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8
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ajrtenf;i,fom &&Sdonf? ajrtopfonfajra[mif;txufpkdufysKd;vkyfukdif&ef ykdrkdcufcJonf?
r=umc%qko d vkd jyefvnfae&mcsxm;cHorl sm;onf v,f,mvkyif ef;/ ig;zrf;vkyif ef; ESihf wd&pd m> efarG;jrLa&; vkyif ef;wGif
,cifuvkdrvkyfaqmifEkdifyg? wcgw&Ha&umwmaqmufvkyfolrsm;ub0topftwGufaps;uGufwGif a&mif;csEdkifwJh
oDESH rsm;ukdpkdufysKd;&ef tm;ay;onf? okd@aomfjim;vnf; 'kuQa&muf=u&onf//
u|erf cav;
vlrsm;onf av#mfa=u;tvkHtavmufr&&Sdyg// awGudk au|;arG;bk@d
olw@dk a&umwm u|erf rSm aiGtvkt H
av#maf =u;onf vlawGq;Hk ¶H;_ r_twGuf aiGo@dk aqmufwek ;f u avmufr&Syd g//
r[kwf ypPnf;jzifh tpm;jyefay;jcif;ukdqkdvkd u|erf &wJah iG[m
onf? vlawGu aiGjzifh av#maf =u;&onft h cg 'gtm;vk;H ygb/J /
rsm;aomtmjzifh 4if;aiGjzifh toufarG;0rf;
a=umif;vkyu f idk &f ef rvkaH vmufyg? tu,fI
vlawGuaiGa=u;aumif;pGmrok;H pGJ wwfaom
a=umifhaiGukd=um&SnfcHatmifrnfokd@ðyvkyf
&rnfurdk od=uyg?
11
¿ a&umwmatmufykdif;&Sd vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm.xdckdfufr_rsm;
aumuf y J o D ; ES H e nf ; yg;vmjcif ;
b&mZD;vfEikd if w
H u
k &l D a&umxmatmufyikd ;f aqmuf+yD;aemuf tedryfh ikd ;f wGif ig; 60
&mE_e;f av#meh nf;oGm;um ,cktcg ig;zrf;olenf;yg;oGm;onf? aumuf y J o D ; ES H zsuf q D ; jcif ; a=umif h v l a wG
'kuQa&mufEdkifonf a&pD;vrf;a=umif;ajymif;
oG m ;jcif ; onf a&umwmatmuf y k d i f ; &S d
jrpfurf;yg;ukd wkdufpm;oGm;EkdifjyD; wcgw&Hjrpfurf;yg;&Sd ajrrsm; jcHrsm;ESifhoDESHrsm; ukdwkdufpm;oGm;onf//
12
vufqkdwkd vl@tzJG@tpnf;rS qif;&Jr_udk wkdufzsufjcif;
13
tcef; 3
tjynfjynfqkdif&m a&umwmqefusifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
a&on
a&;tw f tou&f iS f
u
G f jzpo
f n?f
f
v#maf =u;csu
a ?
csi;f ay;
a&umwmqef@usiv f y_ &f mS ;olrsm;onf a&umwmudk qef@usiaf &;twGu4f if;wk@d .tawG@t}uHzvS,&f efEiS Ahf sL[ma&;
qG&J eftwGuf tjynfjynfqidk &f mtpnf;ta0; 2 ckudk vkyaf qmifEidk cf o hJ nf? 1997 ESpw
f iG f Ekid if H 20 rS v_y&f mS ;olrsm;onf
b&mZDvf;EkdifiHwGif awG@qkH+yD; 2003 ckESpfwGif EkdifiH 61 EdkifiHrS v_yf&Sm;ol (300) cef@ xkdif;EkdifiHwGifawG@qkHcJh=uonf//
Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf qufvuf=uD;xGm;vm+yD; ykdrkdt&Sdefaumif;vmonf?
14
¿ a&umwmv_yf&Sm;olrsm;.atmifjrifr_rsm;
wnf a qmuf r !f h a &umwm av#mh e nf ; vmonf
a&umwmwnfaqmufr_ &yfwef@a&;v_yf&Sm; olrsm;onfykdrkdatmifjrifvm+yD; ,
ck t cg ,cif u xuf E S d i f ; ,S O f v #if a&umwmtenf ; i,f o mwnf a qmuf j zpf
=uonf ? a&umwmqef @ usif r _ jrif h r m;vmonf h t wG u f tpk d ; &uk d , f w k d i f y if
a&umwm pDrHcsufrsm;ukd &yfqkdif;vkduf&onf?
15
&Gm;om;rsm;u &mqDpvkdif (Rasi Salai) a&umwmwGif atmifyGJ&&Sdjcif;?
ouU&mZf 2000 ckwiG f xkid ;f Ekid if H &mqDp
vkid af &umwmukd t+rJziG v
hf u
dk of nf? 4if;
onf a&umwm ab;cHae&olrsm;.
=uD;rm;onhf atmifyGJwckjzpfonf?
olw@dk .awmif;qkrd u
_ v
dk rl sm;tm&kpH u
dk v
f m&eftwGuf a&umwma&avSmifuef {&d,m&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGif qENjyonf?
tcsKd@qENjyolrsm;onf a&umwmae&mukd ,lvkduf+yD; wHcg;rzGifhrjcif;'DuaexGufoGm;rSm r[kwf[kqkdonf?
ae&mwckwGif qENjyolrsm;onf jrifhvmonfha&.0kdif;&Hjcif;ukd cH&onf? 4if;onf ESpfESifhcsD=umonf//
atmif j rif r _ a wG v m; - 'gayrJ h a &umwmawG [ m vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; awG u d k +cd r f ; ajcmuf a eqJ j zpf o nf ?
}uD;rm;wJhatmifjrifr_twGuf r[mzGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHudef;awG vkyfp&mawGtrsm;}uD;usefygao;w,f?
urBmEh ikd if rH sm;utpd;k &rsm;onftusKd ;,kwf apr!fh a&umwmrsm;udk aqmufvyk af eqJjzpfonf? vltrsm;tjym;onf a&umwmESihf
a&avSmifuefa=umifhtdk;tdrfESifh ajr,mrsm; qHk;&H_;&onf? =oZm}uD;o!fh tpdk;&rsm;/ b%frsm;/ ukr%
` Drsm;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;b%frsm;onf
a&umwmrsm; ydkaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;}uD;rsm; &Sdae=uonf?
- qd;k usKd ;ayr!fah &umwmrsm;udk qef@usif wm;qD;&ef wd@k tm;pdu
k =f u&rnf?
- yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmif=u&rnf? wOD;udw
k OD; tultnDay;&rnf? a&umwm'%fc&H olw@kd . tcGit
hf a&;udk umuG,&f ef tjyef
tvSefavhvm=u&rnf?
- vlxtk m;ESihf a&wmwmudk qef@usiv
f #if tpd;k &ESihu
f rk %
` w
D @kd twGuf tcuftcJrsm;}uHKum ywf0ef;usi&f dS vlrsm;xdcu
kd rf rkS S
uif;ayrnf?
16
tcef; 4
a&umwmukd rnfokdqefusifrnfenf;
a&umwmukdqef@usifzdk@ ukd,fhtcGifhta&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifzdk@oiftrsm;}uD;vkyfEkdifygonf? yxrajcvSrf;taejzifh
a&umwmESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ukd,hfvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;tay:rnfokd@ tusKd;oufa&mufEdkif
onfponfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd pkaqmif;&ayvdrhfrnf? ukd,fbmvkyfcsifovJ/bmvkyfEkdifw,f qkdwm
pOf;pm;tajz xkwf&rnf? +yD;&ifukd,hf&J@v_yf&Sm;r_u ukd,fvkdcsifonfh yef;wkdifqDwGef;ykd@oGm;vdrfhrnf? 'gukdv_yf&Sm;r_
[kac:onf?
Ttcef;wGif enf;AsL[mukd rnfo@dk a&;qG&J rnfudk t}uHjyKxm;ygonf? a&umwmwnfaqmufrnfh tqifw h idk ;f wGif
h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;ukt
oif&efðyvkyEf ikd rf !fv d =urf;zsi;f a&om;xm;onf? aemufq;Hk wGif a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;. tqifh
3 qifhukdazmfjyxm;+yD; tqifhwkdif;wGif ukd,fvkyfaqmifEkdifrnfh vkyfaqmifrSKukdazmfjyxm;ayonf//
wdk@ajrrSm
a&umwm raqmuf&?
m
a&umw
a&umwm wdk@jrpfawGudk tvdkr&S
d?
apmifah &Smuf=u?
wdk@jrpfawGudk
a&umwm
tvdkr&Sd?
rwfv 14 &ufae@onf
EdkifiHwum a&umwm
qef@usifa&;ae@jzpfonf?
17
¿ v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;?
1? tcsuf t vuf p k a qmif ; yg?
a&umwmonf ukd,fvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh jrpfukd rnfokd@xdckdufEkdifonfukdem;vnfzdk@ ta&;}uD;ayonf? uGif;qif;avh
vmjcif;jzifh a'ocHtzGJ@0ifrsm;rStcsuftvufrsm;ukd pkaqmif;Ekdfifonf? tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;/ wuUokdvf
okawoerª;rsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;u oifhukd tulnDay;Ekdifonf? pOf;pm;Edkifzdk@tcsKd@ar;cGef;rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;onf?
} oifbmukd atmifjrifcsifovJ?
} a&umwmukd &yfoGm;apcsifovm;?
} av#mfa=u;rsm;rsm;vkdcsifovm;?
} oif h v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; uk d xd c k d u f r nf h a&
umwmES i f h y wf o uf + yD ; qk H ; jzwf o nf h
udpPrSm oifyg0ifcsifovm;?
oif.yef;wkid t fd nf awmif;qkd csuf ok@d r[kwf
f a=umif;ukd oif.twdik ;f t0kid ;f ESihf taotcsm aqG;aEG;yg? oif.yef;wko
v_y&f mS ;r_tjzpfo@dk ajymif;vJomG ;ayvdrrhf nf? Oyrm -Oug0mS efa&umwm &yfyg Oug0mS efudk vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGuf
ykdrkdav#mfa=u;ay;yg//
3? rnfolur[mrdwfjzpf+yD; rnfolu&efoljzpfoenf;?
r[mrdww f nfaqmufa&;onf ta&;}uD;onfv h y_ &f mS ;enf;r_AsL[mwckjzpfonf? uk, d vhf y_ &f mS ;r_urdk nfou l ulnED idk rf nf
ud k p Of p m;yg?oif . atmif j rif r _ o nf o if . twd k i f ; t0k d i f ; &S d v l r sm; omref j ynf o l v l x k r sm;ES i f h t jcm;tzG J @ rsm;.
axmufcHray:wGif rlwnfaeayonf?
ukd,fhukdqef@usifr!hfolukdpOf;pm;yg? ukd,fhukdqef@usifrnfhol.tm;enf;csuf/tm;omcsufrsm;ukd&Smyg? olwkd@oifukd
bmawGqef@usifvmEdkifrvJqkdwmpOfpm;yg? ukd,fhukdqef@usifrnfholrsm;onf ukd,fhtwdkif;t0dkif;r[kwfonfholrsm;/
tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;/ a&umwmwnfaqmufrnfholrsm;ESifh a&umwmtwGufaiGa=u;xkwfay;r!fholrsm;yg0ifonf?
18
4? ukd,f.t"duypfrSwfu rnfoljzpfoenf;?
ukd,fvkdcsifwmudk ay;Edkifonfhvlukd pOf;pm;yg? a&umwmukdrnfolutqkH;tjzwfay;aeovJ? tpkd;&jzpfEdkifovkd
a&umwmwnfaqmufo!fh ukr% ` vD nf;jzpfEidk w f ,f? 'grrS [kwzf HG òz;a&;b%fvdk aiGa=u;tzG@J tpnf;vnf;jzpfEikd yf gw,f?
'g[mypf r S w f v k d @ ac:w,f ? =oZmvG r f ; rk d ; zd k @ tvG , f u l q k H ; ypf r S w f u b,f t &mvJ ? wu,f v k d @ ud k , f h t pk d ; &uk d
=oZmv$rf;rkd;zdk@rvG,fulbl;qkdvkd&Sd&ifaqmufvkyfwJh aiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;awGuykdrdkvG,fulayvdrfhrnf?
5? oifyh pfrw S .
f pdwuf akd jymif;oGm;atmifrnfonfh
enf;AsL[mrsm;oHk;rnfenf;?
oifypfrwS af y;xm;onfv h l pdwaf jymif;+y;D oif.vSKy&f mS ;
r_vdkajzmif;jzrnfenf;? tpD&ifcHpmxkwfv#if olwdk@pdwf
ajymif;rnfavm? ygvrD efrmS v_y&f mS ;&if ykx
d ad &mufrnfavm?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh atmifjrifq;Hk aomv_y&f mS ;r_onf v_y±f mS ;
r_rsm;aygif;+yD;ðyvkyfaom vkyf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
twGuf tcsdefZ,m;owfrSwfyg? v_yf&Sm;r_wkdif;rSmb,fol
wm0ef&o dS vJqw dk mvlwidk ;f em;vnfatmif taotcsm&Si;f
jyyg? 'g[mv_yf&Sm; r_&J@enf;AsL[m jzpfw,f//
6? oif.v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf bm&HykHaiGvkdtyfovJ?
pnf;&kH;jcif;/ csDwufqENjyjcif;/ uGefAsLwmESifhtifwmeuf&,ljcif;/ w,fvDzkef;ESifh ykHESdyfjcif; ponfhvSKyf&Sm;r_wkdif;ukd
taxmufulðy&eft&if;tjrpfvkdtyfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf olwkd@tzGJ@0ifrsm;.tvªaiGay:wGif&yf
wnfvm=uonf? azmifaw;&Sif;/ tvSL&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh ukd,fhEdkfifiHrS tjcm;olrsm;onfaiGvªolrsm; jzpfonf?
tu,fIaiG&mS zd@k vt dk yfvm&ifu, dk Ehf ikd if &H dS t}uD;pm; NGOs xH usKd ;pm;qufo,
G yf g? aiG&mS zd@k enf;vrf;rsm;udk olw@dk
ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf//
igwdk@&Jvkyfief;
tpDtpOfawGukd &yfuGuf tpnf;ta0;
xJuvlawGudk ajymjybk@d udpPukd a=umfjimzdk@
tpnf;a0;wck u|efawmf ykdpfpwm
ðyvkyfr,f? pkdufxlr,f
u|efawmfwkd@ukd
axmufcHrcH odEkdifzdk@
a'oE W&owif;pmawGehJ
qufoG,f=unfhr,f
uk,
d &f @J vyk if ef;tpDtpOfudk tm;vk;H em;vnfEikd af tmif a'ocHtzG@J pnf;rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yg?
19
¿ a&umwmqef @ usif o nf h ta&;}uD;o!fhenf;AsL[mrsm;?
tcsKd @ enf ; AsL[mrsm;onf a&umwmwnf a qmuf o nf h tqif h w k d i f ; wG i f x d a &muf o nf ? atmuf a z: jyyg
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf oif.v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tokH;ðyEdkif
ygonf?
v$wfa
wmf pnf ; &k H ; ygvH _ @ aqmf y g?
a&umwm
tvdkr&Sd? uk,
d v hf y_ &f mS ;r_ta=umif;ukd vlawGaxmufcv H matmif
vl x k u k d p nf ; &k H ; v_ H a qmf y g? uk d , f h & J @ atmif j rif r _ [ m
vl a wG u k d r nf r #pk p nf ; Ed k i f o !f h t ay:rS m rl w nf a e
wdk@b0udk
rzsufpD;eJ@/
ayonf? tpdk;&ESifha&umwmwnf aqmufolawGu
uk d , f t zG J @ 0if t csif ; csif ; jy\em jzpf a tmif z ef ; wD ;
avh&o dS nf? uk, d t hf zG0J iftwGi;f uk, d t hf odik ;f t0kid ;f ukd
nD!Gwfatmif wnfaqmufxm;EkdifvSsif a&umwm
aqmufvkyfolawGu oifwkd@udkuGJatmifrvkyfEkdifyg?
owif;tcsuftvufjzef@a0yg
a&umwmESi4hf if;.tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;
ukdvlxktm&kHpkdufvm&eftwGuf vuf
a&umwm[m/
urf;pmapmif/ ykdpfpwm/ tpD&ifcHpmp zGH@jzdK;a&; vm; ?
onfrsm;ukd ðyvkyyf g/ 4if;ypPn;f rsm;ukad & zsufpD;a&;vm;
vm=u!fhyg?
umwmab;'%fcHae&o!fhvlrsm;/ om
refjynforl sm;/ vltcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;ol
rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usiftcGifhta&;
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;ukd
jzef@a0ay;oifhonf? 'Denf;[m ukd,f&J@
awmif;qkdcsufukdazmfxkwfzdk@taumif;
qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfonf//
20
owif;rD'D,mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyg?
ukd,fay;csifo!fh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
ukd a&'D,kd/ owif;pmESifhwDAGDudktokH;ðy+yD;
jzef@jzL;yg? 'g[mukd,hf&J@awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd
em;axmifzdk@ tpkd;&ukdzdtm;ay;zdk@ tult
nDay; ygvrd rhf nf? owif;orm;rsm; ESiahf wG@
qHk+yD; 'Dta=umif;ESifh qifwlonfhtwdwfu
jzpfcJhonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ukd,ft
a=umif;ukd ajymjyyg? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJðy
vkyyf g? uk, d vhf y_ &f mS ;onfh ae&mok@d owif;
orm;rsm;uk d z d w f y g? uk d , f . v_ y f & S m ;r_ t
a=umif;ukd owif;orm;qD rSerf eS t f a=umif;
=um;yg/ uk, d . f owif;b,fvjdk zef@jzL;rnfudk
tjcm; NGOs/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;awGqD
tultnD awmif;yg?
Oya'a=umif;t& w&m;pGJyg?
a&umwmukd &yfwef@atmifvyk o f nfjzpfap/ av#maf =u;yk&d &Sad tmifvyk o
f nfjzpfap wcgw&H Oya' a=umif;t& w&m;
pGEJ idk o
f nf? a&umwmaqmufvyk o
f rl sm; rnfonfah e&mrSm Oya'csK;d azmufwmukd Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f +yD;&Smyg?
Oya'ynm&SiftzGJ@}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tca=u;aiGr,lbJ apwemESifh vkyfay;Edkifonf?
tjcm;jzpfEikd af jc&So
d nft
h pDtpOfudk tqdðk yyg?
tjcm;jzpfEkdifajc&SdonfhtpDtpOfukd tqdkðyEkdifzdk@twGuf twwfodynm&Sifrsm;ukd tultnDawmif;yg/ (tcef; 5
wG i f quf v uf a zmf j yxm;ygonf ? )
21
a&umwmukd &yfwef@&eftwGuf b&mZD;vfEkdifiHom;rsm; pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifjcif;?
a&onf
/f
tou&f iS af &;twGu
f?
o w f j zw f & ef r [ k w
yDvm;
a&umwm
xGufoGm;?
a&umwm
tvdkr&Sd?
yDvm; a&umwm
xGufoGm;?
1990 ckepfwiG f b&mZD;vfEidk if H rDewf*s&D mpf (Minas Gerais) jynfe,f&dS yD&mrf*g (Piranga) jrpfwiG f }oZm&So
d nfh
EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%Dwcku a&umwmwck wnfaqmufvkdonf? 4if;a&umwmonf v,f,mrdom;pk (133) pk
ajymif; a&$@cH&+yD;ig;zrf;vkyfief;ysufpD;oGm;onf? a&vrf;a}umif; ajymif;vJoGm;ojzifh a&umwmatmufykdif;&Sd
axmifaygif;rsm;pGGm&Sdaeaom vlrsm;udkxdckdufEkdfifonf//
NGOs rsm;ESihf okawoejyKpkorl sm;u a&umwmESiyhf wfouf+yD; olw@dk avhvmawG@&cdS surf sm;ukd vlxek m;vnf
atmif&iS ;f jyonf? a&umwmaqmufvyk o f w
l @dk .w&m;0ifawG@&cdS suEf iS hf olw@dk .uk,
d w
f ikd t
f jrifrsm;ESihf E_id ;f ,SOzf @kd
twGuf v,form;rsm;tm; tultnDay;onf?
22
xkdif;&Gmom;rsm.okawoeðycsufrsm;
uk,
d b
hf mom b,fvdk okawoeðyvkyrf vJ?
tqifh 1? Tvkyfief;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;o!fhvltm;vkH;ESifh tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfyg? a&umwm.'%fcH&onfh
&Gmrsm;rS vlrsm;rsm;yg0ifEkdifatmif zdwfac:yg? ukd,fhb0twGuf jrpftay:wGif b,fvkdrSDwnfae
w,fqkdwm ajymqkd+yD; bmokawoevkyfcsifwmukd qkH;jzwfyg?
tqifh 2 // okawoevky&f eftwGuf tzG@J rsm;zG@J yg? tzG@J wikd ;f wGif a'o u|r;f usio f rl sm;yg0ifxnfo h iG ;f oifo
h nf?
Oyrm-ig;ES i f h y wf o uf o nf h o k a woevk y f i ef ; wG i f y g0if & ef v k d t yf o vk d / [if ; oD ; [if ; &G u f
pkdufysKd;olrsm;uvnf; jrpfurf;wav#uf&Sd +cHrsm;ukd okawoevkyfoifhonf//
tqifh 3? okawoejyKvky&f efrnfonfeh nf;emrsm; tok;H ðyrnfudk qk;H jzwfyg? atmufwiG f t}uHOm%ftcsK@d ay;
xm;onf? ig;vkyfief;/ jrpfukd Zkeftvkdfuf ykdif;jcm;+yD; Zkefwkdfif;wGif okawoejyKzdk@tzGJ@zGJ@ay;yg/
ig;awGzrf;rdwkdif; ig;trsKd;pm;ukdpkaqmif;yg? ig;trsKd;pm;rsm;ukd a'otac:ta0:tvkduf pkaqmif;
Ekdifzdk@twGuf tpnf;ta0;vkyfyg? ig;awG.aexkdifusufpm;ykH/ig;t&G,ftpm;/ tav;csdef ponfh
ta=umif;ukd aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fIoifrh mS uifr&m&Sv d #if zrf;rdonfh ig;trsK;d pm;wkid ;f ukd "gwyf &Hk u
dk yf g/
"gwyf u Hk dk pmtkyw
f iG f uyfxm;jyD; 4if;ig;ESihf ywfoufonft h csutf vuf tm;vk;H ukd "gwyf aHk tmuf
wGif a&;xm;yg? jrpfurf;yg;&Sd O,Ofrsm;? jrpfukda'oZkeftvkdfuf ykdif;jcm;+yD; Zkefwkdfif;wGif&Sdonfh
+cHrsm;ukd wkid ;f xGmyg/ +cHurdk nfoyl idk /f bmawGpu
dk yf sK;d +yD; [if;oD[if;&Guaf wGudk rnfo@dk a&mif;cstoH;k
onf (okd@r[kwf) tpm;pmtwGuf (yHk) ponfwkd@ukd a&;rSwf&ygrnf? tu,fIa&mif;csygu
aiGrnfr#&onfudk a&;rSwyf g?
tqif h 4// awG @ &S d c suf r sm;uk d rS w f w rf ; wif y g? 4if ; uk d t ok H ; cs+yD ; 'D t a=umif ; tqk H ; jzwf a y;ol t ay:
rnfokd@rnfyHkv$rf;rkd; &rvJqkdwm qkH;jzwfyg//
23
¿ a&umwmaqmufonfhtqifhwkdif;wGif oifbmvkyfEkdifoenf;?
tcef; 1? jyifqifa&;umvonf
2 ESpfrS 20 ESpftxd okd@r[kwf 'Dtxufykd
=umEkdifonf?
24
'DtqifhrSm bmawGvkyfEkdifovJ?
tu,fI a&umwmonf oif.vl@tzG@J pnf;ukd xdcu dk af p+yD; 4if;pDru
H ed ;f ukd &yfwef@vydk gu Ttqifo
h nf taumif;
qk;H jzpfonf? a'oE mW & Oya'wGif uk, d &f @J tcGit
hf a&;bmawG&o dS nfudk avhvmyg? Ta&umwmonf rnfot l usK;d &S+d yD;
rnfoltusKd;,kwfonfukd tacswif aqG;aEG;Ekdif&eftwGuf vltrsm;em;axmifEdkifonfh tpnf;a0;wckudkjyKvkyf
ay;zd@k tpk;d &ukad wmif;qkyd g? a&umwmudk &yfwef@z@kd twGuf Oya'vrf;a=umif;t& vkyaf qmifyg? a&umwm tjyif
tjcm;ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfhenf;vrf;rsm;ESifh av#mfa=u;rsm;ykdrkd&&dS&eftwGuf ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh vufwGJvkyfukdif+yD; 4if;ukd
vlxkokd@xkwfa0yg? oif.v_yf&Sm;r_ua&umwmukd&yfwef@oGm;atmifvkyfEkdifo!fhwkdif tpkd;&ujyefaqmufzkd@wefjyef
pmcsKyfjzifh upm;ayvdrfhrnf? a&&Snfv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ckdifrmonfhr[mrdwfzGJ@zdk@ta&;}uD;ayvdrfhrnf?
uk d , f y k d i f a vh r _ v k y f y g
vlxu k jrpftay:rnfo@dk rw DS nfaeonfudk avhvmr_rjyKvkyyf J rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&umwmukd wnfaqmufavh&o dS nf?
tu,f I a&umwmwnf a qmuf y gu bmawG q k H ; &_ H ; ysuf p D ; oG m ;onf u k d rS w f w rf ; rS w f & mrsm; twd t usr
&So
d !ft h wGuf vlrsm;u av#maf =u;tjynft h 0&&S&d ef enf;onf? xk@d a=umifh vlrsm; jrpftay: rnfo@dk trSðD yaewmqkw d m
rSww f rf;twdtus jyKvky&f eftvGet f a&;}uD;ayonf? uGi;f qif;avhvmr_onf a&umwma=umifh xdcu dk yf supf ;D r_rsm;ukd
rD;armif; xk;d jyonf? xkid ;f &Gmom; rsm;onf xkid ;f &Gmom;rsm;. okawoejyKcsuf [kac:aom okawoevkyaf qmifr_
ukd okawoeðy enf;vrf;tjzpf ajymif;vJ&efjyKvkyfEkdifonf?
25
tqifh 2// wnfaqmufjcif;
umvtm;jzifh 5 ESprf S 15 ESpt
f xd =umonf? a&umwm wnfaqmufonfh tcg rSe;f xm;onft fh csed x
f u=umwwf
onf? wcgw&H 'gawG[m enf;ynmtcufcJa=umifh okd@r[kwf vmbfpm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfEdlifonf?
TtqifhrSm bmawGjzpfysufvmovJ?
a&umwmaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;pOfonf trsm;aomtm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
1? a&v$Ja&umwm - if;onfa&umwmt 5? a&avSmifuef - 4? yifr&umwm aqmufjcif;-
ao;pm;jzpfonf?jrpfa&pD;a=umif;udkajymif; a&umwmaqmuf+yD;aomtcg a&avSmifuefudk yifra&umwm qnfaqmuf&mwGiEf pS af ygi;f
vJ a ponf ? if ; ud k a &umwmaqmuf r !f h rsm;pGm=umwwfonf?
a&jz!fh&m wcgw&H wpfESpfru =umwwfonf?
ae&mudak &r0if&efwm;qD; xm; jcif; jzpfonf?
TtqifhrSm bmawGvkyfEkdifoenf;?
a&umwm pwifwnfaqmufae+yDjzpfaomfvnf; oif.a&umwmqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifEkdifao;onf?
a&umwmudk &yfwef@zdk@av#mfa=u;ykdrdk&Ekdifzdk@ESifh pDrHcsufukd aumif;atmifvkyfzdk@oifvkyfaqmifEdkifao;onf?
ukd,fhv_yf&Sm;r_ukd qufvkyfzdk@omv#if ta&;}uD;onf//
qENjyjcif;?
Ttqif h w G i f a&umwmwnf a qmuf a &;vk y f i ef ; &yf w ef h z d k @ twG u f tcsKd @ tzG J @ rsm;onf qEN j yyd w f q k d @ jcif ; ES i f h
tjcm;aomt=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukdjyKvkyfavh&Sdonf? tu,fI 'gukd oifrvkyfEkdifv#if wnfaqmuf
a&;vkyfief;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOfukd apmifh=uyfpDppfyg? tu,fI tpkd;& okd@r[kwf a&umwm
aqmufvyk f olrsm;u olw@dk ajymovkd rvkyb
f ;l qkv
d #if olw@dk uwday;xm;onft h wkid ;f vkyaf qmifz@dk qENjyjcif;ESihf
tjcm;vky&f mS ;r_rsm; vkyEf idk o
f nf/
TtqifhtwGif;rnfodk@aom t&mrsm;jzpf
rnfenf;?
a&umwm a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmuf+yD;aemuf ESpfrsm;=umvm
tvd k r &S d ? jrpfudk
rwm;&? v#i4f if;wd@k onf pwifysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f vmonf? wpfcsK@d
wdk@jrpfawGudkumuG,f=u? a&odak vSmifuefrsm;udk tenftepfrsm;jzifh tcsed w f w
kd kd
jrpfukd twGif; jznfhoGm;onf? tcsKd@qdkv#if pdwfcsavmuf
rwm;&? atmifrcdkifcHhawmhay? tcsKd@qdkv#if ysufpD;oGm;Edkif
onf?
27
*GmwDrmvmwGif a&umwmvkyfaqmifykH ajymif;vJatmifðyvkyfEdkif&efawmif;qdkjcif;?
*GmwDrmvm jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif; tpdk;&onf rm,m
tmacs;csf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;aexdkifonfh rm,mtmacs; a&umwmwnfaqmufcJhvdk@ t&m
e,fwGif csDZGKdifa&umwmudk aqmufvkyfcJhonf? 1982 ckepf tm;vHk;zsufqD;jcif;cH&w,f? 'ga=umifh
cav;rsm;tem*wfaumif;rGefa&;eJ@ b0
a&umwmaqmufvkyf&eftwGuf ajymif;a&G@ay;&efjiif;qef tmrcHcsuf&Sda&;twGuf jyifqifay;&ef
aom vlrsm;rS vlaygi;f (40) cef@ukd ppfom;wpfyikd ;f t&yfom; awmif;qdkygw,f?
wpfydkif;olawGuowfjzwfcJhonf? vlaygif; 3500 ausmf
olwdk@.ajr,mrsm;rS t"rRajymif;a&$@cJh&onf? vlaxmif
aygif;rsm;pGm olwdk@.tdrfajrESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rsm;
qkH;&_H;cJhonf?
touf&Sifusefolrsm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tvGefqif;&JcsKd@
wJph mG aexdik cf &hJ ayr,fh w&m;r#wr_twGuf awmif;qdrk u _ rkd &yf
wef@EdkifcJhay? ,ckwGif epfemqkH;&SKH;cJh&olrsm;onf olwdk@.
vlra_ &;qdik &f m &ky0f wWKqdik &f mESihf pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f mqk;H &_;H r_rsm;
udak wmif;qdak e =uonf?
epfemqk;H &_;H cJo
h rl sm;onf wpfcsK@d tif*st
D Ekd iS o
hf ak woDrsm;ESihf twly;l aygi;f +yD; obm0ywf0ef;usi/f obm0t&if;
tjrpfrsm;/ qif;&HrGJawr_ESifh tpm&&Sdr_tay: xdcdkufaponfh a&umwm. qdk;usKd;qufudk avhvmxm;onfh
rSwfwrf;rsm;jzifh jyKpkjyD;jzef@a0cJhonf? rm,mtmacs;csfrsm; bmudkqkH;±_H;cJh&onfESifh bma=umifhav#mfa=u;aiG&
xdkufonfudk azmfjy&ef Tavhvmcsufu taxmuftuljyKcJhonf?
2004 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;onf qENjyqef@usirf }_ uD;wpfcu k kd a&umwmwnfaqmufrnfh
ae&mwGufðyvkyfcJhonf? ESpf&uf=um a&umwmudkodrf;ydkufxm;+yD;aemuf tpdk;&onf av#mfa=u;aiGay;
aqmifjcif;twGu! f ESd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;&ef aumfr&Siw
f pf&yfz@JG pnf;&ef oabmwlco
hJ nf? aumfr&Si.
f yxrqk;H aqGaEG;yGu
J kd
2005 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf?
tpkvkduftykHvdkuf owfjzwfr_rS vGwfajrmufvmol p&pfpwdkabm tdkqdkvD,dk qef;acs;Zfu av#mfa=u;ay;
aqmifjcif;onf u|efawmfwdk@.oduQmudk jyefq,f&efESifh u|efawmfwdk@.tcGifhta&;ESifh &dk;&mtarGtESpfudk
tav;xm; todtrSwðf yr_ukd azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf? av#maf =u;ay;aqmifjcif;qdo k nfrmS vlawG.tvkyv f yk Ef ikd f
pGr;f &nfujkd rSiw
hf if&ef/ vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f tusK;d twGuf pDru H ed ;f rsm;udk azmfaqmif&efEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ rdom;pkEiS hf
b0udk jyefnw f nfaqmufjcif;twGuf ay;aqmifEikd jf cif;udk qdv k okd nf? av#maf =u;ay;aqmifjcif;onf vlawGukd
tem*gwf&Sdao;onf[k odjrifcHpm;aponf? b0udk taumif;jrifzdk@yg [k tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf owfjzwfr_rS
vGwaf jrmufvmol p&pfpwdak bm tdq k v
kd ,
D kd qef;acs;Zf ajymqdck o hJ nf?
- b,fvdkav#mfa=u;rsdK;onf
oifwdk@twGuf vHkavmufrvJ?
aqG;aEG;p&m ar;cGef;rsm; - - oifwdk@udkav#mfa=u;ay;&r!fh
ol[m tpdk;&vm;/
a&umwm.'%fudkcH&oljzpfv#ifa&um a&umwmtwGufaiGpdkufxkwfol
wm pvkyfpOfupI bmawGqHk;±_H; wwfygovJ? vm;?
- av#mfa=u;&&ef rnfodk@
vkyfaqmifrnfenf;?
28
tcef ; (5)
{&mra&umwm}uD;rsm;tpm; tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;
pGrf;tifESifha&v$rf;rdk;r_rS umuG,fjcif;udk jynfolrsm;tm;ay;aqmif&mrS xdkxufaumif;rGefaom tjcm;enf;
rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? 4if;enf;rsm;onf {&mra&umwm}uD;rsm;xuftcgtm;av#mfpGmaps;E_ef;csdKomI jrefjref
qefqefwnfaqmufEdkif+yD; obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrsm;twGufvnf; xdcdkufr_enf;yg;aponf?
urBmwpf0Srf;&Sda&umwma=umifh xdcdkufepfemoGm;aom vl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfo!fhtzGJ@ tpnf;
(NGO)rsm;onf {&mra&umwm}uD ; rsm;tpm; jzpf E d k i f a jc&S d a om tjcm;tpm;xd k ; enf ; vrf ; rsm;ES i f h o uf
qdkifaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;=u+yD;jzpfygonf? ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomenf;vrf;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf
4if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tokH;ðy+yD; olwdk@. tpdk;&rsm;udk zdtm;ay;cJh=uonf? olwdk@. }udK;pm;tm;xkwfr_onf
tE &W m,f rsm;+yD; rvdt
k yfaoma&umwmrsm;wnfaqmufru _ kd wm;qD;&ef &yfwef@Eikd &f ef taxmuftulðycJ=h uonf?
Ttcef;wGif u|efawmfwdk@onf a&umwmtpm; jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom tjcm;tpm;xdk;enf;vrf;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;+yD;
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;rsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf tpdk;&r[kwfo!fhtzGJ@tpnf; (NGOs) ESifh vl@r_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;. vk y f a qmif a tmif j rif c J h a omv_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;ud k v nf ; tav;ay;azmf j yxm;onf ? oif & nf & G , f x m;aom
v_y&f mS ;r_EiS o
hf ifah v#maf omjzpfEikd af jc&So
d nft
h jcm;tpm;xd;k r_rsm;ESiq hf ikd af om enf;vrf; (Idea) rsm; Ttcef;rS&&Sv d rd hf
rnf [ k ar#mf v if h y gonf ? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf a'owpf c k p D t vd k u f rwl n D a om vd k t yf c suf r sm;&S d y gonf ?
oifha'otwGuf taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;udk oifudk,fwdkif azmfxkwfa&G;cs,f &rSmjzpfonf?
okH;pGJr_udkav#mhcs
29
aqmuf v k y f + yD ; aom a&umwmrsm;ES i f h v#yf p pf " gwf j zef @ jzL;ay;aom "gwf } ud K ;wef ; yd k a umif ; rG e f a pjcif ; ?
bdik t
f rkd ufpf pGr;f tif (Biomass Energy)
bdkiftdkrufpf pGrf;tif"gwf (BiomassEnergy) onftokH;rsm; aompGrf;
tif t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfonf? tyifrsm;ESifhwd&p>mefrsm;rSpGef@ypfypPnf;
tm;vkH;bdkiftdkrufpf (Biomass)wGifyg0ifonf? wd&p>mefESifh pdkufysKd;a&;
pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;ukd "gwfaiG@(Gas) xkwfvkyf&eftaqmuftOD;udk tyl
ay;&efEiS rhf ;D zdzk &kd eftoH;k yPn;f onf bdik t f rkd ufpf (Biomass) udk us,u f s,f
jyef@jyef@ tok;H jyKEdik o f nf? }uHpu kd yf sK;d a&mif;csonfEh ikd if rH sm;wGiukr`%rD sm;
onf}uH&dk;wHESifht&Gufrsm;udk rD;±d_@+yD; v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyfonf?
pyg;tcGH ESifh v$pmr_ef@rsm;udkvnf; xdkuJodk@tokH;jyKI&onf?
30
aepGr;f tif (Solar Power)
qdv
k myefe,fvf (Solar Panels) ae.pGr;f tifukd odak vSmif&ef qdv k myefe,fvu f kd
tdraf cgirf ;kd ay:wGif wyfqif+yD; a&udtk ylay;&efEiS hf v#ypf pfprG ;f tifxwk v
f yk &f ef
4if;udktokH;jyKonf? ydkI}uD;rm;aom yefe,fvf (Panels) rsm;onfaerStyl
udkydkIodkavSmifEdkif+yD; pGrf;tifydkxkwfEdkifonf?
31
u a&twG u f t jcm;a&G ; cs,f p &mrsm;
urBmwpf0Srf;wGif aomufokH;a&twGuf a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmuf=uovdk a&0yfajrrsm;wGifvnf;odk@aomf
vnf;Ta&rSyrm% tawmfrsm;rsm;onft&nftaoG;csKd@wJhaomqnfajrmif;rsm;ESifh a&jzef@jzL;jcif;pepfa=umifh
a&rsm;jzKef;wD;aeonf? +rdK@wGifaexdkifolrsm;vnf;r=umc% a&udktusKd;rJhzefwD;ae=uonf? tu,fIa&udkaumif;
aumif;rGefrGef pepfwuspDrHokH;rnfqdkv#ifa&vdktyfr_twGuf tvkHtavmuf&Sdrnfjzpfonf? atmufygrsm;onf
taxmuftuljzpfrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf?
aomufo;Hk jcif;av#mch s
pD;yGm;jzpf }uD;rm;aom pdkufysKd;a&;onfa&csKdyrm%rsm;pGmudk tokH;jyK&+yD; yrm%rsm;pGmudkvnf; zefwD;ypfonf?
{&mrpdkufcif;rsm;twGuf a&oGif;v$wfajrmif;rsm;onf pdkufcif;wGif tyifrsm;vkdtyfonfxuf a&udkr=umc%
ydk@aqmifay;onf? ydkv#Ha&rsm;onfajrqDv$mudkysufpD;aponf? a&udkac|wm&ef tjcm;a&oGif; a&v$wfajrmif;
trsK;d tpm;udk tok;H jyKI&Edik o
f nf? a&tpufusa&oGi;f v$waf jrmif;(Drip Irrigation) onfa& udyk I kd tusK;d &Sad tmif
tok;H jyKonf? tb,fah =umifq h akd omf 4if;onf a&udt k yif.tjrpftxdwu kd &f u
kd af &mufatmif yd@k aqmifay;Edik o f nf?
a&tpufus a&oGif;v$wfajrmif;onfa&zefwD;r_r&SdojzifhtyifESifhajrqDv$mtwGufvnf;aumif;onf? pD;yGm;
jzpfpukd yf sK;d aom v,form;rsm;ESihf pdu
k yf sK;d a&;ukr%
` rD sm;onf pyg;ESi}hf uHuo
hJ @kd a&tajrmuftrsm; vdt k yfonft h yifukd
wpfcgw&HajcmufaoG@aom a'orsm;wGif pdkufysKd;=uonf? pD;yGm;jzpfpdkufysKd;aom v,form;rsm;ESifhpdkufysKd;a&;ukr`%D
rsm;onfa&tajrmuftrsm;rvdktyfaomtyifudkpdkufysKd;=u&eftm;ay;v_Haqmfjcif;jzifh a&udkac|wmEdkifonf?
rd k ; a&pk a qmif ; =u
rd;k a&pkaqmif;jcif;onf vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f a&&&S&d eftwGuf aps;E_e;f csKo d m+yD; xda&mufr&_ adS omenf;jzpfonf? vlrsm;onf
tdraf b;wGif a&wdik u f rD sm;xm;+yD; tdraf cgirf ;kd rS pD;usvmaomrd;k a&rsm;udck ,
H I l pkaqmif; Edik o f nf? ajrtd;k }uD;rsm;udk
rdom;pkokH;rdk;a&cH,lpkaqmif;&mwGifokH;Edkifonf? pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf a&umwmi,frsm;/ wmwrHrsm;wnfaqmuf I
awmifukef;rSpD;qif;vmaom rdk;a&udk pkaqmif;Edkifonf? a&onfajrxJodk@pdrfh0ifoGm;onf? a&wGif;rsm;wl;azmfjcif;
jzifv h nf;a&&&SEd ikd o
f nf? tjcm;enf;wpfenf;rSm jrpfrsm;wGiaf &um wmi,frsm;ESihf a&ajrmif;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;jzpfonf?
a&udk ao;i,faom opfom;/ ausmuf/ ajr/ a&umwmwGif pkaqmif;+yD; pdu k cf if;xJo@kd yd@k vw
$ Ef ikd of nf?
32
rd k ; a&pk a qmif ; b0ajymif ;
u|erf t&ifrsK;d qufawGuu|erf avmufurH aumif;cJyh gb;l /&uf*sppf oef&rdS ef',fa0gph &f mrS tr,ftu
kd &ifziG yhf gonf?
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36
Regional Contacts
International Rivers Network Email: finance@foejapan.org
1847 Berkeley Way Web: www.foejapan.org
Berkeley CA 94703, USA *syef EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif±Gufa&;b%f(JBIC) .
Phone: + 1 510 848 1155 rl0g'ESihf pDru
H ed ;f wd@k ukd apmif=h u!fh pDppfyg?
Email: info@irn.org
Web: www.irn.org South Asia
a&umwm udk qef@usifaom a'ocHtzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ Mr. Himanshu Thakkar
NGOs rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;yg? South Asian Network on Dams, Rivers
and People (SANDRP)
East and Southeast Asia 86-D, AD block, Shalimar Bagh,
Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia Delhi 110 088, India
Ms. Joan Carling, RWESA Coordinator Phone: +91 11 2748 4654
Cordillera Peoples Alliance Email: ht.sandrp@gmail.com
P.O. Box 975 Web: www.sandrp.in
2600 Baguio City, Philippines tEdN,EdkifiH&Sda&umwmaqmufvkyfr_ tcsuftvuf
Phone: +63 74 442 2115 rsm;udk rSsa0zvS,fcsif;ESifh a&umwmudkqef@usifaom
Email: joan@cpaphils.org tzGJ@rsm;udkqufoG,fEdkifygonf?
Web: www.rwesa.org
ta&S@ESifhta&S@awmiftm&SrS jrpfa&acsmif;rsm;udk Mr. Gopal Siwakoti Chintan
ysufpDaprnfh pDrHudef;rsm;udk &yfwef@oGm;&ef qef@usif Water and Energy Users FederationNepal
v_yf&Sm;onfh a&umwmpDrHudef;a=umifh xdcdkufqHk;&Hk; G.P.O Box 2125
cH&aoma'ocHvlxkrsm;ESifh NGOs uGef,ufrsm;? 60 New Plaza Marga
Kathmandu, Nepal
Ms. Pianporn Deetes Phone: +977 1 442 9741
Living Rivers Siam Email: gopalchintan@gmail.com
78 Moo 10, Suthep Road, Tambol Suthep Web: www.wafed-nepal.org
Muang Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand eDaygEdkifiH.EdkifiHawmfa&ESifhpGrf;tif"gwftm; pDrHudef;
Phone: +66 53 278 334 a=umifh a'ocHvlxktay: qdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk
Email: pai@chmai2.loxinfo.co.th pdk;&drf=unfh&_aomtzGJ@? xdk@tjyif 4if;tzGJ@onf
Web: www.searin.org awmiftm&S&Sd a&ESifha&umwmtrsm;ta=umif;udk
a'ocHwdk@. obm0t&if;tjrpfwdk@udk ydkifqdkifcGifh v_yf&Sm;aomtzG@Jrsm;. uGef,ufrsm;udk ulnD
tcGifhta&; udkaxmufcHyg? ta&S@awmiftm&S wnfaqmufay;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifygonf?
ukef;ajray:&Sd jrpfrsm;ESifh obm0jzpfwnfaer_
ysufpD;r!fhtE W&m,fudk qef@usifyg? Mr. Amjad Nazeer
Sungi Development Foundation
Friends of the Earth Japan H.7A, Street 10, F8/3
3-17-24-2F Majiro Toshima-ku Islamabad, Pakistan
Tokyo 171-0031, Japan Phone: +92 51 228 2481
Phone: +81 3 3951 1081 Email: amjad.nazeer@sungi.org
37
Web: www.sungi.org Latin America
yguDpPwef EdkifiH&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. MABMovimento dos Atingidos por
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &SmazGoyfrSwfjcif;ESifh Barragens
zGH@jzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rSvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; HIGS Quadra 705, Asa Sul, Bloco K,
tusdK;cHpm;&atmif ulnDpDpOfay;aomtzG@J? Casa 11
Brasilia/DF, Brasil CEP: 70350-711
Africa Phone: + 55 61 3242 8535
African Rivers Network Email: mab@mabnacional.org.br
C/- Mr. Frank Muramuzi Web: www.mabnacional.org.br
National Association of Professional
Environmentalists (NAPE), Uganda Ms. Elba Stancich
P.O. Box 29909, Kampala, Uganda Taller Ecologista
Phone: + 256 77 492362 Casilla de Correo 441
Email: nape@nape.or.ug CP 2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Web: www.nape.or.ug Phone: + 54 341 426 1475
E-mail: info@taller.org.ar
Mr. Hope Ogbeide Web: www.taller.org.ar
Society for Water and Public Health
Protection (SWAPHEP), Nigeria Mr. Gustavo Castro Soto
248 UseluLagos Road, Ugbouto, Benin Edupaz
City, Nigeria Periferico Pte.178B, Cda.Cuatro
Phone: + 234 803 742 4999 Caminos
Email: swaphep@yahoo.com Col. San Martín; 29240
San Cristóbal de Las Casas
Ms. Liane Greeff Chiapas, México
Environmental Monitoring Group, Phone: + 52 967 631 5474
South Africa E-mail: guscastro@laneta.apc.org
PO Box 13378
7705 Mowbray, South Africa
Phone: + 27 21 448 2881
Email: rivers@kingsley.co.za
Web: www.emg.org.za
Europe
European Rivers Network
8 rue Crozatier,
43000 Le Puy, France
Phone: + 33 471 02 08 14
Email: info@rivernet.org
Web: www.ern.org
38
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Tvrf;nGefpmtkyfukdf Aviva Imhof, Ann Kathrin Schneider ESifh Susanne Wong w@kdu a&;om;+yD; Susanne Wong
uaemufq;Hk wnf;jzwfygonf? Jamie Greenblatt u tacsmoyfay;um pmtkyyf pHk w H ckv;Hk ukd Tracy Perkins ujyifqif
ay;onf? Oxfam Australia ESihf Ford Foundation wk@d .apwemxufoefpmG &HyaHk iGun l yD yhH ;dk r_ jzifh ykEH yfdS x
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t}uHay;tzG@J wiG f Girin Chetia (tdE,dN ) Pianporn Deetes(xkid ;f ) IraPamat(zdvpfyidk )f Franklin Rothman (b&mZD;vf)
Kevin Woods (xki d ;f / tar&duefjynfaxmifp)k ESihf Ercan Ayboga (wl&uD/ ugupfpwef)wk@d yg0ifonf//
rlvo&kyjf yykrH sm;onf Haris Ichwan rSjzpf+yD; pmrsuef m 7 /10 xdyrf yS rHk sm;/ pmrsuef m 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 18/ 19/ 20/
23/ 28/ 30/ 32/ 33 ESifh 36 atmufykdif;rS ykHrsm;onf Courtesy of Hesperian Foundation rSyHhykd;ay;xm;aom
ykHum;csyfrsm;jzpfonf//
ISBN-10: 0-97188-584-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-97188-584-4