jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; (1945 - 2000)

a'gufwmodef;vGif
 yxrt}udrfxkwfa0jcif; trSmpm

Tjref r mEd k i f i H y nma&;ord k i f ; pmwrf ; onf pma&;ol . a'guf w mbG J @ twG u f

wifoGif;aomusrf;. tpdwftydkif;wpf&yftjzpf 1999 ckESpfwGifa&;om;cJhaom pmwrf;
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHynma&; wdk;wufr_topfrsm;udk jznfhoGif;v#uf 2000 ckESpfwGif
'kwd,t}udrfjyefvnfa&;om;cJhygonf? Tpmwrf;udk tdENd,EdkifiH a'vDwuUodkvfwGif
1999ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif vnf;aumif;/ xdkif;EdkifiHxrRmqwf wuUodkvfwGif2001 ckESpf
arvwGifvnf;aumif;/ Tpmwrf;udk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom ppftpdk;&atmuf
jrefrmEdik if yH nma&; qkw,f w
k rf p_ mwrf;udk aemfa0Edik if H atmfpvdw
k uUov
kd w
f iG f 2000ckEpS f
pufwifbmvwGifvnf;aummif; zwf=um;wifoGif;cJhygonf?

pma&;olt*FvefEdkifiHe,lum;q,fwuUodkvfwGif wufa&mufpOfumvu Tpmwrf;udk

wuUov f ifwmeuf (http://www.ncl.ac.uk) wGif azmfjycJyh gonf? jrefrmEdik if .
kd t H Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;ponfh t=umif;t&mrsm;udkazmfjyaom tifwmeufpm=unfhwdkuf
(http://www.burmalibrary.org) wGiv f nf; zwf¶E_ ikd yf gonf? Tpmwrf;ygta=umif;t&m
rsm;ESiyhf wfoufIvnf; jrefrmEdik if o
H wif;rsm;udk xkwv f i$ o
hf nfh bDbpD /D AGt
D akd t/ 'Drukd &uf
wpfjrefrmhtoHESihf vGwfvyfaomtm&StoH wdk@rSvnf; pma&;oltm; qufoG,far;jref;
xkwfv$ifhcJhygonf?

,ck Tpmtkyfudkxkwfa0onf• &nf&G,fcsufrSm pma&;oloifwef;ydk@csaeonf• q&m

twwfynmoifwef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;onf bmom&yfwpfcktjzpf yg0ifI
oifwef;om;rsm;avhvm&ef oif=um;r_taxmuftultjzpf &nf&G,fxkwfa0jcif;
jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHom;uav;rsm;tm; oif=um;ydk@csaeonfh q&m/
q&mrrsm;ES i f h jref r mEd k i f i H y nma&;ud k pd w f 0 if p m;aom yk * ~ d K vf r sm;ud k v nf ; jzef @
a0ay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf? TpmtkyftwGufukefusp&dwfudk q&mjzpfoifwef; oif=um;r_
taxmuftulypPn;f twGuf ok;H pGaJ iGjzifh xkwaf 0jcif;jzpf+y;D aiGa=u;axmufy@H un l aD y;aom
yGifhvif;aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf; (OSI) udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?
Tpmwrf;udk t*Fvdyf jrefrm ESpfbmomjzifh xkwfa0vdkufygonf?

a'gufwmodef;vGif
ZEM0g&Dv (1) &uf/ 2003
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; (1945 - 2000)
rmwdum

tusOf;csKyfaz:jycsuf 11

1? aemufcHordkif;tusOf; 11

2? vGwfvyfa&;rwdkifrDumvynma&; (1945-1948) 17

3? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwfynma&; (1948-1962) 22

4? ppftkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSynma&; (1962-1988) 26

5? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_umvynma&; (1988 -2000) 33

oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;ajymif;vJr_rsm; 38

pmar;yGJppfaq;jcif; 41

q&m/ q&mrrsm;.ynma&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_ 42

6? ed*Hk; 43

 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 11

jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; (1945 - 2000)

tusOf;csKyfaz: jycsuf

Tpmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;okH;oyfcsufrsm;udk ordkif;umvtydkif;t

jcm;tvdkuf az:jyxm;ygonf? Tpmwrf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;aemufcHtusOf;
csKyf/ vGyfvyfa&;rwdkifrDacwfynma&; (1945-1948)/ vGyfvwfa&;&+yD;acwf
ynma&; (1948-1962)/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfynma&; (1962-1988)/ 'Drdku
a&pDv_yf&Sm;r_umvynma&; (1988-2000) wdk@yg0ifonf? Tpmwrf;. t"du
awG@&Sdcsufrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;rsm;wGif q&mA[dkjyK oif=um;enf;pepfudk t
ok;H jyKjcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tcsut f vufrsm;udk tvGwu f surf w
S af pjcif;/ oif
¶dk;!ïef;wrf;onf ausmif;om;rsm; b0woufwm &ifqdkif&rnfh vdktyfaom vlr_
a&;ynmrsm;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm; yg0ifr_tm;enf;jcif;/
q&mq&mrrsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm; vkHavmufr_r&Sdjcif; wdk@jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif
jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;pepfonf jrefrmpmudkom t"duxm;+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pk
aygif;aexdkif=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. pmay/ bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_/
"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;twGufvnf; xnfhoGif;a&;om;r_ enf;yg;a=umif; awG@&onf?
jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;onf 'Dru kd a&pDta&;/ vl@tcGit
hf a&;ESihf vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;
xGef;um;a&;odk@ OD;wnfjcif;udk rawG@&Sd&ay?

1/ aemufcHordkif;tusOf;

19 &mpkwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhoHwrefa&;qdkif&m/ tjiif;yGm;r_

rsm;ESifhpwifcJhaom t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJrsm; (1825/ 1852/ 1885 ) jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf
+Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; tqifhokH;qifhjzifh odrf;ydkufcJhonf? 1826 ckESpfwGif
&cdkifESifhweoFm&Da'o/ 1852 ckESpfwGif atmufjrefrmjynfESifh 1885 ckESpfwGif jref
rmbk&iffxD;eef;pdk;pH&m txufjrefrmEdkifiHwdk@udk odrf;ydkufcJh+yD; oDaygbk&iftm;
12 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

xD;eef;csI tdENd,EdkifiHodk@ zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpwifI t*Fvdyf

wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; +Adwdo#vufatmufcH tdENd,jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf
tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? odk@&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH{&d,m. 45 &mcdkifE_ef;cef@r#&Sdaom awmif
wef;a'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uonfh &Srf;/ csif;/ ucsif tp&Sdonfh vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk
jynfrESifhcGJjcm;v#uf t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHrS wdkuf¶dkuftkyfcsKyfcJhonf? u&if/ rGef tp&Sd
onfh vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udrk l ,if;wd@k . tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,Ef ikd &f eftvd@k imS / Oya'jyK
aumifpDwGif &mxl;ae&mrsm; ay;tyfcJhonf?

xD;eef;qdwfokOf;I ol@u|efb0a&muf&onfhtwGufvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmho,HZm

w t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fcH&onfhtwGufvnf;aumif;/ +Adwdo#wdk@.
aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfr_rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmvlxkwpf&yfvkH;wGif trsdK;om;
a&;pdwf"gwfrsm; udef;atmif;cJhonf? 1920 ckESpfwGif u|efynma&;pepfudk uef@
uGufaom wuUodkvfoydwfjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;wdkuf
yGJtwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? 1920ckESpfrsm;wGif trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
onf *sDpDbDatac: jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mtaxGaxGtoif;csKyf}uD; ( General
Council of Burmese Associations ) rS ayguf z G m ;vmjcif ; jzpf o nf ? *sD p D b D
atonf 0dkiftrfbDatac: Ak'<bmom vli,frsm;tpnf;t¶kH; ( Young Men's
Buddhist Association ) rS ayguf z G g ;vmjcif ; jzpf o nf ? 1930 ck E S p f r sm;wG i f 'd k @
Armtpnf;t¶kH;ESifh ocif1trsKd;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
q&mpHv,form;ta&;awmfyHk (1930-1932) ¶_;H edrchf +hJ yD;aemuf ocifvil ,fw@kd onf
vGwfvyfa&;jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf +Adwdo#wdk@tm; vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSef&ef }uH
pnfpdwful;cJh=uonf? 1937 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; tdEdN,.
jynfe,fwpfct k jzpfrS cGx
J w
k I
f v$waf wmfEpS &f yfjzifh tkycf sKyfco
hJ nf? xdv
k w
$ af wmfukd
a'gufwmAarmfuOD;aqmifcJhonf?

'kwd,urBmppfESifh *syefwdk@.usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjcif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_ acwW&yfqdkif;cJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;/ jrefrmtr_xrf;rsm;pGmwdk@ESifhtwl tdENd,odk@qkwfcGmoGm;+yD; qif;rvm;òrd@
ta&mufwGif ta0;a&muftpdk;&tjzpf tajcpdkufcJhonf? *syefodrf;ydkufxm;onfh
[dik ef efu|e;f wGif ppfoifwef;wufa&mufc=hJ uonfh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh
&JabmfoHk;usdyfwdk@onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudkzGJ@pnf;I *syefwdk@ESifhtwl
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 13

xdkif;EdkifiHrSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? *syefwdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm;

odrf;ydkufxm;onfh av;ESpfumvtwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ESifh jrefrmrsm;udk,fwdkif
acgif;aqmifonfhwyfrawmfwpfckudkzGJ@pnf;ay;&ef [laom*wdðycsufrsm;jzifh
jrefrmwdk@.axmufcHr_udk&&Sdatmif óud;yrf;cJhaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhacs?
z q y v [kwGifaom zufqpfqef@usifa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf.
OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif *syefqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? z q
y v onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktoD;oD;ESifh bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsuf
uGJvGJr_&Sdolrsm;pGmudk yg0ifapv#uf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS
yg0ifcJhonf? 1942 ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;wyfrawmf[kvnf;aumif;/ 1943
ck E S p f w G i f trsd K ;om;wyf r awmf [ k v nf ; aumif ; trnf a jymif ; vJ c J h a om
jref r mh v G w f v yf a &;wyf r awmf o nf r[mrd w f p pf t if t m;ES i f h yl ; aygif ; v#uf
1945 ckrwfv 27 &ufae@wGif *syeftm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufcJhonf? 1945 ckESpf
atmufwb kd mvwGif +Adwo
d #trª;ðyonfh ta0;a&mufjrefrmtpd;k &onf qif;rvm;rS
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif xdktpdk;&onf zqyvOD;aqmifonfh
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifr_rsm;ESifh qufvuf&ifqdkifcJh&onf? yxrOD;pGm
+Adwo d #tpd;k &onf awmifwef;/ jynfrcGjJ cm;v#uf vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef tqdðk ycJo h nf?
+Ad w d o # tpd k ;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHajrjyef@a'otm; ud k , f y d k i f t k y f c sKyf a &;ay;I
awmif w ef ; a'otm; +Ad w d o #tk y f c sKyf r _ a tmuf w G i f quf v uf x m;&S d & ef
urf;vSrf;cJhonf? &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;
aqmifonfh jrefrmbk&ifcHtr_aqmif aumifpD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wdk@ 1947
ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufae@ wGif csKyfqdkcJhonfh yifvHkpmcsKyfonf+Adwdo#wdk@.
urf;vSrf;csufudk ajymif;vJEdkifapcJhonf? yifvHkpmcsKyft& &Srf;/ucsifESifh csif;wdk@onf
jynfrESifh twlwGJv#uf vGwfvyfa&;&,l&ef oabmwlnDcJh=uonf?

1947 ck ZEM 0 g&D v wG i f csKyf q d k c J h o nf h atmif q ef ; -tuf w vD p mcsKyf t &

usif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJwGif z q y v u rJtrsm;pkjzifh tEdkif&&SdcJhonf?
Oya'ðyv$ w f a wmf r S vG w f v yf a &;twG u f jyif q if r _ r sm; rðyvk y f E d k i f r D y if
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ES i f h w uG tr_ a qmif a umif p D 0 if 6 OD ; wd k @ onf 1947
ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif vkyf}uH cHcJh=u&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv
4 &uf a e@wG i f jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf a &;&&S d c J h o nf ? +Ad w d o #vuf a tmuf r S
vG w f v yf a &;&&S d = uonf h Ed k i f i H r sm;pG m wd k @ onf +Ad w d o #"eo[m,tzG J @ wG i f
14 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHonf "eo[m,EdkifiHwGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdcJhacs?

vG w f v yf a &;óud ; yrf ; pOf u mvu Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; tygt0if Ed k i f i H a &;
acgif;aqmifwcsdK@wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&; &,l+yD;ygu "eo[m,tzGJ@wGif
qufvufwnf&Sd&ef tvm;tvm&Sda=umif; ajymqdkcJh=uzl;onf?

awmifwef;a'owdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; jynfr&Sd Armwdk@.v$rf;rdk;r_rS

uif;a0;&eftvd@k imS jrefrmEdik if t H m; +Adwo d #"eo[m,tzG@J wiG f yg0ifapvd=k uonf?
+Adwo d #w@kd taejzifv h nf; tifyg,mrS rnfonfEh ikd if rH S cGx J uG o
f mG ;apvdrk nfr[kwaf y?
odk@&mwGif +Adwdo# "eo[m,tzGJ@wGif yg0ifrnfhudpPudk Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDu
uef@uu G of nft h wGuaf =umifv h nf;aumif;/ jrefrmvlxt k wGi;f trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwf
jrif h w uf c sd e f j zpf o nf h t wG u f a =umif h v nf ; aumif ; / jref r mEd k i f i H t m; +Ad w d o #
"eo[m, tzGJ@wGif yg0if&eft,ltqonf a&SŒwef;odk@ a&mufrvmcJhacs?
wjcm;wzufwGifvnf; vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJumv EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;pGmwdk@
onf qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk ouf0if,=kH unf=uolrsm;jzpfI jrefrmEdik if t H m; taemufEikd if H
t&if;&Sit f yk pf x k uf qd&k ,S v
f pfurBmESio hf m vufwv JG =kd u[ef&o dS nf? jrefrmEdik if oH nf
+Adwdo#"eo[m,tzGJ@wGif yg0ifygu +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/
ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;tultnDrsm;/ jrefrmtpd;k &ESihf vlrsKd ;pkrsm;t=um;
jzpfyGm;aeonfh EdkifiHa&;tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;tay: wpHkw&m ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifr_rsm;&&Sd&ef
tvm;tvm&Sdaomfvnf; trSDtcdkuif;onfh pdwf"gwfudkjrifhrm;pGm pdkufxlEdkif
cJhonf?

vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; aemuf 1948 rS 1962 ck E S p f t xd jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f 1947

ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif a&;qGJcJhaom tajccHOya't& ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh
tkycf sKyfcohJ nf? jrefrmEdik if t
H m; jynfe,f (7) ck (csi;f / ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ rGe/f &cdik /f
2
&Srf;) ESifh wdkif; (7) wdkif; ({&m0wD/ rauG;/ rE Wav;/ ppfudkif;/ yJcl;/ &efukef/ weoFm&D)
jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ykHpHt& wjynfaxmifpepfomjzpfonf? vlOD;a&
pm&if;Z,m;t& jynfr&Sd Armwd@k onf vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpf+yD; vlO;D a&tm;vk;H . 72
&mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf/ vlrsdK;pkaygif; (100) ausmfteuf u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;rSm 7 &mcdkifE_ef;/
&Srf; 6 &mcdkifE_ef;/ tdENd, 6 &mcdkifE_ef;/ w¶kwf 3 &mcdkifE_ef;/ ucsif 2 &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh
csif;2 &mcdkifE_ef;toD;oD; &Sd=uonf?jrefrmpmonf ¶kH;okH; bmompum;jzpf+yD;
vlOD;a&tm;vkH;. 80 &mcdkifE_ef;onf jrefrmpum;ajymqdk=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 15

t"dubmom}uD; (4) ck&SdjyD; Ak'<bmom 87 &mcdkifE_ef;/ c&pf,mef 5 &mcdkifE_ef;/

rlqvif 4 &mcdkifE_ef;/ [dENL 1 &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh ewfudk;uG,fol 3 &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf?
c&pf,mef bmomESihf ewfu;kd uG,o f t
l rsm;pkrmS awmifwef;a'owGif aexdik =f uonfh
vlrsdK;pkrsm; jzpfonf?

1947 ckESpf tajccHOa'wGifxl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm yk'fr 201 t&wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;

rsm;onf jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh&Sdonf[lI jyXmef;xm;cJhonf?
od@k &mwGif yk'rf 202 t& xdck x
JG u
G yf ikd cf iG o
hf nf tajccH Oya'a&;xd;k +y;D onft
h csed u
f mvrS
10 ESpf=umonfhtcsdeftwGif;om touf0ifrnfjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD; 2
vt=um 1948ckESpf rwfvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS
vufeufpGJudkif awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf? 1948 rS 1961 ckESpfumvtwGif;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;pGmwdk@onfvnf; awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p Eke,fao;onfhjrefrmh'Drdkua&pDonf jynfwGif;a&; rwnf+idrfr_
rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? 1958 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf AdkvfcsKyf}uDae0if;
acgif;aqmifonfhwyfrawmftm; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf wm0efay;tyfcJhonf?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&oufwrf; 18 vt=umwGif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&ma&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJh+yD;
aemuf 1960 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif v$waf wmfuzkd @JG pnf;cJo h nf? tpd;k &opf vufxufwiG f
tiftm; cdkifrmonfh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&opf wpf&yfjzpf&efvnf;aumif;/ rGefESifh
&cdkifa'owdk@tm; jynfe,ftqifh wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;udk vnf;aumif;/ Ak'<bmomudk
EdkifiHawmfbmom tjzpfjyXmef;&efudkvnf;aumif; OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
odk@&mwGif Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf twnfjyKa=unm&efudpPonf
Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; r[kwo f nfh tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;. qef@usirf a_ =umifh vnf;aumif;/
wyfrawmfrStm%modrf;ydkufr_a=umifh vnf;aumif; atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhacs?

1962 ckEpS rf wfvwGif Adv k cf sKyf}uD;D ae0if;onf 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &xHrS tm%modr;f ,lI
tpd;k &wpf&yf zG@J pnf;cJo
h nf? xd@k aemufwiG f Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;onf jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pf
vrf;pOfygwD udk xlaxmifcJhonf? 1974 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tpdk;&onf
tajccHOya'opfwpf&yfa&;qG+J y;D xdt k ajccHOay't& jrefrmEdik if tH m; wpfygwpD epfjzifh
tkyfcsKyf&ef jyXmef;cJhonf? wpfygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif wyfrawmfonf
wdkif;jynf.b¾maiGESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tajrmuftrsm;okH;pGJcJhaomfvnf;
EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_rsm;/ ajratmufuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ ausmif;om;ta&;
16 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

tcif;rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;. ykefuefwdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;EdkifcJh

jcif;r&SdcJhacs? 1987 ckESpfwGif ajr=oZmaumiff;rGefI pdkufysdK;a&;jzpfxGef;aom
obm0o,HZmwrsm;jzifºh uG,0f onfh jrefrmEdik if o H nf urBmt h qif;&Jq;Hk Edik if t
H jzpf
urBmhukvor*~}uD;wGif pm&if;0ifcJhonf?

1988 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh pwifaom 'Drdkua&pDvlxkqENjyr_

}uD;onf EdkifiHtESH@ay:aygufcJhonf? ppfwyfrS qENjyvlxk}uD;udk t=urf;zuf
+zdKcGJcJhonf? jynfolvlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaoqkH;cJhonf[k rsufjrifoufao
rsm;u ajymqdkcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@wGif wyfrawmfrS
tm%modrf;,lonf[ka=ujimum EdkifiHawmf+idrf;0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J
(e0w) udkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? e0wonf 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'ukd zsufodrf;I
ppftm%mjzift h yk cf sKyfco
hJ nf? e0wtpd;k &onf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; xlaxmif&efciG jhf yKcJ+h y;D
1990 ckESpf/ arv 27 &ufae@wGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk usif;yay;cJhonf?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS rJta&twGuf 81 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzifh tEdik &f &Scd ahJ omfvnf;
tpd k ; &rS tm%mvG J a jymif ; ay;cJ h j cif ; r&S d b J Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; a[mif ; OD ; wif O D ; ES i f h
a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if tzGŒJ csKyfacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJo h nf?
1993 ck E S p f w G i f e0wtpd k ; &onf wd k i f ; jynf t k y f c sKyf r _ w G i f wyf r awmf r S
OD;aqmif&eftmrcHEdkifrnfh tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&eftvdk@iSm trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
usif ; yapcJ h o nf ? trsd K ;om;nD v mcH w G i f a&G ; aumuf c H x m;&onf h j ynf o l @
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,ftenf;pk/ e0wrS
wdkuf¶dkufzdwf=um;onfh yk*d~Kvftrsm;pk yg0ifonf?

e0wtpdk;&vufxufwGif xl;jcm;onfhtcsufwpf&yfrSm vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkif tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;pGmwdk@onf tpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkv#uf a'o
zG@H+zdK;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? 1989 ckESpfrSpwifcJhaom
typf t cwf & yf p J a &; oabmwl n D c suf r sm;wG i f vl r sd K ;pk v uf e uf u d k i f t zG J @
tpnf;rsm;onf trsdK;om;nDvmcHrS tajccHOya'a&;qGJ+yD;onfhtcsdeftxd
rdrdwdk@.a'oESifhvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;ydkifcGifh&&Sdonf? typf
tcwf&yfpx J m;aoma'orsm;wGif c&pf,meftoif;tzG@J rsm;onf ynma&;zG@+H zdK;a&;
tygt0if bmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdkvGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifvmEdkifcJh=uonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif aus;vufa'orsm;Y bkef;awmf}uD;oifrlvwef;ausmif;rsm;udk
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 17

wdk;csJzGifhvSpfEdkifa=umif; omoema&; 0ef}uD;XmerS a=ujimcsufxkwfjyefcJhonf?

jrefrmAk'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;onf aus;vufuav;rsm;twGuf
pmay oif=um;&mt"duae&mXmersm;jzpfonf? Ttcsuu f akd xmuf¶j_ cif;tm;jzifh
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf
a&;twGuf a&S@wpfvSrf;wufvmEdkifonf[k ,lqEdkifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; wcsdK@
udpPrsm;wGif tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;&Sdaeonf? Oyrmtaejzifh rGefjynfopfygwDonf
tpd;k &ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;pmcsKyfukd 1995 ckEpS w f iG f csKyfqckd +hJ yD;/ tqdyk gpmcsKyft&
rGefa'owGif pmoifausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpf&ef oabmwlnDr_&&SdcJhonf? odk@&mwGif
tpd;k &rS xdak usmif;rsm;wGif rGepf mayESib hf mom&yfrsm;udk rGeb f momESihf oif=um;jcif;
udck iG rhf ðyEdik af =umif;ESihf ausmif;om;OD;a& ajcmufaxmifausmf wufa&mufoif=um;ae
onfhpmoifausmif; (120) udk ydwf&ef 1998 ckESpf/ *|efvwGif trdef@xkwfjyefcJhonf?
ed*;Hk csKyftm;jzifh vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; ESpaf ygi;f (50) =umjrifch ahJ omfvnf; jrefrmEdik if o H m;
trsm;pkonf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;.vGwfvyfydkifcGifh/ w&m;r#wr_/ w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_
rsm;omru use;f rma&;ESihf ynmoif=um;a&; udprP sm;wGiv f nf; wd;k wufr_ &Srd vmbJ
ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vma=umif; vufawG@taxmuftxm;rsm;u jyqdkv#uf&Sdonf?

2? vGwfvyfa&;rwdkifrDumvynma&; (1945-1948)

'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrDu jrefrmEdkifiHwGifausmif;trsdK;tpm; 3 rsdK;&SdcJhonf?

(1) wdkif;&if;bmompmoifausmif;
oif=um;&mwGiftokH;jyKonfh bmompum;rSm jrefrmbmomodk@r[kwf
todtrSwfjyK tjcm;wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;wpfckckjzpfonf?
(2) t*Fvdyfwdkif;&if;ombmompmoifausmif;
t*Fvdyfpmonf 'kwd,bmommpum;jzpf+yD; oif=um;&mwGif tokH;jyKonfh
bmom pum;rSm t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmodk@r[kwf todtrSwfjyK wdkif;&if;om;
bmompum; wpfckckjzpfonf?
(3) t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;
oif = um;&mwG i f t ok H ; jyKonf h b mompum;rS m t*F v d y f b momjzpf + yD ;
jrefrmbmomudk 'kwd,bmom tjzpfoif=um;Edkifonf?
18 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

wdkif;&if;om;bmomausmif;rsm;udk a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&ynma&;¶kH;rsm;rS}uD;=uyf
zGifhvSpfonf? wjynfvkH;&Sduav;trsm;pkonf xdkausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif
=um;=uonf? t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd jD zpfaom jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f t*Fvyd pf mESiphf um; wwfu|r;f
olrsm;om tpdk;&¶kH;rsm;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyfrsm; &&Sd=uonf? wdkif;&if;
om;bmomausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifolrsm;onf tcGifhtvrf;tvGefenf;yg;+yD;/
wdkif;&if;om;bmomausmif;rsm;rSm tvdktavsmuf 'kwd,wef;pm;tqifhodk@
a&muf&SdoGm;onf? xdk@tjyif wdkif;&if;om;bmomausmif;rsm;&Sd q&mrsm;onf
apwem/ 0goemtavsmuf q&mtjzpf b 0ud k jrKyf E S H x m;=uaomf v nf ;
t*F v d y f a usmif ; rsm;ES i f h t*F v d y f w d k i f ; &if ; om;bmomausmif ; rsm;.
q&mrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if ynmt&nftcsif;enf;yg;jcif;/ q&mjzpfoifwef;
wufa&muf&ef tcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;jcif;/ vpmavsmhenf;jcif;/ todtrSwfðycH&r_
ES i f h &mxl ; wd k ; r_ e nf ; yg;jcif ; ponf h t cuf t cJ r sm;pG m jzif h &if q d k i f = u&onf ?
t*Fvdyfausmif;rsm;ESifh t*Fvdyf-wdkif;&if;om; bmomausmif;rsm;&Sdq&mrsm;onf
vpmydrk &kd &So
d nft h jyif tjcm;toH;k p&dwrf sm;udv k nf;&&S=d uonf? xdak usmif;rsm;od@k
0ifaiGtvGeaf umif;onfh rdbrsm;.uav;rsm;om wufa&mufoif=um;Edik =f uonf?
t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;rsm;onfvnf; jrefrmuav;rsm; wufa&mufoif=um;r_udk
uef@owfxm;&Sdonf? tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&v#if ppfóudacwf jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;onf
uav;tm;vHk;tcGifhtvrf;wlnDr_udk tmrcHcsufr&Sday? ppfóudacwf wdkif;&if;om;
bmomausmif ; rsm;. ta&twG u f r S m rl v wef ; ausmif ; aygif ; (5438)/
tv,fwef;ausmif; (863) ESifh txufwef; (251) ausmif; &Sdonf? t*Fvdyf/
wdkif;&if;om;bmomESifh t*Fvdyfbmomausmif;rsm;. t&nftwGufrSm rlvwef;
(7) ausmif;/ tv,fwef; (106) ESifh txufwef; (102) ausmif;&Sdonf?

1945 ckEpS Zf v
l ikd v
f wGif jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd +Aw
d o
d #tyk cf sKyrf _ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm+y;D aemuf/
ynma&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&efa&;qGJxm;aom “qif;rvm;pDrHudef;”udk
taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf ynma&;Xmewpfcu k kd zG@J pnf;cJo
h nf? tqdyk gprD u
H ed ;f udk
+Adwdo#wyfrawmf b¾maiGrS ukefuscH&efjzpfonf? TpDrHudef;. t"dutcsufrSm
ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif *syefudkqef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh r[mrdwfppfwyf. óud;yrf;r_
wpdwfwa'o jzpfonf? “qif;rvm;pDrHudef;”t& rlvwef;ausmif; (2060) ESifh
tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef; (42) ausmif;wdk@udk zGifhvSpfcJhonf? 1947 ckESpfwGif
qmxG e f ; atmif a usmf OuU X tjzpf a qmif & G u f o nf h ynma&;wnf a qmuf r _
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 19

aumfrDwDonf jrefrmEdkifiHynma&; oHk;oyfcsufESifhwuG pmoifausmif;rsm;udk

t*Fvdyfausmif;/ wdkif;&if;om;bmomausmif;/ t*Fvdyf-wdkif;&if;om; ESpfbmom
oif a usmif ; [l I rcG J j cm;awmh b J / yH k p H w pf r sd K ;wnf ; jzif h jyef v nf z G J @ pnf ; &ef
tqdkðycJhonf? xdktqdkðycsufwGif ynma&;pepfwpfckvHk;udk tpdk;&rS}uD;=uyf&efESifh
axmuf y H h & ef w if j yxm;onf ? xd k @ jyif t pd k ; &axmuf y H h c H yk * ~ v d u t*F v d y f -
wd k i f ; &if ; om; ESpfbmomoifausmif;rsm;ESi f h t*F v d y f b momausmif ; rsm;ud k
zsufodrf;&efudkvnf;aumif;/ topfjyifqifa&;qGJrnfh oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;ESifhudkufnDr
nfh q&mrsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf ,cifausmif;tvdkuf q&mrsm;. t&nftcsif; uGm[r_
rsm;udk nD!Gwfr_&Sdap&efudkvnf;aumif; qufvufwifjyxm;onf? odk@&mwGif
txufyg ynma&;wnfaqmufra_ umfrw D . D tpD&ifcpH mwGif c&pf,meftoif;rsm;rS
zGifhvSpfaomausmif;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduausmif;rsm;udk tpdk;&taxmuftyHhryg0ifbJ/
ausmif;zGiv hf pS o
f w
l @kd . b¾maiGjzifh qufvufziG v hf pS &f efuv
kd nf; tqdjk yK xm;onf?
tvm;wlyif bkef;awmf}uD;pmoifausmif;rsm;udkvnf; qufvufzGifhvSpf&ef tqdk
jyKxm;onf? xd@k tjyif bmoma&;oifcef;pmrsm;udk Ak'b < mombke;f awmf}uD;rsm; ESihf
tjcm;bmoma&;q&mrsm;ESifh nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifvsuf oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;wGif roifrae&
bmomwpf&yf taejzifh xnfhoGif;&efudkvnf; wifjyxm;onf?

txuf y gtpD & if c H p mt& pmoif a usmif ; rsm;ud k a tmuf y gtwd k i f ; zG J @ pnf ; &ef
jzpfonf?

Ð rlvwef;ausmif; (yxrwef;rS yÌrwef;/ uav;touf 6 ESpfrS 11

ESpf)
Ð rlvwef;vGefausmif; (qÏrwef;rS e0rwef;/ uav;touf 11 ESpfrS
15 ESpf)
Ð wuUodkvf0ifwef;ausmif; ('\rwef;rS 'Gg'\rwef;/ uav;touf
15 ESpfrS 18ESpf)

rlvwef;ESihf rlvwef;vGeaf usmif;rsm;twGuf tcrJyh nma&;jzpf+yD; wuUov

kd 0f ifwef;
twGufrl ausmif;vc tenf;i,fr#aumufcH&efjzpfonf?

tpD & if c H p mwG i f j ref r mvl r sd K ;wd k @ . (txl ; ojzif h ) pd k u f y sd K ;a&;ud k t ajccH a om
20 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

touf arG;0rf;a=umif;ESifhudkufnDonfh vufawG@tokH;0ifrnfhbmom&yfrsm;udk

oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ&ef t}uHjyKxm;onf? T&nf&G,fcsuft&
atmufygbmom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;&efudkvnf; qufvuft}uHjyKxm;onf?

rlvwef;ausmif;

(1) bmoma&;oifcef;pm
(2) ta&;tzwf
(3) *%ef;ocFsm
(4) yx0D
(5) obm0ywf0ef;usifavhvmr_
(6) usef;rmoef@&Sif;a&;
(7) vufr_ynm
(8) um,Av

rlvwef;vGefausmif;

(1) bmoma&;oifcef;pm
(2) ta&;tzwf
(3) tajccHocFsm
(4) yx0D
(5) ordkif;
(6) ody`H
(7) vufr_ynmESifhvufawG@oifcef;pm
(8) um,Av

t*F v d y f p mES i f h j ref r mpmwd k @ ud k rl v wef ; ES i f h rl v wef ; vG e f a usmif ; rsm;wG i f

tqifh wlowfrSwfI yxrwef;rS pwifoif=um;&efudkvnf; tpD&ifcHpmu
tqd k ð yxm;onf ? bmom&yf t oD ; oD ; ud k oif = um;&mwG i f tok H ; ðy&rnf h
bmompum;udk t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomjzifhjyXmef;&efvnf; t}uHðyxm;onf?
wuUodkvf0ifwef;ESifh wuUodkvftqifhwGif t*Fvdyfbmomudkoif=um;&mwGif
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 21

tok H ; jyKrnf h b mompum; tjzpf o wf r S w f & ef u d k v nf ; t}uH ð yxm;onf ?

rdcifbmompum;jzpfonfh jrefrmESit hf *Fvyd rf [kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om;bmompum;
wpf&yf&yfudk tokH;ðyaom ausmif;om;trsm;pk wufa&mufonfh ausmif;rsm;wGif
t*F v d y f p mES i f h j ref r mpmtjyif tqd k y gbmompum;ud k v nf ; oif = um;&ef
tqdkjyKxm;onf? tjcm;xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm jrefrmbmomudk a&mrtuQ&mjzifh
a&;om;&efudkvnf;t}uHðyxm;onf? &Sd&if;pGJjrefrmtuQ&mrsm;udk tpm;xdk;jcif;
r[kwo f nfw
h ikd f tydb
k mom&yfwpfct k jzpf oif=um;&eftpD&ifcpH mu tqdðk yonf?
jrefrmpmudk a&mrtuQ&mjzifh a&;om;enf;udk oif=um;&onfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm
Ed k i f i H j cm;om;rsm; jref r mpmoif = um;&mwG i f vG , f u l r _ & S d a p&ef v nf ; aumif ; /
a=u;eef;/ pmydk@ESifh pD;yGg;a&;udpPrsm;wGif tokH;0ifr_&Sdap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;
oif=um;apjcif;jzpfonf[k tpD&ifcHpmu &Sif;vif;xm;onf? jrefrmrsdK;cspfrsm;ur_
jrefrmpmudk a&mrtuQ&mjzifh a&;om;&ef oif=um;r_udk qef@usifuef@uGufcJh=u
onf? wdkif;&if;om;pmayudk a&mrtuQ&mjzifh tpm;xdk;a&;om;&ef +Adwdo#wdk@.
}udK;yrf;r_onf ucsifESifh csif;awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif atmifjrifr_&&SdcJh+yD; ,ae@
wdkif okH;pGJv#uf&Sdonf? u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;twGif;Yrl tcsdKŒa'oY u&ifpmudk a&mr
tuQ & mjzif h a &;om;jcif ; ud k t ok H ; jyK+yD ; / tcsKd Πa'oY rl v u&if t uQ & mud k y if
tokH;jyKaeqJjzpfonf?

pmar;yGpJ epfEiS yhf wfoufI tqift h oD;oD;.aemufq;Hk ESprf sm;wGif (Oyrm-yÌrwef;/

e0rwef;ESifh 'Gg'\rwef;) tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJrsm;usif;y&ef tpD&ifcHpmu t}uHjyK
xm;onf? ausmif;om;rsm;. oif=um;wwfajrmufr_udk a&;oGif;xm;onfh rSwf
wrf;pmtkyfpepfudk tokH;jyK&efudkvnf; tqdkjyKxm;onf? TrSwfwrf;pmtkyfonf
ausmif;om;rsm; ynmoif,lonfhoufwrf;wav#mufwGif wudk,f&nfxl;c|efr_/
^m%f &nf / tusifhpm&dwW/ usef;rma&;/ aygif ; oif ;quf q H a &;u|rf ;usif r _ E Si f h
ausmif;tay: wkef@jyefjyKrlr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; rSwfwrf;jyKxm;rnfjzpfonf?
TrSwfwrf;pmtkyfpepfjzifh twef;atmiftwef;uspepfudk tpm;xdk;&efjzpfonf?
twef;atmif/ twef;uspepfonf i,f&G,fEke,fao;onfh uav;b0wGif
twef;us¶;H_ &onfh tjzpfonf t¶_;H ESi&hf ifqikd af pjcif;jzpfI rSm;,Gi;f a=umif; ESihf xdu
k o
hJ @kd
t¶_H;ESifh &ifqdkifapr_rsdK;udk wm;qD;oifha=umif; tpD&ifcHpmuaxmufjyxm;onf?

tpD & if c H p mu quf v uf a zmf j yxm;onf r S m jref r mEd k i f i H y nma&;. tajccH

22 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

OD;wnfcsufwGif roifrae& tcrJhrlvwef;ynma&;pepfudk owfrSwf&rnf[k

qd k x m;onf ? od k @ &mwG i f tpD & if c H p mu vwf w avm roif r ae&ynma&;
pepfowfrSwf&efudkrl t}uHjyKxm;jcif; r&Sday? roifrae& ynma&;pepfowfrSwf
&eftwGuf ausmif;rsm;vkHavmufatmif &Sd&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ vkHavmufaomaiG
a=u; &Sd&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ q&mrsm;udk pepfwus oifwef;rsm;ydk@cs&rnfjzpfa=umif;/
tdEdN,EdkifiHwGif xdktcsufrsm;rjynfhpkHbJ roifrae&ynma&;pepf owfrSwfcJh
onh f t wG u f atmif j rif r _ r &S d c J h o nf h tawG @ t}uH K rsm;t& vnf ; aumif ; /
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif roifrae& ynma&;pepfowfrSwf&ef tcsdefrwefao;a=umif;
tpD&ifcHpmu axmufjyxm;onf?

txufyg qmxGe;f atmifausmOf uUXtjzpfaqmif&u G o f nfh ynma&;wnfaqmufr_

aumfrwD (Education Reconstruction Committee). tpD&ifcHpmudk taumif
txnf a zmf c J h o nf h taxmuf t xm;rsm; rawG @ &S d & ay? 1953 ck E S p f w G i f
xkwfjyefaom jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&. rSwfwrf;t& 1946 ckESpfwGif ynma&;rl0g'
avhvmpkHprf;a&;aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;a=umif;ESifh xdkaumfrwDrS ppf+yD;acwfynma&;vdk
tyfcsurf sm;udk v$r;f +cHKonfh tpD&ifcpH mwpfapmifukd wifoiG ;f cJah =umif;awG@&&dS onf?
pma&;oltaejzifh tqdkygynma&;rl0g' avhvmpkHprf;a&;aumfrwD. tpD&ifcH
pmudkvnf;aumif;/ aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;. trnfpm&if;udkvnf;aumif; &SmazG
awG@&Sdjcif; r&Sdao;ay?

3? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwfynma&; (1948-1962)

1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;udk a=ujim+yD;aemuf

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf ynma&;rl0g' avhvmpkHprf;a&;aumfrwD
tpD&ifcHpmESifh tjcm;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tay:tajccHv#uf ynma&;rl0g'qdkif&m
a=ujimcsuw f pf&yfukd xkwjf yefco hJ nf(atmufwiG ¶f )_ ? 1953 ckEpS t
f pd;k &tpD&ifcpH mwGif
txufygynma&;rl0g'onf atmifjrifr_r&SdcJha=umif; 0efcHajym=um;xm;onf?
atmifjrifjcif;r&So d nfh tcsurf sm;teuf tcsuw f pf&yfrmS - vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;csed rf pS I
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufavmifcohJ jzifh tpd;k &onf e,fajrrsm;udk xde;f
odrf;EdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 23

1950 ckEpS /f ZGev

f (1) &ufae@wiG f txufygynma&;rl0g'udk pwiftaumiftxnf
azmfcJhonf? xdkynma&;rl0g'wGif yg0ifonfhxl;jcm;onfhtcsufrsm;rSm-

Ð rlvwef;ESifhrlvwef;vGefpepfESpfckudkaygif;pyfI ,cifrlvwef;vGef
ausmif;rsm;wGif oli,fwef;rS e0rwef;txd oif=um;&ef/
Ð tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;udk oli,fwef;rSowWrwef;txdoif=um;&ef/
Ð rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;udk oli,fwef;rS pwkwˆwef;txd oif=um;&ef/
Ð jrefrmbmompum;udk ausmif;oHk;bmompum;tjzpf tokH;jyK&ef/
Ð t*F v d y f b momud k roif r ae&'k w d , bmomtjzpf yÌrwef ; rS
pIoif=um;&ef/

txufygr0l g't& rlvwef;rS wuUov kd t

f qift
h xd tcrJyh nmoif=um;a&;pepfukd
pwiftaumiftxnfazmfcJhonf? 1951 ckESpf yk*~vduausmif;rsm;tufOya't&
yk*~vduausmif;rsm;udkvnf; zGifhcGifhðyxm;onf? roifrae&ynma&;pepf tpysdK;
prf;oyfcsufudk &efukefqifajczkH;a'owGif (2) ESpf=umaqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf;
atmifjrifr_r&SdcJhacs?

1953 ckEpS wf iG f tpd;k &.jynfawmfom pDru

H ed ;f (10)ckwiG f tygt0ifjzpfaom ynma&;
pDru
H ed ;f topfukd pwifvyk af qmifcohJ nf? tqdyk gynma&;pDru H ed ;f topf. tajccHrl
(5)csufrSm -

Ð jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkif;onf ta&;/ tzwf/ twGufudk

tajccHtm;jzifh wwfajrmuf&ef/
Ð EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;twGufvdktyfonfhu|rf;usifolESifh ynm&Sifrsm;udk
arG;xkwf&ef/
Ð i,f & G , f o l a,musf m ;av;/ rd e f ; uav;rsm;ud k jynf a xmif p k o m;
wpfa,muftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf avhusifhoif=um;
ay;&ef/
Ð pmrwwfolyaysmuf&ef/ EdkifiHom;wdkif; Avig;wef jynfh0&ef (Avig;wef
rSm-trsdK;om;usef;rma&;/ trsdK;om;ynma&;/ trsdK;om;pD;yGg;a&;/
trsdK;om;a&;vuQ%mESifh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;wdk@ jzpfonf?)
24 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

Ð jynfaxmifpktwGif; 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfrsm;&Sifoefap&efwdk@jzpfonf?

tjcm;ynma&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;tjyif rlvwef; tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;

ausmif;rsm;twGuf oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;udkvnf; ynma&;pDrHudef;wGif az:jyxm;onf?
ynma&; &nf r S e f ; csuf t opf r sm;ES i f h ud k u f n D a tmif j yif q if a &;qG J c J h o nf ?
Toif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;topfonf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;ESifh
vuf a wG @ oif c ef ;pmrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf? bmoma&;oif c ef ; pmrsm;ud k r l
Toif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;topfu csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ynma&;pDrHudef;topfonf
tqifhtoD;oD;wGif ta&;w}uD;vdktyfv#uf&Sdaom u|rf;usifonfhoifwef;qif;
q&mrsm;udk arG;xkwf&eftwGufvnf; tpDtpOfopfrsm; a&;qGJcJhonf?

txufyg ynma&;pDrHudef;topfwGif twef;rsm;zGJ@pnf;ykHrSm 5-3-3 pepfjzpfonf?

,if;wdk@rSm -

Ð rlvwef; (oli,fwef;rSpwkwˆwef; - uav;touf 5 ESpfrS 10 ESpf)

Ð tv,fwef; (yÌrwef;rSowWrwef; - uav;touf 10 ESpfrS 13
ESpf)
Ð txufwef; (tÏrwef;rS '\rwef; - uav;touf 13 ESpfrS 16
ESpf) (txufwef;ausmif;tqifhwGif pdkufysdK;a&;txufwef;ESifh pufr_
txufwef;ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; oD;jcm;zGifhvSpfonf)
Ð pufr_ody`H/ pdkufysdK;a&;ody`Hrsm;ESifh wuUodkvfrsm; (ausmif;om;touf
16 ESpfrS txuf)

tv,f w ef ; ausmif ; oif c ef ; pmwG i f oif = um;aom bmom&yf r sm;rS m - òrd @

jya'oausmif;rsm;twGuf vuform;ynm/ pufr_ESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
bmom&yf r sm;/ aus;vuf a 'orsm;twG u f wd & p> m ef arG ; jrLa&;ES i f h
pd k u f y sd K ;a&;bmom&yf r sm; yg0if o nf ? txuf w ef ; ausmif ; oif c ef ; pmwG i f
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_udk taxmuftulðyaom atmufygbmom&yfrsm;
yg0ifonf? a,musfm;av;rsm;twGuf pufr_ESifh taxGaxG tvkyf¶kHoifwef;/
rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf tdrfwGif;r_odyH̀/ a,musfm;av; rdef;uav; ESpfrsdK;vkH;twGuf
tóudaq;oifwef;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; bmom&yfrsm; yg0ifonf?
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 25

bmom&yf t oD ; oD ; twG u f ausmif ; ok H ; jyXmef ; pmtk y f t opf r sm;ud k v nf ;

¶dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf?

1958 ckESpfwGifynma&;0ef}uD;XmerS bmom&yftoD;oD;oif=um;&mwGift

okH;jyK&rnfh bmompum; qdkif&mrl0g'wpfckudkjyXmef;cJhonf? tqdkygrl0g't&
ausmif;tm;vkH;wGif bmom&yftoD;oD;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh oif=um;&rnfjzpfa
=umif;ESifh t*Fvdyfpmudk bmom&yfwpfcktaejzifh yÌrwef;rSpwifI oif=um;&ef
az:jyxm;onf ? 3 od k @ &mwG i f tpd k ; &ausmif ; rsm;tjyif yk * ~ v d u ausmif ; rsm;/
c&pf,mefausmif;rsm;ESifh Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;udk EdkifiHtESH@
w&m;0ifzGifhcGifhjyKxm;onf? yk*~vduausmif;rsm;ESifh c&pf,mefausmif;rsm;wGif
t*Fvyd pf mudrk v
l wef;rSyif pwifoif=um;onf? txl;ojzifh yk*v ~ u d ausmif;rsm;onf
touf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; qd k i f & m bmom&yf r sm;ud k oif = um;jcif ; rðybJ
oabmw&m;qdkif&m (Academic Subjects) rsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;oif=um;=uonf?
wuUodkvf tqifhwGifvnf; jrefrmpmudk ausmif;oHk;bmomtjzpf tokH;jyK&efESifh
*k%fxl;wef;ESifhr[m0dZ…mwef;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpmudk ausmif;oHk;bmomtjzpf
tokH;jyK&ef tqdkygrl0g'u vrf;!ïefxm;onf?

tcsKyf t m;jzif h q d k & v#if vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; acwf jref r mEd k i f i H y nma&;wG i f

atmufygtcsufrsm;udk awG@&Sd&onf? a'oqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
taxmuf t ul j yKonf h touf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; qd k i f & m bmom&yf r sm;ud k
oif=um;onf? tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduausmif;rsm;wGif oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;
wlnDr_r&Sd? touft&G,ftwef;wluav;rsm;twGif; oabmw&m;ydkif;ESifh t
oufarG;0rf;a=umif;bmom&yfrsm;cGJjcm;r_/ +rdKŒjyESifhaus;vufcGJjcm;r_/ qif;&JESifh
csrf;omcGJjcm;r_ &Sdonf? (Oyrm- yk*~vduausmif;rsm;wGif csrf;omaom rdbrsm;om
ausmif;xm;Edkif+yD;/ +rdK@jy&Sdqif;&Jaomuav;rsm;ESifh aus;vufrSuav;rsm;onf
tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;udkom tm;udk;=u&onf?) xdk@tjyif usm;-rcGJjcm;r_ponfh
ynma&;rnDr#r_rsm;udkvnf;awG@&onf? xdkacwfynma&;onf uav;rsm;udk
trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;rsm; (Oyrm- Avig;wef)udk oGwfoGif;onfrSvGJI
uav;rsm;. pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m/ tusifhpm&dwWqdkif&mrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&m
(Spiritual, Moral and Social Development) bmom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;cJhjcif;r&Sdacs?
xd k @ tjyif jref r mpmonf rd c if b mompum; r[k w f o nf h u av;trsm;pk
26 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

wufa&muf&m ausmif;rsm;wGif oufqdkif&mwdkif;&if;om; bmompum;jzifh

pmoif=um;jcif;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJhjcif;r&Sdacs? ta&;}uD;onfh tcsufwpf&yfrSm
- roifrae&ynma&; prf;oyfumv tjzpf (2) ESpf=um &efukefqifajczkH;a'owGif
tpysdK;aqmif&Gufr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif roifrae&ynma&;pepfudk
Oya'jyXmef;I taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufcJhjcif; rawG@&Sd&ay?

4? ppftkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSynma&;(1962-1988)

1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tqifhESpfqifhjzifh

cGJjcm;azmfjyEdkifonf? 1962 ckESpfrS 1974 ckESpftxd tºuGif;rJhppftkyfcsKyfa&;/
1974 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd tajccHOya'jzifh jyXmef;twnfðyxm;onfh
tm%m&Sifpepf (Constitutional Dictatorship) wdk@jzpfonf? 1962 ckESpf {+yDvwGif
Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; ae0if ; OD ; aqmif o nf h tm%mod r f ; ppf a cgif ; aqmif r sm; yg0if z G J @
pnf;xm;onfh awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfukd a=ujimcJo h nf?
tqdkygvrf;pOft& ynma&;rl0g'udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf?
awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D o nf touf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; r_ E S i f h
rudkufnDaom vuf&Sdynma&;pepfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&rnf[k
,Hk=unfonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf qdk&S,fvpfpdwf"gwfudk
tajccH o nf h touf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; r_ E S i f h ud k u f n D a om
ynma&;pepfwpf&yfudk azmfaqmifI ody`Hynmudk OD;pm;ay;rnf?

1930 ckESpfrsm;rSpwifI qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avmuwGiftopf

tqef;r[kwfay? odk@&mwGif ynma&;u¾wGifrlum; tm&S.tpOftvm}uD;rm;
cJhaom pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;udk taemufEdkifiH¶kyf0g'jzifh
tpm;xd k ; vd k u f j cif ; jzpf o nf ? xd k @ jyif jref r mh q d k & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD .
ynma&;rl0g'onf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_ESifh udkufnDaom ynma&;pepf
jzpfonf[k azmfjy+yD;ody`Hynmudk OD;pm;ay;vdkufojzifh oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;onf
nD!Gwfr#wr_r&Sdawmhay? todynmESifh awG;ac:Edkifr_ynm&yfwdk@udk csefvSyfxm;+yD;/
0dZ…mynm&yf. ta&;ygr_udk rsufuG,fðyvdkufonf? ausmif;rsm;wGif twef;wl/
touf t &G , f w l ausmif ; om;rsm;jzpf y gv#uf 0d Z … m ynm&yf r sm;ud k o m
oif,cl iG &hf &S=d uaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvdt k avsmuf 'kw, d wef;pm;tqifo h @kd
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 27

avsmhusoGm;onf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhrdbrsm;taejzifhvnf; ody`Hynm&yfrsm;udk

oif,El ikd rf o
S mv#if aemifwcsed w
f iG f tvkyt
f udik Ef iS 0hf ifaiGaumif;rnfh q&m0efynm/
tif*sifeD,mynm&yfrsm;udk wuUodkvfwGif qufvufoif,lcGifh&&SdEdkifrnfjzpfI
ody`Hynm&yfrsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;vm=uawmhonf? pmar;yGJwGif trSwfenf;I
ody`Hynm&yfrsm;udk oif,lcGifhr&=ubJ/ 0dZ…mynm&yfrsm;udkom oif,l=u&aom
ausmif;om;rsm;pGmwdk@onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&medrfhusr_udk cHpm;=u&awmhonf?
qdk&S,fvpfpdwf"mwf udk tajccHonf[k azmfjyxm;aom ynma&;rl0g'atmufwGif
ynma&;rnDr#r_rsm;/ cGJjcm;r_rsm;udk txift&Sm; awG@jrif&onf?

Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;tpd;k &rS tm%modr;f ,l+yD;aemufwiG f yk*v
~ u
d ausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k
udk jynfolydkifodrf;,lcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI c&pf,mefausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfcGifhr
&Sdawmhay? odk@&mwGif aus;vufa'orsm;Yrl jrefrmAk'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;
oifpmoifausmif;rsm;udk qufvufcGifhðyxm;onf? 1964 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if;tpdk;&onf pepfopfynma&;[k ac:wGifaom ynma&;pepfopf wpf&yfudk
csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfcJhonf?

tqdkygpepfopf ynma&;wGif

(1) tajccHynma&;
(2) pufr_/ pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm
(3) txufwef;ynma&; (Higher Education) wdk@yg0ifonf?

tajccHynma&;wGif ausmif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;yHkudk 5 - 3 - 3 pepfrS 5 - 4 - 2 pepfodk@

ajymif;vJvdkufonf? ,if;wdk@rSm -

Ð rlvwef; (oli,fwef;rS pwkwˆwef; - uav;touf 5 ESpfrS 10 ESpf)

Ð tv,fwef; ( yÌrwef;rS tÏrwef; - uav; 10 ESpfrS 14 ESpf )
Ð txufwef; ( e0rwef;rS '\rwef; - uav; 14 ESpfrS 16 ESpf )

jrefrmpmudk bmom&yfrsm; oif=um;&mwGif toH;k ðyonfh ausmif;oH;k bmom&yftjzpf

qufvuf jyXmef;onf? od@k &mwGif jrefrmbmomonf rdcifbmompum;r[kwaf om
28 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; trsm;pkaexdkif&ma'o&Sd ausmif;rsm;wGif oufqdkif&mwdkif;

&if;bmomjzifh oif=um;r_udkrl cGifhrðyay? bmoma&;oifcef;pmrsm;udkvnf;
oif = um;cG i f h ð yjcif ; r&S d a cs? t*F v d y f p mud k r l 'k w d , bmomwpf & yf t jzpf
yÌrwef ; rS p I oif = um;aponf ? pmar;yG J ppf a q;onf h p epf o nf twef ;
atmif t wef ; uspepf o mjzpf + yD ; / twef ; toD ; oD ; wG i f ES p f p Of p mar;yG J } uD ;
usif ; yppf a q;onf ? tpd k ; &.pmar;yG J r sm;ud k tÏrwef ; ES i f h '\rwef ; wd k @
wGifppfaq;+yD; pwkwˆwef;pmar;yGJudk òrdŒe,ftvdkufppfaq;onf? tÏrwef;
pmar;yGJatmifpm&if;udk u-pm&if; / c-pm&if;[lI ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;+yD; u-pm&if;jzifh
atmifjrifolrsm;om txufwef;ausmif;wGif ody`Hbmom&yfrsm;udk oif,lcGifh&SdI
c-pm&if;jzifh atmifjriforl sm;onf 0dZm… bmomwpfrsKd ;wnf;udo k m oif,cl iG &hf o
dS nf?
txufwiG af zmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f tÏrwef; pmar;yGpJ epfonf i,f&, G of al usmif;om;/
ausmif;olrsm;tm; odomxif&mS ;pGm ynma&; tqift h wef; cGjJ cm;vdu
k jf cif; jzpfonf?
xdk@tjyif Ttqifhtwef;cGJjcm;r_onf 0dZ…mbmom&yfrsm; jzpf=uaom ordkif;/
yx0D/ pdwfynm/ vlr_a&;ynmESifh '\eduynm&yfrsm;udk tqifhESdrfhcsvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf?

txufygody`HynmudkOD;pm;ay;onfh ynma&;rl0g't&ody`Hbmom&yfrsm;udk
oif=um;ol 70 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ESihf 0dZm… bmom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;ol 30 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f &So
d nf?
Tynma&; pepfopfudk rcsrSwfrDu ody`Hbmom&yfrsm; oif=um;ol 40 &mcdkifE_ef;
ESifh 0dZ…mbmom&yfrsm; oif=um;ol 60 &mcdkifE_ef;&Sda=umif;pm&ifZ,m;rsm;u
azmfjyonf? txufwef;ausmif;rsm;Y oif=um;aom odyH̀bmomwGJwGifyg0ifonfh
bmom&yfrsm;rSm -

Ð jrefrmpm
Ð t*Fvdyfpm
Ð ocFsm
Ð ¶lyaA'
Ð "gwkaA' ESifh
Ð ZD0aA' (tcsdK@ausmif;rsm;wGif blrdaA') wdk@jzpfonf?
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 29

0dZ…mwGJonf ESpfrsdK;jzpf+yD; / yxrwrsdK;rSm -

Ð jrefrmpm
Ð t*Fvdyfpm
Ð ocFsm
Ð pD;yGm;a&;
Ð ordkif; ESifh
Ð yx0D wdk@jzpfonf?

'kwd,wpfrsdK;rSm -

Ð jrefrmpm
Ð t*Fvdyfpm
Ð pdwfóudufjrefrmpm
Ð pdwfóuduft*Fvdyfpm
Ð ordkif; ESifh
Ð yx0D wdk@jzpfonf?

'\rwef;pmar;yGJwGif xyfrHI u-pm&if;ESifh c-pm&if;[lI cGJjcm;jyefonf?

u-pm&if;jzifh atmifjriforl sm;om wuUov kd o
f @kd wufa&muf&efav#muf xm;cGi&hf +dS yD;/
c-pm&if;jzifhatmifjrifolrsm;onf wuUodkvf wufa&muf&eftcGifhtvrf;r&SdbJ
toufarG;0rf;a=umif; qdkif&m ody`H (pdkufysdK;a&; / pufr_)ausmif;rsm;wGifom
av#mufxm;cGifh&Sdonf? pmar;yGJus&_H; olrsm;onf aemifESpfpmar;yGJrsm;wGif
xyf r H a jzqd k c G i f h & S d + yD ; / c-pm&if ; jzif h atmif j rif o l r sm;onf vnf ;
u-pm&if ; jzif h atmif j rif & ef xyf r H a jzqd k a vh & S d = uonf ? wuU o d k v f r sm;rS
ausmif ; om; a&G ; cs,f & mwG i f v nf ; '\rwef ; pmar;yG J t rS w f t enf ; trsm;
tvd k u f a&G ; cs,f o nf ? od y ` H b mom&yf r sm;tvd k u f aq;wuU o d k v f o nf
yxrtrSwftrsm;qHk;/ pufr_wuUodkvf 'kwd,trsm;qHk;ESifh owWaA'/ ¶kuQaA'wdk@
onf trSwftedrfhqHk;jzpfonf? 0dZ…mbmom &yfrsm;wGif Oya'bmom&yfonf
trSwftrsm;qHk;ESifh '\eduaA'/ pdwfynmwdk@rSm trSwf tedrfhqHk;jzpfonf?
Tynma&;pepft& q,fausmfouft&G,fwGif ppfaq;aom pmar;yGJrsm;onf
30 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh rdrw d @kd EpS o

f uf&m/ 0goemyg&m bmom&yfrsm;udk
a&G;cs,foif,l&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sd=uawmhbJ/ b0wav#mufvHk; jyefðyjyifI
r&awmhonfh yHkpHoGif;r_rsdK;udk cH=u&onf?

tjcm;ynma&;qd k i f & mcG J j cm;r_ w &yf r S m td E N d , ES i f h w¶k w f v l r sd K ;rd b rsm;rS

ayguf z G m ;vm=uaom uav;rsm;twG u f uef @ owf c suf j zpf o nf ? 1982
EdkifiHom;Oya't& EdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfðyjcif;cH&onfh yk*~dKvfrsm;onf
rd b bd k ; bG m ;vuf x uf r S p I 1824-25 ck E S p f + Ad w d o #wd k @ jref r mEd k i f i H t m;
pwif0ifa&mufcJhonfh tcsdefumv rwdkifrDu aexdkifcJholrsm;om jzpf&rnf[k
jyXmef;xm;onf? TOya't& jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ +Adwdo#rsm; 0ifa&muf+yD;aemufrS
ajymif;a&$@vm=uaom vlOD;a& ESpfoef;cef@r#&Sdonfh tdENd,ESifh w¶kwfvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk@
EkdifiHom;jzpfzG,f&m ta=umif;r&Sdawmhay? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;& ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme.
wuUodkvf0ifcGifhqdkif&mrlwGif rdbESpfyg;pvHk; EdkifiHom;jzpfolrsm;om toufarG;
0rf;a=umif;qdik &f m wuUov kd rf sm;od@k av#mufxm;cGi&hf o dS nf[yk g&&dS m tdE,
dN ESiw
fh ¶kwf
vlrsdK;rdbrsm;rS aygufzGm;vmaomuav;rsm;tzdk@ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&m
wuUodkvfrsm;wGif ynmoif=um;&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sd=uawmhay? Oyrmtaejzifh
pma&;ol. ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;ESpfOD;onf TOya't& ynmoif=um;&ef
tcG i f h t a&;rsm; yd w f y if c H c J h = u&onf ? wpf O D ; rS m &ef u k e f p uf r _ w uU o d k v f o d k @
wufa&mufoif=um;aepOf ausmif;rSxkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf? ta=umif;jycsufrSm
tqd k y gausmif ; om;. arG ; pm;rd b rsm;rS m Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;jzpf = uaomf v nf ;
rdbt&if;rsm;rSm EdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfðyjcif;rcH&onfh w¶kwfEG,frsm;
jzpf a oma=umif h [ k az:jyonf ? tjcm;wpf O D ; rS m td E N d , EG , f z G m ; rd b rsm;rS
aygufzGm;vmoljzpfonf? i,fpOfuyif q&m0efjzpf&ef &nf&G,fxm;oljzpf+yD;/ jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif aq;ynmoif=um;&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdojzifh '\rwef;atmif+yD;aemuf
tdENd,odk@jyef+yD; aq;ynmoif&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? bmompum; tcuftcJ/
aiGa=u;tcuftcJw@kd a=umifh aq;ynmoifwef; r+yD;qH;k ao;bJ/ rdbrsm;&S&d m jrefrm
Edik if o
H @kd jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd w&m;r0if cd;k 0ifvmonf[al om
pG y f p G J c suf j zif h zrf ; qD ; axmif c scH & rnf h a b;rS a&S m if w d r f ; aepOf u mvtwG i f ;
um;arSmufI aoqHk;cJhonf?

1974 ckESpfwGif ppftkyfcsKyfa&;onf tºuGif;rJhtm%m&SifpepfrS tajccHOya'jzifh

 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 31

jyXmef;onfh tm%m&Sifpepf tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJcJhonf? 1974 ckESpftajccHOya'

yk'fr 152 t& EdkifiHom;wdkif; ynmoif,l&eftcGifhta&; &Sdonf[lIvnf;aumif;/
tajccH y nmud k vl w d k i f ; oif , l & rnf [ l I vnf ; aumif ; azmf j yxm;onf ?
odk@&mwGif vufawG@jzpf&yfrsm;onf TtajccHOya'yg pmydk'frsm;jzifh rudkufnD
a=umif ; awG @ &S d & onf ? 1974 ck E S p f w G i f xk w f j yef a om ynma&;rl 0 g'wG i f
atmufygu¾rsm;yg0ifonf?

(1) tajccHynma&;
(2) pufr_/ pdkufydsK;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynma&;
(3) txufwef;ynma&;
(4) ynma&;okawoe

tajccHynma&;oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;wGif ody`HbmomwGJESifh 0dZ…mbmomwGJESpfckudk

quf v uf c G J j cm;xm;onf? toufarG;0rf;a=umif ; qd k i f & m bmom&yf r sm;ud k
udk;um;xnfhoGif;jcif; r&Sday? pufr_pdkufysdK;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm
qdkif&mausmif;rsm;onfvnf; vli,frsm;. tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;&&Sd&ef
vd k t yf a om u|rf ; usif r _ r sm;ud k oif = um;ay;Ed k i f p G r f ; r&S d a y? 1974 ck E S p f /
ynma&;rl0g't& ynma&;okawoeonf u¾wpf&yftjzpf yg0ifaomfvnf;
tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhESifh
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk tmr rcHEdkifay?

tm%m&Siftpdk;&. tjcm;óud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm vli,fpDrHudef;rsm;jzpfonf? tqdkyg

pDruH ed ;f rsm;rSm vl&nfc|epf rD u H ed ;f / vkytf m;ay;pDru H ed ;f ESihf vrf;pOfvil ,fw@kd jzpfonf?
vrf;pOfvli,f qdkonfrSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDudk taxmuftulðyrnfh
vli,frsm;udk arG;jrLjcif;jzpfonf? vl&nfc|epf rD u H ed ;f rSmvnf; vufa&G;pifvw l pkuo kd m
csD;ajr‡mufonfh oabmoufa&mufonf? vl&nfc|efwpfOD;tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&&ef
twGuf ausmif;tqifh/ òrd@e,ftqifhESifh c¶dkifpmar;yGJ tqifhoHk;qifhudkajzqdk&+yD;
c¶dkifwpfckwGif wpfOD;om a&G;cs,fonf? pmar;yGJrsm;wGif bmom&yfwwfajrmufr_/
tm;upm;xl ; c|ef r _ / taxG a xG A [k o k w ES i f h ^m%f & nf w d k @ ud k ppf a q;onf ?
pma&;olonf owWrwef;wGif vl&nfc|epf mar;yGJ 0ifa&mufajzqdck iG &hf cJ&h m ausmif;t
qifw h iG af tmifjrifc+hJ y;D / òr@d e,ftqifw h iG f ¶_;H edrchf ohJ nf? tÏrwef;a&mufonft h csed w f iG f
32 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

vl&nfc|efpmar;yGJ0ifcGifh&&eftwGuf toufuef@owfcsufwpfck xyfrHwdk;vm&m

uef @ owf o nf h t ouf x uf vtenf ; i,f ausmf v G e f a eojzif h pmar;yG J
0ifcGifhr&awmhay?

vkyt f m;ay;pDru H ed ;f rSm aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;Y tpd;k &aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;

rsm;wGif tcrJh vkyftm;ay;&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;udk apv$wfjcif;jzpfonf?
ausmif;om;vli,f vkyftm;ay;rsm;onf pmrwwfolyaysmufa&; ‘t’oHk;vHk;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif }uD;rm;pGmtaxmuftulðycJhonf? 1964 ckESpfwGif pmrwwfol
yaysmuf a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ u d k ynma&;XmerS vk y f t m;ay;rsm;ES i f h p wif c J h o nf ?
pmrwwfoltrsm;pkrSm aus;vufa'o&Sd v,form;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;jzpf+yD;/
trsdK;orD;pmrwwfolOD;a&rSm trsdK;om; pmrwwfolOD;a&xuf rsm;onf? 1966
ckESpfwGif A[dkpmwwfajrmufa&;aumfrDwDudkzGJ@pnf;onf? tqdkygaumfrDwDonf
a'ocHjynfolrsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_/ pmoif=um;&ef ae&mtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk
ouf q d k i f & ma'orS ul n D y H h y d k ; r_ E S i f h vk y f t m;ay;q&mrsm;ud k tajcðyv#uf
pmwwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;jzpfonf? 1969 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif; rdwDˆvmc¶dkifudk prf;oyfa'otjzpf pwifa&G;cs,fcJhonf?
1970 ckESpfwGif ppfudkif;ESifh ausmufqnfc¶dkifESpfckudk wdk;csJŒaqmif&GufcJhonf?
1971 ckESpfwGif a&$bdk/ rHk&Gm/ jrif;+cHESifh rauG;c±dkifwdk@wGif qufvufaqmif&Gufonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH pmwwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;. xif&Sm;aomatmifjrifr_wpf&yfrSm
1971 ckESpfwGif UNESCO tzGJ@}uD;rS csD;jr‡ifhaom Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
qkudkqGwfcl;&&SdcJhonf? 1974 ckESpfwGif pmwwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;rsm;udk uavm/
&GmiH/ òrdif/ usHKaysmfESifh yJcl;òrd@e,fwdk@wGif qufvufaqmif&Gufonf?

pma&;ol wuU o d k v f ' k w d , ES p f w G i f wuf a &muf o if = um;aepOf &S r f ; jynf /

&G m iH ò rd @ e,f pmwwf a jrmuf a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ w G i f vk y f t m;ay;q&mtjzpf
yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? vkyftm;ay;umvrSm wpfvjzpfonf? em&D (60) twGif;
ta&;/ tzwfESifh twGufudk oif&onf? oifwef;wufa&mufolwdk@.tcuftcJrSm
tvkyftudkifrsm;jzifh rtm;vyfjcif;ESifh pmrwwfonfhtjzpfudktrsm;a&SŒwGif
xkwfaz:jyo&onfhtwGuf &Suf&GH@jcif;wdk@jzpfonf? tjcm;tcuftcJwpf&yfrSm
bmompum;jzpfonf? oifwef;wufa&muf=uolwdk@rSm ytdk@vlrsdK;rsm;jzpf+yD;
a'ooH k ; pum;ud k o majymqd k = uonf ? pma&;ol w d k @ oif = um;jyo&onf r S m
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 33

jref r mpmjzpf o nf ? jref r mEd k i f i H pmwwf a jrmuf a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ E S i f h ywf o uf I
vef'efwuUodkvfrS Mrs Anna Allott .pmwrf;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&onf wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufwGif waygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpfap&ef
twG u f pmwwf a jrmuf a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ u d k vuf e uf o zG , f toH k ; ðycJ h o nf [ k
axmufjycJhonf? pma&;oltaejzifhrl bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_uGJjym;onfh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;tay: ArmvlrsdK;wdk@. pmayESifh,Ofaus;r_ v$rf;rdk;jcif;onf
w&m;r#wr_r&S[ d ck ,
H ol nf? t=urf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if H pmwwfajrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_
onf vlxkaxmufcHr_&&Sdjcif;/ vkyftm;ay;ausmif;om;rsm; wufºuGpGmyg0ifjcif;/
UNESCO tzG@J rS cs;D jr‡ia
hf omqk&&Sjd cif;wd@k a=umifh wpHw
k &maom twdik ;f twmtxd
atmifjrifr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; 1974-75-76 ckESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;udk
qef@usifaom ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; r=umc%jzpfyGm;I wuUodkvfrsm;
r=umc% ydwf&aoma=umifh vkyftm;ay;ausmif;om;rsm;udk tajccHxm;aom
pmwwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf arS;rSdefoGm;cJhonf?

1976 ck E S p f r S 1988 ck E S p f t wG i f ; tajccH y nmu¾wG i f xl ; jcm;aom

tajymif ; tvJ r awG @ &ay? txuf w ef ; ynma&; (Higher Education) wG i f r l
a'oaumvdyfausmif;rsm;ESifh wuUodkvfpmay;pm,l oifwef;wdk@udk zGifhvSpfcJhonf?
Tpmwrf;onf txufwef;ynma&;udk xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;jcif;rðybJ csefvSyfxm;
rnfjzpfygonf?

5? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_umvynma&; (1988 -2000)

1988 ck E S p f / jref r mEd k i f i H ' D r d k u a&pD v _ y f & S m ;r_ } uD ; ay:ayguf + yD ; aemuf tpd k ; &
tk y f c sKyf a &;onf tajccH O ya'jzif h j yXmef ; aom wpf y gwD t m%m&S i f p epf r S
ppftm%m&Sifpepfodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;onf? ppftpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yf
ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e 0 w)udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;zGJ@
pnf;cGiðhf ya=umif;ESihf a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;rnf jzpfa=umif;a=unmcJo h nf? xdpk Ofu
e 0 w OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifrS toHv$ihfa=ujimaom rdef@cGef;wpfckwGif
ynma&;udpPonf e 0 w . wm0efr[kwfa=umif;/ aemif a&G;aumufyGJjzifh
wufvmrnfh tpdk;&.wm0efomjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif 1990
ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS tEdkif&&SdcJhaomfvnf; jynfol@
34 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

v$wfawmfac:,lapjcif;/ tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;jcif;r&SdcJhay? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apmarmif

tm%m,lcJhonfhtcsdefrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;onf wdk;wufvmonf[lI
r&SdcJhacs?

urBmhukvor*~uav;rsm;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@ tpD&ifcHpmwpfckwGif jrefrmEdkifiHuav;rsm;

tm;vHk;. 40 &mcdkifE_ef;onf wpf}udrfr#ausmif;raezl;a=umif;ESifh ausmif;0if
pm&if ; wif o G i f ; aomuav;tm;vH k ; . av;yH k o H k ; yH k o nf rl v wef ; r+yD ; qH k ; rD
ausmif ; rS x G u f o G m ;=ua=umif ; azmf j yxm;onf ? av;wef ; atmif + yD ; aemuf
tv,fwef;odk@ wufa&mufaomE_ef;rSmvnf; tvGefenf;onf? tajccHynm
(q,f w ef ; )atmif j rif a om ausmif ; om;OD ; a&onf rl v wef ; ausmif ; wG i f
ausmif;0ifpm&if;oGif;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;. 2 &mcdkifE_ef;om&Sdonf? TE_ef;
xm;onf tjcm;zGH@òzd;+yD;/ zGH@òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#iftvGefuGmjcm;onf?
Oyrm t*FvefEdkifiHwGif (11) wef;txd roifrae&ynma&; atmifjrif+yD;/
xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H o nf *syef E d k i f i H u J h o d k @ (12) wef ; txd roif r ae&ynma&;ud k
pwiftaumiftxnfaz:v#uf&Sdonf? Z,m; ( u ) onf 1982 ckESpf rS 1988
ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;rsm;. ausmif;0ifpm&if;udk azmfjyxm;onf?

Z,m; ( u ) jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;0ifpm&if;jyZ,m; ( 1982 - 1988 )

jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;okawoeXme(1992)rS ul;,laz:jyonf?
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 35

urBmu h vk or*~rx S wk jf yefonfh jrefrmEdik if v

H Ol ;D a&pm&if; 1997-98 ckEpS t
f & touf
(15)ESpf atmufuav;OD;a&rSm 15³5 oef;&S+d y;D / touf (5) ESpaf tmufuav;OD;a&rSm
5³5 oef; &Sdonf? Tpm&if;Z,m;t& ausmif;ae&rnfh t&G,f uav;OD;a&
q,foef;&So d nf? od@k &mwGif 1997-98 ausmif;om;OD;a&pm&if;t& ausmif;0ifpm&if;
oGi;f olppk ak ygi;f rSm ckEpS of ef;om&Sod nf? ( Z,m;-c wGi¶f _ )? ausmif;aet&G,u f av;
oHk;oef;rSm ausmif;wufjcif;r&Sda=umif; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG@&onf? uav;rsm;
ausmif;aeEdkifr_E_ef;xm;onf aus;vufa'owGifydkIenf;onf?

Z,m; ( c ) ausmif;q&mESifhausmif;om;pm&if;

jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;pDrHudef;Xme ESpfygwfvnftpD&ifcHpm ( 1998 ) rSul;,laz:jyonf?

ausmif ; om;rsm;ausmif ; aeEd k i f r _ E _ e f ; xm; enf ; yg;,H k r #ru pmoif a usmif ;

ta&twGuf enf;yg;jcif;/ q&m rvHkavmufjcif;/ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; rvHkavmuf
jcif; / pm=unfhwdkufESifh "gwfcGJprf;oyfcef;rsm;vnf; rjynfhpHkjcif;wdk@ESifh &ifqdkif&onf?
jrefrmEdkifiH rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;.taetxm;rSm jynfwGif;a'owGif aus;&Gm
(5) &Gmv#if ausmif;wpfausmif;E_ef;&Sd+yD; tpGeftzsm;e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif aus;&Gm
(25) &Gmv#if ausmif;wpfausmif;E_ef;om &Sdonf? txl;ojzifh awmifay:a'oESifh
wdkif;&if;om;a'ouav;rsm;tzdk@ ynmoif=um;cGifhtcGifhtvrf; ydkIenf;yg;onf?

jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;okawoeXmetpD&ifcHpm (1992) wGif ausmif;om;rsm;

ausmif;xGuf&onfh ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;udk azmfjyxm;onf? uav;rsm;ESifh
qdkif&mtcsufwGif usef;rma&;csdKŒwJhjcif;/ ausmif;pmwGif pdwf0ifpm;r_enf;yg;jcif;/
pmrvdkufEdkifjcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? rdbrsm;ESifhqdkif&mtcsufwGif ynma&;tay:wGif
,H k = unf t m;ud k ; r_ e nf ; yg;jcif ; / ausmif ; p&d w f / pmtk y f z d k ; rsm;rwwf E d k i f j cif ; /
36 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

rd o m;pk & yf w nf E d k i f a &;twG u f uav;rsm; tvk y f v k y f & ef v d k t yf j cif ; wd k @

yg0if o nf ? a'oqd k i f & mtcsuf w G i f Ed k i f i H q if ; &J j cif ; / t[m&csd K ŒwJ h j cif ; /
usef ; rma&;apmif h a &S m uf r _ r vH k a vmuf j cif ; ES i f h txl ; ojzif h zG H @ òzd ; r_ e nf ; aom
a'orsm;wG i f ynma&;tay:wef z d k ; xm;r_ enf ; yg;jcif ; wd k @ yg0if o nf ?
ausmif;ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tcsufwGif q&m/ oif=um;enf;pepf/ oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;/
oif=um;r_ taxmuftulypPnf; / ausmif;oHk; y&dabm*rsm; / ynma&;XmezGJ@
pnf;r_ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;. tm;enf;r_rsm;udk axmufjyxm;onf?

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;.&v'fa=umifh TuJhodk@uav;rsm;ausmif;raeEdkifjcif;/ ynmrpHkrD

ausmif;xGuf&jcif;wdk@rSm a=uuGJzG,fjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf? uav;tvkyform;rsm;/
uav;ppfom;rsm;/ vrf;ay:avvGifhuav;rsm; rsm;jym;vm&onfhta=umif;
&if;rSm ynma&;u¾udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmvspfvsL¶_xm;r_a=umifhyifjzpfonf?
aus;vufaeuav;rsm;rSm pmoifausmif;rsm;r&Sdojzifh bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;.
aus;Zl ; a=umif h pma&;/ pmzwf oif , l = u&onf ? od k @ &mwG i f pd k u f y sd K ;a&;/
ukeyf pPn;f xkwv
f yk af &;ponfh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdik &f m u|r;f usirf r_ sm;twGuf
uav;rsm;tenf;qHk; (9) ESpf ausmif;ae&efvdktyfayonf?

jrefrmEdik if o
H nf ajymif;vJrw
_ pfcu
k kd OD;wnfaeovm; od@k r[kwf qkw, f wk af eovm;
qdok nfrmS ajz&cufaom ar;cGe;f rsm; jzpfonf? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyJG usi;f y+y;D onfh
tcsdefrSpI EdkifiHa&;t& wdk;wufr_r&SdcJhay? jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&;aumfrDwD. OuUX-
ESifh ppftpdk;&. t}uD;tuJwpfOD;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u jrefrmEdkifiHonf
'Drdkua&pDpepftwGuf tajccHaumif;rsm;udk pwifaea=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ ajym=um;csufESifh qef@usifaeonfhtcsufrSm 1999 ckESpfwGif
xkwfjyefonfh ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjycsufyifjzpfonf?
tqdyk gtpD&ifcpH monf jrefrmEdik if o
H nf vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azgurf _ trsm;qH;k Edik if rH sm;
jzpfaom tmz*efepPwef/ tD&wf/ vpfAsm;/ ql'efESifh aumfqdkAdkEdkifiHrsm;pm&if;wGif
yg0ifaea=umif;awG@&Sd&onf?

txufygEdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_rsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;
urBmhukvor*~ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;wdk;wufr_twGuf
tultnD ay;vsuf&Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;twGuf
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 37

tpysKd ;vdu
k of nft h csurf mS 1990 jynfEh pS /f rwfvwGif xdik ;f Edik if /H *|ew
f ,
D YH usi;f yaom
tm;vHk;twGufynma&; urBmhnDvmcHyifjzpfygonf? tqdkygnDvmcHodk@ xdkpOfu
ynma&;0ef } uD ; a'guf w mazod e f ; wuf a &muf c J h + yD ; / nD v mcH r S csrS w f a om
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk vufccH o hJ nf? tusKd ;quftaejzifh jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;0ef}uD;Xme
ESifh ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufaom ynma&;u¾avhvma&;
pDrHudef;wpfckudk 1990 ckESpf ESpfv,fwGifpwifcJhonf? 1992ckESpfwGif avhvmr_
tpD&ifcHpm xGufay:vm+yD;atmufygtcsufrsm;t}uHðycJhonf?

Ð rlvwef;ynma&;.tcef;u¾udkaz:xkwf&ef/
Ð oif ± d k ; !$ e f ; wrf ; zG H @ òzd ; r_ u d k ajymif ; vJ a eonf h y nma&;pepf r sm;ES i f h
tnDaqmif&Guf&ef/
Ð ausmif;om;vufcHr_pepfudkr#wpGmESifh tusdK;&SdpGmvkyfaqmif&ef/
Ð ausmif;om;rsm;.oif,lr_udk ydkrdkzGH@òzd;wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Guf&ef/
Ð ynma&;ESifh vufawG@ b0qufpyfr_ &Sdap&ef/
Ð q&mrsm;.oif=um;r_pGrf;&nfudkjr‡ifhwif&ef/
Ð oif h w if h a vsmuf y wf o nf h o if = um;r_ t axmuf t ul y pP n f ; rsm;ud k
axmufyHh&ef/
Ð ausmif;tkyfcsKyfr_enf;pepfrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefatmifaqmif&Guf
&ef/

xd k p Of u ppf t pd k ; &onf urB m h u k v or*~ . tul t nD u d k & ,l I tajccH y nm

ud k vl w d k i f ; oif , l E d k i f a &;ES i f h ouU & mZf 2 000 wG i f uav;tm;vH k ; . 80
&mcd k i f E _ e f ; rl v wef ; ynm+yD ; qH k ; &ef &nf & G , f c J h o nf ? od k @ &mwG i f tpd k ; &.
ynma&;toH k ; p&d w f r S m tvG e f y if e nf ; yg;onf ? 1999 ck E S p f tpd k ; &xk w f
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& ynma&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vH;k toH;k p&dw. f 7³5
&mcdkifE_ef;om oHk;pGJcGifh&onf? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerSm toHk;p&dwftm;vHk;. 40
&mcdkifE_ef;udkoHk;pGJonf? trsdK;om;xkwfukefyrm% (GNP) ESifhE_dif;pmv#if 0³5 &mcdkif
E_ef;om ynma&;twGufoHk;pGJonf? tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif ysrf;r#tm;jzifh
trsdK;om;xkwfukefyrm%. 2³7 &mcdkifE_ef;udk ynma&;twGuftoHk;ðyonf?
38 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

oif¶dk;!¸ef;wrf;ajymif;vJr_rsm;

rl v wef ; atmuf q if h (ol i ,f w ef ; rS 'k w d , wef ; txd ) wG i f oif = um;aom

bmom&yfrsm;rSm jrefrmpm/ t*FvdyfpmESifh ocFsmwdk@jzpfonf? rlvwef;txufqifh
(wwd,wef;ESifh pwkwˆwef;) wdk@wGif oif=um;aom bmom&yfrsm;rSm jrefrm/
t*Fvdyf/ ocFsm/ ordkif;ESifhyx0Dwdk@jzpfonf? rlvwef;oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;onf
tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k OD ; pm;ay;jcif ; ES i f h tv,f w ef ; oif b mom&yf r sm;.
tajccH t jzpf o if = um;+yD ; / tajccH u |rf ; usif r _ r sm;jzpf o nf h pma&;/ pmzwf /
twGut f csu/f use;f rma&;ESihf usKd ;a=umif;qifjcifpOf;pm;r_rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;r&Sad cs?
tv,fwef; (yÌrwef;rS tÏrwef;txd) oif=um;aom bmom&yfrsm;rSm jrefrm/
t*Fvdyf/ ocFsm/ ody`H/ ordkif;ESifh yx0Dbmomwdk@jzpfonf? tÏrwef; twef;wif
pmar;yGJjzifh ody`Hvdkif;/ 0dZ…mvdkif;cGJjcm;r_udk 1964 ckESpfwGif pwifcJh+yD;/ 1977 ckESpfwGif
zsufodrf;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1985 ckESpfwGif ody`Hvdkif;/ 0dZ…mvdkif; jyefvnfcGJjcm;cJh+yD;/
1993ckESpfwGif jyefvnfzsufodrf;cJhonf? 1993 ckESpfrS 2000 ckESpftxd txufwef;
(e0rwef;ESifh '\rwef;) wGif oif=um;aombmom&yfrsm;rSm

(1) jrefrmpm
(2) t*Fvdyfpm
(3) ocFsm
(4) ody`H (¶lyaA'/ "gwkaA'/ ZD0aA')
(5) vlr_a&;bmom (ordkif;/ yx0D/ abm*aA') wdk@jzpfonf?

e0rwef;ESifh '\rwef; ocFsmESifhody`Hzwfpmtkyfrsm;rSm t*FvdyfbmomjzifhjyXmef;

onf ? TjyXmef ; r_ u d k 1991 ck E S p f w G i f pwif c J h + yD ; / 1991 ck E S p f r wd k i f r D u
bmom&yftm;vHk;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh jyXmef;cJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
tÏrwef;txd t*Fvdyfpmtm; bmom&yfwpfcktaejzifh oif=um;onfrSty
usefbmom&yftm;vHk;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh jyXmef;cJh&m e0rwef;wGif ocFsmESifh
od y ` H b mom&yf r sm;ud k t*F v d y f b momjzif h o if = um;&ojzif h }uD ; rm;aom
bmompum;tcuftcJjzifhóuH&onf? xdk@jyif e0rwef;ESifh '\rwef;wGif
oif = um;onf h ta=umif ; t&mrsm;rS m rsm;vG e f ; ojzif h ausmif ; om;rsm;rS m
bmom&yftcuftcJESifhvnf;óuH&onf? q&m/ q&mrrsm;udk,fwdkif t*Fvdyf
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 39

bmomjzifh oif=um;&eftcuftcJ&Sdonf? q&m/ q&mrtrsm;pku rSwfpkudk

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhay;+yD; &Sif;jyr_udkjrefrmbmomjzifhom&Sif;jyonf? ausmif;om;
rsm; pmar;yGJajzqdkaomtcg t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajzqdk=u&onf? ar;cGef;rSmvnf;
t*Fvyd b f momjzifyh if ¶duk Ef ydS o
f nf? '\rwef;aemufq;kH pmar;yGw
J iG f ausmif;om;
rsm;onf e0rwef;ESifh '\rwef; oif±dk;tm;vH k ; twG u f ajzqd k = u&onf ?
rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef; oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;rsm;wGif vlr_a&;ESifh
pm&dwWjrifhrm;a&;bmom&yfrsm; / pufr_yHkpHxkwfvkyfr_ESifh uGefjyLwmbmom&yfrsm;
yg0ifjcif;r&Sdacs? yef;csDESifhtm;upm;udk wcsdKŒausmif;rsm;wGifom tydkbmom&yf
taejzifh xnfhoGif;xm;&Sdonf? tv,fwef;/ txufwef; oif¶dk;!ïef;wrf;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wuUodkvfbmom&yfrsm;. tajccHtjzpfom oif=um;+yD;/
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&m tajccHrsm;ryg&Sday?

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;rsm;.oif=um;r_ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;.oif,lr_onf pmar;yGJ

aumif;pGm ajzqdkEdkifa&;udk OD;wnfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf q,fwef;pmar;yGJ
wG i f trS w f a umif ; aumif ; &&S d r S o m wuU o d k v f w G i f E S p f o uf & mbmom&yf u d k
a&G;cs,f oif,lEdkifrnfjzpfonf? odk@jzpf&mausmif;om;rsm;onf pmar;yGJwGif
trSwaf umif;aumif;&&Sad &;twGuf “jyifyusL&Siaf usmif;rsm;”udk tm;ud;k =uonf?
Tod k @ jzif h ausmif ; om;rsm;. pmoif = um;&mXmeonf tpd k ; &ausmif ; rsm;rS
“jyifyusL&Sifausmif;rsm;”ESifh “0dkif;usL&Sif” (tdrfwpftdrfwGif ausmif;om; 4 -5 OD;
usL&Siqf &miSm;I oif,al om pmoif0ikd ;f ) rsm; od@k a&G@vsm;oGm;onf? usL&Sirf sm;onf
aps;}uD;ay;&onfjzpf&m/ 0ifaiGenf;yg;aom rdom;pkrsm;ESifh usL&Sifausmif;r&Sdaom
aus;vufa'orS ausmif;om;rsm;tzdk@ ynma&;rnDr#r_ESif hóuHawG@&onf?

2000 -2001 pmoifEpS rf pS I txufwef; (e0rwef; ESihf '\rwef;) oif¶;kd !ïe;f wrf;
ajymif;vJomG ;onf? tÏrwef;pmar;yGaJ tmifjrifaomusmif;om;rsm;onf atmufyg
bmomwGJ (7) ckteuf wpfckckudk a&G;cs,f&onf?

(1) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ ¶lyaA'/ "gwkaA'/ abm*aA'

(2) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ yx0D/ ordkif/ abm*aA'
(3) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ yx0D/ ordkif;/ pdwfóudufjrefrmpm
(4) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ ordkif;/ abm*aA'/ pdwfóudufjrefrmpm
40 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

(5) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ ordkif;/ ¶lyaA'/ "gwkaA'

(6) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ pdwfóudufjrefrmpm/ ¶lyaA'/ "gwkaA'
(7) jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ ¶lyaA'/ "gwkaA'/ ZD0aA'

ausmif;om;rsm;onf txufygbmomwGJrsm;udk rnfonfhtajccHjzifha&G;cs,f

rnf e nf ; ? jref r mEd k i f i H & S d a usmif ; rsm;wG i f touf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; qd k i f & mES i f h
txufwef;ynmbmom&yfrsm;twGuf vrf;!ïefay;rnf›q&mrsm;cef@xm;onfh
tpOf t vmr&S d a y? tvk y f = urf ; rsm;vk y f u d k i f p m;aomuf o nf h rd b rsm;ES i f h
aus;vufa'orsm;rSrdbrsm;onf txufwef;ynma&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;
qdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;twGuf A[kokwenf;yg;=uojzifh om;orD; rsm;tm;
bmom&yfa&G;cs,f&eftwGuf t}uH^m%fay;Edkif=urnfr[kwfay? q&mq&mr
rsm;u a&G ; cs,f a y;v#if v nf ; ausmif ; om;rsm;.0goem pd w f 0 if p m;r_ E S i f h
rudkufnDv#if ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tcufóuHawG@&Edkifonf? rdb/ q&mESifh
ausmif;om;oHk;OD;nd‡E_dif;I a&G;cs,fv#ifvnf; Ta&G;cs,fr_onf ausmif;om;.
b0woufwmtwGuf tqHk;tjzwfjzpfI ta&;}uD;onf?

txufygbmomwGJrsm;onf txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;.tajccHrsm;omjzpf+yD;/
ausmif;om;rsm;. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&mESifh b0woufwmu|rf;usifr_
rsm;udk ay;xm;jcif;r&Sday? jrefrmEdkifiHpmar;yGJpepfwGif 10 &mcdkifE_ef;cef@om '\r
wef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrif+yD;/ wuUodkvf wufEdkif=uonf? 90 &mcdkifE_ef;aom
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf toufarG;0rf;a=umif; ynm&yfrsm;udkrl xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
xm;jcif;r&Sday? t"du jy\emrSm tv,fwef;/ txufwef;bmom&yfrsm;onf
tvkyftudkifrsm;wGifvdktyfaom u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifh tquftpyfr&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?
rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;/ txufwef; oif±dk;!ïef;wrf;tm;vHk;onf tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk oGwof iG ;f &eftwGuof m&nf&, G +f yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh vl}uD;b0wGif
&ifqdkif&rnfh vlr_a&;b0twGuf u|rf;usifr_rsm; ray;tyfEdkifacs?

rlvwef;oif±dk;!ïef;wrf;onf 1998 ckESpfwGif tenf;i,fajymif;vJcJhonf?

bmom&yfrsm; wdk;csJŒvm+yD;/ jrefrmpm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ ocFsm/ tajccHody`H/vlr_
a&;bmom/ tEk y nm/ tm;upm;ES i f h ausmif ; wG i f ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ w d k @ yg0if o nf ?
Tpmwrf;rS txl;ðyajym=um;vdo k nfrmS vlra_ &;bmom&yfwiG yf g0ifaom pm&dwEW iS hf
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 41

avmueDwd bmom&yfyifjzpfonf? tqdkygbmom&yfonf pm&dwWjrifhrm;a&;ESifh

vlr_a&;wdk;wufa&;wdk@twGuf &nf&G,frnfhtpm; ppftpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif
+idrf0yfydjym;aom/ usdK;EGHaom EdkifiHom;rsm; (Passive Citizens) jzpf&eftwGufom
&nf&G,fxm;onf?

rlvwef;ynma&;onf txl;ta&;}uD;onfjzpf&m uav;rsm;onf pma&;/

pmzwfESifh twGuftcsufrsm; u|rf;usif¶Hkr#ru vlr_b0zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_ESifh pm&dwW
jrifhrm;a&;twGufvnf; &nf&G,foif=um;ay;oifhonf? odk@&mwGif ppftpdk;&onf
ynma&;udkvufeufozG,f toHk;ðy+yD;/ uav;rsm;udk a0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;EdkifpGrf;
r&Sdatmif yHkpHoGif;[ef&Sdonf?

pmar;yGJppfaq;jcif;

1998 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom tpdk;&ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme tpD&ifcHpmwpfckwGif

rl v wef ; ausmif ; rsm;Y twef ; wif twef ; cs pmar;yG J p epf u d k ¶ k y f o d r f ; I
pOfqufrjywftuJjzwfpepfukd usio hf ;kH awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; azmfjyyg&o dS nf? od@k &mwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHY rlvwef;ausmif;pkpkaygif; (40000) cef@ &Sdonfhteuf ausmif;aygif;
(9000) cef@ wGio f m pOfqufrjywftuJjzwfpepfukd toH;k ðyI / useaf usmif;rsm;wGif
atmif±H_;pepfjzifhom qufvufppfaq;onf? pma&;olonf twef;wiftwef;cs
pmar;yG J p epf x uf pOf q uf r jywf t uJ j zwf p epf u d k tm;ay;ol j zpf y gonf ?
ausmif;om;wpfOD;onf i,fpOfuav;b0wGif pmar;yGJ¶_H;zl;ygu xdkt¶_H;onf
ol.b0twGuf }uD;rm;aom qHk;¶H_;r_tjzpf pGJxifusef&pfawmhonf? odk@jzpfI
pmar;yGJ tatmif- t¶_H; qHk;jzwfI twef;csaompepfudk tm;ray;yg? odk@&mwGif
pOfqufrjywf tuJjzwfpepfonf yk*v ~ "dXmefuif;pifI "rR"Xd mefus&efvt kd yfygonf?
uav;wpfO;D . oif=um;aom bmom&yfrsm;tay:wGif em;vnfu|r;f usirf /_ vlra_ &;zG@H
òzd;wdk;wufr_/ pm&dwWjrifhrm;r_/ usef;rma&;tod&Sdr_ tp&SdonfhpGrf;&nftrsdK;rsdK;udk
todtrSwfðyI ausmif;om;wpfOD;. wdk;wufr_udk tuJjzwfoifhonf? odk@&mwGif
jref r mEd k i f i H a usmif ; rsm;Y usif h o H k ; aom pOf q uf r jywf t uJ j zwf p epf o nf
ausmif ; om;rsm;.buf p H k z G H @ òzd ; wd k ; wuf r _ u d k OD ; pm;ay;jcif ; xuf ppf t pd k ; &.
aemufvdkufrsm;jzpf&ef vmbfay;pnf;¶Hk;onfhoabmoufa&mufaeonf? Oyrm
- ausmif;om;wpfOD;onf tpdk;&vufatmufcHtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaom }uH•cdkifzGH@òzd;a&;
42 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

toif;odk@0ifv#if trSwf 16 rSwf tvdktav#muf&onfhpHepfrsdK;jzpfaeonf?

q&m/ q&mrrsm;.ynma&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_

txuf a zmf j yyg uav;rsm;.ynmoif = um;Ed k i f r _ t cG i f h t a&;enf ; yg;r_ /

oif ± d k ; !ï e f ; wrf ; .tm;enf ; r_ / oif = um;enf ; pepf E S i f h wwf a jrmuf r _
wd k i f ; wmonf h p epf r sm;ud k xyf a vmif ; I tm;enf ; aponf h t csuf r S m q&m/
q&mrrsm;. ynma&;ES i f h t ouf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; r_ u d k vspf v sL¶_ x m;onf h
tcsufyif jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdk@onf ¶dk;&mtpOftvmtm;jzifh q&mudk
bk & m;ES i f h w *d k % f ; wnf ; xm;I ¶d k a oav;pm;=uol r sm;jzpf = uonf ? q&m/
q&mrrsm;onf pmoifcef;odk@0ifaomtcg apwem/ 0goem/ tepfemwdk@udk
&if0,fydkufIvm=uonf? odk@&mwGif ,ae@acwftcgY q&m/ q&mrrsm;.
*k%o f u d mQ onf avsmyh g;vmvsu&f o dS nf? xdo
k @kd jzpf&onfrmS q&m/ q&mrrsm;tm;
ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m t&vnf;aumif;/ ¶kyf0wˆKypPnf;t&vnf;aumif; yHhydk;ay;r_
enf;yg;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf vpmrvHkavmufjcif;a=umifh
aetdrf/ c&D;oGm;vmr_ponfh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;vnf; edrfhusvm&onf?
q&m/ q&mrrsm;tm; oifwef;ay;r_tcGifhtvrf ; enf ; yg;aoma=umif h v nf ;
pmoif=um;r_Y pGrf;&nfusqif;vm&onf? rlvwef;q&mwpfOD;jzpf&ef tenf;qHk;
wuUodkvfbGJ@wpfckck&&Sd&rnf[k a,bk,s owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; vufawG@
wGif bGJ@&olrsm;&Sm;yg;ojzifh tajccHynm+yD;qHk;onftxd oif,lzl;olrsm;udk q&m/
q&mr tjzpfcef@tyfae&onf? e,fpyfa'oausmif;rsm;wGif q&mrvHak vmufojzifh
tajccHynmr+yD;qHk;aomfvnf; 0goemtavsmuf q&mq&mr vkyfrnfholrsm;udk
&SmazGcef@tyfae&onf? tqdkyg q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf q&mjzpfoifwef;udk
wpf}udrfr#wufa&mufzl;jcif;r&SdbJ pmoifcef;odk@ 0if=u&onf? tcsdKΠq&m/
q&mrrsm;onf q&mvk y f o uf ES p f t awmf = umrS o m oif w ef ; wpf } ud r f
wufa&mufzl;=uonf? xdk@jyif jrefrmEdkifiHrlvwef;ausmif;rsm;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkonf
q&mvHkavmufr_r&Sdacs?

1998 ckESpf tpdk;&xkwfjyefaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& rlvwef; q&m/ q&mrrsm;.

57 &mcdkifE_ef;/ tv,fwef; q&m/ q&mrrsm;. 58 &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh txufwef;
q&m/ q&mrrsm;. 9 &mcdkifE_ef;wdk@onf wpf}udrfr# oifwef;wufa&mufzl;jcif;
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 43

r&Sdacs? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vspfvsL¶_xm;+yD;aemuf ppftpdk;&onf q&m/ q&mrrsm;udk

oifwef;ay;&ef tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfonf? odk@&mwGif tqdkygtpDtpOfrsm;onf
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oifwef;wufa&muf=uolrsm;onf yxrESpf tqHk;wGif ppfaq;aom pmar;yGJY
trSwfaumif;olrsm;onf tv,fwef;q&mjzpf oifwef;udk wufa&mufcGifh&+yD;/
trSwfenf;olrsm;tm; rlvwef;q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifaponf? tvm;wlyif
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Edkifonf? ynma&;onf ol@touft&G,ftvdkuf/ twef;tvdkuf ta&;}uD;onf
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u|rf;usifatmifvnf; tbufbufrS yHhydk;ay;oifhonf?

6? ed*Hk;

txufazmfjyygacwf}uD; (4) acwfjzpfaom vGwv f yfa&;rwdik rf aD cwf (1945-1948)/

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwf (1948-1962)/ ppftm%m&SifESifh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifacwf
(1962-1988) ESihf ppftyk cf sKyfra_ tmuf&dS 'Dru
kd a&pDajymifvaJ &;umv (1988-2000)
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wifoiG ;f cJah om ynma&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m (Education
Reconstruction Committee Report 1947) onf u|efynma&;pepf[k ac:wGifaom
udkvdkeDpepf. pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udkom taxmuftulðyonfh ynma&;pepfrS
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roifrae&ynma&;pepfudk xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;jcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
bmom&yfrsm;qdik &f mtodynm (Academic Knowledge) ESihf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_
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44 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

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jzpfonf? jrefrmpmayonf bDpD 500 pkrS at'D 300 pktwGif; tokH;jyKcJhaom
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a&;om;&eftqdkjyKcsufonf jrefrmpmayynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rsdK;cspfrsm;. qef@usifuef@
uGufr_udk &&SdcJhonf?

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwf ( 1948- 1962) ESifh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifacwf (1962 -

1988) twGif; ynma&;pepf (2) ckonf oif=um;onfhbmom&yfrsm;pDpOfxm;
&Sdr_/ ausmif;om;rsm;. oif=um;wwfajrmufr_udkppfaq;onfh pmar;yGJpepfwdk@rSm
twlwlyifjzpfonf? xdk@jyif jrefrmbmomudk t"duxm;jcif;tm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;pmayrsm;tay: v$r;f rd;k r_ ponft
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(Oyrm-rlvwef;/tv,fwef;/ txufwef;/ wuUodkvf ) rSm uGJvGJr_ r&Sda=umif;
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oif=um;jcif;/ u|r;f usirf x_ uf tcsut f vufukd OD;pm;ay;oif=um;jcif;wd@k onfvnf;
ajymif;vJr_r&Sda=umif;awG@&onf?

txuf y g tcsuf t vuf t axmuf t xm;rsm;ud k ¶ _ v #uf pma&;ol t aejzif h

jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfukd OD;wnfaom ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;udzk efw;D I
 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 45

roifrae& ynma&;pepfowfrSwf&ef/ uav;rsm;. b0wav#mufvkH;twGuf

vdktyfonfh vlr_a&;/pm&dwWESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwdk;wufr_ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_
qdkif&mtwGuf ynmtajccHrsm;/ bmom&yfqdkif&mu|rf;usifr_rsm;yg0ifaom
us,fjyef@onfhoif±dk;!ïef;wrf;a&;qGJ&ef/ oif=um;enf;pepfrsm; 4ESifh ausmif;
om;rsm;.wwf a jrmuf r _ u d k ppf a q;onf h e nf ; pepf r sm;zG H @ +zd K ;wd k ; wuf & ef /
q&mrsm;twGufq&mjzpft}udKoifwef;ESifh vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm;udk wdk;csJ@
zGifhvSpfEdkif&ef ponfwdk@jzpfonf? xdk@jyif jrefrmEdkifiHtm; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtjzpf
t&SnfwnfwhH&eftwGuf EdkifiHom;wdkif;tm; todynmay;&ef vdktyfaom
'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh EdkifiHom;aumif;wpfOD;wGif&Sdtyfaom todynm (Education for
Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy) udv k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f oif=um;oihaf =umif;
t}uHjyKvdkygonf?

xdk@jyif jrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;pGm pkaygif;aexdkif=uonfhEdkifiH

jzpf&m jynfaxmifpkpHepf (Federal)ESifh udkufnDaom oif±dk;!ïef;wrf;jzpfoifh
a=umif;udkvnf; t}uHðytyfygonf? Oyrmtaejzifh Multicultural Education
udktaumiftxnfazmf&ef wifjyvdkygonf? Multicultural Education wGif
jynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;onf oufqdkif&m pmay,Offaus;r_rsm;udk
oif=um;xGe;f um;r_rsm;udk aqmif&u G =f u+yD; w+ydKifeufwnf;wGif tjcm;vlrsKd ;rsm;.
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxkH;pHrsm;udk av;pm;=u&ef jzpfygonf?
 Z,m; (*) jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;pepfyHk
46 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif;

jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;okawoeXme. xkwfjyefcsufudk udk;um;azmfjyonf?

 jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ordkif; 47

rSwfpk
1? ocif (Master) [laomtokH;tE_ef;udk jrefrmEdkifiHtm;tkyfcsKyfaom+Adwdo#
wdk@u jrefrmwdk@tm; ac:a0:apaom tokH;tE_ef;jzpfonf? 1930 ckESpfrsm;wGif
ausmif;om; v_y&f mS ;r_ ESihf trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_w@kd wiG f acgi;f aqmifyg0ifow
l @kd onf
4if;wd@k . trnfa&SŒwGif ocifwyfIac:a0:=uonf? rdrw d @kd onf u|ef r[kwaf =umif;
xif&Sm;pGmjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

2? rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,ftqifhowfrSwfr_udk 1960 ckESpf wGifpwifonf?

3? Ta=ujimcsuo f nf tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxuf (1958-1960) wGix f w

k jf yefcahJ om
a=ujimcsuaf vm/ tdraf pmift
h pd;k &vufxufrwdik rf uDS xkwjf yefco
hJ avm qdo k nfukd
pma&;oltaejzifh taxmuftxm;rsm; rawG@&Sd&ao;ay?

4? oli,fwef;onf roifrae& jzpf+yD; rlvwef; (5) ESpw f iG yf g0ifonf? Edik if wH umwGif

rlvwef;udk (6) ESpf owfrSwfonf?odk@&mwGifjrefrmEdkifiHrlvwef;ynma&;onf
Edik if w
H um rlvwef;xuf pmoifcsed yf rkd sm;onf? jrefrmEdik if w
H iG pf moifEpS wf pfEpS w
f iG f
pmoifcsdef em&Daygif; (940) &Sdonf? EdkifiHwumE_ef;xm;rSm pmoifESpfwpfESpfwGif
pmoifcsdefaygif; (880) em&Dom&Sdonf?

t*F v d y f t ok H ; tE_ e f ; 'University' ES i f h 'Institute' wd k @ ud k jref r mbmomjzif h

“wuUodkvf”[lI okH;E_ef;onf? Oyrm- Institute of Medicine udk aq;wuUodkvf
Rangoon University udk &efue kw
f uUov kd [f I l ac:a0:onf? xdŒk jyif'yD vdrk may;aom
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&m Technical Institute ESifh Agricultural Institute wdk@udk
pufr_ody`HESifh pdkufysdK;a&;ody`H[lI ac:a0:onf?

rSDjirf;udk;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;pm&if;

Tpm&if;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;xm;onfh Reference ( Page 43 ) wGif

=unfh¶_yg&ef?