif & S m ;pG m yd k i f ; jcm;owf r S w f w l n D a omw&m;/ wl n D a omtcG i f h t a&;/ wl n D a om
tqift h wef;tm;jzifh urBmt&Snw f nfprd ahf omiSm vltaygi;f wd@k . qENomv#if t"dujzpfaom
orRwjrefrmEdik if w H nf;[laom jrwfaomtjzpfukd vufqyk v f ufuikd f igw@kd tydik &f +yD?”
29
'Dvdkazmfjyxm;wJhtjyif “igwdk@onf vGwfvyfaomEdkifiH jzpfonfESifhtnD urBmh
vGwv f yfaom Edik if t H aygi;f wd@k w&m;ojzifu h siahf qmiftyfaom usi0hf wfukd apmifah &Smufusihf
aqmifrnf” vd@k vnf; tkypf ;kd olawG tkycf sKyf&r,fh tajccHusi0hf wfukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&vd@k 63 ESpf =umjrifw h hJ ,ae@umvrSm wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ zG@H +zdK;r_/ wpfO;D csi;f &&Sw d hJ
vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tcGithf a&;/ r+ird ;f Edik af o;wJh jynfwiG ;f ppf/ tkypf ;kd olawG&ŒJ tkycf sKyfy/kH tkycf sKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&;
w&m;pD & if a &; pwJ h r¾d K if a wG r S m vG w f v yf r #wr_ twd k i f ; twm/ tk y f c sKyf o l e J @ vl x k & J Œ
tjyeftvSex f ed ;f csKyfEikd rf _ pojzifh tcsuaf ygi;f rsm;pGmudk a0zefqef;ppf&if; 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D
(4) &ufae@u &&Scd w hJ hJ vGwv f yfa&;&JŒ tESpof m& b,favmufuseaf o;ovJ/ b,favmuf jynfph o kH vJ/
bmawGrmS ;,Gi;f aeovJqw kd m oH;k oyf&rSm jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;u jynfojl ynfom;tm;vH;k eJ@
ouf q d k i f o vd k rvG w f a jrmuf a o;wJ h wd k i f ; jynf u d k vG w f a jrmuf a tmif } ud K ;yrf ; zd k @ uvnf ;
jynfow l &yfv;kH &JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf; qdw k moufqikd &f mwdik ;f jynf&ŒJ rl0g'eJ@ tajccHjyÏmef;csurf sm;
jzpfygw,f? 'Da=unmpmwrf;yg tcsuftvufawGeJ@ rnDnGwfwJh umvywfvHk; wdkif;jynf&JŒ
vGwv f yfa&;[m rvGwrf vyf vGwv f yfa&;awGom jzpfaerSm rvGrJ aoGygy?J ?
xdev
f if;
26/12/2010
jynfya&muf jrefrmjynfoal wG
jynfya&muf jrefrmjynfolawG&Jh pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr_ twdkif;twmudka&m q&mjuD;

taeeJ@b,favmuf &Sw d ,fvhdk xifygovJ?
tajz// // edkifiHwumrSm a&mufaejuwJh jrefrmjynfolawGeJh ywfoufvdkhuawmh
u|eaf wmfoyd jf yD;awmh rodygb;l Asm? jrefrmvlrsKd ;awG[m wpfurBmvk;H rSm&Sw d hJ edik if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;udk
a&mufaejuwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh olwdkh[m edkifiHa&;ygwDxJrSm &Sdraejuovdk edkifiHa&;ygwD
wpf&yftaeeJhvnf; w&m;0if zGJ@pnf;rxm;edkifjuygbl;? u|efawmftaeeJh olwdk@b,favmuf
pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf _ &So
d vJqw kd mudk rodeikd yf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh olw@kd trsm;pk[m ppftpd;k &&Jh edik if aH &;
rwnfjidrrf a_ jumifh trdeikd if rH x S u
G cf gG omG ;ju w,fqw kd mudak wmh u|eaf wmfoyd gw,f? 'gajumifrh @kd v@kd
u|eaf wmfwhkd jynfov l xl ak wG edik if rH S xGucf gG omG ;&wJh t"dutajumif;t&if;&Jh w&m;cHu ppftpd;k &yJ
jzpf y gw,f ? tJ ' D t jrif e J h = unf h & if a wmh jynf y a&muf j ynf o l a wG t m;vk H ; [m jref r med k i f i H
tem*gwt f wGuf wu,fu h kd pnf;vk;H nDnw G af e=urSmyg?
OD;0if;wif

30
Looking Ba ck, Looking FForwar
Back, orwards
orwards
taemufuw kd Jh arSsmf&iff;
ta&S hudk avSsmufygvdk h a':atmifqef;pk-unf
bmomjyefol ... Zm0g&D (r,f&Dvef;)
Zefe0g&D 6 / 2011
NNN
vGefcJhwJh 2010 Edk0ifbmvtwGif; aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJhwJh
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf u aetdrftus,fcsKyfa=umifh (13) ESpf=um
ysufuGufcJhwJh jrefrmjynfrSay;pm (Letters from Burma) aqmif;yg;tcef;u¾udk rdkifeDcsd
(Mainichi) *syefowif;pm ay;pmu¾rSm vpOfyr kH eS f jyefvnfa&;yd@k omG ;r,fv@kd ajymqdv
k u
kd yf gw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf 'DZifbmvu a&;yd@k cw hJ hJ yxrOD;qH;k aqmif;yg;udk 2011 Zefe0g&v D 1 &ufae@rmS
rdkifeDcsd owif;pmrSm azmfjycJhygw,f? rdk;rc pmcspfolrsm;twGuf qDavsmfovdk jrefrmbmom
jyefqadk y;vdu
k yf gw,f?
The beginning of the year is a time for renewal, reinvigoration, resolutions and
remembrance of things past.
ESpo f pfqw
kd m jyefvnfpwifjcif;/ cGet
f m;opfawG jznfq
h nf;jcif;/ qH;k jzwfcsuf (oHEXMd mef)
awGcsjcif; eJ@ twdwu f mv ta=umif;t&mawGukd jyefvnfwrf;w=uwJh tcsed u f mvjzpfygw,f?
I look back on 2010 and find that parts of the year were so little memorable as
to have disappeared wholly into the lost wastes of time. How did I spend the first day of
2010´ I cannot remember.
usr jzwfoef;cJwh hJ 2010 ESpu f mvudk jyef=unfv h u
kd af wmh bmrStusK;d r&Sd tv[\
ukeq
f ;kH oGm;wmuvGvJ @kd rarhEikd pf &m vGr;f p&mqdk tenf;i,favmufyJ awG@&w,f? 2010 &J @
yxrae@ukd b,fvjkd zwfoef;cJw h ,fqw kd mudk usr rrSwrf ad wmhb;l ?
I can say, however, that it could not have been comfortable² Renovations to my
house had been started in December 2009 and stopped a few weeks later by order of
the municipal authorities.
'gayrJh usrajymEdik w
f muawmh tawmfav; pdwo f ufawmifo h ufom rjzpfcw hJ hJ ESpw
f ESpf
jzpfw,f? usr&J @ aetdru f kd 2009 'DZifbmrSm jyefvnfjyifqifz@kd pwifcw
hJ ,f? 'gayrJh &ufowWywf
tenf;i,ft=umrSm +rdK @awmfpnfyif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifu &yfqdkif;zdk@ trdef@xkwfjyefcJhvdk@
&yfem;cJ&h w,f?
While my lawyers worked to get the order reversed, I spent several months
living in the midst of cardboard boxes, thick woven blankets wrapped around unidenti-
31
fiable objects, assorted suitcases and leaning towers of books.
usr&J @ a&S @aeawG wm;jrpftrde@f udk jyefvnfjyifqifz@kd }udK;yrf;vkyaf qmifae=ucsed rf mS
usrrSmawmh puULuwfxjl ym;awG/ bmawGreS rf odwhJ apmif=urf;xlawGe@J ywftyk x f m;wJh ypPn;f awG/
c&D;aqmiftwd rf sK;d pHak wG eJ@ ,dr;f ,dik af ewJh pmtkypf ifawG=um;xJrmS vaygi;f rsm;pGm aexdik cf &hJ w,f?
Looking up from my bed˜ which was wedged between a high bookshelf, odd
tables and a number of lumpy bundles, I had a good view of a peeling chunk of ceiling
that afforded me many moments of contemplation on the nature of decrepitude and
decay.
pmtkyfpif}uD;wpif/ t&G,frwl pm;yGJcHkawG eJ@ z&dkz&J txkyftydk;awG=um;rSm &SdaewJh
td y f , may:uae =unf h v d k u f & if tcsyf v k d u f tvd y f v d k u f u G m usaewJ h rsuf E S m =uuf u d k
aumif;aumif;jrif&w,f? tJ'gujkd rifawG@+yD; usrtaeeJ@ tdrk if;ysuq f ;D jcif; eJ@ ,d,
k iG ;f ysuq
f ;D jcif;
w&m;oabmudk qifjcif=unf&h _ Edik cf w hJ ,f?
While the weather was cool, the jam-packed room seemed cozy, and the urban
jungle camp-style of existence could be seen as something of an adventure. As the
weather got hotter and hotter, however, the romance wore off, particularly as the scaf-
folding that had been erected against the outside walls was in such a position that the
windows of the bedroom could not be opened and large parts of the night were passed
in sleepless swelter. I did not feel in the best of health.
at;jrwJh &moDcsed rf mS &_yaf xG;aewJt
h cef;u aEG;aEG;axG;axG; &So d vdk qef;opfwhJ +rdK@jy
awmpcef;av;wckvdk jzpfaeayr,fh &moDOwk wjznf;jznf; yljyif;vmwmeJ@trSs pdwful;
,Of=unfEl;p&mav;awGvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;cJhw,f? txl;ojzifh tcef;tjyifzufuae
jywif;ayguaf wGukd uef@ydwx f m;wJh jirf;awGa=umifh tcef;jywif;ayguaf wGukd zGiv hf @kd r&wma=umifh
usrtzd@k ylavmiftu kd pf yfaewJh tcef;xJrmS tdyrf &wJn
h aygi;f rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;cJ&h w,f? usrtzd@k
tawmfav; ruse;f rrm jzpfc&hJ w,f?
The first quarter of 2010 was not just a period of physical discomfort, it was
also one of intense mental activity. My lawyers would visit me on occasion to discuss
the appeal that we had lodged against the sentence that had been meted out to me at
the Insein Jail court the previous year. I found the whole legal process fascinating and
learnt much from my highly e»perienced and able lawyers.
2010 tapmydik ;f av;vuawmh tawmfav; pdwaf &mud, k yf g oufawmifo h ufom r&S/d
yifyrf;qif;&J jzpfcJh&wJhtcsdefumv jzpfw,f? usr&J@ a&S @aersm; tcgtcGifhoifhovdk usrudk
vma&mufawG@=u+yD; +yD;cJhwJhESpfu tif;pdeftusOf;axmifw&m;&Hk;u usrtay: csrSwfxm;wJh
jypf'%fawGudk uef@uGuf/ t,lcHwif avSsmufv$Jvkyfaqmifaer_awGudk aqG;aEG;&Sif;vif;
ajymqkd=uw,f? tawG@t}uHKrsm; 0g&ifhorm&ifh/ t&nftcsif;jynfh0=uwJh usra&S @aersm;qDrS
w&m;Oya' vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;/ Oya'a&;&m vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk avhvmod&cdS w
hJ ,f?
I felt immense pride in them and in the Legal Committee of the National League
for Democracy (NLD) that had been working hard since 1995 to uphold the rule of law and
to defend the rights of prisoners of conscience in our country. As one of the lawyers '
32
U Nyan Win' was a member of the Executive Committee of the NLD, I also learnt much of
what was happening in the political world outside my house and was able to participate
to some e»tent in the decision making process of the party.
1995 ckEpS uf wnf;u w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;&J@ &ydik cf iG rhf sm;twGuf
rem;rae }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G cf =hJ uwJh a&S @ae}uD;rsm;eJ@ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf Oya'a&;&m
aumfrwDw@dk &J @ vkyaf qmifaer_awGukd usrtaeeJ@ txl;*k%, f al erdygw,f? a&S @ae}uD;rsm;teuf
trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD A[d k t vk y f t r_ a qmif aumf r wD w OD ; jzpf w J h OD ; Om%f 0 if ; rS wqif h
jyifyEdik if aH &;qdik &f m tajctae tjzpftysuf tajymif;tvJrsm; avhvmEdik cf o hJ vd/k (teft,fv'f )D
ygwD&J @ vkyfief;ydkif;qkdif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twGufvnf; txdkuftavsmuf 0ifa&mufqHk;jzwf
Edik cf w
hJ ,f?
This, in a year crucial to the political scene in Burma, posed intellectual chal-
lenges which, for me, were of far greater importance than health considerations.
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;wJh ESpfumvjzpfaewma=umifh usrtzdk@
usef;rma&;qdkif&mxuf rsm;pGmydkta&;}uD;wJh todOm%fynmydkif;qdkif&m pdrfac:r_rsm;vdk@
ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f?
Around the time of the Burmese New Year that falls in mid-April, the court
decreed that the renovations to my house could be continued. Overnight, what had
been an enclosure cut off from the sounds and movements of the world outside be-
came a place of constant noise and action as workmen swarmed all over the place.
{+yDvv,f jrefrmhEpS o f pfu;l csed u
f mvrSm w&m;&H;k awmfu usr&J@ tdruf kd qufvuf
jyifqifz@kd cGijhf yK trde@f csvu f ,f? aemufw&ufrmS yJ jyifyurBm toHvy_ &f mS ;r_awG uif;uGm+yD;
kd w
wdwq f wd af ewJah e&m[m &kwjf cnf; qlqn l n
H H jzpfvm+yD; tvkyo
f rm;awG oGm;vm v_y&f mS ;r_
awGe@J &_yaf xG;vmcJw h ,f?
There was so much to be done. A major project was repairs to the roof. For
some years I had spent the monsoon months moving my bed, bowls, basins and
buckets around my bedroom like pieces in an intricate game of chess, trying to catch
the leaks and to prevent the mattress (and myself, if I happened to be on it) from getting
soaked. Now that the roof would be made sound. I could look forward to the next rains
with equanimity. In Burmese, a sound roof is a metaphor for security, a reflection of the
notion that if all was well at the very top, all would be well throughout an edifice.
jyifp&mvkypf &mawG wyHw k yif}uD; use&f ydS gao;w,f? t"du jyif&rSmuawmh tdraf cgirf ;kd
jzpfw,f? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm rd;k wGi;f umv rd;k &Gmcsed q
f kd acgirf ;kd u ,ku
d svmwJh rk;d a&rpdak tmif tdy,
f mudk
[dak &$ @'Da&$ @/ yef;uefZvHak wG/ a&yH;k awGe@J tcef;jynfh a&cHxm;vdu k &f wm ppfw&k ifupm;uGuf
csxm;ovdk jzpfaeawmhw,f? tckawmh trd;k vHzk @kd vky&f ygr,f? 'grS aemufw}udrf rd;k &Gmvm&if
pdwfat;vufat;eJ@ aeEdkifvdrfhr,f? jrefrmpum;rSmawmh acgifvHkrS (pdwfcs)vHk+cHKw,fvdk@
ajymqd, k =kH unf=uw,f? qkv d &dk ifu txufacgi;f xdyu f vH+k cHKpdwcf s&rS atmufajcydik ;f wav#muf
(taqmuftOD;wckv;kH ) aumif;rGerf ,fqw kd hJ oabmjzpfw,f?
33
The repairs and renovations meant there would be greater physical conve-
nience and comfort in the future. But much more important than the material consider-
ations were the human contacts that were made possible. Every day for about five
months (the work on the house went on from April to September with a break of three
weeks in-between), I was able to acquaint myself with the lives and concerns of our
workmen, to acquire a better understanding of the difficulties with which the labor
force of our country had to cope and to get a clearer idea of their hopes and aspirations.
jyifqifjcif;/ jyefvnfjyKjyif rGr;f rHwnfaqmufjcif;qdw k m a&S @vmr,ft h em*wftwGuf
&kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tqifajy oufawmifo h ufom jzpfapzd@k yg? 'gayrJh 'gawGxuf ydt k a&;}uD;wmu
&ky0f wˆKydik ;f qkid &f m ajymif;vJrx _ uf vlawGe@J xdawG@qufqEH ikd rf j_ zpfw,f? tdrjf yifaewJh tcsed uf mv
ig;vtwGi;f (oH;k ywfem;csed u f vGvJ @kd {+yDv rS pufwifbmvtxd) ae@pOfqo kd vdk tvkyo f rm;/
vuform;awGeJ@ awG@xdpum;ajymcGifh&+yD; usrwdk@EdkifiH&J@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;awG&J@
b0tcuftcJ/ arSsmv f ifch suaf wG/ vdt
k ifqENawGukd uGuu f uG uf iG ;f uGi;f =um;od em;vnfc&hJ w,f?
Another consequence of the renovation project was frequent discussions
with the Special Branch and other forces responsible for the security of the premises.
The bringing in of men and materials had to be negotiated on an almost daily basis, and
we found that obstacles could be smoothed out with reasoning and flexibility on both
sides.
tdrjf yefvnfjyifqifvyk uf ikd jf cif;rS wjcm;&&Sw
d hJ tusK;d &vm'fuawmh txl;vH+k cHKa&;tzG@J e@J
tdrfw0dkuf vHk+cHKa&; wm0ef,lxm;wJh wyfzGJ@awGeJ@ r=umc% aqG;aEG;pum; ajymqdkcGifh&cJhwm
jzpfw,f? ae@pOfqo kd vdk tvkyo
f rm;awG/ tvkyyf pPn;f awG toGi;f txkwf &,lz@kd udpaP wGtwGuf
ajymqdkaqG;aEG;cJh&w,f? 'DvkdyJ tcuftcJ twm;tqD;awGudk ESpfOD;ESpfzuf ajyajyvnfvnf
tusK;d ta=umif;/ twk;d tavSsmv h yk +f yD; ajz&Si;f ausmvf m$ Edik w
f mudk usrwd@k awG@&Scd w
hJ ,f?
2010 was a year that brought many improvements to my house, but what it
brought to our country, which is the home of all our people, is a much more serious tale,
to be told another time.
2010 rSm usraexdik wf thJ rd u
f awmh tawmfav; wk;d wufaumif;rGev f mcJw
h ,f? 'gayrJh
jynfojl ynfom;awG aexkid af ewJh jrefrmjynftrd }f uD;twGuf bmawGjyKjyifajymif;vJEikd cf o
hJ vJv@kd
ar;p&m&Sdw,f? 'Dta=umif;t&mu tav;teuf ta&;}uD;wJhudpPjzpfvdk@ aemufw}udrfrS
ajymygr,f?
I would like to end this, the first article I have written since my release, by
expressing my deep appreciation of the support and friendship the Mainichi Shimbun
has given me over two decades and by sharing with its readership an extract from a
poem that had a special significance for my late husband and that I cherish for its abiding
wisdom:
usrvGwaf jrmufvm+yD;aemuf yxrOD;qH;k a&;om;cJw h hJ 'Daqmif;yg;udk ESpaf ygi;f ESpq
f ,f
(q,fpEk pS f ESppf )k ausmf axmufcyH yhH ;kd cJw
h hJ rdwaf qG rdik ef cD sD &Sib
f eG f owif;pm}uD;udk av;av;eufeuf
aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajym=um;&if 'Daqmif;yg;udk tqH;k owfvykd gw,f? aemuf+yD; pmzwforl sm;udk
uG,vf eG of mG ;+yD;jzpfwhJ usrcifyeG ;f onftwGuf txl;av;euf t"dyg` ,&f cdS +hJ yD; usrud, k w
f ikd v
f nf;
34
wjrwfwEd;k }udKufEpS o
f ufwhJ todOm%f qifjcifw&m;ay;wJh uAsmwyk'&f @J aumufEw
k cf suu
f kd
rSsa0vdu
k yf gw,f?
...yesterday is but a dream,
And tomorrow is only a vision;
But today, well lived,
Makes every yesterday a dream of happiness,
And every tomorrow a vision of hope.
Look well, therefore, to this day.
from The Salutation to the Dawn based on a Vedic Hymn.
rae@uqdw k m bmrSr[kww f hJ tdyrf ufwck
reufjzefqw dk m tawG;tjrif wckoufouf
'gayrJh 'Dae@rSm aumif;rGepf mG &Sio f ef=u&r,f
rae@wkid ;f udk aysm&f i$ pf &mtdyrf ufawGtjzpf zefw;D =u+yD;
reufjzefwikd ;f udk arSsmv f ifjh cif;awGe@J yJ xm;vdu k =f u
'ga=umifrh @kd 'Dae@udak wmh aumif;pGmxde;f odr;f &Sio f ef=u&r,f?
at'D 600-1200 &mpktwGi;f xif&mS ;cJw h hJ tdE, Nd uAsmpmqd}k uD; umvD'gp (Kalidasa 600 - 1200
AD) &J @ tm&k%O f ;D udk }udKqdEk w
_ q f ufvu dk jf cif;//
Source: http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/
a':atmifqef;pk-unf
20110101p2a00m0na001000c.html
bmomjyefol ... Zm0g&D (r,f&Dvef;)
atmifjrifr+
ydkufqHcsrf;omwdkif; pdwfcsrf;omwmr[kwfbl;? avmurSm pdwfcsrf;omzdkhu ta&juD;qHk;
jzpfw,f? ydu k q f q H w
kd m raumif;r_reS o f r#&hJ a&aomifjrpfjzpfw,fqw kd hJ "rRuxduavoHrsKd ;eJh vli,fawGukd
w&m;rjycsib f ;l ? w&m;qdw k m jywdik ;f &wmrsKd ; r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k w
f ikd f 'kuu Q akd wG@rS aemifw&jyD; ud,k w f ikd u
f
vdkvdkvm;vm;vdkuf&SmrS awG@ekdif/ &ekdifwmrsdK; jzpfygw,f?
vli,fawGudk ajymcsifwmu olwdk@tjrifrSm;aewJh “atmifjrifr_” ta=umif;jzpfygw,f?
“atmifjrifr_” qdkwmudk b0&Jh&nfrSef;csufjuD; wpfcktjzpf oabmxm;aejuwm tjrifrSm;aevdk@yg?
avmurSm atmifjrifr&_ zdhk rcufygb;l ? emrnfjuD;zd@k rcufygb;l ? tdpk rmbifvm'ifvnf; emrnfjuD;ygw,f?
a*smhbk&Sfvnf; emrnfjuD;ygw,f? tDr,fvf'grm;udk@pfvnf; emrnfjuD;ygw,f? armfeDumvl0ifpuD;vnf;
emrnfjuD;ygw,f?
emrnfausmfwdkif; atmifjrifr_&w,fvdk@rqdkekdifbl;? b,fvdkae&mrSm emrnfjuD;wmvJ/
b,fvdkenf;eJ@ emrnfjuD;wmvJqdkwmu ta&;juD;wmjzpfw,f? tdkprmbifvm'ifudk 9§11 qdkwJh
&ufpufjurf;jukwfwJh vkyf&yfjuD;ajumifh urBmuodvm&wmjzpfw,f? tar&dueforRw a*smhbk&Sfvnf;
tmz*efepPwefudk 0ifwdkufwJhudpPeJh tD&wfudk0ifwdkufwJh udpPajumifh emrnfjuD; vmwmjzpfw,f? olh&Jh
orRwoufwrf; 'kwd,tjudrfa&mufwJhtxd tar&duefjynfwGif;a&;rSm jynfoljynfom;rsm;&Jh
vkHjcHkr_wdk;wufatmif/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&; tqifhjrifhvmatmif/ tcGeftwkyfawG avsmhyg;oGm;atmif
tvkyv f ufrehJ e_ ;f awG usqif;oGm;atmif aqmif&u G ef idk cf w
hJ m/ taumiftxnfe@J vufqyk v f ufuikd f jyekid w
f m
wpfckrSr&SdcJhbl;? vlxpk ed 0f if;
35
2011 t0if
pD;yGm;a&;aMunmpmwrf;eJ .h ...
tp&So
d jzifh
OD;0if;wifeJ h ar;cGef;rsm;
Zefe0g&D 6 / 2011
'DwywfrmS vGwv f yfa&;ae@ tjyD;rSyJ q&meJ@ awG@jzpfw,f? q&mOD;0if;wife@J qufvufjyD;
ar;jzpfwmawGuawmh tifet f ,f'u D xkw k jf yefwhJ vGwvf yfa&;ae@ pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m a=unmpmwrf;/
2010 a&G;aumufy0JG if Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&hJ 2011 v$waf wmfo@kd t0if tvm;tvmawGe@J ppftyk pf &k hJ
&yfwnfra_ wGtay:rSm q&mhoabmxm;udk t"duxm; ar;jref;jzpfygw,f?
q&ma& uGe, f ufawGu wl&m/ oef&m zG@J =uw,f? rdwaf qGawG zG@J vm=uwJh ta=umif;
ajymcJw h ,f? tckr=umao;cifuyJ tm;enf;olawGukd ulnu D muG,af y;zd@k a&S@aeuGe, f uftzG@J awG
jzpfvmwmudkawG@&w,f? tckk vlr_a&;uGef,ufawG/ EdkifiHa&;uGef,ufawG ta=umif; ajymqdk
wdkifyifae=ucsdefrSmyJ q&mwdk@ tifeft,f'Du vGwfvyfa&;ae@ a=unmpmwrf;xkkwfjyefw,f?
Edik if &H @J pD;yGma&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; trsm;u pdw0f ifpm;wJh rl0g'awG oabmxm;awG xkwjf yefw,f?
Edik if aH &;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;[m cGjJ cm;vd@k r&bl;? rSeu f efwhJ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf&rdS S pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufr,f?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyk if ef;pOfawG rSeu f efro S mv#if trsm;jynfoel @J wdik ;f jynfom,mr,fv@kd ajymoGm;ygw,f?
wdik ;f jynfp;D yGm;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ oabmxm;awG xkw k jf yefwmeJ@ qef&iS ef @J bmqdik v f @kd vJ q&m?
qef&iS u
f kd qef@usiw f hJ tiftm;pkak wGu [d;k wkek ;f uwnf;u &Scd w hJ ,f? jynfwiG ;f rSmaum/
jynfyrSmvnf; &Sad ew,f? tckt k csed rf mS toHawG jyefxu G v f mw,f? 2010 ckEk pS f a&G;aumufyJG
0ifwo hJ al wG/ ygwaD wG/ tckk v$waf wmfuk d 0ef;&Hr,fo h al wG ygwaD wGu qef&iS u f k d qef@usiw f hJ ta=umif;
udk ppftpk;dk &bufu vdu k jf y;D awmh ajymvm=uw,f? ppftpk;dk &&J@ }uzhH @HG ygwD eJ@ rdwaf qGz@JG z@k d / axmufcrH u _ kd
&,lz@kd }udK;pm;vmwmvd@k jrifw,f? 'grsL;d vkyk &f if Politcal space &vmr,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah ewkek ;f yJ
qdw k hJ v_y&f mS ;r_y?J
ajym&vdk@&Sd&if tJ'D qef&Sifqef@usifa&;tkkyfpkawGu olwdk@&Jhwdkif;&if;om;awG/
Edk ifiHa&;tiftm;pkkawGudk 'D 2010 a&G;aumufyGJwdk @ tckkay:vmr,fh v$wfawmfwdk @xJudk
[d;k wkek ;f uwnf;u armif;oGi;f cJ=h uwm jzpfw,f? olw@kd awGu t"dutkyk pf ak wGjzpfw,f? olw@kd awGu
tm;ay;r_awG/ axmufyrhH a_ wG vkyk cf w hJ ,f? 'ga=umifh tcktcsed rf mS vnf; tJonf qef&iS q f ef@usiaf &;
tkyk pf ak wG[m v$waf wmfEikd if aH &;eJ@ qufvufjyD;awmh qef&iS u f kd qef@usizf @kd qufvyk =f ur,fqw kd m
xif&mS ;vmw,f?
36
tckv k kd 2011 ESpo f pf vGwv f yfa&;ae@vkd tcrf;tem;awGu tpjyKjy;D awmh tife'f t D ufzw f @kd v@kd
OD;okka0wdk@vdk tiftm;pkkawGu tJonfqef&Sifqef@usifa&;oabmxm;awG xkkwfjyefvmwmudk
awG@ae&jyD jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd uvnf; qef&iS ef @J ywfouf+yD; &yfwnfcsuaf wGukd xyfr&H iS ;f vif;r_awG
vkyv f m&wm jzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd u a':atmifqef;pk=k unf ud, k wf ikd u
f vnf; xkw k af zmfajymqdck +hJ y;D
jzpfygw,f? jynfov l x l uk kd wu,fepfemxdcu kd w
f ,f qdv k @kd &S&d if jyefvnf pOf;pm;zd@k vdv k rd rhf ,fv@kd
ajymw,f? aemuf axmufjywJh tcsuu f awmh 'Dqef&iS af wGu wzufowfjzpfay:vmwm r[kw k b f ;l ?
ppftpkkd;&&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;csLd;azmufr_awG/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk zdESdyfr_awGa=umifh jzpfay:vm&wm
jzpf w ,f ? Ed k i f i H w umu 'D r d k u a&pD t if t m;pk k a wG u ppf t pk k d ; &ud k ta&;,l w J h t aeeJ @
qef&Sifvkyfxm;wm jzpfw,f? 'Dvl@tcGifhta&;awG csLd;azmufr_awG/ 'Drkdua&pDcsLd;azmufr_awG
&Sad eor#uawmh qef&iS af wG/ ta&;,lra_ wG &Sad erSmyJv@kd usaemfw@kd u axmufjyxm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh tckk vGwv f yfa&;ae@ a=unmpmwrf;rSm usaemfw@kd u jrefrmjynf&@J pD;yGm;a&;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; bmawG xdckdufepfemaeovJ/ jynfolvlxkawG wu,fbmawG epfemqkkH;&_H;r_awG
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w,f? aps;uGuu f s,jf yefv h mr,f qd&k if w&kwu f rk %` uD 'DrmS txdik f vmzGihf zd@k tpDtpOfvnf;&Syd gw,f?
'Duek ;f eJh a&eSprf sKd ;oH;k ,mOfepS rf sKd ;u enf;ynm jrifrh m;w,f? touftE &W m,f udk umuG,ef ikd w f hJ
pepfawGxnfh xm;w,f” [k tqdyk gwm0ef&o dS ul ajymonf? uke;f eSiahf &oGm;ekid af om,mOf eSprf sKd ;
tygt0if Zonda Group Limited taejzifh um;(7)rsdK;udkwif oGif;&efpDpOfaeajumif;/
tqdkygum; rsm;wGif tqifhjrifh eSpfxyfum; eSpfrsdK;yg0ifjyD; tay:xyfatmufxyf c&D;onf
oD;oefhpD;um;eSifh atmufxyfwGif c&D;onfeSifh ukefwifum tay:wGif c&D;onfpD;edkifonfh
um;eSprf sKd ;yg0if onf?
uke;f a& eSpo

f ,
G o
f mG ; pD;awmf,mOf eSprf sKd ;
eSpfxyfum; trsdK;tpm; (1) eSpfxyfum; trsdK;tpm; (2)

41
rav;&Sm;a&muf rdwaf qGwOD;u “td;k a0” trnfjzifh *sme,fvw f apmif xkwaf ea=umif;/
ol@*sme,ftwGuf usaemfph mrl vdck sif a=umif;ajymvm.? a&;ay;rnf[ak jymvdu k rf o
d nf? ajym+y;D cgrS
bmta=umif;a&;&ifaumif;rvJ[kawG;rd.? xdktcg “tdk;a0” “tdk;a0” qdkonfhtoHu
todtm&Hw k iG yf w
hJ ifxyfvm.?
“td;k a0”²²onf “td;k a0”rsKd ;qufomjzpf&ayrnf?
Armhvw G v
f yfa&;ta=umif; ajymvSsif ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udak tmifqef;.yH&k yd o f nf
vG w f v yf a &;ES i f h w xyf w nf ; us.?
ud k a tmif q ef ; ta=umif ; ajymvS s if
“td;k a0r*~Zif;”ygvmrnf? “td;k a0 r*~
Zif ; ” ta=umif ; ajymvS s if OD ; nd K jr
ygvmrnf? OD;ndKjrta=umif; ajymvSsif
The hell hound at large “i&JacG;}uD;
vGwaf e+yD” ygvmrnf?i&JacG;}uD;vGwf
ae onf t a=umif ; ajymvS s if acgif ;
pk w f z G m ; t0wf t pm;bd k o D b wf o D
(td k ; a0r*~ Z if ; aumf r wD 0 if r sm; "gwf y H k )
td;k a0 rS td;k a0 NNN
rsLd;jrifhcsKd
( http://moemaka.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
cH k z d e yf o H w *G y f * G y f rsuf E S m rH _ a wawES i f h t ,f ' D w mh p m;yG J u ud k a tmif q ef ; / 'k w d , ausmif ;
om;oydwf}uD;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. yHk&dyfrsm;tpDt&Dusvm.? xdkyHk&dyfrsm;
ta=umif;ajymvSsif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
}udK;yrf;r_tqufqufESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGrsm;ygvm.? xdkt&mrsm;u ordkif;acwf.
azsmufr& arhr&onfh uGi;f qufrsm;?
Armhvw G v f yfa&; wdu k yf aJG c:oHEiS t
hf vHuikd rf sm;.rD;&ª;oef@pif&m wuUov kd af usmif;om;
rsm;or*~ “or*~r*~Zif;td;k a0”? “td;k a0” t,f'w D mudak tmifqef;?
“tdk;a0t,f'Dwm”. pmayc&D;tponf (a&eHacsmif;trsKd;om;ausmif;om;b0u
pcJo h nf[q k &dk rnf?
a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif;Y ausmif;pmapmifwapmif xkwfa0&m ausmif;om;
armifatmifqef;onf t,f'Dwmtjzpfwm0ef,lcJh&onf? yxr OD;pGmazmfjyjcif; cH&onfh
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. aqmif;yg;rSmrl bmomjyefaqmif;yg;jzpfonf? 1933 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmvxkwf
“*Eâvmur*~Zif;” wGiyf g &Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? “yJc;l ua0” uavmiftrnfEiS ahf &;cJjh cif;jzpfonf?
42
xkpd Ofu wuUov kd af usmifom; udak tmifqef;onf yJc;l aqmif wGiaf eonft h wGuf “yJc;l ua0”[lI
uavmiftrnf,cl jhJ cif;vm; rajymwwf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.pmayc&D;wGif “t,f'Dwm” tjzpfu ydkrdkIausmf=um;xif&Sm;cJh
onf[q k &kd rnf? 1936 wGif “tk;d a0r*~Zif;” Y wuUov kd af usmif;om; udak tmifqef;onf t,f'w D mh
wm0ef,l&.? udkatmifqef; t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lxkwfa0onfh “tkd;a0”r*~Zif;wGif
“,rrif;” trnfjzifh “q&mnKdjr” . “i&JacG;}uD;vGwaf e+yD” (The Hell Hound At Large) trnf&dS
aqmif;yg;wyk'yf gvm.? wuUov kd t f m%mydik rf sm;u aqmif;yg;&Siu f t dk a&;,l&ef aqmif;yg;&Si. f
trnf&if;udk t,f'w D m udak tmifqef;xHar;.?
t,f'w D mhusi0hf wft& aqmif;yg;&Sif trnfxw k af zmfI rajymEkid af =umif; udak tmifqef;
ujiif;y,fvkduf.? ausmif;tm%mydkif rsufESmjzL}uD;rsm;u rauseyf=u? TwGif t,f'Dwm
udak tmifqef;ukd ta&;,l&efv@kH vjyKvm=u.? udak tmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxw k &f eftxdyif}uKd ;yrf;
vm=u.?
TrS &efukefwuUodkvf 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;txd? udkvdkeDpepfqef@usifa&;
trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D u }u;D rm;jrifw h ufc.
hJ ? xkEd pS w
f iG xf w k af 0onfh “td;k a0”r*~Zif;twGJ 6/ trSwf
1 wGif t,f'w D m udak tmifqef;onf Tod@k acgi;f }uD;udak &;.?
“igt h m; zH;k v$r;f xm;aom vuG,o f ef;acgif TarSmifru kd wf iG ;f rSaeI tEdik rf cH t&_;H ray;
N wwfaom ig.pdwu f kd zefqif;ay;onfh ewfo=d um;wd@k tm; ig aus;Zl;qdyk g.?
avmu"Hw&m;wk@d . &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom vufqw k wf iG ;f od@k usa&mufae& aomf
vnf; igum;rwkefv_yf/ ridka=uG;/ uHw&m;. ¶dkufykwfjcif;'%fcsufwkd@a=umifh ighOD;acgif;onf
aoG;oHw@dk jzif&h &J eJ . D ? n$wu f m; rn$w?f
Ta'goavmbwk@d }uD;pd;k &mXme. tjcm;rJYh um; aojcif;w&m;onf a=umufruf
zG,&f m iHv h ifvh su&f . dS ? ok@d aomf igum; rwkev f y_ o
f nfuo kd m awG@&tH?h aemifuv kd nf; b,fawmhrsS
ra=umufonfuo kd m awG@&tH?h
ok*wdo@kd oGm;&m wHcg;0onf rnfrsS usO;f ajrmif;onfjzpfap/ ,rrif;. acG;a&yk&yku d Yf
ightjypfwkd@udkrnfrSsyifrsm;pGm rSwfom;xm; onfjzpfap igum; *¶krjyK/ igomvSsif ighuH.
t&Sio f cifjzpfI igomvSsif igph w d . f t}uD;tuJjzpfavonf”
('*kew f m&m. pmvH;k aq;puf uwWyD gum;vdyEf iS yhf ef;Eka&miftkd t,f'w D mhpm;yGrJ )S
usaemfu tdk;a0ta=umif; jyefawG;rd.? xdkrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif t,f'Dwm
udkatmifqef;/ xdkrS ocifatmifqef;/ xdkrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ xdkrS xlxkacgif;aqmif/
Edik if ahH cgi;f aqmif/ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif Armhvw G v f yfa&;Adou k m xdrk S tmZmenf tjzpfusq;kH
oGm;cJ&h onfh OD;atmifqef;?
1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 14 &uf?
twGif;0ef¶kH;?
twGi;f 0ef¶;Hk twGi;f &Sd wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmftaqmuftODa&S@ 0&efwmwGirf wfwyf
43
“avmu"Hw&m;wkd@.
&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom vufqkwfwGif;odk@
usa&mufae&aomfvnf; igum;rwkefv_yf/ ridka=uG;/ uHw&m;.
¶dkufykwfjcif;'%fcsufwkd@a=umifh ighOD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwkd@jzifh&J&JeD.?
n$wu
f m; rn$w”f
&yf&if; olw@dk wawG pum;ajymae=u.? olw@dk wawG[o l nfum;²²'D;'kwOf ;D bcsK/d Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/
q&maZmf*s/D q&marmifxif/ q&mrif;ok0%fEiS hf OD;cifaZmfw@dk jzpf.?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u befaumufvckH snf eH@oma&mif/ yd;k tuFs&D ifaphEiS hf oyfoyf&yf&yf
om;om;em;em;? olw@dk pum;0kid ;f u pmay/ tEkynmESi, hf Ofaus;r_ ta=umif;rsm;jzpfonf?
“vGwv f yfa&;&&if Edik if aH &;uxGu+f yD; ynma&;eJ@,Ofaus;r_awGavhvmr,f? tm&Sta&SŒ
awmifyidk ;f rSmvSn+hf yD; ,Ofaus;r_awGukd avhvmcsiw f ,f”
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKu
d Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ukad jym.? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u pdwt f m; xufoefpmG
ESihf pum;ajymvSsif ol. E_wcf rf;onf tenf;i,f “axmf”I oGm;wwf.?
“usaemfvnf; Edik if aH &;uxGurf mS ygyq J &m? xGu+f yD;awmh pma&;r,f}uHw,f? usaemfw@kd
qDrSm bmomjyefawG trsm;}uD;vkdw,f? bkdiftdk*&yfzD (twˆKywWdpmay) awGvnf;vdkw,f?
bmha=umifh ra&;=uovJrodb;l ? +yD;awmh Armtu/ Armh*w D awG[m [db k ufu vSnv hf mwm
awG&Sdw,f? 'gawGudkpHkprf;&r,f? tm&Swkdufom;awGwOD;eJ@wOD; b,fvkdqufpyfr_&Sdw,fqdkwm
avhvm&r,f? usaemfvnf; tEkynmorm;ygyq J &m”
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKEd iS hf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wk@d u olw@dk vkyaf qmifv=kd uonfh pmay,Ofaus;r_
tEkynm&nfrSef;csufrsm; aqG;aEG;ae=u.? xkdpOfu²²olwkd@onf aemif (5) &uft=umY
TtaqmuftOD}uD;twGi;f Yyif t=urf;zuform;wpk. vky}f uH owfjzwfjcif; cH&rnfukd rod=u?
awG;xifIyif rxm;?
('*kew f m&m. pmvH;k aq;puf/ uwWyD gum;vdyEf iS yhf ef;Eka&miftkd t,f'w D mhpm;yGrJ )S
ordik ;f wGif “tu,fI” qdo k nfrmS r&Srd eS ;f vnf;odyg.? od@k aomf “tvky}f uo H mrcHc&hJ &if”
*Eâvmur*~Zif; yJcl;ua0rS pcJhonfhuavmifonf t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef; tjzpfrSsESifh
csLyf+idr;f oGm;rnf r[kwo f nfrmS aocsmygonf? xdo k @kd qdv k sS if usaemfw@kd “td;k a0” rsKd ;qufrsm;.
todynm b¾mwdu k w f iG f ordik ;f pmay/ bmomjyef/ txkyw ` /dW okwESi&hf o pmaumif;ayrGerf sm;
,ckxuf jynfph =kH uG,0f aevdrrhf nfrmS vnf;aocsmygonf? OD;atmifqef; vky}f uH cHvu kd &f jcif;onf
usaemfw@kd twGuf trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; qH;k &Hj_ cif;rSsru jrefrmpmay/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf ordik ;f wckyg
wygwnf;qH;k &H;ª &jcif;jzpf.?
44
Invictus
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the Pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul,
In the fell clutch of circumstance

I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody but unbowed.
Beyond this place of wrath and tears

Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds and shall find me unafraid.
It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll.
I am the master of my fate:

I am the captain of my soul.
William Ernest Henle
William Ernest Henley (August 23, 1849 - July 11, 1903) was a British poet,
critic and editor.
rsLd;jrifhcsKd
'DZifbm 28 / 2010
( http://moemaka.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
45
1892 ckEpS w f iG f ynma&;qif'u D wd Ef iS hf jrefrmrsKd ;cspaf cgi;f aqmifyikd ;f rS yk*K~d vfrsm;/ owif;pm
q&mrsm;u oD;jcm; wuUov kd wf nfaxmifa&;twGuf pwif v_aH qmfc=hJ u&m &efuek w f uUov kd f
tufOya'udk 1920 jynfEh pS /f =o*kwv f 28 &ufae w h iG f twnfjyKcJo h nf? 1920 jynfEh pS f 'DZifbmv
1 &ufae w h iG f &efuek w f uUov kd o f nf jrefrmEdik if . H yxrqH;k wuUov kd tf jzpf ay:aygucf yhJ gonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHY udkvdkeDynma&; pESpfonf pD;yGm;a&;udk tajccHI ay:aygufvmayonf?
jrefrmEdik if oH nf o,HZmwypPn;f aygrsm; =u, G 0f onfEh ikd if jH zpf&m xdo k ,HZmw ypPn;f rsm;udk +Aw d o
d #whkd
u tcsKyftcs,rf &Sd vGwv f yfpmG a&mif;0,fcsKyfuikd v f =kd uonf? xdk ah =umifh jrefrmEdik if u H kd usL;ausm0f if
a&muf wdu k cf u
kd cf &hJ m 1824 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmwdk &h ;H_ edrf ch o hJ jzifh weoFm&DEiS hf &cdik uf rf;&d;k wef;a'oudk
+Adwod # e,fcsJ w h kd v h ufokd ah y;tyfc&hJ avonf?
udkvkdeDEdkifiHjzpfvmaomjrefrmEkdifiH
wpdww f ydik ;f udk tkycf sKyfa&;twGuf t*Fvyd f
vlrsKd ;rsm;ESiohf mrjzpfEidk bf J tkycf sKyfa&; atmuf
ydik ;f tqifrh sm;twGuw f ikd ;f &if;om; rsm;xJrS
pma&;/ pmcsD t&m&Sdi,frsm;udk cef htyf&ef
vdktyfvmavonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
wGifvnf; atmufajcodrf; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef
wdik ;f &if; om; rsm;xJrS vly*k Kd~ vfrsm; vdt k yfvm
avonf? Todk hESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif udkvkdeD
ynma&; pESpu f kd pwif taumiftxnf az:
cJah vonf?
jru|e;f ndKndK &efuek w

f uUov
kd .
f tp
&efuek w
f uUov
kd f ESpf 90 jynfh txdr;f trSwf jrifah qGO;D
t*Fvyd pf m wwfu|r;f aom vuf atmuf cH t&m&Srd sm; vdt k yfvmjcif;ESihf 19 &mpktapm
ydik ;f wGif c&pf,mefomoemjyK rsm;uvnf; t*Fvyd pf mayESihf wdik ;f &if;om; pmayudk tajcjyKvsuf
ynma&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk jyKvyk af e=uavonf? xdk ah =umifh +Aw d o d # tpd;k &onf 1835 ckEpS w f iG f ynma&;
qdik &f m aumfrwDOuUXjzpfonfh avmh'rf auUmav;. ynma&;pepfuykd if taumiftxnfazmfchJ
avonf?
avmh'frauUmav;. ynma&;rSwfwrf;udk tajccHaom udkvkdeDynma&;pepfonf
jrefrmEdkifiHudk u|efouf&Snfatmif t"du &nf&G,fxm;aompepfjzpfonf? rauUmav;.
ynma&;rSww f rf;wGif tajccHrl 3 csuyf g0ifonf?4if;wdk rh mS
(1) ta&S w h ikd ;f ynm&yfEiS hf pmayudk tm;ay;cs;D jrSi&hf eftpm; taemufwikd ;f ynm&yfEiS hf
t*Fvyd pf mudk tm;ay;cs;D jrSi&hf ef?
46
(2) t*Fvyd b f mompmayudk oif=um;r_ rÀdKiftjzpf toH;k jyK&ef?
(3) tom;a&miftm;jzifh ndKaomfvnf; t*Fvyd pf mayudk wwfu|r;f +yD; t*Fvyd w f kd uh o hJ kd h
awG;ac:um t*Fvdyfpdwfaygufaeaom vlwef;pm; wpf&yf arG;xkwfI xdkvlwef;pm;udk
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf tkycf sKyo f w l kd =h um;wGif aygi;f ul;wHwm;ozG,f aqmif&u G af p&efwkd jh zpfonf?
xdrk o l ;kH &yfonf tkypf ;kd ol +Adwo d #wkd u h kd vufatmufcH wdik ;f &if;om;wkd u h txif}uD;pdw/f
=unfndKpdwf/ opPm&Sdpdwf wpdrfhpdrfh jzpfay:vmaprnfhrlrsm;jzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;wdk h.
,Of a us;r_ t ajccH r sm;ud k wpwpaysmuf u G , f a p+yD ; trsd K ;om;pd w f trsd K ;om;ref
aysmufu, G o f mG ;aprnfh rlrsm;jzpfonf?
1876 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek +f rdK &h dS tpd;k &pmoifausmif;wGif txufwef;udk pwifoif=um;ay;cJh
onf? 1878 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek t f pd;k & txufwef;ausmif;Y wuUov kd yf nmudk pwifoif=um;cJo h nf?
1879 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek t f pd;k & txufwef;ausmif;onf &efuek af umvdyf toGio f kd ah &muf&v dS mcJh
onf? 1884-85 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek +f rKd t h pd;k &txufwef;ausmif;Y &efuek af umvdyf [lI XmeoD;oef@ziG fh
vSpcf o hJ nf? 1883 ckEpS u f yif umvuwWm; wuUov kd Ef iS hf wGzJ ufy;l aygi;f cJo h nf?
&efuek af umvdyEf iS hf acwf+yKd iaf y:aygucf ahJ om aumvdyrf mS *syq f ifaumvdyf jzpfonf? 1872
ckEpS af rv 28 &ufae w h iG f &efuek b f ufyvpf aumvdy[ f al om trnfjzifh zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf? aumvdyjf zpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf umvuwWm; wuUov kd . f vufatmufcaH umvdyt f jzpf cGijhf yKcsu&f &ef }uKd ;yrf;
cJ&h m 1894 ckEpS w f iG f umvuwWm; wuUov kd f vufatmufcH aumvdyt f jzpf cGijhf yKcJo h nf?&efuek f
aumvdyo f nf wjznf;jznf; wd;k wwfvmcJ&h m jrefrmjynfwiG f wuUov kd w f pfck zGiv hf pS af y;&ef tpd;k &udk
awmif;qdv k m=uavonf?
1912 ckEpS w f iG f q&mawmf OD;OwWru jrefrmjynfwiG f wuUov kd w f pfck wnfaxmifay;&ef
+Adwo d # tpd;k &xH arwWm&yfccH o hJ nf? OD;OwWr.“ pmwGif xdk jh yif tcsKd ah omowif;pmwdk w h iG f
vnf;aumif;/ tcsKd ah om ynm&Sw d kd w
h kd oh nf vnf;aumif;/ xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdk =uonfrmS TurBmay:
&Sd }uD;us,cf ef;em;aom Edik if }H uD;om;rsm;ESihf u|Eyfk w f kd h jrefrmEdik if o H l Ekid if o H m;wdk , h OS +f ydKifvu kd v f #if
u|Eyfk w f kd h jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh aemufus atmufus vsuo f m &S=d uonfrmS
xif&mS ;pGm jzpfa=umif;/ ,cktcg xif&mS ;}u;D us,af om Edik if o H l Edik if o H m;wdk . h }u;D yGm;xGe;f um;&jcif;
ta=umif;&if;rSm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf vufry_ nm A[kow k yifv#if trSo D [J tajctjrpfjzpf
a=umif;? xdk}uD;yGm;wdk;wwf=uaom EdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;uJhodk h }uD;yGm;wdk;wwf&efrSm
aumvdyfodyHàusmif;}uD;rsm;ESifh ,leDAmpwDrsm;udk jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@. tpdk;& t*Fvdyfwdk@ onf
jrefrmvlrsKd ; A[kow k wd;k yGm;&ef tm;xkwzf kd &h m yxrtvkyw f m0ef}u;D jzpfyga=umif;/ tdE, dN Edik if w H iG f
yef*syjf ynfe,fY ,leb D mpwD zGiv hf pS af y;&ef ta=umif;udk owif;pm toD;oD;u azmfxw k af &;om;
=uojzifh zGiv hf pS af y;a=umif; yef*syjf ynfe,fY ,leAD mpDwD &SI d jrefrmjynfY r&Sad o;onfrmS 0rf;enf;
p&maumif;a=umif;”ponfjzifh yg&&dS m ,leAD mpwDukd tjrefq;kH zGiv hf pS af y;&ef arwWm&yfcx H m;av
onf?
owif;pmrsm;uvnf; jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wuUov kd f wpfczk iG v hf pS af y;&ef toem;cH=uavonf?
47
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmif;olausmif;
om; rsm;onf rufx&Dual v;&Si;f
ac: 10 wef;pmay;yGJ/ tdkifat
pmay;yGJ/ bDatpmay;yGJrsm; t
wGuf umvuwWm;wuUov kd rf S
jyXmef; aom pmrsm;udk oif=um;
ygonf ? pmay;yG J r sm;ud k v nf ;
xdw k uUov kd rf S ppfaq;+y;D atmifol
rsm; udkvnf; xdkwuUodkvfrSyif
atmifvufrSwfrsm;udk xkwfay;
onf? odk haomf b*Fvm;jynfom;/ b*FvDrsm;. pdwfESvHk;oabmxm;/ bmomt,l0g'ESifh
tusiphf m&dwW ponfh tcsuw f kd Eh iS hf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;wdk . h pdwEf v S ;kH oabmxm; bmomt,l0g'ESihf
tusiphf m&dww W kd rh mS rsm;pGm uGmjcm;vSojzifh wuUov kd yf nma&;qdik &f mrsm;udk umvuwWm;+rdK u h
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf pDrHjyXmef;aeojzifh jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wkd htwGuf txl;epfemaeonf?
jrefrmEdik if wH iG f oD;jcm;wuUov kd f wpfc&k ydS gu ynm&yftrsKd ;rsKd ;udk qxufxrf;yd;k oif=um;Ekid o f nfh
tjyif txufygtcsurf sm;vnf; aysmufu, G o f mG ;+y;D p&dwt f uket f usvnf; oufomoGm;ayrnf?
odk jh zpfI jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wuUov kd w f ck zGiv hf pS of ifoh nf [k wifjy=uavonf?
1913 ckEpS f {+yDv 5 &ufae w h iG f usi;f yaom tpnf;ta0;w&yfwiG f jrefrmEkid if H 'kw, d
bk&ifcu H vGecf ahJ omESpf tenf;i,fcef u h a&;qGcJ ahJ ompDru H ed ;f udk ynma&;u|r;f usio f rl sm;ESihf
wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;+yD; tdE, dN tpd;k &xH wifoiG ;f cJah vonf?
1918 ckEpS f =o*kwv f wGif jrefrmEdik if H wuUov kd af umfrwDukd zGJ ph nf;cJo h nf? xdak umfrwDwiG f
ynma&;bufEiS hf tjcm;aom oufqikd &f m ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf yg0ifonf? xdk jh yif jrefrmEdik if H
tpd;k &. zdwaf c:csut f & tdE, dN wuUov kd rf sm;rS u|r;f usio f rl sm;vnf; yg0ifonf? xdak umfrwD.
axmufccH surf sm;ESit hf nD Oya'=urf;udk jyifqifonf?
jyifqifa&;qGx J m;aom Oya'=urf;udk b¾ma&;cef rh eS ;f csurf sm;ESihf twlynmrif;}uD;u
1920 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f wGif bk&ifc. H aumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif wifoiG ;f cJo h nf? 1920 ckEpS f =o*kwv f
2 &ufae w h iG f usi;f yaom Oya'jyKvGwaf wmf tpnf;ta0;wGif pdw}f uKd ufcef h aumfrwDcef I h Oya'
=urf;udk pOf;pm;aponf? =o*kwv f 28 &ufae w h iG f usi;f yaom tpnf;ta0;Y Oya'=urf;udk
trwfrsm;jzpf=uaom OD;cspaf z/ OD;jrifEh iS hf OD;vSaz wdk u h tus,w f 0ifh uef u h u G =f uonf?
jrefrmwdk o h nf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wuUov kd w f pfck &Sad pvdak omfvnf; ,ckOya'=urf;t&
wnfaxmifaom wuUov kd rf sKd ;udk rvdv k m;=uay? xdk ah =umifyh if wuUov kd Of ya'=urf; xGuv f m
uwnf;u uef u h u G cf =hJ uonf? Oya'jyKvGwaf wmf twGi;f tjyifuyg uef u h u G If vdv k m;csurf sm;udk
jyif;jyif;xefxef awmif;qdck =hJ uonf? jrefrmEdik if &H dS owif;pmrsm;u a&;om;uef u h uG cf =hJ uonf?
1920 jynfhESpf Zlvkdifv 18 &ufae hwGif usif;yaom jrefrmEdkifiH jyKjyifa&;toif;
48
uvnf; aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;usi;f yum &efuek w f uUov kd f Oya'=urf;udk uef u h u G cf =hJ uonf?
jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;t& zG@J pnf;rnfh Oya'jyKaumfrwDwiG f Oya'=urf;udk jynfo h luh , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;
aqG;aEG;Edik af p&ef qdik ;f iHxm;apvdo k nfh jrefrmwdk . h qENukd qef u h siv f suf Oya'=urf;udk twnfjyK&ef
}udK;yrf;aer_ukd jrefrmEdik if jH yKjyifa&;toif;u 0rf;enf;a=umif; ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;ESihf aumvdyf
ausmif;cGJ rxm;onfh wuUov kd rf sKd ;onf jrefrmEdik if . H vuf&t dS ajctaersm;ESihf roifah vsmaf o;
ojzifh tjcm;aumvdyrf sm;udk aygi;f pnf;0ifciG jhf yKonfh wuUov kd rf sKd ;om wnfaxmif&efvt kd yfonf[k
xifjrif,q l a=umif; ponfjzifh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;?
0kdiftrfbDattoif;ESifh tjcm;tvm;wl toif;rsm;uvnf; taxGaxGaumifpD
tpnf;ta0; w&yfusi;f yI uef u h u G cf =hJ uavonf? Zlvidk v f 31 &ufae w h iG f 0dik t f rfbaD t
taxGaxGaumifpu D }u;D rSL;I wuUov kd Of ya'=urf;udk uef u h u G of nfh vlxt k pnf;ta0;}u;D w&yfukd
*sLAvDa[mwGif usi;f ycJ=uonf? xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif tqdrk sm;wifoiG ;f cJ&h m atmufygtwdik ;f jzpf
onf?
1? &efuek +f rKd h ,leAD mpDwD odyaH usmif;awmf}u;D qdik &f m bDOya'=urf;udk taqmwvsif twnfjyKvyk &f ef
pDrjH cif;twGuf Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u rsm;pGm uef u h u G af jymqdo k nft h jyif ,if;bD Oya'=urf;udk
jynfoljynfom;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,fvl}uD;wdk h pOf;pm;qifjcifEkdif&ef tvdk hXm jrefrmEdkifiHopf
pDrt H yk cf sKyfa&;ESihf ywfoufI w&m;Oya'jyK trwf vGwaf wmf trnfukd zG@J ph nf;wnfaxmif=u
onft h cgwikd af tmif qdik ;f iHx h m;oifah =umif;?
(2) Oya'=urf;wGif jyXmef;onfh wpfae&mwnf;Yom wnfEikd af om ,leAD mpDwD odyaH` usmif;awmf}u;D
rsKd ;onf ,cktcg jrefrmEkid if . H tajctaeESirhf oifrh avsm/f t&yf&yfrmS &Sad om aumvdyf ausmif;rsm;
vnf; zufpyfyg0ifEikd af om ,leAD mpDwD odyaH usmif;awmfrsKd ;omv#if oifah vsmo f nf[k tpnf;t
a0;}uD;u xifjrifoabm&&Sad =umif;?
(3) ,leAD mpDwD ausmif;awmf=uD; tkycf syk af &;qdik &f m vl=uD;rsm;tzG@J wiG f jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;udk
vHak vmufpmG yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG hf &&Sad p&ef Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u tvd&k adS =umif;?
(4) ,leAD mpDwD odyaH` usmif;awmf=u;D od@k 0ifciG &hf &ef wpfEpS x f yfrI H oif=um;&OD;rnfqo kd nfh
pDrcH suu f kd tvsO;f rESpo f uf/ [du k pf ul;zdik ef ,f q,fwef;pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrifol rnfonfah usmif;
om;rqdk 0ifciG jhf yKoifah =umif;?
(5) trfat/ trftufppf D pmar;yGu J kd 0ifvo kd [l o l r#w@kd tay: Y xm;&Sad om pnf;urf;
owfrw S cf surf sm;udk y,fzsuo f ifo h nft h jyif bDatESihf bDtufpD *k%x f ;l ESihf atmifjrifol
wdk@udkjzpfap/ &dk&dk;atmifjrifolwdk@udkjzpfap 0ifcGifhjyKoifhonf[lI tpnf;ta0;=uD;u xifjrif
oabm&&Sad =umif;?
(6) ynma&;0ef=uD; rpPwm rwf[ef;wm;onf ynma&;Y wd;k wufjcif;r&Sd ,kwaf vsmS &h
atmif zdp;D ESyd u f yG of nfjzpfI ,if;ynma&;0ef}uD; rwf[ef;wm;tm; jrefrmEdik if w H iG f qufvufI
tr_rxrf;aqmif&u G af poifah =umif;?
txufygq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk csrw S +f yD; oufqikd &f mod@k toDo;D ay;yd@k &ef oabmwlq;kH jzwf
49
=uavonf? aumvdyaf usmif;ESihf ausmif;om;xk wd@k uvnf; xdOk ya'=urf;udk twnfjyKrjyXmef;rSD
uyif rsm;pGmrausreyfjzpfc=hJ uonf? Tod@k jynfov l xl Ek iS hf owif;pmwk@d u cg;cg;oD;oD; uef@uGuf
aeonf=h um;rSyif +Adwo d #tpd;k &onf Oya'=urf;udk t"<rjyXmef;cJah vonf?
&efukefwuUodkvf Oya'udk 1920 jynfhESpf =o*kwfv 28 &ufae@wGif ynmrif;}uD;
rwf[efwm;u wifoGif;+yD; Oya'jyKaumifpDutwnfjyKcJhonf? pufwifbm 26 &ufae@wGif
'kb&k ifcu H oabmwlI atmufwb kd mv 24 &ufae@wGif bk&ifccH sKyfu oabmwlvu kd o f nf?
'DZifbmv 1 &ufe@wiG f Oya'tm%mwnfonf? Oya'tm%mwnfv#if wnfcsi;f yif wuUov kd t f zG@J
toD;oD;udk zG@J pnf;&ef pwifaqmif&u G o
f nf? wuUov kd f qD;edwt f zG@J udk zG@J pnf;+yD; ygarmuQrsm;udk
cef@tyfavonf? qD;edwu f cGijhf yKaom tzG@J rsm;udv k nf; zG@J pnf;avonf? pmayoif=um;a&;/ pmar;yGJ
ppfaq;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; csucf si;f yif aqmif&u G o f nf?
&efukefwuUodkvf Oya'=urf;udk jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom
OD;xGe;f &Sed /f OD;baz? OD;ykw@kd yxrt}udrf t*Fvefo@kd oGm;a&mufpOfu vnf;aumif;/ OD;cspv f id_ /f
OD;odef;armif tp&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ 0dkiftrfbDatESifh tvm;wl
toif;tyif;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ Oya'jyKaumifpD twGif;Yvnf;aumif;/ jyifyvlxk
tpnf;ta0;yG}J uD;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ trsKd ;rsKd ;uef@uGuf cJ=h uaomfvnf; tcsn;f tED;S yifjzpfc&hJ
onf?
xdt k cg wdik ;f jynfacgiaf qmif}uD;rsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;u rdrw d @kd aqmif&u G I
f um; tx
rajrmuf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k w f ikd u
f aqmif&u G rf o
S mv#if txajrmufawmhrnf[k a&;om;wdu k f
wGe;f cJ=h uavonf?
Tod@k ESihf &efuek af umvdyEf iS hf *syq f ifaumvdyrf S ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifI 1282 ckEpS f
wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf 10 &uf ('DZifbm 5 &uf) ae@wGif “&efuek w f uUov kd f Oya'”udk pwif
oydwaf rSmufvu kd =f uavonf?
xdyk xrqH;k wuUov kd f oydw}f uD;onf trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&; v_w&f mS ;r_atmifvu H kd
pwifvi$ x hf al y;vduk jf cif; jzpfonf? ,if;rSwqifh Edik if aH &;tod/ Edik if aH &;pdw"f gwrf sm;/ rsKd ;csppf w d "f gwrf sm;
ys@H ES@H oGm;cJ+h yD; jrefrmEdik if wH 0ef;Y trsKd ;om;ausmif;om;rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJah yonf?
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; atmifvHudk yxrqHk;t}udrf wuUodkvf oydwf}uD;[m
vufqifu h rf; v$ix hf v
l mcJ=h u&m aemufq;kH 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D (4) &ufae@wGif tcsKyftcsm
tm%mydik af om jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJah vonf?
trsdK;om;atmifvHudk v$ifhxlay;cJhaom &efukefwuUodkvfonf ,cktcg ESpf 90
jynfch +hJ y;D jzpfI aemif (10) ESpw f m umvwGif &mjynfo h bif yGu J kd qif,ifusi;f yEdik af wmhrnf jzpfayonf/
jrifah qGO;D
&nfn$ef;? ? (1) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD “trdsK;om;ae@ESifh trsdK;om;ynma&; v_wf&Sm;r_ordkif;”
1970? (2) OD;{ausmf “jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om; ynma&;ordkif; &efukef/ ykvJyef;pmay/ 1970?
jynfol hacwf*sme,f wJG 1 trSwf 25rSul;,lazmfjyygonf//
50
u|eaf wmf ausmif;om;wyfrawmfu &Jabmfwpfa,mufyg? omref&;kd &d;k tqifh ppfom;
“ppfqdk&if a&awmifppfraomufbl;”[k wcsdefwkef;u ajymcJhwmudk owd&w,f? bma=umifh
vnf;qdak wmh ppfyaJG wG&@J tedXm&Hak wGukd &H&G mS rke;f wD;vd@k ajymcJw h hJ pum;/ wdik ;f jynf/ vlrsK;d ESihf
bmomtwGuq f &kd if oDvyg&rDxuf ynmyg&rD ESihf &yfwnf&rnfh tajctaevd@k jrifwt hJ csed rf mS
'Dpum;vH;k awG[m oJxaJ &oGeo f vdk jzpfcw
hJ ,f? 2007 ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSmyJ awmcdzk @kd }uH&, G x f m;cJah yr,fh
pufwifbmvusrS taumiftxnfay:vmawmhw,f? owif;enfynmacwfrmS twif;wd;k a0S@vm
onfu owif;qk;d ? oHCmawmfawGukd ppftpd;k &&J@ ppfom;/ &J/ }uHzw G /f vHx
k ed ;f awGu }udK;ESiw hf w
k /f
&du
k /f aoewf ESihf ypfErSd ef if;/ em;awG ESihf rqHatmif tpDt&Day:xGuf vmcJw h ,f? 1988ckEpS u f
tvm;wlausmif;om; jynfot l aygi;f udk owfjzwfcw hJ ,f? 1962wke;f uwnf;u wdik ;f &if;om;
jynfov l x l ak wGukd ppftm%m&Siaf wGu tkycf sKyftEdik u f sihf zdEySd rf al wGay:aygucf v hJ @kd wdik ;f jynfrmS
jynfwiG ;f ppfxu J kd a&mufc&hJ w,f? u|eaf wmfvnf; tckawmh aoewfuikd +f y;D ausmif;om;awmfveS af &;
orm; ppfom;b0udak &mufz@kd zefw;D vmwJh ta=umif;&if;awGayg?h
A[k0ef;usif ESihf
uGsefawmf
ppfrif;atmif
wyf&if;2
wu,fawmh u|efawmf vufawG@jzwfoef;&wmu A[k0ef;usif? tm;vHk;aom

t&meD;yg;cef@u wefwn l rD #r/l vGwv f yfr/l w&m;r#wrlawGe@J jynfpakH ewJ/h &Sio f efwhJ wu,f0h ef;usif
tppf? tJ'gu (ru'w) ausmif;om;wyfrawmf? ausmif;om;wyfrawmfonf jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH &dS
vlrsKd;aygif;pHk oufqdkifaom wyfrawmf/bmomaygif;pHk oufqdkifaom wyfrawmf/ 0g'aygif;pHk
usio hf ;kH aom wyfrawmf/ ,Ofaus;rlaygi;f pHak om wyfrawmf/ vlwef;pm; aygi;f pHk oufqikd af om
wyfrawmfyg? 'Dvdk yl;aygif;yg0if o[Zmwjzpfatmif +idrf;csrf;pGm twlvufwGJaeEdkifatmif/
+idr;f csr;f zG+H zdK;wJh urBm/ +idr;f csr;f zG+H zdK;wJh Edik if /H +idr;f csr;f zG+H zdK;wJah 'o wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd te*wfukd
&nf&, G u f m (ay:vpD) rlukd csrw S cf w hJ mvd@k ,lqrdw,f? 'ga=umifh (ru'w) ausmif;om;wyfrawmf
Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfukd trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf udik q f cJG srw
S f wmyg? 'gayr,fh pmaybmompum;ESihf
ywfoufI jrefrmpm/ jrefrmpum;udk &H;k oH;k bmompum; pmaytjzpf toH;k jyKwm[m vuf&Sd
51
jrefrmjynf&Sd vltrsm; toH;k rsm;aom/ yg0ifqufqEH ikd af om/ bHb k mompum; tjzpf toH;k jyKjcif;vd@k
,l q rd y gw,f ? Armpum;ud k toH k ; jyKjcif ; a=umif h Armausmif ; om;wyf r awmf r[k w f ?
Armvl r sKd ; yd k i f r [k w f / ArmtrsKd ; om;wck w nf ; ud k ud k , f p m;jyKjcif ; r[k w f / jref r mEd k i f i H & d S
wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk yg0ifEdkifaom/ oufqdkifaom/ wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifaom udk,fpm;jyKEdkif aom
trsm;ESiq hf ikd af om ausmif;om;wyfrawmfyg?
u|eaf wmfu ArmvlrsK;d wpfa,mufyg? Armtodik ;f t0ef;wGif arG;zGm;cJ/h }u;D jyif;cJ/h &Sio f efc/hJ
aexdik cf +hJ yD; tjcm;aom vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf vufyeG ;f wwD;r&d/S yl;aygi;f rlr&d/S qufqrH rl &d/S jrefrmjynf&Sd
wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; ESifh tu|rf;r0ifcJhyg? ,ck u|efawmf a&muf&dS aexdkif &Sifoefv_yf&Sm;
wdkufyGJ0ifaewmu jrefrmEdkifiH&dS wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk yg0ifaom A[kvl@tzGJ@tpnf;(ru'w)
ausmif;om;wyfrawmf?
bmompum;t& tenf;i,f tcuftcJ&jSd cif;/ "avhx;kH wrf;tpOftvm uGjJ ym;rl&jSd cif;
aexdkifpm;aomufyHkuGmjcm;rl &dSjcif;wdk@ ESifh vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;rwlwmudk uGJjym;jcm;em;wmudk
oabmaygu=f u em;vnfay;=u ESihf wOD;ESihf wOD; cspcf ifav;pm; =u wefz;kd xm;=u tjyeftvSef
aEG;axG;=uifemrlay;wJh 0ef;usif? 1988 ta&;awmfyHk t+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtESHrSm wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @kd ud,
k v
f rl sK;d udk ud, k pf m;jyK todtrSwjf yKum (ru'w) ausmif;om;wyfrawmfukd
tjcm;aom vlrsK;d rsm;enf;wl ppftm%m&Siu f kd yl;aygi;f yg0ifwu kd yf 0JG ifjcif;[m xl;jcm;wJ0h ef;usi?f
'g[m (ru'w)ausmif;om;wyfrawmf. OD;wnfcsut f csK@d jzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk
jynfolvlxkwy&yfvHk; ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
ay:xGe;f a&;udk tav;teufazmfaqmif wdu k yf 0JG ifjcif;[k u|eaf wmftae ESihf ,H=k unf*% k , f rl yd gonf?
'ga=umifh ausmif;om;wyfrawmf[m tem*wfjrefrm A[kvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. a&S@aqmifvrf;
jyrD;tdrjf zpfw,f?
xd@k twl 0g'a&;&mwGiv f nf; (ru'w) ausmif;om;wyfrawmfonf xl;jcm;aom Edik if aH &;/
ppfa&; wyfrawmfwck? vuf0/J vuf,m/ uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S vf pf ponfh 0g'a&;&m ESihf ywfoufI
tm;vH;k udk rqef@usi/f ruef@f uGuf todtrSwjf yK aom A[k0g'0ef;usi?f vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdyk g
0ifa&;om; aqG;aEG;yg0ifciG &hf aSd om 0ef;usi?f tiftm;+ydKifqikd rf rl &d/S rdrw d @kd ausmif;om; wyfrawmf.
tajccHzGJ@pnf;yHk jyXmef;csufatmufwGif ,lqEdkif/ pOf;pm;oHk;oyfEdkif/ awG;ac:Edkif/ csjycGifh&dSaom
a0zefft}uHjyKcGifh&dSaom vkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&dSaom 0ef;usif? EdkifiHwuma&;&m ESifh ywfoufIvnf;
tvm;wlyifjzpfonf? rnfonfh0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;r[kwf/ usifhoHk;jcif;r[kwf/ bHk0g'
bHv
k rf;pOfuo kd m vufcu H sio hf ;kH onf[k u|eaf wmf,q l awG;jrifryd gonf?f
u|eaf wmfonf Ak'b < mom0ifwa,muf/ Ak'b < momudk ,H=k unfouf0ifo?l (r'uw)
ausmif;om;wyfrawmfwGif bmom/ omoem ESifh ywfoufI Akk'<bmom/c&pf,mefbmom/
[d E N L bmom/ rG w f q vif b mom ponf h bmom omoemaygif ; pH k ud k tod t rS w f j yK
vufc, H =kH unfaom 0ef;usi?f rnfonfh bmomudrk # ud, k pf m;jyK jcif;r&d?S zdEySd hf csKyfcs,/f ydwyf if/

52
jynfov l x l ak wGukd ppftm%m&Siaf wGu tkycf sKyftEdik u f sihf
zdEySd rf al wGay:aygucf vhJ @kd wdik ;f jynfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppfxu
J kd
a&mufc&hJ w,f? u|eaf wmfvnf; tckawmh aoewfuikd +f y;D
ausmif;om;awmfveS af &; orm; ppfom;b0udak &mufz@kd zefw;D vmwJh
ta=umif;&if;awGayg?h
wm;jrpfrrl &d?S bmom omoem tm;vH;k udk vGwv f yfpmG ,H=k unfciG /hf ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfciG hf &daS om
0ef;usif? rnfonfh bmomudk rqdk wefzdk;xm;av;pm;jcifhjzifh bmom omoem trsm;pk
o[Zwtjzpfq;kH A[k bmoma&; 0ef;usi?f wOD;u av;pm;um omwlnrD #EiS hf av#mufvrS ;f aom
0ef;usif? rdrdwdk@ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,frltav#muf bmoma&;ae@ tcrf;tem;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
usi;f rcGiif h aqmufwnfusi}hf uHciG &hf aSd om 0ef;usi[ f k ,H=k unfvufcH rdygonf?
tvm;wl ,Ofaus;rltydkif;wGifvnf; xl;jcm;aom ta&mifpHkaom 0ef;usifwck?
jrefrmEdik if t H jym;&dS wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHk ,Ofaus;rl? vlrsK;d wrsK;d . ,Ofaus;rlurS v$r;f rd;k xm;jcif;r&d/S
odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;r&dS? udk,fpm;jyKxm;aom 0ef;usif? rnfonfh a'owGif aexdkifonfjzpfap
ud, k , f Ofaus;rl/ ud, k yf ikd [ f efjzifh 0wfpm;qif,ifciG hf ED;S aESmajymqdck iG hf xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufciG hf &daS om
A[k,Ofaus;rl 0ef;usif? ,Ofaus;rlaygif;pHkudk jrifEdkifaom 0ef;usif? pD;qif;cGifh &dSaom0ef;usif?
wnf&aSd om 0ef;usi[ f k u|eaf wmftodtrSwjf yK wefz;kd xm;rdygonf?
wzef vlwef;pm;/ vl@tv$mwGifvnf; vlwef;pm;aygif;pHk yg0ifaom 0ef;usifwck?
todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sif/ um,vkyfom;/ Om%vkyfom;/ qif;&Jom;/ txufwef;pm;/
awmifov l ,form;/ tvkyo f rm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;yg0ifaom 0ef;usi?f rnfonfh tv$mtwef;tpm;udrk S
ud, k pf m;jyKjcif; r[kw?f vlwOD;wa,muf. tkypf ;kd v$r;f rd;k cGirhf &d?S zdEySd rf rl &d/S EdyS cf srrl &d/S olae&mESio hf l
wef;wl&nfwl wefz;kd xm; wm0ef,l tvkyv f yk af om 0ef;usi?f tm;vH;k wlnpD mG cHpm;cGi&hf aSd om
todtrSwjf yKaom 0daoojyKaom 0ef;usi[ f k u|eaf wmfjzwfoef; cHpm;&ygonf?
xdk@tjyif wdkufyGJo%efwGif aoe*FAsL[m csrSwfum vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; ESifh
vlxkwdkufyGJaygif;pyf atmifyGJcHEdkifa&; ykHo%efudk taumiftxnf azmf aqmif&GufEdkifaom
0ef;usiw f ck? vufeufuikd w f u kd yf /JG vlxw k ukd yf /JG rD',
D mwdu k yf /JG oHwrefa&;wdu k yf /JG vlrsK;d pkwu
kd yf /JG
Edik if aH &;wdu k yf /JG vl@tcGit hf a&;wku d yf /JG 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; wdu k yf aJG ygi;f pHu
k kd aygi;f pnf;aom todtrSwjf yK
vufcHaom0ef;usif? 'ga=umifh (ru'w) ausmif;om;wyfrawmf. OD;wnfcsuf jzpfaom
wdik ;f &if;om;jynfov l x l k w&yfv;kH ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vlrsK;d aygi;f pH/k
bmom aygif;pHk/ ,Ofaus;rlaygif;pHk/ vl@wef;pm; aygif;pHk/ 0g'aygif;pHk yg0ifonfh 0ef;usifonf
tem*wfzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpw k iG f jrefrmEdik if &H Sd wdik ;f &if;om;jynfoal ygi;f pHk zG+H zdK;/wd;k wuf/ +idr;f csr;f /
om,m acwfro SD nfh 0ef;usi/f a'o/ Edik if w H ck ay:ayguaf &;twGuf OD;wnfav#mufvrS ;f aeaom/
yef;aygi;f pHak om O,smOf/ A[kausmif;awmf/ A[k0ef;usio f nf u|eaf wmf ESit hf wl &Siof efv#u&f ySd gonf?
53
ocifoef;xGe;f onf jrefrmhEikd if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f wGif vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 60 ausmu
f
xif&mS ;cJo
h nfh Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmif wOD; jzpfcahJ yonf?
txl;ojzifh vGecf ahJ om 53 ESpf twGi;f ocifoef;xGe;f onf “Armjynf uGejf rLepf ygw”D .
acgif;aqmif}uD; wOD;tjzpf xifay:ausmf=um; cJhavonf? ocifoef;xGef;. emrnfudk
ArmjynfueG jf rLepf avmuwGif omru urBmh uGejf rLepf avmuwGiv f nf; =um;odz;l =uonf?
ordkif;wauG hrS ocifoef;xGef;

oef;0if;vSidk f
1952 ckEpS f yckuLU c¶dik f ykaH wmifyn

Hk m a'owGif ok;H ygwD nDnw
G af &; jyKvkycf phJ Ofu awG@&onfh Akv
d x
f eG ;f vif; (jynfo@l &aJ bmf) (0J)/
ocifoef;xGe;f (Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw)D (tv,f)/ ocifp;dk (uGejf rLepfygw-D Armjynf) (,m)? ("mwfyHk - jynfo@l tm%m *sme,f)
ocif oef;xGe;f onf Edik if aH &; tpOftvm }uD;rm;cJo h l jzpfonf? jrefrmh awmfveS af &;
ordik ;f tqufquf wGiv f nf; ocif oef;xGe;f onf a&SŒwef;u yg0ifco hJ nfom rsm;onf?
wd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k acgi;f aqmif wOD;tjzpfomru 1300 jynfh a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;
ta&;ESihf ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykH wd@k wGif OD;aqmifrt _ ydik ;f rS wuf=uGpmG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; cJo h uJo h @kd
awmifol v,form;rsm;. ta&; udk vnf; a&SŒaqmif vH;k yrf;cJo h nf? xd@k tjyif Armhvw G v f yfa&;
wdu
k yf w JG iG f a&SŒwef;rSyg0ifc+hJ yD; zufqpf*syef awmfveS af &; ajymufusm; ppfyw JG iG v
f nf; ZGaJ umif;
aumif; jzifh OD;pD;yg0ifco hJ l jzpfonf? Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwv D y_ &f mS ;r_EiS hf uGejf rLepf tiftm;pkukd
pnf;¶H;k a&SŒaqmifco hJ rl mS vnf; ocifoef;xGe;f yif jzpfonf?
q&m}uD; '*kew f m&mu “&kyyf v kH m$ ” pmtkyw f iG f ocifoef;xGe;f tm; Tod@k rSww f rf;wif
a&;zG@J xm;onf?
“ocifoef;xGef;udk vlcsif;rodrDuwnf;u trnfudk =um;zl;ae.? udkA[def;u
ocifoef;xGe;f . ta=umif;udk r=umc% usaemfu h kd ajymjy.?
54
xdt k cgu udAk [de;f onf wuUov kd &f yd o f m&Sd oxHak usmif;aqmifwiG f r&Sb d J +rKd ŒxJ 38 vrf;&Sd
Z0e wd@k pkae=u aom tdrw f iG f a&mufaewwf.? xdt k rd w
f iG f ocifoef;xGe;f vnf; ae.?
“ocifoef;xGe;f qdw k m awmfawmfpmzwfw,fAs? rmhupf f pmayudv k nf; tawmfzwfw,f?
pma&;vnf; aumif; w,f”[k ausmif;aqmifo@kd jyefa&mufvsS if udAk [de;f usaemfu h kd ajymjyavh&. dS ?
pdwxf w J iG f ocifaygupf wOD;yJ [kom atmufarhvu kd .f ?
wae@wiG f udAk [de;f eJ@twl yef;qd;k wef;&Sd xGe;f at;pmtkyjf zef@csad &;Xmeod@k a&mufomG ;&m
ocifoef;xGe;f ESihf oGm;awG@.? udAk [de;f u usaemfu h kd ocifoef;xGe;f ESihf todz@JG ay;.?
“=o ²²² =o ²²²cifAsm;ta=umif;udkvnf; udkA[def;u c%c% ajymygw,fAsm”[k
ocifoef;xGe;f u +yHK;um ajymavonf?
olonf rEœav;yd;k tay:zH;k / yd;k vHck snf 0wfxm;.? rsuEf mS rSm cyfv;kH vH;k / t¶kyq f ;kd onf[k
ac:&ayrnf? tom;u 0gvv hJ ?hJ qHyifaumuf.? txl;jcm;qH;k rSm acgi;f }uD;jcif;jzpf.? trlt&mrSm
aysmah ysmif;./ pum;ajymaom tcgvnf; cyfat;at;ESihf odraf rG@pGmajym.?
tpu xifxm;ouJo h @kd tmaygit f m&if;oefoef [pfatmforl [kw?f nêi;f nêi;f nHn h hH
avoHEiS ?hf uAsmq&m rDvw f ef/ vDeif0g'/ udv k ekd aD wmfveS af &;/ bm;ewfa&Sm jyZmwf/ csm;vfp'f pfuif;.
0wWK/ +Adwo d #ygvrD ef/ OD;ukvm; &mZ0if/ odyH` armif0 . acwfprf;pm/ ewf&iS af emif&wk paom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ajym.?
aemifrS olonf q&mjzpfoif wuUov kd af usmif;rS xGuaf =umif; od&onf? ausmif;aepOfu
pmawmfow l OD;jzpfc.
hJ ? wcgu t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;xm;aom aqmif;yg;wapmifukd wuUov kd f
or*~ r*~Zif;a[mif;wapmifwGif zwf&zl;.? olonf t*Fvdyfpmudk Edkifeif;pGm a&;Edkifoljzpf.?
*syefacwf ol0ef}uD;jzpfpOf ola&;xm;aom t*Fvdyfpmudk zwfI aemif zqyv acwf
'kw, d 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfco hJ l udak usmjf idr;f u “t*Fvyd pf ma&;wm jref oavmuf aumif;wmygy”J [k
csu
D sL;onfukd =um;&zl;.? 1939 u wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tzG@J onf uGe*f &uf.
zdw=f um;csut f & tdE, dN jynf &rf;*g; oGm;=u.? ocifatmifqef;/ udAk [de;f / ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k
ygoGm;=u./ wuUodkvf ausmif;om; or*~ rsm;u ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;wdk@udk
r=umc%zdwI f pum;ajymaponf[k od&.? ocifoef;xGe;f udk yGaJ wmif;vSonf[k =um;&.?
*syefacwf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&; 0ef}uD;jzpfpOfu ol@XmewGiv f yk af om twGi;f 0efrsm;onf
ol@uakd v;pm;=uonf? tb,fah =umifq h akd omf “olonf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;udk avhvmem;vnf+yD;
nm0g;jzef;oef;um rqdik o f nfukd 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufjcif; rvkyaf oma=umifjh zpfonf”[lI a&;om;
xm;avonf?
ocifoef;xGef;onf jrefrmvdka&m t*Fvdyfvdkyg pma&;aumif;oljzpfonf? oky¾u
uavmiftrnfjzifhvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;? bmomjyefpmayrsm;a&;om;cJhonf? 1939 ckESpfu
ta&;awmfykH trnf&dS uGejf rLepfygwD *sme,f udk vnf; vSsKd Œ0Suf xkwaf 0cJo h nf?
od@k uvdk xl;cGsex f ufjrufI Edik if aH &;ordik ;f tpOftvm }uD;rm;cJah om ocifoef;xGe;f udk
1911 ckESpf =o*kwfv 15 &ufae@wGif awmifilc¶dkif unGwfuGif;+rdKŒ tbOD;bdk;armif/ trd
55
a':at;=uLwd@k rS zGm;jrifco hJ nf? arG;csi;f 6 OD;teuf wwd,ajrmufjzpfonf? ol@txuf tpfuw kd @kd rmS
OD;wif(om,m0wDaxmifrLS ;a[mif;)/ OD;nDyw k @kd jzpfjy;D ol@atmuf nDEiS hf nDrwd@k rmS rpdr;f ndK/ udn k aD v;/
rpdr;f csKd (rjr0if;) wd@k jzpf=uonf/
ocifoef;xGef;onf ysOf;rem;+rdKŒ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;
(wuUov kd 0f ifwef;)udk t*Fvyd pf m/ &mZ0if/ jrefrmwd@k @ *k%x f ;l oH;k bmomjzifh atmifjrifjyD;aemuf
&efuek +f rdKŒ q&mjzpfoif aumvdyw f iG f ynm qufvuf oif=um;cJo h nf? q&mtwwfoifausmif;rS
qif;jyD;aemuf &efukef+rdKŒuefawmfuav;&yf&Sd bm;rm; rGwfpvif txufwef;ausmif;(,ck
txu(6)r*FvmawmifneG @f +rdKŒe,f) wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf tr_xrf;cJh avonf?
ud k v d k e D a cwf j ref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf a &;}ud K ;yrf ; r_ u mvwG i f ocif o ef ; xG e f ; onf
wd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k od@k 0ifa&mufchJ onf? xd@k aemuf 1937 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv (4) &ufae@wGif ocifE/k
OD;xGe;f at;/ OD;tke;f cifw@kd ESit hf wl e*g;eD pmtkyf toif; wnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf?
xd k @ aemuf wd k @ Armtpnf ; t&H k ; wG i f v nf ; v,f , mpd k u f y sd K ;a&;qd k i f & m wm0ef c H
tr_aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef,u l m qufvufyg0if
v_yf&Sm;cJhayonf? 1940 jynfhESpf rwfv (29) &ufae@wGif tdENd,EdkifiH &rf;*g;+rdKŒ(Ramgar)wGif
usif;yonfh tdENd, uGef*&ufygwD nDvmcHodk@ wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
ocifatmifqef;/ ocifwifarmif/ ociftek ;f jrif(h wd;k wufa&;)/ udx k eG ;f &Sed /f udAk [de;f / ocif qif*yl wm;
wdk@ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmjynfodk@a&muf&Sdvmaom rmhufpf0g'
pmtkyrf sm;udzk wf¶u _ m uGejf rLepf 0g'udk pdw0f ifpm;cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygww D iG f
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJah vonf/
1940 jynf h E S p f r S 1942 ck E S p f t wG i f ; ocif o ef ; xG e f ; onf e,f c sJ Œ qef @ usif a &;
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh axmifuscahJ v onf? 1942-44 *syefacwfwiG f ocifoef;xGe;f onf jrefrmEdik if H
tkycf sKyfa&; tzG@J wiG f ajr,mESihf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&; wm0efct H jzpf vnf;aumif;/ jrefrmhvw G vf yfa&;
jyifqifra_ umfrwDwiG f tzG@J 0iftjzpf vnf;aumif;/ 1943 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (1) &ufae@rpS I jrefrmEdik if H
tpdk;& tzGJ@wGif ajr,mESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf vnf;aumif; wm0ef,l
aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf zqyv tzG@J }uD;udk pwifz@JG pnf;aomtcg tzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0ifum
zufqpf awmfveS af &; vkyif ef;rsm;ukd aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf?
1945 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f wGif ocifoef;xGe;f onf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw. D OuUX jzpfvmonf/
,if;ESpw f iG f ajrmif;jr+rdKŒae OD;zd;k nSi;f a':zGm;pkw@kd . om;orD;ud;k a,muf teufyOPrajrmuforD;
rcif}uD;(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; uawmf a':cif=unf .tpfr)ESifh xdrf;jrm;I orD; cifrr/ om;
armifxeG ;f atmif/ armifxeG ;f 0if;wd@k xGe;f um;cJo h nf? a':cif}uD;onfocifoef;xGe;f xuf touf
(2) ESp}f uD;onf?
xd@k aemuf 1946 ckEpS w f iG f ocifoef;xGe;f onf zqyvtzG@J . taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS uf jcif; cH&avonf/ 1946 atmufwb kd mv (10)&ufae@wiG f ocifoef;xGe;f
wd@k OD;aqmifonfh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD onf zqyv tzG@J csKyfrS xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&onf? 1948
56
rwfv (28 )wGifocifoef;xGef; OD;aqmifaom Armjynf uGefjrLepf ygwDonf tpdk;&udk
awmfveS yf ek u f efum awmcdck o hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf ajratmufArmjynf uGejf rLepfygw. D OuUXtjzpf
ESpaf ygi;f (20) ausmf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?
1968 pufwifbmv 24 &ufae@ nae 5 em&D rdepf20 tcsed w f iG f awmificl &dik f tkww f iG ;f
+rdKŒe,f taemufbufjcrf; yJc;l &d;k r ta&SŒapmif; ausmufacsmif;urf;yg;&Sd awmifa=umav;ay:wGif
tcif;oGm;aepOf }uHKwdwf (ac: ) vHw k w
d f ( ac: ) &Jabmf jr}uD; qdo k u l &dik zf ,faoewfjzifh teD;uyf
ypfcwf vky}f uHaoma=umifh ocifoef;xGe;f onf usq;kH oGm;cJ&h ayonf?
ocifoef;xGet f m; &Jabmfjr}uD; aoewfjzifh vky}f uHypfcwfcyhJ u kH kd 1968 Ed0k ifbm (28) &uf
nae 4 em&DwiG f &efuek +f rKd Œ jynfvrf; jrefrmhtoHvi$ &hf YkH usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J iG f
Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD A[dk aumfrwD0if yJc;l &d;k r wdik ;f OuUX Adv k rf LS ;jrac: &Jabmfjronf owif;
pmq&mrsm;tm; atmufygtwdik ;f ajymjycJo h nf?
“vGefcJhonfh pufwifbm (24) &ufae@u rdrdwdk@onf awmifilc&dkif tkwfwGif;+rdKŒe,f
taemufbuf&;kd r awmifp, G f wGif A[dpk cef;csc=hJ uonf? xdak e@nae 5 em&Dausmcf ef@wGif OuUX
ocifoef;xGef;onf tcif;}uD;pGef@&efawmif ajcodk@ qif;oGm;jyD; r=umrDwGif aoewfoHwcsuf
=um;&onf? aoewfo=H um;&I rdru d vSr;f t=unfw h iG f vHck snu f kd vuf ESpb f ufjzifrh um awmifajcrS
A[dpk cef;ay:od@k ajy;wufvmjy;D b,fou l ypfvu kd w f ,frodb;l [k wcGe;f omajymEdik o f nf? rdru d
aoewfov H m&mudk vdu k =f unfjh y;D jyeftvmwGif ocifoef;xGe;f vJaeonfukd awG@&onf? (5) rdepf
t=umwGif aoqH;k oGm;onf? Auy aq;r_; udv k aS rmif. ppfaq;csut f & aoewfusnq f efonf
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57
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vkduf=uonf? Burma strange Blog rS jzpfygonf//

58
ordik ;f ESi,
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59
rEl[m*lbk&m; (1240§575) jzpfygw,f? rEl[m (rukw) bk&if}uD;aumif;r_vdk@ tpOftquf
,Hk=unfa&;om;avh&Sdw,f? tjyifu=unfh&if ESpfxyf*leJ@wlaeayr,fh wxyf*ltrsKd;tpm;yg?
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jzpfaeygw,f? rlvyk*aH cwfvuf&m b,favmuftxd useaf eao;ovJqw dk mudak wmh rSe;f q&wm
cufcyJ gw,f?
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rlv&nf&G,fcsufudkawmh twdtus rodEdkifyg? }uD;rm;wJho'<gw&m;udk azmfjycsifwmvnf;
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60
odrRpnf; *lbk&m; (1471§784)? r[maAm"dyHkpHuGrf;axmifayguf *lbk&m;trsKd;tpm;awGrSm
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ukef;awmf}uD; (151§122-u)/ eENmrnm (577§306-u) wdk@udk erlemtaeeJ@ jy&ygr,f?
uGr;f axmife@J apwDaygurf [kwyf J xlygayguf *lb&k m;awGvnf; &Syd gw,f?
a&$*l'g,um tavmif;pnfol (yxrpnfol)rif;}uD;&JŒ ygVdbmomxdk; ausmufpmrSm
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61
xJrmS ygwhJ eH&aH q;a&;yef;csaD wG ysupf ;D cJ&h wJh *lb&k m;
yg? tJ'zD suq f ;D wJh ordik ;f w&m;cHawGukd armif;xkwf
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62
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EGm;jy*l(EGm;rsm;ocF,m) (1498§811)/ rD;+idrf;ukef;*lbk&m; (1499§812)/ w¶kwfajy;*lbk&m;
(534§295-u)/ oydwfarSmuf*lbk&m; (744§363-u)/ opP0wD*lbk&m; (918§405-u)/
avmurSeu f if;-&Gma[mif;}uD; *lb&k m; (1791§1092-u)/ awmif*el D (765§364-')/ ajrmuf*el D
(766§364-")/ eJ@ usqif;*l *lb&k m; (1219§555) awGukd xnfo h iG ;f &ygr,f?
usqif;*l *lbk&m; (a=wavmuvka0g;Adkvf) ukef;awmf}uD; *lbk&m;/

(1219§555) acsmuf z v (151§122-u)
tawG@&enf;wJh ajcwGJvJcsxdkifykH (ygvdav,sumoe§yvrŠyg'goe) eJ@ Ak'<qif;
wkawmfawGudk usqif;*l*lbk&m;rSm awG@&ygw,f? aemufxyfxl;jcm;csufwckuawmh ESpfxyf*l
bk&m;awGrmS awG@&avhr&Sw d hJ rGeb
f momur`n;f awGukd atmufxyf*el &H t H ay:ydik ;f rSm awG@&ygw,f?
ta&;}uD;wJhwcsufuawmh rlvyxrwnfcJhol/ t+yD;qufwnfwJhol/ aumif;r_&Sif emrnfawG/
pwnfwchJ Ek pS /f +yD;pD;wJch Ek pS ef @J bk&m;bG@J awmfyg wdwu d sus rifpmrSww f rf;awGukd awG@&wmygy?J
usqif;*l*b l &k m; (1219§555) &JŒjzwfyikd ;f yHu k =kd unf&h if ESpx
f yf*b
l &k m;awGrmS trd;k cH;k eJ@
eH&aH wGukd b,fvakd qmufwnfw,fqw kd m awG@Eikd yf gw,f? wnfaqmufykH xl;jcm;csut f aeeJ@u awmh
wjcm;ESpx f yf*b l &k m;awGrmS &Sad umif;&SEd ikd af yr,fh rjrifomwJh yxrxyfe@J 'kw, d xyf ESpcf k t=um;
vd%k yf wfvrf;us,w f ck&adS ewmyg?

63
a&$ * l } uD ; uk e f ; awmf } uD ;
ousrk e d oD & d y pP , m *l a jymuf * l b k & m;

(Ad k v f c sKd r d * l b k & m;)
avmuxd y f y ef ; bk&m;oHk;ql
0uf } uD ; tif ; *l a jymuf } uD ;

ig;rsuf E S m *l b k & m;wql & J Œ yEM u f y H k
64
ig;rsufESm*lbk&m;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f?
rkcfig;ck&dS+yD; a&SŒrkcftm¶HkcHrygyJ tvnfr¾dKifrSm
Ak ' < q if ; wk a wmf awG x m;ygw,f ? apwD a yguf /
xlygaygut f rsK;d rsK;d &S+d yD; txufyikd ;f wnfaqmufyrkH mS
awmh wxyf*lbk&m;awGeJ@ twlwlygyJ? ig;rsufESm
*lbk&m; (607§314-u)/ tdfrf&mausmif; *lbk&m;
(1831§1129) eJ@ ta&SŒZHo;D -ig;rsuEf mS (axmuf
avSmu f m;) (558§310-u) *lb&k m;awGu rkcif g;cke@J
*lb&k m;awGxrJ mS yg0ifygw,f?
ES p f x yf * l b k & m;trsKd ; tpm;rS m yg0if w J h
t}uD ; qH k ; *l b k & m;awG r S m oAŠ n K*l b k & m;}uD ;
(1597§906-u)/ uef a wmf h y v† i f (a*:awmh
yv†i)f *lb&k m; (1622 §930-u)/ plVmr%d*b l &k m;
(748 364-u) eJ@ xD;vdkrif;vdk*lbk&m; (1812§
1110) wd@k yg0ifygw,f?
ESpfxyf*lbk&m;}uD;awGrSm tay:xyfu
tav;csd e f u d k x rf ; xm;Ed k i f z d k @ tvnf r ¾d K if u d k
tcdik t f cHh aqmufwnfxm;a=umif; yEMuyf akH wGt&
odEdkifygw,f? tay:xyfu twGif;ydkif; eH&HawGrSm
vnf; tav;csed u f akd vSsmzh @kd &nf&,G f wmjzpfEikd w f hJ
uG , f 0 S u f v d k % f y wf v rf ; awG & S d a =umif ; 1975
yk * H i vsif a =umif h ysuf p D ; wk e f ; u awG @ &ygw,f ?
oAŠnK*lbk&m;}uD;rSm tay:xyfu tav;csdefudk
twGif;u cHk;awGeJ@yg tiftm;jznfh+yD; xdef;xm;
oAŠ n K ygw,f?
&mpkEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm =umjrifw h whJ ikd af tmif
wnfwchH ikd jf rJaeqJ &ifoyf¶a_ rmp&m taqmuftOD;
awGe@J tEkynmvuf&mawGukd wnfaqmuf=u&mrSm
acwfO;D / acwfvnf/ acwfaESmif;u yk*o H m;ynm&Sif
aygif;pHk nDnD!Gwf!Gwf pkaygif;yg0ifwnfaqmuf
cJ=h ua=umif; a&S;a[mif;yk*b H &k m;awGu oufaojy
aeovdyk gy?J
yk*Hom;awGrSm "m;udkifcJh&wJh tcgvnf;
pl V mr%d
65
awmif*leD*lbk&m; (765§364-')/ bk&m;oHk;ql/ rif;eefol (466§272)
ajrmuf * l e D * l b k & m; (766§364-") (467§273) (468274-u)
xD;vdkrif;vdk
ta&S Œ ZH o D ; -ig;rsuf E S m
(axmuf a vS m f u m;)
&SdcJhw,f? pkwfwH/ unpf/ pl;/ aqmufeJ@ yef;&HypPnf; awGudk udkif&wmvnf;&dScJhw,f?
bk&m;0wfjyKawmhvnf; yef;ckid u f u
kd ikd cf =hJ uayr,f?
“yk*oH m;wd@k
aqmif"m;wzuf/ yef;wzufjzifh
ESpo
f ufz,G &f m/ qifjref;vmaom
tvuFumyifpnf/ wd@k wikd ;f jynfum;
t&nftaoG; rrGeaf vm?”
wifr;kd &ef0if; (awmifwcH g;)
atmufwb kd m/ 1983 atmufwdkbm 18 / 2010

66
oAŠ n K*l b k & m;}uD ; (1597§906-u) uef a wmf h y v† i f * l b k & m; (1622 930-u)
pl V mr%d * l b k & m; (748§364-u) xD;vdkrif;vdk *lbk&m; (1812§1110)

txl;aus;Zl;wifpGmeJ@ udk;um;jcif;
(1) yk*Hrifpmpkokawoevkyfief; tpD&ifcHpm (AdkvfrSL; b&Sif)/ 1964
(2) yk*HoGm;rSwfwrf; (a&$udkif;om;)/ arv/ 2008
(3) wae@wvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ (a'gufwmoef;xGef;)/ =o*kwfv/ 2006
(4) yk*Hc&D;onf (yg&*l)/ 'k t}udrf/ pufwifbmv/ 2008
(5) yk*H (pkaygif;)/ {+yD/ 1999
(6) yk*Ha&S;a[mif;okawoevrf;!$ef (OD;Adkau)/ 1981
(7) ordkif;0if yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm; (OD;oef;aqG)/ 1975
(8) yk*HacwfAdokumvuf&mrsm; (rif;bl;atmif}udKif)/ 1985
(9) Pictorial Guide To Pagan: 1971
(10) Pagan: Art and Architecture of old Burma by Paul Strachan: 1996
(11) Burma Art and Archaeology by Ale»andra Green and T² Richard Blurto: 2002

67
“vltrsKd ;rsKd ; pdwt f axGaxG”qdw k hJ jrefrmpum;[m tawmfav;t"dyg` ,af v;euf us,f
0efwhJ pum;wpfceG ;f jzpfw,f// acwfo;kH “A[k0g'”wdk h 'Dru kd a&pDwkd q h w kd hJ pum;awGeJ h vdu k af vsmnD
axG &S&d rkH u vlwpfa,mufukd onf;cHciG v hf w $ pf w d f xm;wwfatmif oGeo f ifay;&mvnf; a&mufw,f/
avmbeJ h arm[a=umihf
urBmay:rSm vufaAG&mcsi;f wpfxyfwnf; wlno D El pS af ,mufr&So d vdk rsKd ;&d;k ADZuvmyfpnf;
('Dtefat)xyfwl wyfr# wlnw D mvnf; r&Sb d ;l // tvm;wlyJ pdwcf si;f vH;k 0wlno D v l nf; r&Sb d ;l //
tjrGmarG;rdk h &kycf si;f cGrJ &atmifwal umif;wlEikd af yr,fh pdwcf si;f wpfxyfwnf;usw,fqw kd mrsKd ;awmh
r&SEd ikd b
f ;l // “vlwpfu, kd f pdww f pfrsKd ;”qdwk phJ um; 'ga=umifh ay:vmwmayg/h / 'Dvkd vl o h bm0 / avmu
obm0udk oabmayguf em;vnf+yD; vdu k af vsmnDaxGusio fh ;kH aexdik zf kd h tifrwefta&;}uD;w,f/
vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;eJ wh pfrsKd ;/ Edik if w
H pfcek J wh pfck yVdyuQawGjzpf+yD; ppfcif;wdu k cf ukd af e=uwm[m ta=umif;
ESpcf ak =umifh omjzpfw,f// wpfcu k ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGg;twGuf tjrwfxw k v f w kd hJ avmba=umifjh zpf+yD;
usew f pfcu k vl oh bm0 avmuobm0udk trSet f wdik ;f rjrifEikd af tmif arm[zH;k v$r;f aevdk jh zpfw,f/
aiGtwGuf ppfwdkufae=u
avmba=umifph pfjzpfaewmawGukd wm;zdk ch ufw,f// vlawG&J b h 0udk aiGeJ wh nfaqmufwhJ
pepf}u;D usio hf ;kH aeor#umvywfv;kH aiGtwGuf ppfwu kd af e=uOD;rSmyJ// a&S;uvnf; wdu k cf u
dk cf =hJ uw,f/
tckvnf;wdkufae=uw,f// aemifvnf;wdkufae=uOD;rSm aocsmw,f//vl hoabm/vl hobm0udk
rjrifEikd af tmif arm[arSmifz;kH v$r;f aewJt
h wGujf zpfwhJ yVdyuQeJ w h u kd w
f hJ ppfawGuakd wmh wm;r,f
qdk wm;Edik af vmufw,f// bmeJ w h m;rSmvJqakd wmh Om%fynmeJ w h m;Edik w f ,fvkd h ajzrSmayg/h / vl@
obm0/ avmuobm0udk arm[tarSmif zHk;v$rf;r_a=umifh rjrifEdkifjzpfaewm ynmqdkwJh
tvif;a&mifeJ h &Si;f vif;z,f&mS ;ypfEikd w
f ,f//
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vl o
h abm/ vl o
h bm0udk rodem;rvnfEikd af tmifz;kH v$r;f aewJh arm[ud&k iS ;f &mrSm 0wWK
68
vdk / uAsmvdk &opmayawG rsm;rsm;zwfjcif;u taumif;qH;k jzpfw,f// vl o h abm/ vl o h bm0udk
aumif;aumif;em;vnf;ol[m onf;cHpw d }f uD;rm;w,f// ta&xlw,f// pdwq f ;kd a'gojzpfp&mudk
&,fp&mtjzpf&j_ rifEikd w
f ,f// vlq;kd / vlru kd uf akd wmif rke;f p&mvdk rh jrifbJ oem;p&mvdk &h _ jh rifEikd w f ,f/
wu,fvnf; oem;p&mjzpfw,f// todOm%fynm qif;&J csKd w h v hJ kd o
h m vlq;kd vlru kd f jzpfae&wm
r[kwv f m;// urBmo
h rdik ;f rSm emrnfq;kd eJ h ausm=f um;cJw h hJ vlq;kd vlru kd f tawmfrsm;rsm;[m 0wWK/
uAsmeJ h tEkynm&yfreS o f r#ukd rke;f wD;pufqyk o f al wG jzpfa=umif; awG &h w,f // tJ'ga=umifh 0wWK
rzwfwhJ olawG vlq;kd vlru kd jf zpfw,fvkd h qdvk u kd cf siw
f ,f/
yOPoDv
“vlwpfu, kd f pdwwf pfrsKd ;”&S+d ro
J bm0udk rsuu f ,G jf yKjcif;[m 'Dru kd a&pDukd jiif;y,fjcif;jzpf
w,f// ud, k rhf mS ud,k t hf ,ltq&So d vdk ol rh mS vnf; ol th ,ltq&Srd mS yJvkd h vufcEH v S ;kH oGi;f xm;Edik jf cif;
[m vl , h Ofaus;wdk &h J h pdw"f gwjf zpfovdk 'Dru kd a&pD&J h tESpo f m&vnf;jzpfw,f// ig;q,fcEk pS rf sm;
twGi;f u csLd tifvikd /f ae&l;/ OD;Ek/ blumEd/k oD[mEk wdk w h pfawG pwifv_H ah qmf taumiftxnf
azmfc=hJ uwJ +h idr;f csr;f pGm ,SOw f aJG exdik af &; rl}uD;ig;csuf (ac: ) “yOPov D ” (ac: ) “Panja Sila”[m
'Dru
kd a&pD tESpo f m&ppfppfjzpfw,f// pdw, f Ofaus;r_tqifjh rifo h rl sm;&J h usiphf Ofjzpfw,f//
r&%ukefonf}uD;awG
tdrw f pftrd rf mS tazeJ t h aru q&m0efjzpfvkd h om;orD;tm;vH;k q&m0efcsn;f jzpf&r,f
vdk h ajymvdk rh jzpfb;l // tif*sief ,D mjzpfojl zpf/ a&S ah ejzpfvjkd zpf/ ausmif;q&mjzpfvjkd zpf olwkd o h ef&m
oef&m jzpfomG ;=urSmyJ// ta&;}uD;wmu bm}uD;jzpfzkd /h nm}uD;jzpfzkd rh [kwb f ;l // b,fb0a&muf
a&muf ud, k af &mufaewJh b0ywf0ef;usik rf mS vlom;wpfa,mufyyD o D oaexdik rf _ usi}hf uH zh kd o
h m
jzpfw,f// csr;f om=uG,0f wJh oef;=uG,o f al X;}uD;jzpfaeygvsuef J h ukaVukVmydu k q f aH wG xyfxyf+yD;
vdck siaf Zma=umifh vlowfppfvufeufypPn;f awG xkwv f yk af &mif;csae=uwJ“h r&%ukeo f nf”}uD;
awG&o dS vd/k r&Sv
d kd h wuUpaD rmif;pm;aeayr,fh um;ay:rSm arhusecf w hJ hJ ode;f wpf&m aiGtw d uf kd tdrf
wdik &f ma&muf “yxrwef;pm;pdw”f &So d al wGvnf; &Syd gw,f// =u, G 0f csr;f omwJ o h al X;}u;D jzpfaeayr,fh
vlwpfa,muftaeeJ ah wmho[ l m wuUpaD rmif;orm;avmufrS wefz;kd &So d rl [kwyf gb;l //
vl , h Ofaus;wdk v h yk &f yf
vl htzGJ htpnf;wpf&yf
vl th zGJ t h pnf;wpf&yf +idr;f csr;f om,m+yD;zGi+hf zdK;wd;k wufzkd t
h wGuf ta&;}uD;wmu tm;
vH;k qifwjl zpfaezdk rh [kwb f ;l // tqifuaJG wG / ta&mifrwlwmawGukd vdu k zf ufatmif qifwwfz@kd
omjzpfw,f// vlwikd ;f rSm tm;omcsut f m;enf;csuf ud, k pf &D w
dS ,f// +yD;jynfph w
kH o
hJ q
l w
kd m r&Sb d ;l //
ud,k t hf m;enf;csuu f kd ol t
h m;omcsuef J h jznf/h ol t
h m;enf;aewmudk ud, k t hf m;omcsuef J ah ygi;fpnf
'Dv
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aqmifjcif;[m vl,Ofaus;wdk &h J h vky&f yfjzpfw,f// 'Dru kd a&pD oabmvnf;jzpfw,f//
vl x k p d e f 0 if ;
69
usrwd@k wdik ;f jynf[m o,HZmwayg=uG,0f ygw,f? obm0"gwaf iG@/ a&eH/ ausmufrsuf
&wem/ useG ;f opf/ a&$ ponfw@kd u Edik if jH cm;aiG tajrmuftrsm;&&Sad ponfh o,HZmwrsm;/ a&ydik ef uf/
ajrvGwaf jr¶dik ;f rsm;a=umifh wu,fq&dk if jrefrmjynf[m qif;&Jp&m ta=umif;udrk &Syd gb;l ? vufawG@rmS
jrefrmjynf[m trSew f u,fukd qif;&JraJG waeygw,f? bma=umifv h @dk xifyg ovJ? tvkyv f ufrahJ wG
rsm;jym;aejcif;[mvnf; wdik ;f oljynfom;awG&ŒJ pm&dwrW ¾dKifukd trSew f u,f xdcu dk af pw,fq&dk if
vufcEH ikd yf govm;?
jynfolawG[m vkyfp&m vkyfief;udkifief;r&Sdbl;/ 'DawmhaiG&zdk@ twGuf aiG&Sm=uw,f/
b,favmufyJ cGet f m;pdu k x f w
k yf gap vkt d yfwahJ iGa=u;yrm% &zd@k cufcwJ ,f/ 'Dawmh aiG&vG,w f hJ
tvkyaf wGukd vkyv f m=uw,f? ESpv f ;kH xDx;kd w,f/ abmvH;k avmif;w,f/ ESpv f ;kH xDa&mif;w,f/
rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;w,f/ t&ufa&mif;w,f? 'Dvo kd rmtmZD0ruswhJ vkyif ef;awG vkyf udik v f mw,f?
trsKd;orD;i,fav;awGqdk&ifvJ aiG&vG,fwJh jynfwefqmvkyfief;awGxJrSm 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif
vm=u&w,f? usr axmifxrJ mS ae&pOfu awG@c&hJ wJh jynfwefqmrav;awG xJrmS tawmfrsm;rsm;
[m jynfwefqmjzpfcsiv f @kd jzpfcw
hJ m r[kwf bJe@J ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d &JŒ wGe;f yd@k jcif;udk cHc&hJ wmyg?
awavn&JŒ rD;vSsHrsm;
cif+idrf;opf
'Dvrkd sK;d rde;f cav;awGrmS tm;enf;csuaf wG&adS eygw,f? eHygww f pfu ynmt&nftcsi;f
edrfhusae=uygw,f/ tajccHynm awmif aumif;pGmoif=um;cGifhr&wJh rdef;cav;awG jzpfae
wwfygw,f? eHygwfESpfu todtjrifenf;yg;=uygw,f/ AIDS u p+yD; B ydk;/ C ydk;/
umvom;a&m*gawG & J Œ ta=umif ; ud k aocsm rod = uygbl ; ? b,f a vmuf x d a wmif
use;f rma&;todenf;vJ qd&k if umvom;a&m*ga=umif&h wJh temudak q;uk&r,freS ;f rod=ubJ
y¶kwfvHk;udk tr_ef@}udwf+yD; temudkodyf=uygw,f/ b,favmufawmif tEœ&m,f}uD;vJqdkwm
olwdk@wu,fhudk em;rvnf=uygbl;? tJ'Db0uae vGwfajrmufzdk@qdkwmuvJ ol wkd@twGuf
tcufcq J ;kH u ae@pOf0ifaiGyg? aemuf+yD; olw@kd udv k jkH cHKatmif tumtuG,af y;Edik rf ,f/h olw@kd udk
em;vnfpmem apmifah &SmufEikd w f hJ vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;awG r&Syd gb;l ?
bG@J &ynmwwfawGawmif tvkyrf &Sw d w
hJ ikd ;f jynfrmS tajccHynmawmif aumif;pGmrwwfwhJ
rde;f cav;awG bmvkypf m;&rSmvJ/ tJ'jD y\em[m wu,fu h akd jz&Si;f &cufcw
J hJ jy\emyg/ txnfcsKyf
puf¶akH wG&ŒJ wv 0ifaiG[mvJ tvGew f &mrS enf;vGe;f ygw,f? wvvH;k tanmif;xdik x f ikd +f yD;
taotvJcsKyfwmawmif tcsed yf akd =u;ygaygi;f rS usyaf iG 450000 [m tjrifq h ;kH vpmyg? tJ'D
0ifaiG[m wrdom;pkrajymeJ@ vlwOD;xJtwGuf avmufz@kd awmifrS renf;ac|wmoH;k &wJh aiGyrm%yg?
70
'gawmif tvkyf+rJzdk@twGuf t+rJ}udK;pm;atmufusKdŒae&wJh b0awGyg? rdefcav;i,fawG
jynfhwefqmb0a&mufatmif bmawGu wGef;ydk@cJhovJqkdwmudk pmzwfolwdk@ odzdk@twGuf
usrud, k w f ikd =f uHKcJ&h wJh trsK;d orD;av;ta=umif; rSsa0csiyf gw,f?
olrudk usrp+y;D odwt hJ csed rf mS olr[m oCFe;f u|e;f +rKd Œe,f tblabumvrf;u vif;xuf
txnfcsKyfpuf¶rkH mS vkyaf ewm yg? usrtar&JŒ pmtkyq f ikd rf mS umwGe;f vmvmiSm;aewwfv@kd
usrol@udk jrifbl;aeygw,f? ol@udk usrpdwf0ifpm; aeygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh olr[m
ndKndKnufnufav;eJ@ t=unfch o H al v;rd@k yg? olr[m¶d;k om;ygw,f? +yD;awmht&Sut f a=umufvJ
}u;D yH&k ygw,f? t0wftpm;udk oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfpm;wwf+y;D EGr;f yg;ayr,fh oef@&iS ;f wJt h 0wftpm;udk
0wfavh&ydS gw,f? olr[m reuf 6 em&Dq&kd if qGjJ cif;av;qG+J yD; puf¶u kH v
kd mavh&ydS gw,f? nbuf
8em&Davmuf tjyefrmS pmtkyif mS ;avh &Syd g w,f?
w&uf olw@dk puf¶u kH vcxkw&f ufr@kd apmapmqif;ay;vku d af wmh olrtcsed &f wJt h wGuf
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Saturday˜ 27 November 2010 at 00:14
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tjypfwifp&m rvdb k ;l ? wdik ;f jynf}uD; h h h ah & rift h ay:rSm pdwu f ;l awGe@J om aus;Zl;qyfae=ur,fq&kd if
b,fawmhrS vufawG@usrmS r[kw?f vufawG@usus tem*gwu f kd yso
H ef;zd@k wpfu, kd af umif;qefwhJ
pnf;0dik ;f xJu vlom;rqefwhJ vky&f yfawGe@J a0;&mrSm igu h kd rif;vdck siw f hJ a&$a&miftm&k%Of ;D awGtwGuf
ig&h @J cGet
f m;&So d I yg0ifciG jhf yKyg?
,cktcsed x f ad wmh tm%mwJ@ oDcsKyfxm;wJh 0wf&x kH uJ wdik ;f jynf[m r&_Eikd /f ru,fEikd f
tusO;f usaeqJ? vlrqefpmG &ufpufwhJ vky&f yfawG}um;rSm wdik ;f jynf[m t&_;H awGe@J &ifqikd af e&qJ?
rowDp&m trde@f awG jynfah ewJh rsuEf mS pdr;f awG&@J tv,frmS wdik ;f jynf[m qif;&JwiG ;f eufaeqJ?
vGwv f yfa&;&jy;D rvGwv f yfwhJ wdik ;f jynf[m xGuaf ygurf hJ csKyaf ESmifra_ wG rsm;jym;aeqJ? ud, k u hf =H urRm
ud, k zf efw;D cGihf r&oI vGwv f yfwhJ 0ef;usio f pfawGq/D urBmopf wnfaxmifow l @kd qD tkyw f csy/f
oJwyGihf ay;qyfciG jhf yKaeqJyg? uíeaf wmf[m olyek jf zpfw,f?
Aef,rf;xef
75
olwdk‹xJwGif tkyfpkoHk;pkuGJaeonf? pdwf"gwfoHk;ckudk tpGJjyK+yD; tkyfpkoHk;pk uGJoGm;
cJhjcif;jzpfonf? pnf;pdrf OpPmrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifxm;cJh=uonfh t&if;&Sif
"e&Sirf sm;jzpfvmcJ=h u+y;D jzpfojzifh xdpk nf;pdr"f eOpPmrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk enf;enf;uav;yif
txdyg; tyGef;yJhrcHEdkif? xdyg;vm+yDqdkonfESifh awmufavmifaom a'gorD;v#Hrsm;onf
olw‹kd .aoG;om;rsm;ESihf ±kyq f if;o¿mefrsm;udk wnD;nD;rD;v#rH sm;u ajymif;vJypfvu kd af vonf?
rsufvHk;rsm;onf &J&JeDvmonf? qHyifESifhtar$;tr#ifrsm;rSm rma=umaxmifx vmcJhonf?
txl;ojzifh oGm;pG,rf sm;onf rlvvl.oGm;pG,x f uf ig;q ajcmufqydI k &Snvf mcJo h nf?
xdo k mG ;pG,rf sm;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;ESihf pnf;pdrOf pPmrsm;udk xdyg;vmol. vnfyif;ESihf
vnf*w k uf kd xd;k [yfqcJG g v_y&f rf;Edik o
f nfh jzLazG;azG;oGm;pG,rf sm;jzpfonf? xdu k o hJ ‹kd t&Sed t f [kef
}uD;rm;vSpGm ckeftkyfowfjzwfpOfwGif xdkolwdk‹onf wr[kwfjcif;/ wpuUef‹twGif;rSmyif
aoG;pkwzf w k af umifrsm;tjzpfo‹kd ajymif;vJomG ;onf? vl.cE<mud, k o f nf ±kwcf sn;f ajymif;vJ oGm;um
vlom;.rsuEf mS udk xm;&pfc+hJ yD; oGm;pG,rf sm;/ vufonf; ajconf;&Snrf sm; tar$;tr#i&f n S rf sm;
xGufay:vmjcif;ESifh w+ydKifwnf;rSmyif ajymif;vJoGm;onfh rsufESm jzpfoGm;onf? b,fyef;csD
yef;ykq&mu a&;qGcJ ahJ voenf;? xGi;f xkcahJ v
oenf ; ? bD v l ; ±k y f x k . rsuf v H k ; ES i f h yg;pyf y H k
om;aumifvwl . ‹kd o¿mefrsm; onf ajrjyifay:wGif [kef;ueJ
ayguaf &mufvmonfh opfyifuo hJ ‹kd xdak oG;pkwf
zkwaf umif. rsuEf mS ay:wGif xif;ueJ ay:ayguf
awm±dik f;rsm; vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
'kwd,tkyfpkrSm rdcif0rf;=umwdkufrS
u|wfxGufvmuwJu 0HykavGESifh ajracG;rsm;
awmacG;±dkif;wdk‹. pdwfo¿mefrsm;u ygvmcJh
=u+y;D jzpfonf[, k ql =uonf? xd, k q l csuo f nf
rjzpfEdkif? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap rmefzDaomtcg
waumifu h w kd aumifu cket f yk =f urSjzifh xdpk w d f
armifp;kd csdef o¿mefrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; ay:xGuv f mcJ+h y;D
tm;enf;vGe;f aom qifjcifww kH &m;udk ajracG;/
0Hyak vG/ awmacG;±dik ;f pdw"f mwftm;jzifh v$r;f rd;k ypfvu kd of nf? tm%mqdo k nfh vkyyf ikd cf iG /hf jc,fv, S cf iG /hf
aoG;pkwfcGifhwdk‹udk wOD;wa,mufu zsufvdkzsufqD; zDvmðyvm+yDqdkv#if wr[kwfjcif;rSmyif
wke‹f +yKd iw
f u kd cf u
kd of nfh a'goeJ@tvd&k ruf }u;D rm;r_u xdak wm±dik ;f om;aumifw‹kd . pdwo f ¿mefrsm;udk
aqmif,lapcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf? tiftm;òydifqdkif xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufpdwfu tòydif;t±dkif; ay:xGuf
vmjcif;ESit hf wl wa,mufuw kd a,muf cket f yk o
f wfjzwfuu kd zf =hJ uavonf? vlpw d af ysmufomG ;jcif;
ESit hf wl ajracG;/ 0Hyak vGEiS hf awmacG;±dik ;f toGio f ¿mef±yk 0f grsm; ay:xGuf v$r;f rd;k oGm;avawmhonf?
(2)
76
Advk cf sKyfwifO;D ESihf ta&Sa› wmifwikd ;f ppfwikd ;f rSL;tygt0if tjcm;aom ppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;rSm
&[wf,mOf ±d;k ±d;k ysuu f s aoqH;k jcif;r[kw?f AH;k cGw J u kd cf u kd cf &H ojzifh &[wf,mOfysuu f saoqH;k &jcif;
jzpfonf? obm0avmuuolw‹kd tjzpfukd odvu kd o f nf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;u odvu kd =f uonf?
acG;ajcacG;vuf/ 0HykavGOD;acgif;/ awmacG; ±dkif;toJESvHk; udk,fcE<mESifh ºuGufom;aoG;a=um
tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;onf vl. cE<maA't& zG‹J pnf;xm;jcif; r[kwrf eS ;f (r[kwrf eS ;f ) oHviG jf rpfu
tppfaq;cH0ahH vonf? oHviG jf rpfr. a&pD;onf xdt k pdwt f ydik ;f udk o,faqmifc&hJ avonf?
acG;jcaoFh}uD;ESifh usm;}uD;wpk. =oZmtm%matmufwGif yckH;jcif;,SOfvm=urnfh
acG;jcaoFah ygurf sm;/ usm;aygu}f u;D rsm;onf t&Sed t f [kef ,lvmae=uonf? tm%monftouf/
tm%monf aomhcsuftc&m? wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹ twGufr[kwf? odk‹aomf
wdkif;jynftwGuf[kqdkum jynfwGif;ppfudk arG;jrLxm;&onf? jynfwGif;ppfonf acG;jcaoFhwdk‹.
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;vkyfuGufwdk‹xuf bmwckrS ajymp&mr&Sd? tm%myJ? xdktm%muOpPm"e/
pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_/ rdom;pkºuG,f0jynfhpHk apr_/ ydkifqdkifr_ toufaoG;a=umrsm;udk
xdr;f csKyfxm;onf? tcGit hf vef;/ tcGit hf a&;rSeo f r#ukd zefw;D ,lEikd af omt&monfum; tm%m?
xdtk oufxuf tm%m rvHòk crH mS pd;k &G‹H xdwv f ef‹onf? tm%mudv k ,k uf,rl nfo h /l zJ,
h w l u kd ,
f rl o hJ /l
eJeuJ av;yJ && cGg,rl o hJ ul kd rD;[ke;f [ke;f xum acsre_ ;f ypfonf?
wzufu usm;}u;D awGukd acG;jcaoFu h vufoufarG;&onf? wcsKd @ukd armif;xkwyf pf&onf?
AdkvfcsKyfa&$b/ jrifhatmif/ xGef;=unftp&Sdaom usm;wtkyfudk eef;ykv†if &ifjyifxufrS
ESifxkwfcJh=uonf? xdkodk‹ESifarmif;xkwfonfh ppfrdef‹xJwGif jcaoFh [def;oH/ usm;[def;oHrsm;
wif;wif;rmrm ygvmonf? tm%m}u;D r_ tcGit hf vef;onf wcgwnf;&vdu k Ef ikd w
f mygvm;qdo k nfh
aemifwoHa0*onf awm±dik ;f rsurf J usm;}uD;rsm;. ppfreS yf o D aom oHa0*bG‹J jzpfonf?
(3)
Advk cf sKyfuawmfawGu pde/f ywWjrm;ESihf a&$aiG&wem wd‹k udpk ak qmif;onf? tòydit f qdik f
tvk t ,uf pk a qmif ; =ujcif ; jzpf o nf ? tacgif t xG Ë f Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; a&$ . uawmf u
tjcm;Adv k cf sKyfuawmf/ Adv k u f awmfawG. cd;k &myg wdu k &f myg &wemxkw}f u;D rsm;udk awG‹jrifonft h cg
a'goxavh&Sdonf? udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;vkyfief; vkyfuGufrsm; rsm;jym;pnfyifvmonfh tcg
trsux f avonf? bmjzpfv‹kd w0wyd;k / weifw h yd;k ºuG,0f csr;f om&rSmvJ? ig&h hJ ig&h hJ tacgit f zsm;
t&dyt f m0go atmufrmS ae=u&r,f? igt h &dyf igw h q H yd x f uf igOh pPm/ igt h m%mxuf/ t&G,t f pm;
r}uD&ifah p&bl;? igeh @J igv h ifAvkd cf sKyf}uD;u tm;vH;k udw k m0ef,x l m;&wm? wm0efcx H m;&wm?
acgi;f cHxm;&wm? Edik if w H umppfc±kH ;kH eJh óud;pifwuf&&if igv h ifua&›q S ;kH u wuf&rSm? 'Dvt kd ajc
taerdsK;rSm 'DaumifrawGu igx h ufrsm; yd+k yD;csr;f omºuG,0f csi=f uao;owJv h m;?
vH+k cHKa&;aomh txyfxyfzefqif;xm;onfh vSycef‹jim;aom Zdrcf t H cef;xJwiG f pde/f a&$/
ywWjrm;wd‹k ukd Adv k cf sKyf}u;D a&$. r[ma'0D ra[oDu txyfxyf a&wGuf pl;prf;wd‹k x=d unfah erdonf?
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;u ol.r[ma'0Dukd pl;pdu k =f unfah erdonf? jcaoF±h yk x f rk sm; pDjc,fxm;onfh uEkwyf ef;
tajymuftr$rf;wdk‹jzifh cef‹xnfawmufvufaom ukvm;xdkifxufwGif xdkifum ±_pm;v#uf
77
r[ma'0D. trlt&mudk tuJcwfaeavonf? rdb&k m;ursuEf mS ndk pdwaf wmfnK‡d ;v#ib f ma=umifrh sm;
r&$irf jyjzpfae&yg vdr[ hf ol nf tylawG;u ude;f atmif;vmavh&o dS nf? ,QKAdv k cf sKyf}uD;uawmf.
rsuv f ;kH tdrw f iG f rsu&f nf=unfrsm; pd‹k aeavonf? pdeyf iG ahf wGukd cyf=urf;=urf; qGaJ r$ ypfvu kd o f nf?
tpdr;f &ifh uwWyD gtcif;xnf wGe‹f vdyo f mG ;onftxd?
“'gawGu bmrSr[kwb f ;l ? [dk Adv k cf sKyfped af tmifw‹kd vdk csr;f omºuG,0f ae=uwJh Adv k cf sKyfawG
xufpm&if vufxJu OpPmypPnf;twdkif;twmu bmrSrjzpfavmufbl;? olwdk‹u q&mxuf
vufapmif;xufae=uw,f? &Sifu &Sifbk&iftjzpfeJh olwdk‹a&S›utaocH+yD; &yfay;ae&w,f?
óud;pifwuf&rJh pm&if;rSm &Siu f a&Sq › ;kH uyJ? tJ csr;f omºuG,0f wm=uawmh olw‹kd ubk&if awG?
&Sifua&S›qHk;u r[kwfbl;? olwdk›u xdyfqHk;uvlawG jzpfae=uw,f? {&mrvkyfief;&Sif}uD;awG?
&Sifuolwdk‹awG csrf;om+yD;&if; csrf;omzdk‹ &SifupDrHcef‹cGJay;cJhayrJh 'gawGudk b,fodyghrvJ?
t&if;ppfvu kd af wmh tjrpfajrqdo k vdk &Siahf =umifh &Siv f yk v f u kd wf mawG csn;f yJ? usKyfrmS u ae‹w"l0
AdkvfcsKyfuawmfawG oHawmfOD;wifwJh owif;pHk twif;pHkudk =um;ae&wm pdwfrcsrf;ombl;?
&Si[ f mawmfawmf toH;k ruswAhJ v kd cf sKyf?”
ausmf w uf o G m ;wmud k r óud u f ? &if a bmif w ef ; vd k u f w mud k r óud u f ? róud u f ?
bk&if{u&mZfqdkwm xdyfqHk;rSmyJ bmrqdk&Sdae& r,f? xdka'gou aoG;rsm;udk ºuGufºuGufql
avmifapcJo h nf? &rufavmb AH;k oD;rsm;u txyfxyf ayguu f aJG ecJo
h nf? eef;OD; q&mawmf
OD ; aZmwd u qH k ; rcJ h o nf h owW 0 gtm;vH k ; tay: arwW m yd k ‹ tr#a0yg 'umr}uD ; -qd k o nf h
qdrk ed ‹f =o0g'onf ESv;kH oJyw G f wGif rude;f atmif;Edik af wmh? at;csr;f pdrjhf ronfh apwem arwWmrsm;/
rk'dwmrsm;onf aoG;a=umxJwGif/ OD;aESmufA[dkcsufrwGif qHcsnfwr#if tyfwzsm;pm yifr&Sd?
cef;ajcmufyal vmifc+hJ yDy?J jymjzpfrwwf qlavmifaeonfh &rRuaf vmbESihf aumufusprf r_ sm;onf
wpxufwp OD;aESmufaoG;a=umrsm;odk‹ pD;0ifpD;eif;um ajracG;pdwf ajracG;±kyfo¾mefodk‹
ul;ajymif;oGm;apcJo h nf? r[ma'0DEiS hf rsuEf mS csi;f qdik x f m;aom eH&u H yfreS cf syf rSeof m;jyifxufwiG f
oGm;pG,fwazG;azG;ESifh [def;a[mifaeaom ajracG;r±kyfyHkxJwGif vnfqHar$;rsm; axmifxum
rsuv f ;kH rsm;u 0if;0if;awmufaeavonf?
“'gawGigv h mrajymeJ@? wdik ;f jynfwckv;kH igyikd q f ikd x
f m;w,f? 'Dwikd ;f jynf[m ig&h ŒJ ud, k yf ikd f
ypPn;f yJ? igw‹kd rdom;pk wpkwnf; ydik q f ikd x f m;wm? b,ftydik ;f b,fOpPmudk eifz, hJ cl sio
f vJ/ ,lrvJ?
eifu h , kd yf ikd &f wemodu k x f J vS;D xnfph rf;? zJx h nfph rf;? olw‹kd awmif vkyw f wf&if eifu tqwaxmif
waomif; wode;f vkyw f wf&r,f? ,lvJ ,laewmyJ? [d[ k mrawG csr;f omºuG,0f w,fqw kd m
eifw‹kd om;trdukd b,frrDS mS vJ? igt h vkyu f igv h ufxu J igt h m%mudk vk,uf,rl ,f/ wdu k cf u
kd , f rl ,f
qd k + yD ; =uH p nf a ewJ h / tm%m t&,l z d k ‹ vk y f a ewJ h a umif a wG / taumif r awG u d k ab;qd k ;
=urRmqdk;qdkufoGm;atmif vkyfae&wm? vG,fwJhudpPvdk‹rsm; xifaeovm;? igvkyfwJhtvkyfudk
eifuraxmufuw l thJ jyif igu h kd eifu ta=umif;r&St d a=umif;&Sm+yD; ykwcf wf&efawG‹w,faygah v
[kwv f m;? uJ-[m awG‹=uao;wmayg?h ”
Adv k cf sKyf}uD;onf cef‹xnfa&$a&mif qifo ukvm;xdik x f ufrS x+yD;rwfwwf&yfvu kd o f nf?
78
a'gotd;k udk rD;pjzifh nSv d u kd o
f uJo h ‹kd jzpfomG ;onf? tm%m&pfr;l vGef a'go&rRuu f tcd;k tv#rH sm;
xvmum tm±Hak =umrsm;udk xdt k cd;k tv#rH sm;u ±du k cf wfavonf? aoG;rsm; yvHpk q D al 0vmonf?
Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D wGif ae‹pOfae‹w"l0 em&DrjywfcpH m;ae&onfh a0'emum; tjcm;r[kw?f vlxak cgi;f aqmif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf 'Dru kd a&pD vlx}k uD;udk a=umuf&‹HG wkev f y_ f cg;oD;aeonfh a0'em? igOh pPm
ightm%mudk vm+yD;vk,uf,lae=uwJhvlawG? vk,lzdk‹}uH&G,fae =uwJhvlawG? xdkodk‹cHpm;ae
&onfah 0'emonf? xdck pH m;r_u olu, kd of l owfjzwfaerSe;f olu, kd of l vnf;rod? olonf pdwZW
a0'emtusOf;om;? xdkpdwfcHpm;r_ oHr%davSmiftdrfxJwGif tm%m±l; aeol? &rRuftm%m
&pfrl;vGef&mrS a'go avmbu ol‹toJESvHk;odk‹ ajy;aqmifhudkif±dkufvdkufwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD.
±kyf0gtqif;o¾mefrsm;onf ajymif;vJoGm;onf? wcgw&HY wr[kwfjcif;ajymif;vJoGm;onf?
ol‹twGi;f pdww f iG f acG;jcaoht F eH‹rsm; v_id ;f xvm+yD; bDv;l ±kyaf yguv f monf? xdu k o hJ ‹kd jzpfaeus?
xdkpOfu r[ma'0Dudk a'gor$efxl rkef,dkvmonfhtav#muf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$onf
cef‹jim;xnf0g ukvm;xdkifrS x&yfvdkuf pOf rcef‹jim;rxnf0gonfh vlom;pm; bDvl;±kyfayguf
oGm;onf? ol‹udk tjypfwif tjypfz‹kd onf/h rav;rpm; ao;ao;odro f rd f apmif;&G‹J ajymqdv k monf/h
ol‹tvkyu f kd aESmuf,u S v f maom r[ma'0Dukd cket f yk v f u
kd pf Of ol‹±yk 0f go¾meftm;vH;k onf wr[kwf
jcif;ul;ajymif;oGm;um acG;jcaoh}F uD; jzpfvmonf?
tm%mudk zufw, G xf m;&r,f? zufw, G x f m;Edik zf ‹kd cg;ydu k af qmifwyfukd }uD;xGm;
atmifvyk , f &l r,f? tiftm;[m tm%m/ tm%m[m tiftm;? tiftm;}u;D xGm;rS tiftm;enf;
ol/ uif;rJo h u l akd jcr_e;f +yD; atmifycJG H tEdik , f v l ‹kd &r,f? tiftm;}uD; olu tEdik &f pwrf;? awm±dik ;f
wd&p>mefavmurS wd&p>mefpdwfESifh *smreftawG;tac:ynm&Sif epfa&S;. “tiftm;onfom
trSew f &m;”[lonfh oabmw&m;u ol‹ESv;kH om;wGif pdepf x D m;ESi+hf yD;om;? xd‹k a=umifo h ‹l a&Sw
› iG f
vma&mufaESmuf,u S o f l ra[oDukd cket f yk w f u kd cf u kd pf Of acG;jcaoFjh zpfomG ;onf? ol‹a&Sw › nfw h nfrh S
rSecf syxf w J iG f acG;jcaohyF t kH wdik ;f ay:xGuaf eonf?
acG;jcaohF. a&S›ajcaxmufu ajracG;racgif;udk ±dkufcszdESdyfcsvdkufonf? ajracG;ru
acgif;iHk‹um wywfvSnfha&SmifxGuf vdkufonf? aemufxyfwywfvSnfh a&SmifxGufvdkufpOf
acG;jcaohFrif;onf acsmarG‹onfh =urf;jyifay:wGif av#mxGufoGm;onf? acG;jcaohFtdk}uD;onf
t&G,u f svmaomfvnf; ol.&rRuaf vmbpdwu f pdr;f vef;Ekopfq?J b,fo‹kd yifjzpfap ol.&rufu
a'goudk zefw;D aecJo h nf?
xdyw f ukd yf ËdyuQ wdu k yf }JG uD;rm;oGm;+yDqv kd #if xdo k ‹kd yif waumifuw kd aumifu oJorJ rJ J
udu k of wfacsre_ ;f avawmhonf? od‹k aomf wzufv, l Ofaus; ,H=k unfcsujf zifh wdu k yf 0GJ iforl sm;ESihf
&ifqikd &f onft h cgwiG f vlEiS hf wd&p>mefwu kd yf GJ jzpfaewwfavonf? vdu k zf ufrr_ &So d nfh wdu k yf JG
jzpfaewwfonf?
(4)
pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;rSL; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D onf ol.+yKd ib f ufrsm;ay: ol&aJ bma=umifvyk &f yfrsm;udk

79
rjrifEikd &f ef odo k yd zf ;kH uG,f xm;wufonf? ,QKvnf; ol. ra[oDa'0D tay:wGif a'gorke, f +kd yD;
uefa=umuf }udrf;armif; zdtkyfcJh&mrS ppf±Hk;csKyfodk‹ a&mufvm cJhonf? acG;jcaohF ±kyfyHko¾ef
vH;k 0r&Sjd yefawmh? wdrjf rKyfae+yD? tm%musm;uGuu f kd ol.ppf±;kH csKyf ±H;k cef;xJwiG f wa,mufxJ
upm;avh & S d o nf ? tjcm;Ad k v f c sKyf r sm;ud k pd w f r cs? t,H k t =unf r &S d ? ajcoH = um;v#if /
w,fvDzkef;oH=um;v#if em;a=umrsm; axmifae wwfonf? ol&Jabma=umif vGef;vSpGm
trde‹f awmfcsrw S x f m;onf? e,fajruef‹owfxm;onf? “igrac:bJ b,forl S igh ±H;k cef;udk rvm&/
vmcGirhf &S”d qd+k yD; ud, k af &;t&m&Srd w S qifh Adv k tf m;vH;k udk trde‹f xkwx f m;onf? odyt f a&;}uD;rS
ud, k af &;t&m&Su d kd zke;f qufyg? tjcm;wzufwiG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk owfjzwfc=hJ uonfh okc/
r_ef}uD;/ &ef}uD;atmif wdk‹uJhodk‹aom *av*ajcrsm;udk arG;jrL&avonf? tm%mvk,lrnfhol/
}uH&G,frnfhol[k pGwfpGJum 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ vlxkrsm;udk aowGif;odk‹
yd‹k &eftwGujf zpfonf? xd‹k jyifvnf; ol.ud, k yf mG ;ajracG;ESihf usm;rsm;udk arG;jrL&avonf?
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; t"dupm&if; &Si;f ypf&rnfo h rl sm;rSm vlxak cgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpfonf? wcsKd ‹udk
ESpf&Snfvrsm; axmifxJydk‹&ef/ enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh owfjzwfypf&efjzpfonf? axmifjyifu vlxkacgif;
aqmifrsm;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh ydwfqdk‹csKyfcs,f&ef/ acsr_ef;zdESdyfypf&ef jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;.
tm%mxdr;f csKyfxm;a&; pDrcH suu f kd Edik if aH wmf pDrcH suq f +kd yD; trnfajymif;vdu k o f nf? Tod‹k tm;jzifh
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;onf tm%mxdr;f csKyfa&;twGuf pepfwus tuGuaf phaph v_y&f mS ;vkyaf qmifae&onf?
txl;ojzifh a'0Dra[oD ESifhorD;awmfrsm;/ rdom;pkrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;/ b%fwdkuf/
&wemodu k w f ‹kd udk rSnphf eG ;f wpGe;f rusa&mufap&ef tm%mjzifh xdr;f csKyfxm;&ao;onf?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;. tjcm;aom xl;jcm;csufw&yfrSm rd±dk;zvm xHk;wrf;"avhtwdkif;
bk&m;&Scd ;kd jcif;jzpfonf? um,uH/ 0ZDu/H raemuH wd‹k jzifjh ypfrmS ; usL;vGecf o hJ r# (owfjzwfzEd ydS rf /_
tEdkifusifh/ aumufuspf}uHpnf/ vdrfnmr_) wdk‹onf bk&m;/ w&m;/ oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk
&Spcf ;kd ylaZmfv#if tjypfw‹kd onf yde;f =umzufay: a&rwifouJo h ‹kd avsmqif;aysmufu, G o f nf[k
rjzpfrae vufc, H =kH unfxm;&onf? xdik ;f Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; a&mufvmpOfu 0wfðyud;k uG,jf cif;
qdik &f m bk&m;ausmif;awmfukd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D u xkwaf zmfjyocJb h ;l onf? xdik ;f (,d;k ',m;)0ef}u;D uvnf;
Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; . bmom,H k = unf ud k ; uG , f r _ u d k tcd k i f t rm awG ‹ &S d c J h a =umif ; Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ;
ajymcdkif;onfhtwdkif;ajymay;&onf? 0g'jzef‹csD ray;Ivnf; rjzpf? xdkif;tpdk;&u ArmjynfrS
"gwfaiG‹a&eHrsm; xyfrH&&Sd&ef AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wdk‹ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; xyfrHcsKyfqdkp&m &Sdaeonf
r[kwv f m;?
Adou k mynm&SiEf iS hf tvkyo f rm;rsm;u Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ESihf ol.r[ma'0Dw‹kd . pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;
twdik ;f bk&m;ausmif;awmfukd wnfaqmufjc,fre_ ;f ay;&onf? oyf&yfcef‹x,fr/_ vSyoy`g,rf w _ ‹kd jzifh
jynfph akH om bk&m;ausmif;awmfa&Sw › iG f Adv k cf sKyf}uD;onf 0wfðyylaZmfavh&o dS nf? ab;roD &efrc
vdt k ifqENjynf0h apa=umif; qkawmif;avh&o dS nf? vdt k ifqENqo kd nfrmS pnf;pdrt f m%m +rJa&;/
eif;jym;awGvltkyfzGJ‹jyD; ykefuefaxmifxm;r_rS uif;a0;a&;twGuf jzpfonf? bk&m;/ w&m;/
oHCmudt k m±Hðk y=uonf? xdk txGËt f jrwfo;kH yg;tm±Hu k ol‹pw d Ef v S ;kH wGif wpuUe‹f qkd ,Hrk #wc%wm
80
ude;f atmif;onf? xd&k wemok;kH yg;xuf ol. trde‹f =oZm tm%m o&zlatmufwiG f vlowfy/JG
vlzrf;yGJ/ ajcr_ef;ESdyfuGwfyGJ/ ppfrD;i&Jtv#Hrsm;/ ppfatmfoHrsm;/ u&ifjynfe,f &GmrD;avmifeJ@/
vlaojymeH@rsm;/ &Srf; ucsif u&if trsdK;orD;rsm;. umraus;u|ef [pfaºuG;idk,dkoHrsm;/
vlowfjrifuiG ;f rsm;/ a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &; xJrS vlowfuiG ;f ESihf 'Dy, J if;vlowfuiG ;f jrifuiG ;f rsm;/
ppfaxmufvSrf; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;xJrS uvdefus,kwfuef;r_ pum;vHk;toHk; tE_ef;rsm;u
bk&m;&Sdcdk;+yDqdkonfESifh t[kefjzifh pdwfxJrSxGufay:vmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;. pdwfESvHk;
ydwu f m;csyaf y:wGif xdt k &dyf ta&mifrsm;/ jrifuiG ;f rsm;/ toHAvHrsm;/ ol‹yg;pyfEw _ cf rf;rS xkwcf &hJ onfh
trdef‹rsm;onfom wvSnfh+yD;wvSnfh xGufay:vm aeonf? ppf&mZ0wfoifh ypfowfrdef‹
ppfred ‹f toHp;l pl;&S&u S bk&m;&Scd ;kd +yDqrkd jS zifh ol@pdwx f rJ S ckeaf ygux f uG v f m awmhonf?
“tJ'D oH%mawGudkypfowf/ ausmif;om;awGudkypfowf/ bkef;}uD;ausmif;wdkufawG
udkzsufypf/ vrf;rawGay: wufvmwJh vltkyfawGudk igrjrifcsifbl;/ ypfcwfacsr_ef; ypfprf;a[h?
ppfwyfubmvkyf&rSmvJ/ tm%gvk,lcsifwJh vltkyfudk tvS=unfhae&rSmvm;/ tukefypfowf/
ppfwyfqw kd m ypfcwfz‹kd yJ igypfred ‹f twdik ;f ypfowf =uprf;”
a&$0ga&mifta&;awmfyu kH kd acsre_ ;f xd;k ppfqif&ef xkpd Ofu ukvm;xdik x f ufrS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;u
w,fvzD ek ;f jzifh trde‹f ay;cJo h nf? tqifq h ihpf pfAv kd af wGudk trde@f ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? tm%mavm
baZm/ a'goaZm r$ex f al ecJ+h yD? rsuv f ;Hk xJrmS bmrSrjrif rawG@awmh? =urf;jyifay:wGif acguw f ek @f
vl;vmav#mufae&if; tm%mjzihf rD;[kef;[kef;awmufaeonhfpdwfu e*dkrlv acG;jcaoFh±kyf
qif;o¾efo@kd wr[kwjf cif; ul;ajymif;oGm;apcJo h nf? ol. rlvpdwx f oJ @kd wefc;kd =oZm tm%m}uD;
rm;vdrk /_ atmifycJG v H rkd _ acG;jcaoFph w d /f om;±dik ;f pdwu f 0ifa&mufp;D eif;vdu k pf Of ol@u, kd w
f iG v
f nfqaH rG;
rsm;onf ta&jym;ay:rS xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf? xdv k nfqaH r$;rsm;rSm vnf; axmifxvmcJo h nf?
=urf;jyifay:od@k ajcz0g;usoo H nf acG;jcaoFh t+rD;±du k of jH zpfaeonf? owfjzwfacsre_ ;f zd@k ppfwyfudk
ppfred @f ay;vdu k pf Of E_wcf rf;rsm;v_y[ f oGm;wkid ;f acG;oGm;pG,/f jcaoFo h mG ;pG,rf sm;onf azG;ueJ/ azG;ueJ?
acG;jcaoFh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a&$. rmefzpD pfred @f oHu awmwGi;f yJw h if[ed ;f oHuo hJ @kd eef;awmf *l}uD;xJwiG f
[de;f I v_id ;f xaecJo h nf?
vl , Of a us;tvk y f o rm; Ad o k u mrsm; wnf a qmuf r $ e f ; rH c s,f o xm;aom
vl,Ofaus;rsm;aexdik &f m eef;awmftrd af wmf onfyifv#if awm&kid ;f wd&p>mefpw d "f gwf ude;f atmif;
aeaom acG;jcaoFh}uD;. [def;a[miftlaeaom owfjzwfcGihfppfrdef@a=umihf ,drf;xdk;aeonf?
ivsiaf =umrdomG ;ouJo h @kd odrw hf ek v f y_ cf gaeonf? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D aexkid &f m eef;awmf tdraf wmfonfum;
wkdif;jynf. b¾m/ vlxk. ac|;toufaoG;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onfjzpf&m/ xdktdrfawmf
eef;awmfonf jynfov l xl k Adou k mwk@d . ac|;toufaoG;wd@k u puUe@f rjywf touf0if&iS o f efae
onfukd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;crsm vlod od&ydS rkH ay:cJah y?
xdk@a=umihf awmfvSeftHkºuGvlxkudk ypfowfrdef@ay;aomtcg vlxkwdk@. aoG;ac|;
touf w d k @ jzih f aqmuf v k y f x m;aom td r f e ef ; awmf o nf ppf A d k v f c sKyf tm%m&S i f } uD ; uk d
odro hf rd v
hf y_ cf gomG ;atmif armif;xkwcf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? 'g[m awm}uD;rsurf x J u J om;&Jt±d;k ocFsKid ;f
81
ausmuf * l r [k w f b l ; a[h q d k + yD ; tvk y f o rm; v,f o rm;vl x k . aoG ; ac|touf r sm;u
touf0ifvy_ &f mS ; armif;ESif xkwcf jhJ cif;jzpfonf?
ppfAv dk cf sKyf}u;D onf bk&m;ausmif;awmfa&S@wiG f 0wfjyK&Scd ;kd ylaZmfwidk ;f ol. pdwt f m±Hx k w J iG f
tm%m&rufa'go ppfrdef@rsm; ukd twdkif;om; jyef=um;ae&onf? ppfajrjyifwckjzpfoGm;jyD;
tvJ v J t +yd K +yd K aoG ; tvd r f ; vd r f ; &[ef ; oH C mrsm;/ vl x k r sm;uk d = unh f u m yD w d j zpf a om
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdwfu acG;jcaoFh±kyf0gukd zefqif;cJhjyefav+yDaum? tiftm;csdeJ@aom owW0gwdk@ukdrS
tiftm;jzihf tEdkif,l Adkvfus owfjzwfpm;aomuf+yD;aemuf ausmuf*lpGef;wGif 0ifhxnfpGm
b0ifcdkufaeaom acG;jcaoFhjzpfaecJhonf? Ak'<±kyfyGm;awmf owif;oHk;&m ausmif;aqmif.
=urf;jyifxufwiG ‚f if;/ acsmnufe&H aH y:wGi‚f if;/ acG;jcaoFyh &kH yd o f nf xifaeavonf?
(5)
“'Daumifqif}uH}uHaew,f”
a&S@wvSrf;wdk;+yD; tpG,feJ@xdk;zdk@ aemufwvSrf;qkwfI qifowW0gu }uHpnf&onf?
od r f o d r f a rG @ arG @ aemuf w vS r f ; qk w f + yD ; a&S @ uk d w d k ; rJ h o l u k d (raumif ; aompd w f t}uH t pnf
tjyKtrlorm;ud)k qif}u}H uo H nf[I l yif qd&k ;kd pum;òycJ=h uonf? qifO;D aESmuf ESiv fh ?l qifpw d "f gwEf iS fh
&Sio f efaeaomvl? 'Dvrkd [kwv f m;? yk&u G q f w d Of ;D aESmufEiS hf vly&k u G qf w d ?f “'Daumifuarsmufpw d ”f
pdwfutrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJ&mY arsmufpdwfjzifhcdkif;Ed_if;vdkufonf? arsmufpdwf&Sdaomarsmufvl?
rdu
k u f ef;uef;vlukd 'Dvu l acG;pdw[ f I l yifq=kd uonf? tom;pm;aom awmacG;±dik ;f rsm;udq k v kd o kd nf?
acG ; pd w f E S i f h v l u d k , f j zpf a eojzif h acG ; vl u d k acG ; pd w f & S d a omvl t jzpf o±k y f a zmf v d k u f o nf ?
“vl [ macG ; xuf r d k u f w ,f ” [k wcsd K ‹u vuQ H x m;onf r S m vnf ; Tod k ‹ vH k a vmuf a om
ta=umif;jycsurf sm; &Sw d wfayonf? wu,fu vlcE<mud, k Ef iS hf acG;pdwaf yguaf eaomol? wu,fu
xdktiftm;jzifh tEdkifusifhtEdkif,l aoG;om; òrd0g;wwfonfh awmwGif;wd&p>meft±dkif;tpdkif;udk
rdwLW ul;,lwwf=u+yD; xdw k &d p>mefpw d o f ¾efu vlu, kd Ef iS v
hf ‹l pdwx f o J ‹kd v$r;f rd;k 0ifpm;vdu k o f nfEiS hf
wd&p>meftjzpfo‹kd ul;ajymif;oGm;avawmhonf?
Adv
k cf sKyftcsi;f csi;f wefc;kd òydi/f tm%mvk,ufòydi=f u&m0,f xdyw f ukd yf ËdyuQwu kd yf o JG nf
vlpdwf&Sdaom omrefvlwdk‹yifv#if r=unfhtyfonfh wdkufyGJjzpfaewwfonf? aoG;ysufp&m
yifaumif;ao;awmh? olw‹kd tcsi;f csi;f wdu k cf ukd tf m;òydi=f u&mY tkypf v k u kd f wdu k o f nfvnf;&So d nf/
ppfb&k ifAv kd cf sKyw f OD;jcif;/ ppfya'o&mZf t&if;&Sif wa,mufjcif; wdu k cf u kd t f m;òyid of nfvnf; &So d nf?
AdkvfcsKyfcifESifh AdkvfcsKyfa&$ tkyfpkESpftkyfpkonf umvtwef=um tm%mvuf0g;apmif;xufr_
cif;usi;f jyo=u&mrS yËdyuQ&ifqikd f wdu k yf JG txGËt f xdyq f o D ‹kd a&mufvmcJo h nf?
AdkvfcsKyfcifu ol‹±Hk;cef;wGif ol‹vufatmufcH ppf"g;jyaxmufvSrf;a&;acgif;aqmif
Advk rf sm;udk r=umc%wyfveS @f cb hJ ;l onf? Adv k cf sKyfa&$ut kd nHrh cHb‹kd / Adv k cf sKyfa&$. tkypf u k akd pmif=h unfh
aebd‹k / tidu k rf rdapbk‹d used ;f armif;qlqaJ jymqdk trde‹f ay;&mY a'goonf vnfywfEv S ;kH aoG;udk
tqdycf wfvu kd o f nf? xdo k ‹kd cE<mud, k x f rJ aS oG;rsm;/ tm±Hak =umr#iEf iS hf OD;aESmufuvmyfp;D rsm;xJ wGif
a'go tqdyfcdk;rsm;u t[kef;[kef; awmufavmifvmpOfrSmawmh usm;wdk‹.oGm;pG,fESifh
82
pl;&Jrsuv f ;kH wd‹k onf wr[kwjf cif;Adv k cf sKyfcif. rsuEf mS ay:od‹k a&mufvmcJo h nf/ awm±dik ;f 0uf0. H
vufonf;ajconf; vufeufud&d,mrsm;onf ol.vufxdyfajcxdyfrsm;xufrS xdk;xGuf
ayguaf &mufvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? xdwv f ef‹th=H ozG,&f m aumif;vSayonf?
“Adkvfr_;csKyfeJ@ AdkvfrSL;wdk‹apmifh=unfhae=u? oef;a&$&J@axmufvSrf;a&;tkyfpkudk wefjyef
axmufvrS ;f a&; vky=f u? tvpf tidu k rf rdapeJ?h ydy&d &d &d =dS uygap? igw‹kd udt k m%modr;f zd‹k vkyw f hJ
puUe‹f wpuUe‹f rSmyJ igw‹kd [m'DaumifawGukd csKyf+yD;wkw+f yD; tvJx;kd +yD;jzpf&r,fa[h? 'DacG;tkypf u k
oGm;wjzJjzJe‹J pm;rmefcw k af e=uw,f? igw‹kd udu k u kd af wmhr,f? owdxm;=u? ydy&d &d ad pmif=h unf=h u?
jzpfEikd &f ifow l ‹kd u tvpfcek rf tkycf if igw‹kd ucket f yk &f r,f?”
pm;yGcJ u kH x kd v
k u kd of nf? 0uf0v H ufonf;rsm;jzifh pm;yGrJ suEf mS jyifay:od‹k ukwjf cpfrv d #uo f m;
jzpfomG ;onf? Adv k cf sKyfcif. usm;rsuv f ;kH rsm;onf aºuGwu kd x f m;ouJo h ‹kd ajymifwif;vufaeonf?
ol. acG;em;&Guf usm;em;&Gurf mS rwfapmufaxmifx aecJo h nf? ol.wynfw h yef; axmufvrS ;f a&;
Adv
k rf sm;onfvnf; q&morm;. om;&J±yk o f iG t f wdik ;f a'gojzifah jymif;vJomG ;um tl=uawmhonf?
“igwd k ‹ owd x m;=u&r,f ? tl ; æ [l ; æ tl ; ? wef j yef a xmuf v S r f ; =u&r,f ?
vufO;D r_t&,lcek t f yk f =u&r,f? tl; æ 0l; 0l;? apmif=h unfyh grh ,fAv kd cf sKyf?”
wdkufyGJuvSonf? usm;tkyftcsif;csif;/ awmacG;tkyftcsif;csif; udkufzJhcsdK;zJh&ef/
tm%mpm;cGuv f &k ef }uH&, G &f mY vufpaysmuf/ udpjP ywfvyk =f u&ojzifh y&dowfukd &ifwek af p/
&ifckefaponf? AdkvfcsKyfwif(wGif;ESpf)udk AdkvfcsKyfcif(wGif;wpf)u yDyDjyifjyifaowGif;odk‹ ydk‹cJhonf
r[kwfvm;? AdkvfcsKyfwif. orD;awmfonf AHk;qHa=umifh tydkif;ydkif;twpfwpf jzpfoGm;onf
udo k m=unfah yawmh? Adv k cf sKyfwif. acG;pG,/f usm;rsuv f ;kH / usm;ud, k cf E<m tpdwt f ydik ;f wd‹k onf
rjypfrahJ omoHviG . f a&pD;a=umif; 0Juawmhxw J iG f arsmygomG ; cJ&h &Smonf?
odwrf =umvdu k ?f umvwckukd ausmv f eG +f y;D onfEiS hf Advk cf sKyfcifEiS hf ol.usm;±dik ;f / 0uf0±H ikd ;f
tk y f p k u d k Ad k v f c sKyf a &$ . awmacG ; ±d k i f ; wpd w f / usm;±d k i f ; w0uf / acG ; jcaoF h w jcrf ; tk y f p k u
tEdik u f sit hf m%modr;f ,lvu dk uf m atmifycJG v H udk =f uonf? xdpk Ofu usm;±dik ;f 0uf0H Adv k cf sKycf if.*kwu f kd
usm;wydik ;f jcaoFw h ydik ;f Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a&$u udu k cf so D ,faqmifvmcJo h nf? rE aW v; avqdyo f nf um;
acG;jcaoFt h yk pf . k [de;f a[miforH sm;jzihf v_id ;f wHy;kd xum odro hf rd whf ek af ecJo h nf?
(6)
tm%mtwG u f pnf ; pd r f O pP m twG u f / rd o m;pk p D ; yG m ;a&;vk y f u G u f r sm;twG u f
tm%m0Suzf cJ syrf sm;ukd wcsy+f yD;wcsyf xkwu f pm;avh&o dS nhf wdik ;f jynf. used pf moihf acG;jcaoFh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$? ykv†ifxdkifcHkteD;wGif tm;jznhfac:,lxm;onhf opPmcH aus;awmf u|efawmf
Advk cf sKyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f um wcsw D armif; 0Suzf cJ syu f pm;avh&o dS nfh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a&$? 'DwcgwiG u f m;
'DyJ,if; ppfajrjyiftrnfay;xm;onfh tm%m0SufzJcsyfudk ol. pm;yGJay:wGif qkwf+zJypfum
"g;used ;f used ;f awmhonf?
“rif;wd@k aumifawG aomufo;kH rusb;l ? 'Davmufn&hH zsi;f &vm;uG? rif;wd@k vufxu J
aoewfeJ@ rif;wdk@em;xifukdawh+yD; ypfxnfhvdkuf=uprf;uGm? 'Daumifrudk udpPwHk;/ udpPjywf
83
rpD&ifEikd w f ahJ umifawG ud, k u fh ,kd uf kd owfao=uayawmh? ”
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ponf j zif h pd w f 0 if w pm;ar;awmh o nf / / usaemf u d k , f w d k i f rpH k p rf ; &ao;wma=umif h c%
apmifch ikd ;f xm;vdu k &f onf//
xdpk Ofu ajrmuf'*Hw k iG f pif;rmwufcf jynfytvkyt f udik &f mS azGa&; oifwef;ausmif;&So d nf/
/pifumylwGif aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;twGuf vdktyfaom tvkyform;rsm;udk xdkausmif;
wGio f ifwef;ay;I a0gygrpfjzifh w&m;0ifapv$waf e aom ausmif;jzpfonf// pif;rmwufcf ukr% ` u
D
oif w ef ; ausmif ; }uD ; aqmuf v k y f +yD ; ppf t pd k ; &ud k vS L 'gef ; xm;jcif ; jzpf o nf / / od k h a omf
oifwef;ausmif;twGi;f vkyf ydik cf iG rhf sm;udk tqdyk gurk % ` rD o S m wm0ef,al qmif&u G af eyH&k onf//
,ckaemufyikd ;f tqdyk goifwef;ausmif;udk tpd;k &u t+yD;tydik o f rd ;f ,lvu kd +f yD[k od&onf//
oifwef;wuf&efppkH rf;vdu k af wmh vdik ;f 0ifrS &rnf[q k o kd nf// oifwef; q&m tjyifwiG f
jyef z G i f h a omusL&S i f w G i f vuf o rm;vk y f i ef ; tajccH v$ j zwf / oH & d k u f u d k oif & rnf / /
oifwef;om;opfav#mufvm$ ac:aomtcg 0ifajz&rnf// 0ifciG ahf tmifv#if oifwef;wufciG &hf +yD;
aemufqHk;aq;ppfcsufatmifv#if pifum ylwGiftvkyf&rnf// xdktwGuf tusdK;aqmifcudk
pif;rmwufcf ukr% ` u D kd oifwef; om;u Edik if jH cm; rxGurf aDS iGta=uoGi;f &onf// atmifausmaf Zm
yxr t}udrf 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJusonf// 'kwd,t}udrf jyefajzawmh oli,fcsif;jzpfol cspfOD; yg
tazmfygojzifh 2a,mufvHk;atmifonf// oifwef;wufonf// aemufqHk; pifumyl xGuf&
onft h xdtqifajyoGm;onf// ol.aea&;xdik af &;ESihf vdt k yfonfah iGa=u; udk usaemfwkd rh o d m;pku
trsm;qH;k pdu k xf w k af y;vdu k of nf//
wpfEpS cf ef =h umawmh usaemf v h nf; oabFmjzifh pifumyluakd &mufvm onf// usaemfw@kd
nDtudkawG jyefqHk=uonf// xdkpOfu ,ckpifumylwGif jrefrmawG trsm;qHk; qHkrSwftjzpf
emrnf}uD;onfh yefeDqdk;vfvm; ukefwdkuf}uD; oHk;xyfavmuf wGifom jrefrmpwdk;qdkifrsm;
tenf;i,fp&D o dS nf// xrif;qdik q f I kd 2 qkid af vmufom &So d nf// tckawmh ajratmufwiG v f nf;
jrefrmpm;aomufqidk /f tay:xyfwiG v f nf; jrefrmpwd;k qdik rf sm;jzifh jynhu f syaf eonf// [d;k t&ifwek ;f u
93
pwd;k qdik w f ikd ;f wGif uGr;f tpfwnfxm;+yD;
jrefrmhuGurrG ;f ,mqd
;f ,mqdik ik f f {nf h o nf u d k , f w d k i f uG r f ; ,mud k
tcrJ@pm;Edkifonf// tckawmh ukefwdkuf
txyfwdkif;wGif uGrf;,mqdkifav;rsm;
toD;oD;&Sdvmonf// xHk;tdk;}uD; yif
bd@k wufae+yD; uGr;f ,mol 3 OD;avmuf
vuf r v,f a tmif &S d v S o nf / / wcsd K @
qdkifrsm;wGif uGefjyLwmoHk;av;vHk;udk
aumifwmay:wGif wifxm;wm awG@ &onf/ar;=unhaf wmh aiGvv J$ yk if ef; vkyaf ewm[ko&d onf/
w&m;0ifaiGvv J$ yk if ef;vkyzf kd h rjzpfEikd [ f k usaemfxifonf// odk ah omf olw@kd ay:ay:wifwif
vkyaf e=uonf// urBmt h zH ,G x f w J iG f wpfct k ygt0ifjzpfonfh jref rmaiGa=u; vJv, S Ef e_ ;f udk ppftpd;k &
Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;rS vGI J b,forl S oabmus rnf[k usaemfrxifr/d / obm0 "gwaf iG ah &mif;vdk &h onfh
a':vmaiG oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmudk tar&duefwpfa':vm 6 usyEf e_ ;f jzifv h +J y;D wdik ;f jynftwGuo f ;kH onf/
usew f hJ a':vmawGukd cd;k onf//xdk ah =umifh w&m;0ifaiGvpJ epfukd Edik if aH wmf trnfcyH *k Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;
cHwiG ;f awG v h o
S nf//olwyg;wdik ;f jynfwiG f rdom;pkpm; 0wfaea&;twGuf um,tm; t&ifjyK um
vkyu f ikd af e&olrsm;taejzifh w&m; 0ifaiGvpJ$ epfukd toHjk yKzdk ah 0;avpG// =um;&Hrk #EiS yfh if &GrH ek ;f zG,&f m
jzpfaeonf/ vGecf ahJ omESpw f ek ;f u *syefEikd if w H iG f w&m;r0if aiGvv J$ yk if ef;vkyo f rl sm; vdu k v f H zrf;qD;
ydwyf ifcrhJ r_ sm;&Scd o hJ nf// pifumylwiG af wmh &Sad o;[efrwl// qdik af wmfawmf rsm;rsm;wGif aiGvv J$ yk if ef;udk
ol x h ufig t+yKd iftqdik v f yk u f ikd af e=uonf// tck rav;&Sm; wGi&f adS om jrefrmpwd;k qdik rf sm;udk 0ifppf+y;D
AG'D ,D pkd 'D D cd;k ul;r_ eJ h w&m; qGx J m;a=umif;od&onf// jrefrmAG'D , D pkd 'D u D kd rav;&Sm;wGif xyfraH umfyu D ;l
onf uyif olwkd Oh ya' ESi+hf idaeao;onf//
yefyefeD eqdq
D ;k vf
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ew f rukmvk
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fiefi;;frsrSm;
jrefrmvkyif ef;rsm;

94
wcgw&H tcsed &f onft h cgrsm;wGif atmifausmw f kd ah exdik &f m taqmifukd vdu k o f mG ;
zl;onf// *dwu f kd ywfpydk jh y+yD; jzwf&onf// taqmifaeol tvkyo f rm;awGuawmh tvkyu f 'fjzifh
*dwfudkjzwfvdk h&onf// EdkifiHaygif;qHk[kqdk Edkifaomfvnf; jrefrm/ tdEdN,/ rav;/ w&kwf eJ h
tif'ekd ;D &Sm;vlrsKd ;rsm;om trsm; qH;k jzpfonf// tcef;wpfcef;wGif ESpx f yfuw k if 10 vH;k cef ph aD wG@&+yD;
usaemfa&muf oGm;csdefrSmawmh xrif;pm;csdefjzpfojzifh qlnHaeonf// udk,fwdkifcsufpm;Edkifovdk
tjyifrSmvJ pm;Edkifzdk h uefwif;ef vdk [mrsdK;vnf;&Sdonf// usaemfudkawG hojzifh wljzpf olrSm
w+yHK;+yHK;&Sad eaomfvnf; trSew f u,foyl pkH rH mS EGr;f EGr;f vsvs&v dS oS nf//
olu -
“usaemfh tvkyu f raumif;bl;Asm // =um&ifrvGb J ;l ” [k ajymwwf onf// usaemfu
rif;bmvky&f wmvJ ar;=unhaf wmh / yxr olrajz// usaemf twif;ar;awmhrS oHacs;r_w&f wmvd@k
qdkonf// oHjym;ay:wGif wufaeonfh oHacs;udk oJESifhav udka&m+yD; aemfZ,facgif;jzifh
r_w&f jcif;jzpfonf// uGeyf &yfpm rS zdtm;jyif;onf ah v ESit hf wl oJre_ /f ausmufre_ w f kd . h tE &W ,frS
umuG,&f ef rsuEf mS zH;k pGwf rnfr#yifpw G xf m;onfjzpfap ESmacgi;f rSwqifh tqkwx f o J kd h 0ifrmS
aocsmonf// =um&Snv f yk &f efroifo h nfh tvkyt f jzpf usaemfem;vnfvu kd of nf/ tvkyaf jymifay;zd@k
ajymaomf v nf r&[k o d & onf / / pif u myl a &muf v m&if quf o G , f & vG , f a tmif ol w d k @
oli,fcsi;f ESpaf ,muf u usaemfu h kd Edu k ,D m vuf udik zf ek ;f av; wvH;k 0,fay;xm;onf// usaemf
tvkyf oufwrf;jynfv h kd h jyefawmh pifumylavqdyu f kd oleJ t h wl cspOf ;D wdk t h yk pf vk u kd f vdu k yf @kd
ay;=uonf// xdk@ae honf ol hudk aemufqHk;awG h&jcif;jzpfrnf[k tJ'Dwkef;u rxifrdwmtrSef
yifjzpfonf//
wae h zke;f 0ifvmonf//
“atmifausmaf oG;awGtefvkd h aq;&Hw k ifvu kd &f w,f” wJh // usaemf vef o h mG ;onf//
usaemfvnf;pifumylra&mufwm=um+yD// ukr% ` u D aq;&Hw k if aocsmukay;onf[k od&onf//
aeaumif;vmawmh tvkyfjyefvkyfcGifh&onf// odk@aomf ywfpydk houfwrf;jynfhae+yD// xdktwGuf
jrefrmjynfjyef+yD; oufwrf;wdk; &efjzpf vmonf// ol hvuf&Sdukr`%Du ol hudk usef;rma&;t&
qufrcdik ;f csiaf wmh// pifum ylrmS yif oufwrf;wd;k vdk &h onfu h pd u P kd jrefrmjynfjyefykd v h u kd o f nf//
vufxJwGif tcGefaqmif&efr#yifrygbJ jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvmonf// a':vm 700
r#avmufudkyif tcGefray;Edkifjzpf&onf// olwdk howfrSwfxm;onfh wpfa':vmajcmufusyfE_ef;
jzift
h cGeaf qmifciG &hf rnfq h v kd #if Edik if aH wmfqo kd nfh vly*k Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;udk jynfya&muf tvkyo f rm;awG
aus;Zl ; wif v d k u f r nf h j zpf j cif ; // tck a wmh Tod k h r [k w f y D / / ywf p yd k h t a[mif ; ud k tcG e f
raqmifEikd o f nft h wGuf pGef yh pf+yD; emrnfopfeJ h ywfpydk t h opfxyfvyk &f ef ywfpydk &h ;kH u *Gi&f u kd o f nf/
/ tcGefaqmif&rnhf aiGyrm% w0ufavmufjzifh udpP+yD;oGm;rnf// xdk ha=umifh ywfpydk@ &Hk;u
pDpOfay;onfyh pJG m;jzifh rd;k ndK+rdK rh S vlwpfa,muf. emrnf/ rSwyf w kH ifwkd u h kd toH;k jyKI ywfpyd@k
aemufwpfck xyfav#mufzkd h vkyv f u kd =f uonf// 'gu rSwyf w kH if&;kH eJ h ywfpydk &h ;kH wdk h a0pm;r#pm;aeus
omreftvkyo f mjzpfonf// rd;k ndK+rdK@ u um,uH&iS f vnf; bmrS odrnfr[kwo f vdk wjym;rSvJ
95
&rnfr[kwaf y//
odk haomf uHqdk;roGm;&m rdk;vdkufvdk h&GmcJhav+yD// 2004 ckESpftwGuf uHacol
0ef;}uD;csKyfAv kd cf ifneG f eh J ah &mif;&if;rsm; tzrf;cH&awmh ywfpydk &h ;kH udv k nf; ppfwyfu ydu k pf yd w
f u kd yf g
awmhonf// ywfpydk h &r,fvkd h &ufcsed ;f &wma=umifh atmif ausmf &H;k udo k mG ;cJ+h yD; toifah pmifah ewJh
ppfwyfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u roifumvd@k [dpk pf 'Dppfvyk af wmh atmifausmf tdyx f rJ mS rSwyf w kH ifEpS cf ak wG@
+yD;zrf;avonf// ppfaq;csuft& yGJpm;/ ywfpydk h&Hk;t&m&Sdr}uD;/ rSwfyHkwif&Hk;rS t&m&Sd ponfh
vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk zrf;onf//wcsdK hxGufajy;=uonf//aemufqHk; w&m;&Hk;wif /ywfpydk@
&Hk;ut&m&Sdr}uD;uawmh w&m;&Hk;ra&mufcifrSmyif a=umuftm;}uD; +yD;awmh t&ifqHk;
uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
aemufq;kH atmifausmf tvky=f urf;eJ ah xmif'g%f 2ESpu f scv H ukd &f onf// tckvkd ESpw f akd tmif
ausmufwHwm;w&m;ol}uD;udk pifumyla&muf atmifausmfoli,fcsif;rsm; u aiGpk+yD;
vm'fx;kd ay;vdu k of nf// tifped af xmifukd &zd@k vdik ;f 0if&onf// &Jbuf pcef;rydk ah &;twGuf wpfEpS v f #if
wpfoed ;f ay;oGi;f &onf/ Todk jh zifh atmifausmf vGw&f ufaphaomtcg jyefvw G v f monf// vluvGwf
vmaomfvnf; axmifwiG ;f roef &h iS ;f onfh a&m*grsm;u olEiS t hf wluyfygvmcJh onf// pifumylrS
&vmaom a&m*gud k tif p d e f a xmif r S xyf j znf h a vmif ; I ol @ touf u d k E_ w f , l a wmh r nf h
tajctaexdjzpfvmonf// rdbrsm;ESifhtwl jyefae xdkif&if; em*pfrkefwdkif; 'g%fudk vnf;cH
vdu k &f ao;onf// aoG;oGi;f &efvo kd nfh tcg wdik ;f aq;&Hw k uf&onf// p&dwrf #ay; use;f rma&;qdo k nfh
jrefrmjynf. use;f rma&; pepfu qif;&Jo/l qif&o J m; aiGa=u;rwwfEikd o f rl sm;twGuf tdrrf mS
taetxdik f rysuf taocH&efom&Sad wmhonfph epf}uD;// xdpk epf. om;aumifjzpf&olu a&m*g
a0'em&Sifxuf ulnDyH hydk;&onfh rdom;pkyifjzpfonf// a&m*gjzpfaeonfh om; a&S hrSmyif
om;twGupf w d q f if;&J uk, d q f if;&J jzpfae&&Smonfh atmifausmf . rdcif}uD; t&ifq;kH uG,v f eG f
oGm;cJo h nf//
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f mG ; &&Smonf/
touf 20 ausm&f rkH #om&Sad o;onf// ol b h 0 ol t h a=umif;awG ygvmvdk h raocif axmifus/
axmifuvGwv f mawmh ruse;f rrmjzpf aemufq;kH &Sw d mukef rdcifao+y;D awmhrS ol b h 0 Zwford ;f oGm;
cJah v+yD// vGecf ahJ om 10ESpcf ef u h usaemfpay;vdu k af om b0wufvrf;onf tckawmh ol b h 0tm;
vH;k udk Zwford ;f oGm;cJah vonf//
wu,fawmh ,ae jh refrmvl@abmifonf tusiyhf sujf cpm;r_rsm;jzifh 'if;=urf;jynfah eonf/
xkt d xJwiG f vnf&ifvnfovdk vkypf m;aexdik Ef ikd o f nf// omref&;kd us aexdik v f o kd rl sm;twGuf tcif;
tusi;f r&Sad wmh r[kwf ae&musO;f vGe;f vSonf// xdk ah =umifh jynfyokd x h uG cf gG vmol ydrk rkd sm;jym;vm
onf// xdktxJrS wpfa,mufjzpfonfh usaemfhwl atmifausmf uawmh wrlxl;pGmjzifh b0ed*Hk;
tqH;k owfcahJ vonf// TudpEP iS yhf wfowfI wm0efruif;olusaemfrh mS awG;rdavwdik ;f pdwcf pH m;r_
wdk o h ufomvdk oufomjim; “ar u h uG u
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rif;rif;odef;
96
p-um0VmxJu
'dik ,
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(23)
rd;k ajropf
w&kwfekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmif/ awmf
vS e f a &; acgif ; aqmif = uD ; armf o nf uG e f
jrLepfygww D iG f w&m;ao0g' tawG;tac:ukd
&ifqkdifausmfeif;&eftwGuf yËdyuQusrf;ukd
a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? yËdyuQusrf;xJwGif
tcef;(6)cef;yg0ifonf? jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;
ukd rSerf eS u
f efuef ajz&Si;f a&;tcef;ukyd g xnfo h iG ;f ygu tcef;aygi;f 7cef; &So d nf[k qk&d ygvrd rhf nf?
jyD;cJhonfh a&S@tcef;.tqufukd ,ckqufvufazmfjyygrnf? armf.yËdyuQ usrf;wGif
tcef;pOf 6cef;Y “yËdyuQtwGi;f &Sd twku d t f cH jzpfr&_ @J tcef;” ( The Place of Intagonism
in Contradiction) [lIazmfjyxm;onf?
,if ; tcef ; wG i f vl w ef ; pm;ES p f & yf & J @ yËd y uQ o nf wpk H w &mtqif h t xd =uD ;
xGm;vmonft h cgwiG f twdtvif; twku d t f cHjyKonfh o¾efaqmifvmjyD;awmf vSeaf &;tjzpf
wk;d wufajymif;vJvmyku H dk qkwu f idk jf yocJo h nf? xk@d jyifjidr;f csr;f a&;rS ppfo@dk ajymif;vJomG ;ykrH mS vnf;
twku d t f cHjyKonft h qifo h @dk ajymif;vJvmaom a=umifh jzpfonf[q k o
dk nf? ol.tawG;tac:ukd
rl&if;twkid ;f xkwEf w _ af zmfjyoGm;yg rnf?
“ yËdyuQ&@J wku d cf u
dk rf j_ y\emxJrmS twku d t f cHjzpfrq _ w dk mqkw d hJ jy\em yg0ifaew,f?
usaemfwkd@&J@ tajzuawmh twkduftcHjzpfr_[m yËdyuQwkdufyGJ&J@ o¾efwrsKd;jzpfw,f?
yËdyuQwu dk yf oJG ¾eftm;vk;H ukd azmfjyEkid w f m r[kwb f ;l ?”
“vl@orkid ;f rSm vlwef;pm; twku d t f cHjzpfr_ &Sad ew,f? 'g[m yËdyuQwu dk f yG&J @J xl;jcm;wJh
azmfjycsufw&yfjzpfw,f? aoG;pkwfvlwef;pm;ESifh aoG;pkwfcHvlwef;pm; wkd@rSm yËdyuQ&Sdw,f?
tJ't D jyeftvSef yËdyuQjzpfaewJh vlwef;pm;ESp&f yf[m aus; u|ev f @l tzG@J tpnf;rSmjzpfjzpf/ ya'o&mZf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSmjzpfjzpf/ t&if;&Sif0g'vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;rSmjzpfjzpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckxJrSm
t=um=uD;twlwnf&adS ejyD; tjyefveS f wku d yf q JG ifae=uw,f? 'gayrJh vlwef;pm;ESp&f yf&@J yËdyuQ[m
wpkw H &mt xd =uD;xGm;vmwJt h cgusro S m twdtvif; twku d t f cHjyKwJh o¾efaqmifvmum
awmfveS af &;tjzpf wk;d wufajymif;vJvmawmhw,f? vlwef;pm;&Sw d hJ tzG@J tpnf;xJ rSm jird ;f csr;f a&;rS
97
ppfo@dk ajymif;vJomG ;wmvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f bJ?”
“ Ak;H rayguu f aJG o;ciftcsed [ f m yËdyuQjzpfaewJt h &mrsm;u wpkw H &m tcsut f vuf
rsm;a=umifh t&m0wˆKwckxrJ mS aygi;f pnf;jyD; twlwnf&adS ewJt h csed f jzpfw,f? tcsut f vufopf
(rD;yGifhjcif;) ay:aygufvmawmhrSom aygufuGJavawmh w,f? aemufqkH;rSm twdtvif;
twku d t f cHjyKwJh o¾efjzifh yËdyuQa[mif;rsm;ukd ajz&Si;f jyD; t&m0wˆKopfrsm; ay:ayguv f map&wJh
obm0avmu&S d tjcif ; t&m tm;vk H ; [m txuf y gES i f h t vm;wl w J h tajctaersKd ;
&S=d uwmcsn;f bJ?”
“ txuf y g tajctaersKd ; uk d od e m;vnf z k d @ tif r wef t a&;=uD ; w,f ? 'guk d
em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh vlwef;pm;&Sw d hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJrmS awmfveS af &;rsm;ESihf awmf vSeaf &;ppfrsm;ukd
a&Smifv@dk r&Ekid b f ;l ? 'gawGr&Sv d #if vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd ckeyf sw H ;dk wuf atmif rvkyef idk b f ;l ? jynforl sm;
EkdifiHa&; tm%m&&Sdatmif azmufjyefwJh tkyfpkd;ol vlwef;pm;ukd wGef;vSefjzKdzsufekdifrSm
r[kwfbl;qkdwmwkd@ukd usaemfwkd@odjrifEkdifw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;
ajymqkad vh&=dS uwJh vlra_ wmfveS af &;vkyf zk@d rvkb d ;l / vkyv
f @dk vnf;rjzpfEidk b f ;l tp&Sw d hJ vdrv f nf0g'jzef@ru _ dk
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“ at; -- 'Daumifav; 'DrSm aeaewm=umjyD? ol@tazvnf; 0g'gw a,mufbJ?
aooGm;wm odyfr=umao;bl;? aumifav;[m b,frSroGm;wwfbl;? ol@taz&Sduwnf;u
axmifEiS w hf zuftrd b f J oGm;wwfwm? 'ga=umifh axmifyidk =f u;D u aumifav;xJrmS tvkyv f yk cf si&f if
vkyv f @dk &atmifqjdk yD; cGijhf yKxm; wm?”
“rdbrJu h av;wa,muf[m axmifxrJ mS ae&wm ody=f urf;wrf;vGe;f w,f? 'Duav;ukd
bmvk@d bke;f =uD;ausmif;ryk@d wmvnf; bke;f =uD;ausmif;rSmqkd pmoif vk@d &wmayg?h ta&;tzwfawmh
aumif;aumif;vkyEf idk rf mS yg? ”
“ ig t&ifu ajymbl;w,f? olu axmifxJrSmbJ aecsifw,f? tjyifudkxGuf&rSm
a=umufaew,f? &efuek jf rK@d udk wcgrrS oGm;bl;? +rK@d }u;D awGqadk wmh aumifav;odyv f ef@aew,f?”
awZu oufjyif;cs&if; “ bmbJjzpfjzpf uav;[m wu,foem;p&m av;yg?” awZ[m
aumifav;twGuf pdwrf aumif;jzpfaewm trSeb f ?J axmifrLS ; ukcd spEf idk u
f awZrsuEf mS ukd =unf&h if;
“ rif;vnf; enf;enf;ta,mifusvmjyD/ rif; =unfh&wm tawmfoufomvmjyD xifw,f?
ydew f mawmh ydeaf eao;w,f?”
“ q&m0ef 'Dae@ tdrrf jyefcif rif;qDuv dk mjyD; armfzed ;f xk;d ay;vdrrhf ,f? rif;tckxufxd
qefjyKwfypHk H ESpq f &aeao;w,f r[kwv f m;´ awZ acgi;f ndwjf y vku d wf ,f? wu,fq&dk if awZ
xrif;rpm;bJ w&m;xkid af ewm=umjy?D axmifrLS ; ukcd spEf ikd rf odao;yg? od&if pdwq f ;dk rSm aocsmw,f?
“ rif ; twG u f owif ; aumif ; &S d w ,f ? axmif 0 g'g tck w avm ajymp&mjzpf
aewmawG&w dS ,f? 0g'gawG aysmaf e=uw,f? axmifyidk =f uD; abmvfyif&mS wJt h vkyf ukd jiD;aiG@omG ;vk@d
r&S m ck d i f ; awmh b l ; ? axmif r S L ; uk d v l a csmvnf ; quf & S m cG i f h & S d a yrJ h b,f 0 g'grS rul n D v k d @
tcuf a wG @ aew,f ? ” uk d c spf E k d i f awZrsuf E S m uk d aoaocsmcsm pk d u f = unf h v k d u f w ,f ?
“&SmazGwyhJ pPn;f ESiyhf wfoufjyD; tjypfay;wJv h pl m&if;xJrmS rif; rygb;l ? uHaumif;wmu rif;axmif
oufwrf;rwk;d cJb h ;l ” w&m;&k;H wifrhJ pm&Gupf mwrf; emrnfrygatmif wjcm; tusO;f om;emrnfEiS hf
tpm;xk;d jyD; axmif ykid u f w dk ifjyvku
d wf m awZodrmS r[kwyf g? 'gayrJh axmifxrJ mS axmifusaewJh
Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;awGudk rw&m;r_qifjyD; axmifoufyadk tmif wifjyxm; wJph m&if;pm&Guaf wGudk
103
b,f o l r S r od a tmif axmif r S L ;uk d c spf E k d i f aumf y D u l ; xm;w,f ? tJ ' D p m&if ; pm&G u f a wG u k d
e,fpyfEiS w hf jcm;ae&mukd uGejf yLwmESihf yk@d ay;Edik w f v hJ ql uD dk ukcd spEf idk af y;jyD;jyD? qufo,G af &;orm;ESihf
pm&if;awGudk e,fpyfa&mufatmif vkyjf yD;jyD?
awZ&J@nD[m ukcd spEf idk yf @dk ay;wJph m&if;awGudk rD', D mawGrmS xkwjf yefa&; om;vdrrhf ,f?
axmif x J u Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;rsm;&J @ owif ; [m od y f j yD ; v#Kd @ 0S u f x m; wmjzpf w ,f ?
axmifrLS ;ukcd spEf idk v f nf; axmifxrJ mS tr_qifjyD; axmifoufwrf;wk;d wm urBmodatmifvyk &f vk@d
0rf;omaew,f?'Dvkdrw&m;vkyfaewmukd axmifrSL;ukdcspfEdkif[m urBmukdodapcsifw,f? 'grS
oufoufrhJ tjypfr&Sd axmifxrJ mS ESyd pf ufcaH e&wJh awZtwGuf wckcak y;qyf Ekid rf mS r[kwv f m;?
ukdcspfEkdif rsufrSefukdwyfjyD; wHcg;0ukd =unfhvkdufw,f? jyD;awmh awZqD vrf;av#muf&if;
awZrsufESmukd aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;=unfhvkdufw,f? rsufvkH;u r&rf;apha&miforf;aejyD;
zl;a,mifaewke;f bJ? ar;&k;d vnf; jyefraumif; ao;bl;? vnfyif;ESirhf suEf mS / cE<muk, d wf ckv;Hk rSm
'%f&mawG trsm;=uD;awG@&w,f? '%f&mawGa=umifh awZ uwk;H wk;H vku d &f w,f? vGecf w hJ vhJ u
qHyif&n S Ef iS hf awZukd owdjyef&vku d wf ,f?
ukcd spEf idk u
f “ ajy mvk @
d r&bl; ? Akv
d cf sKy=f u;D awGu vGwjf ird ;f csr;f omcGihf aemufEpS rf mS ay;csiaf y;
rSm? rif; uHaumif;Ekid w f ,f?” “wjcm;vlawGawmh jzpfEidk f w,f? usaemfawmh rjzpfEidk b f ;l ? usaemfh
oDcsi;f awGu vlawGtckrS yko d v d mawmh usaemfu h dk owfypfcsiaf erSm udsr;f aow,f?”
“ olw@dk rif;ukd axmifoufwrf;rwk;d wm awmfao;w,f”awZrsupf rd w dS f xm;w,f?
“taqmif 3u rsK;d rsK;d oef@wk@d [m rif;twGu*f % k , f al e=uw,f? olw@dk vnf; acG;avSmiftrd x f uJ
rxGu&f ao;bl;? rif;ESyd pf ufc&H wmawmh pdwrf aumif; =ubl;” wjznf;jznf; awZowdvufvw G f
jzpfawmhr,f? armfzed ;f &J@tpGr;f u w&dy&f yd Ef iS hf wufvmjyD? tdyrf aysmcf if “ ig aumifav;twGuf
igb,fvdk uln&D rvJ´”
ukcd spEf idk u f “ b,faumifav;vJ´
tJ'Dvkd ajymaecsdefrSm aumifav;0ifvmjyD? aumifav;[m ukdcspfEkdifa&m awZukdyg
od y f a v;pm; cspf c if w ,f ? wa,muf u axmif r S L ;/ wa,muf u Ek d i f i H a &; tusOf ; om;?
vk;H 0qef@usib f ufjzpfayrJh ESpaf ,mufpvk;H u ol@tay:ukd =uifemwwf wmu twlwyl ?J
aumifav;ukd olwcgrrS aebl;wJh &k;d om;wJh vl@tokid ;f t0kid ;f xJudk jyefy@dk rSjzpfawmhr,f?
aumifav; 'Dvw dk cgrS jyKH;jyD;aysmo f mG ;wm wcgrrS jrifb;l yg? 'gayrJh aumifav;twGuf
ody0f rf;omw,f? aumifav; awZ&J@tcef;axmifrh mS rwfwyf &yfaew,f? axmifrLS ;trde@f &rS
tcef;jyifxu G jf yD; okwo f w k af v;av#mufomG ;w,f? avxJrmS vrf;av#muf&ovkd cHpm;&w,f?
tvif;a&mifwef;wck 0ifa&mufvmw,f?
awZtckojd yD? bmvky&f rvJ qkw d muk?d
wu,fvnf; awZ wu,fvyk cf siaf ewmukd wu,fvyk &f awmh r,f?
&ifcek cf sio f vkd cHpm;rdw,f?
qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? bmomjyefqdkol Roland Hardy(c)armifarmifvwf
104
Edik if aH &; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf
jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS
xkwfa0cG i f h j yK+yD ; aemuf yd w f y if wm;jrpf j cif ; cH & aom q&mjroef ; wif h .
'D a &jrif h o pf (armf p D w k e f ; ES i f h w&kwaf wmfveS af &;) pmtkyt
f m;/ tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;
&Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG b h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk
jroef;wif h pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufcoJ jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd
cGiv hf w $ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygon)f
1939 ckESpfwGif ulrifwefu ,iftef;udk ydwfqdk@xm;vdkufonf? tultnD rsm;

tm;vH;k udv k nf; &yfpv J ukd o f nf? 1939-40 ckEpS rf sm; twGi;f Y/ wyfeaD wmf onf/ *syefuvnf;
cseaf u&Sw d . f twk,u l m/ cHwyftrd af ygi;f (7700) aqmufI/ uwkwu f si;f rdik t
f &Snf (7700)
wl;um/ ,iftef;udk 0dik ;f xm;onf? Tod@k jzifh ,if tef;ESihf *syefppfa=umif; aemufyikd ;f &S/d
a'oeDrsm;udk jzwfawmufxm;vdu k of nf? xdk r#ru/ ajrvSef pepfukd oH;k ojzif/h &Sepf ;D jynfe,fu
jynfov l x l k twd'u k Q a&muf=u &onf? uGejf rLepfaxmufco H nf[k ,lq&aom/ a'owdik ;f Y
(12) rdik f ywfvnfcef@ twGi;f wGif awG@or#aom/ a,musmf ;rsm;udk tukeo f wfypfonf? rde;f rrsm;udk
zrf; oGm;=uonf? tdrrf sm;ESihf aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm;ud/k zsuq f ;D ypf=uonf? *syef. “tukef &_@d
tukeo f wf” ajrvSepf epftwGi;f Y xdak 'ou t&yfom;aygi;f oef; (30) cef@ towfccH =hJ u&onf?
“u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS 0wfp&mr&Sad wmhb;l ? qD/ puUL/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf qdv k @kd vJ ruseaf wmhb;l ?
ppfom;awGtwGuf zdeyf/ t&yfom;awGtwGuf apmif/ acgi;f tH;k awmif r&Sad wmhb;l ?” [k
c&D;&Sncf sw D ufyJG wyfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm;u ajymjyonf?
Tjy\emudk &Si;f o!ft h aejzif/h 1941 ckEpS w f iG /f ukeyf x kd w k af &; vrf;pOf udk azmfjyonf?
Tukefxkwfa&; vkyfief;pOfonf/ vlxkudk ynmay;a&;ESifh udk,hf tm;udk,fudk;a&;wGif
pHjyvkyif ef;w&yf jzpfvmonf? xkad cwfu a=u;G a=umforH mS “ud, k 'hf ;l ud, k cf |eaf &;” ESihf “pnf;&H;k =u”
qdo k !f/h a=u;G a=umforH sm; jzpfonf? *syef ppfa=umif; aemufyikd ;f u/ a'oeDrsm;wGi/f 0gupkd u kd o
f nf?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;u qGw+f y;D om; 0grsm;ud/k *syefrodatmif 0Suu f m/ wyfeaD wmftwGu/f 0wfprkH sm;udk
vufjzifh &uf=uonf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;/ pkaygi;f tvkyv f yk +f yD;/ vkycf &=uonfrmS / w&kwjf ynf wGif
Tt}urd f yxrqH;k t}urd jf zpfonf? TonfrmS pD;yGm;a&; vkyx f ;kH opf jzpf onf? vlra_ wmfveS af &;
w&yfvnf; jzpfonf?
,ufuef;&Hrk sm;xJu/ ,ufuef;pufrsm;ud/k jzpfovdk wyfqif&onf? bD; }uKd ;rsm; tjzpf/
,ufcsnf jym;}uD;udk oH;k &onf? ,ufuef;pufrsm;ud/k Z&yfrsm;/ *lrsm; bk&m;rsm;/ wJrsm;xJwiG /f
xm;&onf? v#ypf pf "gwt f ;kd / 0dik ,
f m}uKd ;/ zdeyf/ oGm;yGww f H qyfjym/ rD;jcpf/ puULrsm;xkw&f ef/ pufrsm;
xlaxmifonf? ,iftef;wGif cyfapmapm u/ puUL tvGe&f mS ;onf? oef@&iS ;f a&;twGuf oH;k o!f/h
aumuf&;kd puUL }urf;udyk if/ tuef@towfjzifh oH;k &onf? &So d !fh tkwzf u kd av;rsm;u/ "gwak A'/
zvfEiS hf a}ut G ;kd cGurf sm;udk pwifxw k vf yk o
f nf? om;a&&Hrk sm;udv k nf; wnfaqmufonf? *syefw@kd
105
xHrS odr;f &aom/ w,fvzD ek ;f 0dik , f m}udK;rsm;udk py&ifrsm; vkyo f nf? 1944 ckEpS Yf ,iftef;wGif
tvky&f akH ygi;f (90) &SI d / tvkyo f rm; (20000) ausm&f v dS monf? vl (300) tvkyv f yk o f !f/h
vufeuf&w kH cku/ vufypfA;kH rsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; udk xkwaf y;onf? od@k &mwGif vufeuf
cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf trsm;pkrmS &efo@l xHrS &jcif; jzpfonf?
1940 ckEpS w f iG f ,iftef;Y tvkyo f rm;or*~ wckukd wnfaxmifonf? 1943 ckEpS w f iG f
tvkyo f rm;or*~0if (55690) &So d !ft h euf (63) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rSm/ v,f,mtvkyo f rm;rsm;/
(22) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rSm vufrt _ vkyo f rm;rsm; jzpfonf? (15) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rSm pufrt _ vkyo f rm;rsm;
jzpf=uonf? 1944 ckESpfwGifrl ,iftef;u a,musfm; 0wfajctdwfrsm;/ za,mif;wdkifrsm;/
txnfprsm;udk ydkI aygo!fh ulrif wefa'orsm;odk@/ wifydk@a&mif;csonf? ,iftef;
tajccHpcef;onf/ rdrdvlxkudk xrif; vnf;0atmif a}uG;onf? t0wfvnf; zlvHkatmif
qifay;onf? tvkyo f rm; rsm;udk wDxiG rf &_ adS tmif/ v_@H aqmfonf? ukex f wk v
f yk af &;wGif wnf
+idrrf _ &atmif tm;ay;onf? pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;pGmudk yk*v~ u d t&if;tES;D jzifh xlaxmifI/ yk*v ~ u d
tkycf sKyfra_ tmufwiG f xm;&So d nf? pufrv _ yk if ef; w0ufausmu f kd tpd;k &u xkwaf y; aom
t&if;tES;D jzifh axmifo!f/h or0g,rrsm;u udik o f nf?
ukeyf xkd u
G af &;vkyif ef;Y/ vlwikd ;f ajraygu&f onf? ayguw f ;l udik &f onf? opf yifpu kd &f onf?
v,fxeG &f onf? Tvkyif ef;wGif wyfrawmfom;/ ygwaD u'g/ ynm wwft&m&Sd polw@kd tjyif/
armfu, kd w f ikd v
f nf; 0ifvyk o f nf? armf. ay:vpDonf/ ud, k zf mom tpd;k & wnfaxmifa&;/
jynfou l kd 0efrwufapo!f/h jynfo@l wyfrawmf w&yf wnfaxmifa&; jzpfonf? Tay:vpDrsm;ud/k
taumiftxnfazmf&mY/ xkd vkyif ef;rsm;onf/ rsm;pGm tusKd ;&So d nf? nnf;wGm;wwfaom/
tvdrk usv#if +cdr;f ajcmufwwfaom/ pm;oH;k olrsm;ud/k xkwv f yk o f rl sm; od@k r[kw/f tcsed yf ikd ;f
xkwv f yk f olrsm; tjzpfo@kd / ajymif;ay;cJo h nf? ,iftef;u ukeyf x kd u G af &; vkyif ef;pOfwiG /f armf
onf wdik ;f &if;enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyKcJo h nf? wDxiG rf r_ sm;udk jyKvkyo f nf? vlxk rsm;udk
+cKd ;+caH c|wmaponf? Tod@k jzifh pufra_ wmfveS af &;w&yfukd t&if;tES;D r&Syd /J jynforl sm; tm;ud;k jzifh
vkycf o hJ nf? ,ae@ w&kwjf ynfwiG v f nf; Ttwdik ;f vkyaf e onf?
wyfpcef;csxm;aom/ ppfwyfrsm;udk tvkyfwyf/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&;wyf t jzpf
ajymif;ypfjcif;onf/ wyfeaD wmf. xl;jcm;csujf zpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzif/h 1971 ck azazmf0g&v D
twGi;f wke;f u/ jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&; wyfrawmfonf/ puf&rkH sm;/ t vky&f rkH sm;u tvkyo f rm;rsm;
pm;oH;k &ef/ aumufpu kd af y;cJ&h mwGi/f 1969-70 ckEpS f xuf (40) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f / ydx k u G cf o hJ nf?
ppfom;onf w+ydKifwnf;wGi/f tvkyo f rm; vnf; jzpf&rnf? v,form;vnf; jzpf&rnf[al om/
oH;k wpfvyk [ f ef tpOftvm onf ,iftef;wGif tpjyKcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
,iftef;a'owGi/f eefe0D rf;csKd if0h rS ;f qko d !fh ae&mwck&o dS nf? eefe0D rf; csKd if0h rS ;f onf
ajcmufaoG@onf? zke;f qd;k ajr jzpfonf? wyfeaD wmfonf/ eefe0D rf; zke;f qd;k ajrudk ajr=oZm
xufoefo!f/h v,fajropfrsm; tjzpfo@kd ajymif;cJo h nf?
“u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfrawmfom;awG[m ysr;f r# wa,mufukd (2 ² 75) {u pdu k yf sKd ;cJ=h u
106
&w,f? tppt&m&mudk ud, k w f ikd f xkwv f yk cf =hJ u&w,f? ([if;oD;[if; &Gu/f tom;/ qD pwJ)h
pm;p&mtm;vH;k / (csnx f nf/ *Gr;f uyf/ od;k ar$;xnf/ zdeyf pwJ)h 0wfp&mtm;vH;k / (pm;yG/J ukvm;xdik /f
cH&k nS /f pma&;ud&, d m pwJ)h ae@pOfo;kH ypPn;f tm;vH;k / (xif;/ rD;aoG;/ ausmufr;D aoG; pwJ)h
avmifpmtm;vH;k ud/k ud, k wf ikd f xkwf vkycf =hJ uw,f?” [k armfu 1942 cku ajymcJo h nf? 1944
ckEpS w f ek ;f u Adv
k rf ;_ }uD; bm;&uf acgi;f aqmifo!f/h tar&duef tpd;k & ud, k pf m;vnf tzG@J wzG@J
,iftef;od@k a&mufvm&m/ ,iftef;. wd;k wufaeyHu k kd vufzsm;cg oGm;cJ=h u&onf?
1944 ck 'DZifbmvwGif armfu “e,fpyfa'o b¾ma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; jy \emrsm;ESihf
ywfoufaom tpD&ifccH su”f [lo!f/h pmrsuEf mS (200) &Sd pmwrf; wapmifukd wifonf? xdpk mwrf;Y
armfu “ tpd;k &t&m&S/d wyfrawmfom;pwJh xkwv f yk o f l r[kwo f rl sm;ud/k 4if;wd@k twGuf
tpm;tpmudk xkwv f yk af pjcif;/ ud, k hf zmom zlvakH tmif vkyaf pjcif;jzif/h jynfo@l toH;k p&dwu f /kd
trsm;tjym; oufom apcJw h ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tcuftcJawGukd ausmEf ikd rf mS r[kwzf ;l ?
r=umcif +yKd vJ ysupf ;D oGm;awmhrmS yJv@kd / ulrifwefu xifcw hJ ,f?” [k ajymcJo h nf? od@k &mwGif wu,f
+ydKvJysupf ;D oGm;cJo h rl sm;rSm uGejf rLepfw@kd r[kw?f ulrifwefrsm;om jzpfonf?
1935 ckESpfwGif/ ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh csrf;om v,form;rsm;. ydkv#Hajrrsm; udk
a0jcrf;&eftwGuf ajr,m Oya'w&yf jyXmef;cJo h nf? od@k &mwGif 1937 ckEpS f t a&mufwiG f
ajr,mrsm;odr;f jcif;udk &yfqikd ;f um/ 4if;tpm; (25) &mE_e;f oD;pm;c avsmah ygah &;udk vkycf o hJ nf?
tcsKd @ a'orsm;wGi/f v,form;rsm;. awmif;qdck suf t&/ aumufEt HS xGuu f kd v,form; (70)
&mE_ef;/ ajr&Sif (30) &mE_ef; cGJa0um/ oD;pm;c owfrSwfonf? twdk;}uD;pm; pepfudk
csKyfuikd x f m;onf? wv (1²5) &mE_e;f wd;k udk pHEe_ ;f owfrw S cf ohJ nf? ,cifu wv (15) &mE_e;f rS
(40) &mE_e;f ay;cJ&onf? armfu ajr,mjyK jyifajymif;vJa&;udk Oaya'wckwnf;jzifh vkyI f r&?
v,form; rsm;udk pnf;&H;k v_@H aqmf&rnf? v,form;or*~rsm; xlaxmif&rnf? olw@kd acgi;f
aqmifukd olw@kd zmom a&G;cs,cf iG ahf y;&rnf? oD;pmcavsmah ygah &;udk wif;=uyfpmG vkyu f ikd &f rnf[k
,lqonf? Tajr,may:vpDukd 1946 ckEpS t f xd usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf?
ajr,mjyK jyifajymif;vJa&; vkyif ef;onf/ *syefqef@usicf ck aH &;/ Edik if aH &;vkyf ief;ESiv hf nf;
qufaeonf? *syefusL;ausmfr_udk qef@usifo!fh/ vlxkrsm;onf/ vlr_ awmfvSefa&;udk
vdv k m;ae=uonf? ya'o&mZf ajr&Sipf epfonf/ trsKd ;om; vGwf ajrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_twGu/f
oifhav#mfaom vlr_a&; tajccHw&yf rjzpfEdkif? odk@&m wGif ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;. ajrrsm;udk
odr;f ,ljcif;a=umif/h ajr&Sirf sm;u +rdK@rsm;od@k xGuf ajy;=uonf? xd@k a=umihf ajrodr;f jcif;ud/k
&yfqikd ;f xm;vdu k &f onf? pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wGi/f vGwv f yfpmG wd;k cs@J a&;udk
tpd;k &u/ tumtuG,af y; onf? od@k jzifh xdu k mvtwGi;f ,iftef;Y/ uke0f ,f'ikd rf sm;onf/
(192) rS (475) ck xd wd;k vmcJo h nf?
v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&; or0g,rv_y&f mS ;r_u/kd tjyeftvSef &kid ;f yif;a&; tzG@J rsm;jzifh
pwifonf? or0g,r pnf;rsO;f rsm;/ tvkycf sed f em&Drsm;/ pm&if;tif;rsm;/ vkycf rsm;udk ud, k hf
a'oxH;k pHt&/ owfrw S =f uonf? or0g,rpDru H ed ;f wGi/f trsKd ; orD;rsm;udv k nf;/ x!fo h iG ;f &rnf[k
107
armfu wdkufwGef;onf? v,f,mor0g,rrsm; xJodk@ v,form;rsm; yg0ifvmatmif
twif;t=uyfrvky&f ? 4if;wd@k tvdt k avsmuf jzpfap&rnf? or0g,rrsm;onf/ yk*v ~ u
d pDymG ;a&;udk
tajccH&rnf? or0g,ronf qd&k , S vf pfpepf r[kwaf o;? ajcvSr;f wvSr;f om &Sad o;onf[k
armfu axmufjy onf? Tod@k jzifh ,iftef;u tvkyt f iftm;pk (24) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk tjyeftvSef
&dik ;f yif;a&; tzG@J xJo@kd pnf;&H;k Edik cf o hJ nf?
&S e f p D ; / uef p k E S i f h eif ; &S m ;jynf e ,f r sm;Y xG e f , uf p d k u f y sd K ;aom ajr{uonf /
ESpq f wd;k vmonf? ,cifu &dumQ zlvjkH cif; r&Sad om xkad 'oonf/ 1944 ckEpS w f iG f ud,
k zhf mom
zlvHkaom/ a'owck jzpfvmonf? 1943 ckESpfY wyfeDawmfom;wOD;. &duQmonf/
w&kwjf ynfpcH sed t f & tjrifq h ;kH jzpfvmonf? wvwGuf wa,mufv#i/f trJom; (4 ²5) aygi/f
[if;oD;[if;&Guf (48) aygi/f vl;qwfaygif (60) ESihf qD/ xif; qm; ponfw@kd zlvpkH mG &onf?
“u|eaf wmfawG@zl;aom ppfwyfrsm;wGi/f tpm;t aomuf t0vifq;kH ppfwyf” [k tar&duef
owif;pmq&m [,f&q D efazmfrifu (1944) ckEpS u f a&;cJzh ;l onf? wyfeaD wmf. vcrSm t&m&SEd iS hf
wyfom;twlwyl if jzpfonf? wae@v#if ud, k yf ikd o
f ;kH aiGtwGu/f (5) qifh pD&=uonf? ,leaD zmif;/
wHqyd f ponfw@kd wiG f t&m&SEd iS hf wyfom;[lI cGjJ cm;xm;jcif;r&S?d e,fpyfa'o&Sd a'ocH jynforl sm;.
use;f rma&;rSmvnf;/ wd;k wufaumif;rGev f monf? od@k &mwGif acwf aemufjyefqrJG /_ t,lo;D r_
ponfw@kd a=umifh wd;k wufr_ aES;auG;onf?
pufr_ or0g,rrsm;/ qm;wify@kd a&; or0g,rrsm;/ aiGpak iGacs; toif;rsm; a=umif/h
&dumQ vnf; zlvv kH monf? 1943 ckEpS w f iG f csnif if or0g,rrsm;Y/ trsKd ; orD;aygi;f (137000)
avmuf&o dS nf? vufrE_ iS hf o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&; or0g,r rsm;Y/ trsKd ;om;aygi;f (200000)
yg0ifaeonf? wyfeaD wmfwiG v f nf;/ ud, k yf ikd f puf r_EiS hf yd@k aqmifa&; or0g,rrsm;&Sad eonf? zdeyf/
t0wftxnfESifh pm;eyf&duQm xkwfvkyfaom or0g,rrsm;&Sdae=uonf? ,ck yDuif;wGif
aexdik o f !f/h &l0t D ,fav ./ }udKyrf;csujf zif/h pufro _ r0g,rsm; xlaxmifum/ pufro _ ifwef;
ausmif;rsm; zGihf vSpEf ikd cf o hJ nf? qyfjymcsuv f yk if ef;/ }udK;vkyif ef;/ om;a&e,fvyk if ef;/ zdEydS /f rD;jcpf/
yef;uefcu G af ,mufvyk if ef; ponfrsm;udk xlaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf? (1941) ckEpS wf iG f e,f pyfa'o
tpd;k &onf ud, k yf ikd f aiGpuULrsm;udk xkwv f yk cf ohJ nf?
“'Dru kd a&pDopf” tqifYh ajr,mjyK jyifajymif;vJa&;ESihf or0g,rrsm;udk xk@d xuf
ydv
k yk cf siI f r&?
“ 'DtcsdefrSmawmh 'Dxufydk+yD; tajccHuswJh ajymif;vJr_awGudk/ vkyfvdk@&tHk; rSm
r[kwaf o;bl;? wae@rSmawmh 'Dxuf wqifw h ;kd +yD; vky&f rSmyJ? 'gayrJh w&kwf jynf wjynfv;kH
twdik ;f twm&Sw d /hJ ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pD tpd;k & w&yfukd wnfaxmif +yD;rSom jzpfEikd v f rd rhf ,f?
od@k wikd af tmif *syefppfy+JG y;D wJh aemufrmS / jynfwiG ;f ppfyJG opf w&yf rjzpfEikd af wmhb;l vd@k r,lqtyfb;l ?”
[k armfu tar&duefowif;pmq&m *efompwde;f udk ajymcJzh ;l onf? (*efompwde;f . “uGejf rLepf
w&kwjf ynf tiftm;+ydKif yG”J )
vlxrk sm;tm; or0g,rrsm;/ or*~rsm;xJo@kd yg0ifvmatmif v_@H aqmf y nmay;r_rsm;
108
vky&f onf? Twm0efukd ynma&;Xme wm0efcH qlawhvu D }uD;=uyf &onf? cse&f mS ; aemfref
ausmif;wke;f u/ armf. q&m jzpfczhJ ;l o!fh qlawhvo D nf/ 1937 ckEpS w f iG f touf (60) &Sad e+yD?
“vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf (30) wke;f u q&m[m u|ef awmfh tmp&d, q&myJ? ckxv d J u|eaf wmhf tmp&d,
q&mygyJ? aemifrSmvJyJ u|ef awmfh q&m jzpfaetHk;rSmygyJ? awmfvSefa&; &_H;edrfh+yD;/
ygww D yfom;rsm;pGmu ygwu D kd pGe@f cmG oGm;ae=ucsed rf mS q&m[m ygwu D kd 0ifvmcJw h ,f? q&m[m
tcuftcJawG udk &ifqikd &f rSm ra=umufz;l ? topfjzpfwhJ t&mawGukd avhvm&mrSm ESrd chf sw,f?
'Dt&nftcsi;f awGrmS / q&m[m ygw0D if vli,fawGxufawmif omygw,f?” [k armfu ol@q&mxH
pma&;cJo h nf?
od@k wikd af tmif e,fpyfa'o tajccHpcef;onf/ acwfaemufusaeao;onf 1936 ckEpS Yf
uav;rsm; aoE_e;f onf (60) &mE_e;f jzpfI/ pmwwfoOl ;D a&onf (1) &mE_e;f r#om &So d nf? 1934
ckEpS t
f xdyif/ pmrwwfoOl ;D a&onf woef;ausmf (vl OD;a&. w0uf) jzpfI/ ya,m* ukq&m
(2000) &Sad eao;onf? 1940 ckEpS w f iG f tpd;k &u xdak 'owGif ausmif;aygi;f (1341) ausmif;
axmifay;I/ vlO;D a& (2) oef;wGif ausmif;om;aygi;f (43625) &Sv d mcJo h nf? od@k wdik af tmif
oif&;kd ynma&; pHjzifh wdik ;f v#if aemufusaeonf? ukeyf x kd wk af &; vkyif ef;udv k yk &f if;/ wzufwiG f
ouf}uD;ynma&;oifwef;rsm;/ aqmif;&moDoifwef;rsm;/ ud, k wf ikd o
f if=um;a&; oif wef;rsm;udk
zGiv
hf pS cf o hJ nf? wyfeaD wmf wnfaqmufa&;Y ynma&;onf t"du jzpf onf? wyfom;opfrsm;udk
ta&;tzwf oifay;onf? puULr&SI d ajr}uD;ay:wGif wkwaf csmif;rsm; jcpfI pmoif&onf?
pmvH;k rsm;udk ausmay:wGif puULuyfI w a,mufausmudk wa,muf=u!fI h / zwf=u&onf?
1944 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGif armfu “ya'o&mZf t=uGi;f tusef awG trsm;}uD;
useaf eao;w,f?---t,lonf;r_awG[m vlx}k uD;&J@ OD;aESmufxJ rSm useaf ewk;H yJ? 'gawG[m
vlxOk ;D aESmufxu J &efoal wGjzpfw,f?---vlx&k @J OD; aESmufxu J &efou l kd qef@usi&f wm[m
*syefe,fcsJ@udk qef@usif&wmxuf ydk+yD; t cuftcJ awG@&wwfw,f?” ( “,Ofaus;r_
vkyif ef;twGi;f &Sd nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk” vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 3)
t,lonf;r_rsm;/ usr;f rma&;ESihf rudu k n f aD om xH;k pHrsm;ESihf pmrwwfr_ wd@k ud/k ygwu D
vlxk}uD;udk v_H@aqmfonf? ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh hywfoufI a0 zefaqG;aEG;&ef/
ausmif;om;rdbrsm;udk v_Haqmfonf? ausmif;wGif uav;tm; &dkuf ESufqHk;rjcif;udk
wm;qD;ydwyf ifonf? use;f rma&;/ umuG,af &;ESihf Edik if aH &;wd@k udk ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;ESihf
aygif;pyfay;onf? ausmif;wdkif;wGif vufawG@ESifh oabm w&m;udk aygif;pyfay;onf?
ausmif;wdik ;f wGif vufawG@ESifh oabmw&m;udk aygi;f pyfay;onf? vufawG@ vkyif ef;tjzpf
=uuf/ 0uf arG;jcif;/ opfyifpdkufjcif;/ a&wGif;wl; jcif; po!fh tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfaponf?
aq;oifwef;ESihf olemjyK oifwef;rsm;vnf; zGiv hf pS of nf? q&m0efrsm;onf vlxu k kd tvkyt f au|;
jyK&rnf[k armfu wdu k wf eG ;f onf?
“vle@J u|J EGm; taotaysmufEe_ ;f [m tawmfrsm;w,f? jynfol trsm; tjym;u
pke;f ua0/ arSmq f &m/ ewfuawmfawGukd ,H=k unf ae=uao;w,f? 'Dvkd tajctaersKd ;rSm/
109
uk o a&;enf ; opf a wG u k d o m tm;ud k ; ae&if / jy\emawG ajyvnf rS m r[k w f z l ; ?
ukoa&;enf;opf[m/ ukoa&;enf;a[mif;xuf ydk+yD; pGrf;wmawmh rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
ukoa&;enf;opf q&m0efawG[m/ wu,fv@kd jynfoal wG&@J 'kuQ a0'emawGukd *&krpdu k zf ;l ?
jynfoal wGtwGu/f q&m0efawG arG;jrLavhusihf r ay;zl;? vuf&dS e,fpyfa'ou t&nftwGu/f
axmifausm&f w dS hJ enf;a[mif;eJ@ uko wJh aq;q&mawG/ wd&pd m> ef q&m0efawGe@J ryl;aygi;f zl;?
olw@kd udk wd;k wufvm atmif tultnD ray;zl;qd&k if/ vufawG@rSm pke;f ua0/ arSmq f &m/
ewfuawmf awGukd tultnDay;aewmeJ@ twlwyl ?J vlawG/ wd&pd m> efawG trsm;tjym; ao
a=u ysupf ;D aewmud/k vufyu kd =f u!fah ewmeJ@ twlwyl J jzpfw,f?” (4if;pmwrf;)
1942 ckY tajccHa'o tpd;k &. tkycf sKyfa&;ay:vpDrsm;udk oH;k oH;k pepf jzifh csrw S cf o hJ nf?
oH;k oH;k pepfqo kd nfrmS / tkycf sKyfa&;aumifprD sm;/ tvkyo f rm; or*~ rsm;/ trsKd ;orD;tzG@J rsm;/
vli,ftzG@J rsm;xJwiG f uGejf rLepfygwu D oH;k yHw k yHk yg0if+yD;/ useo f ;kH yHEk pS yf wkH iG f wd;k wuforl sm;ESihf
=um;vlrsm;yg0if=ujcif; jzpfonf? &nf&, G cf suf rSm vlxk tajccH &&efEiS hf vlxak xmufcrH _ &&ef/
jzpfonf? ,iftef;wGif armf. uGejf rLepf tpk;d &onf/ &d;k om;onf? }uKd ;pm;onf? t&nftcsi;f jy!f/h
ygwaD u'g rsm; &So d nf? 'Drukd a&pDusonf? vlxu k kd apmifah &Smuf umuG,o f nf? tcGet f aumuf
enf;enf;aumufonf[k qdu k m/ vlx. k axmufcrH u _ kd &cJo h nf? wyfeD awmfwyfz@JG rsm;u
vlxt k wGu/f a&wGi;f a&uefrsm; wl;ay;onf? aumuf&w d &f mwGif 0dik ;f ulonf? “wyfrawmfukd
axmuf c H / vl x k u d k tvk y f t au|;jyK?” qd k o !f h aqmif yk ' f r sm;/ “wyf E S i f h jynf o l
wom;wnf;jzpfatmifvkyf” qdko!fh aqmifyk'frsm;udk a&S@ wef;odk@ xkwfonf? Todk@
vlxak xmufcrH &_ atmif vkyo f !ft h wGu/f wyfom;opf rsm;vnf; tvG,w f ul &vmcJo h nf?
uGefjrLepftpdk;&ESifh uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;onf/ acwfopfw&kwfjynf. ordkif; wGif
vlxak xmufcrH u _ kd &&So
d !f/h yxrqH;k tpd;k &jzpfonf?---ta=umif;rSm 4if;wd@k onf/ jynfou l kd
wu,fupkd m;jyKEdik af oma=umifh jzpfonf?” [k 1944 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm vwGif tar&duef tpd;k &
ud, k pf m;vnftzG@J acgi;f aqmif *|eyf ufwef a';AD;pfu a&; cJo h nf? vlxt k pnf;ta0;rsm;wGi/f
vlxkrsm;ygvmjcif;jzifh/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh po!fh 'Drdkua&pD tajccHonfvnf;
cdik rf mvmcJo h nf?
c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJtqHk;wGif/ armfonf wyfom; (7000) jzifh tajccH a'o odk@
a&mufvmcJo h nf? rlvu &SEd iS +hf y;D jzpfo!f/h wyfom; (5000)/ ql[ikd q f eG ;f . wyf om; (3000) ESifh
aygi;f v#i/f 1935 ckEpS Yf ,iftef; tajccHa'owGi/f wyfom; (15000) om &So d nf? 1937
ckEpS Yf rl wyfeaD wmfY wyfom; (70000)ausmf jzpfvm +yD? 1945 ckEpS u f ek Yf wyfeaD wmfonf
t+rw J rf; wyfom; (910000) &Sad om/ ppf wyf}u;D jzpfvmcJ+h y?D ajymufusm; wyfom; (2200000)
&Sv d monf? od@k wdik af tmif Tr# }uD;rm;aom ppfwyf}uD;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif armfonf
rnfo!fh jyify t ultnDurkd # r,l? vlxu k kd 0efrwufap&? ppfwyfonf (70) &mE_e;f ud, k zhf mom
zlv+kH yD; jzpfonf?
“ &efol odr;f ydu k x f m;wJh e,fajrawGxrJ mS ajymufusm;ppfukd wd;k cs@J &r,f? &efo&l @J
110
ppfaemufyikd ;f udk a&S@wef;ppfrsuEf mS tjzpf ajymif;ay;&r,f? ol@e,fajrxJrmS &efou l kd ,m;vd@k rS
rukwt f m;atmif t+rw J ef; ppfwu kd af e&atmif vkyaf y;&r,f?” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf? wyfeaD wmf
ajymufusm;rsm;onf/ T=o0g'udk vufawG@ taumiftxnf azmfc=hJ uonf? Tod@k vkyjf cif;jzifh
&efolvnf; tvkyfrsm;onf? udk,fhtwGuf vlxkudk pnf;&Hk;+yD;om;/ v_H@aqmf+yD;om;/
EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwfoGif;+yD;om; jzpfaponf? ygwDu ynma&;r_;rsm;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;r_;rsm;/
0g'jzef@csaD &;r_;rsm;udk tzG@J i,f uav;rsm; zG@J ay;um/ wyfeaD wmfEiS t hf wl/ aus;&Gmrsm;od@k
v$wo f nf? aus; &Gmvlxu k kd v_@H aqmfynmay;onf? yxrwGif Edik if aH &; 0g'jzef@onf? pmoifonf?
ajr,m jyK jyifajymif;vJa&; vkyo f nf? aemufwiG f ajymufusm;a'orsm; zG@J pnf;ay; onf?
Tod@k jzifh xdak 'orsm;onf tajccH a'orsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? Tpnf;&H;k enf; udk oH;k &mY ygwo D nf
vlxEk iS hf “a&ESiihf g; yrm” jzpfatmif vkyo f nf? Tod@k jzihf opPmazmufrsm;udk az:xkwjf cif;/
"g;jyrsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;/ &efo@l vufeufrsm;udk vk ,ufjcif;/ &efo@l tvkyrf sm;udk aemufyikd ;f rS
v#Kd zsujf cif; po!fh vkyif ef;rsm;udk vl xku ud, k t hf odEiS hf ud, k vf yk v
f mcJ=h uonf? vlxo k nf
&efo@l owif;rsm;udk pk aqmif;&mY ta&;ygq;kH jzpfonf? vli,frsm;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf
toufupkd eG @f um &efo. l v_y&f mS ;r_owif;rsm;udk t&,lc=hJ uonf?
1937 ckEpS Yf ygwu D *syefppfa=umif;aemufyikd ;f wGif tajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufco hJ nf?
yde0f ifu h eG ;f wdu k yf t
JG +yD;Y wyfeaD wmf trSwf (115) wyfr}uD; u &Sepf ;D -[dak yh-csm[m e,fpyf
tajccHa'oudk wnfaqmufc=hJ uonf? 4if;udk vif; ajymifEiS hf eD,efcsi;f wd@k u uGyu f o J nf? 1938
ckEpS w
f iG f tajccHa'oudk ta&S@yikd ;f [kad yh jynfe,fxt J xd wd;k cs@J wnfaqmufvmonf? xdrk w S zef
awmifyikd ;f [kad yh jynfe,f bufo@kd xyfI cs@J onf? aemufq;kH Y xdt k ajccHa'oonf/ c&dik f (108)
c&kid &f v dS mum/ vlO;D a& (28) oef;&So d nf?
trSwf (192) wyfr}uD;uvnf;/ &Sepf ;D -[dak yh-&Seaf wmif- [dek ef tajccH a'oudk
wnfaqmufco hJ nf? wydik ;f wGif c&kid f (59) ck&I dS vlO;D a& (7) oef;&So d nf? tjcm;wydik ;f wGif c&kid f
(118) ck&I dS vlO;D a& (18) oef;&So d nf? trSwf (128) wyf r}uD;u qDtef tajccHpcef;wck
wnfaqmufum/ *syefukd rGe*f v kd , d jynfe,fxJ od@k r0ifEikd af tmif/ wm;xm;onf? &Seaf wmif
tajccHa'ou jynfe,fw0ufudk odrf;ydkufxm;um/ ajymufusm;wyfom; ig;odef;jzifh
v_y&f mS ;aeonf?
pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopfu w&kwjf ynf tv,fyikd ;f wGif tajccHpcef; wnf aqmufum/
ppfrsuEf mS ESp&f yfziG I hf v_y&f mS ;aeonf? ppfrsuEf mS wcku/ ,efpaD wmif bufjzpfI tjcm;ppfrsuEf mS
wcku/ ,efpaD jrmufbuf tefa0S; jynfe,fxw J iG f jzpf onf? awmifyikd ;f uGrw f kH jynfe,fwiG v f nf;/
ygwu D tajccHa'owckukd wnfaqmuf rdxm;+yD? 1941 ckEpS w f iG f ykvjJ rpfa=umif;[lo!fh
wyfz@JG wzG@J udk wnfaxmifum/ vl OD;a& (10) oef;cef@udk u,fwifc+hJ yD; jzpfonf? uGrw f kH
v,form;rsm;onf/ 1927 ckEpS u f uGejf rLepfw@kd ta&;edro hf mG ;onfukd jrifcb hJ ;l =uonf? ,ck
1941 ckEpS w f iG f uGejf rLepfw@kd . tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmufvmjyefaomtcg/ wtHw h =o jzpfae
=uonf? “uGefjrLepfqdkwm b,fawmhrS owfvdk@ raobl;?” [k v,form;rsm;u
111
ajymavh&=dS uonf? 1939 ck [dik ef efu|e;f ud/k *syefrsm; odr;f o!ft h cgwiG f uGejf rLepf tpkuav;
rsm;udk tES@H tjym;awG@&onf? 1945 ckEpS w f iG rf l (19) c&kid t
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