123 Convention On The Rights of The Child

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uav;tcGit
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(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf rdrdEdkifiH.w&m;pD&ifxHk; tm%mpuf

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3
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4
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5
uav;tcGit
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6
uav;tcGit
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7
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tpdk;&vufatmuf&Sd at*sifpDrsm;uvnf; uav;rsm;tm; umuG,f
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8
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wckcsif;tvdkuf pOf;pm;aqmif±Guf&ayrnf?
Ttyd'k w
f iG f azmfjyxm;aom uav;rsm;. taumif;qH;k aumif;
usKd;udk tajccHtusqHk;tcsuftjzpf xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;r_udk vkyfaqmif
&rnfqo kd nfh t,ltqonf “tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk [efcsun f aD tmif vkyf
aqmifjcif;” [laom w&m;±H;k wGif tr_rsm;pD&if&mwGif toH;k ðyaom oabm
9
uav;tcGit
w&m;ESihf qufpyfaeonf? w&m±H;k rsm;wGif ajz&Si;f onfh w&m;a&;qdik &f m
tr_ t cif ; trsm;pk o nf vl w OD ; wa,muf E S i f h tjcm;ol w OD ; t=um;
odk@r[kwf vlwOD;wa,mufESifh tjcm;aom tkyfpkrsm;t=um; tusKd;
pD;yGm;csi;f yÉdyuQjzpfymG ;aom tr_rsm;jzpfonf? taumif;qH;k tusK;d pD;yGm;
qd k a om t,l t qud k uav;. tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;ES i f h tjcm;ol r sm;ES i f h
tusK;d pD;yGm; od@k r[kwf tjcm; taxGaxGp;D yGm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;taxGaxG
yÉdyuQrsm; jzpfymG ;onft h nf? xdt
h cgrsK;d wGif toH;k ðyajz&Si;f oifo k ,ltq
onf w&m;&H;k awmfEiS hf wm0ef&o dS nfh tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifh qH;k jzwfcsuf
rsm; csrw S of nft h cgwiG f uav;rsm;tay: oufa&mufr&_ o dS nfh tcsurf sm;
oufoufudkom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf/ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh
tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;xuf uav;rsm; tusK;d pD;yGm;udyk rkd kd tav;ay; xnfo h iG ;f
pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;rsKd; r[kwfay? uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif uav;rsm;tay: rnfonfhtusKd;rsm;
oufa&mufaprnf qdkaomtcsuftm; ta&;}uD;aom tcsufwcsufjzifh
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efudkom qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif xdkodk@ qHk;jzwfcsrSwf
aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf t&nftcsif;jynfhrSDaom tm%mydkifrsm; jzpf&ef
vdktyfonf?
10
uav;tcGit
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tyd'k f (4)12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;onf ,ck

oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif todtrSwfðyxm;aom
tcGit hf a&;rsm; taumiftxnf ay:ayguv f m
apa&;twGuf oifhawmfaom w&m;
Oya' jyXmef;jcif;rsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&; vkyf
ief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom }udK;yrf;vkyf
aqmif c suf r sm;ud k aqmif & G u f & rnf ?
pD;yGm; a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;wdk@ESifh ywfoufI
pmcsKyf EdkifiHrsm;onf rdrdwGif&Sdaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukeftoHk;csum
vdtk yfygu Edik if w
H um. yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G rf u
_ &kd ,lI aqmif±u G af y;&rnf?
tcGifhta&;rsm;umuG,fay;&eftwGuf aqmif±Gufay;csufrsm;
,cktydk'fwGif uav;rsm;. tcGifhta&;tm; umuG,fay;a&;ESifh

ywfoufI Oya'topfrsm;jyXmef;jcif;ESihf rudu k n f aD om Oya'a[mif;rsm;udk
ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;tygt0if tpd;k &taejzifh vkyaf qmifoifah om vkyif ef;rsm;udk
tus,w f 0ifh azmfjyxm;onf? uav;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,f
onfh ae&mwGif Oya'oufoufjzifhom rvHkavmufaoma=umifh tjcm;
aom tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkyg vkyfaqmif&rnf[k
T tydk'fwGif qdkxm;onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifr_rsm;
qdkonfrSm Oya'rsm;twdkif; vufawG@usus vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf
vdtk yfaom tpDtpOfrsm;csrw S jf cif;/ pDru
H ed ;f rsm; jyifqifjcif; ponfw@kd ukd
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf? Oyrm - jynfolydkifausmif;rsm;/ aq;±Hkrsm;/ tyef;
11
uav;tcGit
ajzyef ; +cH r sm; taejzif h uav;rsm;twG u f aysmf & G i f t oH k ; ðyEd k i f a om
tajctaersKd; &Sdr&Sd avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;/ uav;rsm; tpDtpOftwGuf
vdt
k yfaom ud&, d m ypPn;f rsm; 0,f,jl cif;/ uav;rsm; toH;k jyKavh&adS om
taqmuftODrsm;tm; oef@&iS ;f jcif;ESihf jyifqifjcif;/ uav;rsm;ESihf ywfouf
onfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyfudkifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;tm; uav;tcGifh
ta&;rsm; em;vnfoabm aygufatmif avhusifhynmay;jcif;/ apwemh
0efxrf;vkyfom;rsm; vlxkpnf;±kH;a&;vkyfom;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmatmif
arG ; xk w f a y;jcif ; wd k @ tjyif uav;ol i ,f t cG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m pmcsKyf y g
tcsufrsm;ukd jynfolvlxktrsm;u od&Sdem;vnfap&ef vkyfaqmifjcif;
wdk@jzpfonf?
xdo
k @dk vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G &f mwGif aiGa=u;oH;k pJ&G r_rsm;/ ukeu f srr_ sm;
&SdaponfhtwGuf tpdk;&taejzifh rdrdwGif&Sdaom b¾maiGa=u;rsm;xJrS
wwfEdkifor#trsm;qHk; xkwf,loHk;pJGI uav;rsm;tcGifhta&; umuG,f
ay;Ed k i f a &;twG u f toH k ; ðy&rnf [ k ,ck t yd k ' f w G i f azmf j yxm;onf ?
uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;umuG,fonfhae&mwGif b¾maiGa=u;rSm ta&;
ygaom ta=umif;t&mw&yf jzpfvsu&f o dS nf? uav;rsm;. vGwv f yfpmG
xkwfazmf ajymqdkcGifhESifh uav;rsm;.wifjyajymqdkcsufrsm;udk wa&;w,l
em;pdkufaxmifonfh udpPrsKd;wGif aiGa=u;ukefusp&mrvdkvSaomfvnf;
uav;rsm;. usef ; rma&;ES i f h ynma&;rsm; axmuf y h H a y;&ef q d k a om
udpPrsKd;wGif aiGa=u;ukefusr_&Sdvm+yDjzpfonf? xdk@twGuf ,cktydk'fwGif
xdkodk@aom tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI “tpdk;&onf rdrdwGif&Sdaom
&if;jrpfrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk;ESifh tpGrf;ukeftoHk;csI vdktyfygu tjcm;
Ed k i f i H w um. yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f v k y f a qmif r _ vk y f i ef ; abmif t wG i f ;
vkyfaqmifay;&ef” [lIazmfjyxm;onf? qdkvdkonfrSm tu,fI tpdk;&
12
uav;tcGit
taejzifh xdo
k @kd aiGa=u;ukeu f sc&H ef vHak vmufr_ r&Syd gu urBmu h v
k or*~/
uav;rsm;&H y H k a iG t zJ G @ / tjcm;tpd k ; &rsm;ES i f h tpd k ; &r[k w f a om tzJ G @
tpnf;rsm;xHrS u|rf;usifr_qdkif&mESifh pufr_ ud&d,m tultnDrsm;tyg
t0if tjcm;aom tultnDrsm;udk &Sm}uHawmif;cHEdkifonf[k qdkvdkjcif;
jzpfonf?
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tyd'k f (5)12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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pmcsKyftzJG@EdkifiHrsm;onf uav;.rdbrsm; odk@

r[kwf tcsK@d ae&mrsm;wGif a'ocH"avhrsm;u vufcH
xm;aom rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf &yf&mG tzJ@G 0ifrsm;
odk@r[kwf w&m;0ifapmifha&SmufcGifh&Sdaom
tkyfxdrf;olrsm; odk@r[kwf uav;tm;
apmif h a &S m uf & ef w &m;0if wm0ef & S d
aom tjcm;olrsm;. wm0ef/ tcGifh
ta&;ESifh 0wW&m;wdk@udk av;pm;&
rnf? ,ckpmcsKyfwiG f yg&o dS nfh uav;tcGihf
ta&;rsm;ES i f h vuf a wG @ toH k ; csonf h taejzif h
uav;. wajz;ajz; zHG@òzd;wdk;wufvmr_ESifh udkufnDaom vrf;!$efr_/
n$ef=um;r_ESifh enf;vrf;jyor_wdk@ ðyvkyfay;&rnf?
rdbrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;
uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;pmcsKyft& touf (18) ESpfatmuf

t&G,t
f m;vH;k udk uav;rsm;tjzpf owfrw
S x
f m;onf? xd@k o@kd qykd gu &ifciG f
13
uav;tcGit
ydkuf uav;rsm;onf q,fausmfoufuav;rsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;
&So
d vm;[lI ar;p&m awG;p&mjzpfvmonf? xdak r;p&mar;cGe;f udk ,cktyd'k f
(5) u ulnDajz=um;xm;onf? xdk@jyif rdrd&ifaoG;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;
wd;k wufjrifrh m;atmif vkyaf qmif&ef rdbrsm;wGi&f adS om wm0efrsm;udv
k nf;
&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
,ckpmydk'fwGif rdbrsm;taejzifh &ifaoG;rsm;tm; pmcsKyfyg tcGifh

ta&;rsm;udk rnfuo hJ @kd toH;k ðy cHpm;oifo h nfqakd om tcsuEf iS hf ywfoufI
“oifhavsmfaom vrf;!Gefr_ESifh xdrf;ausmif;r_rsm;” vkyfaqmif&ef tcGifh
ta&;ESifh wm0efrsm;&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdkodk@ vrf;!Gefr_rsm;ESifh
xdr;f ausmif;r_rsm;vkyaf qmif&mwGif uav;i,f. }uD;xGm;&ifu h suvf maom
pGr;f &nfEiS t hf nD vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG ajymif;vJ&rnf[k ,cktyd'k w f iG f qdxk m;
onf? qdv k o kd nfrmS uav;rsm;. a±G;cs,rf /_ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf ywfouf+yD;
rnfonfhtqifhtxd a±G;cs,f qHk;jzwfcGifhðyoifha=umif;udk rdbrsm;u
owfrw S cf iG ðhf yoifoh nf/ owfrw S cf iG ðhf yEdik o
f nf[k qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf? rdbrsm;u
rdrw d @kd &ifaoG;rsm;udk ‚wd@k cpH m;cGi&hf adS om tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wm0efoo d jd zifh
usifhoHk;wwfap&ef ynmay;ysKd;axmif ay;&efvdktyfonf? rnfr#avmuf
tqift h xd qH;k jzwfa±G;cs,cf iG ðhf y&rnf/ rnfonfh udprP sm;udk aqG;aEG;oifo h nf/
rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk uav;rsm; qHk;jzwfcGifhay;oifhonf qdkaom
tcsufrsm;onf xdkuav;i,f.touft±G,fESifh xdkuav;. &ifhusufr_
wdk@tay: rlwnfygonf?
rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;tay: vrf;!Gefxdrf;ausmif;r_rsm; ðyvkyfyHk

ðyvkyef nf;rsm;onf uav;tcGit hf a&; tay:vufcxH m;onfh xdrk bd rsm;.
tjrif oabmxm;rsm;/ em;vnfo&d rdS /_ touft±G,rf wlnaD om uav;
14
uav;tcGit
tkyfpkrsm;. vdktyfcsufESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_pGrf;&nf/ uav;rsm; rnfodk@ðyrl
vkyfudkifoifhonf[k rdbrsm;u ,Hk=unfowfrSwfxm;aom tcsufrsm;/
uav;rsm;tay: rdbrsm;ucsrSwfxm;aom qHk;rpnf;urf; enf;vrf;
rsm;wd@k tjyif olw@kd u,kd wf ikd f jzwfoef;vmcJah om ud, k yf ikd u
f av;b0 tawG@
t}uKHrsm;tay: rsm;pGmrSDwnf aeygonf? ,cktydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;onfh
rdrw d @kd . uav;rsm;udk rdbrsm;u rnfuo hJ @kd enf;jzifh vrf;!Gex f rd ;f ausmif;
oifhovJqdkaomtcsufESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;rsKd;udk ajz=um;&mwGif
EdkifiHwEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiH/ rdom;pkwpkESifhwpk wlnDEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
,cktydk'fwGifvnf; uav;rsm;udk rdbrsm;u rnfonfhenf;jzifh vrf;!Gef
xdrf;ausmif;&rnfqdkaom pHjytajzwckudk ajzqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? uav;
tm;vH;k twGuf udu k n f rD nfh tajzwrsK;d wnf;udv k nf; ay;Edik rf nfr[kwyf g?
rdr.d om;od@k r[kwf orD;jzpfot l m; ydrk v
kd w
G v f yfciG ahf y;oif+h yDvm;/ uav;ESihf
ywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rdbrsm;u qufvufqHk;jzwfay;oifh
aeqJvm; qdak omtcsurf sm;udk rdbrsm;uom qifjcifq;kH jzwf&rnfjzpfonf?
od@k &mwGif rdbrsm;taejzifh rdr&d ifaoG;rsm;udk vrf;!Gex

f rd ;f ausmif;
&mwGif TpmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom uav;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk rav;pm;I r&[k
,cktydk'fwGif jyefvnfuef@owfxm;ygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm rdbrsm;onf
,ckpmcsKyfyg uav;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk vH;k 0vpfvsL±_xm;jcif;/ uav;rsm;.
tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifhrðybJ txl;tvGeftrif; csKyfcs,fvGef;
jcif;/ wcsuv f w
$ tf m%moH;k I rdboabmoufoufjzifo h m qH;k jzwfcsuf
csrSwfay;jcif;wdk@udk rðyvkyfEdkifay?
odk@&mwGif tpdk;&onf rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;tay: vrf;!Gef

xdrf;ausmif;oGefoifEdkifcGifhudk av;pm;&ayrnf? rdom;pktwGif;wGif jzpf
15
uav;tcGit
yGm;aeaom tdrw f iG ;f a&;rsm;onf xdrk o
d m;pk. ud,
k af &;ud,
k w
f m yk*v
~ u
d
a&;&mrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk av;pm;&rnf? xdk@twGufa=umifh rdbrsm;ESifh
&ifaoG;rsm;t=um; qufqaH &;udk av;pm;&rnf? trSew f u,f }uD;rm;aom
jy\emw&yf ay:aygufrvmrcsif; tpdk;&taejzifh xdkrdom;pktm; txl;
eD;uyfpGm apmifh=uyf=unhf±_aejcif;rsKd; rvkyfoifhay?
,cktyd'k yf g tcsurf sm;udk usio hf ;kH &mwGif rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;

tay: xdrf;ausmif;oGefoifqHk;rcGifhudk tpdk;&uav;pm;&ef vdktyfovdk
rdbrsm;uvnf; rdr&d ifaoG;rsm;.tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk av;pm;&efvt kd yfonfh
tcsufESpfcsufpvHk;udk [efcsufnDnDjzifh rysufruGufusifhoHk;=u&ef txl;
vdktyfvSonf? tu,fI rdbjzpfolu rdrd&ifaoG;. tcGifhta&;tay:
av;pm;jcif;r&So d nft
h cgrsK;d wGif tpd;k &taejzifh yg0ifywfoufrð_ y&rnfjzpf+yD;
xdkrdb. &ifaoG;tm; xdrf;ausmif;oGefoifqHk;rcGifhudk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifonf?
odk@&mwGif &ifaoG;rsm;tay: ,cktydk'fwGifyg0ifaom tcsufrsm;twdkif;
rqufqHaoma=umifh xdkrdbrsm;. uav;apmifha±SmufydkifcGifhrSm tvdk
tavsmuf aysmufysufoGm;rnfr[kwfyg? rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;tm;
qufqyH EkH iS yhf wfoufI tpd;k &taejzifh rnfuo f ikd af qmif&u
hJ @kd vkyu G o f ifo
h nf
qd k a omtcsuf r sm;ud k ,ck p mcsKyf y g tyd k ' f (9) ES i f h (19) wd k @ wG i f
ydkrdktao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf?
16
uav;tcGit
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tyd'k f (6)12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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(1) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;

onf uav;wd k i f ; Y arG ; &myg
touf & S i f & yf w nf c G i f h &S d o nf u d k
todtrSwfðy&rnf?

onf uav;. touf & S i f r _ E S i f h
zH@G òz;wd;k wufrt_ wGuf tjrifrh m;qH;k
tmrcHay;&rnf?
touf&iS &f yfwnfciG Ehf iS hf zHŒG òzd;wd;k wufciG hf
,cktydk'fonf pmcsKyfygtydk'frsm;xJwGif twdkqHk;ESifh t&Sif;qHk;

pmcsKyfjzpfonf? touf&SifcGifhqdkaom tcGifhta&;udk tajccHtusqHk;
tcG i f h t a&;wck t jzpf ,ck u av;tcG i f h t a&;qd k i f & mpmcsKyf ray: cif
uxnf;u ay:aygufcJhaom tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif
tod t rS w f ð y cJ h = uonf ? xd k t cG i f h t a&;xJ w G i f “wm;qD ; &ef ” ES i f h
“vkyfaqmifay;&ef” [laom wm0efESpfrsKd;vHk; a&m,Sufyg0ifaeonf?
wm;qD;ay;&ef qdo k nfrmS wckcuk kd rvkyaf qmif&efwm;qD;jcif;udk qdv k o kd nf?
Oyrm - xGuaf jy;&ef óu;pm;aom uav;udk ypfcwfzrf;qD;jcif; rvky&f ef/
owif;tcsuftvuf &&eftwGuf uav;udk ESdyfpufppfaq;jcif;rðy&ef/
qENjy&mwGif yg0ifojzifh zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom uav;udk ±du k Ef u
S jf cif;rðy&ef/
tpdk;&aq;±Hkrsm;wGif aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;ukojcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf
17
uav;tcGit
aq;ukor_rSm;,Gif;+yD; aoqHk;oGm;aom uav;rsm;r&Sdap&ef wm;jrpf
xm;jcif; wdk@jzpfonf?
touf&iS cf iG thf wGuf vkyaf qmifay;&ef [laomtcsuo f nf txuf

wGifazmfjyxm;aom wm;qD;&ef[laom vkyfief;wm0efxuf ydkrdkus,fjyef@
onf? Oyrm - zsm;emygu aq;0g;ukor_c, H yl ikd cf iG /hf t[m&csK@d wjhJ cif; r&Sd
ap&eftwGuf vdktyfaom tpm;tpmrsm; vHkavmufpGm&&SdcGifh/ av
aumif;avoef@rsm; &&Scd iG /hf obm0 ab;tE &W m,fta=umif; óuwifo&d cdS iG hf
wd k @ tygt0if uav;rsm; touf & S i f a exd k i f E d k i f t wG u f vd k t yf a om
tajccHyyHh ;kd r_rsm; tm;vH;k udk uav;rsm; cHpm;&&SEd ikd af &;udk qdv
k jkd cif;jzpfonf?
,cktyd'k u
f kd jyifqifa&;qJpG Ofu “uav;rsm;. touf&iS &f yfwnf
a&;ESifh zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;wdk@twGuf twwfEdkifqHk; pGrf;tm;&Sdor# jznfhpGrf;
tmrcHay;&efrmS tpd;k &. wm0efjzpfonf” [laomtcsuu f kd xnfo
h iG ;f &ef
,leDqufu wdkufwGef;tqdkwifoGif;cJhojzifh xdktcsufyg0ifvmcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? ,leDquftaejzifh TpmcsKyf ra&;qJGrDuxnf;uyif touf
ig;ES p f a tmuf uav;i,f r sm;aoqH k ; r_ E _ e f ; avsmh u sapa&;twG u f
tm;oGefcGefpdkuf óu;yrf;aqmif±GufcJhonf? tvG,fwul ukoI&aom
a&m*grsm;ESihf tjzpfrsm;aom a&m*grsm;a=umifh uav;i,frsm; raoqH;k =u
&ap&ef aqmf=ov_@H aqmfrr_ sm;udk ,leq D ufu tifwu kd t
f m;wdu
k f vkyaf qmif
cJhonf? xdkodk@aom pmom;rsKd; ,cktydk'fwGif yg0ifazmfjyxm;Edkifonfh
twGuf ,leq D uf. óu;yrf;aqmif±u G rf r_ sm; ydrk t
kd m;aumif;atmifjrifvm
Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;=uonf?
tcsKd@olrsm;taejzifh “touf&Sif&yfwnfr_” [laom pum;vHk;

18
uav;tcGit
wvH;k xJonf t"dym` ,fjynfph rkH _ tESpo f m&r&S[ d k ,lq=uonf? touf&iS f
&yfwnfae,Hkr#jzifh uav;b0wcktwGuf vHkavmufjynfh0jcif;r&Sd[k
xdok rl sm;u axmufjy=uonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh touf&iS &f yfwnfae,Hk
r#omru zH@G òz;wd;k wufr_ vdt k yfonf[q k ukd m “zH@G òz;wd;k wufr”_ [laom
pum;vHk;udkyg Tpmydk'fwGif xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? uav;oli,f
wa,muf touf&iS f ae,Ho k ufoufomru uav;. b0wefz;kd jynf0h
aumif;rGef&eftwGuf zHG@òz;wdk;wuf&efvJ vdktyfa=umif; ,ckpmydk'fu
azmfjyaeonf? uav; wa,muf zH@G òz;wd;k wufap&eftwGuf xdu k av;.
±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f / vlra_ &;ydik ;f qdik &f m tcsutf vufrsm; vlwef;aph wd;k wuf
apEdik &f ef ynmoif=um;cGihf tygt0if tjcm;vdt k yfaom apmifah &Smufrr_ sm;/
vlaer_tqifhtwef;rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef vdktyfvSonf?
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tyk'd f (7) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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(1) uav;wa,muf o nf arG ;

zGm; +yD;onfESifhcsufcsif; arG;pm&if;
rSwfyHk wifEdkif+yD; arG;zGm;uwnf;u
ol. trnf rSnfhydkifcGihfESifh vlrsKd;
owfrw dS nf? jzpfEikd yf gu
S f cHyikd cf iG &hf o
ol odk@r[kwf olr. rdbrsm;tm;
od&cdS iG Ehf iS hf rdbrsm;. apmifah &Smufr_
udk cH,lydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom uav;.

tcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;ESifhtnD taumiftxnfazmf&efESifh
19
uav;tcGit
xdkuav;onf EdkifiHrJhuav;wa,muf rjzpfoGm;apzdk@twGuf EdkifiHwum
Oya'rsm;t& vdkufemav;pm;&ef tmrcH&rnfjzpfonf?
trnfrSnfhcGifhESifh vlrsKd;owfrSwfcHydkifcGifh
tyd'k f (&) t& arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,fwikd ;f onf arG;zGm;vm

+yD;+yD;csif;rSpI trnfrSnfhac:ydkifcGifh&Sd+yD; arG;pm&if;rSwfyHkwifydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
arG;pm&if; rSwyf w k nfrmS xdak rG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,f. trnf/
kH ifjcif;qdo
arG;zGm;onfah e@p/GJ xdu k av;i,f. rdcifzcifw@kd . trnfrsm;udk rSwyf w kH ifjcif;
jzpfonf? arG;zGm;onfah e@pGJ rSww f rf;onf aemifwcsed f uav;}uD;jyif;vm
onft h cg w&m;a&;udprP sm;wGif taxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyEdik &f eftwGuf
ta&;}u;D vSonf? txl;ojzifh xdu k av;i,f ausmif;wufonft h ±G,af &muf
onft h csed w
f iG f ausmif;wufEikd &f eftwGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;jy&m
wGif arG;zGm;onfah e@po GJ nf ta&;}uD;vSonf?
Ttyd k ' f w G i f uav;i,f w d k i f ; onf arG ; zG m ;onf h t csd e f u pI

Edik if wH Edik if .
H Edik if o
H m;tjzpf rSwyf w kH if todtrSwðf ycHyikd cf iG hf wm0ef&adS om
tm%mydkifrsm;? oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwumu owfrSwf
xm;aom Oya'rsm;t& Edik if o H m;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycH&&ef vdt k yfonf
[kom azmfjyxm;onfudk awG@&onf? EdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfðycHEdkif
&efrSm enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;&Sdonf/ yxrwrsKd;rSm EdkifiHwGif;Y arG;zGm;cJhaom
uav;udk xdEk ikd if OH ya't& Edik if o H m;tjzpf todtrSwðf yojzifh Edik if o H m;jzpf
jcif;rsKd ;jzpfonf? 'kw, d wrsK;d rSm arG;zGm;vmonfuh av;udk uav;rdbrsm;.
Edik if u
H aeI Edik if o H m;tjzpf todtrSwðf yojzifh xdu k av; i,fonf rdbrsm;
EdkifiH.EdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfðycH&jcif;jzpfonf?
20
uav;tcGit
rdbrsm; aexdkifonfhEdkifiHwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom uav;wa,muf
twGuf vlrsK;d jzpfciG /hf Edik if o H m;jzpfciG Ehf iS yhf wfoufI jy\emr&SEd ikd af omfvnf;
rdcifjzpfoEl iS zhf cifjzpfow l @kd onf vlrsK;d rwl Edik if o H m;rwlonfh tcgrsK;d wGif
vnf;aumif;/ uav;jzpfolonf EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif arG;zGm;vmcJhonfh
tcgrsKd;wGifvnf;aumif; xdkuav;. vlrsKd;jzpfcGifh/ EdkifiHom;jzpfcGifhonf
jy\emwckjzpfvmEdkifonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom uav;
i,f.rdbrsm;onf xdkEdkifiH.EdkifiHom;rsm;r[kwfbJ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
jzpfaeaoma=umifh xdkuav;i,fudk arG;zGm;cJh&mEdkifiHu rdrdEdkifiHom;tjzpf
todtrSwrf ðybJ aeEdik o f vdk xdrk b d rsm;. wdik ;f jynf&if;uvnf; xdu k av;
i,f o nf Ed k i f i H j cm;wd k i f ; jynf w G i f arG ; zG m ;cJ h a oma=umif h xd k u av;ud k
rdbrsm;. wdkif;jynf&if;u rdrdEdkifiH. EdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfrðyonfh
tjzpf r sKd ; vJ ñuH a wG @ Ed k i f o nf ? xd k t cgrsKd ; wG i f xd k u av;i,f o nf
rnfonfEh ikd if o H m;rS rjzpfawmhonfh tajctaeod@k qdu k af &muf&awmhonf?
xdok @kd aom uav;i,frsK;d udk wdik ;f jynfrhJ (Stateless) uav;rsm;[kac:onf?
uav;rsm; taejzifh xdkodk@wdkif;jynfrJhoGm;aom tjzpfrsKd; rjzpfap&ef
xdak rG;zGm;aom Edik if u H jzpfap/ rdb. Edik if &H if;rsm;ujzpfap [ef@wm;ay;Edik f
onf? odk@aomf ,cktydk'fwGif xdkodk@tjzpfrsKd;&Sdygu rnfonfhwdkif;jynfu
rnfuJhodk@ aqmif±Guf&rnfjzpfa=umif; wdwdusus wm0efowfrSwfay;
xm;jcif; r&Sday? xdktwGufa=umifh ,cktydk'fonf uav;oli,frsm;
wd k i f ; jynf r J h j zpf j cif ; ud k tjynf h t 0 umuG , f w m;qD ; Ed k i f j cif ; r&S d a y?
Tuav;ol i ,f t cG i f h t a&;pmcsKyf u d k vuf r S w f a &;xd k ; ,H k o uf o uf
r[kwb f J trSew f u,f av;pm;vdu k ef maom Edik if rH sm;u xdok @kd wdik ;f jynfrhJ
jzpfomG ;onfh uav;rsm; yaysmufapa&;twGuf Edik if jH cm;wGif rdrEd ikd if o H m;
rsm;uaeI arG;zGm;cJhaom uav;rsm;udk rdrdEdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwf
ðyay;jcif; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; arG;zGm;cJhaom
21
uav;tcGit
uav;rsm;udk rdrdEdkifiHom; tjzpftodtrSwf ðyjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifrSom
xdo
k @kd aom wdik ;f jynfru
hJ av;rsm; ray:ayguf ap&ef wm;qD;Edik rf nf?
tyd'k f (7) wGif uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrw

d @kd rb
d rsm;tm; od&ydS ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf
xdkrdbrsm;. apmifha&Smufr_udk jzpfEdkifor# cH,lcGifh&Sdonf[kvnf; azmfjy
xm;onf? xdt k csuEf iS yhf wfoufI tjcm;aomyHpk rH sKd ;udk pmcsKyftyd'k f (8)/ (9)
(10) ESihf tjcm;tyd'k rf sm;wGiaf wG@Eikd o
f nf?
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456 tyd'k f (8)12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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(1) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;onf Oya'u

tod trSwfðyxm;aom uav;. udk,fa&;udk,f
wm tpðyxm;aom uav;. udk,fa&;udk,fwm
trnfEiS hf rdom;pkawmfpyfyw kH @kd tm; xdr;f odr;f cGiu
hf kd
av;pm;& rnfjzpf+yD; w&m;Oya'rJh 0ifa&muf
pGwfzufjcif; rðy&?
(2) uav;wa,muf. ud, k af &;

ud,
k wf m tcsut f vuftcsK@d od@k r[kwf
tm;vHk; aysmufysufoGm;onfhtcgrsKd;
wGif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &uaeI xdu
k av;jzpfo/l
udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm; jyefvnf&&SdEdkif&ef
twGuf oifhawmfovdk ulnDr_rsm;ESifh umuG,fr_rsm;
ay;tyf&rnf?
22
uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyfta-umif; odaumif;p&m
udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm;&&SdcGifh/ xdrf;odrf;cGifh/
,ck t yd k ' f w G i f a zmf j yxm;aom uav;rsm;taejzif h rd r d .

ud,k af &;ud, k wf m tcsurf sm;ta=umif;udk od&&dS &Scd iG q hf akd om tcGit hf a&;
onf ,cifrnfonfhvl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfwGifrS yg0ifjcif;r&SdcJhaom tcGifh
ta&;wck jzpfonf? TpmcsKyfwiG f ,cktcGit hf a&; yg0ifc&hJ jcif;rSm pmcsKyf
a&;qJGpOftcsdeftwGif; tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHrS tzJG@rsm;uaeI xdktcsufudk
wifjycJIh yg0ifvmcJjh cif; jzpfonf? 1976 ckEpS rf S 1982 ckEpS t f wGi;f tm*sif
H kd tm%m&Sipf epf tkypf ;kd cJph OftwGi;f tpd;k &tm; qef@usio
wD;em;Edik if u f rl sm;
tm; tpd;k &wyfrsm;u v_@d 0u S pf mG zrf;qD;owfjzwfcahJ oma=umifh vlrod olrod
aysmufq;kH r_rsm; trsm;tjym;jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? xdo k @kd aysmufq;kH olrsm;xJwiG f
tcsdK@rSm uav;i,frsm;&Sdaom rdbrsm;/ tcsdK@rSm towfrcH&cif zrf;qD;
cHaepOftwGi;f uav;i,frsm; arG;zGm;cJ+h yD;rS towfcv H u kd &f aom rdcifrsm;
yg0ifonfukd awG@&onf? xdo k @kd rdbrsm;udk owfjzwf+yD;aemuf use&f cdS ahJ om
uav;rsm;udk aqGrsK;d rsm;xHo@kd jyefvnfay;yd@k tyfEjHS cif;r&Sb d J arG;pm;vdak om
olrsm;xHo@kd pm&if;rSww f rf;r&Sd vufvw G pf y,f vJa$ jymif;ay;tyfc=hJ u avh&dS
onf? xdu k av;rsm;udk arG;pm;olwcsKd @rmS xdu k av;. rdbrsm;tm; owfjzwf
&mwGif wenf;r[kwfwenf;jzifh yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;yif jzpfaewwf
onfukd awG@&onf?
tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfxGef;um;vmcJhaom

tcgwiG f rdbrsm;ESit hf wl aysmufq;kH oGm;aom ajr;jzpforl sm;tm; jyefvnf
&SmazGEikd &f eftwGuf aysmufq;kH uav;rsm;. tzd;k tzGm;tcsK@d u w&m;Oya'
t& xdu k av;i,frsm; jyefvnf&mS azGEikd &f ef óu;yrf;cJ=h uonf? w&m;r0if
arG;pm;xm;olrsm;vufxJrS rdrdwdk@ESifh ajr;awmfpyfolrsm;udk jyefvnf
23
uav;tcGit
v$Jajymif; &,lEdkif&eftwGuf Oya'jzifh jyefvnfóu;yrf;cJhonf? tr_udpP
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xdktzdk;tzGm;jzpfolrsm;u rdrdwdk@ajr;jzpfolrsm;udk
aq;ynmt& ouf a oxl I jyef v nf & S m azG E d k i f c J h + yD ; xd k u av;rsm;.
aqGrsK;d &if;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;udk jyefvnfqufpyfay;Edik cf o hJ nf? xdok @kd aom
tjzpfrsKd;udk vufawG@ ñuHawG@cHpm;cJhaom tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHrStzJG@rsm;u
uav;rsm;. ud, k af &;ud, f mtcsurf sm;udk uav;rsm; od&&dS &Scd iG hf ryg0if
k w
rcsif; uav;oli,frsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfonf tESpfom&&Sdrnf
r[kwf[k axmufjycJhI ,cktydk'f yg0ifvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
uav;rsm;. udk,fa&;udk,fwm tcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh

tcsurf sm;udk qdv k akd =umif; ,cktyd'k w f iG f &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;onf? tyd'k f
(8) wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom uav;rsm;. ud, k af &;ud, k wf m tcsurf sm;qdo k nfrmS
tydk'f (7) wGifyg0ifaom uav;. tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonfh trnfESifh
Edik if o
H m;jzpfciG u hf kd qdv kd o
k , kH mru rdom;pkawmfpyfrt _ ygt0if tjcm;aom
ud, k af &;ud, k w
f m tcsurf sm;yg0ifonf? xd@k a=umifh ,cktyd'k w f iG f yg0ifaom
udk,fa&;udk,fwm tcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm tydk'f (&) wGif azmfjyxm;onfh
“uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrw d @kd rb d rsm;tm; od&ydS ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf xdrk bd rsm;. apmifh
a&Smufru _ kd jzpfEikd of r#c, H cl iG hf &So
d nf” [laomtcsuEf iS hf tawmfrsm;rsm;
qifwal eonfuakd wG@Eikd o f nf? xdt k yd'k f (2) yd'k pf vH;k udk +cHKiHI
k ajym&rnfqv kd #if
rdom;pk awmfpyfr_qdkonfrSm uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrd.rdom;pkrsm;udk
od&SdcGifhESifh rdbrsm; odk@r[kwfaqGrsKd;awmfpyf olrsm;.apmifha&Smufr_udk
cHpm;ydik cf iG hf ponft h a=umif;t&mESprf sK;d udk qdv k o kd nf[k t=urf;tm;jzifq h Ekd ikd f
onf?
omrefjzpf±dk;jzpfpOf tjzpfrsKd;wGif&Sdaom uav;tawmfrsm;rsm;

24
uav;tcGit
twGuf rdbrsm;tm; od&cdS iG Ehf iS hf rdom;pkawmfpyfru _ kd od&cdS iG qhf akd omtcsuf
rSm xl;jcm;vSaom ta=umif;t&mr[kwfaomfvnf; tcsKd@aomuav;
rsm;twGuf tcsKd@aomtajctaersKd;wGif xdktcsufrSm txl;ta&;}uD;
vSonf? jzpfEdkifonfhtajctaewckrSm uav;arG;pm;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
arG;pm;cH&aom uav;rsm;wGif rdrw d @kd . rdb&if;rsm;udk od&v dS pkd w
d /f rdr. d
aqGrsKd;&if;csmrsm;udk od&Sdvdkpdwfjyif;xefpGm&Sdwwfygonf? pdwfynm&Sif
rsm;vnf ; arG ; pm;cH & aom uav;rsm;tm; oif h a wmf a omtcsd e f E S i f h
oifhawmfaom tajctaersKd;wGif ‚wdk@. rdb&if;rsm;ta=umif; tod
ay;jcif;onf xdkuav;rsm;twGuf aumif;usKd;jzpfaponf[k qdk=uonf?
xdkuav;rsKd;twGuf rdrd.rdbrsm;ESifh rdom;pkawmfpyfr_udk od&SdcGifhrSm
txl ; ta&;}uD ; ayvd r f h r nf ? Ttjzpf r sKd ; aemuf x yf } uH K awG @ Ed k i f a om
uav;rsm;rSm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;xm;jcif;r&Sdaom rdbrsm;rS aygufzGm;
vmaom uav;rsm;jzpfonf? xdo k @kd aom uav;rsK;d onf rdr. d zcifrnfol
jzpfonfukd od&EdS ikd &f ef cufcEJ ikd of nf? xd@k tjyif ppfyaGJ =umifjh zpfap/ obm0
ab;tE W&m,fa=umifhjzpfap rdbrsm;ESifh wuJGwjym;pDjzpfcJhaom uav;
rsm;taejzifv h nf; uav;rsm;onf rdr. d rdb&if; rnfojl zpfonfqakd om
tcsufudk ajymjyEdkif&ef cufcJEdkifonf? owdðy&eftcsufrSm rdbrsm;ESifh
rdom;pkawmfpyfr_udk od&SdcGifhwGifvnf; tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; uJhodk@
tqHk;pGefr[kwfbJ jcGif;csuf&Sdonf qdkaomtcsufyifjzpfonf? jcGif;csuf
qdkonfrSm “uav;rsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk =unfh&rnf”
qdkaomtydkif;wGifjzpfonf? xdkodk@rdb&if;rsm;ta=umif;udk od&SdoGm;
jcif;a=umifh xdu k av;twGuf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m emusix f cd u
kd cf pH m;&rnfqykd gu
tcsed rf oifrh D todray;oifah y? od@k aomf xdrk b d ta=umif; owif;tcsuu f kd
xdrfcsefxm;onfh&nf±G,fcsufonf tjcm;olwOD;tm; taESmuft,Suf
jzpfrnfukd pd;k &drjf cif;a=umifjh zpfjcif; od@k r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;. tarGtESpu f kd
25
uav;tcGit
umuG,fapvdkjcif;a=umifhjzpfjcif; qdkygu uav;. rdbtm; od&SdydkifcGifh
qdkaomtcsufudk ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;&rnf? rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifjzpfap
uav;. rdom;pkawmfpyfr_ ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk aysmufq;kH oGm;apjcif;
r&Sbd J uav;taejzifo
h o d ifh odxu
kd af omtajctae/ tcsed Ef iS hf &ifu
h surf _
&Sv
d maomtcgwiG f xduk av;tm; today;&rnfjzpfonf?
rdbrsm; odk@r[kwf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfolrsm;. apmifha&Smufr_udk

cHpm;ydik cf iG q f iG v
hf akd omtcsuw f nf; tqH;k pGef txdr[kwb f J jcGi;f csu&f o
dS nf?
xdtk csuEf iS yhf wfoufI jynfjh ynfph pkH u
kH kd ,ckpmcsKyfyg tyd'k f (9) wGiaf zmfjy
xm;onf?
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tyd'k f (9)
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onf ouf q d k i f & m Oya'rsm;ES i f h
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aeI qH;k jzwfjcif;rSvI GJ rnfonft h ajctaersK;d wGirf S uav;tm;rdbrsm;ESihf
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aexdkifvsuf&Sd+yD; uav;jzpfol aexdkif&rnfh aetdrfudk qHk;jzwfowfrSwf&
26
uav;tcGit
awmhrnfh uav;rsKd; uJhodk@aom vdktyfonfhtajctaersKd;Yom qHk;jzwf
Edkifonf?
(2) txufygtydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;ovdk qHk;jzwfvkyfudkif&awmhrnf

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qef@usiaf eI awG@ciG rhf ðyjcif;rSvI GJ xdu
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wdik ;f jynfrx
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wd@k jzpfymG ;cJ+h yD;aemuf xdo k @kd aysmufq;kH oGm;aom rdom;pk0if &Sad eonfah e&m
ta=umif;ESihf ywfoufonfh ta&;ygaom owif;tcsurf sm;udk awmif;cH
vmygu pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHtaejzifh rdbudkjzpfap/ uav;jzpfoludkjzpfap
oifhavsmfygu tjcm;rdom;pk0ifwOD;udkjzpfap xdkowif;tcsufrsm;udk
ay;&rnf ? od k @ aomf xd k o wif ; tcsuf t vuf a =umif h uav;jzpf o l .
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kd af prnfqykd gu xdo f nf?
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;taejzifh xdo k @kd owif;tcsutf vufrsm;udk od&v dS I
kd
awmif;cHvmaom olrsm;udk aemufxyfrnfonfhtusKd;qufrS rcHpm;&ap
&eftwGuf tmrcH&rnf?
27
rdbrsm;ESihf cJcG mG ay;jcif;
,ciftydk'f (7) wGifuav;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;ESifh wwfEdkifoa&G@

rcJGcGm&ef azmfjyxm;onfudk avhvmcJh&+yD;jzpfonf? ,cktydk'f (9) wGif
wcsKd@aom tajctaersKd;Y uav;taejzifh rdbjzpfolESifh twlwuG
aexdkif&ef roifhawmhonfh tajctaersKd;&SdEdkifa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
xdo
k @kd tajc taersK;d ay:ayguv
f mygu rnfuo hJ @kd vkyaf qmifoifah =umif;ESihf
rnfuJhodk@ qHk;jzwfoifha=umif; ,cktydk'f (9) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf?
rdbrsm;ESifhuav;jzpfoludk oD;oef@cJGcGmapjcif;wGif ta&;t}uD;

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tajctaersK;d udk trSew f u,fvt kd yfaom tajctaersK;d [kowfrw S &f rvJ
qdak omtcsurf mS vG,u f al omtcsurf [kwv f aS y? w&m;Oya't&qd&k v#if
“vdktyfaomtajctae”qdkonfrSm tjcm;rnfonfenf;rS r&Sdawmhonfh
tcgrsK;d [lI t"dym` ,fziG Efh ikd o f nf? xd@k a=umifh ,cktyd'k w f iG yf g0ifaom uav;.
taumif;qHk;tusKd;twGuf trSefwu,fvdktyfaeaom tajctaersKd;
qdo
k nfrmS tjcm;rnfonfeh nf;vrf;rS r&Sad wmhonfh tcgrsK;d wGirf S uav;tm;
rdbjzpfolESifh cJGcGmxm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI rdbrsm;ESifh
twlwJGxm;jcif;a=umifh uav;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;&SdEdkifaprnfh tjcm;
enf;vrf;rsm;&Sad eao;ygu uav;ESirhf b d rsm;udk cJcG mG apjcif;rðyoifah y?
xd@k jyif ,cktyd'k w

f iG f rnfonft
h ajctae/ rnfonfeh nf;vrf;rsK;d jzifh
uav;tm; rdbrsm;ESifh cJGcGmapjcif;ðyvkyf&rnfudk wdwdusus owfrSwf
azmfjyxm;aom Oya'/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
28
uav;tcGit
jyXmef;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? uav;jzpfoltm; rdbrsm;ESifh woD;
wjcm;pD cJGxm;&rnf[laom tðytrlrSm txl;tav;xm; aqmif±Guf
&rnfh tðytrlrsKd; jzpfojzifh EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xdkqHk;jzwfcsufudk
w&m;ol}uD;jzpfoluom trdef@csEdkifonf? rdbESifh uav;tm; woD;
wjcm;pDcJGjcif;udk vlr_vkyfom;rsm;ESifh &JwyfzJG@u ðyvkyfaqmif&GufcGifh
ðyxm;aom EdkifiHrsKd;wGif Oyrm - uav;jzpfoludk rdbu tjyif;txef
±dkufESufaejcif;udk 0ifa&mufwm;jrpf+yD; rdbESifhuav;tm; woD;wjcm;pD
cJGxm;jcif;ðyvmygu rdbESifh uav;taejzifh xdkodk@ woD;wjcm;cJGxm;
jcif;ESifh ywfoufI w&m;±Hk;wGif aemufqHk;trdef@pD&ifcsuf &,lcGifh&Sdonf?
xdkuJhodk@ rdbESifhuav;jzpfoltm; woD;wjcm;pDcJGxm;&eftwGuf

trdef@pD&ifcsufcsrSwf&mwGif xdkudpPwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom olrsm;
tm;vH;k . tusK;d pD;yGm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;&efvokd nf[k ,cktyd'k f (9) wGif
azmfjyxm;onf? xdktr_wGifyg0ifaeaom rdcif/ zcifESifh uav;jzpfolrsm;
tm;vHk; rdrdt,ltqudk xkwfazmfwifjycGifh&Sdonf? xdkoloHk;OD;omru
xdkrdom;pkESifh ywfoufaeaomtjcm;olrsm; Oyrm - uav;tm; apmifh
a&Smufxrd ;f ausmif;aeonfh tzd;k tzGm;jzpforl sm; od@k r[kwf arG;pm;rdbrsm;.
t,ltqrsm;udyk g vdt k yfygu ajymqdck iG ðhf y&rnfjzpfonf?
tu,fI uav;wOD;udk rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k ESijhf zpfap/ rdcif od@k r[kwf

zcifjzpfolwOD;OD;ESifhjzpfap woD;wjcm;pDcJGxm;jcif;cH&ygu xdkuav;wGif
xdo
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dS nf? od@k aomf
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tE W&m,f jzpfaprnfqdkygu xdkodk@qufoG,fcGifhudk wm;jrpfEdkifonf?
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uav;tcGit
aemufqHk;taejzifh ,cktydk'fwGif rdbrsm; tusOf;axmiftwGif;
a&muf&SdaeIjzpfap/ wdkif;jynfrS armif;xkwfjcif;cH&Ijzpfap/ &Jodk@r[kwf
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cJGxm;cH&jcif;rsKd;jzpfygu tpdk;&onf xdkuav;tm; ‚.rdbrsm; rnfodk@
jzpfysucf o
hJ nfukd today;&rnfjzpfonf? xdt k csutf m; ppftm%m&Sirf sm;
rw&m;tkyfcsKyfcJhaom EdkifiHrsm;u wifoGif;cJhI ,ckuJhodk@ yg0ifvmjcif;
jzpfonf?
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456 tyd'k f (10)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) pmcsKyf. tydk'f (9) tydk'fcJG

(1) wG i f a zmf j yxm;onf h pmcsKyf
tzJG@0ifrsm;. wm0eft& rdom;pk
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rsm;rS rcHpm;&ap&ef tpdk;&u wm0efcH&rnf?
(2) wdkif;wyg;wGif aexdkifaeaom rdbrsm;&Sdonfhuav;jzpfolonf

rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k ESihf tcsed rf eS rf eS q f ufo, k af &;ud,
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30
uav;tcGit
azmfjyxm;aom pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;. wm0eftwdkif; uav;ESifh
rdbrsm;. wdkif;jynfwGif;rS xGufcGmcGifhESifh wdkif;jynfwGif;odk@ jyefvnf
0ifa&mufciG whf @kd ukd av;pm;&rnf? od@k aomf Oya't& jyXmef;ydwyf ifxm;jcif;
od@k r[kwf wdik ;f jynf. vH+k cHKa&;/ vlx+k idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;/ jynfov l xl u
k se;f rm
a&;/ pdwf"mwfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tay:
umuG,&f eftwGuf xdo k d@k xu
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wdk@jzpfaeygu xdkxGufcGmcGifhudk cGifhrðybJ aeEdkifonf?
rdbESifh &ifaoG;rsm; wkdkif;jcm;jynfjcm;wGifaexdkifae&ygu
,cktydk'fwGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm;onf

wdkif;wyg;wGif oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyfaeaom rdbjzpfol. uav;rsm;/
odk@r[kwf rdom;pkudkcsefxm;+yD; tjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif 'kuQonftjzpf
k aH_ eaom rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;uav;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf tdraf xmifuu
cdv GJ mG t+yD;
rdbwOD;OD;u tjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif oGm;a&muftajccsaexdkif&ef qHk;jzwf
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,cktydk'fonf uav;i,frsm;tm; trSefwu,f aumif;rGefpGm

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xdktcGifhta&;rsm;wGif txl;uef@owfcsufrsm; &SdonfudkawG@&onf?
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0ifa&mufcGifhtay: uef@owfxm;r_ trsm;tjym; vkyfaqmifxm;avh
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uav;tcGit
&Sdonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf xdkEdkifiHwGif tajccsaexdkifvsuf&Sdaeonfhwdkif
xdkolrsm;. tjcm;rdom;pkrsm;. wdkif;jynftwGif; 0ifa&mufcGifhudk tpdk;&
rSaeI ydwfyif uef@owfr_rsm; ñuHawG@&wwfonf?
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a&mufcGifhr&Sd [laom qHk;jzwfcsufudkcsEdkifolrSm oufqdkif&mtpdk;&om
jzpfonf? xdkodk@ qHk;jzwfcGifhudk rnfonfhtpdk;&urS pGef@v$wfypfvdrfhrnf
r[kwyf g? xd@k twGuf a=umifh ,cktyd'k f (10) wGif vlwikd ;f rdrw d ikd ;f jynfrS
tjcm;wdkif;jynfodk@xGufcGmcGifh odk@r[kwfjyefvmcGifh&Sdonfudk xyfavmif;
azmfjyxm;,Hkoufoufomru tu,fI rdbrsm;aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom
EdkifiHodk@ &ifaoG;uav;jzpfolu 0ifa&mufcGifh ADZmawmif;cHonfh tcgrsKd;
jzpfap &ifaoG;uav;jzpfol aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHodk@ rdbrsm;u
0ifa&mufcGifh ADZmawmif;cHonfhtcgrsKd;jzpfap oufqdkif&mtpdk;&onf
vlom;csif;pmemonfhtaejzifh vsifvsifjrefjref taumif;qHk; wkef@jyef
aqmif&u G af y;&rnf[k qdx k m;onf? qdv k o kd nfrmS rdbrsm;ESihf &ifaoG;rsm;
jyef v nf a ygif ; pnf ; qH k a wG @ Ed k i f & ef t wG u f vd k t yf y gu tpd k ; &onf
jynf0ifcGifhADZmrsm; xkwfay;oifha=umif; t}uHay;xm;jcif; jzpf onf?
odk@aomf rnfolrqdk EdkifiHtwGif;odk@ rjzpfrae 0ifa&mufcGifh&Sdonf[k
,cktydk'fu rqdkxm;yg?
,cktydk'fwGif rdbrsm;ESifhuav;i,frsm;onf a&jcm;ajrjcm;EdkifiH

jcm;wGif wuGJwjym;aexdkifae&ygu xdkolwdk@t=um; yk*~vduqufoG,fr_
rsm; tcsdefrSefrSef&Sdonf[k a,bl,stm;jzifhqdkxm;onf? qdkvdkonfrSm
rdbESihf uav;rsm;onf ud, k w
f ikd u
f , f s oGm;a&mufvnfywfI r&onfh
kd u
wdik af tmif wOD;ESiw
hf OD; tjyeftvSef qufo, G cf iG &hf o
dS ifah =umif;yifjzpfonf?
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tyk'd f (11) 1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;rsm;tm; w&m;r0if v$aJ jymif;

jcif;ESihf Edik if jH cm;od@k jyefvrf;r&Sd o,faqmifomG ;jcif;wd@k ukd wdu
k zf suEf ikd &f ef
vkyfukdifaqmif±Guf&rnf?
(2) xdo k @kd vyk Ef ikd &f eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if o

H nf ESpEf ikd if t
H =um;ESihf
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uav;i,ftm; wdkif;jynftwGif;rS w&m;r0ifo,faqmifoGm;jcif;
,ckacwftcsdeftcgwGif wEdkifiHESifhwedkifiHt=um; ul;oef;oGm;

33
uav;tcGit
vmr_rsm; a&S;uxufydkrdkrsm;jym;vmvsuf&Sdonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@
oGm;a&mufvnfywforl sm;/ Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif tajccsaexdik o f rl sm;
vnf; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmonf? xd@k jyif vlrsK;d ESihf Edik if o
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axmifciG &hf rdS vJ qdak omjy\emay:vmawmhonf? vlrsK;d rwlaomrdbESpOf ;D
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rdbESpyf g; uGm&Si;f jywfpv J u

kd yf gu tcsKŒd rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifjzpfol
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rd r d E S i f h t wl aexd k i f a pjcif ; rsKd ; vk y f w wf o nf ? od k @ r[k w f w&m;±H k ; u
uav;onf rdcifzcif ESpfOD;teufrS rnfolESifhaexdkif&rnf[k pD&ifcsuf
csrSwf+yD;aomfvnf; pD&ifcsuf twdkif;rvdkufembJ aexdkifapmifha&SmufcGifh
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jyefay;qJGjcif;[k ac:a0:owfrSwfEdkifonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifjcif;rsKd;udk
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ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;rsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfonf? uav;jzpfoludk apmifha&SmufcGifh
r&Sad om rdbwOD;OD;u uav;tm; wdik ;f wyg;od@k w&m;r0if ac:aqmifomG ;
aom tr_rsK;d jzpfygu ajz&Si;f &ef txl;cufc±J w _ af xG;oGm;+yDjzpfonf? xdt k cg
34
uav;tcGit
uav;.rlvEdkifiH&if;rS wm0ef&Sdaomtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh uav;jzpfol
vuf&Sda&muf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrS tm%mydkifrsm; t=um;
yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifrv
_ t
kd yfvmonf? xdo G &f m wGiv
k @kd y;l aygi;f aqmif&u f nf;
tcuftcJrsm; }uHKawG@&avh&Sdonf?
xdok @kd Edik if o

H m;rwlaom rdbESpOf ;D t=um; uav;jzpfou l kd apmifh
a&SmufciG t hf m; pD&ifcsucf srw S qf ;kH jzwf&mwGif w&m;±H;k rsm;onf rdrEd ikd if oH m;
jzpforl cd if od@k r[kwf zcifwOD;OD;udk Edik if jH cm;om;rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifjzpfox l uf
ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;avh&Sdonf? EdkifiHjcm;om;jzpfol rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifjzpfolu
uav;tm; apmifha&SmufysKd;axmif&ef ydkrdktcGifhtvrf; tajctae&Sdaomf
vnf; od@k r[kwf uav;jzpfou l xdEk ikd if jH cm;om; rdcif od@k r[kwf zciftm;
ydrk o
dk aH ,mZOfw, G w f maomfvnf; w&m;±H;k u rdrEd ikd if o H m; rdcif od@k r[kwf
zcifuo kd m uav;apmifah &SmufysK;d axmifciG ahf y;&ef tav;omavh&o dS nf?
,cktydk'f (11) wGif xdkodk@uGm&Sif;jywfpJxm;+yD;jzpf+yD; w&m;±Hk;

awmfupD&ifcsuft& apmifha&SmufcGifhr&Sdaomrdcif odk@r[kwf zcifuaeI
uav;tm; wdkif;jynftwGif;rS w&m;r0if ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; rðyEdkif&ef
twGuf tpdk;&u vdktyfovdk tpGrf;ukefumuG,fay;&rnfjzpfa=umif;
azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmif&mwGif xdktr_rsKd;jzpfyGm;ygu rnfonfh
enf;vrf;jzifh udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnf/ rnfonfh yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rsm;
vkyfaqmif&rnf [laomtcsufrsm;yg0ifonfh oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf
rsm;udk tjcm;Edik if rH sm; yl;wGv
J ufrw k nf; vkyaf qmif
S af &;xd;k xm;jcif;rsK;d udv
Edkifonf[kvnf; qdkxm;onf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufrsm;xJwGif uav;
umuG,fapmifha&SmufcGifhESifh ywfoufI rnfonfhw&m;±Hk;u pD&ifcsufcs
&rnfjzpfa=umif;vnf; yg0if&rnf? odk@rSom oufqdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;
35
uav;tcGit
taejzif h rnf o nf h w &m;±H k ; . pD & if c suf u d k tav;xm;vd k u f e m&rnf
jzpfa=umif; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;odEikd af prnft
h jyif apmifah &SmufciG rhf &Sad om rdcif
odk@r[kwf zcifu ac:aqmifoGm;aom uav;tm; w&m;±Hk;u apmifh
a&Smuf&ef cGifhðyxm;aom rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifxH jyefvnftyfESH&mwGif
vG,fulEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
tcsK@d trlrsm;wGif uav;tm; a&mif;pm;&ef od@k r[kwf wenf;enf;

jzifh tjrwfxkwfapcdkif;&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;odk@ w&m;r0ifcdk;,loGm;olonf
rdbESpyf g;teuf wOD;OD;rSr[kwb f J tjcm;olrsm;jzpfavh&o dS nf? xdo
k @kd aom
udprP sK;d qdyk gu ,ckpmcsKyfyg tyd'k f (35) ESihf ydrk o
kd ufqikd o f nf?
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tyd'k f (12)
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(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf udk,fydkiftawG;

tjrifrsm; awG;ac:wwf+yDjzpfaom uav;rsm;tm; xdk
uav;tay: oufa&mufr&_ adS prnfh ta&;udprP sm;tm;
vH;k ESihf ywfoufI xdu k av;. tjrifrsm;
udk xkwaf zmfciG ðhf y&rnf? xdo k @kd wifjy
csuftm; xdkuav;.toufESifh &ifh
usurf t _ ay: rlwnfI vufc&H rnf?
(2) xd@k twGuaf =umifh uav;tay: oufa&muf

r_ tusK;d &Sad prnfh w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m aqmif±u
G cf surf sm;udk
uav;rsm; =um;odapEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&rnf? xdkodk@today;
&mwGif uav;jzpfoltm; wdkuf±dkufjzpfap/ xdkuav;. udk,fpm;vS,f
36
uav;tcGit
odk@r[kwf oifhavsmfonfhXmeudkjzpfap wkdif;jynftwGif;Ywnf&Sdaeaom
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD today;&rnf?
uav;rsm;.t,ltqrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;jcif;
,cktydk'fwGif awG;ac:pOf;pm;wwfaom touft&G,f&Sdaom

uav;jzpfygu xdkuav;i,fESifh oufqdkifaomudpPrsKd; odk@r[kwf uav;
tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdaprnfh udpPrsKd;ESifhywfoufI xdkuav;. tjrif
t,ltqrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay;&rnf? xdk@tjyif
qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S rf nfo
h t l aejzifv h nf; xdu k av;. t,ltqtjrifrsm;udk
qH;k jzwfcsucf s&mwGif xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdx k m;jcif;jzpfonf? uav;.
t,l t qtjrif r sm;ud k xnf h o G i f ; pOf ; pm;&rnf q d k j cif ; onf uav;.
qENtwdik ;f tvH;k pHv k ukd af vsm&rnf[q k v
kd jkd cif; r[kwyf g? ,cktyd'k f (12)
u qH k ; jzwf & mY uav;. tjrif t ,l t qrsm;ud k xnh f o G i f ; pOf ; pm;
jcif;onf xdu k av;. touft&G,Ef iS hf &ifu h surf r_ sm;tay: wnfro SD nf[k
qdkxm;ygonf? touft&G,fydk}uD;aom ydkdrdk&ifhusufaomuav;rsm;.
t,ltq tjrifrsm;udk qH;k jzwfcsucf s&mwGif ydrk x kd nfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnf[k
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk@uav;.tjrifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&mwGif
xdkqHk;jzwfjcif;ESihf ywfoufonfh tjcm;olrsm;.tjrift,ltqrsm;/
tcuftcJ tE &W m,frsm;/ ukeu f srnft h jcm;tcsurf sm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f
pOf;pm;+yD; qH;k jzwf&rnf[k ,cktyd'k w f iG f qdxk m;ygonf? xdt k cGit hf a&;onf
tvGefus,f jyef@vSaom tcGifhta&;jzpf+yD; uav;ESifhywfoufaom
ae@pOfomrefta&; udpPrsm;ESifhyg oufqdkifaevsuf&Sdygonf?
ae@pOf o mref r [k w f a om ta&;ud p P r sm;ES i f h ywf o uf I

37
uav;tcGit
,cktydk'f. tydk'fcJG (2) wGif tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf? uav;ESifh
ywf o uf I Oya't& qH k ; jzwf c suf r sm; csrS w f a wmh r nf q d k y gu xd k
ta=umif;t&mESifh ywfoufonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk uav;jzpfol
onf ud, k w k pf m;vS,jf zpfou
f ikd jf zpfap ud, l wqifjh zpfap od&=dS um;emcGihf
&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdkodk@od&Sd=um;emcGifhwGif w&m;±Hk;. pD&ifcsuf
trdef@rsm;udkom qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ uav;ESifh ywfoufI qHk;jzwfcsuf
csaom ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; odk@r[kwf vlr_zlvHka&;
at*sifpDrsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkyg qdkvdkygonf?
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tyk'd f (13) 1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) uav;wdk@wGif vGwfvyfpGm

xkwfazmfwifjycGifh &Sdonf? xdkodk@
xk w f a zmf wif j y&mwG i f e,f j cm;
owfrSwfjcif;r&SdbJ owif;rsm;ESifh
t,l tqtrsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk E_wfjzifh
jzpf a p/ a&;om;Ijzpf a p/ yH k E S d y f I
jzpf a p/ tEk y nmjzif h j zpf a p/ od k @
r[k w f uav;rsm; a±G ; cs,f x m;
aom tjcm;owif;yHkpH rsm;jzifhjzpf
ap &SmazG/ vufc/H jzef@jzL;jcif;wd@k yg0ifonf?
(2) ,ck t cG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k toH k ; cs&mwG i f tcsKd @ ae&mrsm;wG i f

uef @ owf csuf &S d o nf ? od k @ aomf xd k u ef @ owf c suf r sm;ud k Oya'wG i f
azmfjywm;jrpfxm;+yD; vdktyfrSom uef@owfr_ðyvkyfEdkifrnf?
38
uav;tcGit
(u) tjcm;tcGit hf a&;rsm; av;pm;r_EiS hf tjcm;olrsm;. *k%o f u
d mQ udk
xdcdkufapaomtcg
(c) EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;/ vlxkpnf;urf;ao0yfa&; odk@r[kwf vlxk
use;f rma&; od@k r[kwf vlxpk m&dwu W kd ysujf ym;xdcukd af paomtcg
,cktcGit hf a&;tay: uef@owfrr_ sm;vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf?
vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfwifjycGifhESifh owif;rsm;&,lcGifh
vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfwifjycGiq

hf o
kd nfrmS rdeŒf cGe;f ajymjcif;/ a&;om;
xkwfa0jcif;/ tEkynmjzifhwifjyjcif;wdk@tjyif uav;i,frsm;a±G;cs,fxm;
aom tjcm;rnfonfh owif;yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;uwqifhjzpfap owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;ESihf t,ltqtawG;tac: trsK;d rsK;d wd@k ukd xkwaf zmfwifjycGiu hf kd
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;qdk&mwGif enf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf?

ajymqdjk cif;/ a&;om;jcif;/ oDcsi;f oDqjkd cif;ESihf wifqufajzazsmjf cif;wd@k uwqihf
rdrt d ,ltqudk xkwaf zmfwifjyjcif;vnf;&So d vdk xdyk pkH t
H &mrsm;udk em;axmif
jcif;/ zwf±j_ cif;/ =unf±h j_ cif;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;.t,ltqrsm;udk od&adS pjcif;rSm
vnf; vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ,cktydk'fwGif
uav;rsm;onf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf t,ltqrsm;udk &SmazGvufcH
cGi&hf =dS u+yD; xdo
k @kd owif;rsm;/ t,ltqrsm;jyef@E@HS jcif;tay: tpd;k &u taESmuf
t,Sufrðy&ef qdkxm;onf?
,cktydk'fyg tcGifhta&;rSmvnf; tjcm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;

d nfukd awG@&onf? tyd'k f (13) t& vGwv
enf;wl uef@owfcsurf sm;&So f yf
39
uav;tcGit
pGm xkwfazmfwifjycGifhwGif uef@owfcsuf ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf? yxrtcsufrSm
vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfwifjycGi&hf adS omfvnf; xdw k ifjycsuof nf tjcm;ol.
*k%foduQmtygt0if tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xdcdkufepfemapr_&Sdygu
xd k v G w f v yf p G m xk w f a zmf w if j ycG i f h u d k tcG i f h a umif ; ,l t oH k ; rcs&[l I
ydwyf ifxm;onf? xdyk w d yf ifuef@owf csuo f nf uav;vl}uD;ESprf sK;d pvH;k ESihf
t}uHK;0ifonf? TtcGifhta&;udk toHk;csI vlwOD;wa,mufta=umif;
tm; rrSefruefa&;om;xkwfa0 ajymqdkr_a=umifh xdkol. *k%foduQm
xdcdkufepfemapjcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&ef ,ckuJhodk@umuG,fay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
aemufxyftcsufrSm trsm;jynfolwdk@. usef;rma&;/ pdwf"mwf

pm&dwWESifh EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;ESifh +idrf0wfydjym;a&;wdk@udk xdcdkufaprnfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;rðy& [laomtcsufjzpfonf?
,cktcsufonfvnf; yxrtcsufuJhodk@yif uav;vl}uD;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;ESifh
t}uHK;0ifonf? TtcsufESifhywfoufI Oyrmtm;jzifh -
- umuG,faq;rsm;xdk;jcif;onf tE W&m,fjzpfaponf[k vltrsm;tm;
ajcmufvSef@ajymqdkjcif;/
- w&m;r0ifa&mif;csaomaq;0g;rsm;rnfodk@ 0,f,ltoHk;cs&onfudk
vltrsm;tm; enf;vrf;ay;jcif;/
- bmoma&;tm; xd c d k u f a prnf h bmoma&;acgif ; aqmif r sm;/
bmoma&;taqmuftODrsm;udk roifrh avsmo f ;kH pJyG EkH ydS jf cif;/
- jynfolvlxkt=um; pdk;&drftxdwfwvef@jzpfaprnfh rrSefruefonfh
aumv[vrsm;tm; vky}f uHajymqdjk cif;/
f ef;v_@d 0u
- Edik if aH wmf. xdyw S cf surf sm;udk cd;k ,ljcif; ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
tcsd K @aom Ed k i f i H w umvl @ tcG i f h t a&;rsm;wG i f vG w f v yf p G m

40
uav;tcGit
xkwfazmf ajymqdkcGifhudk vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;rkef;wD;r_rsm;jzpfay:atmif
v_H@aqmfonfh taejzifh odk@r[kwf ppfyJGqifEJG&ef v_H@aqmfaomtaejzifh
toHk;rðy&[lI uef@owfxm;onfudk awG@Edkifonf?
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tyd'k f (14)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf

uav;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:
cGifh/ ,Hk=unfouf0ifcGifhESifh bmom
udk;uG,fcGifhwdk@udk av;pm;&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf
,ck t yd k ' f y gtcG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k
uav;rsm; usifhoHk;Edkifapa&;twGuf uav;.}uD;jyif;zHG@òz;vmr_ESifhtnD
vdt
k yfaom vrf;!$erf r_ sm;ðyvkyaf y;Edik of nfh rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf w&m;0if
tkyfxdrf;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk av;pm;&rnf?
(3) bmomwcktm; ud;k uG,rf /_ ,H=k unfrw

_ @kd onf trsm;jynfol use;f
rma&;/ +idrf0wfydjym;a&;/ vlxk.pdwf"mwfpm&dwW/ vHk+cHKa&;ESifh tjcm;ol
wOD; wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv
f yfrw
_ @kd ukd xdcu f aESmuft,Suf
kd t
jzpfap ygu Oya'wGif azmfjywm;jrpfxm;+yD; vdktyfrSom uef@owfr_
ðyvkyfEdkifrnf?
41
vGwv
f yfpmG ud;k uG,,
f -kH unfciG hf
uav;rsm;Y vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh&Sdonf[k

,ck tydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf? a,bl,stm;jzifh vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f
cGiw
hf iG f ta=umif;t&moH;k rsK;d yg0ifaevsu&f o dS nf? xdo k ;kH rsK;d rSm vGwv f yfpmG
,Hk=unf ouf0ifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm bmoma&;0wfðycGifhESifh bmomwckrS
tjcm;wckodk@ vGwfvyfpGm ajymif;vJudk;uG,fcGifhwdk@jzpfonf? tcsKd@vlrsm;
taejzifh rnfonfhbmomudkrS rudk;uG,fovdk tjcm;olrsm;u udk;uG,f
p&m r[kw[ f k owfrw S x
f m;aomt&mrsm;udk ud;k uG,o f rl sm;vnf;&So d nf?
vl@tcGifhta&; ±_axmifhu =unfh&rnfqdkv#if xdkodk@ rnfonfhbmomrS
rudk;uG,folrsm;a&m tjcm;olrsm;u udk;uG,fp&mr[kwf[k owfrSwf
xm;onfht&mrsm;udk udk;uG,folrsm;onfvnf; bmoma&;udk ouf0if
,Hk=unfaom olrsm;uJhodk@ qHk;jzwfa±G;cs,fydkifcGifh&Sdonfomyif? xdkolwdk@.
a±G ; cs,f r _ r S m vnf ; bmomw&m;ud k ud k ; uG , f , H k = unf a om ol r sm;.
a±G;cs,rf u _ o hJ @kd yif ta&;}uD;ygonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh ,cktyd'k f (14) wGif
vG w f v yf p G m awG ; ac:,H k = unf c G i f h E S i f h vG w f v yf p G m ud k ; uG , f c G i f h w d k @ ud k
umuG,fxm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?
vlwOD;wa,muftm; bmoma&;wckckudk ouf0if,Hk=unfap

atmifEiS hf ud;k uG,v f matmifvyk af qmif&efrmS vG,u f al omtcsurf [kwyf g?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf vlwa,muf. pdwo f abmxm;udk xdr;f csKyfEikd &f efrmS
rjzpfEdkifaom tvkyfjzpfaoma=umifhyif? odk@aomf rdrd,Hk=unf&mtwdkif;
ud;k uG,o f nfo h rl sm; od@k r[kwf tpd;k &u rSm;,Gi;f aom bmomt,l0g'[k
owfrSwfxm;aom bmomudk udk;uG,folrsm;tm; tjypfay;zdESdyfr_rsm;
vk y f a qmif a eaom tpd k ; &rsm;&S d a evsuf j zpf o nf ? wcsKd @ tpd k ; &rsm;.
42
uav;tcGit
bmomwckxuf tjcm;bmomwcktay:ydkrdkcsD;ajr‡muftm;ay;+yD; usef
bmomrsm;udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf r_ sm;vkyaf qmifonfuv kd nf; awG@Eikd of nf?
uef@owfydwfyifxm;aom bmoma&;udk udk;uG,folrsm;tm; tpdk;&u
axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;rsK;d rvkyaf qmifaomfvnf; wcgw&H xdo k rl sm;tm;
tpdk;&Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcGifhrðyonfh tðytrlrsKd;udkvnf;
wcsKŒd tpd;k &u vkyaf qmifavh&o dS nf? xdo k rl sm;uarG;zGm;vmaom uav;
i,frsm;udk tcsKd@ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufynmoifcGifhrðyonfh tjzpf
rsKd;vnf; &Sdonf? xdkodk@ bmoma&; ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_udk ta=umif;ðyI
cJjG cm;zdEydS t
f jypfay;jcif;yHpk H enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d onf ,cktyd'k yf g vGwv f yfpmG
awG;ac:,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;yifjzpfonf? uav;rsm;tm;
olwdk@udk;uG,fonfh bmoma&;r[kwfaom tjcm;bmomrsm;udk twif;
t=uyfavhvmapjcif;/ bmoma&;yJGawmfrsm;wGif twif;t=uyfyg0ifap
jcif;wd@k onfvnf; vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG uhf kd csK;d azmufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
,cktydk'fyg vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifhonf rnfodk@aom

tajctaersKd;wGifrS apmfum;csKd;azmufjcif;rðy&[k owfrSwfxm;cH&aom
vl@tcGifhta&;trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifaom tcGifhta&;wckjzpfonf?
rnf o nf h t csuf / tajctaersKd ; rS ¹cif ; csuf j zif h uef @ owf y d w f y if j cif ;
rðyEdkifaom tcGifhta&;yifjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif bmoma&;usifhpOfrsm;udk
usio hf ;kH &mwGif trsm;jynfou
l se;f rma&;/ +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;/ vlx. k pdw"f mwf
pm&dw/W vH+k cHKa&;ESihf tjcm;olwOD;wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwvf yfr_
wdk@udk xdcdkuftaESmuf t,Sufjzpfaprnfh bmoma&;usifhpOfrsm;tay:
uef@owfr_rsm;ðyvkyfEdkifonf? Oyrm - bmoma&;usifhpOfwcku ,mZf
yl a Zmf o nf h tpOf t vmjzpf a eygu xd k o d k @ aom usif h p Of u d k wm;jrpf
uef@owfydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
43
uav;tcGit
tjcm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;wGif vlwOD;onf rdru d ;kd uG,f
onfh bmomwckrS tjcm;bmomod@k u;l ajymif;cGiu hf kd cGiðhf yxm;onf? od@k aomf
xdktcsufudk EdkifiHwdkif;&Sd tpdk;&wdkif;u cGifðyjcif;r&Sdao;acs? EdkifiHawmfu
owfrSwfxm;aom w&m;0ifbmomwckudk rudk;uG,fjcif;onf tcsKd@
Edik if rH sm;wGif txl;}uD;av;aom &mZ0wfrr_ sK;d jzpfonf? tcsK@d Eikd if rH sm;wGif
bmoma&; tpG e f ; a&muf * d k % f ; rsm;ay:ayguf o nf h tjzpf r sKd ; ud k v nf ;
}uHKawG@&wwfonf? xdkodk@aom*dk%f;rsdK;u uav;i,frsm;tm; rdbESifh
tquftoG,ftm;vHk; jzwfawmufum xdktpGef;a&muf bmoma&;
tusifhrsm;udk vdkufem&efESifh bmoma&;ta=umif;ðyI tjrwfxkwfavh
&So d nf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh ,cktyd'k w f iG f uav;i,frsm;tm; rdrd ,H=k unf&m
ud;k uG,cf iG Ehf iS hf bmomul;ajymif;cGiwhf @kd cGiðhf y&rnf[k rqdx k m;yg? od@k aomf
pmcsKyfygtydk'f (5) wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; uav;rsm;. awG;ac:
,Hk=unfouf0ifcGifh usifhoHk;r_ESifh ywfoufI rdbrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@
&ifaoG;rsm;tm; oifhavsmfaom vrf;!Gefxdrf;ausmif;r_rsm; ðyvkyfay;
&rnf[k ,cktydk'f (14) wGifazmfjyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh vGwfvyfpGm
,H=k unfu;kd uG,rf w _ iG f uav;oli,fwOD;. vGwv f yfciG o hf nf t±G,af &muf
aomolwOD;. vGwfvyfcGifhavmuf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@r&Sdonfudk awG@Edkif
onf?
44
uav;tcGit
12345678901234567890123456789012123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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tyd'k f (15)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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uav;rsm;. vG w f v yf p G m tzJ G @
tpnf; zJG@pnf;cGifhESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm
pka0;cGifhwdk@udk todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(2) xd k t cG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k usif h

oH k ; r_ t ay: rnf o nf h y d w f y if r _ r S
rvkyaf qmif&? od@k aomf xdu k sio hf ;kH r_
onf EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;/ jynfolvlxk vHk+cHKa&;/ jynfolvlxk pnf;urf;
ao0yfa&;/ trsm;jynfolusef;rma&;/ pdwf"mwfpm&dwWESifh tjcm;olwOD;
wa,muf. tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_wdk@udk xdcdkuftaESmuft,Suf
jzpfapygu Oya'wGif azmfjywm;jrpfxm;+yD; vdktyfrSom uef@owfr_
ðyvkyfEdkifrnf?
vGwfvyfpGmtzJGŒtpnf;zJGŒpnf;cGifhESifh pka0;cGifh
,cktyd'k w f iG f uav;rsm;. vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;zJ@G pnf;cGiEhf iS hf

+ird ;f csr;f pGm pka0;cGiw
hf @kd ukd todtrSwðf yxm;onf? vl@tcGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;t&
vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;zJ@G pnf;cGiq hf o
kd nfrmS tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;/ toif;tzJ@G rsm;/
uvyfrsm;wGif yg0ifcGifhomru xdktoif;tzJG@topfrsm; zJG@pnf;cGifhvnf;
yg0ifonf?
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufcGifhwGif w&m;r0ifzJG@pnf;xm;aom

45
uav;tcGit
tzJG@ rsm;r[kwfygu rnfonfhtzJG@udkrqdk vGwfvyfpGm 0ifa&mufcGifh
ðyxm;onf? w&m;r0if zJG@pnf;xm;aomtzJG@qdkonfrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh
tpdk;&tm; ykefuef&ef &nf±G,fzJG@xm;aom tzJG@rsm;/ rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;pJG
aysmfyg;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh zJG@xm;aom tzJG@rsm;/ cJGjcm;zdESdyfrkef;wD;r_tm;
v_H@aqmf&eftwGuf tzJG@rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
vGwfvyfpGmtzJG@tpnf;zJG@pnf;cGifhwGif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm zJG@pnf;

xm;aom tzJG@tpnf;tkyfpkrsm;.ta&;udpPrsm;tm; tpdk;&uyg0ifpGwf
zufjcif;rðy& [laomtcsuv f nf; yg0ifonf? xdo dk @dk z@GJ pnf;xm;aom tzJ@G
rsm;onf ud, k yf ikd pf nf;urf;rsm;csrw
S cf iG /hf OD;aqmiforl sm;udk ud, k yf ikd q
f ENjzifh
a±G;cs,fcGifh/ rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;xm;aom vkyfief;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm vkyfudkif
cGifhwdk@ &&Sd&rnf? xdkr#ru rnfolwOD;wa,mufudkrS xdkol.qENrygbJ
tzJG@tpnf; wcktwGif;odk@ twif;t=uyf0ifa&mufapjcif; rðyEdkif&ef
tpdk;&u umuG,fay;&rnfjzpfonf?
a,bl,stm;jzifh tzJG@tpnf;wckck odk@r[kwf xdktzJG@0ifrsm;.

vkyfaqmifcsufwpHkw&ma=umifh tjcm;olwOD;OD;udk xdcdkufepfemapjcif;
od@k r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;udk csK;d azmufjcif;jzpfyf gu
xdt k zJ@G od@k r[kwf tzJ@G 0ifu wm0efc&H avh&o dS nf? od@k &mwGif uav;oli,f
rsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;aomtzJ@G tpnf;rsK;d wGif xku d ohJ @kd vG,v f ,G jf zifh wm0efcH
Edik &f ef rvG,u f v l yS g? uav;rsm;jzpfaeonft
h m;avsmpf mG xdo k @kd xcd ukd ef pfem
ysufpD;oGm;onfhtcsufa=umifh uav;rsm;tm; w&m;Oya't& wm0efcH
apjcif;rðyEdkifyg? tu,fI uav;a=umifh tjcm;olwOD; xdcdkufepfem
oGm;+yD; xdx k cd u kd ef pfemoltwGuaf vsmaf =u;ay;&ef w&m;±H;k u cdik v f akH om
pD&ifcsuf csvu kd yf gu uav;.rdbujzpfap xdo k @kd xdcukd ef pfemoGm;aponfh
46
uav;tcGit
tcsed f umvtwGi;f uav;tm; xdr;f ausmif;uGyu f aJ eonfh wm0ef&o dS u l
jzpf a p xd k x d c d k u f e pf e moG m ;ol t wG u f avsmf a =u;ay;&rnf j zpf o nf ?
xdk@twGufa=umifh uav;rsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;aom uvyfrsm;/ tzJG@rsm;
tcsKd @ wG i f xd k o d k @ rawmf w qxd c d k u f a pr_ r sm;jzpf y gu wm0ef c H E d k i f r nf h
t±G,fa&muf+yD;oltcsKd@ yg0ifaewwfonf?
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhqdkonfrSm vlxktrsm;yg0ifaom pnf;a0;

yJGrsm;/ pka0;yJGrsm;/ qENjyyJGrsm;wGifyg0ifcGifh/ pDpOfusif;ycGifhwdk@udk qdkvdkjcif;
jzpf o nf ? ,ck t yd k ' f w G i f y g0if a om vG w f v yf p G m tzJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;wG i f
yg0ifcGifhudk uef@oufr_rsm;xuf ,ckpka0;cGifhtay: uef@owfcsufrsm;
ydkrdkrsm;jym;avh&Sdonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tpdk;&ESifhwm0ef&Sdolrsm;u
vlxkpka0;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;/ qENjyyJGrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;aom
vH+k cHKa&; pnf;urf;rsm;tay: xdcu kd af pEdik o
f nf[k ta=umif;jyjiif;y,favh
&Sad oma=umifjh zpfonf? od@k aomf tjcm;olrsm;.vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf vH+k cHKa&;udk
rxdcu kd af tmif óuwifjyifqifxm;aom +idr;f csr;f onfeh nf;jzifh pka0;pnf;a0;
yJGrsm;udkrl ydwfyifI r&Edkifyg?
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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tyd'k f (16)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) rnf o nf h u av;. ud k , f

a&;udk,fwm/ rdom;pk/ aetdrfESifh
pmay;pm,l udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifh
ud k r S pd w f x if w d k i f ; od k @ r[k w f
w&m;Oya'rJ h 0if a &muf p G w f z uf
jcif; rðy&? xdk@jyif xdkuav;i,f.
47
uav;tcGit
*k%foduQmtm; w&m;Oya'rJh wdkuf cdkufjcif;rðy&?
(2) xdo
k @kd 0ifa&mufpw
G zf ufrr_ sm; od@k r[kwf wdu
k cf u
kd rf r_ sm;tm; Oya'
t& umuG,fay;r_udk cHpm;EdkifcGifh uav;wGif&Sdonf?
udk,fa&;udk,fwmvGwfvyfcGihf
,ck t yd k ' f (16) wG i f uav;rsm;. ud k , f a &;ud k , f w m

vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd azmfjyxm;onf? ,cktyd'k w
f iG f yg0ifaom tcGithf a&;onf
,ckrSay:vmaom tcGifhta&; topftqef;r[kwfay? uav;rsm;ESifh
eD;pyfr_&Sdaom q&m q&mrrsm;/ vlr_vkyfom;rsm;onf uav;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufaom ud, k af &; ud,
k w
f m owif;tcsurf sm;udk vltrsm;rodapzd@k
umuG,fay;&ef wm0ef &Sdonf? w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif uav;i,fwOD;onf
w&m;cHtaejzifhjzpfap/ usL;vGefcH&aom oltaejzifhjzpfap yg0ifywfouf
aeygu xdt k r_ta=umif;udk vltrsm;=um;emcGirhf &So d vdk xdt
k r_ta=umif;
vltrsm;odatmif vkyfaqmifjcif; rðy&ay?
xd@k jyif tyd'k f (16) wGif uav;rsm;. aetdrEf iS hf pmrsm;tm; w&m;

r0ifEiS hf pdwx f ifwikd ;f 0ifa&mufpwG zf ufjcif;udk umuG,af y;&ef qdx k m;onf?
qdvk o
kd nfrmS tpd;k &u w&m;Oya'rsm;udk toH;k ðyI tdrt f wGi;f 0ifa&muf
&Smjcif;/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;tm; toHoGif; cdk;em;axmifjcif;ESifh pmay;pm,l
rsm;tm; azmuf z wf j cif ; wd k @ rvk y f a qmif E d k i f & ef wm;jrpf a y;xm;jcif ;
jzpfonf?
Ttyd'k w
f iG f yg0ifaom uav;rsm;. aetdrEf iS hf ywfoufI w&m;
48
uav;tcGit
r0if E S i f h pd w f x if w d k i f ; yg0if y wf o uf j cif ; rS umuG , f a y;&ef q d k & mwG i f
uav;ESifh rdbrsm;t=um; odk@r[kwf uav;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;t=um;
qufqrH u _ ykd g umuG,af y;&rnf[k qdx k m;jcif;jzpfonf? 0ifa&mufpw G zf uf
&eftwGuf aumif;rGeaf om ta=umif;jycsu&f o dS nfh tcsK@d aom udprP sK;d ESihf
Oya't& vkyfaqmifcGifhtwdkif; vkyfaqmif&onfhtr_rsKd;rSvJGI rdom;pk
twGi;f qufqaH &;rsm;wGif tpd;k &wm0ef&o dS rl sm;taejzifh yg0ifpw G zf ufjcif;
rðyEdkifyg? tpdk;&taejzifh 0ifa&mufpGwfzufEdkifonf[k vufcHxm;aom
OyrmtcsKd @ rS m rd o m;pk 0 if r sm;tm; tjcm;rd o m;pk 0 if r sm;ta=umif ;
ar;jref;jcif;/ wOD;ESifhwOD; rnfuJhodk@ qufqHoifha=umif; ajymjyjcif;ESifh
aumif;rGeaf om ta=umif;tusK;d r&Sb d J rdom;pk0ifrsm; wOD;pDo;D jcm;aexdik f
jcif;wdk@udk umuG,fay;jcif; ponfwdk@jzpfonf?
,cktcGit hf a&;rSmvnf; tjcm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;uJo h @kd yif uef@owf

csuf¹cif;csufrsm;&Sdonf? udk,fa&;udk,fwmtay: 0ifa&mufpGwfzufr_onf
“w&m;r0if” ESifh “pdwfxifwdkif;” 0ifa&mufpGwfzufjcif;jzpfrSom xdkodk@
pGwfzufjcif;udk umuG,fay;&rnf[k ,cktydk'fu qdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
“w&m;r0if” [laompum;&yf.t"dym` ,frmS w&m;Oya'u wm;jrpfxm;
aom od@k r[kwf vkyaf qmif&efciG rhf ðyaom[lonfh t"dym` ,foufa&mufonf?
“pdwx f ifwikd ;f ”[laompum;&yf. qdv k ckd surf mS ydrk u
kd s,jf yef@onf? w&m;
Oya'u vkyfudkif&efcGifhðyxm;aomfvnf; xdkodk@ vkyfaqmifonfhtcgwGif
apwempdw&f if;rSejf zifh vkyaf qmifjcif;r[kwb f J vdtk yfonfxuf ydrk akd eygu
xdvk yk af qmifro _ nf w&m;0ifjzpfapaomfvnf; “pdwx f ifwikd ;f ” usL;vGeo f nfh
tr_ajrmufonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifr_wckudk “pdwfxifwdkif;” vkyfaqmifr_
ajrmufrajrmuf owfrw S &f mwGif xdo
k @kd vyk af qmif&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;xuf
xdkodk@vkyfaqmifcH&aomol. tcGifhta&;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapr_udk
49
uav;tcGit
ydkrdktav;xm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf? Oyrm - vlwOD;wa,muf.
udk,fa&; udk,fwm vGwfvyfcGifhtm; xdcdkufapaom tðytrlwcka=umifh
xdv k .l cHpm;oufa&mufc&H r_onf xdo k @kd vyk af qmif&jcif; &nf±,
G cf sux
f uf
ydkrdkygu xdkodk@ vkyfaqmifjcif;udk “pdwfxifwdkif;” vkyfaqmifjcif;[k
owfrSwfEdkifonf?
,cktydk'f (16) . t"du&nf±G,fcsufonf jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;/

w&m;a&; 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh uav;rsm;udk qufq&H mwGif uav;rsm;.
*k%foduQmESifh ajzmifhrwfr_udk av;pm;pGmjzifh qufqHap&efyifjzpfonf?
uav;rsm;taejzifh rdom;pktwGi;f ud, k af &;ud,

k w
f m vGwv f yfciG fh
&Sdygovm;[kar;vmygu &Sdygonf[k jyefvnfajz=um;&rnfjzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif xdkvGwfvyfcGifhwGif ta=umif;t&mESpfrsKd;a=umifh uef@owfr_
&Sdonfudk owdðy&rnf? yxrtusKd;ta=umif;wcsufrSm rdbrsm;onf
rdrdwdk@. &ifaoG;rsm;tm; raumif;aomya,m*rsm;rS umuG,fwm;qD;
ay;&efwm0ef&Sdaoma=umifh uef@owfr_vkyfEdkifonf? tu,fI rdrd.
&ifaoG; jzpfoo l nf raumif;aomolwOD;xHrS pmrsm;vufc&H &Sad eonf[I l
oHo, &Sdv#if rdbtaejzifh xdkpmrsm;udk zGifhzwfEdkifovdk vdktyfygu
xd k p mtm; rd r d . uav;tm; ray;bJ azsmuf z suf y pf E d k i f o nf ? xd k o d k @
vkyaf qmifjcif;onf rdb. 0wW&m;twdik ;f rdr&d ifaoG;udk xdr;f odr;f umuG,f
apmifah &Smufjcif; jzpfonf? aemufxyf 'kw, d tusK;d ta=umif;rSm rdbESihf
om;orD;rsm;t=um; &Sd rdom;pku, kd af &;ud,
k wf mtm; umuG,cf iG ahf =umifh
uef@owfrv _ yk Ef ikd o
f nf? rdcifEiS hf &ifaoG;uav;rsm;t=um; txl;jyif;xefpmG
rSm;,Gif;aer_ wpHkw&m r&Sdrcsif; jyifyvlrsm;u 0ifa&mufpGwfzufcGifhr&Sd
[laomtcsufudk T'kwd, tcsufu qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
50
uav;tcGit
rd b rsm;taejzif h toif h a vsmf q H k ; vk y f a qmif & rnf r S m rd r d .
&ifaoG;rsm;wGif ud,
k af &;ud,k w
f m vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; &So
d nfqakd omtcsuu f kd
rarh r avsmh em;vnf o abmayguf & rnf j zpf o nf ? xd k t cG i f h t a&;ud k
uav;jzpfou l tvJo G ;kH pm;rvkyrf csi;f xdu
k av;i,f }uD;jyif;t&G,v f mr_EiS hf
vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm rdbrsm;taejzifh xdktcGifhta&;tm; ydkrdkav;pm;
em;vnfay;&ef vdktyfvSonf?
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456
12345678901234567890123456789012123456
12345678901234567890123456789012123456
12345678901234567890123456789012123456
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pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf vlxk owif;jzef@csDa&; vkyfief;rsm;.

ta&;ygyHkudk todtrSwfðyI EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS
owif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom taxmuftul tcsuftvufrsm;udk uav;
rsm; &&SdapEdkif&eftwGuf tmrcHay;&rnf? txl;ojzifh uav;jzpfol.
vlra_ &;/ oDvydik ;f ESihf pdw"f mwfyikd ;f qdik &f m aumif;rGef ap&eftjyif ±kyyf ikd ;f ESihf
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m use;f rma&;wd@k wd;k wufap&eftwGuf &nf±, G af om owif;
rsm;udk ydrk t kd av;xm; vkyaf qmifay;&rnf? xdo k @kd vkyaf qmifEikd &f eftwGuf
51
uav;tcGit
EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&onf atmufygtcsufrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf?
(u) ,ckpmcsKyf. tydk'f (29) wGifazmfjyxm;aom &nf±G,fcsufrsm;

ES i f h t nD uav;rsm;twG u f vl r _ a &;ES i f h ,Of a us;r_ t usKd ;
aus;Zl;rsm; jzpfaprnfh owif;rsm;ESihf tjcm;tcsut f vufrsm;udk
vlxkowif; jzef@csDa&; vkyfief;rsm;uaeI jzef@csDap&eftwGuf
tpdk;&u tm;ay; tm;ajr‡mufðy&ef/
(c) rwluJGjym;aom ,Ofaus;r_&if;jrpfrsm;/ jynfwGif;jynfy owif;
&if;jrpfrsm;rS xdu k o
hJ @kd owif;tcsutf vufrsm;udk xkwv f yk /f zvS,/f
jzef@jzL;Edkif&eftwGuf EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk vkyf
aqmifapzdk@ tpdk;&u tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy&ef/
(*) uav;rsm;twGuf pmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0&eftwGuf EdkifiHtpdk;&u
tm;ay;&ef/
(*) wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;jzpf o nf h uav;rsm;ES i f h rl & if ; Xmae
vlrsK;d rsm;. uav;rsm;twGuf oufqikd &f mbmompum; toH;k
ðyaom owif;jzef@csDr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifzdk@ tpdk;&utm;ay;&ef/
(p) tyd'k f (13) ESihf (18) wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
tpOfEv S ;kH oGi;f I uav;. b0om,mcsr;f ajrhru _ kd xdcu kd ef pfemap
rnfh owif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; oHk;pJGjcif;rS
umuG,&f eftwGuf oifah vsmaf om vrf;!Gecf surf sm; ay:ayguaf pzd@k
tpd;k &u tm;ay;&efw@kd ukd vkyaf qmif&rnf?
uav;rsm;ESifh owif;Xmersm;
,cktyd'k w
f iG f uav;rsm;. vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_z@GH òz;a&;twGuf
52
uav;tcGit
vlxkowif;jzef@csDa&; vkyfief;rsm;. ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾udk t"du
&Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;onf? vlxo k wif;jzef@csaD &;vkyif ef;rsm;onf uav;rsm;
twGuf ajzazsmaf y;,Ho k ufoufomr[kwb f J uav;rsm;twGuf aumif;
rGeaf om enf;vrf;aumif;ay:ayguaf pa&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh
pmtk y f r sm;/ tpD t pOf r sm;ES i f h tjcm;aom taxmuf t ul y pP n f ; rsm;
xkwfvkyfvmEdkifap&ef tpdk;&u tm;ay;wdkufwGef;ay;&ef vdktyfa=umif;
Ttydk'fwGifazmfjyxm;onf? r*~Zif;/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOf/ aw;*Dw
uufquftacGponfh vlxkowif;jzef@csDa&; ud&d,mrsm;wGif uav;rsm;
twGuf &nf&G,fjyifqifxm;aom tpDtpOfrsm; xnfhoGif;&efudkvnf;
wdkufwGef;xm;onf? jzpfEdkifygu xdkodk@tpDtpOfrsm; xnfhoGif;xkwfvkyf
&mwGif uav;rsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifatmif aqmif±Gufoifh
a=umif; qdkxm;onf?
uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrdEdkifiHtjyif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u a&;om;

xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrsm;zwf±_Edkifatmif/ pDpOfxkwfv$ifhaom tpDtpOf
rsm;udk =unf±h c_ pH m;Edik af tmif vkyaf qmifay;oifo h nf? tu,fI ,Ofaus;r_
rsKd;pHk wnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHrsKd;jzpfaeygu xdk,Ofaus;r_rsm; tm;vHk;udk
xif [ yf a prnf h vl x k q uf q H a &; owif ; ud & d , mrsm;jzpf a patmif
twwfEikd q f ;kH vkyaf qmifay;&ef vdt k yfonf? xd@k twGuf pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;
xkwaf 0 ajzazsmrf r_ sm; wifqufonft h cgwiG f vlenf;pkEiS hf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pk
rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm; wd;k wufapa&;udk a&S@±o _ ifo
h nft
h jyif xdv k rl sK;d pkrsm;.
bmompum;jzif h xk w f a 0wif q uf o if h o nf ? xd k o d k @ aom vl r sKd ; pk
bmompum;jzifh a&;om;aom owif;pmrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;/ xdkbmom
jzifh pDpOfwifqufonfha&'D,dkESifh ±kyfjrifoH=um; tpDtpOfrsm;r&Sdygu
xdkbmompum;rsm; wajz;ajz; uG,faysmufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@aom
53
uav;tcGit
wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;ES i f h rl & if ; Xmaevl r sKd ; rsm;. uav;i,f r sm;ES i f h
ywfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ta=umif; tao;pdwfudk ,ckpmcsKyftydk'f
(30) wGif tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;xm;ygonf?
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tyd'k f (18)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if E d k i f i H r sm;onf uav;.b0 &S i f o ef } uD ; xG m ;

wd k ; wuf zH G @ òz;atmif wm0ef , l & mwG i f rd b ES p f O D ; pvH k ; wG i f wef ; wl
wm0ef&Sdonf [lonfh oabmw&m;udk todtrSwfðyvmapa&;twGuf
tpd;k &taejzifh twwf Edik q f ;kH }udK;yrf;vkyaf qmifomG ;&rnf? uav;.b0
&Sifoef}uD;xGm; wdk;wufzHG@òz;atmifvkyfaqmifonfhae&mwGif rdbESpfOD;
wcgw&HwGif w&m;0if tkyfxdrf;olu t"duwm0ef&Sdonf? uav;.
taumif;qHk;tusKd;onf xdkolwdk@. tajccHoabmxm;rsm;jzpf&rnf?
(2) ,ck p mcsKyf w G i f y gaom uav;tcG i f h t a&;rsm; cH p m;&&S d & ef

54
uav;tcGit
tmrcHay;+yD; wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmatmif vkyaf qmifaeaom tpd;k &rsm;onf
uav;tm; ðypkapmifah &Smufonfw h m0efukd xrf;aqmifaeaom rdbrsm;ESihf
w&m;0if tkyfxdrf;olrsm;tm; vdktyfaom tultnDaxmufyhHr_rsm;
ay;&rnf? uav;tm; apmifha&Smufay;rnfh Xmersm;ESifh tpDtpOfrsm;
ay:vmap&ef tmrcHay;&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf tvkyfvkyfaeonfh rdbrsm;. &if

aoG;rsm;taejzifh olwdk@wawGcHpm;cGifh&Sdonfhtwdkif; uav;ðypkapmifh
a&Smufonfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk &&Scd pH m;Edik af p&eftwGuf oihaf vsmaf om vkyf
aqmifr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
rdbrsm;.wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;
,cktyd'k w f iG f tcGit hf a&;qdo

k nfxuf rdbrsm;. wm0ef0wW&m;
ta=umif;udk ydkrdkazmfjyxm;onf? uav;wa,muf }uD;jyif;vmatmif
ðypkysKd;axmif&mwGif rdbrsm;ESifh tkyfxdrf;olrsm;Y t"du wm0ef0wW&m;
&Sad =umif; azmfjyxm;onf? tpd;k &wGif uav;ESiyhf wfoufI wm0ef&o dS nf[k
qdak omfvnf; xdw k m0efrmS uav;tm; ðypkapmifah &Smuf&mwGif rdbrsm;wGif
tcuftcJ&adS eonft h cgrsK;d Y rdbrsm;tay: vdt k yfonfu h n
l aD pmifah &Smufr_
rsm;udk vkyaf qmifay;&onfh wm0efr#omjzpfonf? rdbjzpfo. l uav;tay:
ðypkysKd;axmifcGifhtcef; wm0efw&yfvHk;udk tpdk;&u vHk;0ykcHk;ajymif;,ljcif;
rsK;d udk rqdv
k akd y? ¹cif;csut f aejzifh rdbrsm;vH;k 0r&Sad wmhaom uav;rsm;ESihf
wm0efrJhaom rdom;pkrsm;rS uav;rsKd;udk ¹cif;csufxm;&rnfjzpf+yD; xdk
ta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI tydk'f (9) ESifh (20) wdk@wGif tao;pdwf
azmfjyxm;onf? ,cktydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;aom tpdk;&uaeI rdbrsm;
55
uav;tcGit
tay: ulnaD qmif&u G af y;&rnfh taxmuftyhq
H o
kd nfrmS tvkyv f yk af om
rdbrsm;. uav;rsm;twGuf ae@uav;xdr;f ausmif;rsm;ESihf tjcm;uav;
ðypkapmifha&Smufa&; tpDtpOfrsm; axmufyhHulnDay;jcif;yif jzpfonf?
uav;rsm;onf t±G,af &muf+yD;aom vlrsm;enf;wl ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m

ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mvdt
k yfcsurf sm; vdt
k yfonf? ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m vdt
k yfcsurf sm;
qdkonfrSm tpm;tpm/ aetdrfESifh aq;0g;ponfwdk@udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;rSm uav;rsm;tay: rdbrsm;u =uifemr_/
cspf c if r _ / em;vnf o abmayguf r _ / uav;rsm;.wif j yajymqd k j cif ; ud k
ta&;w,l em;axmifay;r_/ uav;rsm;tcuftcJudk rdbrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;
ajz&Sif;ay;r_ ponfwdk@jzpfonf? ,cktydk'fwGif uav;rsm;vdktyfonfh
±kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mvdktyfcsuf ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk jznhfqnf;
ay;jcif;tjyif uav;rsm; zHG@òz;wdk;wuf}uD;jyif;vmatmif vkyfaqmif
ay;&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? Ttydk'fonf rdbrsm;onf
uav;rsm;. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf[k
azmfjyxm;onfh pmcsKyfyg tyd'k f (27) ESihf qufpyfr&_ adS eonf?
uav;i,ftm; ðypkysKd;axmif&mwGif uav;. taumif;qHk;

tusK;d udk &nfar#mI f rdcifEiS zhf cifEpS Of ;D pvH;k u wm0efcaGJ 0,lxrf;aqmif=u&
rnf[k Ttydk'fuqdkxm;onf? +yD;cJhaom tydk'f (3) wGif uav;ESifhywf
oufaom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S &f mwGif tpd;k &taejzifh uav;. taumif;
qH;k tusK;d udk OD;pm;ay;I qH;k jzwf&rnfjzpfa=umif; qdx k m;ovdk ,cktyd'k f
(18) wGifvnf; rdbrsm;taejzifh uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk a&S‹±_I
OD;pm;ay;aqmif±u G &f rnfjzpfa=umif; vrf;!$ex f m;onf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh
rdbrsm;onf qHk;jzwfcsuf wpHkw&mcsrSwfawmhrnfhtcgwdkif; uav;.
56
uav;tcGit
tusK;d pD;yGm;oufoufuo kd m xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdv
k jkd cif;r[kwaf y?
qdkvdkonfrSm xdkodk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrnfh tcsdeftcgwdkif; uav;rsm;.
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk 'kwd,wef;pm; tcsufjzifhr[kwfbJ tajccHtcsuftjzpf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
rdbrsm;taejzifh uav;.ud, k u
f sK;d pD;yGm;xuf rdrw
d @kd . ud,
k u
f sK;d
pD;yGm;udk a&S@wef;wifvmonfh tcgrsK;d wGif ,cktyd'k yf g wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk
wm0efr,l rapmifhxdrf;&ma&mufoGm;Edkifonf? Oyrm - uav;tm;
a&mif;csvdkufjcif;onf uav;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rumuG,f
ay;&ma&mufonf? xdk@jyif ausmif;wufaeaom uav;udk ausmif;xGuf
f yk cf ikd ;f jcif;onfvnf; uav;. taumif;qH;k tusK;d pD;yGm;udk
cdik ;f +yD; tvkyv
riJh!‡monfhtjzpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifonf? aemufxyfOyrmwckrSm rdom;pk0ifaiGudk
t&ufaomuf/ avmif;upm;wdk@jzifh oHk;ðzef;ypfaejcif;a=umifh uav;i,f
twGuf vdktyfaomtpm;tpm/ t0wftxnfrsm;r0,fay;bJ csKd@csKd@iJhiJh
xm;jcif;rSmvnf; uav;. taumif;qH;k tusK;d udk OD;pm;ay;&rnf[al om
oabmw&m;udk rav;pm;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
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tyd'k f (19)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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onf uav;rsm;tm; rd b rsm;.
vufatmuf wGifjzpfap/ w&m;0if
tkyfxdrf;ol vufatmufwGifjzpfap
od k @ r[k w f tjcm; rnf o l @ vuf
atmufwiG f &Sad epOftwGi;f “±kyyf ikd ;f
57
uav;tcGit
ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_/ xdcdkuf'%f&m&apatmif apmfum;r_/
vpfvsL&_r/_ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tygt0if tjcm;aom tjrwfxw k qf ufqjH cif;/
rw&m;quf q H j cif ; ES i f h vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & mtygt0if rw&m;tjrwf x k w f
apcdkif;r_rsm;udk rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhrS rcHpm;&ap&eftwGuf w&m;
Oya' jyXmef;jcif;/ pDrt H yk cf sKyfjcif;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ynma&;zufw@kd rS ynmay;
jcif;tygt0if oifhavsmfaom vkyfaqmifay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(2) umuG,fay;onfh vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh uav;ESifh uav;udk

ðypkapmifha&Smufaeaomolrsm;tm; vdktyfonfh tultnDrsm;ay;aom
tpDtpOfrsm; xlaxmifay;+yD; aemufxyfvdktyfonfh xda&mufaom
vkyif ef;tqifq h ifu f ikd &f efvo
h kd oifah vsmpf mG vkyu kd nf? xd@k jyif ,cktyd'k w
f iG f
azmfjyxm;aom vspfvsL±_apmifha&Smufr_rJhaomtjzpfrsm;/ rw&m;qufqH
cH&jcif;ESifh vdifydkif;qdkif&mtygt0if rw&m;tjrwfxkwfapcdkif;r_rsm;rS
umuG,fay;jcif;/ azmfxkwfay;jcif;/ owif;ay;ydk@jcif;/ vJ$ajymif;ay;jcif;/
ul n D a y;jcif ; / rw&m;quf q H c H & aomuav;rsm;tm; aemuf q uf w J G
ppfaq;ay;jcif; vdt k yfygu Oya'enf;vrf;rsm;t& yg0ifaqmif±u G af y;jcif;
wdk@udk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
uav;rsm;ESifh apmfum;r+rsm;
Ttyd'k w
f iG f uav;rsm;tay: rdbrsm;ESihf tjcm;olw@kd ukd apmifh
a&Smufxm;olrsm;. apmfum;jcif;tm; tpd;k &taejzifh umuG,af y;&ef vdt k yf
a=umif; qdx
k m;onf? tkyx f rd ;f xm;olwa,muf. apmfum;r_/ ±du
k Ef u
S rf w
_ @kd ukd
cH&onfu h av;wa,mufonf rnfo@l xw H iG f rnfonft
h ultnDawmif;&
rnfudk em;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? wcgw&HwGif uav;rsm;onf rdrdudk
58
uav;tcGit
tkyx f rd ;f aomrdbrsm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;aom tkyx f rd ;f olrsm;. vufxw J iG f
ESp&f n S vf rsm; apmfum;ESyd pf ufc=H u&&Smonf? xdo k @kd apmfum;cH&aom uav;
rsKd ; onf apmf u m;r_ a =umif h ±k y f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m xd c d k u f e musif r _ r sm;
cHpm;&,Hkomru xdkodk@apmfum;olonf uav;i,ftwGuf rSDcdktm;xm;
,H=k unf&rnfo h l jzpfaeaoma=umifh wjcm;vlprd ;f wOD;u apmfum;jcif;xuf
uav;i,ftay: pdwfydkif;qdkif&m emusifcHpm;r_ ydkrdkjzpfaponf?
k @kd apmfum;olrsm;xJwiG f rdbrsm;oufoufomr[kwb

xdo f J uav;
rsm;tm; xdrf;ausmif;tkyfxdrf;onfh ae&mtqifhwGif&Sdaom olrsm;vnf;
yg0ifa=umif; ,cktydk'fu qdkxm;ygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm uav;rsm;.
ausmif;wGif wm0ef&adS om q&mq&mrrsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;rsm;/ enf;jyrsm;
tjyif uav;jzpfol. oli,fcsif;rdbrsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? xdk@jyif
uav;. aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;jzpfaom OD;av;/ ta':ESifh zdk;zGm;jzpfolrsm;/
arG;pm;rdz rsm;vnf; jzpfEikd o
f vdk uav;a*[m&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;/ wm0ef&o dS l
t}uD ; tuJ r sm;tjyif uav;rsm;zJ G @ pnf ; xm;aom tzJ G @ rsm;rS
wm0efcHacgif;aqmif rsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf?
uav;rsm;rcHpm;&atmif 0dkif;0ef;umuG,fay;&rnfh apmfum;r_

rsm;udk Ttyd'k u f t"dym` ,fziG x
hf m;ygonf? xdak pmfum;r_rsm;rSm “±kyyf ikd ;f ESihf
pd w f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m t=urf ; zuf r _ / xd c d k u f ' %f & m&apatmif a pmf u m;r_ /
vpfvsL&_r/_ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtygt0if tjcm;aom tjrwfxw k q
f ufqjH cif;ESihf
rw&m;quf q H r _ ” jzpf o nf [ l I t"d y ` m ,f z G i f h x m;ygonf ? xd k o d k @
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufa=umifh uav;rsm;tm; tpGrf;ukefumuG,fr_rsm;ay;&
rnfudk od&Sd&aomfvnf; us,fjyef@vGef;aom t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufa=umifh
tcuf t cJ awG @ &onf v nf ; &S d E d k i f y gonf ? Oyrm - ±k y f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
59
uav;tcGit
t=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSm rnfhonfhtqifhtxdudk qdkvdkjcif;qdkonfudk
&Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm razmfjyEdkifyg? xdk@twGufa=umifh uav;.wifyg;udk
tomt,m±kdufjcif;onf xdk±kyfydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ajrmufrajrmuf
ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfavh&Sdygonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh xdkpum;vHk;rsm;.
t"dy`m,frsm;udk atmufwGif xyfrH&Sif;vif;xm;ygonf?
±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufrq _ o kd nfrmS vufAvmjzifjh zpfap/ }udrv f ;kH /
cg;ywfponfh vufwiG u f ikd af qmifxm;aom t&mjzifjh zpfap ±du k jf cif;/ vufo;D
jzifxh ;kd jcif;/ ajcjzifu h efjcif;/ cE<mud, k u
f ukd ikd I
f tiftm;jzifah qmifjh cif;/ v_y,
f rf;
jcif;/ eH&Hjzifhudkifaqmifhjcif;/ avScg;rSqJGcsjcif;ESifh vnfyif;!‡pfjcif; ponfh
tðytrlrsm;udk qdv k okd nf? xd@k jyif uav;twGuf tvGet f rif;cufcaJ om
od@k r[kwf emusicf pH m;ap&aom tvkyrf sK;d udk twif;t=uyfapcdik ;f jcif;onf
t=urf;zufonfhtðytrlr[kwfaomfvnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_
ajrmufonf? Oyrm - uav;i,f. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;r_ESihfrvkdufaom
avhusifcef;rsm; jyif;xefpGm vkyfcdkif;jcif;/ aeyljyif;jyif;atmufwGif tvkyf
=urf;rsm; apcdkif;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ qdkonfrSm uav;tay: tcsdefjynfh

tjypfwif jrnfwGefawmufwD;aejcif;/ uav;pdwfxJwGif udk,fhudkudk,f
odrfi,f/ ±kyfqdk;/ toHk;rus[laompdwfrsKd; cHpm;ay:aygufvmatmif
vkyfaqmifjcif;/ uav;. trSm;r[kwfaom vkyf&yftwGuf uav;udk
t&Suf&atmif tjypfay;jcif; wdk@udkqdkvdkonf?
vpfvsL±_jcif;qdkonfrSm uav;tm; csDydk;acsmhjrLjcif;uif;rJhjcif;/

rnf h o nf h t ±G , f & S d a om uav;yif j zpf a p au|;arG ; jcif ; ysuf u G u f j cif ; /
60
uav;tcGit
usef ; rma&; apmif h a &S m uf r _ E S i f h wud k , f & nf o ef @ &S i f ; r_ r sm;&&S d a tmif
vdt
k yfonft h csed w
f iG f rvkyaf qmifay;jcif;/ rawmfwq xdcu kd rf r_ sm; jzpfEikd f
onfh ae&mrsKd;wGif uav;udk csefxm;cJhr_/ uav;rsm; &Sdaeaomae&mESifh
olwdk@vkyfaqmifaeaom tðytrlrsm;udk tuJcwfr_r&SdbJ ypfxm;r_/
uav;tm;ausmif;xm;&ef ysufuGufr_/ uav;touft±G,fESifh roifh
awmfonfh rl;,pfaq;0g; vkyfief;rsm;/ vdifvkyfief;rsm;/ *dk%f;rsm;wGif
uav;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaer_ESifh ywfoufI vdktyfaom xdrf;ausmif;
vrf;!$erf r_ sm; ðyvky&f ef ysuu f u G rf _ ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
tjrwfxkwfjcif;qdkonfrSm vdktyfonfxuf ydkrdkcdkif;apjcif; odk@

r[kwf tE &W m,f&adS vmufonftxd cdik ;f apjcif;udk qdv k o
kd nf? uav;i,f
wOD;tm; tvGefcufcJonfhtvkyfapcdkif;jcif; odk@r[kwf tE W&m,f&Sdaom
tvkyf apcdkif;jcif;onf tjrwfxkwfjcif;ajrmufonf? xdk@jyif vkyf&aom
tvk y f r S m tvG e f c uf c J v S o nf r [k w f a omf v nf ; xd k t vk y f u aeI
uav;.vkyftm;jzifh &xm;aomaiGa=u;tm; ,laqmifjcif;/ rdrdudk,fusKd;
twGufoHk;pJGjcif;rSmvnf; uav;tay: tjrwfxkwfjcif;ajrmufonf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;jcif;usL;vGefolrsm;rSm uav;ESifh aoG;

om;awmfpyforl sm; jzpfEikd o
f vdk uav;tm;tkyx f rd ;f olrsm;vnf; jzpfEikd o
f nf?
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enf;jyrsm;/ bmoma&;t}uD;tuJrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;ESihf uav;apmifah &Smuf
a&;a*[m 0efxrf;rsm; ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifonf? t=urf;zufjcif;
r&Sad omfvnf; roifah vsmpf mG erf;±_waf yG@zufjcif;onfvnf; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
apmfum;jcif; ajrmufonfudk owdðy&rnf?
61
uav;tcGit
Ttyd'k f (19) wGif tpd;k &taejzifh uav;jzpfoEl iS hf uav;tm;
xdr;f ausmif;tkyx f rd ;f olrsm;twGuf vdtk yfaom tultnDtaxmuftyhrH sm;
ay;&rnfjzpfovdk xdo k rl sm;uaeI uav;rsm;tay: apmfum;r_rsm; ðyvkyf
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k jf cif;/
owif;yd@k jcif;/ v$aJ jymif;ay;jcif;/ tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifonfh
pepfukd aqmif±u G af y;&rnfjzpfa=umif; qdx k m;onf?
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tyd'k f (20)1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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(1) rdom;pk ywf0ef;usifb0udk ,m,D

tcdkuftwef@jzpfap xm0&jzpfap cHpm;Edkifr_
r&Sdonfhuav;rsm; odk@r[kwf xdkrdom;pkywf0ef;
usif b0wGif &Sdaeygaomfvnf; taumif;qHk;
aumif;usKd;udk r&&SdEdkifaomuav;rsm;onf EdkifiH
awmf t pd k ; &. txl ; umuG , f apmif h
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aom tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh apmifha&Smufr_rsm; &&Sdap&ef tmrcH&rnf?
(3) xdktjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh apmifha&Smufr_rsm;wGif uav;rsm;udk

xdr;f odr;f apmifah &Smufrnfh rdom;pkrsm;udk &SmazGay;jcif;/ tpPvmrfOya't&
Kafalah vk y f a qmif a y;jcif ; / arG ; pm;apjcif ; / od k @ r[k w f vd k t yf y gu
62
uav;tcGit
uav;tm;apmifah &SmufEikd rf nfh oifah vsmaf omXmersm;od@k tyfEx HS m;&Sad y;
jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf? xdo
k @dk vyk af qmif&eftwGuf ajz&Si;f csurf sm;udk pOf;pm;
onft h cgwiG f uav;jzpfo. l wd;k wuf}uD;jyif;r_ qufvufjzpfay:apa&;udk
&nf&G,fI xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfovdk uav;. wdkif;&if;om;jzpfr_/
bmoma&;/ ,Of a us;r_ E S i f h bmompum;aemuf c H t csuf r sm;ud k v nf ;
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;&rnf?
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,cktydk'fwGif rdbESpfOD;pvHk; r&Sdawmhaom uav;rsm;ESifh rdb

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G jym;jzpfaeaom uav;rsm;
tm; tpd k ; &u txl ; umuG , f a y;r_ E S i f h tul t nD r sm;ay;&rnf [ k
qdkxm;onf? Ttydk'fonf rdbrsm;ESifh uav;jzpfoltm; woD;wjcm;pD
cJGxm;cGifhudk cGifhðyxm;onhf pmcsKyftydk'f (9) ESifh arG;pm;jcif;qdkif&m tydk'f
(21) wd@k EiS hf qufpyfaeonf?
uav;i,frsm;ESifhrdbwdk@ wuJGwjym;jzpf&onfh ta=umif;&if;

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aom cif y G e f ; r&S d a oma=umif h v nf ; aumif ; / rd r d & if a oG ; ud k wm0ef , l
apmifha&Smuf&eft±G,fi,fvGef;ojzifh rdbESifhwuJGwjym;pD aexdkif&aom
a=umifhvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh ta=umif;&if; trsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifygonf?
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f +yD; rdcif od@k r[kwf
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63
uav;tcGit
tjcm;olxH arG;zGm;&efay;vdkufjcif; odk@r[kwf rdbrhJuav;a*[mrsm;wGif
tyfEv HS u kd jf cif; wd@k a=umifh rdbESiw hf uJw G jym;jzpfomG ;aom uav;rsm;vnf;
&Sdonf? rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifwOD;xnf;u &SmazGau|;arG;apmifha&Smufr_
rvHak vmufonfh twGuf xdu k av;rSm aexdik rf aumif;jcif;/ csK@d ijhJ cif;rsm;udk
&if q d k i f & &S m onf ? 0d k i f ; 0ef ; ul n D a pmif h a &S m uf a y;rnf h ol r sm;r&S d a om
uav;rsm;rSm ydrk I kd tcufñuH&awmhonf? tu,fI rdcifjzpfol od@k r[kwf
zcif j zpf o l u aemuf x yf td r f a xmif o pf x l a xmif v d k u f y guvnf ;
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uav;rsm;jzpfonf[k okawoe awG@&Sdcsufrsm;u qdkygonf?
rdbESifh wuJGwjym;pDjzpfavh&Sdaom aemufxyfta=umif;wckrS

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qdkxm;onf? qdkvdkonfrSm xdkuav;tm; wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufrnfh
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av;rsm;&S+d yD; xdrk b
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xm0&rdom;pktjzpf aexdik o f mG ; jcif;jzpfonf? arG;pm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI
64
uav;tcGit
tyd'k f (21) wGif tao;pdwf &Si;f jyxm;ygonf?
tu,fI uav;.rdbESpOf ;D teuf wOD;OD; touf&iS v f suf &Sad e

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taumif;qH;k ajz&Si;f csujf zpfayvdrrhf nf? xdo k @kd vyk af qmifay;jcif;ESihf ywfouf
I Oyrmtaejzifh ppfyJG odk@r[kwf obm0ab;'%fa=umifh wuJGwjym;
jzpfomG ;onfh rdbrsm;jzpfygu xdrk b d rsm;udk vdu k v f &H mS azGay;jcif;/ axmifrS
v$wfawmhrnfh rdbrsm;jzpfygu axmifv$wfonfhtcsdeftxd uav;udk
apmifah &Smufay;xm;jcif;/ t&ufo@kd r[kwf rl;,pfaq;pJaG eaom rdbjzpfygu
aq;0g;ukoI jzwfawmufay;jcif;/ rdbrsm;. pdwfydkif;qdkif&mzdpD;r_rsm;
avsmeh nf;apa&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk aqmif±u G af y;jcif;ESihf rdbrsm; tvkyt f udik f
&SmazGay;jcif;wd@k ukd Oyrmjy&ayvdrrhf nf? xdo k @kd rb
d ESiu hf av;wd@k wuJw G jym;pD
jzpfapaom ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f ay;aepOftcsed t f wGi;f ESihf jy\emudk
vH;k 0rrajz&Si;f Edik cf ifumvtwGi;f wGif wm0ef,al pmifah &Smufrnfh rdom;pkxH
xdu k av;udk ,m,DtyfEx HS m;jcif;onf taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;yifjzpfonf?
tyd k ' f (20) wG i f rd o m;pk E S i f h ,m,D w uJ G w jym;jzpf a eaom

uav;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI aemufxyfqx kd m;aom tcsuw f csu&f adS o;onf?
xdt k csurf mS uav;tay: umuG,af pmifah &Smufrr_ sm; axmufyaHh y;Edik rf nfh
ae&mXmersm;wGif vdt k yfygu xdo k @kd aomuav;rsm;udk tyfEx HS m;Edik o
f nf
qdak omtcsujf zpfonf? xdo k @kd aomae&mXmersK;d rSm rdom;pkrsm; aexdik af om
aetdrfrsKd;r[kwfbJ uav;rsm;tm; apmifha&SmufulnD&eftwGuf vcay;
xm;onfh 0efxrf;rsm;&Sdaom ae&mudkqdkvdkonf? xdkXmersm;onf tpdk;&
vufatmufcHjzpfEdkifovdk yk*~vduydkifvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? trsm;tm;jzifh
65
uav;tcGit
ukodkvfjzpftzJG@rsm;ESifh bmoma&;tzJG@rsm;u xdkXmersm;udk wm0ef,l
wnfaqmuf zGifhvSpfxm;avh&Sdonf? tcsKd@ae&mXmersm;wGif xdrf;odrf;
apmifah &Smufxm;oluav;aygi;f &mESichf sI D &S+d yD; tcsK@d rmS uav;tenf;i,f
k m wm0ef,El ikd af om tzJ@G i,frsm;jzpfonf? tcsK@d Xmersm;wGif arG;uif;p
udo
uav;t±G,frSpIS t±G,fa&mufonftxd xm0ef,lwwfonf?
xdktcsufESifh ywfoufI owdðy&efrSm “vdktyfygu” [laom

pum;pkyifjzpfonf? xdkpum;t& rdbrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;jzpfaeaom
uav;twGuf aemufxyfajz&Sif;p&mtjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; vHk;0r&Sdawmh
onfhtcgwGifrSom xdkXmersm;odk@ tyfESHjcif;vkyf&rnf[k qdkvdkonf?
xd k o d k @ aom Xmersm;onf rnf r #aumif ; rG e f v S y gonf [ k q d k a pumrl
aumif;rGeaf om ywf0ef;usi/f aEG;axG;aom rdom;pkb0xuf ydrk +kd y;D uav;b0
zH G @ òz;wd k ; wuf a p&ef omvG e f a umif ; rG e f j cif ; r&S d E d k i f q d k o nf h t csuf u d k
oabmayguf&rnf?
rdbESiw
hf oD;wjcm;pDjzpfaeaomuav;tm; rnfonfah e&mrsK;d wGif
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pOf ; pm;&rnf h tcsuf E S p f c suf & S d o nf ? yxrtcsuf r S m tcsd e f = um=um
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tjcm;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;ae&mwckwGif tyfESHxm;pOf wae&mrSwae&m/
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f wfap&ef uav;tzd@k
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66
uav;tcGit
tyfE+HS yD;wm0ef,al pmifah &Smufrr_ sm;ay;&mwGif uav;jzpfo. l ud;k uG,o f nfh
bmom/ ajymqdo k nfph um;/ wdik ;f &if;om;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_aemufct H csurf sm;udk
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xdt k csurf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD;rSom rnfonfah e&mrsK;d wGif xdu k av;udk
xm;&ef oifah vsmrf nfqakd om qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd csrw
S o
f ifo
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xl ; xl ; jcm;jcm; uJ G j ym;jcm;em;jcif ; r&S d o nf h t cg xd k u av;taejzif h
tvG,w f ul vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG aexdik Ef ikd af yvdrrhf nf? xd@k jyif xduk av;.
wdkif;&if;om;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;tm; ae&mopf&Sd ,Ofaus;r_topfrsm;u
zHk;v$rf;zsufpD;jcif; rðyEdkif&ef umuG,fay;jcif;vnf; ajrmufonf?
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tyk'd f (21) 1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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uav;arG;pm;jcif;udk todtrSwfðyaom odk@r[kwf cGifhðyaom

67
uav;tcGit
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHonf xdkarG;pm;jcif;pepfwGif uav;. taumif;qHk;
tusKd;udk txl;tjrifhrm;qHk;xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpf
ap&eftwGuf -
(u) vkyaf qmifEikd rf p_ rG ;f &nf&adS om tm%mydik rf sm;u qH;k jzwfciG ðhf yaom
uav;arG;pm;jcif;rsm;jzpfap&ef tmrcHay;&rnfjzpf+yD; xdkodk@
qH;k jzwf&mwGiv f nf; xdu k av;arG;pm;jcif;onf uav;.rdbrsm;/
aqG r sKd ; rsm;ES i f h w&m;0if tk y f x d r f ; cG i f h & aom ol r sm;ES i f h
ywf o uf o nf h uav;. tqif h t wef ; tajctaersm;ud k
oufqdkif&mOya'rsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh qDavsmfaom
cdkifrmaom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;tay: tajccHavhvm+yD;rS
cGifhðy&rnf?
(c) tu,fI xdu k av;tm; apmifah &Smufrnfrh o d m;pkrsm;/ arG;pm;rnfh
rdom;pkrsm;ESihf uav;tm; apmifah &Smufrnfh tjcm;oifah vsmaf om
enf;vrf;rsm; uav;. arG;&yfEikd if t H wGi;f wGif r&Sad wmhonft h cg
rsKd;wGifrS xdkuav;tm; tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;Y arG;pm;cGifhðyjcif;udk
tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh uav;tm; apmifah &Smufjcif;tjzpf tod
trSwfðy&rnf?
(*) xdo k @kd tjcm;wdik ;f jynfwiG f arG;pm;cH&aom uav;onf rdrw d ikd ;f jynf
twGif;wGif wnf&SdaeaomarG;pm;jcif;ESifhudkufnDaom umuG,f
apmifah &Smufay;r_rsm;ESihf tqift h wef;rsm;twdik ;f &&Scd pH m;Edik af p&ef
tmrcHay;&rnf?
(C) xdo k @kd tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif arG;pm;jcif;&Sv
d mygu xdo k @kd arG;pm;
&mwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom olrsm;twGuf roifhavsmfaom
aiGa=u;tusK;d tjrwf&&Sad pjcif;rjzpfap&ef oifah vsmaf om aqmif
68
uav;tcGit
&Gufcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk vkyfaqmifay;I tmrcH&rnf?
(i) uav;tm; tjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif xm;&Sdjcif;udk t&nftcsif;
jynfhrSDaom tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tzJG@tpnf;rsm;uom wm0ef,l
vk y f a qmif E d k i f & ef t wG u f ES p f E d k i f i H E S i f h Ed k i f i H r sm;t=um; pD p Of
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;
tygt0if ,ckvyk yf ikd cf iG ahf bmiftwGi;f wGi&f adS om tjcm;enf;vrf;
rsm;jzifh Ttydk'f. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk oifhavsmfovdk wdk;jr‡ifh
vkyaf qmifomG ;&rnf?
arG;pm;jcif;
,cktydk'fwGif uav;arG;pm;jcif;udk cGifhðyxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;Y

uav; arG;pm;cGifhðyjcif;ESifhywfoufI rnfonftcsuftvufrsm;udk
av;pm; vdkufem&rnfjzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif uv;arG;pm;jcif;udk w&m;Oya'jzifh

cGifhðyxm;onf? odk@aomf tpPvmrfEdkifiHrsm;wGif arG;pm;jcif;[krac:qdkbJ
umzvm (Khafala) [lIac:a0:+yD; rdom;pkwpkuaeI uav;tm;
woufvHk; ðypkapmifha&Smufonfh yHkpHtpOftvmudk usifhoHk;avh&Sdonf?
+yD ; cJ h a om tyd k ' f (20) wG i f xd k u mzvmtpOf t vmud k uav;tm;
umuG,fapmifha&Smufaom enf;vrf;wcktjzpf todtrSwfðyxm;onfudk
awG@Eikd o f nf?
uav;arG ; pm;jcif ; ud k w&m;Oya't& cG i f h ð yaomEd k i f i H r sm;Y

uav;arG;pm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI a&S;OD;yxrtaejzifh txl;xnfhoGif;
69
uav;tcGit
pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm uav;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;yifjzpfonf? xdkodk@
uav;tusKd ; twG u f taumif ; qH k ; jzpf a prnf h uav;arG ; pm;r_ r sKd ; ud k
cGiðhf yEdik af om tm%mESihf vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf adS om w&m;±H;k uJo h @kd aom Xmewckcu k
twnfðycGifhðy&rnf? xdkodk@aomXmewckcku uav;. tajctaeudk
avhvm ppfaq;r_rsm;ðyvky+f yD; arG;pm;oifo h nf[Il vufcq H ;kH jzwfay;jcif;
r&Sad om arG;pm;r_rsK;d onf w&m;r0ifaom arG;pm;r_rsK;d jzpfonf? tu,fI
arG;pm;jcif; ESiyhf wfoufI uav;jzpfoEl iS hf ‚.rdbESpyf g;. qENu&kd ,l&ef
vdtk yfonft h ajctaersK;d jzpfygu xdo k rl sm;taejzifh rSerf eS u
f efuef qH;k jzwf
csufrsm;csrSwfapEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaomulnDvrf;!$efr_rsm; ay;&rnf?
,cktyd'k wf iG f tjcm;Edik if w
H Edik if rH S ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D uaeI rdrw
d @kd EiS hf
Edik if cH si;f rwlaomEdik if rH S uav;wOD;tm; arG;pm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI txl;
vdkufem&rnfhpnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodk@EdkifiHrwlaom EdkifiHrS
uav;rsm;tm; arG;pm;jcif;onf ,ckumvwGif txl;rsm;jym;vmonfukd
awG@&onf? xdo k @kd rsm;jym;vm&onfh ta=umif;rSm zH@G òz;wd;k wufaom Edik if H
rsm;&Sd ZeD;armifESHrsm;wGif uav;&&Sdr_enf;yg;ae+yD; zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_
enf;yg;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif rdbrJhuav;rsm;/ pGef‹ypfcHuav;ta&twGuf
rsm;jym;aer_wdk@ uGm[rsm;jym;vmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? tcsKd@pufr_
xGef;um;aom EdkifiHrsm;&Sd ZeD;armifESHaygif; &mcdkifElef;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf
usef;rma&;csKd@,Gif;csufa=umifh uav;r&&SdEdkifaom jy\emESifh ñuHawG@
aevsuf&Sdonf? arG;pm;Edkifrnfh uav;rsm;udk &SmazG&efrSmvnf; xdkEdkifiH
rsKd;wGif rvG,fulvSacs? xdk@a=umifh xdkEdkifiHrsm;rS &ifaoG;r&Edkifaom
ZeD ; armif E S H r sm;onf zH G @ òz;wd k ; wuf r _ ed r f h u saeaom Ed k i f i H r sm;rS
rd b rJ h u av;rsm;/ pG e f @ ypf c H u av;i,f r sm;ud k arG ; zG m ;Ed k i f & ef vd k u f v H
&SmazG&mrSaeI ,ckuJhodk@ wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS uav;rsm;udk arG;pm;r_rsm;
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uav;tcGit
wdk;yGm; vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
xdkodk@ EdkifiHjcm;rS arG;pm;rnfholrsm;tm; arG;pm;cGifhðyjcif;onf xdk

uav;i,f aexdik o f nfEh ikd if t
H wGi;f arG;pm;rnfh od@k r[kwf ,m,Dwm0ef,l
xdef;ausmif;ay;rnfh rdom;pkrsm; r&Sdawmhojzifh aemufqHk;taejzifh cGifhðy
vdkuf&jcif;rsKd;jzpf&rnf? tu,fI xdkuav;i,ftm; arG;pm;vdkaom
ZeD;armifEHS ESpw
f jGJ zpfae+yD; wwJrG mS Edik if jH cm;rS ZeD;armifErHS sm;jzpf+yD; tjcm;
wwJrG mS xdu k av;aexdik &f m Edik if rH S armifErHS sm;jzpfygu xdu k av;ESihf Edik if H
wlaom armifESHrsm;udk arG;pm;cGifhay;&ef ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;&rnf[k ,cktydk'f
(21) u qdx k m;onf?
EkdifiHjcm;odk@ ac:aqmifarG;pm;&mwGif owdðy&rnfh aemufxyf

tcsurf mS xdo k @kd arG;pm;jcif;onf tusK;d tjrwfwpHw k cktwGuf arG;pm;jcif;
rjzpfap&efyifjzpfonf? xdo k @kd q&kd jcif;rSm vuf&adS wG@ñuHae&onfh uav;i,f
rsm;tm; EdkifiHwumwGif ukefypPnf;rsm;ozG,f ul;oef;a&mif;0,faeonfh
jzpf&yfrsm;a=umifyh ifjzpfonf? wcsK@d arG;pm;vdo k rl sm;onf rdrw d @kd arG;pm;vdk
aom uav;rsm;ud k vk y f x H k ; vk y f e nf ; pnf ; urf ; Oya'rsm;twd k i f ;
arG;pm;vdkjcif;r&SdbJ aiGay;I tvsiftjrefarG;pm;vdk=uonf? tcsKdŒEdkifiH
rsm;wGifvnf; xdkodk@uav;arG;pm;jcif;udk tjrwftpGef;twGufar#mfudk;I
vkypf m;aeaom yJpG m;rsm;&Sad ewwfonf? xdt k cgrsK;d wGif aiGa=u;tjrwftpGe;f
udkom t"duxm;ojzifh uav;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk a&S@±_&rnf
[laom tcsuu f kd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sad wmhacs? xdt k cg uav;twGuf
taumif;qH;k tusK;d udk zefw;D ay;Edik rf nfh rdom;pkrsK;d udk vdu k vf &H mS azGay;onfh
yHkpHrsKd;r[kwfawmhbJ rdom;pku arG;pm;vdkaom uav;rsKd;udo k m vdkufvH
&SmazGaom yHkpHrsKd;odk@ qdkufa&mufoGm;awmhonf?
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onf wOD;wnf;jzpfap/ uav;.
rdbESifh twlwuGjzpfap odk@r[kwf
tjcm;ol ESifhjzpfapa&muf&Sdvm+yD;
'kuQonf tjzpfav#mufxm;aom
od k @ r[k w f 'k u Q o nf t jzpf tod
trSwfðycHxm;&aom uav;tm;
,ckpmcsKyfyg oifhavsmfonfh tcGifh
ta&;rsm;tjyif pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if
rsm;taejzif h av;pm;vd k u f e m&ef
wm0ef&Sdonfh tjcm;EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vlom;csif; pmem
axmufxm;aom pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;yg tcGifh ta&;rsm;cHpm;&&Sdap&ef
twGuf oifhavsmfaomumuG,fr_rsm;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaom tul
tnD r sm; &&S d a p&ef ouf q d k i f & mEd k i f i H w umOya'rsm; od k @ r[k w f
EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD oifhwifhavsmufywf
aom vkyfaqmifr_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(2) xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwkdif; pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ukvor*~

odk@r[kwf vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tjcm;EdkifiHwumtzJG@tpnf;rsm;
odk@r[kwf ukvor*~ESifh vufwJGvkyfaqmifaeaom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vdktyfygu yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI 'kuQonfuav;
rsm;tm; olw@kd . rdom;pkrsm;ESihf jyefvnfaygi;f qHEk ikd &f eftwGuf vdt
k yfaom
owif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm; &&S d a p&ef t vd k @ iS m xd k u av;.rd b rsm;ES i f h
72
uav;tcGit
tjcm;rd o m;pk 0 if r sm;tm; vd k u f v H & S m azG j cif ; rsm;/ xd k u av;tm;
ulnDumuG,fay;jcif;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;&rnf? tu,fI xdkuav;.
rdbrsm;ESifh tjcm;rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk &SmazGrawG@awmhonfhtr_rsKd;wGif
xdkuav;tm; ,ckpmcsKyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom enf;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh
rdom;pkb0ESifh,m,Djzpfap xm0&jzpfap uif;a0;aeaom tjcm;uav;
rsm;ESifh wef;wlaom umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsKd; cHpm;ap&rnf?
uav;'kuQonfrsm;
Ttyd'k w f iG f 'kuo
Q nfuav;rsm;onf ,ckpmcsKyfyg uav;tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk tjcm;uav;rsm;wef;wl cHpm;Edik cf iG &hf adS p&eftjyif Ekid if w
H um
'kuQonfOya'rsm;wGifyg0ifaom 'kuQonfqdkif&m tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;
udkvnf; cHpm;cGifh&Sdap&eftwGuf tpdk;&u wm0ef,lulnDaqmif±Gufay;
oifha=umif; qdkxm;onf?
'kuo
Q nfqo kd nfrmS rdr. d wdik ;f jynf&if;wGif Edik if aH &;cH,cl suaf =umifh
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rdrwd ikd ;f jynfwiG f ta&;,ljcif;cH&rnfjzpfaom od@k r[kwf xdo k @kd ta&;,lc&H rnfh
tE W&m,f&Sdaomolrsm;udk qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf? rdrdae&if;wkdif;jynfxuf
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom b0rsKd;&&Sdzdk@ tcGifhtvrf; &SmazG&eftwGuf xGufvm
aomolrsm; od@k r[kwf rdrw d ikd ;f jynf&dS Edik if aH &;pepfukd rESpo
f uf,o kH ufoufjzifh
xG u f v maomol r sm;ud k 'k u Q o nf t jzpf rqd k E d k i f y g? 'k u Q o nf t jzpf
todtrSwfðycHEdkif&eftwGuf xdkolrsm;onf tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&aom
olrsm; odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynftwGif;qufvufaexdkifygu xdkodk@tjypfay;
ta&;,lcH&rnfh tE W&m,frsKd; qdkufa&mufEdkifaomolrsm;jzpfa=umif;
73
uav;tcGit
oufaotaxmuf txm; cdkifvHkpGmjyoEdkif&ef vdktyfonf?
'kuoQ nfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh Edik if w H umOya'rsm;xJwiG f ta&;

t}uD;qH;k aom tcGit hf a&;rSm xd'k u k o
Q nfrsm;tm; olw@kd . b0ESihf vGwf
vyfru _ kd tE &W m,fjzpfaprnfh Edik if &H if;od@k twif;t=uyf jyefvnfy@kd aqmifjcif;rS
umuG,af y;aom tcGit hf a&;yifjzpfonf? xdt k cGit
hf a&;t& 'kuo Q nfrsm;
xGufajy;cdkv_HcJhaom EdkifiHrStm%mydkifrsm;onf 'kuQonfrsm; tE W&m,f
}uHKawG@Edkifrnfh EdkifiH&if;qDodk@ twif;t=uyfjyefydk@aqmifjcif;rðyEdkifay?
xdtk cGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI 1951 ckEpS f 'kuo Q nfrsm; tqift h wef;
qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfwGif wdwdusus a&;om;xm;onfudk
avhvmEdkifonf?
cdvk cH_ iG hf av#mufxm;olqokd nfrmS rdrt

d m; 'kuo
Q nftjzpf tod
trSwðf yoifo h nf[k ,H=k unfxm;+yD; 'kuo Q nftjzpf todtrSwðf yrcH&ao;
aom olrsm;udk qdkvdkonf? xdkolrsm;onf 'kuQonfrjzpfao;aomfvnf;
tcsKd@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;cGifh&Sd+yD; txl;ojzifh 'kuQonftjzpf
av#mufxm;ydkifcGifhESifh 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfðyr_udk rqHk;jzwf&ao;
rcsif; xdkolrsm;tm; wdkif;jynf&if;odk@ twif;t=uyf jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;
rsm;rS umuG,fr_rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf. tydk'f (22)

t& 'kuo Q nf uav;i,frsm;onf olw@kd . rdbrsm;ESihf wuJwG jym;jzpfae
onfhwdkifatmifrS 'kuQonfqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk cHpm;ydkifcGifh
&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf? rdbrsm;ESifh wuJGwjym;jzpfaeonfhwdkifatmif
'kuQonf tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf[k txl;azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm
74
uav;tcGit
tcsK@d Eikd if rH sm;. Oya'rsm;wGif uav;i,frsm;. 'kuo Q nftqift h wef;udk
qHk;jzwf&mwGif xdkuav;. rdbrsm;. 'kuQonftqifhtwef;tay:
rl w nf I owf r S w f qH k ; jzwf a vh & S d a oma=umif h j zpf o nf ? xd k O ya't&
rdbrsm;tm; 'kuo Q nftjzpf todtrSwðf ycH&ygu xdrk b d . &ifaoG;rsm;rSm
tvdktavsmuf 'kuQonf tjzpftodtrSwfðycH&+yD; vrf;c&D;wGifrdbrsm;
aysmufqHk; aoqHk;oGm;aom uav;i,frsm; odk@r[kwf rdbrsm;rygbJ
xGufajy;vmcJh&aom uav;rsm;rSm 'kuQonftjzpf av#mufxm;cGifhr&Sd
awmhacs? tyd'k f (22) u xdo k @kd Oya'rsK;d udk wm;jrpfxm;+yD; rdbrsm;rygbJ
wOD;xJxu G af jy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom uav;rsm;onfvnf; 'kuo Q nftjzpf
cHpm;cGifhðy&ef azmfjyxm;onf?
'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k u xkwjf yefxm;aom tazmf

rygonfh uav;i,frsm;ESihf ywfoufI udik w f ,G af jz&Si;f &rnfh vrf;!$ecf suf
pmtkyw f iG f touf (15) ESpt f xuf uav;i,frsm;tm; tu,fI olw@kd
wdik ;f jynfo@kd jyefygu tjypfay;ta&;,lc&H rnft h a=umif;tcsuf tE &W m,frsm;
&Sdr&Sd oD;jcm;ar;jref;+yD;rS xdkuav;. 'kuQonf tqifhtwef;udk oD;oef@
qH;k jzwfay;&rnf[k vrf;!$ex f m;onf? xd@k jyif rdbESit hf wlwuGr[kwaf om
touf (15) ESpaf tmufuav;i,frsm;onf 'kuo Q nftjzpf vufct H od
trSwðf yxdu k af om ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf jynfph akH om oltrsm;pkEiS t hf wl
a&muf&Sdvmygu xdkuav;i,fonfvnf; 'kuQonfjzpfxdkufonf[k qdk
xm;onf?
rlvae&if;wdkif;jynfodk@ twif;t=uyfjyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;rS
umuG,fay;a&; qdkonfhtcsufrSvJGI 'kuQonfuav;i,frsm;. tcGifh
ta&;onf tjcm;uav;i,f r sm;.tcG i f h t a&;ES i f h tajccH t m;jzif h
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twlwlyifjzpfonf? 'kuQonfuav;rsm;onfvnf; ynmoif=um;cGifh/
use;f rma&; tapmift h a&Smufc, H yl ikd cf iG /hf 'kuo
Q nfpcef;twGi;f arG;zGm;aom
uav;yifjzpfap arG;pm&if;rSwyf w kH if&&Scd iG /hf t=urf;zufrE_ iS hf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
xdcdkufcHpm;cJh&aom uav;rsm;twGuf jyefvnfemvefxtpDtpOfrsm;
cHpm;cGifhwdk@tygt0if tjcm;uav;oli,fqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;
cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf? tu,fI 'kuQonfuav;wa,mufonf rdbrsm;ESifh
wuJGwjym;jzpfaeygu xdkrdbrsm;ta=umif;owif;rsm;udk od&SdcGifh/ xdkrdb
rsm;ESifh qufoG,fcGifhESifh jyefvnfqHkawG@cGifhrsm;&&Sdatmif ulnDaqmif±Guf
ay;&rnf?
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pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ±kyfykdif;qdkif&m
roefrpGrf;jzpfaeaom uav;rsm;
taejzifh olwdk@. *k%foduQm&Sda&;/
ukd,fhtm;udk,fudk;vdkpdwf wdk;wuf
a&;ESihf ywf0ef;usit f wGi;f wufºu
pGm yg0if vmapa&;wd@k ukd
(2) tmrcH a omtajctaersKd ; &S d o nf h oif h w ih f a vsmuf y wf + yD ;

jynfhpHkaom b0rsKd; cHpm;oifha=umif; todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf roefrpGrf;uav;rsm;. txl;apmifh

a&SmufcH,lydkifcGifhudk todtrSwfðy&rnfhtjyif &&SdEdkifaom&if;jrpfrsm;t&
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xdkodk@cH,lydkifcGifh&Sdaom uav;rsm;ESifh xdktxl;apmifha&Smufr_twGuf
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;ESifh uav;.tqifhtwef;/ uav;rdbrsm;
od@k r[kwf xdu k av;tm; apmifah &Smufaeaom olrsm;. tajctaersm;ESihf
udu f +D yD; oifw
k n h ifah vsmufywfaom ulnaD qmif&u
G af y;r_rsm; tjrifrh m;qH;k
&&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(4) roefrpGrf;uav;rsm;. txl;vdktyfcsufudk todtrSwfðyonfh

tm;avsmfpGm txufygtydk'fcJG (2) wGif azmfjyxm;aom tultnDrsm;
ay;&mwGif rdbrsm;ESihf tjcm;apmifah &Smufay;olrsm;. b¾ma&;tajctae
udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;I jzpfEikd yf gu xdt k ultnDrsm;onf tcrJjh zpfap&rnf?
xd k@jyif xd k t ult nD rsm;onf roefrpGr f; uav;rsm;twGuf vl r _a &;
aygif ; pnf ; r_ E S i f h xd k u av;. ,Of a us;r_ E S i f h pm&d w W y d k i f ; qk d i f & m
zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_rsm; tygt0if wOD;csif;zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_udk tpGrf;ukefESifh
tjzpf E d k i f q H k ; &&S d a tmif j rif a p Ed k i f a om ynma&;rsm;/ oif w ef ; rsm;/
use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufr_ tpDtpOfrsm;/ jyefvnfemvHxa&; tpDtpOfrsm;/
tvk y f v k y f E d k i f & ef t wG u f jyif q if a y;r_ r sm; ES i f h tyef ; ajztem;,l & ef
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jyifqifaqmif&Gufay;&rnf?
(5) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ pdwf

"mwfESifhtnD pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;. vkyfaqmifEdkifr_pGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh
u|r;f usirf r_ sm; wd;k wufapa&;twGuf roefrpGr;f uav;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom
umuG,fjcif;qdkif&musef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_rsm;ESifh jyefvnfemvHxa&;
qd k i f & m tpD t pOf r sm;ta=umif ; / ouf a rG ; 0rf ; ausmif ; tpD t pOf r sm;
ta=umif; rsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfh aq;ynmqdkif&m/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh
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uav;tcGit
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84
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twGufjzpfonf? xdkodk@ae&mrsm;wGif a&muf&Sdaeaom uav;rsm;tm;
rnfuJhodk@ qufqHaeonfqdkaomtcsufudk ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyfay;&
rnfhtjyif xdkuav;i,ftm; xm;&Sdonfhae&mESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuf
tvufrsm;tm;vH;k udv k nf; ppfaq;ay;&rnf[k ,cktyd'k u f qdx k m;onf?
xdkodk@qdkxm;aomfvnf; tcsdefrnfr#=um=umwGif rSefrSefppfaq;

&rvJ? rnfoal wGu wm0ef,pl pfaq;&rvJ? rnfonft h csut
f vufrsm;udk
pHpk rf; ppfaq;&rvJqakd om ar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf Edik if w k fnrD nfh
H umESihf udu
tajzr&Sdao;yg? odk@aomf t"dutcsufrSm uav;rsm;udk uav;a*[m
rsm;ESifh oifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGiftyfESHxm;vdkuf,Hkjzifh rjynfhpHkao;yg?
xdktyfESHxm;aom uav;rsm;. tajctaeESifh olwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;
tay: xdkae&mrsm;&Sd wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u trSefwu,fav;pm;r_&Sdr&Sd/
86
uav;tcGit
uav;. *k%foduQmtwkdif; qufqHr_&Sdr&Sdwdk@udk tcsdefrSefrSefavhvm
pHkprf;r_rsm;ðyvkyf&rnfqdkaom tcsufjzpfonf?
aq;zufqdkif&mukor_ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tultnDrsm; vdktyf

aoma=umifh xdak e&mrsm;od@k yd@k aqmifxm;aom uav;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI
pHpk rf;&rnft h csurf sm;rSm xduk av;rsm;tay: ukoay;aeaom ukor_ypkH o H nf
uav;rsm;trSefvdktyfaom ukoyHk[kwfr[kwf/ xdkodk@ukor_a=umifh
wd;k wufaumif;rGev f mjcif; &Srd &Sq
d akd om tcsurf sm;jzpfayvdrrhf nf? apmfum;
cHxm;&aom uav;rsm;tm; apmifah &Smufxm;aom a*[mrsm;udk ppfaq;
&mwGif xdkuav;rsm;cHpm;cJh&aom ±kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m emusifcHpm;
cJ&h r_rsm;tm;ajzazsmufEikd o f nfh tultnDrsm;jzpfrjzpf pHpk rf;&efvt kd yfonf?
roefrpGr;f jzpfaomuav;rsm;a*[mwGif pHpk rf;ppfaq;rnfqykd gu uav;rsm;
tm; qufqHyHkonf tydk'f (23) wGifqdkxm;onhf uav;rsm;udk,fhtm;
ud, k uf ;kd I ywf0ef;usiw f iG f wufºupGmyg0ifapEdik af tmif vkyaf qmifay;Edik f
onfh qufqeH nf;rsm;[kwrf [kwu f kd t"duxm;ppfaq;pHpk rf;&rnfjzpfonf?
xdkodk@qufqHyHk qufqHenf;rsm;omru xdka*[mrsm;wGif&Sdaom

aexdik rf t
_ ajctaersm;udv k nf; ppfaq;&efvt kd yfonf? xdu k av;rsm;tm;
au|;aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf t[m&jynfhrjynfh/ t0wftpm;rsm;onf
oef@&Sif;r_&Sdr&Sd/ &moDOwkESifhudkufnDrnD/ oif=um;aeaom ynma&;rsm;
aumif;raumif;/ uav;rsm;. pdwyf ikd ;f ESiv hf rl a_ &;qdik &f mvdt k yfcsurf sm; jznfh
qnf;ay;Edik jf cif;&Srd &S/d uav;rsm; tyef;ajzupm;cGi&hf rdS &S/d uav;rsm; tay:
t=urf;zufrr_ S umuG,af y;jcif;&Srd &Sq d o
dk nfh tcsurf sm;tjyif uav;rsm;
tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtygt0if tjcm;aom tjrwfxw k rf r_ sm; &Sad eovm;
qdkaomtcsufrsm;udk ppfaq;&efvdktyfonf?
87
uav;tcGit
aemufxyfppfaq;&ef vkdtyfaomtcsufrSm xdkuav;tm; xdk
ae&mwGif qufvufxm;&S&d ef vdrk vd[ k al omtcsuyf ifjzpfonf? xdt k csuf
rSm tjcm;tcsufrsm;ESifhwef;wlta&;}uD;vSonf? ,ckpmcsKyfygtydk'f (9)
wGif uav;rsm;tm; rvdktyfbJESifh rdbrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;cJGxm;jcif;
rðy&[k qdkxm;onf? tu,fI uav;jzpfoludk vdktyfaom ta=umif;
tcsuf tajctaet& rdbrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;pDcJGxm;&aom jy\em
aemufxyf qufvufr&Sdawmhygu xdkuav;tm; rdb&if;xH jyefvnf
v$aJ jymif;ay;& awmhrnfjzpfonf? tyd'k f (25) wGif xdak e&mrsK;d od@k a&muf&dS
vmaom uav;rsm;tm; oGeo f ifq;kH r&mwGif olw@kd .todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f
tqifajyajyjzifh jyefvnfaexdkifEdkif&ef &nf±G,fI oGefoifay;&rnf[k
vrf ; !$ e f x m;onf ? xd k @ twG u f a =umif h xd k X mersm;wG i f usifh o H k ; aom
uav;rsm;tm; qufqyH kH qufqeH nf;rsm;onf xd&k nf±, G cf surf sm;twdik ;f
[kwfr[kwfudk pHkprf; ppfaq;avhvm&ef vdktyfjcif;jzpfonf?
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(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiH

rsm;onf uav;wdkif;wGif vlr_
tmrcHa=u;rsm; tygt0if vlr_
zlvakH =u;rsm;. tusK;d rsm; cHpm;
cGi&hf odS nfukd todtrSwðf y&rnf?
xd k @ jyif xd k t cG i f h t a&;tm;
tjynf h t 0 em;vnf o abm
ayguaf p&eftwGuf vdt k yfaom
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk EdkifiHawmf
88
uav;tcGit
Oya'rsm;ESifh tnD vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(2) xdktusKd;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifhðy&mwGif uav;ESifh uav;tm; xdrf;

odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&Sdaomolrsm;. =uG,f0r_ESifh tajctaersm;
tjyif uav;.udk,fpm; ay;tyfr_ESifh oufqdkifaom tjcm;xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;p&m tcsurf sm;ukvd nf; oifav h smyf gu xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifo
h nf?
vlr+zv
l akH -u; (Social Security)
vlr_zlvHka=u;qdkonfrSm rawmfwqxdcdkufr_rsm;ESifh obm0

ab;'%frsm;a=umifh 'kuQa&mufolrsm;udk tultnDay;Edkif&ef tmrcH
xm;aompepfudkac:onf? tvkyfvkyfolwdkif;taejzifh vlr_tmrcHcGifhudk
rjzpfraeay;&+yD; xdkvlr_tmrcHa=u;udk tvkyfvkyfolESifh tvkyf&Sifu
cJaG 0r#ay;&avh&odS nf? xdv
k rl z_ v
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hf ;kH aom
tpdk;&rS tvkyfr&Sdolrsm;udk apmifha&Smufonfhtaejzifh ulnDay;tyfaom
tpDtpOfrsm; (Public welfare) rsm;ESifhrwlyg? vlr_zlvHka=u; tpDtpOf
rsm;onf tvkyfr&Sdaom jynfolrsm;/ tcsdefjynfh wnf+rJaom tvkyfr&Sd
aom olrsm;twGuf tpd;k &u axmufyaHh om aiGa=u;jzpfygonf?
tcsdefjynfh tvkyfvkyfaom olrsm;onf ±kwfw&ufjzpfyGm;aom

rawmfwq ta=umif;wckcak =umifh xdt k vkyu f kd c%wmjzpfap xm0&jzpfap
qufvufvyk u f ikd Ef ikd af wmhjcif;r&Sb
d J &yfwv
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&v#if xd k o l . qH k ; ±_ H ; r_ u d k umuG , f a y;Ed k i f & ef t wG u f vl r _ z l v H k a =u;
ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vlr_zlvHka=u; xnfhoGif;xm;ol tvkyform;
wa,mufonf udk,f0efaqmifonfhtcg/ zsm;emonfhtcg/ rawmfwq
89
uav;tcGit
xdcdkuf'%f&m&onfhtcg/ aoqHk;oGm;onfhtcg/ udkf,ft*F gcsKd@,Gif;xdcdkuf
oGm;onfhtcg/ touft±G,f}uD;jrifhoGm;onfhtcgESifh tvkyfr&Sdawmh
onfhtcgwGif xdkolonf usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufcH,lydkifcGihfESifh xdkol
tvkyfvkyfpOfu&aom 0ifaiGvpm. yrm%tcsKd@w0ufudk tenf;qHk;
&&SdcGifh&Sdonf? xdkodk@ pDpOfaqmif±Gufay;jcif;. &nf±G,fcsufrSm tvkyf
vkyfaeaom rdom;pkwpktaejzifh ±kwfw&ufjzpfyGm;cJhaom tajctae
wckcka=umifh 'kuQwGif;odk@ csufcsif;us a&mufroGm;ap&efjzpfonf?
omrefvt l odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;wGif tvkyrf vkyEf ikd af om olrsm;tay:

ulnDapmifha&Smufonfhwm0efudk rdom;pk/ aqGrsKd;/ bmoma&;tzJG@rsm;ESifh
a'otwGif;&Sd =oZmtm%m&Sdolrsm;u wm0ef,lavh&Sdonf? tultnD
taxmuftyHv h tkd yfaom olw@kd tay: ywf0ef;usiu f 0dik ;f 0ef;axmufyaHh y;
onfh xdyk pkH rH sK;d udk ,ckwikd f a'otrsm;tjym;wGif usio hf ;kH vsu&f o
dS nf? ,ck
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owfrSwfxm;aom axmufyhHa=u;jzpf+yD; xdkaxmufyhHr_aiGa=u;. yrm%
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cHpm;cGifhwGif rnfonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; yg0ifa=umif; owfrSwfjyXmef;
xm;avh&Sdonf?
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vl}uD;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkcHpm;&aom tusKd;aus;Zl;onf xdkol.
rdom;wpkvHk;udkyg oufa&mufr_&Sdonf? tu,fI puf±Hkw±Hk a'0gvD
cHvdkuf&ojzifh zcifwa,muftvkyfðywfoGm;ygu xdkzcif&&SdcHpm;&onfh
90
uav;tcGit
vlr_zlvHka&; cHpm;cGifhonf xdkolaemufxyftvkyfopfr&ciftxd xdkol.
rdom;wpkvHk;tay: ulnDaxmufyhHay;&ma&mufonf? tvkyfvkyfaeaom
rdcifwa,muf vkyfief;cGifwGif rawmfwq '%f&m&&SdoGm;ojzifh &uf
twef=um tvkyfrqif;Edkifawmhojzifh xdkrdciftvkyform;&&SdcHpm;&onfh
vlr_zlvHka=u;aiGonf xdkrdom;pktm; pkaqmif;xm;or#tm;vHk; xkwfoHk;
&aom tjzpfrsKd;ra&mufatmif ulnDay;Edkifonf?
tcsK@d aomtajctaersK;d wGif vlrz_ v l akH =u;cHpm;cGio

hf nf uav;rsm;
tay: ydrk w kd u
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t"duaiG&Smau|;aeaomolwOD; aoqHk;oGm;ygu usefcJhaom rdom;pk0if
rsm;ES i f h uav;rsm;onf xd k a oqH k ; oG m ;ol &&S d c J h a omvpm0if a iG u d k
uav;rsm; ausmif;wufaeonfhumvywfvHk; cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? xdk@jyif
udk,f0efaqmif rdcifwOD;tm; rD;rzGm;rDESifh rD;zGm;t+yD; udk,f0efaqmif
rD;zGm;cGiahf y;jcif;onf olrarG;zGm;vmonfh &ifaoG;tay: txl;ulnaD y;&m
a&muf o nf ? xd k r d c if tem;,l E d k i f r S o m arG ; zG m ;vmaom&if a oG ; .
usef;rma&;ESifh tjcm;vdktyfonfh t&mrsm;udk ðypkapmifha&SmufEdkifrnfjzpf
ojzifh xdkcHpm;cGihfonf uav;tay: txl;axmufyHhay;&ma&mufonf?
91
uav;tcGit
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(1) uav;. ±k y f y d k i f ; / pd w f y d k i f ; / oD v yd k i f ; / pm&d w W y d k i f ; ES i f h vl r _

zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ wdk@twGuf vHkavmufaomtajctae&Sdonfh vlaer_
tqifhtwef;udk uav;wdkif; cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfudk pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u
todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(2) uav;zH@G òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vdt

k yfaom aexdik rf t
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rsm; &&Sad p&eftwGuf uav;.rdbrsm; od@k r[kwt f jcm;aom wm0ef&o dS l
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rsm;tvdkuf t"duwm0ef&Sdonf?
(3) ,cktcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk Edik if .
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ulnrD t_ pDtpOfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh t[m&/ t0wftpm;ESihf aetdrrf sm;ESihf
ywfoufI rdbrsm;ESifh tjcm;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;tay: ulnDr_rsm;udk pmcsKyf
92
uav;tcGit
tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u oifhavsmfovdkvkyfaqmif&rnf?
(4) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf Edik if w

H iG ;f wGi&f adS om od@k r[kwf tjcm;
EdkifiHwGif&Sdaom uav;.rdbrsm; odk@r[kwf uav;tm; aiGa=u;t&
axmufy&Hh efwm0ef&o dS rl sm;. axmufyrHh r_ sm; uav;xHa&muf&adS p&eftwGuf
oif h a vsmf o vd k enf ; vrf ; rsKd ; pH k j zif h a qmif & G u f a y;&rnf ? txl ; ojzif h
uav;tm; aiG a =u;axmuf y h H & ef wm0ef & S d o l o nf uav;&S d a eaom
EdkifiHwGifr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHwGif&Sdaeygu pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf
Ed k i f i H w um oabmwl n D csuf r sm;ud k vuf r S w f x d k ; jcif ; /
xd k o abmwl n D c suf r sm;ud k a&;qJ G j cif ; ES i f h tjcm;oif h a vsmf a om
pDpOfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk wkd;wufatmif vkyfaqmifay; &rnf?
oihfwifhavsmufywfaomvlaer+tqifhtwef;&&SdcHpm;cGifh
Ttydk'f (27) wGif uav;wdkif;onf ‚wdk@. ±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;/

oDvydkif;/ pm&dwWydkif;ESifh vlr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wdk@twGuf vHkavmufaom
tajctae&Sdonfh vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk &&SdcHpm;cGifh&Sdonf[k azmfjy
xm;onf?
vlaer_tqift h wef;[kqv kd u
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aumif ; &S d a omrd o m;pk o nf vl a er_ t qif h t wef ; aumif ; aumif ; jzif h
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aumif;aumif; cHpm;cGifh&Sdaev#if qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrsm;onf vlaer_
tqif h t wef ; cH p m;cG i f h r &S d a om toG i f r sKd ; jzpf a eonf ? xd k @ a=umif h
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uav;tcGit
qif ; &J a om rd o m;pk r sm;jzpf a pumrl xd k r d o m;pk r sm;vnf ; oif h w if h
avsmuf y wf a om b0twG u f vd k t yf o nf h tajccH vd k t yf c suf r sm;
cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&u vkyfaqmifay;&efvdktyfonf? tpdk;&u
xd k o d k @ tajccH v l r _ t qif h t wef ; rsm;ud k wajy;nD j znf h q nf ; ay;ygu
0ifaiGaumif;aom rdom;pkrsm;taejzifv h nf; rdom;pktwGi;f &Sd &ifaoG;rsm;
twGuf xdktajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhywfouf+yD; pdk;&drfylyefp&m vdkawmh
rnfr[kwfacs?
aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;qdkonfrSm uav;.±kyfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;

wdk;wufr_ESifh ywfoufaom aetdrf/ t0wftxnf/ tpm;tpm/ a&ESifh
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J jJ zpfaeaom/ ºuuf/
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rsm;uGmaeaom/ tE &W m,f&adS om avScg;rsm;ESihf jywif;aygurf sm;&Sad eaom/
roef@&iS ;f aom a&ykwrf sm;/ trdu_ yf rkH sm;ESihf eD;uyfaeaom/ obm0ywf0ef;usif
npfnrf;aeaom aetdrfrsKd;onf uav;rsm;twGuf ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;
wdk;wufatmif b,fvdkrS zefwD;ay;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@jyif obm0ab;
tE &W m,frsm;ESihf r=umc%&ifqikd }f uKH awG@ae&aom ae&ma'orsK;d onfvnf;
uav;rsm;twGuf oifw h ifah vsmufywfaom vlaer_tqift h wef;rsK;d jzpfEikd f
rnfr[kwfyg? t[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;/ oef@&Sif;aom a&
aumif;a&oef@/ vH+k cKHaomupm;uGi;f wd@k rmS vnf; uav;rsm;twGuf ±kyyf ikd ;f
qdkif&mzHG@òz;wdk;wufap&ef vdktyfaomt&mrsm;yifjzpfygonf?
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vdktyfaom tajctae

tqifhtwef;rsm;rSm uav;rsm;. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf
vdt
k yfaom t&mrsm;ESihf rsm;pGmuGmjcm;jcif;r&Syd g? txl;ojzifh t[m&ESihf
94
uav;tcGit
jynfph akH om tpm;tpmrsm;&&Sad &;ESihf npfnrf;aom obm0ywf0ef;usirf S
uif;a0;a&;wdk@onf ±kyfydkif;ESifhpdwfydkif; zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_ESpfrsKd;pvHk;twGuf
k yfaomt&mrsm;yifjzpfonf? uav;. pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òz;wd;k wufa&;
vdt
twGuf owdðy&rnfhtcsufrSm rdcifudk,f0efaqmifaepOfumvtwGif;
tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfh "mwfa&mifjcnfrsm;/ "mwkypPnf;ESifh rxdawG@rdap&ef
jzpfonf? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_ aES;auG;r_jzifh arG;zGm;vmaom
uav;trsm;pkonf rdcifjzpfou l ud,k 0f efaqmifcsed tf wGi;f roH;k pJo
G ifah om
aq;0g;rsm; oH;k pJaG oma=umifv h nf;aumif;/ vkyif ef;cGit f wGif "mwkaq;0g;
rsm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfudkif&aoma=umifhvnf;aumif; t&ufESifhaq;vdyfudk
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vdktyfvSonf?
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a&;udk qdkvdkonf? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&; wnf
aqmufwwfr_ tygt0if taygi;f toif;0ifqef@onfh rdwAW vjynf0h a&;udk
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,Hk=unfr_&Sdaom/ tjcm;olrsm;udk ,Hk=unfwwfaom/ aygif;oif;qufqH
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qENudk ,lwwfaom/ pkaygif; vkyfaqmifwwfaom/ tjcm;olrsm;udk
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vdtk yfonf? tjcm;olrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI rnfo@kd qufqH &rnf/ tcuftcJ
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tm;ustwkc;kd apEdik rf nfh pHjyvlrsm;&Syd gu uav;rsm;taejzifh ydrk w
kd ;kd wuf
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vpfvsL±_ypfy,fxm;jcif;ESifh tjcm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh rw&m;qufqH
jcif;wdk@udk umuG,fay;&ayrnf?
oDvydkif;qdkif&mESifh pm&dwWydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_wdk@onf

wckESifhwck qufpyfaeonf? pm&dwWydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_qdkonfrSm
trSm;ESit hf rSeu f kd cJjG cm;odjrifem;vnfaom todw&m;rsm; wd;k wufjcif;udk
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96
uav;tcGit
ouf0if,Hk=unfr_ESifh bmomw&m; udkif;±_dif;r_wdk@udk qdkvdkonf? [dENL
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rsm;tay: wm0efausjyGefr_ jzpfonf?
bma=umifh uav;rsm;. pm&dwWESifh oDvydkif;qdkif&mwdk@ zHG@òz;

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ajzaomtajzonf bma=umifh uav;rsm;. ±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;ESifh vlr_
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&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &SdcsifrS&Sdayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf uav;rsm;tm; trSm;ESifh
trSef a0zefyikd ;f jcm;wwfap&eftwGuf oif=um;ay;&ef vdt k yfonfqakd om
tcsufudk rnfolurS apm'uwuf=urnfr[kwfyg? xdk@jyif atmifjrifr_/
ausm=f um;r_w@kd uo kd m wyfruf+yD; oDvrJah eaom tjzpfrsK;d ra&mufap&ef
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xdk@twGufa=umifh pm&dwWydkif;ESifh oDvydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òz;wdk;wufatmif
vkyfaqmifay;&jcif;jzpfygonf? bmomw&m;udk,Hk=unfaomrdbrsm;u
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k yf
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wm0ef&Sdonf/ rdbrsm;u twwfEdkifqHk; jznfhpGrf;ay;&rnf[k azmfjy
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onf uav;rsm;. ynmoif=um;
cG i f h u d k tod t rS w f ð y&rnf h t jyif
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k yfaom uav;
98
uav;tcGit
rsm;twGuf tcrJyh nma&;ESihf ynmoifaxmufyaHh =u;rsm;ay;jcif;
ponfwdk@udk oifhavsmfovdkvkyfaqmif&ef/
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jynfhpHkolrsm;tm;vHk; tqifhjrifhynma&;udk oif=um;Edkifapa&;
twGuf vkyfaqmifay;&ef/
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tvufrsm;ESihf vrf;!$erf r_ sm;udk uav;rsm;tm;vH;k &&St d oH;k ðyEkid f
ap&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifay;&ef/
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(2) ausmif ; rsm;wG i f t oH k ; ðyaeaomausmif ; pnf ; urf ; rsm;onf

uav;. *k%foduQmESifh udkufnD+yD; ,ckoabmwlpmcsKyfwGif azmfjyxm;
onhf tcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdap&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0if
EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh oifhavsmfaomvkyfaqmifr_rSefor#udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ynma&;ESifhywfoufI txl;ojzifh

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99
uav;tcGit
ynmoif-um;cGihf
uav;rsm;. ynmoif = um;cG i h f E S i f h xd k y nma&;qd k i f & m

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&S&d rnf[k qdx k m;onf? tu,fI tv,fwef;ynmonf tcrJrh [kwyf gu
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rsm;udk axmufyaHh y;&rnf[k tyd'k wf iG af zmfjyxm;onf? uav;rsm; ausmif;
xGujf cif;udk wm;qD;Edik &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaom vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; ðyvkyf
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,cktyd'k f (28) wGif ynma&;tqifh jrifrh m;wd;k wufapa&;twGuf

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100
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xm;onf?
xdk@jyif ,cktydk'fwGif ausmif;rsm;Y csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;

pnf ; urf ; rsm;onf uav;rsm;. tcG i f h t a&;ES i f h * k % f o d u Q m ud k
xdcdkufysufjym; apaom pnf;urf;rsm;rjzpfap&ef owday;xm;onf?
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(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;tae

jzih f uav;rsm;. ynma&;tm;
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101
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uav;. ud k , f y d k i f v l @ ,Of a us;r_ r sm;ES i f h rwl u J G j ym;onf h
tjcm;vl @ ,Of a us;rsm; tm;vH k ; tay: av;pm;wwf r _ r sm;
wdk;wufzHG@òz;vmapa&;/
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pd w f & S n f r _ / vd i f w ef ; wl r _ / wd k i f ; &if ; om;rsm;/ Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;/
bmoma&; tk y f p k r sm;ES i f h rl & if ; Xmaevl r sKd ; aemuf c H & S d a om
olrsm;tygt0if vlom;tm;vHk;t=um; cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_ponfh
pdwfxm;rsm;ESifh wm0ef&Sdaom b0wcktwGuf jyifqifay;jcif;/
(i) obm0ywf0ef;usiu f kd av;pm;wefz;kd xm;r_rsm; wd;k wufz@GH òz;vm
apa&;/
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wa,mufcsif; odk@r[kwf Xmewck. ynma&;qdkif&m ausmif;rsm; wnf
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hf kd xdyg;aESmuf,uS f
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rsm;ESihf udu
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apmifh=uyfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
wefzdk;&Sdaomynma&;
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102
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ydk@csoifhonfhta=umif;twdtusazmfjyxm;onf?
yxrOD;qH;k azmfjyxm;onfrmS uav;jzpfo. l ud,k &f nfu, kd af oG;/

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azmfxkwftoHk;csEdkifr_udk tm;ay;onfhynma&;yHkpHrsKd;jzpf&rnf [laom
tcsufjzpfonf? ,ciftcsdefrsm;u ausmif;ynmqdkonfrSm ausmif;
om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk tajccHA[kokwESifh twwfynm u|rf;usifr_rsm;
ay;&eftwGufom &nf±G,fcJhonf? ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;wGif&Sdaom
yifudk,ft&nftcsif; pGrf;&nfrsm;udk azmfxkwfvmEdkif&ef&nf±G,fcJhjcif;rsKd;
r&Sad y? ynmoif=um;r_ yHpk rH mS vnf; tcsut f vuf/ ude;f *%ef;/ae@prGJ sm;udk
tvG w f u suf r S w f j cif ; tay: tav;xm;aom oif = um;avh v mr_
yHkpHrsKd;jzpfcJhonf? usKd;a=umif; qifjcifoHk;oyfwwfr_ESifh vGwfvyfpGm
awG;ac:pOf;pm;Edkif&eftwGuf t"du tm;ay;tav;xm;cJhjcif;r&Sday?
wcsKd@aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif ausmif;oifcef;pm rsm;onf xdkEdkifiHwGif usifhoHk;
aeaomEdkifiHa&;pepf/ vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;wdk@ rnfr#aumif;rGefonfh
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,cktydk'fwGif &nf!$ef;azmfjyxm;aom ynma&;;yHkpHonf ausmif;om;
rsm;. ynma&;vd k t yf c suf r sm;ud k ta&;ay;oif = um;onf h ynma&;
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'kwd,tydk'fcJGwGif azmfjyxm;aomynma&;yHkpHonf ausmif;om;

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103
uav;tcGit
pmwrf;wGif vl@tcGifhta&; tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;/ EdkifiH}uD;i,fra&G;
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+id r f ; csrf ; pG m ajz&S i f ; &ef w m0ef r sm; yg&S d o nf h t wG u f xd k t csuf r sm;ud k
av;pm;vdkufemaom EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm; ay:xGef;vmatmif pGrf;aqmif
Edkifonfh ynma&;rsKd; jzpf&rnf[k Ttydk'fcJGwGifazmfjyxm;onf?
wwd,tydk'fcJGwGif ynma&;onf vlwOD;wa,muf.rdb/ EdkifiH/

tcsKyftjcmtm%m/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;ESifh vlr_wefzdk;wdk@tay:
av;pm; *k%f,lwwfaom pdwf"mwfrsm;xGef;um;apaom ynma&;rsKd;
jzpf&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
pwkwWtydk'fcJGY ynma&;onf uav;rsm;tm; vGwfvyfyGifhvif;

aom vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif usiv f nf&Sio
f efEikd &f eftwGuf avhusijhf yifqif
ay;aomyHpk rH sK;d jzpf&rnf[k qdx k m;onf? vGwv f yfyiG v
hf if;aom vl@todik ;f
t0dik ;f qdok nfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDusaom vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f jzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;pepfyHkpHrsm;ESifh ,if;wdk@. vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnf&efvdktyfonf? ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;
onf 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;wus qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfr_/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf
rsm;ud k em;vnf o abmayguf & rnf h t jyif vG w f v yf p G m awG ; ac: cG i f h
ajymqdck iG rhf sm; udv
k nf; rdrwd @kd touft±G,/f tajctaewd@k EiS hf udu k nf pD mG
toHk;csEdkifcGifh&Sdaom ynma&;rsKd;jzpf&rnf[k Ttydk'fcJGwGif a&;om;
xm;onf ? xd k @ jyif ynma&;onf ausmif ; om;ausmif ; ol w d k @ tm;
+idrf;csrf;a&;/ usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_/ rwlnDaom bmomw&m;/ vlrsKd;/
wdik ;f &if;om;ESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;t=um; em;vnfr/_ pdw&f n S of nf;cHrE_ iS hf
cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_wdk@jzifh om,mzHk;v$rf;aeaom urBm}uD;wGif touf&Sif
104
uav;tcGit
usif v nf a exd k i f & ef t wG u f jyif q if a y;aom t&mrsKd ; jzpf & rnf [ k
qdkxm;jyefonf? ausmif;q&mq&mrESifh ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;pmtkyf
rsm;onf wOD;udkwOD;ppfrufjzpf&ef v_H@aqmfay;aom/ trsKd; om;ESifh
trsKd ; orD ; wd k @ t=um; yH k p H c G u f c sxm;r_ u d k yd k r d k c d k i f r mapaom/ bmom
w&m;wckonftjcm;bmomrsm;xuf ydkrdkjrifhjrwfonf[lonfhpdwfrsKd;
aygufzGm;apaom/ vlrsKd;rsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um; r[mvlrsKd;}uD;
pdw"f mwfrsm;xGe;f um;apaom t&mrsm;rjzpfap&efuv kd nf; owday;xm;
onf? xdq k &mq&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;oif±;kd !$e;f wrf;rsm;onf rwlnaD om
bmoma&;ESifh vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;tm; ydkrdkem;vnfESpfoufvuf
cHaompdwfrsm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_tay: vufcHr_rsm;
xGef;um;ap&ef yhHydk;ulnDay;aomt&mrsm;jzpf&ayrnf? xdkodk@qdkonfh
twGuf q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm;onf xdkwefzdk;
rsm;ta=umif;udk yd@k cs&rnf[k qdv k jkd cif;r[kwb
f J ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;
ud, k w f ikd f pl;prf;vdpk w
d Ef iS hf tcsi;f csi;f t=um; tjyeftvSeaf vhvmvdpk w d rf sm;
aygufzGm;apEdkifrnfh tawG@t}uHKrsm;ESifh owif;rsm;udk yhHydk;ay;&efudkom
qdvk okd nf?
yOPrtydk'fcGJY ynma&;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk av;pm;

wefz;kd xm;wwfapr_ukd xGe;f um;atmif vkyaf qmifay;Edik o
f nfh ynma&;rsK;d
jzpf&rnf[k aemufq;kH azmfjyxm;onf?
xd@k jyiftyd'k f (29) wGif ausmif;rsm;Y rnfonft h &mrsm; oif=um;

&rnfjzpfa=umif; csrw S x
f m;aom ,cktyd'k w dS nfh vrf;!$ecf surf sm;
f iG f yg&o
onf yk*~vduausmif;rsm;zGifhcGifhr&Sd[k owfrSwfydwfyifxm;jcif;r[kwf
a=umif; xyfr&H iS ;f jyxm;ygonf? txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom vrf;!$ecf suf
105
uav;tcGit
rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem+yD; tpdk;&u owfrSwfxm;aom vdkufem&rnfh
vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm;twdkif; vkyfaqmifxm;ygu yk*~vduausmif;rsm;udk
zG i f h v S p f yd k i f c G i f h & S d o nf [ k qd k x m;onf ? xd k o d k @ yk * ~ v d u ausmif ; rsm;
zGivhf pS cf iG ohf nf uav;oli,frsm;pmcsKyf ray:aygurf u D wnf;u pD;yGm;a&;/
vl r _ a &;ES i f h ,Of a us;r_ q d k i f & m tcG i f h t a&;rsm; oabmwl p mcsKyf w G i f
yg&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
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wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;/ bmoma&; odk@r[kwf bmompum;

tenf ; pk vl r sKd ; rsm; od k @ r[k w f rl & if ; Xmaevl r sKd ; rsm;wnf & S d a eaom
EdkifiHrsm;wGif xdkvlrsKd;pkEG,fuav;rsm; odk@r[kwf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkEG,f
uav;rsm;. rdr. d ud,k yf ikd ,
f Ofaus;r_ukd tjcm;aom ywf0ef;usit f wGi;f
&So
d rl sm;ESit hf wl aysm&f i$ pf mG cHpm;cGi/hf rdr.
d ud;k uG,af ombmomudk vufcH
usio f ;kH cGiEhf iS hf rdr.
d ud, f mompum; toH;k ðycGiw
k yf ikd b fh @dk ukd jiif;y,fjcif;rðy&?
106
vlenf;pkESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;pkuav;rsm;
tyd'k f (30) wGif vlenf;pkEiS hf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pkrsm;. uav;rsm;

cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? Ttydk'fwGif
vlenf;pkrsm;udk bmompum;/ udk;uG,fonfhbmomESifh wdkif;&if;om;
vlenf;pkrsm;[lI oHk;rsKd;cJGjcm;xm;onfudk awG@&onf? xdkoHk;rsKd;teuf
yxrESpfrsKd;rSm cJGjcm;&eftvGefvG,fulonf? yxrtrsKd;jzpfonfh bmom
pum;t& vlenf; pkrsm;qdkonfrSm trsm;pkajymaompum;rsKd;ESifh rwl
uJjG ym;onfh bmompum;udak jymonfh vlenf;pkrsm;jzpf+yD; 'kw, d jzpfaom
ud;k uG,o f nfb h momt& vlenf;pkrsm;qdo k nfrmS vlrsm;pku ud;k uG,af om
bmomESifh rwluJGjym;aom bmomtm; udk;uG,folrsm;udkqdkvdkonf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;qdkonfrSm trsm;pkusifhoHk;onfh}uD;rm;
aom ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESirhf wlaom "avhEiS v hf al er_b0rsm;&Sad om tkypf rk sm;udk
qdv
k okd nf? xdo k rl sm;onf ±ky&f nfoiG jf yifutp rwlnu D jGJ ym;aom ±kyq f if;
oGifjyifrsm;&Sdwwfonf?
xdkolrsm;tm; cJGjcm;owfrSwf&mwGif r=umc%qdkovdk a&maxG;

xyfwljzpfaer_rsm;jzpfavh&Sdonf? tcsKd@aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;wGif
ud,k yf ikd pf mayESihf ud;k uG,o
f nfbh momrsm;&S=d uonf? od@k &mwGif xdv k rl sK;d rsm;
onf udk,fydkifpmayudk roHk;rðyawmhbJ rdrdbmomrStjcm;bmomodk@
ul;ajymif;oGm;cJ+h yD; jzpfaomfvnf; rdrv d rl sK;d rsm;."avhEiS hf b0yHpk rH sm;twdik ;f
aexdkifusifh}uHvsuf&Sdaeygu xdkolrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;yif
jzpfaevsu&f o dS nf? xd"k avhEiS hf b0yHpk rH sm;qdo k nfrmS ±d;k &moDcsi;f rsm;/ tu
rsm;/ yHjk yifrsm;/ tm;vyf&ufrsm;/ upm;enf;rsm;/ tpm;tpmrsm;/ 0wfpm;
107
uav;tcGit
qif,ifyHkrsm;/ vltrsm;uvufcHxm;aom vlr_tqifhtwef;rsm;ESifh
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
vlenf;pk (Minority) qdak ompum;.t"dym` ,frmS vlO;D a&toifh

twifhrsm;aomtkyfpkwpku wdkif;jynftwGif;odk@ 0ifa&muftajccsum
bd k ; pOf a bmif q uf a ygif ; rsm;pG m aexd k i f v mcJ h + yD ; xd k a exd k i f & mEd k i f i H .
EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfoludk qdkvdkonf? zdvdydkifEdkifiHwGif vma&muftajccs
aexdkifaom tar&duefrsm;ESifh =opa=w;vsEdkifiHrS EdkifiHom;tenf;i,f
avmufudk vlenf;pktjzpfrowfrSwfEdkifyg?
tydk'f (30) wGif qdkvdkonfh rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;rsm;. uav;rsm;

(Indigenous children) qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynfwcktwGif; ordkif;rwifrD
uwnf;u tajccsaexdkifcJh=u+yD; v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifonfh taetxm;rsKd;Y
r&SdaomvlrsKd;rsm;rSaeI aygufzGm;vmaom uav;rsm;jzpfonf? xdkol
rsm;onf v$rf;rdk;csKyfukdifxm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfvdkufv#if ta&
twGufenf;yg;onfhtwGuf xdkolwdk@onfvnf; vlenf;pkrsm;yif jzpfaomf
vnf; xdo k rl sm;ESihf tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;t=um; rwlujGJ ym;r_rsm;pGm &Sad om
a=umifh xdkolrsm;udk rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;rsm;[lI oD;oef@trnfay; ac:a0:
jcif ; jzpf o nf ? tjcm;vl e nf ; pk r sm;ES i f h rl & if ; Xmaevl r sKd ; pk r sm;t=um;
tcGit hf a&;ESifh ywfoufI uJjG ym;aomtcsurf mS rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pkrsm;wGif
olwdk@ bdk;pOfabmifquf aexdkifvmcJhaom ajr,mrsm;tm; ydkifqdkifcGifhESifh
toHk;ðycGifh &Sdjcif;jzpfonf? xdkrl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm; udk;uG,faombmom
a&; ,Hk=unfcsufonf xdkolrsm; rd±dk;zvmtpOftqufaexdkifcJhonfh
ydkifeufe,fajrrsm;ESifh qufpyfaevsuf&Sdonf? Oyrm - tar&duEdkifiHwGif
&Sad om tm&Svrl sK;d rsm;onf vlenf;pkrsm;jzpf+yD; tar&duefEikd if w H iG &f adS om
108
uav;tcGit
vleD&wftif'D,ef;rsm;onf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm;jzpfonf?
TpmcsKyft& bmompum;/ ud;k uG,o f nfb h momESihf vlrsK;d pkt&

vlenf;pkjzpfaeaom uav;i,frsm;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d uav;i,frsm;wGif
txl;tcGifhta&; oHk;rsKd;&Sdonf? xdktxl;tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm tjcm;olwdk@
vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhtwl udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_wGif yg0ifaysmf&$ifcGifh/ udk,fydkifbmom
pum;rsm;tm; toH;k ðycGiEhf iS hf bmoma&; usi}hf uHu;kd uG,cf iG hf wd@k jzpfonf?
xdktxl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tpdk;&u umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif
tpd k ; &uaeI csKd ; azmuf j cif ; rðy&ef v nf ; wm0ef & S d o nf ? tpd k ; &onf
xdv
k el nf;pkrsm;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;. bmompum;/ bmomw&m;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_w@kd ukd wm;jrpfjcif;/ 0ifa&mufpw G zf ufjcif; rðy&ay? xd@k jyif xdv
k el nf;pk
vl r sKd ; rsm;. bmompum;ES i f h ,Of a us;r_ r sm; wd r f a umroG m ;ap&ef
umuG,fonfhvkyfaqmifr_rsKd; Oyrm - wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;jzifh
a&'D,dk tpDtpOfrsm; xkwv f i$ jhf cif;/ xdbk mompum;rsm;udk avhvmEdik &f ef
twGuf bmompum;ESifh pmayoif=um;r_rsm; zGifhvSpfoif=um;ay;jcif;
ponfw@kd ðyvkyaf y;&ef vdt k yfonf?
rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm;taejzifh rd±dk;zvm,Ofaus;r_rsm;wGif yg0if

aysm&f i$ Ef ikd &f eftwGuf xdo k rl sm;onf a&S;±d;k tpOftqufuxnf;u aexdik f
vmcJah om ud, k yf ikd af jr,mrsm;wGif jyifyaESmuf,u S rf r_ sm;uif;a0;+yD; twl
wuG pkpnf;aexdkifrSomjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k trsm;uvufcH,Hk=unfxm;
=uonf? xdo k @kd r[kwb f J zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&; trnfcaH om pDru H ed ;f rsm; vkyf
aqmif&eftwGuf xdkolrsm;udk olwdk@ykdifajr,ma'orsm;rS t"rRarmif;
xk w f j cif ; / xd k o l r sm;aexd k i f & m a'otwG i f ; od k @ jyif y vl r sm;0if a &muf
aexdik rf u _ kd cGiðhf yjcif;wd@k jzpfay:vmygu xdrk &l if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;t=um;wGif
109
uav;tcGit
olwdk@. udk,fydkifbmompum;/ udk;uG,fonfhbmom/ ±dk;&m"avhrsm;ESifh
rd±dk;zvm aexdkifr_tpOftvmrsm;udk xdrf;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef tcuftcJ
aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@ESifh }uHKawG@vm&awmhonf?
wcgw&HwGif ±dk;&m"avhrsm;ESifh xHk;pHrsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh

rudu k nf b
D J 0da&m"djzpfwwfonf? TpmcsKyf.tyd'k f (24) tyd'k cf GJ (3) wGif
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf uav;rsm;. use;f rma&;udk xdcu kd t
f E &W m,fjzpfapEdik f
rnfh ±dk;&m"avhrsm;/ tðytrlrsm;udk yaysmufatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpf
a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodk@ tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfh ±dk;&m"avhrsm;udk
yaysmufatmifvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efESifh xdkolrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_xdrf;odrf;
a&; tcGifhta&;wdk@ wzufESifhwzuf 0da&m"djzpfvmygu uav;i,f.
tcGifhta&; udk tav;omay;&rnfjzpfonf?
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(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf
uav;rsm;. toufEiS hf vku d af vsm
nDaxGaom tem;,lcGifh/ tyrf;ajz
cG i f h / upm;cG i f h / rd r d 0 goemyg&m
tvk y f j zif h pd w f t em;,l c G i f h E S i f h
,Ofaus;r_b0ESifh tEkynmwdk@wGif
yg0ifcGifhwdk@udk tod trSwfðy&rnf?

uav;rsm;. ,Of a us;r_ b 0ES i f h
110
uav;tcGit
tEkynmwGif tjynfht0 yg0ifcGifhwdk@ udk av;pm;&rnfjzpf+yD; wdk;wuf
atmif vkyaf qmifay;&rnf? xd@k jyif ,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm/ pdwt
f em;,lrE_ iS hf
tyrf;ajzr_wdk@wGif oifhwifh+yD; wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&&Sdap&ef
tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufay;&rnf?
upm;cGifh
,cktyd'k wf iG yf g0ifaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tkypf o k ;kH pkcjGJ cm;Edik o

f nf?
yxrtkypf rk mS tem;,lciG Ehf iS hf tyef;ajzcGi/hf 'kw,
d tkypf rk mS upm;cGiEhf iS hf rdrd
0goemyg&mtvkyfjzifh pdwftem;,lcGifhESifh aemufqHk;wwd,tkyfpkrSm ,Of
aus;r_b0ESifh tEkynmwdk@wGif yg0ifcGifhwdk@jzpf.?
yxrtkyfpkwGif yg0ifaom tem;,lcGifhESifh tyef;ajzcGifhwdk@wGif

tem;,lciG q hf o
kd nfrmS uk,
d u
f m, wajz;ajz;}uD;xGm;wd;k wufvmaeaom
uav;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaomtcsufwcsufjzpfonf? uav;.touf
t±G,fESifh v_yf&Sm;vkyfudkifaom v_yf&Sm;rsKd;tvdkuf uav;wOD;ESifhwOD;
tem; ,lr_ rwlnDEdkifay? tyef;ajzr_qdkonfrSm tm;vyfonfhtcsdefwGif
pdwfudk tem;ay;tyef;ajzjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? udk,fcE<mzHG@òzd;xGm;óudif;
ap&ef t wG u f tem;,l a y;&ef / td y f p uf & ef v d k t yf o vd k pd w f c srf ; ajr@
aysmf&$ifapa&;twGuf pdwftyef;ajz&efvnf; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf? xdkodk@
tyef;ajztem;,ljcif;udk t±G,fa&muf+yD;jzpfaom vl}uD;rsm;tygt0if
vlwdkif;vdktyfaomfvnf; uav;rsm;tzdk@ ydkrdkvdktyfonf? uav;oli,f
rsm;tm; tyef;ajztem;,lcGifh ray;bJ jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyfcdkif;jcif;/
pmusuf r S w f a pjcif ; onf t±G , f a &muf + yD ; jzpf a om vl } uD ; rsm;tm;
tqifo h ifrh jzpfcif wm0ef}uD;}uD;rm;rm; apcdik ;f jcif;rsK;d jzifh tvm;wlyifjzpf
111
uav;tcGit
onf? xdkodk@ apcdkif;jcif;a=umifh pdwfzdpD;r_rsm; cHpm;vm&+yD; xdkrSwqifh
uav;. udk,f&nfudk,faoG;rsm; zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_tay: raumif;aomt
usKd ; ouf a &muf r _ r sm; jzpf v mEd k i f o nf ? tqd k ; 0g;qH k ; taejzif h xd k o d k @
tyef ; ajztem;,l c G i f h v H k ; 0r&aom uav;rsm;onf pd w f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
jy\emrsm;txdyif cHpm;oGm;wwfonf?
'kw,
d tkypf jk zpfaom upm;cGiEhf iS fh rdr0d goemyg&m tvkyjf zifh pdwf
tem;,lcGifhwdk@wGif upm;jcif;onf rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;wdk;apaom
v_y&f mS ;r_jzpfonf? uav;wd@k onfuav;tcsi;f csi;f od@k r[kwf t±G,af &muf+y;D
olrsm;ESihf twlupm;&if;jzifh rdwaf qGrsm;wd;k yGm;vmonf? xdo k @kd upm;&if;jzifh
tjcm;olrsm;ESihf tqifajyatmifrnfo@kd aexdik o f ifah =umif;udk tvdt k avsmuf
avhvmrdapEdkifonf? xdk@jyif obm0w&m;ta=umif;/ rdrdywf0ef;usif&Sd
±kyf0wWKypPnf;rsm;ta=umif;/ bmompum;rsm;ta=umif;udk upm;&if;
avhvmrdomG ;ovdk rwlnaD omtajctaersK;d udk vlrsm;u wke@f jyefwwfyrkH sm;/
vltrsKd;rsKd;. pdwful;pdwfawG;rsm;udkvnf; twk,lavhvmoGm;rdaponf?
rd r d 0 goemyg&mtvk y f j zif h pd w f t em;,l j cif ; wG i f tm;upm;rsm;ud k
tkypf v k u
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urf ; ajcwG i f tyef ; ajztem;,l j cif ; / vrf ; av#muf j cif ; / yef ; +cH r sm;/
jywdkufrsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?
wwd,tkypf w k iG f yg0ifaom tcGit

hf a&;rSm ,Ofaus;r_b0ESihf tEk
ynmwdk@wGif yg0ifcGifhjzpfonf? tEkynmqdkonfrSm yef;csD/ "mwfyHk/ yef;yk
paomtEkynmrsm;tjyif aw;*Dw/ tuESifh pifwifjyZmwfponfwdk@yg
yg0ifonf? ,Ofaus;r_b0qdkonfrSm pmay/ ±dk;&mtEkynmESifh yJGawmfrsm;
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uav;tcGit
ponfwdk@jzpfonf? xdk,Ofaus;r_b0ESifh tEkynmwdk@wGif yg0ifcGifh[kqdk&m
wGif tEkynmudk zefw;D olwa,muftaejzifh wufºuGpmG yg0ifjcif;omru
=unfh±_ol y&d\wftjzpfyg0ifjcif;vnf; tñuH;0ifonf?
xdo
k @kd aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk uav;rsm; aysm&f i$ pf mG cHpm;Edik &f ef
twGuf yxrqH;k taejzifh ‚if;wd@k wiG f tm;vyfcsed rf sm;vdt k yfygonf? xdo k @kd
tm;vyfcsed rf sm;&&S&d eftwGuf rdom;pkonf oifw h ifv h akH vmufaom 0ifaiG
&&SdrSjzpfrnf? odk@rSom uav;i,fjzpfolrsm;onf olwdk@. tm;vyfonhf
tcsdefrsm;wGif rdom;pk0rf;a&;twGuf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifp&m rvdktyfbJ
jzpfayrnf? wjcm;wzufuvnf; rdbESifhq&mq&mrwdk@onf uav;rsm;
tay: rwefrqwm0efay;jcif;/ 0efxkwf0efydk;rsm; ydapjcif;rsm;rvkyfbJ
uav;rsm; tyef;ajztem;,lEikd af p&eftwGuf owdðy+yD; apcdik ;f &ef vdt k yf
ygonf?
uav;rsm; xdktcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaom

'kw, d tcsurf mS uav;rsm;onf olw@kd tm;vyfcsed t f wGi;f tjcm;uav;i,f
rsm;ESifh vHkvHkavmufavmuf qufoG,fcGifh&Sd&ef [laomtcsufjzpfonf?
wwd,taejzifh uav;rsm;vdt k yfaomt&mrSm upm;&efae&myifjzpfonf?
uav;. aetdrfwGifjzpfap/ &yfuGufywf0ef;usifwGifjzpfap uav;rsm;
pdwcf sv+kH cHKpGm upm;Edik &f eftwGuf ae&mrsm;vdt k yfonf? xdak e&mrsm;wGif
tjcm;olrsm; 0ifa&mufaESmuf,SufEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ uav;rsm;t±G,fESihf
udu
k n f oD nfh upm;enf;rsm;udk uav;rsm; tyltyifuif;uif; upm;Edik o f nfh
vH+k cHKr_rsKd ; vdt
k yfonf? xdo k @kd pdwcf sv+kH cHKr_&,
dS w
kH ifomrubJ xdu k pm;onfh
ae&mrsm;onf uav;rsm;ud k q J G a qmif E d k i f o nf h t &mrsm;/ uav;rsm;
pdwfcsrf;ajrŒpGm upm;vdkonfh ae&mrsm;jzpf&efvnf; vdktyfonf?
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uav;tcGit
,Ofaus;r_b0/ tEkynmESifhtm;upm;wdk@wGif yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf
aw;*Dwwl&, d mrsm;/ tEkynmtaxmuftulypPn;f rsm;/ pmtkyrf sm;/ tm;
upm;ypPn;f rsm;/ upm;uGi;f rsm;ESihf pepfwusoif=um;ay;rnfh tm;upm;
enf;jyrsm;vdktyfygonf? =unfh±_tm;ay;vdkaom uav;rsm;twGuf
=unfh±_tm;ay;Edkif&ef vufrSwfrsm;a&mif;csay;&efvnf; vdkonf? vlaer_
tqifhjrifh+yD; 0ifaiGaumif;aom rdom;pkrsm;rS uav;rsm;om xdktcGifh
ta&;rsKd; &&Sdjcif;rjzpfap&efESifh qif;&Jonfh rdom;pkrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;
vnf ; xd k o d k @ yg0if E d k i f & ef t wG u f tcrJ h p m=unf h w d k u f r sm; zG i f h a y;jcif ; /
jywdu
k rf sm;wGif tcrJ0h ifciG ahf y;onfah e@rsm; owfrw S af y;jcif;/ tcrJjh yyJrG sm;
wifqufazsmfajz r_rsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;/ ausmif;rsm;wGif tEkynmESifh
tm;upm;tpDtpOfrsm; usif;yay;jcif;wkd@udk pDpOfaqmif±Gufay;Edkifonf?
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(1) uav;tm; tE &W m,fjzpfapEdik af om/ od@k r[kwf ynma&;udk xdcu kd f

apEdik af om od@k r[kwf uav;.use;f rma&; od@k r[kwf ±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f / pm&dwW
114
uav;tcGit
ydkif;ESifh oDvydkif;ESifh vlr_zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_tm; taESmuft,Sufjzpfapaom
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todtrSwf ðy&rnf?
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tzJ@G 0if Edik if o
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ay;&rnf?
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f ikd rf E_ iS hf ywfoufaom tajctaetqift h wef;rsm;ESihf
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aom jypf'%frsm;ESihf ta&;,lr_rsm;udk jyXmef;&rnf?
uav;tvkyform;rsm;
Ttydk'fwGif uav;rsm;tm; apcdkif;jcif;rðy&rnfh tvkyftrsKd;

tpm;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdktvkyftrsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm (1) uav;.
ynma&;udk xdcukd af ponft
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wdk;wufr_udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfapaom tvkyfrsKd;wdk@jzpfonf?
115
uav;tcGit
vkyfief;cGifwGif rawmfwq xdcdkufr_jzpfyGm;E_ef;rsm;aom tvkyf
rsK;d onf tE &W m,f&adS om tvkyrf sK;d yifjzpfonf? xd@k jyif tvkyv
f yk cf sed o
f nf
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uav;. ynma&;udkxdcdkufapaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpfonf? ausmif;oifcef;
pmrsm;ESifh tdrfpmrsm;rvkyfEdkifavmufatmif taESmuft,Sufðyaom
tvkyfrsKd;onfvnf; ynma&;udk xdcdkufapaomtvkyf[k owfrSwfI
&onf?
uav;. usef;rma&;/ ±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;/ oDvydkif;/ pm&dwWydkif;ESifh

vlr_zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_wdk@udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfapaom tvkyfrsKd;qdkonfh
t"dym` ,fziG q hf ckd surf mS txl;us,jf yef@vo
S nf? uav;twGuf tE &W ,fjzpf
aprnfhtvkyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;ay;&ef &nf±G,fxm;onf?
uav;. pdw"f mwfyikd ;f zH@G òz;d wd;k wufru _ kd taESmuft,Sujf zpfapaom

tvkyfrsKd;rsm;qdkonfrSm uav;tm; &mZ0wf*dk%f;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fvkyf
ud k i f a pjcif ; / od k @ r[k w f uav;.pd w f " mwf y d k i f ; ud k ysuf j ym;aprnf h
tvkyrf sm;jzpfaom avmif;upm;/ jynfw h efqm/ npfnrf;pmay/ t&ufEiS hf
rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;rsm;wGif uav;udktoHk;csjcif;wdk@udk qdkvdkonf?
oDvydkif;zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfapaom tvkyfrsKd;rSm
xdkuav;udk;uG,faom bmoma&;t& raumif;r_[k wm;jrpfydwfyif
xm;aom vkyif ef;rsK;d udq k vkd o
kd nf? vlrz_ @GH òzd;wd;k wufru_ kd taESmuft,Suf
jzpfapaom tvkyfrsKd;qdkonfrSm omref uav;b0wGif&&Sdoifhonfh
rd b ES i f h v H k a vmuf a om quf o G , f r _ / tyef ; ajz upm;csd e f E S i f h tjcm;
uav;rsm;ESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;aysmf&$ifcsdefrsm; r&Sdavmufatmif wm;qD;
116
uav;tcGit
[ef@wm;apaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpfonf?
Ttydk'fwGif uav;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwfxkwfjcif;rS

umuG,fay;&efvdktyfonfhta=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;t&
tjrwf xk w f j cif ; qd k o nf r S m tjcm;ol r sm;'k u Q a &muf a tmif v k y f + yD ; rS
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ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;/ jynfhwefqmvkyfief;rsm;odk@ twif;t=uyfoGyfoGif;
jcif ; wd k @ onf pD ; yG m ;a&;t& tjrwf x k w f j cif ; rsm;yif j zpf o nf ? xd k @ jyif
uav;tm; awmif;&rf;cdkif;jcif;/ tjcm;olypPnf;rsm;udk cdk;0Sufcdkif;jcif;wdk@
onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwf xkwjf cif;ajrmufonf? uav;vkyt f m;jzifh
&SmazGxm;aom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; uav;twGuf oD;oef@z,fxm;jcif;r&SdbJ
toHk;ðyjcif;onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&; tjrwfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf? uav;o±kyf
aqmifrsm;/ uav;*Dwynm&Sifrsm;ESifh uav;tm;upm;orm;rsm;udk
uav;. taumif ; qH k ; tusKd ; ud k riJ h u G u f b J apcd k i f ; jcif ; ud k v nf ;
uav;tay: pD;yGm;a&;tjrwfxkwfjcif;[k ac:Edkifonf?
uav;rsm;tm; vkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHawmf

tpd;k &u enf;vrf;oH;k rsK;d vkyaf qmifEikd af =umif; ,cktyd'k w
f iG f qdx
k m;onf?
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vkyfief;cGiftajctae rsm;udk pnf;urf;rsm;xkwfjyefowfrSwfjcif;/ (3)
uav;vkyfom; apcdkif;r_qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;Oya;rsm;udk csKd;azmufaom
ukr`%Drsm;tm; jyif;xefpGm ta&; ,ljcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
uav;ol i ,f r sm; tcG i f h t a&;pmcsKyf ray:ayguf r D u yif

117
uav;tcGit
tvkyo f rm; rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udjk yXmef;xm;onfh tjynfjynfqikd &f m
tvkyform; tzJG@csKyfrSaeI tvkyfvkyfcGifhðyonfh toufowfrSwfcsuf
qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk jyXmef;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? ,ckuav;pmcsKyfwGif
uav;rsm;tm; tvkyv f yk cf iG ðhf yonft
h oufukd wdwu
d sus azmfjyxm;jcif;
r&Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh xdktjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;
tzJG@csKyf. oabmwlpmcsKyfudk udk;um;usifhoHk;Edkifonf? xdkpmcsKyft&
tcsed jf ynft h vkyv f yk cf iG hf ðyxm;aom uav;.toufonf (15) ESpjf zpf+yD;
qif;&Jaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif touf (14) ESpfxufri,f&[k owfrSwfxm;
onf? od@k aomf touf (13) ESpjf ynf+h yD;aom uav;rsm;udk olw@kd .use;f rm
a&;ESihf zH@G òzd;wd;k wufru _ rkd xdcu kd /f ausmif;ynm oif,rl u
_ v
kd nf;taESmuf
t,Suf rjzpfapaom oufomonfh vkyfief;rsKd;wGif tcsdefydkif;taeESifh
vkyfudkifcGifhðyxm;onf?
uav;rsm; txl;ojzifh zH@G òzd;wd;k wufqEJ idk if rH sm;&Sd uav;rsm;onf

rdom;pk&yfwnfa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyf&efvdktyfonfhtwGuf uav;rsm;
tm; tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;tm; ydwfyifwm;qD;r_onf trSefwu,fvufawG@
usyghrvm;[k apm'uwufcJh=uonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;u Oya'w&yf
jyXmef;,Hkoufoufjzifh uav;rsm;tm;tvkyfapcdkif;jcif; ryaysmufoGm;
Edkif[k axmufjy=uonf? xdk@a=umifh rdom;pkpD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_udk
tajz&Smonft h aejzifh rdom;pkwikd ;f pm;0wfaea&; zlvo kH nfth qift
h wef;
a&mufatmif zefwD;ay;&efvdktyfa=umif; qdk=uonf?
uav;vkyt f m;apcdik ;f jcif;jy\emudk txl;&ifqikd óf uHawG@ae&aom

EdkifiHrsm;wGif trsm;qHk;óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifavh&SdonfrSm uav;vkyftm;
apcd k i f ; jcif ; rsm;xJ r S tcsKd @ aomapcd k i f ; r_ t rsKd ; tpm;rsm; wajz;ajz;ES i f h
118
uav;tcGit
yaysmufoGm;atmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf?
tqdk;0g;qHk;aom uav;vkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf uav;rsm;.

omrefuav;b0udk taESmuft,Sujf zpfap,Ho k mru uav;.ynma&;/
udk,fcE<mzHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_wdk@udkyg xdcdkufapEdkifonf? xdk@jyif rawmfwq
xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ESifh "mwkaA'aq;0g;rsm;a=umifh a&m*grsm;&&Sdum b0
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vkyt f m;apcdik ;f r_rsK;d rsm;rS uav;udu
k muG,af y;&efrmS Ttyd'k f (32) wGif
yg0ifonfh vkyfaqmifay;&rnfht&mtm;vHk;udk vkyfaqmifay;jcif; r[kwf
onfw h ikd af tmif ta&;}uD;vSaomajcvSr;f wvSr;f vSr;f vduk jf cif;yifjzpfonf?
Ttydk'fwGifqdkxm;onhftwdkif; uav;rsm;tm; vkyftm;apcdkif;aejcif;
wckvHk;udk vHk;0yaysmufoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifaeaomumvtwGif;
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oif=um;Edkifatmif vkyfaqmifay;jcif;wdk@udkvnf; vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k
tcsKd@uqdkonf?
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tyd'k f (33) 1234567890123456789012345678901212345
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pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf uav;

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oH;k pJjG cif;ajrmufonf? uav;rsm;tm; Oya't& ydwyf ifwm;jrpfxm;aom
rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;roHk;pJGap&ef umuG,fay;&rnf? xdkrl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;udk
uav;rsm;u ud, k q h ;kH pJjG cif;jzpfap taysmo
hf ENjzifo f abmrsK;d jzifh oH;k pJjG cif;jzpfap
wm;jrpfyw d yf if&rnf?
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uav;tcGit
rl;,pfaq;0g; oH;k pJo
G rl sm; txl;rsm;jym;onfh Edik if rH sK;d wGif uav;
i,frsm;onf rarG;zGm;rDuxnf;uyif rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh qufpyf&if;ESD;
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a&mufaeaom a=umifh jzpfonf? rdcifo;kH pJaG om rl;,pfaq;trsK;d tpm;ESihf
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&rnf? touf (18) ESpfatmuf
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,cktyd'k f (37) wGif oGm;vmcGi±hf yk o f rd ;f cHxm;&aom uav;rsm;

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jzpfonf? odk@aomf ,cktydk'f (37) . tydk'fcJG (3) wGif uav;rsm;ESifh
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137
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(4) EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;u

139
uav;tcGit
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140
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141
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onf t&yfom;rsm;xdcdkufr_udk twwfEdkifqHk; avsmhenf;ap&eftwGuf
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EdkifiHwumu av;pm;&efwm0ef&Sdonfh vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;r_
Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf?
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tcsdefwdkifatmif xdkajrðryfrdkif;AHk;rsm;qufvuftE W&m,fay;aeqJjzpfonf?
jynfwGif;ppftwGif;uusef&pfcJhaom ajrðryfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh uarBm'D;,m;
EdkifiH wGif ,ae@wkdif toufao/ udk,ft*gFcsKd@,Gif;cJh&aom uav;aygif;
oef ; ES i f h c sD I &S d c J h o nf ? ajrðryf r d k i f ; tE W & m,f u d k rod e m;rvnf a om
uav;rsm;rSm xdkajrðryf rdkif;tE W&m,fudk ydkrdkcH=u&&Smonf?
,ck t yd k ' f (38) wG i f uav;ol i ,f r sm;tm; ppf o m;tjzpf

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rsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;tjzpf ppfwyftwGi;f twif;t=uyf 0ifa&mufapjcif;/
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twGif; rw&m;ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif;ESifh vdifapmfum;jcif;wdk@udk jrefrmEdkifiH
142
uav;tcGit
tygt0if vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm; jzpfyGm;aeaomae&ma'orsm;wGif
awG @ jrif & Ed k i f o nf ? tpd k ; &wG i f o mru tpd k ; &tm; qef @ usif a eaom
vufeufuikd t f zJ@G rsm;uvnf; uav;ppfom;rsm; toH;k ðyavh&w dS wfonf?
Ttyd'k u f kd twnfðy&eftwGuf qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S &f mwGif ppfwyf

wGif; 0ifa&mufEdkifrnfhtouft±G,fudk owfrSwf&mwGif EdkifiHrsm;t=um;
jyif;xefpGm tacstwifjiif;ckHcJh=u&onf? EdkifiHtcsKd@u tu,fI uav;
ppfom;toHk;ðyjcif; toufowfrSwfcsufudk (18) ESpf[k owfrSwfygu
uav; tcG i f h t a&;pmcsKyf w ck v H k ; ud k qef @ usif o abmrwl a =umif ;
uef@uGufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJhI xdktoufowfrSwfcsufudk touf (15)
atmuf[I l vdu k af vsmowfrw S cf &hJ onf? tyd'k cf GJ (2) ESihf (3) wGif touf
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rðy&ef wm;jrpfxm;+yD; vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif; uav;rsm;yg0ifjcif;
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owfrw S x
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uav;rsm; yg0ifr_ESifhywfoufaom aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfY ppfr_xrf;
Edkifaomtoufudk (18) ESpf[k wdk;jr‡ifhowfrSwfcJhonf? xdkaemufqufwJG
pmcsKyft& touf (18) ESprf jynfah o;aom uav;rsm;tm; vufeufuikd f
yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; toHk;ðyjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onf? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ
twGif;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom tzJG@rsm;tm;vHk;u touf (18)
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wm;jrpf&ef tpdk;&wGif wm0ef&Sdonf?
143
uav;tcGit
Ttyd'k w f iG f Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;onf uav;i,frsm;ESihf vufeufuikd f
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uav;tcGit
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uav;tcGit
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146
uav;tcGit
rjzpfEdkifacs? ,ciftajctaetwdkif; jyefvnfa&muf&SdaexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf
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147
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ud k wd k ; wuf aumif ; rG e f a paom
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todtrSwðf y&rnf? xdo k @kd qufq&H m
wG i f uav;. touf t &G , f E S i f h
uav;. jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;r_EiS hf vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f aumif;rGeaf om
ae&mu¾wckwGif yg0ifvmapvdkaomqENrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I
uav;taejzifh vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhudk
ydkrdkav;pm;vmap&ef twGuf jzpfap&rnf?
(2) xd@k twGuaf =umifh tjcm;oufqikd af om Edik if w H um oabmwlnD

csufrsm;ESifh udkufnDpGm pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf -
(u) uav;wOD;vkyaf qmifcahJ om tðytrlwpHw k &monf xdt
k ðytrl
ðyvkyfcJhpOftcsdeftcgu xkwfjyefxm;aom EdkifiHawmf odk@r[kwf
EdkifiHwumqdkif&mOya'u wm;jrpfxm;onfh tðytrlr[kwfygu
xdkta=umif;tcsufa=umifh rnfonfhuav;udkrS &mZ0wfr_jzifh
pGypf jGJ cif;/ oHo,&Sad pjcif;ESihf yg0ifywfoufonf[k todtrSwðf y
148
uav;tcGit
jcif;wdk@ rðy&?
(c) &mZ0wfrj_ zifh pGypf jGJ cif;/ oHo,&Sad pjcif;ESihf yg0ifywfoufonf[k
todtrSwfðyjcif;cH&aom uav;rsm;udk tedrfhqHk; atmufyg
tcsufrsm;jzifh tmrcHay;&rnf?
(1) w&m;Oya't& tjypf&adS =umif; rpD&ifrcsi;f tjypfr&S[ d k cH,l
Edkifjcif;/
(2) xdu k av;tay:pGypf cGJ suu f kd csucf si;f ESihf wdu
k ±f u
kd t
f oday;jcif;/
vdt k yfygu uav;.rdb od@k r[kwf w&m;0iftyk x f rd ;f cGi&hf odS l
rsm;rSwqifh today;jcif;/ xd@k jyif xdpk Gypf cGJ suEf iS hf ywfoufI
umuG,af v#mufvEJ ikd &f eftvd@k imS jyifqifrr_ sm;ESihf wifjyr_rsm;
vkyaf qmifEikd &f eftwGuf w&m;Oya't&ESihf tjcm;oifah vsmf
aom tultnDrsm; &&Sad pjcif;/
(3) uav;. toufESihf tajctae/ uav;. rdbjzpfolrsm;
odk@r[kwf w&m;0iftkyfxdrf;olrsm;. ta=umif;t&mwdk@udk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;+yD; uav;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;twGuf
roifhawmf[k ,lq&aom tr_rsKd;rSvJGI useftr_rsm;udk
w&m;Oya't&ESihf tjcm;oifah vsmaf om tultnDrsm;&&S+d yD;
onfhaemuf aESmifhaES;=uef@=umjcif;r&SdbJ t&nftcsif;jynfh/
vGwfvyf+yD; bufvdkufr_r&Sdaom tm%mydkifrsm; odk@r[kwf
w&m;pD&ifa&;XmeuaeI Oya'twdkif; r#wonfh =um;em
ppfaq;r_jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/
(4) twif;t=uyf xGufqdkcdkif;jcif; odk@r[kwf usL;vGefa=umif;
0efcHcdkif;jcif;r&SdbJ wef;wltcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdap&eftwGuf
ESpb f ufpvH;k rS rsujf rifoufaorsm;udk tjyeftvSepf pfaq;jcif;/
uav;.ud, k pf m; rsujf rifoufaorsm;udk ac:,lIyg0ifxu G f
149
uav;tcGit
qdk apjcif;/
(5) tu,fI &mZ0wfru _ sL;vGeo f nf[k owfrw S cf &H ygu xdo k @kd
pD&ifqHk;jzwfr_ESifh xdkpD&ifcsufESifhywfoufonfh tjcm;vkyf
aqmifrr_ sm;udk Oya't& pGr;f aqmifEikd af om/ vGwv f yfaomESihf
bufvu kd rf r_ &Sad om txuftm%mydik f od@k r[kwf ydrk t kd qifjh rifh
aom w&m;pD&ifrX_ meu jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;/
(6) tu,fI uav;onf ±H;k awmfwiG t f oH;k ðyaom bmompum;
ud k em;vnf o abmayguf j cif ; ES i f h ajymqd k E d k i f j cif ; r&S d y gu
bmom jyefukd tcrJ&h &Sad pjcif;/
(7) xdok @kd =um;emppfaq;aeonfu h mvtwGi;f uav;. yk*v ~ u d
ud, k af &;ud, k w f m vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk tjynft h 0av;pm;ay;
jcif;/
(3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;onf &mZ0wfrj_ zifh pGypf jGJ cif;/ oHo,&Sad p
jcif;ESihf yg0ifywfoufonf[k todtrSwðf yjcif;cH&aom uav;rsm;twGuf
txl;oufqdkifonfh Oya'rsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh
Xmersm; ay:aygufvmap&ef tm;ay;&rnf? txl;ojzifh -
(u) &mZ0wfru _ sL;vGejf cif;rajrmuf[k owfrw S If &Edik af om uav;.
tedrq hf ;kH toufukd owfrw S af y;jcif;/
(c) oifah wmf+yD;vdv k m;ygu xdo k @kd aomuav;rsm;tm; w&m;pD&ifa&;
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif;r[kwfbJ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh w&m;a&;
umuG,fay;r_rsm;udk tjynfht0av;pm;I udkifwG,fqufqHjcif;/
(4) xdo
k @kd rsm;jym;pGm&Sad eaom vkyif e;frsm; Oyrm - apmifah &Smufjcif;/
vrf;!$ejf cif;ESihf xdr;f ausmif;jcif;vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfonfh t}uHOm%frsm;ay;jcif;/
150
uav;tcGit
ðyjyifxdrf;odrf;xm;jcif;/ apmifha&Smufay;jcif;rsm;/ ynma&;ESifhoufarG;0rf;
a=umif; oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm; odk@r[kwf
apmifh a&Smufr_yHkpHrsm;onf uav;.b0 om,mcsrf;ajrŒa&;twGuf
oif a h v smf a om yH k p H r sm;jzpf & rnf h t jyif ol w d k @ .tajctaersm;ES i f h
usL;vGefcJhaom tr_rsm; ESpfckpvHk;ESifh tcsKd;wusjzpfap&rnf?
uav;&mZ0wfr+Oya'rsm;
,cktyd'k f (40) . yxrtyd'k cf w GJ iG f &Jwyfz@GJ EiS w

hf &m;a&;pepfw@kd EiS hf
yg0ifywfoufvmaom uav;rsm;tm; rnfuJhodk@qufqH&rnfqdkaom
a,bl , stcsuf r sm;ud k azmf j yxm;onf ? xd k o d k @ aom uav;rsm;ud k
wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u qufqo H nfth cgwiG f uav;.*k%o f u d mQ udk tav;xm;
qufq&H rnfjzpf+yD; uav;taejzifh tjcm;olrsm;. vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk jyefvnfav;pm;wefz;kd xm;vmwwfap&ef &nf±, G v f yk af qmif
&rnf[k Ttydk'fuqdkxm;onf? uav;tm; qufqHr_rsm;tm;vHk;onf
uav;udk aysmf&$ifap+yD; vl@abmiftodkif;t0dkif;udk tusKd;jyKaom vlom;
wa,mufjzpfap&ef &nfreS ;f xm;&rnfjzpfonf? uav;jzpfot l m; rke;f wD;r_/
cg;oD;r_rsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;tm; raygif;oif;vdkawmhonfh oltjzpfrsKd;
ra&mufap&ef owdðyqufq&H rnf? xdyk xrtyd'k w f iG f w&m;pD&ifra_ tmufo@kd
a&muf&v dS maom uav;tm; qufq&H mwGif xdu k av;.touft±G,u f kd
t+rJwrf;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; vrf;jyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh
touf q,fESpft±G,fuav;tm; qufqHyHkESifh toufq,fhig;ESpft±G,f
uav;tm; qufqyH w kH @kd wlnED ikd rf nfr[kwyf g?
'kw,
d tyd'k cf w
GJ iG f w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifrc_ pH m;cGiEhf iS hf ywfouf
151
uav;tcGit
aom tcsurf sm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdt k yd'k cf w
GJ iG f &mZ0wfru
_ sL;vGeo
f nf
[k pGyfpJGcHxm;&aom uav;ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhtjcm;txl;tcGifh
ta&;rsm; &Sdao;onfudk &Sif;jyxm;onf? xdkazmfjyxm;aom tcGifh
ta&;rsm;rSm tjcm; vl@tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif xif&Sm;pGm
azmf j yxm;+yD ; jzpf a om tcG i f h t a&;rsm;jzpf o nf ? usL;vG e f p Of u
&mZ0wfr_rowfrSwfxm;onfh tðytrlrsKd;udk aemufa=umif;jyefw&m;pJG
qdkjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhudk 'kwd,tydk'fcJGwGif awG@Edkifonf? xdk@jyif w&m;
Oya't& pD&ifcsufrcsrcsif; xdkolwGif tjypfr&Sd [laomtcsufudkvnf;
Ttydk'fcJGwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? tpdk;& taejzifh tjypfr&Sdoludk
tjypfray;Edkif&ef ,ckuJhodk@ owfrSwfxm;apjcif; jzpfonf?
uav;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeaom &mZ0wfrr_ sm;tm; vGwv f yf+yD;

bufvu kd rf r_ &Sad om t&nftcsi;f jynfo h nfh w&m;±H;k rsm;uaeI aESmifah ES;
=uef@=umjcif;r&Sb d J pD&ifcsucf srw
S &f rnfjzpfa=umif; xdt k yd'k cf x
GJ YJ yif azmfjy
xm;onf ? t&nf t csif ; jynf h a om[l o nf h p um;. t"d y ` m ,f r S m
w&m;Oya' enf;vrf;wus pD&ifwwfaomw&m;±H;k od@k r[kwf xdu k o hJ @kd aom
XmersK;d udk qdv k o kd nf? w&m;±H;k qdo k nfrmS Oya'u zGiq hf x
kd m;onft h wdik ;f
om pD&ifcsuf csrSwfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdkw&m;±Hk;rsm;onf uav;rsm;.
pd w f c H p m;r_ E S i f h rd o m;pk b0tajctaersm;ud k oabmayguf x m;&ef
vdktyfonf? vGwfvyfaom qdkonfht"dy`m,frSm w&m;pD&ifrnfhw&m;
ol}uD;onf rnfonfhrsufESmudkrS =unfhjcif;r±SdbJ w&m;Oya'/ oufao
taxmuftxm;ESifh xdkta=umif; tcsuf ESpfcktay: rdrdawG@jrifoHk;oyf
pD&ifcsufrsm;udkom =unfhI pD&ifcsufcsjcif;qdkonfh t"dy`m,fjzpfonf?
rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS w&m;ol}uD;tm; rnfodk@pD&iftrdef@cs&efwdkuf
wGe;f jcif;/ aoG;aqmifjcif;/ csed ;f ajcmufjcif;vkycf iG hf r&Sad y? bufvu kd rf r_ &Sad om
152
uav;tcGit
pum;pk.qdkvdk&if;rSm w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf tjrifus,faomoabm&Sd+yD;
tr_pD&if&mwGif udk,fa&;udk,fwmtusKd;pD;yGm; uif;uif;ESifh tr_pD&ifjcif;
jzpfonf?
ud,k af &;ud,
k w
f m vGwv f yfciG uhf v
kd nf; ,cktyd'k cf w GJ iG af zmfjyxm;
onf? uav;ESiyhf wfoufaomxGuq f ckd surf sm;/ &mZ0wfrp_ pkH rf;ppfaq;awG@
&Scd surf sm;/ w&m;av#mufvcJ surf sm;udk trsm;jynfoo l &d adS tmif rxkwjf yef&ef
Ttyd'k w f iG f azmfjyxm;onf? uav;rnforl nf0gjzpfa=umif; od&adS pEdik rf nfh
uav;.trnfrsm;/ "mwfyrkH sm;ESihf tjcm;tcsut f vufrsm;udk wm;jrpfay;
&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@jyifuav;tm;zrf;qD;/ w&m;pJGqdkpD&ifonfh rSwfwrf;
rsm;udv k nf; txl;vHòk cHpmG odr;f qnf;xm;&efvt kd yfonf? xdo k @kd vyk af qmifay;
jcif;tm;jzifh w&m;a&;udprP sm;+yD;qH;k oGm;onft h csed wf iG f xduk av;taejzifh
rdrd. rdom;pkESifh ywf0ef;usifrsm;t=um; tcuftcJ }uD;}uD;rm;rm;r&SdbJ
tvG,w f ul jyefvnfae&mwus aygi;f pnf;oGm;Edik af yrnf?
tyd'k f (40) wGif aemufxyfazmfjyxm;aom tjcm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;

rSm rdrdtm; pGyfpJGxm;csuftm; od&SdcGifhESifh a&S@aejzifhumuG,fav#mufvJ
ydkifcGifh/ pGyfpJGcH&olu rnfonfht&mrS xkwfazmfrajymbJ qdyfqdyfaecGifh/
bmomjyef &&S d c G i f h / vd k t yf y gu t,l c H w if c G i f h p onf w d k @ jzpf o nf ?
uav;a&S@aejzpfol wGifvnf; oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;wifjycGifhESifh
rsufjrifoufaorsm; ac:,lcGifhwdk@ &Sdonf?
tyd'k f (40) . aemufq;kH wwd,tyd'k cf w GJ iG f uav;oli,frsm;twGuf

txl;w&m;Oya'rsm;/ w&m;±H;k vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;/ w&m;±H;k rsm;ESihf Xmersm;
vkdtyfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? &mZ0wfusK;vGefr_udk tjypfay;ta&;
153
uav;tcGit
,lydkifcGifhr&Sdaom toufudkvnf; owfrSwf&efvdktyfa=umif;ESifh t±G,f
ra&mufaom uav;rsm;tm; tr_pD&if&mwGif omrefvkyfxHk;vkyfpOfrsm;
twdik ;f r[kwb kd nf; ,cktyd'k w
f J w&m;pD&if&ef wd@k uv f iG f a&;om;xm;onf?
aemufq;kH tyd'k w
f iG f w&m;Oya'udck sK;d azmufaom uav;rsm;tm;
tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;xuf olwdk@.b0 jyefvnf&Sifoefvmap&eftwGuf
rnfuohJ @kd aom jyefvnfðypkysK;d axmifrr_ sm; vkyaf qmif&rnfukd a&;om;azmfjy
xm;onf?
154

123 Convention On The Rights of The Child

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uav;tcGit

hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyfta-umif; odaumif;p&m

t&G , f a &muf + yD ; jzpf a om ol r sm;. touf o wf r S w f c suf E S i f h

uav;pmcsKyfudk yxrt}udrf rl=urf;qJGpOfu uav;qdkaom

(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf rdrdEdkifiH.w&m;pD&ifxHk; tm%mpuf

(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;. tqifhtwef;/ v_yf&Sm;r_/

uav;oli,frsm; tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f mpmcsKyfwiG f ,cif&cdS +hJ yD;om;

xdkr#ru vlr_tqifhtwef;ESifh ypPnf;OpPm ydkifqdkifr_udk tajccHI

odk@aomf tkyfpktcsKd@tay: tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;xuf uJGjym;pGm ouf

ausmif;0ifciG hf pmar;yJrG sm;ESihf pmar;yJpG pfaq;I trSwjf zifh a±G;cs,f

(1) trsm;jynfoEl iS hf od@k r[kwf yk*v

(3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;onf uav;udk umuG,af y;&efEiS hf apmifh

uav;rsm;tm;umuG,fay;&efwm0efESifh uav;rsm;. taumif;qHk;

Ttydk'fonf txl;tcGifhta&;udk oD;jcm;owfrSwfxm;jcif;

Oya'ðyrÀdKiftaejzifvh nf; uav;rsm;. taumif;qH;k tusK;d tm;

pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;onf ,ck

,cktydk'fwGif uav;rsm;. tcGifhta&;tm; umuG,fay;a&;ESifh

pmcsKyftzJG@EdkifiHrsm;onf uav;.rdbrsm; odk@

uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;pmcsKyft& touf (18) ESpfatmuf

,ckpmydk'fwGif rdbrsm;taejzifh &ifaoG;rsm;tm; pmcsKyfyg tcGifh

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od@k &mwGif rdbrsm;taejzifh rdr&d ifaoG;rsm;udk vrf;!Gex

odk@&mwGif tpdk;&onf rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;tay: vrf;!Gef

,cktyd'k yf g tcsurf sm;udk usio hf ;kH &mwGif rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;

(1) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;

(2) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;

touf&iS &f yfwnfciG Ehf iS hf zHŒG òzd;wd;k wufciG hf

,cktydk'fonf pmcsKyfygtydk'frsm;xJwGif twdkqHk;ESifh t&Sif;qHk;

touf&iS cf iG thf wGuf vkyaf qmifay;&ef [laomtcsuo f nf txuf

tcsKd@olrsm;taejzifh “touf&Sif&yfwnfr_” [laom pum;vHk;

(1) uav;wa,muf o nf arG ;

(2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom uav;.

tyd'k f (&) t& arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,fwikd ;f onf arG;zGm;vm

Ttyd k ' f w G i f uav;i,f w d k i f ; onf arG ; zG m ;onf h t csd e f u pI

tyd'k f (7) wGif uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrw

(1) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;onf Oya'u

(2) uav;wa,muf. ud, k af &;

,ck t yd k ' f w G i f a zmf j yxm;aom uav;rsm;taejzif h rd r d .

tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfxGef;um;vmcJhaom

uav;rsm;. udk,fa&;udk,fwm tcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh

omrefjzpf±dk;jzpfpOf tjzpfrsKd;wGif&Sdaom uav;tawmfrsm;rsm;

rdbrsm; odk@r[kwf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfolrsm;. apmifha&Smufr_udk

(1) pmcsKyf t zJ G @ 0if Ed k i f i H r sm;

(2) txufygtydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;ovdk qHk;jzwfvkyfudkif&awmhrnf

(4) xdkodk@ oD;jcm;cJGcGmap+yD;aemuf tpdk;&u uav;. rdbwOD;OD;

,ciftydk'f (7) wGifuav;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;ESifh wwfEdkifoa&G@

rdbrsm;ESifhuav;jzpfoludk oD;oef@cJGcGmapjcif;wGif ta&;t}uD;

xd@k jyif ,cktyd'k w

xdkuJhodk@ rdbESifhuav;jzpfoltm; woD;wjcm;pDcJGxm;&eftwGuf

tu,fI uav;wOD;udk rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k ESijhf zpfap/ rdcif od@k r[kwf

(1) pmcsKyf. tydk'f (9) tydk'fcJG

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rdbESifh &ifaoG;rsm; wkdkif;jcm;jynfjcm;wGifaexdkifae&ygu

,cktydk'fwGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm;onf

,cktydk'fonf uav;i,frsm;tm; trSefwu,f aumif;rGefpGm

Ed k i f i H w Ed k i f i H t wG i f ; rnf o l 0 if a &muf c G i f h & S d o nf / rnf o l 0 if

,cktydk'fwGif rdbrsm;ESifhuav;i,frsm;onf a&jcm;ajrjcm;EdkifiH

(1) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;rsm;tm; w&m;r0if v$aJ jymif;

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uav;i,ftm; wdkif;jynftwGif;rS w&m;r0ifo,faqmifoGm;jcif;

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rdbESpyf g; uGm&Si;f jywfpv J u

xdok @kd Edik if o