'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;

jynfoltm;vkH; uefŒuGufrJay;
 (*) pnf ; rsm;uk d csKd ; azmuf j cif ;
vlxkqENjyyGJ t&SdefjrifhvmonfESifhtr# tm%mykdifrsm;onf rw&m;trdef@rsm; xkwfjyef
wwfonf? xkdtrdef@rsm;ukd vkdufemrnfqkdygu wav#mufvkH; jrifhwufvmaomt&Sdeft[kefonf rmwdum
vkH;0usqif;oGm;rnf? xkda=umifh xkwfjyefa=unmxm;aom pnf;rsm;ukd csKd;azmuf&rnf? [movkyfypf
&rnf?
trSmpm
(C) tm%m&S i f w d k @ . tk y f c sKyf a &;,E W & m;rsm;ud k &yf w ef @ oG m ;atmif tcef; 1? &ckid t f rsK;d om; Ekid if aH &;orkid ;f h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h 1
vkyfaqmifjcif;
oydwt f wGi;f rSm tpd;k &,E &W m;rsm;jzpfonfh qufo, G af &;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ &Jpcef;ESihf &yfuu G af us;
tcef; 2? Armjynf Ekid if aH &;orkid ;f h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h 15
&Gm&Sd &H;k rsm;udk &yfwef@omG ;ap&ef enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh taESmift h ,Suaf y;&rnf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm; Ekwx f u G of mG ; tcef; 3? Ekid if wH umzG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'rsm;tm; E+id ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif; h h h 18
atmif +cdrf;ajcmufpma&;jcif;/ nvl ajcwdwfcsdefwGif toHcsŒJ pufrsm;jzifh tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;rS EkwfxGuf tcef; 4? ppftyk pf Ek iS hf 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;.zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'
ay;=u&ef vdu k vf EH ;_d aqmfjcif;/ w,fvzD ek ;f vdik ;f rsm;tm; jzwfawmufypfjcif;/ vrf;rsm;ydwq f @kd ypfjcif; ponf a&;qGaJ &; }udK;yrf;csurf sm; h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h 3h 5
wdk@rSm taumif;qHk;enf;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@rSom tpdk;&,E W&m;tm;enf;vm+yD; t rdef@ay;pepf wpfckvHk;
tm; +zdKzsufEdkifum vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ tiftm;aumif;vmrnfjzpfonf?
tcef; 5? uef@uu G rf aJ y;rnfavm/ axmufcrH aJ y;rnfavm? h h h h h h h h h h h h h h 44
tcef; 6? qENc, H yl wJG iG f avhvmapmif-h unf&h rnft h csurf sm; h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h 45
(i) vl x k t k y f c sKyf a &; tpm;xk d ; jcif ; tcef; 7? tm%m&Sirf sm;tm; t-urf;rJeh nf;jzifh qef@usijf cif; h h h h h h h h h h h h h 49
awmfvSefa&;wpf&yf atmifyGcJ HEdkif/ rcHEdkifqdkonfrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopfwpfckjzifh tpm;xdk;Edkif/
rxdk;Edkfifqdkonfh tcsufty:wGif trsm;}uD;rlwnfayonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;onf usqHk;cgeD;tcsdefwGif
“rpm;&onfhtrJ/ oJESifhyuf”qdkovdk jynfolvlxkxJwGif vufeufykef;rsm;jzef@a0I cdk;qdk;/ wdkufcdkuf/
vk,ufrr_ sm;jzpfygG ;jyD; jynfov l x l =k um; ta=umufw&m; v$r;f rd;k vmatmif/ wdik ;f jynfu,fwif&iS f tjzpf
jzif h Ed k i f i H a wmf t m%mud k jyef v nf o d r f ; yd k u f E d k i f a tmif / aemuf q H k ; tqif h wd k u f y G J 0 if o l r sm;tm;
rdrdwdk@udk,fusdK;pD;yGg;twGuf wdkufcdkufvk,ufjcif;jzifh udk,fusifhpm&dwWysufjym;atmif vkyfaqmifwwf=u
onf? xd@k a=umifh &yfuu G /f aus;&GmESihf +rdK@e,frsm;tvdu k f Edik if aH &;t& OD;aqmifra_ y;rnfh oydwaf umfrwDEiS hf
qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ jynfolvlxk. oufomacsmifcsda&;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh &yf&Gm
vH+k cHKa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk pDrcH ef@crJG nfh tkycf sKyfa&; aumfrwDrsm; zG@J pnf;&rnf? vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_EiS hf wjydKifwnf;
etz. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;udk jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;jzifh tpm;xdk;&rnfjzpfonf? =um;jzwftpdk;&
opfwpf&yfudk zG@J pnf;&rnf? odk@rSom EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ wpf&yfudk wnfjidrfpGm azmfaqmfEdkifayrnf?

jynfwif;v#if rif;rcHEidk f

72
 tk y f p k (2) pk c G J v _ y f & S m ;&ef ?
qENjyv#if rdrdtiftm;ukd ESpfpk cGv J _yf&Sm;yg?wpfpku ajAmifqENjy&efESifh aemufwpfpku vlxkxJ
wGif a&maESm+yD; ukd,fa&mifazsmufxm;yg? ukd,fa&mifazsmuftzG@J onf vlxk=um;rS axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;/
owif;ay;rsm;ukd azmfxkwfum vkdtyfv#if zrf;qD;csnfaESmifxm;yg? t=urf;zufESdrfESif;vmv#if ajAmif
qENjyolrsm;u jyefvnf t=urf;rzuf&? vlxkxw J Gif udk,fa&mifazsmufaeonfh tkyfpkuom vlxkudk
trSmpm pnf;&Hk;jyD; jyefvnfwHk@jyef&rnf?

etztpdk;&onf (2008) ckESpfarv (10) &ufae@wGif wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;tm; ppfu|efb0odk@ a=uG ; a=umf o H

oGwfoGif;rnfh EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wpf&yfudk vlxkqENcHyGJjzifhtwnfjyK&ef jyifqif a=uG;a=umfoHukd EkdifiHa&;tajctaeay:vkduf+yD; a&G;cs,f&rnf? puwnf;u us,fjyef@/ jrifhrm;
vsuf&Sdayonf? vGef;aom a=uG;a=umfoHukd jrifhjrifh}uD; ra=uG;a=umfoifh? a=uG;a=umfoHonf vuf&SdtajctaeESifh
(1947) zGJ@pnf;yHkonf Armr[kwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;wef;wla&;udk [yfpyf&rnf? vlxw k u
dk yf t
JG &Sed jf rifv
h monfEiS t
hf r# a=uG;a=umfou
H v
dk nf; wjznf;jznf; jr‡iw
hf ifomG ;&rnf?
vspfvsL&_um vlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk azmfaqmif&ef a&;qGJcJhojzifh Armr[kwfaomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;rSm 'kwd,
wef;pm;EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf csdK;ESdrf qufqHcHcJh&onf?
tvH / pum;ajympuf E S i f h &ef o l Πvl r sm; xk d ; azmuf 0 if a &muf v monf h tE W & m,f
(1974) zGJ@pnf;yHkonf wpfpk/ wpfzGJ@aumif;pm;a&;udk tav;wif;vsuf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;
tvHonf rdrdvufxJ (odk@ ) rdrd&aJ bmfvufxw J Gif &Sd&rnf? okd@r[kwfygu rormolvufxJ
pOfygwDtm; wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wdkif;jynfudk xifovdktkyfcsKyfcGifh&&ef a&;qGJcJhojzifh Armjynfol
a&muf+yD; rdrw d @kd csw
D uf&mvrf;a=umif; ajymif;oGm;Edik o f jzifh tvHukd tjcm;olrsm;udk vufajymif; vufvJ$
wpf&yfvHk; 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&H_;cJh&onf?
rvkyyf gEiS ?hf pum;ajympufuv kd nf; rdrvd ufxJ (od@k )rdr&d aJ bmfvufxw J iG f xm;+yD; jynfov l x
l w
k pf&yfv;kH
(2008) zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif trsdK;om;wef;wla&;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifhvl@tcGifhta&;udk vHk;0 tmrcHcsufay;
udk rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifr_/ vrf;n$efr_ aemufodk@ygvmatmif v_H@aqmf&rnf? tu,fI rormol
rxm;onfhtjyif jynfe,fESifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;& (2) &yfpvHk;. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;ESifhw&m;pD&ifa&;
vufxo J dk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ygu qENjyyGu J dk ysufpD;aprnfh pdwf"mwfusp&m/ awGa0,drf;,dkifp&m pum;rsm;
udp&P yfrsm;wGif ppfwyfukd xifovdk 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufciG ahf y;xm;onfjzpf&m aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;rnfqykd g
ajymqdkjyD; v_yf&Sm;r_udk+zdKcGjJ cif;cH&ayrnf? wdu k yf pJG Ofwikd ;f wGif &efou l yHpk t
H rsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh xd;k azmuf0ifa&muf
u TzGJ@pnf;yHkonf wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;udk ppfu|efjyKrnfh EdkifiHawmfzsufqD;yHk tajccHOya'omjzpfayonf?
+yD; tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfwwfavh&Sdonfudk rarhygESifh? txl;owd0D&d, xm;yg? ta&;w}uD;
TzG@J pnf;yko H nf Armjynfow l pf&yfv;kH udk t&Siv f wfvwfavmui&Jxo J @kd wGe;f yd@k rnfh zG@J pnf;yHk
wdkifyifp&m&Sdoa,mifESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vljywf&modk@ac:oGm;jyD; zrf;qD;wwfonf? jynfolvlxkESifh
jzpfaomfvnf; etz ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. owif;tarSmifcsxm;r_ESifh aumv/ [v 0g'jzef@csD r_dif;wdkuf
tquftoG,jf ywf oGm;atmif vkyaf qmifwwfonf? tvHEiS hf pum;ajympufrsm;udk y&d,m,fjzif&h ,l+yD;
xm;r_wdk@a=umifh tcsKdŒaomjynfolrsm;rSm wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;acsmufxJusrnfhta&;udk aoaocsmcsm
csDwufqENjyolrsm;udk vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfwwfonf? vlxk rsufuG,f/ EdkifiHwumrsufuG,f&Sd &efol@
oabmraygub f J ea0wdraf wmifjzpfae=uonf? em;vnfoabmayguo f t l csKd @rmS vnf; etz. [de;f vH;k /
owfuGif;xJodk@ usHK;oGif;ac:aqmifoGm;wwfonf?
a[mufvHk;/ +cdrf;vHk;/ ajcmufvHk;rsm;atmufwGif rodvdkuf/ rodbmom epfarsmae=uayonf?
ppftpdk;&tqufquf Armjynfolwdk@cHpm;cJh&aom t=uyftwnf;rsm;ESifh ‚t=uyf twnf; vk y f o m;ES i f h 0ef x rf ; rsm; oyd w f x J o d k @ yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f v ma&;
rsm;udk ausmfv$m;&ef enf;emrsm;udk Om%frSDoavmuf wifjy&eftwGuf Tpmtkyfi,fudk xkwfa0&jcif; tvkyform;/ tpdk;&ESihf ukr%D0efxrf;rsm;onf ol@wdk@. pm;/ 0wf/ ae/ a&;twGuf ae@pOf
jzpfayonf? vltiftm;ESifh aiGa=u; tuef@towf/ tcsdefumvESifhpmrsufESm tuef@towfrsm;a=umifh &kef;uefv_yf&Sm;ae&olrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;udk xdcdkufysufpD;oGm;aponfh rnfonfh
pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud,k rf ygbJ xkwaf 0cJ&h onfjzpf&m Tpmtky. f tjyiftqifEiS hf wifqufyw kH iG f tm;enf;csuf twm;tqD;udkrS rvdkvm;ay? oydwfxJ yl;aygif;yg0ifapzdk@ oGm;a&mufpnf;&Hk; w&m;a[maomfvnf;
rsm; trsm;tjym;yg&Sdayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf vlwdkif;&Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfod&SdEkdifap&ef &_yfaxG;/ ‚if;wdk@.tvkyftm; xdcdkufrnfpdk;&drfojzifh tvkyfjyKwfcHEdkifolrsm; r[kwfay? odk@jzpfI rdrdwdk@. oydwf
&Snv f sm;vSaom &ckid t f rsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;orkid ;f / Armjynf. Edik if aH &;ordik ;f a=umif;aemufc/H avhvmoifah om twGif;odk@ tvkyform;/ tpdk;&ESihf ukyr%D0efxrf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifa&;rSm puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk/ &Hk;ESifh ukry%DoGm;&m
EdkifiHwum zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;/ etzESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkwdk@. zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmcsuf/ vlxk vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ydwfqdk@&rnf? jzwfawmuf&rnfjzpfonf? xdktcg ‚wdk@onf rdrdwdk@tvkyfoGm;&m
qENc, H yl wJG iG f owdxm;&rnfh tcsurf sm;/ Edik if aH &;tHwrk E_ iS hf vlxw k ukd yf aJG zmfaqmifjcif;paom tcsurf sm; vrf;a=umif;rsm;ydwq f @kd aejcif;/ jyufawmufaejcif;wd@k a=umifh vrf;av#mufIoGm;=u&ojzifh wdu k yf 0JG ifvx
l k
udk tcsed v f I k pmrsuEf mS tuef@towfjzifh wifjycJ&h onfjzpf&m rdrw d @kd . tm;enf;csurf sm;udk rdbjynfol ESifh qufpyfrdoGm;um oydwfxJ yg0ifvmEdkifayonf?
rsm;taejzihf onf;cHcGifhv$wfEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

71
rdrdvGwfajrmufaeoa&G@ wkdufyGJukd qufvufqifEGJEkdifonf? xkd@aemuf ukd,fh&JabmfvkH+cHKa&;jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh trsdK;om;wef;wla&;udk a&S;&_vsuf @ @ @ @ @
uk, d &hf aJ bmf tzrf;cH&jcif;onf v_y&f mS ;r_t&Sed u
f dk usapEkid f onf? xk@d a=umifh tzrf;rcH&atmif a&Smifwrd ;f
Ekdifzkd@ vkdtyfonf? ù ppf t m%m&S i f pepf u sqH k ; ygap?
ù vl r sd K ;=uD ; 0g' usqH k ; ygap?
vk H + cH K a&;twG u f owd j yK&rnf h t &mrsm;
ù t&if ; &S i f e ,f c sJ @ pepf usqH k ; ygap?
á wpfae&mwnf;wGif tcsdeft=um}uD; raqG;aEG;&? pum;rajym&?
á wpfae&mwnf;wGif t+rJwrf;rtdyf&?
á ntdyfonfhtcg owd0D&d,&Sdygap?
á vlxkxw J Gif rdrdudk tvG,fwul rSwfrdapEdkifaom t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifjcif;/ qHyifyHkpH
rsm;xm;jcif;udk a&Smifyg? c&D;oGm;v#if vltkyfxJrSmom t+rJwrf;aeyg?
á rdrdudk,fay:&Sd xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;ESifh aq;rifa=umifrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;yg? em&D/
vufpGyf/ qGJ}udK;rsm; r0wfygESifh?
á aemufa,mifcv H ukd jf cif;cH&vsif vlxx
l yf&mae&mrsm;od@k 0ifa&mufjcif;jzifh ajc&mazsmufyg?
á vdyfpmESifh rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;udk toHk;rjyKygESifh?
á tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&ef tcsdefESihfae&mudk twdtusowfrSwfxm;yg? csdef;qdkxm;oltm;
ae&mwpfckwGiftcsdef=um=um apmifhqdkif;jcif;udk a&Smif=uOfyg? ywf0ef;usifwGif tapmifhcs
xm;yg? umv/ a'oESifh udkufnDrnfh[efjyZmwfvrf;rsm; zefwD;/ Zmwfwdkufxm;yg?
tqifrajyv#if aemufwpf=udrfawG@qHkzdk@ tcsdefESifhae&mudkvnf; }udKwifn‡dEd_if;xm;yg?
á tzrf;qD;cH&v#if ppfa=uma&;XmeY rufv;kH / ajcmufv;kH ay;jcif;/ pdww f /kd a'goxGuf atmifjyK
vkyfjcif;/ vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;u azmfaumif vkyfaeonf[k xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif
vkyfjcif;/ jyifywGifusef&pfonfh rdom;pkjzifh zdtm;ay;jcif;/ tvHk;pHkodae[ef +zD;jzef;Iowif;
tpfjcif;paom &efol. y&d,m,fqifuGufxo J dk@ 0ifrwdk;rdatmif owdxm;yg? usef;rm
a&;avhusifhcef;/ orxvkyfief;rsm;jzihf pdwfydkif;/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m usef;rm}uHhckdifatmif jyifqif
yg? aoazmfn‡d vdkonfh pdwf"mwfudk y,fazsmufyg? wpfpazmfvdkufv#if aemufwpfp
xyfazmf &rnfudk owdxm;yg?

(c) qEN j ycsD w uf j cif ;

qENjyonfah e&monf vltpnf;um;qk;H ae&jzpf&rnf? tajccHvx l tk rsm;qk;H &Sad om ae&mjzpf
&rnf? vrf;ab;rS &yf=unfhaeaom vlxkyg0ifvmatmif pnf;&kH;&rnf? toifhygvmaom vufurf;pm
apmifrsm;ukd vlxk=um;wGif a0ckdif;&rnf? ajrjzLcJ/ rD;aoG;cJ/ pkwfwH/ ykdpwmrsm;ukd vlxkvufxx J nfhay;
&rnf? a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;ukd a&;ckdif;yg? ykdpwmrsm;ukd uyfckdif;yg? aqmf jcif;jzifh vlxkwdkufyGeJ ,ferdwfudk
vlxk/ vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;/ aus;&GmESifh +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;odk@ jyef@yGg;tmif aqmif&Guf&rnf?
Ù ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umif; uk;d um;aom pmtky/f pmwrf;rsm;ukd azmfjyEkid jf cif;r&Scd o
hJ nfudk em;vnf onf;cHay;=uyg&ef
yef=um;tyfygonf?

70
t"duxm;pOf;pm;&rnf? tacsr_ef;cH&ajc tenf;qHk;/ vlxktyg0ifqHk;wdkufyGJjzifhpwifI ,Hk=unfr_ESifh
u|r;f usirf _ wnfaqmuf&rnf? ajcuke/f vufyrf;usaponfh wdu k yf eJG nf;emrsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;&rnf? vlwef;
pm;toD;oD;. awmif;qd/k wdu k yf 0JG iforH sm;udyk g +cHKiHEk ikd rf nfh Edik if aH &;ESit hf rsKd ;om;a&;qdik &f m vdv
k m;csurf sm;
udk a=uG;a=umfawmif;qdk wdkufy0GJ if=u&ayrnf? odk@rSmom jyD;jynfhpHkaomatmifyJG &&SdEdkifrnf jzpfayonf?

(*) t&S d e f t [k e f j rif h a tmif aqmif & G u f j cif ;

rlydkif;qdkif&m aemufqHk;yef;wdkiftqifhodk@ jrSifhwif&rnf? v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdeft[kefjrifhvmv#if

jyef@yGg;r_yg tvdktavsmuf jrifhwufvmrnfjzpfonf? TtqifhwGif wdkufyG. J rl0g'qdkif&mrSefuefr_tay:
,Hk=unfr_&Sdjcif;rSm tc&mjzpfonf? wdkufyGJtay: ,Hk=unfr_&Sdzdk@twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifolwdkif; atmifyGJ&Edkif
onf[laom tod&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? Ttodudk jr‡ifhwifzdk@twGuf &efol@ xHwGif tacsr_ef;rcH&a&;udk
t"duxm;pOf;pm;&rnf? tacsr_ef;cH&ajc tenf;qHk;/ vlxktyg0ifqHk;wdkufyGJjzifhpwifI ,Hk=unfr_ESifh
u|rf;usifr_ wnfaqmuf&rnf? ajcukef/ vufyrf;usaponfh wdkufyGJenf;emrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&rnf?
vlwef;pm; toD;oD;. awmif;qdk/ wdkufyGJ0ifoHrsm;udkyg +cHKiHkEdkifrnfh EdkifiHa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;a&;qdkif&m
vdv
k m;csurf sm;udk a=uG;a=umfawmif;qdk wdu k yf 0JG if=u&ayrnf? od@k rmS om jyD;jynfph akH omatmifyJG &&SEd ikd rf nf
jzpfayonf?

3? tqif h (3) rl y d k i f ; qd k i f & mOD ; wnf c suf azmf a qmif o nf h t qif h

wkdufyaGJ zmfaqmifolrsm;onf umvwdkESifh umv&Snf OD;wnfcsufazmfaqmifonfh tqifhwGif

csnf; ESpfjr‡yfaeI rjzpf? rlydkif;qdkif&m OD;wnfcsufodk@ a&mufonftxd wdkufyG0J ifzdk@ jyifqifxm;oifhonf?
wdkufyGt J &SdefjrifhvmonfESifhtr# tjcm; vlxk/ vlwef;pm; toD;oD;. awmif;qdk/ wdkufyG0J ifoHrsm;udkyg
+cHKiHEk ikd rf nfh Edik if aH &;ESit
hf rsKd ;om;a&;qdik &f m vdv
k m;csurf sm;udk a=uG;a=umfawmif;qdk wdu
k yf 0JG if=u&ayrnf?
odk@rSmom jyD;jynfhpHkaomatmifyGJ &&SdEdkifrnf jzpfayonf?

vl x k w d k u f y G J (csD w uf q EN j yyG J ) wpf c k u d k vuf a wG @ taumif t xnf a zmf j cif ;

(u) vH+k cHKa&;

(c) qENjcif;/ csDwufjcif;
(*) pnf;ukdausmfay;jcif;
(C) tm%m&Sifwdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;rsm;udk &yfwef@oGm;atmif vkyfaqmifjcif;
(i) vlxktkyfcsKyfa&;tpm;xkd;jcif;

(u) vk H + cH K a&;
rdrdvkH+cKHa&;onf v_yf&Sm;r_vkH+cHKa&;jzpfonf? tzrf;rcH&atmif }udK;pm;&rnf?

69
 &kyfyHkum;csyf/ eH&Huyfpmapmifponfh tjriftm&Hkrsm;udkvnf; zefwD;ay;&rnf? tcef ; 1
Ð tm%m&Sifwdk@. toHk;csjcif;cH&onfh =uHh/ zGH@/ pGrf;tm;&Sif/ &J/ vHkxdef;ESifh ppfom;rsm;udk &ck d i f t rsKd ; om; Ek d i f i H a &;ork d i f ;
rdrdwdk@wdkufyG0J ifae&onfh ta=umif;&if;udk &Sif;jyjcif;/ tm%m&Sifrsm;. trSm;udk
axmufjyjcif;jzifh pnf;&Hk;azsmif;zs&rnf? &ckid jf ynfonf Armjynf. taemufbufjcrf;wGiw f nf&+dS yD; ta&S@bufwiG f rauG;wkid ;f / taemuf
Ð ,Hk=unfcsufcdkifrmvmap&ef bk&m;0wfjyKjcif;/ arwWmydk@qkawmif;jcif;ponfh enf;vrf; bufwiG f b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf/ awmifbufwiG f {&m0wDwikd ;f / ajrmufbufwiG f csi;f jynfe,f/ b*Fvm;a'h&fS
rsm;jzifhpdwf"mwftiftm;wnfaqmuf&rnf? EdkifiHwdk@ESifh xdpyfvsuf&Sdonf? (1824) t*Fvdyf/ Armppft+yD;wGifcsKyfqdkaom &E WydkpmcsKyft& &cdkifjynf.
e,ferdwfrSm ajrmufydkif; csif;jynfe,f yvuf0awmifwef;a'orS awmifykdif;e*a&tilESifh [kdif}uD;u|ef;
(*) tuef @ towf txd us,fjyef@chJonf? &ckdifjynf. e,ferdwftus,ft0ef;onfrSmvnf; (21694 ) pwk&ef;rkdif &SdchJonf?
wkdufyGJazmfaqmifonfhtcg rdrdwkd@tm; t[ef@twm;jzpfaponfh tuef@towfrsm;ukd okd@&mwGif &ckdifawmifykdif;a'o ausmufc|ef;jrpfrS e*a&tiltxd &Snfvsm;aome,fajrrsm;tm; +Adwdo#
od&xdS m;&rnf?rdr. d pGr;f aqmifEidk t
f m;/ rdrw d @dk raqmif&u
G Ef idk /f vufwavmtaumiftxnf razmfEidk f aom wkdŒu tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m; ykdrkdvG,fula&;twGuf 'kwd,t*Fvdyf-Armppft+yD; c&mZfESpf 1853 wGif
tcuftcJrsm;ukd od&Sdxm;&rnf? rdrdwkd@. vkyfaqmifcsuf/ a=uG;a=umfoHESifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf ykodrfc&kdif (,ck{&m0wDwkdif;) twGif;okdΠxnfhoGif;vdkufavonf? xkda=umifh &ckdifjynf.e,fedrdwfrSm
tHh0if*Gifusjzpfae&rnf? us,fjyef@vGef;jcif;udk owdxm;&rnf? ckwf&mwpfjcm;/ cs&mwpfjcm; rjzpfap&? 21694 pwk&ef;rkdifrS 18945 pwk&ef;rkdifcefΠavsmhusoGm;avonf?
ra00g;ap&? wyfO;D ru|aH p&? vlxw kd u
kd yf JG pwif&eftcsed Ef iS ahf e&m/ yg0ifqifErJ$ nfh tiftm;ESihf t&Htiftm;/ tdEdN, - Arm cGJa&;/ wGJa&;jy\emt+yD; (1937) wGif t*FvdyftufOya't& ewfjrpf
a=uG;a=umfoHESifh awmif;qdkcsuf/ acgif;aqmifr_/ wm0efcGaJ 0r_ ponfhudpP&yftm;vHk;udk &efol/ rdrd/ jynfol taemufbufurf; (37) rkdif&Snfvsm;aom taemufbufurf;&kd;wef;tm; tdENd,EkdifiH.tkyfcsKyfa&;
vlxkESifh EdkifiHwumtaetxm;ponfwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I tuef@towfrsm; jyKvkyfxm;&rnf? vufatmufokdŒoGwfoGif;vkdufaoma=umifh &ckdifurf;&kd;wef;tvsm;rSm (480) rkdif rS (443) rkdifokd@
avsmqif;oGm;cJhonf? xkdŒjyif ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD; (1953) wGif ,ckyvuf0c&dkif[kac:aom &cdkif
2? tqif h (2) - umv&S n f O D ; wnf c suf azmf a qmif o nf h t qif h
ajrmufyikd ;f awmifwef;a'oukv d nf; csi;f jynfe,fxo
J Œkd qGo
J iG ;f jcif;cHvu
kd &f onft
h wGuf ,ckvuf&u dS mv
umv&SnfOD;wnfcsuf azmfaqmifonfhtqifhwGif atmufygwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?
ArmjynfwGif owfrSwfxm;aom &cdkifjynfe,f.e,fedrdwftus,ft0ef;rSm (14200) pwk&ef;rdkifr#om
(u) rjydKuGaJ tmif aqmif&Gufjcif;
usef&Sdawmhonf?
(c) jyef@yGg;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;
(*) t&Sdeft[kefjrifhatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; Arme,f c sJ @ vuf a tmuf usa&muf j cif ;
(u) r+yd K uG J a tmif aqmif & G u f j cif ;
vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 5000 ausmu f &ckid jf ynfonf uk,
d x hf ;D uk,
d ef ef;/ uk,d phf may/ ,Ofaus;r_jzifh
rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkwGif;&Sd@ olv#dK/ 'vHrsm;. &efukd owdxm;&rnf? wdkufyGJ0if jynfolvlxk.
aexkdifchaJ om EkdifiHjzpfonf? "n0wDacwf/ a0omvDacwf/ av;+rdK@acwf/ ajrmufOD;acwf[lI acwf}uD;
ta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG;udk jr‡ifhwif&rnf? vlxkwdkufyGJuwifxm;onfh t"duawmif;qdkcsufudk
av;acwfukd jzwfoef;vmcJhonf? acwf}uD;av;acwfukd jzwfoef;&if; &ckdifvl@tzG@J tpnf; wjznf;jznf;
jzdKcGJvdkufonfESifh v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckvHk; +ydKuGJoGm;Edkifonf? vlxkwdkufyGJudk pwifay:aygufvmaponfh
wk;d wuf}uD;yGm;vmcJo h nf?ok@d aomf 1784 wGif &ckid jf ynfY eef;wGi;f t&_yt f axG;a=umifh trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k
tajccHEiS hf vwfwavmta=umif;w&m;/ vuf&w dS ukd yf .
JG t&Sed t f [kepf onfw@kd ukd wGucf suI f cdik rf monfh
nDnw G af &;+ydKuGaJ eonfukd tcGiahf umif;,lum Armbk&ifarmif0ikd ;f onf &cdik jf ynfukd 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k cf hJ
awmif ; qd k c suf u d k wnf a qmuf & rnf ? pm;/ 0wf / aea&;=uyf w nf ; r_ a =umif h ay:ayguf v maom
onf? tcsKd @aom &cdik rf if;nD rif;om;ESihf jynforl sm;u Armbk&iftaejzifh &cdik jf ynfEikd if aH &; +idro f ufcsed wf iG f
vlxkwdkufyw GJ Gif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;v$wfay;a&;/ oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yGaJ c:,la&;ponfh us,fjyef@vGef;
jynfolwdk@vdkvm;ESpfoufaom rif;nD/ rif;om;wpfyg;yg;udk eef;wifay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqum Armbk&if
aom/ tE Wdrqefaom EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifxm;v#if v_yf&Sm;r_wGifyg0ifolrsm;udk a0wd/
armif0ikd ;f . usL;ausmrf u _ kd }udKqdak xmufccH =hJ uonf? tcsK@d acgi;f aqmifrsm;u Arme,fcsŒJ wk@d &ckid jf ynftm;
a00g;jzpfomG ;apEdik o f nf? rdrw
d @kd tiftm;pkrsm; taejzifv h nf; wyfO;D u|o H mG ;Edik o
f nf? &efo@l taejzifv h nf;
0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvmjcif; jzpfonfudk &dypf m;rdco hJ nf? xk@d a=umifh awmifrif;}uD;
EdkifiHwumESifh twdkuftcHrsm;rS }udK;udkif onf[k pGyfpGv J mEdkifonf?
ausmx f ;DG onf yxrqk;H ckcw H udk cf u
dk cf o
hJ nf? Armwyfrsm; tvk;H t&if;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg awmifrif;
(c) jyef @ yG g ;atmif aqmif & G u f j cif ; }uD;ausmfxGD;onf ajrmufOD;rif;xHrS vnf;aumif;/ &rf;+AJuGsef;tdrfa&S@rif;a[mif;oufpHa&$xHrS vnf;
vlwef;pm;toD;oD;uvnf; oufqdkif&m awmif;qdkoHjzifh yl;aygif;yg0ifvmr_ap&ef aumif;/ rmefatmif+rdK@pm; Akv d x f eG ;f atmifausmx f rH v S nf;aumif; ppful awmif;cHco hJ nf? ok@d aomf xkt
d csed f
tcgu tcsif;csif;oHo,0ifaejcif;/ pnf;vkH;r_+ydKuGaJ eaoma=umifh e,fcs@J &efoltm; cHkcHwGef;vSef&ef pkpk
pnf;pnf; r&SdcJh=uacs? xkdtcsdeftcgu &ckdifjynfY ajrmufOD;bk&if r[morRw&mZmrif; tjyif/
68
1
ia=u;awmifwiG f "m;rEkid ;f rif;/ yaEM;uGse;f wGif aumif;nGe@f &efwidk rf if;/ =uyfpifusG e;f wGif "m;ykid }f uD;oHa'rif;/
&k;d uGse;f wGif ukvm;a&$pmrif;/ wef;vGw
J iG f awmifrif;}uD;ausmx f ;DG / rmefatmifusG e;f wGif owk;d jzLrif;wk@d onf vlxkwdkufyGJ (csDwufqENjyyGJ) azmfxkwfa&; pDrHcsufESifh tqifhrsm;
olwpfvligwpfrif; jzpfaecJhonf? xkda=umifh Arme,fcsJ@wkd@ &ckdifjynftm;tvG,fwulodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhum
(1784) 'DZifbmv (31) &ufae@wGif &ckdifjynfonf ol@uGsefb0 usa&mufch&J onf? Arme,fcs@J wkd@onf vlxkwdkufyGw
J pf&yfudk atmufygtwdkif; tqihf (3) qifhcGIJ azmfxkwf&rnf?
&ckdifjynfukdodrf;ykduf+yD; “usLyifckwf usLikwfrusef”qkdovkd &ckdifvlrsKd;tajrmuftjrm;tm; zrf;qD; 1? tqifh (1) - umvwdkOD;wnfcsuf azmfaqmifonfhtqifh
owfjzwfcJh=uonf? 2? tqifh (2) - umv&SnfOD;wnfcsuf azmfaqmifonfhtqifh
3? tqifh (3) - rlydkif;qdkif&mOD;wnfcsuf azmfaqmifonfhtqifh
Arme,f c sJ @ owf j zwf c J h a oma=umif h aoqk H ; cJ h & r_ r sm
sm;
aygif;wkwfjyifwGif 1000 1? tqif h (1) - umvwd k O D ; wnf c suf azmf a qmif o nf h t qif h
o&uftkyfwGif 1000 umvwdkOD;wnfcsufudk azmfaqmif&mwGif atmufygwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?
=uuf&kd;awmif 1000 (u) wdkufyuGJ dkay:aygufaprnfh a&&SnfESifh vwfwavm ta=umif;w&m;rsm;
pHum;awmifwiG f 2000 (c) tusdK;tjrwf
ajrmufOD;+rdK@ay:wGif 37000 (*) tuef@towf
ykcufwGif;rS uav;rsm;tm; "m;upm;ojzifh uav;aygif; 10000 (u) wd k u f y G J u d k a y:ayguf a prnf h a&&S n f E S i f h vwf w avm ta=umif ; w&m;rsm;
bk&m;ay:/ 'kdif;usD/ armif;aqG;/ i&aumuf/ acgif;+ydK/ yk&drf/ &wemjyif/ a&&Snfta=umif;w&m; (,rf;yHk) ESifh vwfwavmta=umif;w&m; (rD;yGg;) xdcwfr_
vufrawmwef;/ ukd;q,fhukd;awmif/ oHw/JG &rf;+AJ/ rmefatmift&yf 184000 &Sd&rnf? vlxkxu J ESpf&Snfvrsm; rauseyfcsufrsm;udk vwfwavm ay:aygufvmonfh rauseyfcsufrsm;
pkpkaygif; 2360000 ESiqhf ufpyfI wdu
k yf aJG zmfaqmif&rnf? Oyrm - jynfov l x l . k pm;/ 0wf/ aea&; rajyvnfcsed w
f iG f qefaps;/
&uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfcHcJhonf? &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk@. ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmefudk csdK;ESdrf&ef &ckdifbk&if qDaps; &kwfw&ufjrifhwufvmjcif;?
r[morRw&mZm/ rdzk&m;jroE Wm/ rif;nDrif;om;rsm;/ ynm&Sdtrwfrsm;ESifh &[ef;ynm&Sifrsm;/ ukd,f&H
awmfrsm;ponfjzifh a,musfm;/ rdef;r pkpkaygif; (7700) ukdvnf; zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? (c) tusd K ;tjrwf
ydËuwf (3) ykHESifh aA'if (56 ) usrf;t0if aq;usrf;/ "mwfusrf;/ ppfusrf;/ Adokum usrf;aygif;rsm;pGm vlxkwdkufyGJwpf&yfonf atmufygtcsuftvuf (2) &yfESifh jynfhpHkrSom xda&mufr_&Sdayrnf?
ukv d nf; odr;f ,lc=hJ uonf? ajrmufO;D +rdK@ay:&Sd ausmif;}uD; (30)/ ausmif;i,f (3000) cef@EiS w
hf uG apwDyx k ;dk (u) jynfolvlxka&S@arSmuf/ EdkifiHwuma&S@arSmufwGif azmfxkwf&rnf?
tajrmuftjrm;udk Armrif;trdef@jzifh zsufqD;cJh=uonf? ajrmufOD;a&$+rdK@awmfESifhwuG &rRm0wD+rdK@awmf/ (c) wdkufyGeJ nf;em rSefuef&rnf?
arC0wD+rKd@awmf/ 'Gg&m0wD+rKd@awmf&Sd +rdK@t*F gtm;vkH;ukdvnf; zsufqD;cJh=uonf? &ckdif&[ef;awmf ax&f
}uD;/ 0g}uD;rsm;ukd oduQmcs+yD; 'kef;/ [m&Dpaom ,kwfnHhaom trsdK;tEG,f0ifrsm;xHwGif jyefvnf &[ef;cH Ð jy\emudk nSdEd_if;ajz&Sif;ay;&ef tm%mydkifrsm;tm; awmif;qdkjcif;jzifh wdkufyG0J if&rnf?
apjcif;/ tr&yl&rS yifah qmifvmaom 0gi,fonfh &[ef;ysKd rsm;xHwiG f jyefvnf&[ef;cHapjcif;jzifh omoem Ð awmif;qdkcsufudk todtrSwfrjyKvsif vlxkwdkufyGaJ zmfaqmif&ef oifh/ roifhudk
udkygrusef csdK;ESdrfchJ=uonf? Arme,fcs@J wdk@ yifhaqmifvmaom omoemjyKq&mawmf (12) yg;uvnf; rdrdtiftm;pktwGif;wGif trsm;qEN&,lI qHk;jzwf&rnf?
&ckdif&Sd Ak'<pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_t&yf&yfukd zsufqD;vkduf=uonf? &ckdifpmayusrf;*efrsm;ukdvnf; zsufqD; Ð vlxkwdkufyq GJ ifEp$J Of umvtwGif; vlxku0dkif;&H vdkufygvmap&ef v_H@aqmf&rnf?
cJh=uonf? TuJhokd@ Arme,fcs@J rsm;onf &ckdifjynfukd odrf;ykduf+yD; trsKd;rsKd;&ufpuf zdESdyfowfjzwf zsufqD; Ð vdktyfvsif vltrsm;jrifom/ xifomae&mwGif xdkifoydwfqifE$&J rnf?
aer_rsm;ukd rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfjzpf=uaom &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf Arme,fcs@J tm; &&mvufeufjzifh ckcHwGef; Ð tm%m&Sifrsm;bufrS tjyKoabmaqmifaom wHk@jyefr_r&Sdvsif csDwufqENjy&rnf?
vSecf =hJ uonf? ok@d aomfvnf; olwpfv/l igwpfrif;jzpfaeojzifh atmifjrifoifo h avmuf atmifjrifrr_ &&Sb
d J Ð vrf;pOfESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk a=ujimcsufxkwfjyefI jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiHwumuod&Sd
usqkH;cJh&onf? vmatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf?
e,fcs@J qef@usifa&; tapmykdif;umvwGif awmifrif;}uD;ausmfxGD;ESifh Adkvfcsif;ysHwdk@rSm xif&Sm; Ð vlxkwdkufyGu J dk t&Sdeft[kefjrSifhwifay;rnfh oHcsyf/ a=uG;a=umfoH/ oDcsif;ponfh t=um;
onf? Akdvfcsif;ysHonf (1811) rS (1815) xd Armya'o&mZfudk ykefuefjcm;em;cJhonf? ajrmufOD;+rdK@udk tm&Hkrsm;udk zefwD; ay;&rnf?
(2) ESpfwmr# odrf;ydkufEkdifchJaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS axmufyHhulnDr_r&&Sdjcif;/ usL;ausmfol Armwyf. Ð vlxkwdkufyu GJ dk t&Sdeft[kefjrSifhwifay;rnfh wdkufy.
JG oauFw/ txdef;trSwftvH/
vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm;ukrd rSjD cif;wk@d a=umifh b*Fvm;e,fo@kd qkwcf gG cJ&h onf? (1815) wGif Adv k cf si;f ysH
2 67
0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;jyKv#if ppf tm%m&Sirf sm;taejzifh jzpfay:aeaomEkid if aH &;tefwrk o _ nf jynfov l xl .
k uG,v f eG o
f mG ;aomtcg ‚csay;cJah om awmfveS af &;rsKd ;aphukd rif;om;}u;D a&$bef;/ a';0ef; atmifausm&f ED$ iS hf
oabmxm;qENrSefudk xkwfazmfjyojcif;r[kwf?rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. trsdK;om;vHkjcHKa&;udk xdyg;vdkaom jrdK@ol}uD;atmifausmfZHwdk@u qufcHcJh=uonf?
tiftm;=uD; EdkifiHrsm;. ya,m*ESifh aemufuG,frS }udK;udkif/ yHhydk;r_a=umifh ay:aygufvmaom tzsuf/
t*F v d y f e ,f c sJ @ vuf a tmuf u sa&muf j cif ;
tarSmifv
h yk if ef;rsm;omjzpfonf[k jynfov l x
l =k um;ESihf Edik if w
H umrSm 0g'jzef@cscD iG hf &&So
d mG ;rnf jzpfonf?
xkad cgi;f aqmif (3) oH;k OD;onf (1824) wGif usL;ausmo
f l Armwd@k ukd wdu
k x
f w
k &f ef t*Fvyd w
f @dk EiS hf
4? v#d K @0S u f r _ / uef @ owf r _ r sm;vG e f ; jcif ;
r[mrdwfpmcsKyf csKyfqkdcJh=uonf? xkdpmcsKyfwGif
&efoludk pdk;&drfpdwfvGefuJI v_yf&Sm;r_wGifyg0ifolrsm;udk v#dK@0Sufa&;rlrsm;jzifh tvGeftrif;
wkyfaESmifxm;jcif; rjzpfap&? uef@owfr_rsm;vGef;v#if us,fjyef@r_&Sdrnf r[kwf? (1) &cdkifESifh t*Fvdyf yl;aygif;I Arme,fcs@J wyfudk &cdkifjynfrS wdkufxkwf&ef?
5? ppf a tmif & maom ta=umif ; }uD ; rsm;ud k usif h o H k ; &ef y suf u G u f r _ (2) t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS vufeufESifhppftiftm; wcsdK@xuf0ufulnD&ef?
u? cdkifrmwdusaom &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdjcif;?
c? pdwf"mwf}uHhcdkif aumif;rGefjcif;? (3) ppftoHk;p&dwfudk t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrSuscH&ef?
*? tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfhtcsdefESifhae&mwGif tiftm;udkpkpnf; toHk;cswwfjcif;?
(4) Arme,fcsJ@wyfudk &ckdifjynfwGif;rS armif;xkwfjyD;v#if &ckdifrif;om;rsm;vufodk@ &cdkifjynfudk
C? xdk;ppftjyKtrl&Sdjcif;? (cHppfqif&v#ifyif wefjyefxdk;ppfqifEdkifzdk@ jyifqifxm;&rnf?)
jyefvnftyfESif;&ef?
i? vsifjref/ vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;ppfupm;Edkifjcif;?
p? vH+k cHKr_&jdS cif;? (vl/ owif;/ ypPn;f ESihf v_y&f mS ;r_ponfw@kd ukd &efo.
l zsuq
f ;D / aESmif,
h u
S jf cif;rS (5) ppf+yD;qH;k aomtcg ppftwGi;f ukeu
f sp&dw.
f (2) qudk &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;rsm;rS jyefvnfay;qyf&ef?
umuG,fEdkif&rnf?)
q?tidkufzrf;Edkifjcif;? (rxifrSwfaom ae&mESifh tcsdefwGif rxifrSwfaom toGifjzifh xdk;ppf (6) t*Fvdyfwdk@taejzifh &cdkifjynfol/ jynfom;rsm;tm; zdESdyfI qufqHjcif;rjyK&ef?
qif&rnf?)
Z? owif;axmufvSrf;a&; aumif;rGefjcif;? (7) ppf+yD;v#if+yD;csif; t*Fvdyfwdk@onf &cdkifjynfrS vHk;0xGufay;&ef?
ps? ajymif;vG,f/ jyifvG,fjzpfaom pDrH/ pkz@JG r_&Sdjcif;? (8) ppfwdkuf&mwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk@u OD;aqmifvrf;nGefjy&ef?
n? n‡dEd_if;yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_&Sdjcif;?
É? tkyfcsKyfaxmufyHhr_ aumif;rGefjcif;? (9) =unf;wyf/ a&wyfESpf&yfpvHk;wGif (2)bufpvHk; nDnmwuf=uGpGm wm0ef,l=u&ef?
X? jynfolvlxk. tm;ay;axmufcHr_&&Sdjcif;? (10) ppftwGif; &duQmudk &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;u axmufyHh&ef wkd@yg0ifonf?
6? tjcm;xd e f ; csKyf & rnf h t &mrsm; ppfppftm;jzifh t*Fvdyfwdk@onf Armya'o&mZfudk acsr_ef;&efESifh &cdkifjynfudk u|efjyK&eftwGuf
u? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ ajymufusm;rsm;ESifhwI
GJ "mwfyHk&dkufjcif; rjyK&? enf;y&d,m,fqifchjJ cif;omjzpfayonf? &cdkifjynf ArmvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufaomtcgrSom &cdkif
c? ‚wdk@ESifh yl;wGaJ =ujimcsufrsm; xkwfjyefjcif; rjyK&? trsdK;om;wdk@onf t*Fvdyfwdk@. oabmxm;rSefudk od&SdcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh (1827) wGif jyifopf
*? ppfa&;ESiyhf wfoufaom pm&Gu/f pmwrf;rsm;tm; o,faqmifjcif;/ xde;f odr;f xm;jcif; rjyK&? tultnD&,lI t*Fvyd w f @kd ukd jyefvnfqef@usi&f ef rif;om;}uD;a&$bef;/ a';0ef;atmifausm&f ED$ iS hf +rdK@o}l uD;
C?vlxktm; rvdktyfb/J tusdK;tjrwfraocsmbJ t&JpGef@pm;cdkif;jcif; rjyK&? atmifausmZf w H @kd onf ajratmufpnf;&H;k a&;ESihf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;rsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfc=hJ u
i? &efol@axmufvSrf;a&;eSifh owif;ay;rsm;. tE W&m,fudk ydkI/ av#mhI wGufcsufjcif; rjyK&? onf? od@k aomf pH&azGacgi;f aqmifaom opPmazmuftcsKd @a=umifh acgi;f aqmif (3)OD;onf 'uUm;axmifwiG f
p? ygwDpG/J *dk%f;*%pG/J 0g'pGu
J dk t"dutajccHI wdkufyaGJ zmfaqmifjcif; rjyK&? axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;cHc&hJ onf? Tacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf ‚wd@k . aowrf;pmudk 'uUm;axmife&H w H iG f
vufarmif;aoG;jzifh a&;xdk;vsuf aoonftxd tpmiwfcHwdkufy0JG ifum &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk@. ZmwdaoG;/
Zmwdrmefudk azmfxkwfjyocJh=uonf? acgif;aqmifrJhoGm;aom &cdkife,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJrsm;rSm
enf;ynmt&m/ vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm;t&mwGif tzufzufrSomvGefaom e,fcs@J t*Fvdyfwdk@.
zdESdyfr_atmufwGif rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfchJ&onf?

66 3
 (27) ydwfqdk@xm;onfwdk@udk z,fypfjcif;/
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfudk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;wGif tjcm; (28) EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfaqmif&onfrsm;udk twkta,mifjyKvkyfjcif;/
xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? (1828) wGif &ckdifjynfajrmufykdif; av;+rdK@acsmif;wGif (29) ypPnf;rsm;udk }udKwif0,f,lodkavSmifxm;jcif;/
Akv
d cf sKud pf o
H nf awmifov l ,form;wk@d tm; pnf;&k;H +yD; t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J tm; awmfveS af rmif;xkw&f ef wku d yf JG (30) &ydkifcGifhypPnfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;jcif;/
opf/ vrf;pOfcsrSwf+yD; awmfvSefwkdufyGJ0ifcJhonf? okd@aomf vufeuftiftm;rr#aoma=umifh rsKd;cspfjynf (31) v$ifhypfjcif;/
cspftajrmuftjrm;usqkH;cJhonf? AkdvfcsKdufpHonfvnf; ArmjynfxJokd@ ckd0ifoGm;onf? t*Fvdyfuvnf; (32) tydkifpD;oifhonfwdk@udk tydkifpD;jcif;/
Armbk&ifxH AkdvfcsKdufpHtm; awmif;cH&m &&Sdojzifh AkdvfcsKdufpHtm; t*Fvdyftpkd;&u }udK;rdef@csrSwf (33) aps;uGufwrsKd;xGifjcif;
owfjzwfcJhonf? (34) o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;pepfwpfrsKd;xlaxmifjcif;
(1829) wGif oHwGJe,frS AkdvfatmifomOD;onf awmifolv,form;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH;+yD; (35) pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;wrsKd; ajymif;+yD;xm;jcif;/
oHw+JG rdK@tm; wku d cf u
dk o
f rd ;f yku
d cf o
hJ nf? xkw
d u dk yf w
JG iG f e,fcs@J t&m&Sjd zpfaom uywd
y ef a*:*if usq;Hk cJoh nf?
okd@aomf vnf; oHwGJ+rdK@ukd rodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhacs? xkd@aemuf rtDykvdyfpcef;ukd 0ifpD;+yD; ykvdyftm;vkH;ukd Ek d i f i H a &;t& 0if a &muf p G u f z uf r _
uGyfrsufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;uvnf; AkdvfatmifomOD;tm; zdwkdufvmaomtcg ArmjynfxJhokd@ (36) tkyfcsKyfa&; pDrHcef@cGJr_pepfudk rEkdifreif;jzpfvmatmif vkyfay;jcif;/
qkwf0ifcJh&+yD; ,if;rSm yif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? (37) vsKd@0SufaxmufvSrf;a&; at*sifhrsm; rnfolrnf0grsm;jzpfa=umif; azmfxkwfjyojcif;/
(1831) wGif usdE WvDq&mawmfonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒukd awmfvSefarmif;xkwf&ef trsKd;om; (38) axmifuscHjcif;/
awmfvSefa&;wpf&yfukd vkyfaqmifcho J nf? q&mawmf. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf awmifykdif;wpfcGifwGif (39) bufrvdkufonfh Oya'rsm;udk zDqef@jcif;/
tvGef xda&mufcho J nf? okd@aomf t*Fvdyfe,fcsŒJ . edrfeif;jcif;ukd cHvkduf&onf? (40) vkyfcdkif;onfrsm;udk rvkyfbJ udk,fvkyfcsif&mrsm;udkom qufvkyfjcif;/
(1870 - 71) wGif ajrmufO;D +rdK@wiG f Akv d af rmifO;D jzLonf rif;qufopfwpf&yfxal xmif&eftwGuf (41) pif+ydKiftpdk;&axmifjcif;/ pif+ydKifbk&iftm; eef;xdkifapjcif;/
awmifolv,form;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH+yD; trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;wpf&yfukd qifEGcJ hJonf? okd@aomf vufeuf
tiftm;rr#aoma=umifh wkdufckdufzrf;qD;cH&+yD; owfjzwfcHvdkuf&onf? (1890) wGif oHwJG usKEd v W w D iG f Ed k i f i H a &;tef w k r _ u d k npf n rf ; aponf h (ok d @ ) us&_ H ; aponf h tcsuf r sm;
ausmufpdrf;Akdvf x=uGawmfvSefcho J nf? xkdESpfrSmyif oHwq GJ &mawmf}uD; OD;aqmif+yD; Ak'<omoemawmfukd
rdp>m+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@vufatmufu u,fwif&eftwGuf awmfvSefykefuefcJh=uonf? oHwGJjrpfwpf&kd;rS 1? t=urf ; zuf j cif ;
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH+yD; +rdK@ukd0ifpD;cJh=uonf? xkdwkdufyGJwGif q&mawmfESifh &[ef;awmf trsm; rdrdwdk@u pwift=urf;zufv#if vufeuftiftm;omaom &efoludk t=urf;zufESdrfESif;zdk@
tjym;ysv H eG of mG ;=u+yD; use&f [ef;rsm;tzrf;tqD;cHc=hJ u&onf? (1890) wGif &ckid jf ynf ajrmufO;D / ausmuf vrf;zGifhay;vdkufovdk/ qifajcaumif;ay;vdkufovdk jzpfrnf? ausmufawmifudk =uufOESifhypfrdonfhES,f
awmf/ &aohawmif+rdK@rsm;vnf; awmfvSefx=uGr_ tajrmuftjrm; ay:aygufcJhonf? Akdvf=umxGef;/ Akdvfa&$ rdrdwdk@bufuom txdemrnf?
vS/ Akdvfbwkd@onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒtm; awmfvSefcJh=uonf? oHwGJe,frS Akdvfausmf0onf awmifykdif;rS
ajrmufykdif;txd awmufav#muf awmfvSefwkdufcdkufcJhonf? okd@aomf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@wkd@. zrf;qD; owf 2? r[mAsL[m&nf r S e f ; csuf r &S d a om tjyKtrl
jzwfjcif; cHcJh&onf? (1891) wGif Akdvfcsif;zkd@ESifh om;armifazmfatmifwkd@onf awmifolv,form;rsm;ukd r[mAsL&nfrSef;csufr&Sdaom tjyKtrlqdkonfrSm vufiif;tusdK;tjrwfonf
pnf;&kH;+yD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@tm; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@tm; armif;xkwf+yD; rif;qufxlaxmif&ef a&&SnftusdK;tjrwfudk axmuful tm;jznfh&m ra&muf? wpfpdwfwpfydkif;. tusdK;pD;yGg;onf wpfckvHk;.
}udK;yrf;cJ=h uonf? (1892) azazmf0g&v D wGif om;zESpOf ;D vk;H zrf;qD;cH&+yD; ppfawGtusO;f axmifwiG f wku d yf wd f tusdK;pD;yGg;udk yHhydk;&mra&muf? vkyfief;tqifhwdkif;wGif xnfhoGifpOf;pm;&rnfh tcsdef/ ae&m/ tiftm;/
xm;cJo h nf? tusO;f om;wpf&mausmcf ef@onf axmifwiG ;f wGif wuf=uGyek u f ef+yD; om;tzESpOf ;D tm; vGwf &efol/ rdrd/ jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiHwumtajctae/ t&H_;ESifhtjrwf/ t[ef@ twm;ESifh tuef@towf/
ay;vkduf=uonf? xkd@aemuf axmifukd azmufxGif;&ef wkdufckdufcJh=uonf? e,fcJs@u wefjyef wkdufckduf umvwdkESifh umv&Snf/ wpfckvHk;ESifh wpfpdwfwpfydkif; tusdK;tjrwfponfwdk@udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;
r_ta=umifh zrf;qD;rdum om;tzESpfOD;vkH; }udK;ay;+yD; owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? rjyKbJ yk*~v"dÏmefESifh qENpjGJ zifh taumiftxnfazmfaom jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk qdkvkdonf?
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.awmfvSefa&;onf wpfrsKd;om;vkH; yg0if pkpnf;xm;aom awmfvSefa&;
3? Ed k i f i H j cm;om;rsm;. 0if a &muf p G u f z uf j c,f v S , f r _
rjzpfcJhaomfvnf; wpfyg;olvufatmufwGif acgif;ikH@rcJhbJ &J&J0Hh0hH wkdufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? ukd,fhjynfukd
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u ay:ay:xifxif t}uHay;jcif;/ wdkufyGJwGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus
jyef&zkd@twGuf &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf toufaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmay; qyfcJh=u &onf?

65
4
(2) oDvaqmufwnfjcif;
(u) pdwftvdkudk rvdkufbJaejcif;/
(c) tpmtiwfcHqENjyjcif;/
(*) trSefw&m;vufudkifxm;+yD; oDvaqmufwnfjcif;/
(3) ajymif;jyef ppfaq;prf;oyfjcif;/
(4) t=urf;rJh taESmuft,Sufay;jcif;/
ud k , f x d v uf a &muf pG u f z uf j cif ; /
(5) xdik of ydw/f
(6) &yfoydwf/
(7) twif; um;0ifpD;jcif;/
(8) wdk;+yD; 0ifa&mufjcif;/
(9) taygif;tazmfwpkESifh twif;0ifa&mufjcif;/
(10) 0ifa&mufqkawmif;jcif;/
(11) t=urf;rzufbJ 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;/
(12) t=urf;rzufbJ av,mOfysHESifh 0ifa&muf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/
(13) t=urf;rzufbJ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;/
(14) t=urf;rzufbJ atmf[pfjcif;/
(15) t=urf;rzufbJ ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;/
(16) t=urf;rzufbJ odrf;ykduftydkifpD;xm;jcif;/
vl r _ a &;&m0if a &muf p G u f z uf r _ r sm;
(17) aygif;oif;qufqHa&; yHkpHopfudk wnfaxmifjcif;/
(18) a&rD;ponfh trsm;ypPnfrsm;udk tqrwef oHk;jcif;/
(19) twif;0ifa&muf ydwfqdk@jcif;/
(20) twif;pum;0ifajymjcif;/
(21) ajymufusm;ZmwfyGJ usif;yjcif;/
(22) tzGJ@tpnf;opfwrsKd; xlaxmifjcif;/
(23) qufoG,fa&; pepfwrsKd;xGifjcif;/
pD ; yG m ;a&;t& 0if a &muf p G u f z uf j cif ;
(24) wefjyefoydwf/
(25) tvkyfcGifwGif xdkifoydwf/
(26) t=urf;rzufonfh ajr,modrf;,ljcif;/
64
Armwpf j ynf v k H ; uG s ef b 0usa&muf j cif ;
t*Fvyd w
f @kd onf (1824) wGif atmuf Armjynf/ (1885) wGif txufjrefrmjynftm; wdu k cf u
kd f
odr;f ydu
k v f suf Armjynf&w dS ikd ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k udk u|ejf yKtkycf sKyfc=hJ uonf? e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd w
f @kd . enf;ynm
ESifh vufeuftiftm;udk txif=uD;pdwfESifh jyif;xefaom zdESdyfr_rsm;a=umifh ArmtrsdK;om; wpf&yfvHk;.
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfrSm wjznf;jznf; r_ef0g;vmcJhonf?
(1917)wGif &ckdiftrsKd;om;q&mawmf OD;OwWronf tm&SwdkuftESH@vSnfhvnfvsuf Oa&my
udkvdkeDpepfudk t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifh qef@usif=u&ef wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfcJhonf? q&mawmf. aus;Zl;
a=umifh jynfolwpf&yfvHk; EdkifiHa&;tod Edk;=um;vm+yD; qENjyyGJ/ oydwfarSmufyGJESihf awmif;yGJ/ wdkufyGJrsm;
EdkifiHtESH@ay:aygufvmcJhonf? q&mawmf. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_a=umifh
(1) 1920 wGif &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJhonf? ,if;. tusdK;quftjzpf
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; ArmjynftESH@ ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
(2) u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;vnf; &kyfodrf;cJh&onf?
(3) (1924) wGif Armjynfodk@ a0vrif;om; vma&mufvnfywfonfhtcgwGifvnf; oydwfarSmuf
cHcJh&onf?
(4) 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udpPtwGuf pHkprf;&efvma&mufonfh 0d_ufaumfrwDvnf; oydwfarSmufcHcJh
&onf?
(5) (1929) Zefe0g&D (29) wGif zGJ@pnf;yHkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf pHkprf;&efvma&mufonfh qdkifrGef
aumfr&Sifvnf; oydwfarSmufcHcJh&onf?
(6) (1936) wGif &efukefwuUodkvf 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJhonf?
(7) (1937) rSm 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;cJh&onf? ArmjynftESH@tjym; 0HomEk
pdwf"mwf/ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwf"mwf Edk;=um;vmum tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJrsm; vlxkqENjyyGJESifh
oydwfwdkufyGJrsm; trsm;tjym;ay:aygufcJhonf?
q&mawmfum; 0dkiftrfbDtoif;}uD;u t*Fvdyfbk&ifrudk bk&m;ocifapmifrygap[laom
+Adwdo#tifyg,m. EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;udk oDqdkae&csdef/ jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;
,E W&m;wGif tr_xrf;aeonfh ArmvlrsdK;ykvdyfudkyif acgif;armfI r=unfh0HhcsdefwGif bk&ifcHqm&,f*sD
e,fu&ufa'gufudk t*FvefjyefoGm;[k owif;pmwGif ajAmifta&;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh tm*owWd
&Sifjzpfayonf? (1917) rS (1939) twGif; q&mawmf. EdkifiHa&;pmayESifh rdef@cGef;rsm;onf Armjynf
wpf0Srf;vHk;&Sd vlxk/ vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;EdkifcJhonf? t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf
q&mawmfudk (4) }udrfwdkifwdkif axmifoGif; tusOf;csI n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufcHcJh&aomfvnf; q&mawmfum;
ysHvGefcsdef (1939) pufwufbm (9) txd 'l;raxmuf/ vufrajr‡muf tav#mhray;cJhay? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;um; Armjynf. vGwfvyfa&;Adokum jzpfI q&mawmfum; ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;.
rD;&_;wefaqmifjzpfayonf? Armjynf. r[wWr*END[k wifpm;xkdufaom jynfol@bufawmfom; wpfOD;
vnf;jzpfayonf?
,if;umvu &cdkiftrsdK;om;e,fcs@J qef@usifa&;orm;rsm;wGif t,ltq (2) &yf uGjJ ym;cJh=u
5
onf? wpfckrSm t*FvdyfESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufum &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;. ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufatmif
aqmif&u G +f yD; t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &. tkycf sKyfa&;,E &W m;wGif 0ifa&muftr_xrf;um &cdik t f rsKd ;om;wd@k . &ydik cf iG hf (86) ykef;atmif;aejcif;/ xGufajy;jcif;/ emrnfajymif;/ vdyfpmajymif;/ trSefrsm;ray;bJaejcif;
rsm;ukd wdk;jr‡ifhawmif;qdkoGm;&efjzpfonf? aemufwpfckrSm ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;wdkufy0JG if+yD; t*F (87) w&m;r0ifonfh Oya'rsm;udk zDqefjcif;/
vdyfvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;&,l&ef jzpfonf? yxrt,ltqESifh trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm;wGif
qmay:xGe;f / qmxGe;f atmifausm/f tdu k pf tD ufpf OD;ausmrf if;ESihf OD;aratmifw@dk yg0ifonf? 'kw, d tkypf wk iG f tpd k ; & tvk y f o rm;rsm;. v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;/
a'guw f ma&$ZaH tmif/ OD;pdev f aS tmif/ OD;pdexf eG ;f atmifw@dk yg0ifonf? xdak cgi;f aqmifrsm;onf ArmtrsKd ;om; (88) tpdk;&uay;onfh axmufyHhcsuftcsKd@udk jiif;y,fjcif;/
rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I (1920) wGif xlaxmifum trsKd ;/ bmom/ omoemtusKd ;udk o,fy;kd xrf;&Gucf =hJ uonf? (89) txufucsrSwfonfh trdef@/ owif;ponfwdk@udk ydwfqGd@xm;jcif;/
ArmESiyhf ;l aygi;f I t*Fvyd u f w kd ukd &f rnf[k cH,cl su&f odS nfo h rl sm;wGif &efuek wf uUov kd f ausmif;om;oydwf (90) tvkyfrsm;wef@xm;jcif;/ aESmifhaES;atmifvkyfxm;jcif;/
rsm;udk OD;aqmifcJhaom rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yg0ifcJhonf? ,if;wdk@teuf yxr (91) taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; 0ifa&mufrulnDjcif;/
ausmif;om;oydwf (1920) wGif OD;bOD;/ 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf (1930) wGif OD;ausmf&if/ OD;ndKxGef;ESifh (92) tvkyf}uD;=uyfolrsm;u wrifoufouf tvkyfrvkyfwwfonfh [efaqmifaejcif;/
OD;bZHwdk@rSm xif&Sm;onf? yl;wGJwdkufyGJ0ifI e,fcsJ@vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufygu &cdkiftrsdK;om; tultnDray;bJaeoihfonhf udpPrsm;udk rsufESmv$Jjcif;/
rsm;taejzifh orRwEdik if x H al xmifI oD;jcm;&yfwnfvu kd &yfwnfciG &hf adS p&rnf[k tmrcHcsuaf y;cJ=h uaom (93) ykefuefjcif;/
ArmtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. uwda=umifv h nf; &cdik /f ArmaoG;pnf;nDnw G rf _ ydrk jkd rifrh m;cJ&h onf? (1937)
wGif Armjynfudk tdENd,rScGJxkwfI oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfvkdufcsdefwGif trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ydkI jynf w G i f ; tpd k ; & v_ y f & S m ;r_
t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vmcJhonf? (1939) wGif &cdkifjynf&Sd vlxk/ vlwef;pm;aygif;pHkudk udk,fpm;jyKonfh (94) tmywfvGwfonfhenf;jzifh tvkyfudka&Smifjcif;/ tvkyftcsdefqGJxm;jcif;/
tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pHkyg0ifaom &ckdiftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufudk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf? &cdkifjynftESH@tjym;wGif (95) tpdk;&XmecGJrsm;u tultnD&yfpJjcif;
v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vnf; tm;aumif;vmcJhonf?
Ed k i f i H w umtpd k ; &. v_ y f & S m ;r_
zuf q pf * syef v uf a tmuf u sa&muf j cif ; (96) oHwref/ udk,fpm;vS,fponfwdk@udk ajymif;vJjcif;/
(1942) wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu tultnDawmif;I *syef0ifa&mufvmaomtcg (97) oHwreftcrf;tem;rsm;udk qkdif;xm;jcif;/ zsufypfvdkufjcif;/
ArmwpfjynfvHk; *syefudk u,fwif&Sif[k xifrSwfcJh=uonf? zufqpf*syefwdk@. n‡Of;yef; ESdyfpufr_'%fudk (98) oHwref todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/
vufawG@cHpm;&onfhtcgrSom usm;a=umufvdk@/ &Sif}uD;ukd;/ &Sif}uD; usm;xufqdk;onhf tjzpfudka&muf (99) oHwref qufoG,fa&;jzwfjcif;/
cJh&a=umif; oabmaygufcJh=uonf? tdEdN,odk@ qkwfcGgoGm;onfh t*Fvdyf wdk@uvnf; ar,kc&dkif&Sd b*FvD (100) EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm xGufjcif;/
rlqvifrsm;vufwGif vufeufrsm; csefxm;&pfcJhjyD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;ESifh b*FvDrlqvifrsm;=um; vlrsdK;a&; (101) EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufcGifhudk jiif;y,fjcif;/
ESifhbmoma&; t"du&k%f;rsm; zefwD;um tpdk;&opfudk t=uyftwnf;ESifh}uHKatmif jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? (102) EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm xkwfy,fypfjcif;/
zufqpf*syefwdk@onf (1943) =o*wfv (1) &ufae@wGif a'gufwmbarmfudk &kyfao;tpdk;&tzGJ@. t=uD;
tuJtjzpf wifajr‡mufvsuf Armjynfudk twkta,mif vGwfvyfa&;ay;cJh=uonf? (*) 0if a &muf p G u f z uf j cif ;
(1942)wGif wnfaxmifaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf. acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh q&mawmf jynfolvlxkupwifum tpkd;&,E W&m;rsm;ukd pwifacsr_ef;jcif;jzpfonf? tpkd;&tm; rdrdwkd@
OD;pdE WmESifh OD;nKdxGef; wdk@onf Armacgif;aqmifrsm;. zdwf=um;csuft& (1944) wGif &efukefYusif;yonfh apvkdonfhtwkdif; jzpfvmap&ef ‚wdk@. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGif 0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif;jzpfonf?
zufqpfqef@usifa&;nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufum &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;udk,fpm; ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD; rdrt
d iftm;onf tjrifq h ;Hk taetxm;ok@d a&muf&vdS m+yD; tpk;d &tm%m tusbufo@kd a&muf&v dS monfh
oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonf? ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD;. EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfrSm tzdESdyf tcsdefwGif t&Sdeft[kefjrSifhjyKvkyf&rnf?
cHwdkif;&if;om;rsm; vufwGJI e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfudkwdkufxkwfum wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD; t=urf ; rJ h 0 if a &muf p G u f z uf E k d i f o nf h enf ; (41) enf ;
cGifh&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm; taejzifh rdrdwdk@zmom/ rdrdwdk@ oD;jcm; pd w f " gwf t m;jzif h aES m uf t ,S u f a y;+yD ; pG u f z uf j cif ; /
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfvdkuvnf; vufcHonf? &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif (1) aeylxJ&yf/ rdk;&GmxJae/ tat;cHqENjyjcif;/
rsm;onf zufqpf*syefudk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf Adkvf}uD;=umvSatmifudk ppfOD;pD;csKyfcef@vsuf tiftm;

6 63

taxG a xG p uf r _ v uf r _ v k y f i ef ; oyd w f r sm;
(62) jcGif;csufxm;+yD; arSmufjcif;/
(63) jynfvHk;u|wf taxGaxGoydwf/
oyd w f a rS m uf j cif ; ES i f h pD ; yG m ;a&;wH c g;yd w f j cif ; ES p f c k a ygif ; v_ y f & S m ;jcif ; /
(64) tvkyf&yfpJjcif;/
(65) pD;yGm;a&;um;vdyfcsjcif;/
Ed k i f i H a &;t& tul t nD r ay;bJ xm;jcif ; enf ; rsm;/
=oZmtm%mud k jiif ; y,f v d k u f j cif ; /
(66) opPmcHrvkyfbJaejcif;/ opPmcHtjzpfrS EkwfxGufjcif;/
(67) vlxkaxmufcHr_udk jiif;y,fmxm;jcif;/
(68) twdkuftcHzufudk a&S@aevdkufonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ a[majymyGJrsm;/
jynf o l w d k @ u tpd k ; &ud k tul t nD r ay;bJ a ejcif ; /
(69) Oya'jyKtzGJ@udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/
(70) a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/
(71) tpdk;&tvkyf/ tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/
(72) tpdk;&Xmersm;/ XmecGJrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/
(73) tpdk;&ynma&;/ ausmif;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS EkwfxGufjcif;/
(74) tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk oydwfarSmufjcif;/
(75) Oya'udk ckdifvHkwif;usyfatmif vkyfaeonfh &Hk;rsm;udk tultnDray;bJxm;jcif;/
(76) udk,fh&mxl;trSwftom;/ ae&mtrSwftom;rsm;udk y,fzsufypfjcif;/
(77) cef@xm;vdkufonfh t&m&dSrsm;udk vufrcH[k jiif;qefjcif;/
(78) vuf&dSXme toif;tzGJ@tzGJ@ponfwdk@udk &kwfodrf;cdkif;v#if jiif;qefjcif;/
jynf o l w d k @ u wrsKd ; trnf trd e f @ ud k zD q ef j cif ; /
(79) tvkyfudk rvkyfcsifvkyfcsif vkyfjcif;/ ajz;ajz;vkyfjcif;/
(80) wkduf&dkuf}uD;=uyfrnfhol r&dSaomtcg trdef@udk remcHbJaejcif;/
(81) trsm;ESifha&m+yD; trdef@udk qe@fusifjcif;/
(82) pum;em;raxmifcsif [efaqmifjcif;/
(83) pk&HK;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;udk vlpkcGJcdkif;v#if em;raxmifbJaejcif;/
(84) xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;/
(85) ac|;wyfqGJv#if rvkdufjcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;v#if ta&;rpdkufjcif;/
62
(3000) cef@&Sdonfh &cdkifhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk &cdkifjynfaus;vufa'orsm;Y zGJ@pnf;xm;cJh=uonf?
&cdik t
f rsKd ;om;uGe*f &ufonf zufqpfqef@usiaf &; jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&; tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmifrsm; tdE, dN
odk@oGm;a&mufI *syefudkwdkufzdk@ t*FvdyfudktultnDawmif;cH&mwGifvnf; rsm;pGmtultnDay;cJh=u
onf? (1944) ESpfv,fydkif;wGif &cdkifhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS zufqpf*syefudk ajymufusm;ppfjzifh pwif
wdu
k cf ukd cf &hJ m ESpu
f ek yf ikd ;f wGif zufqpftm;vH;k udk &ckid jf ynfwiG ;f rS armif;xkwEf ikd cf o
hJ nf? xd@k aemuf &cdik t
f rsKd ;
om;tpd;k &zG@J pnf;&ef jyifqifaepOf &cdik u hf muG,f a&;wyfrawmfvufx&J dS vufeufrsm;udk jynfr&Sd Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;OD;aqmifaom zqyvwyfrsm;odk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ef[kqdkum t*Fvdyfwdk@u vufeufjyefvnf
tyfESif;&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? t*Fvdyfwkd@ uwdrwnfv#if vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ jyefvnfqifE$J+yD; vGwf
vyfa&;&,lrnf[k jyifqifxm;=uaom OD;pdE mW wd@k tzG@J u vufeufjyefvnftyfEiS ;f &ef jiif;qef&m t*Fvyd f
tpkd;&u ‚wdk@udk cdk;om;/ "m;jyrsm;tjzpf 0&rf;uyfI zrf;rdef@xkwfcJhonf? pifppftm;jzifh zqyvwyfzGJ@
rsm;odk@ vufeufv$Jajymif;ay;&efqdkonfrSm taysmhqGJI vufeufodrf;vdkonfh e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@.
y&d,m,fomjzpfonf? Tonfukd em;rvnfaom Armacgi;f aqmif wpfcsKd @onf &cdik t f rsKd ;om; awmfveS f
a&;orm;rsm;tay: txiftjrifvGJrSm;um tcJra=ujzpfcJh=uonf?
e,f c sJ @ t*F v d y f u k d awmf v S e f j cif ;
(1945) ESpfOD;ykdif;wGif &ckdifjynfolvlxkt=um; t*Fvdyfqef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; }uD;xGm;vm
um &ckdifjynftESH@tjym; qENjyyGJESifhoydwfwdkufyGJrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? OD;pdE WmOD;aqmifaom &ckdifh
jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyfESifh jynfrrS pnf;&Hk;a&;qif;vmaom zqyvvnf; tiftm;aumif;vmcJh
onf? (1946) wGif ajrykHnDvmcHusif;ycJh&m &ckdifhjynfol@vGwfvyfa&; tzGJ@csKyf/ &ckdifwkdif; zqyv/
&ckdifwkdif;jynfol@&JabmftzGJ@/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (&ckdifwkdif;)/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD (Armjynf)/ vli,f
rsm;tpnf;t&kH;/ trsKd;orD;tpnf;t&kH;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf/ &J0efxrf;or*~/ pma&;/ pmcsD
paom vlxk/ vlwef;aygif;pHk tiftm; (60000) wufa&mufcJh=uonf? ‚wGif zqyv tzGJ@csKyfacgif;
aqmif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;OD;baqGwkd@vnf;yg0ifonf? TnDvmcHwGif ,if;umvu
a&yef;pm;aeaom vuf0JEkdifiHa&; tawG;tac:udk tajccHvsuf vuf0J nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pkukd zGJ@pnf;
EkdifcJh=uonf?
ajrykn
H vD mcHt+yD;wGif t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J w@dk onf q&mawmfO;D pdE mW udk "m;jyAdv k t f jzpf 0&rf;xkwI f
zrf;qD;cJ=h uonf? (1945) ESpOf ;D ydik ;f u t*Fvyd t f pk;d &udk vufeufjyefvnftyfEzHS @kd jiif;qefcsuu f kd em;vnfr_
vGu J m tcJra=ujzpfae=uaom ArmEdik if aH &; acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @uvnf; tzdEydS cf cH si;f uk, d cf si;f rpmbJ q&m
awmftm; zrf;qD;jcif;udk tm;ay;/ tm;ajrmufjyKcJ=h uonf? q&mawmf tzrf;cH&onft h ay: rauseyfaom
jynfolvlxkonf t*Fvdyftpkd;&udk tcGef/ tcray;bJ oydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? &cdkifvli,f tcsdK@uvnf;
t*Fvdyfwdk@. wyfpcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? rif;jym;jrdK@wGif vlxkqENjyyGJudk zqyvwyf
rsm;u t=urf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f &m jynfol (2) OD; aoqH;k oGm;ojzifh &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;omru Armjynforl sm;yg
rausreyfjzpfum q&mawmfudk vGwfay;zkd@ yl;aygif;wkdufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? ,if;umvwGif zqyvESifh
t*Fvyd w f yfrsm;yl;aygi;f ppfqifum &ckid af jymufusm;rsm;tm; edref if;cJ=h uonf? OD;ynmoD[/ OD;nKdxeG ;f ESihf
OD;atmifZHa0wkd@url zqyvESifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifr_ukd ,kH=unfum EdkifiHa&;t& awmif;qdk
wdkufyGJ0ifI trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf =udK;yrf;cJh=uonf?
7
 AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom zqyvonf e,fcs@J t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; tpd k ; &rsm;. v_ y f & S m ;r_ /
tjref&&Sdap&eftwGuf Armr[kwfaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;udk wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;rnf[k tmrcHum (38) jynfwGif;ukefoG,fa&; &yfpjJ cif;/
EkdifiHa&;t& pnf;&Hk;axmufcHr_ukd &,lcJhonf? atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkI (1) ESpftwGif; (39) ukefonfrsm;tm; emrnfysufpm&if;oGif;jcif;/
vGwv f yfa&;t&,lz@kd jyifqifc=hJ uonf? od@k aomf (1947) Zlvidk v
f (19) &ufwiG f *VkeOf ;D apmu vky}f uHowf (40) EdkifiHwumrS a&mif;csolrsm;u ta&mif;t0,f&yfqkdif;jcif;/
jzwfojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif (9) OD; usqHk;cJh&onf? AkdvfcsKyf.acgif; (41) EdkifiHwumrS 0,f,lolrsm;u ta&mif;t0,f&yfqkdif;jcif;/
aqmifr_t&dkuft&mudk OD;EkuqufcHum Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkvsuf (1948) Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ (42) EkdifiHwumrS ukefoG,fr_ &yfqkdif;jcif;/
wGif Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;ukd &,lEkdifcho J nf?
txd r f ; trS w f o yd w f r sm;/
Armjynf v G w f v yf a &;&&S d j cif ; (43) uef@uGufqENjyyGJrsm;/
vGwfvyfa&;&cgpwGif usifhoHk;cJhaom (1947) zG@J pnf;yHkonf Armr[kwfaomwdkif;&if;om;wdk@. (44) wr[kwfcsif; qENjy tvkyfcGifrS xGufoGm;jcif;/
trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ukd tmrcHcsufray;Ekdifaom wpfjynfaxmifpepf zGJ@pnf;yHkomjzpfcJhonf? wdkif;&if;
om;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ ppfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ponfwdk@udk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;u v,f , mpd k u f y sKd ; a&;oyd w f r sm;/
vuf0g;}uD;tkyx f m;cJ=h uonf? od@k jzpfI &cdik jf ynfvw
G vf yfa&;tzG@J . twGi;f a&;rSL;pHausmx f eG ;f u &cdik jf ynf (45) v,form;oydwf/ &Gmol&Gmom;rs;moydwf/
onf urBmurodvdkufbJ Arme,fcs@J vufatmufodk@ oGwfoGif;cHvdkuf&onfh “u|efykef;EdkifiH” jzpfonf (46) v,f,mpdkufysKd;olrsm; oydwf/
[k aumufcsufcscho J nf? xdk@a=umifh (1948) vGwfvyfa&; &pumvrS pwifI &cdkifEkdifiHa&;tzG@J tpnf;
tcsdK@onf Arme,fcsJ@&efudk jyefvnfwGef;vSefcJh&ayonf? oD ; oef @ tk y f p k r sm;. oyd w f /
(1958) wGif zqyv(2) jcrf;uGI J OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom wnf+rJzqyvu &cdkifjynfay;rnf[k (47) tvkyfu|rf;usifolrsm;. oydwf/
rJq, G pf nf;&H;k onf? OD;baqGacgi;f aqmifaom wnfjrJzqyvu “jynfe,fawmh ray;Ekid b f ;l ? usewf [
hJ mukd (48) tusOf;om;oydwf/
ay;Ekdifw,f”[kqdkum rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;onf? twdwfu udk,fhxD;/ ukd,hfeef;jzifh &yfwnfcJhaom/ r=umrSD (49) vufr_ynm&Sifrsm; oydwf/
tcsdeftxd ArmtrsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk; e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfESifh zufqpf*syef vufatmuf rS vGwfajrmufzdk@ (50) ynm&dSvkyfom;rsm;oydwf/
oufpeG @f wu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uaom &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;rsm;onf vGwv f yfa&;&csed w
f iG f trnfcH jynfe,f tqifu h ykd if
vuf0g;jzef@I renf;awmif;qdkae&ayonf? omrmef p uf r _ / vuf r _ v k y f i ef ; rsm;oyd w f /
wef;wltcGifhta&;ESifh jynfe,fvkdcsifaom rGefESifh &ckdiftrsdK;om;trsm;pku OD;Ekukd axmufcHrJ (51) tvkyf&Sif oydwf/
ay;I (1960) azazmf0g&DwGif wnf+rJzqyv tm%m&&Sdvmonf? odk@aomf &cdkifwdk@rSm jynfe,fr&&SdchJ (52) pufr_vufr_oydwf/
onfomru ar,kc&dkif&Sd w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufaexkdifae=uaom b*FvDrlqvifrsm;ukd EkdifiHom;tjzpf (53) qENjyr_tm; pmemaxmufcHtm;ay;onfhtaejzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;/
todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh wkef@jyefcJhonf? (1948) rS (1962) twGif; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. wef;wljynfe,f
&&Sda&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tiftm; aumif;vmcJhonf? (1962) azazmf0g&D (25) wGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pkaygif;I tuef @ towf x m;+yD ; arS m uf o nf h oyd w f r sm;/
ordkif;0if awmif}uD;nDvmcHusif;yvsuf “&Srf;rl”[kvlodrsm;aom jynfe,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHk (54) wdwdususarSmufaomoydwf/ tao;pdwfpOf;pm;+yD; arSmufaom oydwf/
rl=urf;udk a&;qGJcJh=uonf? jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJ&mwGif yg0if&rnfh tajccHtcsuf (8) csufudk (55) taESmifht,Sufjzpf&Hk arSmufaomoydwf/
atmufygtwdkif; csrswfcJh=uonf? (56) tvkyfaESmifhaES;atmif arSmufaom oydwf/
(57) ajyma&;qdkcGifh&atmifom tvkyf0ifaea=umif;jyojcif;/
(1) jynfaxmifpkudk wef;wltcGifhtm%m&Sdonfh trsdK;om;jynfe,f (8) jynfe,fudk tajccHvsuf (58) aeraumif;I tvkyfrvm[k ajymqkdjcif;/
zGJ@pnf;&rnf? (59) tvkyfxGufpmwifjcif;/
(2) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk oD;jcm;tyfESif;xm;aom tm%mtcsdK@rSvGJI jynfe,ftpkd;&wdkif;wGif (60) tuef@towfxm;+yD; oydwfarSmufjcif;/
wef;wltcGifhtm%m &Sdap&rnf? (61) udk,fpdwf}udKuftvkdkfuf =unfh+yD; arSmufonfhoydwf/

8 61
(16) qENjyI jynfajy;vkyfvdkufjcif; (3) jynfe,ftvkduf oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;yHk/ Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@rsm;&Sd&rnf?

pD ; yG m ;a&;t& ul n D & d k i f ; yif ; r_ rjyKonf h e nf ; vrf ; rsm;/ (4) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfudk vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf[lI v$wfawmf (2) &yfjzifh
(u) pD ; yG m ;a&;oyd w f / zGJ@pnf;&rnf? ,if;v$wfawmf (2) &yfonf xyfwltm%m&Sd&rnf?
pm;oH k ; rsm;u vk y f a qmif E d k i f a om t&mrsm; (6) jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfonf (u) Edik if jH cm;a&; (c) umuG,af &; (*) b¾ma&; (C) w&m;pD&if
(17) pm;oHk;oloydwf/ a&; (i) aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxkwfa0a&; (p) qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; (q) rD;&xm;ESifh
(18) oydwfarSmufxm;onfh ypPnf;rsm;udk roHk;bJaejcif;/ ava=umif;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; (Z) taumufcGefESifh qdyfurf;+rdK@rsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh Oya'
(19) csKd;+cHac|wmjcif;/ rsm;udkjyKydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf?
(20) tdrfvc ray;bJxm;jcif;/
(21) tdrfriSm;bJ aejcif;/ (7) jynfe,frsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tjynfht0&Sdvsuf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;onf jynfaxmif
(22) wkdif;jynfw0Srf;vHk; pm;oHk;oloydwf/ pktpdk;&. 0ifa&muf pGufzufr_rS uif;vGwfcGifh&Sd&rnf?
(23) EkdifiHwum pm;oHk;olrsm;oydwf/
(8) jynfe,fwikd ;f twGuf tpd;k &. b¾ma&;toH;k p&dwu
f kd nDr#pmG cGaJ 0&rnf? jynfe,fyikd f obm0
tvk y f o rm;ES i f h uk e f x k w f v k y f o l r sm;. v_ y f & S m ;r_ o,HZmwESifh pD;yGg;a&; taqmufttHkrsm;udk jynfe,fvlxkuom pDrHcef@cGJydkifcGifh &Sd&rnf?
(24) tvkyform;oydwf/ xdkodk@ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;u trsKd;om;rsm;wef;wla&;udk tmrcHay;Edkifonfh jynfaxmifpk
(25) ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm; oydwf/ zG@J pnf;yHkudk a&;qGw J ifjyzdk@ vkyfvmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom vlrsdK;}uD;0g'D ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u
wkdif;jynf+ydKuGrJ nfpkd;I[kqkdum (1962) wGif EdkifiHawmftm%mudk ppfwyftm;ukd;jzifh odrf;,lvdkufonf?
yG J p m;rsm;. v_ y f & S m ;r_ / v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;I orRwESifh tpdk;&tzG@J 0if 0ef}uD;rsm;/ awmif}uD;nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufcho J nfh
(26) ukefay;oGif;olrsm;ESifh ukefwif/ukefcs vkyfolrsm;. oydwf/ wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tjypfwpfpHk/ wpf&mr&SdbJ axmifoGif;tusOf;csvdkufonf? xdk@aemuf
ppfAkdvf/ ppfom;rsm; }uD;pdk;aom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDudk xlaxmifum t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@0g'/
yd k i f & S i f r sm;ES i f h tk y f c sKyf r _ w d k @ . v_ y f & S m ;r_ / vlrsdK;}uD;0g'/ ppftm%m&Sif0g'ESifh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk w&m;0if usifhoHk;=uawmhonf?
(27) ukefonfoydwf/
(28) aps;ra&mif;bJxm;jcif;/ ypPnf;rsm;/tdrfrsm;/ ra&mif;jcif;/
(29) qkdifaomhydwfxm;jcif;/ ppf t m%m&S i f v uf a tmuf u sa&muf j cif ;
(30) pufr_vufr_ tultnDrsm;ray;jcif;/ Adv
k af e0if; ppftm%modr;f I r=umcifrmS yif OD;ay:OD;ESihf OD;armifped n f eG @f w@dk onf &ckid t f rsK;d om;
(31) aps;onfrsm;. taxGaxGoydwf/ vGwfajrmufa&;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;xlaxmif+yD; (1962) rS (1969) txd rqvpkd;&ukd awmfvSefch=J uonf?
wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif OD;ausmZf &H EDG iS hf OD;armif[efw@dk OD;aqmifaom &ckid t f rsKd ;om;rsm;onf ocifp;dk OD;aqmif
b ¾ maiG t&if ; tES D ; axmuf y H h o l r sm;. v_ y f & S m ;r_ / aom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (tvHeD)rS cGx J Gufum &ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk xlaxmifvsuf &ckdiftrsKd;
(32) b%fY oGif;xm;aom aiGrsm;udk xkwf,ljcif;/ om;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyG0J ifch=J uonf? (1963) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; typf
(33) tzdk;tcrsm;/ a=uG;rsm;/ wef&mwefzdk;rsm; ray;bJxm;jcif;/ tcwf&yfpaJ =umif;a=unm+yD; wpfEikd if v H ;kH &Sd vufeufuidk tf zG@J tpnf;rsm;ukd +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;&ef zdwaf c:
(34) ta=uG;rqyfbaJ e/ twkd;ray;bJaejcif;/ cJo
h nf? TaqG;aEG;yGo J @kd &cdik jf ynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S OD;ausmZf &H EDG iS hf OD;ode;f azwk@d wufa&muf+yD; &ckid t f rsK;d om;
(35) axmufyHha=u;rsm;&yfp/J ta=uG;ray;bJaejcif;/ rsm;. ukd,fhuH=urRm ukd,fzefwD;cGifhukd todtrSwfjyKonfhtaejzifh &ckdifjynfrS Armwyfrsm; &kyfodrf;&ef
(36) tcGeftaumufay;&ef jiif;qefjcif;/ awmif;qk&d m vdu k af vsmr_ wpfpw Hk pf&mr&So d jzifh aqG;aEG;yGrJ S Ekwx f uG +f yD; vufeufuikd w f u
kd yf u
JG kd qufvuf
(37) tpdk;&aiGrsm;udk vufrcHjcif;/ qifE$JcJhonf? vufawG@tm;jzifhvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm twdkuftcHrsm;u
+idrf;csrf;a&;rvdkvm;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifae&ygonf[k jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiHwumudk

60 9
ta=umif;jycsufay;vdkaom AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. EdkifiHa&;vSnhfuGufwpfckom jzpfayonf?
(1964) wGif Akv d }f uD;=umvSatmifO;D aqmifaom &ckid t f rsK;d om;nDnw G af &;tzG@J aus;vufa'o aemuf q k w f j cif ; ES i f h pG e f @ v$ w f j cif ; rsm;
rsm;udk tajccHum rqvtpd;k &tm; ajymufusm;ppfjzifh wdu k cf u
kd cf &hJ m ppfa&;t& xda&mufr&_ cdS ahJ omfvnf; (51) xGufcGmqENjyjcif;rsm;/
jynfolvlxkESifh a0;vHacgif;yg;aomae&mrsm;wGifom v_yf&Sm;cJhonfjzpf&m pnf;&Hk;a&;t& ta&;edrfhcJh & (52) wHk%dbma0 qdwfqdwfaejcif;rsm;/
onf? (53) *k%fxl;bGw J Hqdyfrsm; jyefvnftyfESHjcif;/ pGef@v$wfjcif;/
rqvtpkd;&vufatmufwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk; EdkifiHa&;t& zdESdyfcHcJh&onf? vlr_/ pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m (54) aemufausmckdif;xm;jcif;
=uyfwnf; epfemr_rsm;ESihf }uHKawG@c&hJ onf? (1967) wGif tpd;k &onf jynfov l x l .k oufomacsmifcsad &;udk
*&krpdkufbJ &ckdifjynfrSxGufor#qefudk twif;t"rRodrf;,lum EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;cscJ@ojzifh (c) ryl ; aygif ; rqmif & G u f j cif ;
&ckdifwpfjynfvHk; tiwfab;ESifh &ifqdkifch&J onf? =o*kwf (13) wGif ppfawGjrdK@ jrqefpufa&S@Y qef&&Sda&; tm%m&Sirf sm;.vky&f yfrsm;tm; jynfov l x
l u ryl;aygi;f raqmif&u G v f #if rnfonft h %m&Sirf S
twGuf qENjyawmif;qdkaom vufeuf[lI tyfwdkwpfpif;rSrygaom tjypfrJhjynfolvlxkudk rqv a&&Snfwnf wHhEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? xkd@a=umifh tm%m&Sifwdk@. vkyf&yfrsm;tm; wpfOD;csif;jzpfap/
ppfwyfu armif;jyef&dkifz,frsm;jzifh ypfcwfESdrfESif;cJh&m vlaygif; (300) ausmfaoqHk;jyD; wpfaxmifausmf tk y f p k v k d u f j zpf a p tcG i f h t a&;&v#if & ovd k ryl ; aygif ; raqmif & G u f b J a ejcif ; jzif h ‚wd k @ .
'%f&m&&SdchJonf? wpfcsdK@rSm ppfawG tkef;awmY t&Sifvwfvwf ajrjrKyfoj*FdKvfjcif;cHchJ&onf? Tta&; tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;udk csnfheJ@atmifjyKvkyfEdkifayonf?
tcif;a=umifh &cdkifjynfolvlxk. ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfrSm ydkrdk&ifhoefvmcJh=uonf?
(1967)wGif yDwmbcsKad cgi;f aqmifaom &ckid jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D onf (1969) wGif &cdik hf ryl ; aygif ; raqmif & G u f j cif ; enf ; 102 enf ;
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;tzG@J ESifh yl;aygif;um &ckdiftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifvsuf vuf vl r _ a &;t& ul n D & d k i f ; yif ; r_ rvk y f b J xm;Ed k i f o nf h enf ; rsm;/
eufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzifh rqvtpdk;&udk qef@usifwdkufyJG0ifcJh=uonf? rvd k v m;/ rES p f o uf o l r sm;ud k 0d k i f ; y,f j cif ; /
(1970) wGif OuUÏ xGef;a&$armifESifh twGif;a&;rSL;pHausmfxGef;wdk@ OD;aqmifaum &cdkifjynf (1) oma&;/ ema&;oydwf/
vGwv f yfa&;tzG@J ukd ucsiv f w G af jrmufa&;tzG@J . tultnDjzifh ucsijf ynfe,fwiG f zG@J pnf;xlaxmifco hJ nf? (2) uGufusm; vlr_a&;oydwf/
OuUÏxGe;f a&$armifO;D aqmifaom ppfa=umif;onf (1972) wGif &cdik jf ynfo@kd atmifjrifpmG csw D ufEikd cf o hJ nf? (3) tzsuform;rsm;udk vufydkuf=unfhaejcif;/
odk@aomf (1977) wGif csDwufvmaom twGif;a&;rSL;pHausmfxGef; OD;aqmifonfh ppfa=umif;onf csif;jynf (4) tquftoG,fjzwfawmufjcif;/
e,fwGif vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; tqrwefomvGefaom rqvppfwyf. ESdrfESif;r_a=umifh usqHk; (5) bmoma&;udpPrsm;udk ausmckdif;jcif;/
cJh&onf?
(1973) OuUÏ ckdifrdk;vif;OD;aqmifaom &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwDukd u&iftrsdK;om; &yf & G m ud p P / vl r _ a &;ud p P / bk & m;yG J / w&m;yG J / "avh x H k ; pH E S i f h
tpnf;t&Hk;. tultnDjzifh u&ifjynfwGif zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf? u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; tzG J @ tpnf ; ponf h w d k @ ud k tul t nD r ay;bJ xm;vd k u f j cif ; enf ; vrf ; rsm;/
wyfrawmfESifhvufwI GJ bHk&efolrqvudk (3) ESpfwdkifwkdif wdkufcdkufchjJ yD;aemuf (1976) wGif &cdkifjynfodk@ (6) &yf&GmwGif; aysmfyG&J $ifyGrJ sm;ESifh tm;upm;yGrJ sm;udk &yfqkdif;xm;vdkufjcif;/
jyefvnfcsDwufvm&m csif;awmifwef;wGif tqrwef tiftm;rsm;aom &efol rqvwyf. acsr_ef; (7) &yf&GmwGif; aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;ESifh tm;upm;yGJrsm;udk &yfqkdif;xm;vkdufjcif;/
jcif;cHc&hJ onf? OuUÏ ckid rf ;kd vif;rSm &efo@l vufwiG ;f tusrcHbJ rdru d ,dk u f kd tqH;k pD&ifcohJ nf? “rd;k vif;&mZm” (8) ausmif;om;oydwf/
trnf&Sdaom Tppfa=umif;wGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m; (9) vlr_a&;&mESifh ywfowfonfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;/
jynfe,f/ &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f/ ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ESihf csi;f jynfe,frsm;udk jzwfausmu f m rdik af ygi;f (2000) (10) taysmfwrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS E_wfxGufjcif;/
ausmfcef@ csDwufcJh=u&onf? vrf;c&D;wpfav#mufwGif &efolrqvwyf. vdkufvHacsr_ef;jcif;udk
t}udrf}udrfcHch&J &m csif;jynfe,fwpfckwnf;rSmyif wdkufy}JG uD;Ii,f (100) ausmf wdkufcdkufch&J onf? vl r _ a &;yH k p H r S xG u f j cif ; /
(1974) wGif ae0if;tpkd;&onf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'opfwpf&yfudk ‚wdk@pdwfwdkif;us (11) udk,ftdrfxrJ Sm udk,faejcif;/
a&;qGu J m twkta,mif vlxq k ENcyH jJG zifh twnfjyKcJo
h nf? TzG@J pnf;yHo k nf wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k . trsKd ;om; (12) udk,fxdvufa&muf bmr#tultnDay;r_ rjyKjcif;/
wef;wla&;udkomru Armjynfolvlxktm;vHk;. 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udkyg vspfvsL&_vsuf (13) tvkyform;rsm; tkyfpkvdkuf tvkyfrSxGufcGmjcif;/
wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wpfwkdif;jynfvHk;. pD;yGg;a&;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfI jynfolvlxkudk w&m;0if (14)ab;rJch v kd j_H cif;/
(15) tpkvdkuf t+yHKvkduf udk,fa,mifazsmufjcif;/
10
59
(27) trSwftom;opfrsm;/ emrnfopfrsm; xkwfjyefjcif;/ *kyfaoG;pkyfonfh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf zGJ@pnf;yHkjzpfayonf? TzGJ@pnf;yHka=umifh EkdifiHt0Srf;wGif
(28) oauFwygonfh tvHrsm;xkwfjcif;/ rqvtpdk;&udk rauseyfr_rsm; wdk;yGg;vm=uonf? (1986) wGif OD;armifapm&ifO;D aqmifaom &ckid jf ynf
(29) jyefvnfodrf;ydkufr_ jyonfh vuQ%mrsm;/ uGefjrLepfygwDonf rif;jym;udkodrf;ydkufI &ckdifjynfvGwfvyfa&; a=unmcJhonf? &cdkifjynfolvlxk trsm;
(30) &dkif;ysonfh ajc[efvuf[efrsm;/ tjym;u axmufccH =hJ uaomfvnf; &efol rqvppfwyfEiS hf vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; r,SOo f mojzifh
(2) &uftwGif; qkwfcGgcJh&onf? rqvtpdk;&onf &Suf&rf;/ &rf;onfhtaejzifh ppfOya'xkwfjyefum
vl y k * ~ d K vf t vk d u f a ES m if h t ,S u f a y;jcif ; / tjypfrjhJ ynfot
l rsm;tjym;udk enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifph cJG suw
f ifvsuf zrfq;D axmifcsco
hJ nf? n‡O;f yef;ESyd f pufco
hJ nf?
(31) tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;udk pdwfacsmufcsm;vmatmif vkyfjcif;/ xdkodk@ tzrf;qD;/ tESdyfpufcH&olrsm;xJwGif ,ckwdkif oufawmfxif&Sm;&Sdaeom ykodrfq&mawmfvnf;
(32) tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;udk rcHcsd rcHomjzpfatmif vkyfjcif;/ yg0ifayonf?
(33) &if;ESD;pGm taygif;toif;vkyfjcif;/
(34) Edk;=um;pGmaexdkifjcif;/

jyZmwf E S i f h tqk d t wD ; / 88 vlxktkH=uGr_}uD;ESifh 90 a&G;aumufyGJ

(35) [mojyZmwfESifh tajymiftysufyGJrsm;/
(36) jyZmwfESifh wD;vHk;rsm;/
(37) oDcsif;oDqdkr_rsm;/
pD w ef ; vS n f h v S n f r _ r sm;/
(38) csDwufvrf;av#mufyGJrsm;/
(39) pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;/
(40) bmoma&; pDwef;vSnfhvSnfyrJG sm;/
(41) bk&m;zl;oGm;jcif;/
(42) armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh pDwef;vSnfhvnf armif;ESifjcif;
uG , f v G e f o l r sm;tm; *k % f j yKjcif ;
(43) EkdifiHa&; 0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ _jyojcif;/
(44) ysuf&,fjyK tokbrsm;/
(45) qENjyonfh tokbrsm;/
(46) ok\efodk@ oGm;a&mufI av;jyKjcif;/
jrif u G i f ; rsm;wG i f pk & H k ; =ujcif ; /
(47) uef@uGufr_twGuf odk@r[kwf axmufcHr_twGuf pka0;jcif;/
(48) uef@uGufa&;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;/
(49) &kyfzsufI qef@usifqENjypnf;a0;yGJrsm;/
(50) oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/
rqvygw. D (26) ESpw f ikd wf ikd f zdEydS t
f yk cf sKyfru _ kd cHpm;cJ&h aom Armjynfov l x l o k nf (1988)wGif
tHk=uGaygufuG&J mrS &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufvmonf? Tta&;awmfyHka=umifh (1974) zG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'ESifhtwl rqvwpfygwD tm%m&Sifpepfyg csKyf+idrf;cJh&onf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
OD;aqmifaom EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J emrnfcHxm;onfh ppftm%m&Sifrsm;uwzef
tm%modrf;jcif;cHchJ&ayonf? e0wppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf (1990)wGif a&G;aumufyu JG sif;yum tEdkif&
ygwDudk tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;+yD; ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefygrnf[k uwday;cJh=uonf?
(90) a&G;aumufyGw J Gif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdKjzifh ‚wdk@. =oZmcHygwDrsm;
rJ&&Sdzdk@}udK;yrf;cJh=uaomfvnf; &ckdifjynfY &ckdif'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwkd@u
rJtrsm;qkH;jzifh tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDtjzpf jyefvnfyGJxkwfxm;aom
ppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;. rqvygwrD mS rSe;f csuEf iS hf ESr;f xGurf udu k b f J cGucf u
G f vefatmif &H;_ edrchf &hJ onf? (90)a&G;
aumufy&JG vm'fu &cdik t f rsKd ;om;wd@k . ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd &G@H &mS rke;f wD;r_EiS hf 'Dru kd a&pDjrwfE;kd r_ukd tay:
vGifqHk; xif[yfjyovdkufayonf?
Armppft%m&Sifwkd@onf rdrdwdk@vdkyg;ESifh rudkufnDaom (90) a&G;aumufyJG &vm'fudk tod
trSwrf jyK&Ho k mru &ckid 'f rD u
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyfuzdk suo f rd ;f um a&G;aumufcH &ckid t f rwfrsm;ukd zrf;qD;axmif
cscohJ nf? &ckid 'f rD u
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf rJq, G pf nf;&k;H pOfumvu OD;aqmif/ OD;&Gujf yKcJo h l &cdik /f jrefrm ordik ;f y¾dwf
q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;ukdvnf; zrf;qD;axmifcsum axmifxrJ Smyif vkyf}uHowfjzwfvdkufavonf?
(1993) wGif ppftpkd;&onf wdkif;jynftm%mudk &moufyef&,lxm;zdk@ tcsdefqGJI Om%feD/
Om%feufxkwf&ef twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHukd usif;ycJhonf? rufvHk;ay;I wpfrsdK;/ +cdrf;ajcmuf
t=uyfudkifI wpfzHkjzifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnfrsm;/ tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ todynm&Sif/
twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh (90) a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif tEdkif&cJhonfh vufwpf qkyfpm trwfrsm;udk nDvmcHodk@
twif;t"rRac:,lvsuf jynfolvlxku a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufonfh udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pHkjzifh
nDvmcHudk usif;yae[ef yHkzrf;cJh=uonf?

58 11
 a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &; qef @ usif u ef @ uG u f q EN j yenf ; (54) enf ;

(2007) pufwifbmwGif jynfolvlxk. qif;&J'kuQudk r&_jrifEdkifonfh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;u pnf ; urf ; wus a=ujimxk w f j yef c suf r sm;/
vrf;av#mufcsDwufI arwWmbm0emyGg;rsm;onfudk etzppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ppfwyf/ &JESifh vHkxdef;rsm; (1) vlxka[majymyGrJ sm;/
tygt0if }uHch ikd af &;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sipf onfh ‚wd@k . vufuikd w
f w
k f vlru
kd /f vl&rf;um;rsm;udk toH;k csvsuf (2) uef@uGufpmrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
t=urf;zufESdrfESif;cJh&mrSm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; ay:aygufcJhonf? TawmfvSefa&;wGif &cdkifjynfol (3) toif;tzGJ@rsm;. xkwfjyefxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;/
vlxEk iS hf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf jynfe,frmS a&m/ jynfyrSmyg a&S@q;kH rS wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifc=hJ uonf? (4) jynfolvlxku vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;rsm;/
(5) ta&;,lrnf/ w&m;pGJrnf[k a=ujimcsufrsm;/
ppf u G s ef b 0a&muf &ck d i f j ynf (6) vlpk/ vltkyfESifhcsD+yD; wifoGif;aom toem;cHpm/ yef=um;v$mrsm;/
(1) &cdik w
f pfrsKd ;om;vH;k ud,k u
hf =H urRm ud, k zf efw;D cGiEhf iS hf ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf qH;k &H;_ aeonf? &ckid jf ynf
olwpf&yfvHk; 'Drdkua&pDESifh tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&H_;aeonf? vlrsdK;a&;t& cGJjcm; vl t rsm;=um;a&muf a tmif quf o G , f a &;rsm; jyKvk y f j cif ;
tkyfcsKyfjcif;vnf; cHae&onf? ppfbufrSmjzpfap/ t&yfbufrSmjzpfap t&nftcsif;wlygvsuf (7) oHcsyf/ &kyfajymifESifh oauFwtrSwftom;rsm;/
Armu ocifvrl sKd ;/ &cdik u f u|ev f rl sKd ;tjzpf cGjJ cm;I zdEydS q f ufqjH cif;cHae&onf?jynfo@l u, kd pf m; (8) tvHrsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;ESifh vltrsm;jrifavmufatmif pmwrf;rsm;jyoxm;jcif;/
vS,frsm;u v$wfawmfwGif twnfjyKvdkufaom/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;u vkyfxHk;/ vkyfenf;ESifhtnD (9) pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ pm&Gufrsm;/
jyÏmef;vdkufaom Oya'r[kwfbJ ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;. rw&m;aom wpfcsufvGwf trdef@ESifh (10) pme,fZif;/ owif;pmrsm;/
tm%mrsm;udk emcHae&onf? w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;u w&m;Oya'ESifh w&m; (11) "mwfjym;rsm;/ a&'D,dkESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;/
ol}uD;rsm; txufudka&mufaeonf? "eOpPmcsrf;omolESifh ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;/ ‚wdk@. (12) aumif;uifwGif pmwrf;rsm;a&;aom rdk;ysHa=umfjimESifh ajrjyifa=umfjimrsm;/
rdom;pk/ aqGrsdK;rsm;rSm jypfr_usL;vGefv#ifvnf; vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifh&=uonf? rqdkpavmuf
tjypf'%fcH&jyD; jyefvnfvGwfajrmuf=uonf? tajccHjynfolvlxkudkrl rw&m;onfh Oya' tzG J @ tpnf ; tvd k u f ud k , f p m;jyKjcif ; /
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zdESdyfxm;onf? vlowfonfjzpfap/ "m;jywdkufonfjzpfap/ rk'def;usifhonfjzpfap (13) ukd,fpm;vS,f v$wfjcif;/
ppfom;0ifv#if vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh&ojzifh jynfol@umuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrSm ckd;om;ig;&m (14) ysuf&,fjyK qkay;yGrJ sm;/
pkxm;onfh wyfrawmf jzpfaeonf? ,if;wyfrawmfu tjcm;aom EkdifiHwumwyfrawmfrsm; (15) tzG@J ESifh rJqG,fjcif;/
uJhodk@ jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtzqdkaomaqmifyk'fESifhtnD jynfolvlxk. touf/ (16) oydwfwm;jcif;/
tdk;tdrf/ pnf;pdrfudk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnfhtpm; wyfrawmfomtrd/ wyfrawmfomtz (17) ysuf&,fjyKa&G;aumufyGJrsm;/
aqmifyk'fjzifh rdbjynfoludk u|efjyKtkyfcsKyfaeonf? pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;rzlvHkI 0efxrf;
avmuwGif vmbfpm;/ jcpm;ESifh tusifhysuf ,Ofaus;r_ xGef;um;aeonf? vl x k t =um; [ef t rl t &mrsm;ES i f h o&k y f a zmf j cif ; rsm;/
(18) tvHrsm;xljcif;/ ta&miftaoG;rsm;ESifh jyojcif;/
(2) ynma&;avmuwGif ausmif;om;ESifh q&m tcsdK;tpm;rnDr#? rlvwef;ynmudkyif tcrJh (19) t0wftpm;ESifh vuQ%mrsm; jyojcif;/
oif=um;cGifhr&jcif;? enf;ynmwuUodkvfESifh aumvdyfrsm;rSmyif oifaxmufulypPnf;rsm; rvHk (20) qkawmif;0wfjyKr_rsm;/
avmufjcif;? nHzh si;f aom ynma&;pepfa=umifh bG@J &ygvsuf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm rwwf (21) oauFwtrSwftom;rsm;ygonfh ypPnf;rsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;/
ajrmufojzifh bGJ@&ynmwwfrsm; um,tvkyfvkyfI toufarG;ae=u&jcif;? usef;rma&; (22) ouFef;c|wf qENjyyGrJ sm;/
avmuwGif vlemESifh q&m0ef tcsdK;rnDr#jcif;? jynfol@aq;&HkESifh aq;ay;cef;rsm;wGifyif tcrJh (23) udk,fydkifypPnf;rsm; zsufqD;jcif;/
aq;0g; ukocGirhf &Sjd cif;?ul;pufa&m*grsm;udk }udKwifumuG,&f ef epfusaomynmay;vkyif ef;rsm; (24) rD;xGef;I txdrf;trSwfjyojcif;/
r&Sjd cif;? jynfox
l x
l . k oufomacsmifcsaD &;udk *&krpduk b
f J rl;,pfaq;0g;ESihf arSmifc&kd mZmrsm;udk (25) &kyfyKHkum;csKyfrsm; cif;usif;jyojcif;/
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aiGrnf; c0gcscGifhay;xm;ojzifh qif;&J/ csrf;om uGm[r_ wpufxufwpuf (26) aq;okwf+yD; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/
=uD;rm;vmjcif;? obm0ab;tE W&m,fESifh }uHKvmv#if xdkufoifhaomu,fq,fa&;ESifh jyef
57
12
 vnfae&mcsxm;a&;ponfh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ay;&ef b¾maiGa=u;ESifh &kyf0wÎKypPnf;
tm%m&Sifwkd@. ajymif;vJwwfaomtajctaersm;ESifh ajymif;vJjcif; (4) rsKd; vHv
k akH vmufavmuf r&Sjd cif;?rdbrJu
h av;rsm;udk Edik if aH wmfuwm0ef,I l jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;&rnfh
tpm; uav;a*[mrsm;udk ac|;wyfpcef;/ ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;pcef;ozG,f toHk;csaejcif;?
1? &ef o l u rd r d w k d @ uk d p mem em;vnf v mjcif ; roifrae&ynma&;/ tcrJyh nma&;pepfrsm;r&Sjd cif;/ tvkyt f udik v
f nf;&Sm;yg;onft h jyif rl;,pf
ppftpk;d &onf jynfov l x l .k qif;&=Juyfwnf;r_rsm;ESihf wkid ;f jynfajymif;vJa&;twGuf vkyu
f idk f aq;0g;vkyfief;/ jynfhwefqmvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; xdxda&mufa&muf wdkufzsufjcif; r&Sdojzifh
aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd od&Sdem;vnfum rdrdukd,fudk jyKjyifajymif;vJvmaom ynmoifp&dwf rwwfEdkifaom vli,f/ vl&G,ftrsm;pkrSm ayawavvGifhI udk,fusifhpm&dwW
tajctaejzpfonf? TuJhokd@ajymif;vJr_twGuf jzpfEdkfifajcrSm vGefpGmenf;yg;onf? ysufjym;aejcif;/ qdk;oGrf;vli,frsm;twGuf pm&dwWjyKjyifa&;ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; pepfwus ESifh
vHkvHkavmufavmuf zGifhvSpfxm;jcif;r&Sdacsjcif;? jynfe,frsm;. qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@
2? vk d u f a vsmjcif ; aqmifa&; zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufr_ *&kwpdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdjcif;?
tpkd;&onf jynfolvlxkawmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd wjznf;jznf;ESifh vkdufavsmvmjcif;jzpfonf?
xko
d @dk tpk;d &u jynfo@l vkv d m;csuuf dk vku
d af vsmEkid &f eftwGuf tpk;d &.vku
d af vsmEkid o
f nft
h wkid ;f twm/ (3) yk*~vdu "eOpPmydkifqdkifcGifhudk tmrcHray;? ppfwyfu rxifv#if rxifovdk odrf;,laejcif;?
tuef@towfrsm;ESifh rdrdwkd@awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd *&kwpkduf a&G;cs,f wwf&efvkdtyfonf? tpkd;&taejzifh jynfwGif;/ jynfyaps;uGufrsm;Y vGwfvyfpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcGifhudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;?
ta&;r}uD;aom rl0g'ESifhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyifqifajymif;vJcGifhjyKonfh tajctae jzpfonf? Oyrm - rwefwq }uD;av;aom tcGeftaumufrsm;a=umifh ukef;aps;E_ef; tqrwefwufvmjcif;?
jynfol@qENjyif;xefvmaomtcg 90 a&G;aumufyGu J sif;yay;&jcif;? jynfwGif;wGif tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg;I EdkifiHjcm;xGufolrsm;ojzifh wkdif;jynfwGif OD;aESmuf,dkpD;r_/
vkyfom;tiftm; ,dkpD;r_ESifh &ifqdkifae&jcif;? rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;twGuf trsdK;aumif;
3? t=uyf u k d i f + yD ; uk d , f h b uf y gvmatmif wk d u f w G e f ; jcif ; orD;i,frsm;rSm EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif cE<mudk,f&if;I 0ifaiG&SmazGae&jcif;?
tpk;d . =oZmt&Sed t f 0g usqif;vmaom tcsed w f iG f t=uyfuidk +f yD; wkud w
f eG ;f jcif;/ awmif;qkjd cif;
jzpfonf? tpkd;&onfvnf; tusbufa&mufaeojzifh jynfolvlxk. t=uyfukdifawmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd (4) ppfwyf&duQmESifh &efyHkaiGtwGuf vdktyfaom wif;pyg;udk jynfolvlxk. t=uyftwnf;udk
vkdufavsmay;vmwwfonf? *&krpdkufbJ t"rRaumufcHjcif;? owfrSwfwif;a& rjynfhv#if rsdK;pyg;rsm;udkyg odrf;,ljcif;?
wyf&if;/ wyfz@JG rsm; wnfaqmuf&ef/ Edik if jH cm;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;udk a&mif;cs&ef yk*v ~ u
d ydik f ajr,mrsm;
4? &ef o l t m; vl q k d ; / vl a umif ; cG J j cm;I tuG J u G J t jym;jym;jzpf a pjcif ; udk avsmaf =u;ray;bJ twif;/ t"rRord ;f ydu k jf cif;? u|/J EGm;pm;usuaf jrrsm;udk wyf&if;/ wyfz@JG rsm;
jynfovl x l Ek iS hf twku
d t
f cHrsm;udk pmemem;vnfaom &efo@l vrl sm;udk jynfov l x l Ek iS hf twdu
k f wnfaqmuf&ef odr;f ydu k af ejcif;? pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;rzlvI kH ckid ;f u|/J ckid ;f EGm;rsm;udk tdref ;D csi;f Edik if H
tcHudk &efapmifzdESdyfvdkaom&efolŒvlrsm;ESifh wjznf;jznf; uGjJ ym;oGm;atmif v_H@aqmfynmay; pnf;&Hk; rsm;&Sd arSmifckdaps;uGufrsm;wGif a&mif;csum 0ifaiG&SmazG&jcif;? a'oE W& yx0D/ &moDOwkESifh
&rnf? txl;ojzifh tm%m&Sifrsm; tusbufa&mufvmcsdefwGif oabmxm;aysmhaysmif;olrsm; tvG,f rudu k nf aD ompdu k yf sKd ;oD;ESrH sm;udk twif;t"rR pdu k yf sKd ;cdik ;f jcif;/ v,fajrrsm;wGif qm;csuo f jzifh
wul bufajymif;vmwwf=uonf? qm;ayguf I oD;ESHpdkufysdK;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhjcif;wdk@a=umifh awmifol/ v,form;rsm;. b0rSm
=uyfwnf; oxuf/ =uyfwnf;vmjcif;? v,f,mxGufukefrsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; usqif;
txuf y gajymif ; vJ j cif ; (4) rsKd ; jzpf a y:&ef t wG u f
vmjcif;?
vk y f a qmif E d k i f o nf h enf ; vrf ; (3)oG , f
(u) qefusifuef@uGuf qENjyjcif; (5) wkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh ordkif;tarGtESpfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm azmf
(c) ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufjcif; xkwfcGifhr&onfhtjyif enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh Armr_jyKcHae&jcif;? etzppfom;rsm;u wdkif;&if;olrsm;udk
(*) 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; r'def;usifhjcif;/ zsm;a,mif;/ aoG;aqmifI vufxyfjcif;jzifh vlrsdK;a&;t& aoG;aESmatmif
}uHpnfvkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdjcif;? olykefESifh tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k ta=umif;jyum &GmrD;&d_@jcif;/
(u) qef u sif h u ef @ uG u f qEN j yjcif ;
ac|;wyfqGJ/ ypPnf;OpPmodrf;,ljcif;ponfh enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzifh nSOf;yef;ESdyfpufonf? tcGifhta&;
jynf o l r sm;. rauseyf c suf r sm;/ oabmrwl n D r _ r sm;uk d xk w f a zmf q EN j yjcif ; jzpf o nf ?
&v#if&ovdk vlrsdK;wHk;owfjzwfaejcif;?
wpfOD;csif;vnf; jyKvkyfEkdifonf? vltrsm;ESifhvnf; jyKvkyfEkdifonf? xkdokd@ qENjyawmif;qkdr_rsm;tm;
jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiHwumuod&Sd axmufcHvmatmif jyKvkyf&rnf?

13
56
 (6) qGyJ u
kd o
f ;kH I ig;zrf;ojzifh ig;/ ykZeG rf sm; O O&m yifv,f=urf;cif;rsm; ysupf ;D jcif;? vrk/ uepdŒk ponfh Ö pDrHcsuf&Sd&SdjyKrljcif;
'Da&awmrsm;udk rqifrjcifcw k vf jJS cif;jzifh ig;/ ykZeG o
f m;aygurf sm; cdek m;p&m r&Sw
d mhjcif;? opfawm Ö Zmwfwdkufavhusifhjcif;
rsm;udk pnf;urf;rJhckwfvSJjcif;/ obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk A&rf;Awmxkwf,loHkpGJjcif;jzifh obm0 Ö wpfOD;csif;pDtaejzifhvnfaumif;/ wpfz@JG csif;pDtaejzifhvnf;aumif; pnf;urf;
ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf awm&dik ;f wd&pd >mefrsm; jyKef;wD;/ ysupf ;D jcif;/ ajrqDvm$ crf;acgujf cif;/ o,HZmwESihf vdkufemr_&Sdjcif;
wGif;xGufypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;vmjcif;?
(q) pd w f " mwf a &;&m pOf ; pm;csuf r sm;
(7) v#yfppfrD;&&SdEkdifavmufaom obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; xkdo,HZmwrsm;ukd &ckdif
Ö a=umuf&GH@jcif;udk ZD0urRjzpfpOfwpfcktjzpf vufcH&ef
jynfoljynfom;rsm;twGuf rokH;pGJbJ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;okd@a&mif;csum ,if;rS&&SdaomaiGrsm;jzifh
Ö jyKrlcsufwdkif;twGuf wefjyef&&Sdrnfh tusdK;qufudk }udKwifpOf;pm;xm;&ef
ppfAkdvfwpfpkonf ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;0,f,ljcif;ESifh ukd,fusKd;twGuftokH;jyKaejcif;?
Ö a=umuf&$H@r_ESifh =uHKawG@&aomtcg rdrd,Hk=unf&m bmomtvdkuf 0wfjyK
&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf ppf0g'D/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'Dwkd@vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;/ om;pOfajr;quf qkawmif;r_jyK&ef
uGsefrcH&a&;twGuf wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm ukd,fwkdifukd,fusyg0if+yD; &onfhenf;jzifh awmfvSef Ö udk,fusdK;pGef@ay;qyfI &&Sdvmrnfh wefzdk;tay: ,Hk=unfr_xm;&ef
wkdufckduf&efjzpfonf?
ppftm%m&Sifwkdufzsuf&mwGif wpfOD;wnf;vkyfvkd@&aomenf;vrf;rsm;&Sdovkd/ pkpnf; aygif; (Z) acgif ; aqmif r _ E S i f h vk y f i ef ; wm0ef u d k wd u spG m cG J a 0ay;xm;jcif ;
aqmif&GufEkdifaomenf;vrf;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? ta&;t}uD;qkH;rSm uGsefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&; jzpfonf? (ps) v_ y f & S m ;r_ w G i f vl t if t m;rsm;rsm; yg0if j cif ;
,ae@tcsdefumvwGif ppftm%m&Sifwkd@onf w&m;0iftpkd;&jzpf&ef/ ppftm%m&Sif pepfoufqkd;&Snf&ef Ö vltiftm;rsm;vmonfESifhtr# a=umuf&GHpdwfavsmhenf;wwfojzifh vlrsm;rsm;
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk wnfjyKa&;twGuf &ckid v f rl sK;d rsm;. qENudk awmif;cHvsu&f o
dS nf? Ttcsed u
f mvonf yg0ifvmatmifpnf;&kH;&rnf?
&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf tvGefta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsdefjzpfonf? rdrdwkd@. qENukd =uufajccwf rJ jzifh
r}udKufa=umif; xkwfazmf&ef taumif;tqkH;tcsdefjzpfonf? xkda=umifh rdrdwkd@ &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh (n) tcsuf j ypepf
rJ&kHukdoGm;um uef@uGufro J Gm;xnfhI bk&m;r&Sd/ w&m;r&Sd ppftm%m&Siftm; awmfvSefqef@usif&rnf Ö zdESdyfr_ESifh=uHKawG@&vsif rnfodk@wHk@jyef&rnfudk tcsufjypepfjzifh n$ef=um;Edkif&ef
jzpfonf? okd@rSom orkdif;ay;wm0efausaom/ uGsefb0rS vGwfajrmufvkdaom vlrsKd;tjzpf pHwifEkdif jyifqifxm;jcif;? Oyrm - oD;csif;wpfyk'fqdkv#if jzef@c&JG rnf? pkpnf;&rnfponf
rnfjzpfonf? jzifh aumif;rGefaomtcsufjypepfukd pDpOfxm;&rnf?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
“ vuf u d k i f w k w f v k y f x m;wJ h wynf h a wG e JŒ wd k i f ; ol jynf
om;vl t rsm;ud k tMurf ; ywrf ; zd E S d y f ` yD ; tif r wef u sOf ;
ajrmif;rSm;,Gif;wJh vlrsdK;a&;w&m; vufudkifxm;wJh0g'[m
zuf q pf 0 g'yJ / tJ ' D a wmh pD ; yG g ;a&;? Ed k i f i H a &;? vl r sd K ;
a&;w&m;awG e J Πywf o uf ` yD ; usKyf w d k Π[m zuf q pf t m;ay;
w&m;awG r ay:atmif wd k i f ; jynf zG J Πpnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k Oya'
&Jv#if }uH a-umufv#if jyef? vk y f u wnf ; u pD r H x m;&vd r f h r ,f / ”
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
q&mawmf OD;OwWr
14 55
}uHKvm&rnfudk em;vnfxm;&rnf? okd@rSom a=umuf&GH@r_udkausmfv$m;I a&&SnfwkdufyGu
J kd azmfaqmifEkdif
rnfjzpfonf? a=umuf&GH@wkefv_yfr_jzpfolrsm;udk ajymifavSmifoa&mfjcif;rjyKbJ aqG;aEG;tm;ay;um
atmifjrifonftxd wGaJ c:oGm;&rnf?
a=umuf & G H @ r_ u d k a usmf v $ m ;&ef enf ; vrf ; rsm;
a=umuf&GH@r_udk atmufygenf;rsm;jzifh ausmfv$m;Edkifayonf?
(u) a=umuf & G H @ r_ u d k j zpf a y:apaom t&mrsm;ud k a&S m if & S m ;jcif ;
Ö rsufpdudkydwfumxm;jcif;
Ö rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGjJ cif; (vHk;0roHk;oifh)
(c) xd y f w d k u f a wG @ r_ u d k a&S m if & S m ;jcif ;
Ö &efolESifh xdyfwdkufwdk;rnfh tcsdef/ ae&mESifh tjyKtrludka&Smif? tcsdeftidkuf/
ae&mtidkuf/ vltidkufoHk;I pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom vkyfief;rsm;udk taumif
txnfazmfI rdrd.vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_ESifh ,Hk=unfr_udk wnfaqmuf&rnf?
(*) ZD 0 urR E S i f h y wf o uf a om tjyKtrl
Ö awmfvSefa&;oDcsif;rsm; oH+ydKifoDqdkjcif;
Ö a=uG;a=umfoHrsm; a=uG;a=umfjcif;
Ö toufudk av;av;rSefrSef&_jcif;
Ö atmf[pfjcif;ESifh [morsm;ajymqkdjcif;
Ö oef;a0jcif;
(C) aoG ; pnf ; nD n G w f r _ u d k j yoaom tjyKtrl r sm;
Ö wlnD0wfpHkrsm; 0wfqifjcif;
Ö tvH/ wHcGefESifh qdkif;bkwfrsm; udk,fpD udkifaqmifxm;jcif;
Ö vufjcif;csdwfqufI &ifabmifwef;csDwufjcif;
Ö qef@usifbuftkyfpk. jcdrf;ajcmufr_ rcH&atmifaejcif;
Ö acgif;aqmifrsm;udk,fwdkif wnf+idrfr_udkjyojcif;
(i) pepf u saom pD r H u d e f ; ES i f h jyif q if p k z G J @ r_ & S d j cif ;
Ö v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolwdkif;tm; &nf&Gnfcsufyef;wdkifudk &Sif;vif;jyxm;jcif;
Ö &efolrS wefjyefvkyfaqmifEdkifonfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jyjcif;/ ausmfv$m;&ef}udKwif
jyifqifxm;jcif;
54
tcef ; (2)
ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;
Armjynfonf (1947) ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D (12) &ufae@wiG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; oabmwlcsKyfqdkchJaom yifvHkpmcsKyf.tESpfom&ESifhtnD zG@J pnf;xlaxmif cJhjcif;jzpf
onf? yifvHk.tESpfom&rSm “vGwfvyfa&;udk awmifwef;ESifh jynfrw+ydKifwnf;&,l&efESifh wdkif;&if;om;
tm;vHk; wef;wl &nfwl&Sdaom ppfrSefonfh jynfe,faygif;pkjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&efjzpfayonf?
odk@aomf vufawG@ wdkif;jynfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmuf&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;wef;wla&;rSm vspfvsL &_cHch&J ojzifh
jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifchJ&onfrSm vGwfvyfa&;&onfh (1948) ckESpf rSpI a&wGufv#if ESpf (60)
wif;wif;jynfhajrmufchJ+yD jzpfonf? ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'. aemufqufwt GJ aejzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepf oaE<
wnfvmcJh+yD; ppftpdk;& tqufquf. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif wdkif;&if;om;wdk@. wef;wltcGifhta&;
qk;H &H;_ jcif;/ jynfov l x
l w
k pf&yfv;kH . 'Dru
dk a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm; csKd ;azmufcaH e&jcif;/ wdik ;f jynf pD;yGm;a&;
tqrwef ,d, k iG ;f usqif;jcif;wk@d wpxufwpykrd jkd zpfay:cJah vonf? xd@k a=umifh ArmhjynfwiG ;f a&;jy\em
. t"dut&if;tjrpfrmS wkid ;f &if;om;wef;wla&;ukd tmrcHEidk rf nfh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wpf&yf r&djS cif;ESihf
'Drdkua&pD ta&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;wkd@ qdwfokOf;jcif;wkd@a=umihfyifjzpfayonf?
ordik ;f tqufquf Armjynf. wdu k yf yJG pkH rH sm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k . v_y&f mS ;awmif;qdck surf sm;udk
avhvm=unfhrnf qdkv#if
yxr jynf w G i f ; ppf r D ; avmif u G s rf ; jcif ;
(1948) ckEpS /f Zefe0g&vD (4) &ufae@wiG f Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;&&Scd o hJ nf? od@k aomf vGwv f yfa&;
t}udKumv (1947) ckESpfu a&;qGcJ haJ omzG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf ArmvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;rS EdkifiHawmf
tm%mudk usifhoHk;jcif;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;wdk@. &ydkifcGifh/ cHpm;ydkifcGifhESifh trsdK;om;wef;wla&;udk
vufawG@azmfaqmif ray;EdkifcJhojzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; pwif avmifu|rf;cJh&onf? jynfwGif;ppf.t"du
ya,m*rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u t*Fvdyf udkvdkeDvufatmufrS
vGwfajrmufcgeD; (1947) ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufae@wGif tjyeftvSef av;pm;,Hk=unfr_jzifh oabm
wlcsKyfqdkchJaomyifvHkpmcsKyfudk csdK;azmufjcif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfchJaom vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkif 'Drdkua&pDorRw jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpf&rnf ponfhtajccHrl (4) csuf/ (1947) ckESpf ZGefv
twGif;usif;yaom wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfnDvmcHY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfchaJ om jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
awmfwnfaqmufa&;ESifhywfowfI csrSwfcho J nfh vrf;nGefcsuf (7) csuf/ zqyvtzG@J csKyfrS jynfaxmifpk
wnfaqmufa&;ESiyhf wfowfI vufcx H m;aomrl (14) csuEf iS hf wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k . qENoabmxm;rsm;tm;
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'Dwkd@u csKd;azmufrsufuG,fjyKum xifovkdjyKvkyfchaJ oma=umifhjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh vGwfvyf
a&;&+yD; jynfaxmifpkz@GJ pnf;wnfaqmuf&mwGif ArmvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;u tm%mudkcsKyfudkifxm;onfh
zm;wpfyikd ;f ig;wpfyikd ;f jynfaxmifpo k m jzpfc&hJ onf? wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k . tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf &ydik cf iG rhf sm;
qH;k &H;_ oGm;jcif;/ u&ifet D rsKd ;om;wd@k .e,fajrtm; 4if;wd@k .oabmqENryg&b dS J twif;t"rR jynfaxmifpk
vufatmufcH tzG@J 0if tjzpfoyG o f iG ;f cH&jcif;/ u&iftrsKd ;om;wd@k . ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf qH;k &H;_ jcif;ESihf jynfe,f
&oifah om &ckid /f rGew f @kd tm; Armjynfr. vufatmufct H jzpfom xm;&Sjd cif;wd@k a=umifh u&ifet D rsKd ;om;
15
wdk@. w&m;0if ckcHawmfvSefppf/ u&if/ &cdkif/ rGefwdk@. awmfvSefa&;rsm;pwifchJ+yD; yxrjynfwGif;ppfudk pD r H u d e f ; a&;qG J & mwG i f xnf h o G i f ; &rnf h t csuf r sm;
pwif avmifu|rf;cJhavonf? tm%m&Sit f m; Ekid if aH &;tefwrk j_ zifh awmfveS zf ,f&mS ;&eftwGuf OD;pGm pDru
H ed ;f / tpDtpOf a&;qGJ
'k w d , jynf w G i f ; ppf r D ; avmif u |rf ; jcif ; &efvkdtyfonf? xkdpDrHudef;a&;qG&J mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh ajz&Sif;
(1947) ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk tcsdefrSD jyKjyifoifhygvsuf zqyv ausmfv$m;rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ukdvnf; pDrHudef;a&;qGpJ Ofuwnf;uyif xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;xm;&rnf?
tpd;k &onf wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k . tcGit hf a&;ESihf &ydik cf iG rhf sm;udk azmfaqmifay;rnft
h pm; ucsif wdik ;f &if;om;
1? acgif ; aqmif r _
vlx. k oabmxm;rygbJ ucsit f rsKd ;om;ydik ef ,fajrrsm;jzpfaom zDazmf/ a*:vHEiS hf *efzef e,fo;kH e,ftm;
acgif;aqmifr_qkdonfrSm rdrdwkd@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufaeaom ppftm%m&Sifpepf
w&kwfjynfokd@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkrS v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfvdkufjcif;/ (1953) ckESpfwGif ,ck yvuf0c&kdif[kac:aom
wku d zf suaf &; &nf&, G cf sut
f m; ayguaf jrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf tjcm;olrsm;/ &Jabmf&b J ufrsm; qENjyif;
&ckdifjynfajrmufykdif; awmifwef;a'oukdvnf; csif;jynfe,ftwGif; oGyfoGif;vkdufjcif;/ &Srf;jynfe,f
ta&S@ydkif;odk@ ulrifwef w&kwfjzLwdk@. usL;ausmfr_udkta=umif;jyKI &Srf;jynfe,f tm; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh pGm vkyu f idk af qmif&u G vf mEkid &f ef pGr;f aqmifay;onfh t&nftaoG;jzpfonf? tm%m&Siw f u
dk zf suaf &;wGif
tkycf sKyfI &Sr;f trsKd ;om;wd@k . ud,k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;ukd csKyfcs,v f mjcif;/ Ak'b
< momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf acgi;f aqmifonf aomhcsujf zpfonf? xkad =umifh acgi;f aqmifonf rdrt d a=umif;/ &efo@l ta=umif;/ jynfol
w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKI Ak'<bmom0iftrsm;pk. axmufcHr_ukd&,ljcif;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;r&rSD uwd vlxktajctae/ EdkifiHwumtajctaersm;ukd avhvmwGufcsufwwf&rnf? acgif;aqmifwdk@. tajccH
u0wfjyKcJo h nfrsm;ukd tm%m&zqyvu wjznf;jznf; csK;d azmufvmjcif;wk@d a=umifh tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om; tusqHk; wm0efjzpfaom aemufvdkuf&Jabmfrsm;. oufomacsmifcsDa&;ESifh OD;wnfcsufraysmufysuf
rsm;. awmfvSefa&;rsm;vnf; pwifchJum 'kwd,jynfwGif;ppfudk jzpfyGm;cJhavonf? atmuf yJu h ikd x
f ed ;f ausmif;a&;udk u|r;f usiEf ikd ef if;&rnf? OD;wnfcsucf srw S jf cif;/ pDru
H ed ;f a&;qGjJ cif;/ pnf;&H;k pk
zG@J jcif;/ wm0efcGaJ 0jcif;/ owif;tcsuftvufESifh todynm/ twwfynmrsm;a0iSjcif;/ taumiftxnf
wwd , jynf w G i f ; ppf r D ; avmif u |rf ; jcif ; azmfjcif;/ jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;/ vdt k yfcsuEf iS t hf nD jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;vkyaf qmifjcif;/ jy\emajz&Si;f jcif;ESihf
(1958) ckEpS u f mwGif Edik if aH &;jy\emudk tcsi;f csi;f ndE‡ ikd ;f I ajz&Si;f Edik cf o
hJ nfh tajctae&Scd ahJ omf w&m;r#waom qkay;/ '%fay;pepfusio hf ;kH jcif;ponfh vkyif ef;pOfwpf&yfukd jyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&u G &f m
vnf; EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf Adkvfae0if;tm; rvdktyfbJ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;/ wGif vdktyfonfh udpP&yfwdkif;udk odu|rf; em;vnf&rnf?
(1961) ckESpf awmif}uD;nDvmcH. qHk;jzwfcsufESifh ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmuf&ef oabmwlnD
csuft& (1962) ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufwGif usif;yaom wdkif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,f aygif;pHkyg0if 2? jy\emajz&S i f ; jcif ;
aom ESD;aESmzvS,fyrJG S zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwDtm; zG@J pnf;+yD; awmif}uD;òr@Y a&;qGaJ epOf EkdifiHa&;tHwkwkdufyG0J ifonfhtcsdefwGif &ifqkdifawG@}uKH&rnfh jy\emtajrmuftjrm;&Sdayrnf?
wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k . wef;wla&;udk rvdv k m;bJ ppfwyftm;uk;d jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;jynforl sm;tm; zdEydS t f yk f xkduJhokd@ awG@}uHK&onfhtcg acgif;at;at;xm;+yD; jy\em jzpfay:apaom Zmpfjrpf/ tm;enf;csuf/
csKyfvkdol Adkvfae0if;onf (1962) ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@wGif tm%modrf;um ygvDrefESifh 1947 ckESpf tm;omcsufponfhtcsuftvufrsm;ukd pepfwus pkaqmif;aqGaEG; ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;&rnf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; zsufodrf;vdkufavonf? xkdtcg Armjynfwpf0ef;vkH;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;jynfol
rsm;onf rdrdwdk@.trsKd;om;wef;wla&;tcGifhta&;tm; ygvDreftwGif;awmif;qkdIr&awmhonfhtwGuf jy\emwpfckjzpfay:v#if
&&mvufeuf pGu J dkifwdkufyG0J ifvm=ujcif;jzifh wwd,jynfwGif;ppfrD;rSm wzef avmifu|rf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1? rnfonfhjy\emqkdonfukd OD;pGmavhvm&rnf?
trSefpifppf wdkif;&if;om;wdk@onf yifvHkpmcsKyfyg oabmwlnDcsuft&/ (1947) ckESpfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH 2? rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh jzpfyGm;&onfukd cef@rSef;&rnf? ar;cGef;xkwfwwf&rnf?
Oya'tcef; (10) t& vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; 10 ESpfjynfhv#if cGx J GufEdkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH; 3? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;&rnf?
nDnw G af &;jzifh jynfaxmifpu k dk qufvufwnfaqmuf=urnf[al om ,k=H unfcsujf zifh cGx J u
G af &;pum;ukd 4? &&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd a0zef/ qef;ppfI jy\emudk tajz&Sm&rnf?
yifxkwfazmfI rajymcJh=uacs? wdkif;&if;om; wdk@. xufoefaom jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudk (1949) ckESpf 5? aumufcsufqGJwwf&rnf?
jynfwGif;ppfumvrsm;ESifh (1960 - 62) ckESpf=um;umvrsm;wGif avhvmawG@&SdEdkifayonf? 6? aumufcsuftay: tajcjyKI oifhavsmfaom t}uHjyKcsufrsm;ay;Edkif&rnf?
pwk w W j ynf w G i f ; ppf r D ; avmif u |rf ; jcif ; ES i f h aemuf q uf w G J r sm; 3? a=umuf p d w f
(1962) ckEpS rf mS Adv
k af e0if; tm%modr;f +yD;aemuf (1974) ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' ray:ayguf a=umuf&@HG ro_ nf obm0usaom ZD0urRjzpfpOfwpf&yfomjzpfonf? tm%mzDqefa&; v_y&f mS ;
rDpS yf=um; (12) ESpwf m umvtwGi;f wdik ;f &if;om;toD;oD;wd@k tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifzh Ed ydS jf cif;/ (1973) ckEpS w
f iG f r_twGi;f tpd;k &.&uf&ufpufpuf zdEydS rf a_ =umifh vlwidk ;f wGif a=umuf&pHG w
d rf sm; jzpfay:vmEkid o
f nf? Ekid if aH &;
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; ‚wdk@pdwf}udKufa&;qGJ+yD; (1974) ckESpfwGif w&m;rr#wonfh tHwkr_ wkdufyG0J ifrnfholwdkif;onf rdrdtaejzihfaomf‚/ rdrd&aJ bmfrsm;taejzifhaomf ‚a=umuf&GH@r_ESifh
qENcH,lyGJESifh a&G;aumufyGJtm;usif;yapum ppftm%m&Sifpepftm; rqvygwDrSwqifh w&m;0ifjzpf
atmifvkyfaqmifI wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;tm; u|efZmwfoGif;cJhavonf? TumvY Armr[kwfonfh
16 53
 tjypf a y; ta&;,l c H & rnf u k d a=umuf & H G h j cif ;
vlwkdif;onf tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&rnfukd pkd;&drfI Oya'rsm;ukd vkdufem=uonf? ‚ukd
tcGifhaumif;,lum ppftpkd;&onf rw&m;aom trdef@/ Oya'rsm;udk wpfck+yD;wpfckxkwfjyefum rsufpd
rSdwf emcHonfh tqifha&mufatmif aqmif&Gufvmonf?
uk d , f u sKd ; pD ; yG g ;
tcsKdŒjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwkd@. ukd,fusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf rw&m;aom tpkd;&wdk@. trdef@tm%m
rsm;ukd emcHae =uonf? ‚wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufae=uonf? tcsKd@0efxrf;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;
onf ppftpk;d &vky&f yfrsm;ukd rESp+f rdK@ aomfvnf; b0&yfwnfa&;/ }uD;yGm;csr;f oma&;twGuf r}udKufaomf
vnf; atmifhumerf;ae=u&onf? ukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;onfvnf; emcHr_ukd jzpfapaomta=umif;t&m
jzpfonf?
wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k . trsK;d om;wef;wla&;/ 'Dru
dk a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit
hf a&; qH;k &H;_ &ouJo
h @kd jynfr&Sd Armwdik ;f &if;
om;rsm;rSmvnf; wpfygwDtm%m&SifpepfESifh Armhenf;/ Armh[ef twkta,mif qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf
atmufwGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh vltcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&H_;cJh&onf? wkdif;jynfonfvnf; wpfygwDtm%m&Sif
vufatmufwGif tqif;&J}uD; qif;&J usyfwnf;cJh&onf? xkduhJokd@ wpfygwD tm%m&Sifpepf. zdESdyf&uf
pufr_'%fukd rcHr&yfEkdifjzpf=uaom jynfolwkd@onf (1988) ckESpf =o*wfv (8) &ufae@ wGif &Spfav;vHk;
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzifh rqvwpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepftm; +ydKvJapcJhonf? Tta&;awmf
ykHukdvnf; ppfwyfu vufeufokH;+zdKcGif;cJhojzifh jynfolvlxktrsm;tjym; awmckdum vufeufukdifwkdufyJG
qifEcGJ h=J uojzifh pwkwWjynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifch&J onf?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

tusif h a umif ; aom wm0ef o d p d w f

“b,ftpkd;&yJ wufwuf wkd@uawmh jynfol@0efxrf;wm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifrnf”[l
aom tusifhaumif;aom wm0efodpdwfonfvnf; emcHr_ukdjzpfyGg;aponf? xkdwm0efodpdwfonf jynfol
vlxku tm%mtyfESif;xm;aom jynfol@tpkd;&vufatmufwGif rGefjrwfaom pdwf"mwfjzpfaomfvnf;
tm%m&Sit f pk;d &vufatmufwiG rf l ‚wd@k . oufq;dk &Snaf q; jzpfaeayonf? xkad =umifh trde@f emcHaom
0efxrf;aumif; pdwf"mwfukd tm%m&SifvufxufwGif rusifhokH;oifhay?

rod v k d u f rod z momemcH a ejcif ;

tcsKd@aom jynfolrsm;onf Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd rpOf;pm;ra0zefbJ rodvkduf
rodzmom emcH aewwf=uonf?

rd r d u k d r d r d ,k H = unf r _ r &S d j cif ;

ighrSm todynm/ twwfynmr&Sd? bmrS[kwfwd/ ywfwdvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfqdkonfh pdwf"mwf
onfvnf; acgif;ndwfemcHr_ukd jzpfay:aponf? rdrdukdrdrd ,kH=unfr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifh rpOf;pm;/ ra0zef/
rqkH;jzwfwwfjzpfvmum ckdif;wmvkyf/ auGs;wmpm;qdkonfh emcHr_ t&dk;pGv J monf?

17
52
 tcef ; 3? qk a y;/ '%f a y;pepf
Ek d i f i H w umzG J @ pnf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'rsm;tm; E+ d i f ; ,S O f a vh v mjcif ; emcHoludk qkay;ajr‡mufpm;jcif;ESifh remcHoludk tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;wkd@jzpfonf? acsmhwcg/
ajcmufwpfvSnfhjzifh tm%mukdwnfaqmufxm;onf?
zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'
ppf t pk d ; & a'guf w k d i f r sm;
zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'qdo k nfrmS tpd;k &.tm%mudk uef@owf+yD; jynfov l xl .
k tcGit hf a&;rsm; 1? axmufvSrf;a&;
udak zmfaqmifay;aom Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ESihf jynfow l @kd t=um; oabmwlcsKyfqx kd m;aom yÉd^mOfjzpfonf? 2? ppfwyf
,if;wGif EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk/ tpdk;&rsm;zGJ@pnf;xm;&Sdr_/ EdkifiHa&;pepfESifh EdkifiHom;qdkif&m tcGifh 3? &J/ jynfol@ppf/ aomif;usefol qef@usifa&;tzG@J
ta&;rsm;yg&Sdonf? 4? &kyf/ oHv$ifhXmeESifh tpdk;&owif;pmponfh 0g'jzef@csDa&; ,E W&m;rsm;
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkwGif rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtm; wpfjynfaxmifpepf (odk@) jynfaxmifpkpepf 5? rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@/ ppfr_xrf;a[mif;tzGJ@/ }uHhzGwf/ pGrf;tm;&Sif
[lIvnf;aumif;/ bk&if (od@k ) orRw (od@k ) 0ef}uD;csKyf (od@k ) a&maESmaygi;f pyf tpd;k &wpf&yf&yf tkypf ;kd onfh 6? EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm; (DAEWOO, UNOCAL)
EdkifiH[lIvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif orRwpepf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfpepf/ ESpfoG,fa&maESmpepf[lI vnf; 7? ppfwyfwpfydkif; tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
aumif; azmfjyxm;onfhtjyif tpdk;&wdk@. tcGifhtm%mESifh wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udkyg wduspGmjyÏmef; 8? vufa0cH pD;yGg;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
xm;avh&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD (odk@) wpfygwDpepf[lI azmfjyxm;&onf?
xdk@tjyif EdkifiHom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; jynfolvlxk.qENESifhtnD EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ppftpk;d &. tm%monf wpfo;D wpfjcm;wnf&adS eonfr[kw?f a'guw f idk af ygi;f jzifh ol@tm%m
w&m;Oya'qdkif&m pHcsdef/ pHn$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD jyÏmef;xm;&ayonf? ukd wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? a'gufwkdifrsm;onf ppftpkd;&. toufyifjzpfonf? a'gufwkdifrsm;
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tpdk;&rsm;u waoGrwdrf;vdkufem taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf& tm;enf;v#if ppftpkd;&vnf; tiftm;csnfheJ@oGm;rnf jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;taejzifh a'gufwkdif
rnfjzpfouJhodk@ EdkifiHom;rsm;uvnf; raysmufysufatmif ,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sdjzifh umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef wpfcpk t
D vku
d f wku
d cf u
dk +f zdKzsuf qG,
J El idk v
f #if ppftpk;d &onfvnf; wjznf;jznf;ESihf ,kid vf /J +ydKqif;oGm;rnf
wm0ef&Sdayonf? odk@rSom rdrdwdk@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;rS umuG,fEdkif+yD; tpdk;&wdk@. vkyfydkifcGifh jzpfonf?
wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ausyeG rf _ &S/d r&Sd apmif=h unfI h tpd;k &wd@k tm; a0zefaxmufjyjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ t}uHay;
jcif;wdk@jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfayonf? odk@aomf ArmjynfwGif a&;qGJusifhokH;cJhaom zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk ppf t pk d ; & tm%mwnf j rJ a paomta=umif ; t&if ; (ok d @ ) emcH r _
tm; tkyfpdk;olvlwpfpk.tusdK;pD;yGg;udk azmfaqmifay;Edkif&eftwGuf rsufpdrSdwfI vdkufem&Hk oufouf emcHr_onf EkdifiHa&;tm%m. aomhcsufjzpfonf? jynfolrsm; ppftpkd;&tm%mrsm;ukd emcHr_&Sd
a&;qGJcJh=uonfudk awG@&ayonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; trSefwu,f vdkufemapmifhxdef;&efrSm aeoa&G@ ppftpkd;&onfvnf; tm%mwnf+rJaernf jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;remcHygu rnfonfhtkyfcsKyf
tpdk;&rsm;omjzpfayonf? jynfolxlxkrSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif azmfjyxm;aom tpdk;&.wm0efESifh olr# tkyfcsKyfI r&Ekdifacs? 1988 wGif jynfolrsm;onf rqvwpfygwD. trdef@tm%mrsm;ukd remcHonfh
0wW&m;rsm;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk tpkd;&uvdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif; &Sd/ r&Sd/ ausmfvGefoHk;pGJjcif; &Sd/ r&Sdudk tcsdefwGif wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfonfvnf; +ydKvJoGm;cJh&onf? xkd@a=umifh wkdif;jynfukd rw&m;
apmif=h unfI h zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'jzifh tmrcHa&;qGx J m;aom rdrw d @kd tcGihf ta&;rsm;tm; csKd ;azmufc&H jcif; zdESdyfaeaomppftpkd;&ukd jzKwfcs&eftwGuf jynfolvlxkonf emcHr_ukd avsmhcs &efvkdtyfonf? emcHr_ukd
&S/d r&S/d tu,fI &Sv d mygu zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't& awmif;qdyk ikd cf iG /hf w&m;Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&u G f ravsmhcsrSD rdrdwkd@jynfolvlxkonf ppftpkd;&. trdef@tm%mrsm;ukd tb,fa=umifh emcHae=u oenf;
ydkifcGifhrsm;udk jyKvkyf&ef/ ,if;zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk raysmufysufatmif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efom qkdonfukd od&Sdxm;&efvkdtyfonf? okd@rSom rnfuho J kd@avsmhcsrnfukd od&SdEkdifayrnf? emcHr_ukd jzpfay:
jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. yifr toufaoG;a=um jzpfonf? apaomta=umif; t&mrsm;rSm -
EdkifiHwpfEkdif. tjrifhqHk;Oya' jzpfonf?
tavh t usif h
zG@J pnf;yHtk ajccHOya'udk rdrw d @kd Eikd if .
H vdtk yfcsuEf iS hf udu
k n f aD tmifa&;qG&J +yD; xdo
k @kd a&;qG&J mwGif
vltrsm;onf ‚wkd@ukd,fwkdif avhusifhoif,ljcif;a=umifh emcHwwfvm=uonf? ukd,fhxuf
EdkifiHom;rsm;. tusdK;pD;yGg;ESifh tcGifhta&;udk rnfr#tmrcHay;Ekdifrnfudk t"duxm; pOf;pm;&ayonf?
&mxl;}uD;aom/ touf}uD;aomolrsm;. ajympum;rsm;/ trdef@rsm;ukd emcHum taumiftxnfazmf
zG@J pnf;yHwk pf&yf. uspv f spcf idk rf mr_EiS hf w&m;0if jzpfwnfru _ kd ,if;zG@J pnf;yHu
k azmfaqmifay;Edik af om 'Dru kd
aqmif&Gufay;wwf=uonf? Oyrm - Armh,Ofaus;r_t& vl}uD;a&S@rS jzwfav#mufv#if acgif;iHk@I
a&pD/ vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf zG@J pnf;yHu
k kd a&;qG&J mwGiyf g0ifonfh ppfreS o f nfh jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,f ta&twGuf
oGm;jcif;?
ponfjzifh wdkif;wmEkdifayonf?
vuf&Sd ArmjynfwGif etzppftpkd;&onf ‚if;wdk@pdwfwdkif;us a&G;cs,fwm0efay;xm;aom

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya’ 18
51
 'Drdkua&pD vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f r[kwfonfholrsm;jzifh a&;qGJxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOa'wpf&yfudk jynfol@qENcH
Ù tm%mudk atmufajcrStxufodk@ trsm;oabmwl tyfESif;xm;onf? jynfol@qENcH,l+yD; twnfjyK&ef vkyfaqmifaeayonf? TzGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJ&mwGif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;
Ù tm%mydkifqdkifr_udk jzef@cx
GJ m;onf? uef@owfxm;onf? tvSnfhus pepfusifhoHk;onf? taejzifh jynfol@ qENudkvnf; tav;rxm;/ tcsdefumv tuef@towfvnf;r&Sd/ EdkifiHwumu a0zef
Ù tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif;tvJudk a&G;aumufyG/J nDvmcHponfwdk@jzifh jyKvkyfonf? t}uHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; vufrcHbJ vufwpfqkyfpm ppftm%m&Sifrsm;ESifh ,if;wdk@. vufa0cHpD;yGg;a&;
Ù tm%mtyfESif;xm;olrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGg;udk y"mexm;onf? orm;rsm;udkom tusdK;jzpfxGef;aprnfhta&;udkom tav;xm;cJhayonf?
tm%m&Sipf epfrS 'Dru kd a&pDo@kd toGiu f ;l ajymif;oGm;aom rnfonfEh ikd if w H iG rf qdk zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccH
tm%m. t&if ; jrpf r sm; Oya'udk jynfolvlxkudk,fwdkif jynfol@qENt& v$wfvyfpGma&;qGJydkifcGifh&Sdonfudk tm;vHk;todyifjzpf
tm%mukd jzpfxGef;aponfh tajccH&if;jrpfrsm;rSm =oZmwduUr/ vltiftm;/ vl@pGrf;tm; onf? ,if;odk@vlxkudk,fwdkif vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;+yD;a&;om;rSomv#if vlxk.tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f
t&if;tjrpf/ pdwZW qefonft
h &mrsm;/ &ky0f wÎKypPn;f t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf qkay;/ '%fay;pepfw@dk jzpfonf? ay;+yD; tpdk;&.vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk uef@owfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ArmjynfwGif a&;qGJaomzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
rSm 'Drdkua&pD.oabmobm0ESifh tESpfom&udk em;rvnfaom/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk csdK;azmufaeaom
=oZmwd u U r
ppfAkdvfrsm;udk,fwdkif ‚if;wdk@pdwf}udKufa&;qGJxm;ojzifh jynfolvlxktm; umuG,fay;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHk
vlxku tpkd;&onf w&m;0iftpkd;&jzpfonf? EkdifiHwumu todtrSwfjyKxm;aomtpkd;&
tajccHOya' rjzpfEdkifay? tkyfpdk;olrsm;a&;qGJaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf ‚if;wdk@.tm%mudk a&&Snf
jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tpkd;&. trdef@ukd emcH&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,kH=unfjcif;jzpfonf? tm%m&Siftpkd;&
wnfwHha&;ESifh ‚if;wdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'omjzpfayonf?
wkdif;onfvnf; w&m0iftpkd;&ykHpHjzpf&ef t+rJwrf;}udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt& tkyfcsKyf
xd@k a=umifh TzG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk wdu k zf su&f efrmS Edik if o H m;wdik ;f wm0ef&o dS nf? TzG@J pnf;yHt k &qdak omf
onfhykHpHjzpfatmif twkta,mifzefwD;um =oZmwduUr &Sdatmif}udK;yrf;=uonf?
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS hf vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmf (2) &yfv;kH wGif ppfwyfrS ud, k pf m;vS,f (25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk pdww f ikd ;f
vl t if t m; us a&G;cs,fxnfhoGif;&ef cGifhjyKxm;jcif;/ t"duusaom tpdk;&t}uD;tuJae&mrsm;udk ppfom;rsm;jzifh
tkyfpkd;olrsm;. trdef@tm%mukdemcHI yl;aygif;aqmif&GufulnDrnfholrsm;udk qdkvdkonf? etz wdu k &f ukd cf ef@tyfciG ahf y;xm;jcif; ponfw@kd ukd axmuf&jcif;jzifh w&m;r0if tm%modr;f xm;aom ppftpd;k &
onf vlxkaxmufcHyGJrsm;udk rwufrae& twif;t"rRusif;yaejcif;onf vltiftm;jyoI olwkd@. udk w&m;0if jzpfatmifvyk zf @kd }udK;pm;jcif; jzpfonfrmS xif&mS ;aeonf? wdik ;f jynf zG@J pnf; wnfaqmufyrkH mS
tm%mukd [efjywnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpfonf? vnf; jynfaxmifpk[kqdkaomfvnf; vufawG@wGif A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ jyif;xefaom wpfjynfaxmifpepfom
jzpfa=umif; tqifw h ikd ;f / yk'rf wdik ;f u oufaojyvsu&f adS onf? xd@k a=umifh Armjynf. zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
vl @ pG r f ; tm;t&if ; tjrpf onf jynfolwpf&yfvHk;. tusdK;pD;yGg;ESifh qef@usifvsuf&Sda=umif; odvsufESifh w&m;0if twnfjyKay;
tpd;k &.rl0g'rsm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;taumiftxnfazmfay;aeonfh todynm&Si/f twwfynm&SiEf iS hf vdu k yf gu jynfov l x l wk pf&yfv;kH taejzifh vuf&t dS ajctaexuf ydI k qk;d 0g;oGm;ayvdrrhf nf// ,if;twGuf
enf;ynm&Sifrsm;udk qdkvdkonf? xkdolwkd@a=umifh tpkd;&,E W&m;onf aumif;pGm v_yf&Sm;vnfywfEdkifjcif; Armjynf. zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf rdrw d @kd EiS hf o[Zmwjzpf rjzpf/ rdrw d @dk vcdk siaf om tpk;d &[kwrf [kw/f
jzpfonf? EdkifiH. tajctae/ EdkifiHom;wdk@. yg0ifywfowfaer_rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_ &Sd/ r&Sd qdkonfudk avhvmoHk;oyf+yD;
rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtm; at;csrf;om,mrnfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' wpf&yfay:xGef;a&;ESifh jynfolvlxku
pd w W Z qef o nf h t &mrsm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdaom 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& wpf&yfay:xGef; vma&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;}udK;yrf;=u&rnf
jynfolvlxku tpkd;&ukd tultnDay;vkdpdwf ay:vm&ef/ trdef@emcHwwfonfhtusifhrsm; jzpfonf?
ay:vmap&ef pdwf"mwf a&;&m/ 0g'a&;&mt& vufcH,kH=unfvmatmif jzm;a,mifaoG;aqmifxm;jcif;
jzpfonf? Oyrm - omoemukd=unfndKoa,mif/ wkdif;jynfukd apwemxm; aqmif&Gufaeoa,mif/ Ed k i f i H w um zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm; avh v mjcif ;
'Drkdua&pDqkdonfrSm taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_rS aygufzGm;vmaom t,ltqoufouf jzpfoa,mif
ykHazmf0g'jzef@csDxm;jcif;wkd@jzpfonf? urBmEh ikd if w
H pfcEk iS f w
h pfcw
k iG f usio hf ;kH onfh zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'rsm;rSm rwln=D uay? rdrw
d @dk Eikd if H
. yx0Dtaetxm;/ ordkif;a=umif;aemufcH/ EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsuf/ pD;yGg;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ponfh tcsuf
&k y f 0 wÎ K ypP n f ; t&if ; tjrpf rsm;udk rlwnfI rwluGJjym;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;udk usifhoHk;=uayonf?
tm%m&Sirf sm;.,E &W m; aumif;pGmvnfywfEidk zf @dk toH;k jyKonfh obm0o,HZmwypPn;f rsm;/ ArmjynfwGif 1948 v$wfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpI ,cktcsdefxd rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/
aiGtiftm;/ pD;yGg; a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ aiGa=u;ESifhb%fvkyfief;ponfjzifh pD;yGg;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf udu k n f oD nfh zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wpf&yf ray:xGuaf o;ojzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D ESihf
taxmuftyHhay;aeaomt&mrsm; yg0ifonf? tm%m&Sipf epfonfvnf; ,ae@xufwikd f oufq;kd &Snv f su&f odS nf? vuf&dS etzppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &wd@k

50 19
a&;qGxJ m;aomzG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'rSmvnf; Armjynf.tajctaeESihf vH;k 0qef@usiaf eojzifh tem*wf tcef; 7
wGif at;csrf;om,maomwdkif;jynfwpfcktjzpf wnfaqmufEdkifrnf r[kwfay? tb,fa=umifhqdk aomf
etz. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tm%m&S i f r sm;tm; t=urf ; rJ h e nf ; jzif h qef Πusif j cif ;
(1) 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'ft& etzwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJEkdifonfh tcGifhtm%m
r&Sdjcif;? jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;u ppfAkdvfwpfpk pdwf}udKufa&;qGJxm;aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH
(2) etz pdwf}udKuf a&G;cs,fxm;aomolrsm;uom a&;qGJjcif;? Oya'ukd r}udKufrESpfoufI uef@uGufrJay;onfukdyif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u twif;t"rR vdrfnm
(3) tcsdef tuef@towf r&Sdjcif;? twnfjyKcJv h #if wpfO;D csi;f tm%mzDqefa&;rS vlxw
k u
dk yf /JG vufeufuidk w
f u
dk yf EJG iS hf Ekid if w
H um zdtm;rsm;ESihf
(4) jynfolvlxkyg0ifcGifhudk wif;=uyfpGm ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;jcif;? aygif;pyfum ppftm%m&Sif0g'/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g' tjrpfjyKwfonftxd wkdufckdufacsr_ef;um tem*wf
(5) jynfol@qENudk t"durxm;bJ etz. qENudktav;xm;I ppftm%m&Sifpepftm; EkdifiHawmfopfukd wnfaxmif&rnfjzpfonf?
w&m;0ifjzpfa&;ESifh jynfololvlxktm; ppfu|efb0 vHk;vHk;jzpfatmif oGyfoGif;aejcif;?
(6) EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_yHko¾mefonf jynfaxmifpk[k trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_qkdonfrSm
vufawG@tm;jzifh A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ wif;=uyfvGef;aom wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfjcif;? EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom t=urf;rJhenf;rsm;jzifh tpdk;&qdk;rsm;. tm%m
(7) a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkESifh tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf; rusjcif;? a'gufwdkifrsm;udk csnfhe@J atmif jyKvkyfonfh enf;emwpf&yf jzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_. t"dutESpfom&
(8) Oya'jyKa&;u¾ESifh tjcm;ta&;ygaomae&mrsm;wGif ppfom;rsm;rS v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;? onf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;.vufwGif;okd@ usa&mufaeaom rdrdwkd@jynfolrsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rdrdvuf
(9) jynfolvlxk. tcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcsufr&Sdjcif;? wGif;okd@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmap&ef jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;u t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tm%m&Sif
(10) ta&;ay:tajctaewGif ppfwyftm; EdkifiHawmftm%mtm; rnfonfhtcsdefrqdk odrf; rsm;. t&if;jrpfrsm; ukd zsufqD;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
,lEdkifonfh tcGifhtm%may;xm;jcif; paomtcsufrsm;a=umifh jzpfayonf? jynfol@tm%mukd vufeuftm;ukd;jzifh vk,lxm;aom ppftpkd;&ukd EkdifiHa&;tH wkr_enf;jzifh
jynfolrsm;qENrJay;&rnfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf aumif;onf/ raumif;qkdonfudk qef@usiw f udk yf 0JG if&ef tm%m.oabmobm0/ t&if;tjrpfEiS hf a'guw f idk rf sm;ukd OD;pGmod&x
dS m;&ef vkt
d yf
tjcm;urBmhEkdifiHrsm;rS zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;/ tpkd;&zGJ@pnf;ykHrsm;jzifh ,SOfxkd;avhvmv#if ppfAkdvfwpfpk onf? odk@rSom rnfuho J kd@ qefusifh&rnf/ rnfonfh t&mwkd@ukd +zdKzsuf&rnfukd od&SdEkdifrnf jzpfonf?
pdwf}udKufa&;qGJxm;aomzGJ@pnf;ykHonf wkdif;jynfzsufqD;a&;zGJ@pnf;ykHtjzpf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifEkdif
rnfjzpfonf? tm%m.oabm
tm%mqkdonfrSm olwyg;tm; ckdif;apEkdifaom/ xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifaomt&m jzpfonf?

tm%mwnf & S d y k H (2) rsKd ;

+Ad w d e f E d k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm;avh v m;jcif ; tm%mwnf&SdykHukd t=urf;tm;jzifh (2) rsLd;cGjJ cm;Ekdifonf?
+AdwdefEdkifiHwGif pkpnf;a&;om;azmfjyxm;aomzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' r&Sday? acwftqufquf
1? tm%m&Sifpepf
bk&ifESifh jynfolvlxkwdk@ csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ ygvDrefrSjyÏmef;xm;aomOya'rsm;udk tpdk;&
2? 'Drkdua&pDpepf
tqufqufrS tpOftvmt& taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G cf &hJ mrS ,if;pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm;udk zG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'wpf&yftaejzifh trsm;u todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzpfayonf? ,if;wGif 1215 ckESpf *|efbk&if tm%m&S i f vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ;
vufxufwGif csKyfqdkcJhaom r*~emumwmpmcsKyf/ 1628 ckESpf tcGifhta&;Oya'/ 1689 ckESpf tajccH Ù tm%mudk tiftm;oHk;&,lxm;onf?
tcGifhta&;Oya'=urf;ESifh 1828/ 1911 ckESpfrsm;wGif; tufOya'rsm;ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; yg0ifonf? Ù tm%mydkifqdkifr_udk jzef@crJG xm;/ uef@owfrxm;/ tvSnfhususifh oHk;onfh pepfr&Sdacs?
,if;Oya'rsm;onf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'uJo
h @kd tpd;k &. tm%mudu k ef@owfI jynfov l x
l .
k tcGit hf a&; Ù tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif;tvJudk vlxkwdkufy/GJ vufeufudkifwdkufy/JG EdkifiHwumzdtm;
udk umuG,fxm;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;u +AdwdEdkifiH.zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf pkpnf;a&;om; wpfrsdK;rsdK;udkoHk; (odk@ ) aygif;pyfoHk;rS &&SdEdkifonf?
azmfjyxm;jcif;r[kwfaomfvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wpfcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wifxm;=uonf? TuJhokd@ Ù tm%m&Sifrsm;.tusdK;pD;yGg;udkom y"mexm;onf?
zGJ@pnf;ykHrSm tvGefenf;yg;onf? +AdwdefEdkifiHonf A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ toifhtwifh&Sdaom wpfjynf faxmifpepf
EdkifiH jzpfayonf? TyHkpHudk +AdwdefEdkifiH. ordkif;aemufcHay:rlwnfI usifhoHk;jcif; jzpfayonf?

20 49
 rJ b ,f v d k a y;&r,f q d k w m twd t usod + yD ; rS rJ a y;yg?
etz ppftpdk;&. qENcH,lyGJ rJyHkay; rJay;enf;pepftm; rJray;rD aoaocsmcsmar;jref;yg? Ekid if H OD;ao#mif
axmufcHrJudk b,fvdkay;&r,f/ raxmufcHonfhrJay;v#if rnfodk@ay;&rnfudk wdwdususod+yD;rSay;yg? bk&if
y,frJjzpfoGm;v#if rdrdwdk@ay;xm;aom raxmufcHonfhrJtm; xnfhoGif; a&wGufrnf r[kwfacs?

qEN c H , l y G J t m; rnf o nf h t csd e f w G i f +yD ; qH k ; rnf / t&_ H ; / tEd k i f u d k wd w d u sus a=ujim tkycf sKyaf &; (0ef}u;D csKy)f Oya'jyKa&; w&m;pD&ifa&;
&rnf ?
nDvmcHusi;f yI zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'a&;qGo
J uJo
h @kd qENc,
H yl t
JG m; tcsed q
f u
JG ef@owfIr&ay?
tcsdeftwdkif;twmwcktm;owfrSwfI tEdkif/ t&H_;tm; wdwdusus ausnm&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@ 0ef}u;D rsm; txuf atmuf
tajctaersm; aumfrwDrS vkyf/ rvkyf apmifh=unfh&rnf? v$wfawmf v$wfawmf

wd k i f w ef ; cG i f h
rif;aqGrif;rsK;d rsm; jynfolvlxk
qENcH,laepOftwGif; r&dk;om;r_awGawG@&if aumfr&SifxHwdkifwef;&rSmjzpfonf? wdkifwef;
onfhtcgwGif vlxktrsm;pkygatmifpnf;&Hk;&rnfjzpfonf? wdkifwef;csufrdwWLawGudkvnf; ae&mtESH@jzef@
a0&rnf? vlxktaejzifhvnf; wdkifwef;wmawG&Sd&if yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;yg? aumfrwDrS rajz&Sif; ay;jcif;&Sd/ +AdwdEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH o&kyfjyykH
r&Sd avhvm&rnf?
+Ad w ef E d k i f i H . tpd k ; &zG J @ pnf ; wnf a qmuf r _ y H k p H u d k avh v m=unf h r nf q d k v #if
qEN r J o G m ;ay;yg?
qENcH,lyGJrSm qENrJay;jzpfatmif ay;=u&rnfjzpfonf? ay;onfhrJonf uef@uGufrJ jzpf&rnf? (1) +AdwdefEdkifiHonf t*Fvef/ a0;vf/ tdkif,mvefESifh paumhwvefponfh trsdK;om;EdkifiHi,frsm;udk
tu,fI rJay;ydkifcGifh&SdvsufESifh oGm;ray;v#if rdrdwdk@qENukdrazmf xkwf0Hhv#if etz pm;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f? yl;aygif;I xlaxmifxm;onfh wpfjynfaxmifpepf EdkifiHjzpfonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf “etz”zGJ@pnf;yHkudktwnfjyK&mwGif rJqENay;ydkifcGifh&SdolrS rJay;ol.trsm;
pk[kazmfjyxm;onfhtwGufa=umifhjzpfonf? etz tm;a=umufIjzpfap/ rkef;Ijzpfap/ pdwfr0ifpm; (2) pnf;rsO;f cHb&k ifpepfukd usio hf ;kH onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf Edik if aH wmf. tkycf sKyfa&;udk wm0efco
H nf?
Ijzpfap/ rJray;ygu rdrdwdk@qENtm; urBmod azmfxkwfcGifh&rnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh uef@uGufrJay;&ef 0ef}uD;csKyfudk tEdkif&ygwDrS wufvmaom Oya'jyKv$wfawmf. atmufv$wfawmfudk,fpm;
vdkonf? uef@uGufrJ ay;rSom ppfu|efb0uvGwfajrmufrnfjzpfonf? vS,frsm;xJrS a&G;cs,fcef@tyfonf? bk&if/ bk&ifronf aqGpOfrsdK;quf t&dkuft&mudk qufcH
onfh EdkifiHawmf. OD;ao#mif (t}uD;tuJ) jzpfonf? odk@aomf a&S;,cif oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;
rJ q EN a y;yd k i f c G i f h & S d o l w d k i f ; ud k u ef @ uG u f r J a y;zd k @ wd k u f w G e f ; uJo
h @kd tm%mr&Sb d J a,bk,stm;jzifh yGaJ wmfEiS hf tcrf;tem;rsm;wGio f m Edik if aH wmft}uD;tuJ
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; uef@uGufrJay;yg? tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; uef@uGufrJ ay;zdk@wdkufwGef;yg? tjzpf aqmif&u G cf iG &hf avonf? 0ef}uD;csKyftyk cf sKyfa&;pepfwiG f atmufvw $ af wmfu 0ef}uD;csKyf
uef@uGufrJay;ay;/ axmufcHrJay;ay; Oya'a=umif;t& zrf;qD;ykdifcGifhr&Sdqkdonfukd jynfolrsm; em;vnf udk t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqdkjzifh jzKwfcsEdkifouJhodk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfuvnf; atmufv$wfawmfudk zsuf
od&Sdxm;&rnf? odrf;Edkifayonf?
tm%myk d i f r sm; rJ & H k t eD ; +cd r f ; ajcmuf a pmif h = unf h j cif ; (3) +AdwdefEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;pepfonf vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDtawG;tac:ay:wGif tajccHayonf?
uef@uuG rf aJ y;v#if (od@k r[kw)f uef@uu G rf rJ ay;atmif rJ&t kH eD;w0du
k w
f iG f wm0eft&r[kwb
f J odk@aomf tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ay:wGif tajccHonfh ygwDrsm;tm;vnf; w&m;0if
+cdrf;ajcmuf [efa&;jyaeaom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ ppf/ &J/ axmufpaom etz vufudkifwkwfrsm;&Sd/ r&Sd &yfwnfcGifhay;xm;ayonf?
tuJcwfyg? &Syd gu aoaocsmcsm avhvmapmif=h unfyh g? ‚if;wd@k .trlt,monf rJvmay;olrsm; twGuf
taESmifht,Sufjzpfapvm;qdkonfudk tuJcwfyg? (4) +AdwdefEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfowfI ordkif;tqufqufpmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm;t&omru
vuf&OdS ya'rsm;t&yg Edik if o H m;wdik ;f tm; Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;qdik &f mtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk
tmrcHay;xm;onf?

48 21
 (5) +AdwdefEdkifiH.Oya'jyKv$wfawmfudk txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmfwdk@jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm; rJ & H k w m0ef & S d o l r sm;ES i f h r J & H k ywf 0 ef ; usif t eD ; w0k d u f w G i f a pmif h = unf h j cif ; &S d / r&S d
onf? txufv$wfawmfudk tpOftvmt& &moufyeftr_xrf;cGifh&Sdaom rSL;}uD;rwf&mrsm;/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ay;xm;aom qENrJrsm;udk rJ&Hkwm0efcHrsm; aoaocsmcsmxdef;odrf;
bk&ifrcS ef@tyfxm;aom ud, k pf m;vS,t
f rwfrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;onf? atmufvw
$ af wmfukd jynfol =uyfrwfr_ &Sd/ r&Sd udk eD;pyf&m wm0efodjynfolawGtaejzifh aea&m nyg tuJcwfapmifh=unfhzdk@vdktyf
vlxkrSa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? onf? tu,fI rouFmonfh tcsufrsm;awG@v#if trsm;jynfol odatmifvkyfI uef@uGuf=u&ayrnf?

(6) w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwGif v$wfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_udk tmrcHxm;onf? Ek d i f i H w umapmif h = unf a vh v ma&;

jynfe,fwpfckcsif;pDwGif rSDwif;aexdkifonfh vlrsdK;wpfckcsif;pD. rwluGJjym;aomp&dkufobmudk vGwv f yfwq hJ ENc,
H yl rJG sm;wGif qENc,
H yl o
JG nf 'Dru
kd a&pD rnfr#us+yD; w&m;r#wwJh qEN cH,yl jJG zpf
tajccHI rwluGJjym;aomw&m;pD&ifa&;udkvnf; v$wfvyfpGm xlaxmifxm; &Sdonf? rjzpf q d k o nf u d k Ed k i f i H w umrS apmif h = unf h avh vm=uavh & S d onf ? etztm%myd k i f r sm;taejzif h
rnf o nf h t wk d i f ; twmxd ay;xm;onf / rnf o l r sm; avh v monf u d k avh v myg? xd k o l w d k @ tm;
(7) Oya'jyKv$waf wmfonf Edik if aH wmf. tjrifq h ;kH tm%mydik v f w $ af wmfjzpfonfqadk om t,ltq rdrdwdk@rJay;ae&wJh tajctaeESifh ywfowfI yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wifjyyg?
t& +Adwed Ef ikd if .
H Oya'jyKv$waf wmfwiG f tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'rsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/
twnfjyKjcif;/ topfjyÏmef;jcif;/ jznfph u G jf cif;ESihf zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyEf ikd o
f nf? +Adwed Ef idk if H owif ; Xmersm;vG w f v yf c G i f h
Oya'jyKv$wfawmfrS jyKaomOya'rsm;udk rnfonfh tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf; rS y,fzsufI r&Edkif owif;Xmersm;rS owif;axmufrsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm;taejzifh qENcH,lyGJESifhywfowfI
ay? ar;jref;pHkprf;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm owif;,lydkifcGifh/ tm%mydkifwdk@. tajctae/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkESifh
jynfolvlxk. qENrSef tajctaerSefudk xkwfazmfwifjycGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? jynfol vlxktaejzifhvnf;
rdrdwdk@.qENESifh tajctaerSefudk owif;orm;rsm;ESifhqufoG,fI wifjyEdkif&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@aom
tajctaersm; &Sd§r&Sd//
tar&d u ef E d k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm; avh v mjcif ;
tar&duefEikd if w H iG f pkpnf;a&;om;azmfjyxm;aom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk usio hf ;kH onf? ,if; rJ y H k ; rsm;rzG i f h r S D rJ y H k ; taetxm;ysuf r _ / ,d k , G i f ; ysuf p D ; r_ E S i f h rJ j ym; tpm;xd k ; rS K ponf h w d k @ ud k
zG@J pnf;yHkudk (1776) ckESpf t*FvdyfudkvdkeDu|efb0rS vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemufydkif; pwifa&;qGv J mcJh+yD; (1777) wenf ; enf ; jzif h zG i f h E k d i f y d w f E k d i f a tmif p d p Of xm;&S d r S K
ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif twnfjyKcJo h nf? od@k aomf xkt d csed u f twnfjyKusio hf ;Hk cJah om zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' qENc, H yl +JG yD;aemuf rJy;kH rsm;taetxm;ysurf &_ dS r&SEd iS hf rJjym;rsm;tm; tpm;xd;k vSv J ,
S rf &_ rdS &Su
d kd
onf jynfaxmifaygif;pkEdkifiHawmftoGifjzifh touf0ifchaJ vonf? jynfaxmifaygif;pkEdkifiH. tESpfom& jynfolvlxkrS ppfaq;ydkifcGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? rsufajcrjywf apmifh=unfh&rnf? rdrdwdk@xnfhxm;onfh
t& A[dt k pd;k &xHwiG f vkyyf ikd cf iG thf m%m tvGet f m;enf;onft h avsmuf ‚zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a=umifh uef@uGufrJrsm;onf axmufcHrJtjzpf ajymif;oGm;jcif; (odk@) y,frJrsm;tjzpfjymif;oGm;jcif;jzifh zGJ@pnf;yHk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jy\emrsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhonf? txl;ojzifh tcGefaumufcHjcif;udpPrsm;/ tajccHOya'rSm twnfjzpfoGm; Edkifonf?
ukeo f , G af &; udprP sm;/ tajccHtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfowfaomudprP sm;/ rJqENay;jcif;udp/P w&m;pD&ifa&;udpEP iS hf
tcsKyftjcmtm%musio hf ;kH jcif;udpw P @kd tay: tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;/ oabmxm;rwdu k q f ikd rf r_ sm;/ jynfe,ftcsi;f qEN c H , l y G J t wG i f ; ygwD 0 if r sm;tm; zrf ; qD ; jcif ; / acsmif ; &d k u f j cif ; / +cd r f ; ajcmuf j cif ; /
csi;f &efvrkd r_ sm;jzpfymG ;cJo
h jzifh aemufq;kH ,if;udprP sm;udk ajz&Si;f Edik af &;twGuf (1786) ckEpS w f iG f temydv k pD f pm&G u f p mwrf ; od r f ; qnf j cif ;
+rdK@Y jynfe,faygif;pHkrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom rsufESmpHknDtpnf;ta0;wpfckac:,lum zGJ@pnf;yHk etz onf trSefwu,f 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHwpfcktjzpf wnfaqmuf oGm;rnfqdkv#if a':atmif
tajccHOya'opfa&;qGaJ &;ESifh tpdk;&opfzG@J pnf;a&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf jynfe,faygif;pHkrS qef;pk=unfuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm; vGwfay;&rnf jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif twdkuftcH
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; rpHkvifonfhtwGuf ratmifjrifchaJ y? (1781) ckESpfwGif xyfrHI zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' tiftm;pkrsm;. a0zefaxmufjyr_/ pnf;&kHk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk jyKvkyfcGifh ay;xm;&rnfjzpfonf? vuf&Sd
qdkif&mnDvmcHusif;ycJh&m (2) ESpfcef@ ta=utvnfaqG;aEG;jiif;ckef+yD;rS (1789) ckESpfrSomv#if vuf&Sd tajctaewGif xdkodk@jzpfrvmaomfvnf; qENcH,lyGJtwGif; aumfr&Sif. vkyfydkifcGifhudk avhvmyg?
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'tm; atmifjrifpmG taumif txnfazmf a&;qGEJ ikd cf o hJ nf? ,ckqv kd #if (1789) ckEpS w f iG f
twnfjyKusifhoHk;cJhaom tar&duefjynfaxmifpk.zGJ@pnf;yHk oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif; (219) cef@yif&SdcJh+yD
aumf r &S i f
jzpfonf? ,if;oufwrf;umv twGif; (26) }udrfom jyifqifcho J nf? ,ae@tcsdefwGif tar&duefjynf
aumfr&SifqdkonfrSm qENcH,lyGJjyKvkyf&mwGif w&m;r#wr_&Sdap&ef zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
axmifpo k nf urBmah y:wGif t=uG,0f tcsr;fomqH;k ESihf tiftm;t}uD;qH;k Edik if t H jzpf &yfwnfvsu&f o dS nf?
xdkolwdk@onf vkyfydkifcGifh ydkausmfvGefI vkyf/ rvkyf/ bufvdkufr_ &Sd/ r&Sd ukdapmifh=unfhxm;&rnf?

22 47
r&Sdol/ &kwfodrf;cHae&olrsm;/pm&if;udk a=unm&rSmjzpfonf? +yD;v#if qENcH,lyGJ&v'fESifhtnD rJay;ol Ekid if H OD;ao#mif
pm&if;ESihf axmufcrH pJ &if;udk vlo&d iS =f um; jynfov
l x
l x
k o
H @kd today;=u&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k o@kd aumfr&Sif orRw
rSreS u
f efpmG vkyo
f nf/ rvkyof nf? “etz” cdik ;f apcsuf twdik ;f vdu
k ef maqmif&u
G v
f yk af qmif/ rvkyaf qmif
onfqdkonfhtcsufrsm;udk jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; rSwfwrf;wifapmifh=unfh xm;&rnf jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; w&m;pD&ifa&;
(orRw)
aumf r &S i f r sm;/ rJ & H k w m0ef & S d o l r sm;/ rJ q G , f p nf ; &H k ; ol r sm;u b,f o l a wG v J ? 0ef}u;D rsm;
vuf&Sd etzrS qENyGJcH,lyGJESifhywfowfI aumfr&SifzGJ@pnf;&mwGif rJ&Hkwm0efcHrsm;u b,fol
txuf atmuf
awGvJ/ rJqG,f pnf;&kH;olrsm;u b,folawGvJ/ jynfol@vl/ etz vlqdkwmudk od&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif orRwa&G;aumufa&;tzG@J v$wfawmf v$wfawmf
b,folub,fvdk pnf;&Hk;w,f/ bmawGvkyfw,fqdkwm apmifh=unfh=u&rnfjzpfonf?

jynfolrsm;taejzifh qENcH,lyGJESifhywfoufI vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh/ pnf;&Hk; tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm; jynfolvlxk

cG i f h / pk a 0;cG i f h ?
qENc, H yl o
JG nf wdu
k &f u
kd 'f rD u
kd a&pDukd usio hf ;kH jcif;jzpfonf? wdik ;f jynf. ta&;}uD;aomudprP sm; tar&d u ef E k d i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y k H o&k y f j yyk H
wGif usifhoHk;jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfolvlxk w&yfvHk;taejzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf wdkuf&dkufay;Edkif&rnf
jzpfonf? vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf pnf;&H;k cGi/hf pka0;cGiehf @J rJay;ydik cf iG &hf &dS rnfjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifq
h ENcH tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm; avh v m=unf h r nf q d k v #if
,lyGJwGif etztaejzifh rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd cGifhjyKonf/ cGifhrjyK/ qENcH,lyGJtwGif; rnfodk@aom
uef@owfcsufrsm;&Sdonfudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfjzpfonf? (1) us,fjyef@aom yx0Dtaetxm;/ pHkvifaomvlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh udkufnDatmif jynfe,frsm;tm;
t"duxm;I tm%mcGaJ 0ay;aom ppfreS af om jynfaxmifppk epfukd usio hf ;kH onf? jynfaxmifpk
t}ud r f } ud r f a xmuf c H r J ay;Ek d i f a tmif pD p Of a qmif & G u f x m;jcif ; &S d / r&S d ?
tpd;k &tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mudk Oya' (28) ckjzifh uef@owfxm;+yD; ºuGi;f useaf omtm%mrsm;
vlxkqENcH,lyGJY rJay;Edkifaomolrsm;.pm&if;ESifh rJay;+yD;olrsm;pm&if;rsm;tm; aumfr&Sif
tm; tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm;udk cGaJ 0ay;xm;onf? jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &onf jynfe,ftpd;k &wd@k om
taejzifh rnfo@kd rw
S wf rf;wifxm;onf? rJay;+yD;olwikd ;f xyfqifrh J ray;Edik af tmif rnfo@kd pDpOfaqmif&u G f
oD;jcm;vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nfuh pd &P yfrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufciG hf r&Sad cs? tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm;t=um;
xm;onfudk avhvmpHkprf;&efvdkonf? xdk@tjyif aumfr&Siftaejzifh xyfqifhrJay;r_awGudk vufcHae/ rae
wGiv f nf; Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;paom udpt P &yf&yfuv kd nf; wef;wlnrD #r&_ adS tmif zefw;D
qdkonfudk apmifh=unfh&rnfjzpfonf?
xm;ayonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k nf yx0Dut kd ajccHI zG@J pnf;xm;aom Edik if w H pfcjk zpf+yD;
rJ a y;yd k i f c G i f h & S d y gvsuf E S i f h rJ a y;cG i f h r &ol r sm; &S d / r&S d ? pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu (13) jynfe,fom &SdcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcsdefwGif jynfe,faygif; (50) &Sdae+yD;
Oya't& qENrJay;cGifh&ygvsufESifh rJay;ydkifcGifhudk uef@owfydwfyif xm;r_rsm; rdrdESifh eD;pyfonfh jzpfonf? vltcGifhta&;udkvnf; av;pm;vdkufemonfh 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;aumufwif
ywf0ef;usifY &Sd/ r&Sd? etztaejzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk qef@usif+yD; b,folawGudk b,fvdkuef@owfxm; ajr‡mufxm;aom tpdk;&tqufquf tkyfpkd;cJhaom w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpf
ovJqdkwm avhvmrSwfwrf;wifxm;yg? tjcm;wzufYvnf; rJay;cGifh r&Sdolrsm;tm; rJay;cGifhay;xm;r_ a=umif;awG@&onf?
&Sd/ r&Sdqdkwm pHkprf;&rnfjzpfonf? ay;v#if rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhay;xm;onfudk pHkprf;azmfxkwf
(2) tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolxHrSqif;ouf&rnfqkdaom t,ltqt& jynfolvlxkrS
&rnfjzpfonf? rauseyfp&mta=umif;rsm;&Sdv#if vlxkrodatmif odrf;qnf;rxm;ygESifh?
wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fcef@tyfonfh orRwtpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;onf? orRwonf tpdk;&t}uD;
tuJjzpfouJhodk@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJvnf; jzpfonf? orRwudk jynfolvlxkrS wdkuf&dkuf
qEN r J a y;&mwG i f twif ; t"rR c d k i f ; apjcif ; &S d / r&S d ?
rJay;ap+yD; jynfe,fv$wfawmfrsm;rS a&G;cs,fapv$wfaom orRwa&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@rS jynfol
qENrJay;wJhtcg rdrdwdk@qENt& axmufcHrJ/ uef@uGufrJudk vGwfvyfpGmay;ydkifcGifh&Sdovm;/
vlxk. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&SŒ&_I wqifhcH a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? tar&dueforRwonf
ok@d r[kwf tm%m&Sirf sm;taejzifh +crd ;f ajcmufI aomfvnf;aumif;/ vmbfx;kd Iaomfvnf;aumif; rJay;cdik ;f
0ef}uD;tzGJ@udk a&G;cs,fcef@tyf&onf? orRwwGif wpfcsufv$wftrdef@usifhoHk;cGifh&Sdonf?
ovm;? okd@r[kwf romrmaomenf;jzifh vGwfvyfpGm rJay;cGifhr&atmif rnfuJhokd@vkyfaqmifovJ
xdk@a=umifh tar&dueforRwonf urBmay:wGif =oZmtm%mt&SdqHk;aomorRwjzpfa=umif;
qkdonfukd tuJcwfavhvmqef;ppf=u&rnf??
awG@&Sd&onf?

46 23
 (3) tar&duefEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;pepfonf orRwpepfESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfonfh ESpfygwDpepfudk tcef ; 6
usifhoHk;xm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfh0pGm tmrcHxm;onf? vufawG@wGif t&G,ftpm;ao;i,f qEN c H , l y G J w G i f avh v mapmif h - unf h & rnf h t csuf r sm;
aomygwDi,frsm;vnf; &Sdonf?
jynfo@l qENc, H yl q JG o
dk nfrmS wkid ;f jynftwGuf vGepf mG ta&;}uD;aomudp&P yfrsm;ukd wpfjynfv;Hk &Sd
(4) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJpOfu vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfowfI jyÏmef; jynfolrsm;xHrS oabmxm;&,l+yD; qkH;jzwfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? qENcH,lyGJonf jynfolvlxkukd
xm;csuf ryg&Sdaomfvnf; (1789- 90) umvrSpI vltcGifhta&;udk wdk;jr‡ifhazmfaqmifvm wku d &f udk yf g0ifciG ahf y;aoma=umifh wku d &f u
dk 'f rD u
dk a&pDpepfudk usio
hf ;Hk onf? ,ckArmjynfwiG f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyf
cJh&mrS ,ae@tcsdefwGif tcGifhta&;t&SdqHk;ae&mudkjyygqdkv#if tar&duefEdkifiHudk vufndK;xdk;jy ykw
H pf&yfudk vlxq k ENc,
H yl jJG zifh twnfjyK&ef }udK;yrf;vsu&f o dS nf? rJay;cGi&hf o
dS l Ekid if o
H m;wkid ;f rdrw
d @dk qENudk
&rnfjzpfonf? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifh&Sd&ef ta&;}uD;vonf? xkd@twl rdrday;vkdufaomrJudk vdrfnmazsmufzsufjcif;
(5) Oya'jyKv$waf wmfukd txufvw $ af wmfEiS hf atmufvw $ af wmf[Il v$waf wmf (2) &yfjzifh zG@J pnf; ESihf y,frjJ zpfatmif jyKvkyjf cif; rcH&ap&efvnf; txl;ta&;}uD;ayonf? rdrw d @kd . qENreS t
f wdik ;f ay;vdu k f
xm;onf? txufv$wfawmfudk tzGJ@0ifjynfe,f wpfjynfe,fv#if udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;us aom toJ=um;u rJwpfjym;udk trSefwu,f todtrSwfjyKcH&&eftwGuf jynfolvlxkwdkif;onf rJray;
apv$w&f +yD; atmufvw $ af wmfukd wpfEikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmjzifh rJqENe,ftvdu k f vlO;D a& tcsKd ; rSDESifh rJay;+yD;tcsdefwGif atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd owdxm;apmifh=unfh=u&rnf?
us a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=u&avonf? Oya'=urf;wpfckudk v$wfawmfwpf&yf&yfrS oabm
qEN c H , l y G J r pwif r S D rJ y H k ; rsm;ud k ppf a q;&ef v d k t yf j cif ; ?
rwlv#if twnfjyK rusio hf ;kH Edik ?f Oya'jyKv$waf wmf wpf&yfcsi;f pD. rJqEN oH;k yHk ESpyf jkH zifh twnf
qENcH,lyGJrpwifrSD rJyHk;rsm;vHk+cHKpdwfcs&r_&Sd/ r&Sd/ rJjym;rsm;}udKwifI xnfhoGif;xm;r_&Sd/ r&Sd/
jyKEdkifrSomv#if Oya'jzpfEdkifonf?
rJyHk;.t&G,ftpm;/ rJyHk;. tav;csdefESifh aooyfpGm csdwfydwfxm;r_rsm;udk ppfaq;&rnfjzpfonf? ta&;
(6) w&m;pD&ifa&;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@uaomfvnf;aumif;/ Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ@rSaomfvnf;aumif; }uD;qH;k rSm rJy;kH udrk nfonfah e&mwGix f m;onf/ apmif=h uyforl sm;onf rnforl sm;jzpfonfukd od&&dS ef vdt
k yf
v$rf;rdk;Ir&ay? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmufv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&wdk@.wm0ef ayonf? rouFmp&m&Sdaomf r,Hk=unf&a=umif;udk jynfolxHodk@ yGifhvif;pGm wifjyEdkifayonf?
ESihf 0wW&m; ysuuf uG v f #iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ Oya'udk csKd ;azmufv#iaf omfvnf;aumif; ppfaq;
ta&;,lEikd o f nf? xd@k tjyif topfjyÏmef;aomOya'rsm;onf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOa'ESihf rnDnw G f aumf r &S i f r sm;taejzif h vG w f v yf p G m &yf w nf v S K yf & S m ;cG i f h & S d / r&S d ?
v#if ysufjy,fa=umif; a=unmEdkifayonf? xdk@a=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. w&m;pD&if etztaejzifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qENcH,lyGJESifh ywfowfI vGwfvyfonfh aumfr&Sifrsm;udk
a&;rSm vGwv f yfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;jzpfojzifh jynfov l xl t k m;vH;k onf rdrw
d @kd . tcGit
hf a&;csKd ; Oya't&zG@J pnf;&rnfjzpf+yD; ,if;aumfr&Sirf sm;onf tm%mykid t f odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;ESihf ywfowfr_ r&So d rl sm;
azmufcH&jcif;rsm;udk Oya'a=umif;& umuG,fEdkif=uonfudkawG@&onf? jzpf&onf? xdak umfr&Sirf sm;onf rnfonfb h ufrS bufrvdu k bf J vGwv f yfpmG jzifh v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G Ef ikd cf iG hf
&Sdayonf? vuf&Sd etz zGJ@pnf;xm;aom aumfr&SifrSm tm%mydkifwdk@. ap&mudk vdkufemvkyfaqmif
(7) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwpf&yfcsif;pDrS =uonfhtjyif qENcH,lyGJESifh ywfowf+yD; w&m;r#w rSefuefr_&Sdatmif vkyfaqmif=u&ef wm0ef&Sdayonf?
ukd,fpm;vS,f oHk;yHkESpfyHkaomfvnf;aumif; jynfe,fv$wfawmftm;vHk;.udk,fpm;vS,f oHk;yHk jynfolvlxktaejzifh xdkodk@aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm=u&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI
ESpfyHkuaomfvnf;aumif; oabmwlv#if jyifqifEdkifonf? twnfjyKrnfqdkygu jynfaxmifpk aumfr&SifrS bufvdkufaeonf[k ,lqv#if xdktcsuftvufrsm;ESifh xifjrifcsuf[lor#udk rSwfwrf;
Oya'jyKv$wfawmftrwf av;yHkoHk;yHk. rJqEN &&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; qENcH,lyGJjyKvkyfapum vlxkqEN wifxm;=u&rnfjzpfonf? TonfrSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;. wm0efyifjzpfonf?
av;yHkoHk;yHk&&Sdygu twnfjyKusifhoHk;Edkifonf?
aumf r &S i f . tqif h q if h & J @ vk y f a qmif c suf / &yf w nf c suf a wG @ ud k vl x k x H &S i f ; &S i f ;
*smr%D E d k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm; avh v mjcif ; vif ; vif ; od E k d i f a pjcif ; &S d / r&S d ?
aumfr&Sif. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk Oya't& rnfodk@yifowfrSwfygap ‚if;wdk@vkyfaqmifrnfh
*smr%DEdkifiHonfvnf; yx0DudktajccHI zGJ@pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfEdkifiHjzpfonf? vkyfief;pOftqifhqifhudk jynfolvlxkxH&Sif;vif; wifjy&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI&Sif;vif;wifjyr_r&Sdv#if
'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf tm%m&Sifpepfudk pdwfukefcJh=uonfESifhtnD acwfrSDzGH@+zdK;aomEdkifiH wnf r&dk;om;onfjzpfonfhtwGuf rdrdwdk@taejzifh rJcdk;r_/ rJvdrfr_awG&Sd/ r&Sdudk apmifh=unfh &rnfjzpfonf?
aqmufEdkifa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifa&;twGuf *smr%D vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;&Sdaomfvnf; jynf
e,faygi;f pk jynfaxmifpu k kd zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? *smr%D.zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk 'Dru
kd a&pD aumf r &S i f t aejzif h rJ a y;Ek d i f o l p m&if ; / rJ a y;ol p m&if ; ES i f h a xmuf c H r J pm&if ; rsm;ud k
enf;pepfusaomjynfaxmifpkjzpfonf[k EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sifrsm;u oHk;oyf=uayonf? jynf o l r sm;xH o d k @ &mck d i f E _ e f ; tvd k u f tod a y;a=ujimjcif ; ?
aumfr&Siu f zkd @JG pnf;+yD;v#if qENc, H yl rJG usi;f yrD Oya't& rJay;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS l vlO;D a&ESihf rJay;ydik cf iG hf

24 45
 Ekid if H OD;ao#mif

f ifajr‡mufa&;tzG@J
tcef; (5) orRw
uef ΠuG u f r J a y;rnf v m;? axmuf c H r J a y;rnf v m;?
tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; w&m;pD&ifa&;

a&G;cs,w
vmrnfharv (10)&ufae@wGif etzppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf ‚wdk@pdwf=udKufa&;qGJxm;aom (0ef}uD;csKyf)
zGJ@pnf;yHkudk vlxkqENcHyGJjzifh twnfjyK=uayawmhrnf? TvlxkqENcH,lyGJwGif tEdkif&zdk@twGufvnf;
uef @ uG u f r J a y;rnf h o l r sm;ud k z,f c sef x m;cJ h j cif ; / uef @ uG u f r J r sm;ud k y,f r J j zpf a tmif jyKvk y f j cif ; / 0ef}u;D rsm;
txuf atmuf
axmufcHrJ&&ef jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ rufvHk;ay;jcif;/ vdrfvnf rJa&wGufjcif;ponfh v$waf wmf v$wfawmf
enf;y&d,m,frsdK;pHkudk toHk;cs&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sd=uayonf?
jynfolvlxktaejzifh etzwdk@. vlxkqENcHyu JG dk todtrSwfrjyKonfhtaejzifh vHk;0uef@uGuf
oydwfarSmufI rJ&Hkodk@roGm; rJray;bJaernfqdkygu ‚wdk@taejzifh &or#axmufcHrjJ zifh w&m;0if tEdkif jynfolvlxk tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm; vlO;D a&tcsK;d us
,lEdkifaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udkvnf; jyÏmef;xm;ayonf?
*smr%DEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH o&kyfjyykH
rJ&HkoGm;I axmufcHrJay;um wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;udk umvtuef@towfr&Sd ppfu|efjyKrnfh
zG@J pnf;yHkudk axmufcHraJ y;rdchJv#ifvnf; rdrdvnfyif;udk/ rdrd}udK;uGif;pGyfonfESifh jcm;em;rnf r[kwfacs?
jynfov l x
l wk pf&yfv;kH rJ&o kH mG ;I &J&ifjh ywfom;pGmjzifh wcJeuf uef@uu G rf aJ y;=urSom (46)ESpf
wdkifwdkif tjrpfwG,faecJhaom ArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'ESifh ppftm%m&Sif0g'udk tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;Edkifayvdrhfrnf? (1) *smr%DEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;&Sdaomfvnf; wpfjynfaxmifpepfEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmuf
TonfrSm jynfolwpf&yfvHk;. vlr_/ pD;yGg;a&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk xGufaygufay;rnfh vuf&Sd tm%m Edkifvifhupm; jynfe,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfudkz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufxm;avonf? jynf
&Sifqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ. trSefuefqHk;aom wdkufyGJenf;emESifh ordkif;ay;wm0efyifjzpfayonf? olvx l rk S wdu
k &f u
kd af &G;aumuf wifajr‡mufaomtpd;k &pepfuu kd sio
hf ;kH onfo
h rRwEdik if H jzpfonf?

(2) *smreforRwudk (5) ESpfwpf}udrfzGJ@pnf;onfh orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡ufa&;tzGJ@u v#dK@0SufrJjzifh

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwa&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@udk txufv$wfawmfESifh jynfe,f
v$waf wmf (16) ckrS ta&twGuw f l wifajr‡mufvu
kd af om ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;xJrS rJta&
twGuf trsm;qHk;&olukd a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufI orRwcef@tyfonf? (2) }udrfwdkifwdkif rJcGJ
qHk;jzwfI udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;xJrS rnfolurS owfrSwfrJ ta&twGufudk rjynfhrSDv#if
wwd,t}udrfwGif rJtrsm;qHk;&olukd orRwtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&onf?

(3) Oya'jyKv$waf wmf ESpf &yfpepfuu dk sio

hf ;Hk +yD; ,if;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk jynfov
l x
l rk aS eI wdu
k f
&dkufESifh v#dK@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? txufv$wfawmfudk tzGJ@0if
jynfe,frsm;rS vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? atmufv$wfawmftm;
'Drdkua&pDenf;us wpfEikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmjzifh vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;t&cGjJ cm; owfrw S x
f m;
aomrJqENe,frsm;rS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?

ppfu|efb0rS vGwaf jrmufzŒdk tm;vk;H â rJ ay;-upkŒd? (4) *smr%DEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;pepfrSm ygwDpHkpepfjzpfonf? zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya't&vnf; tmrcHcsuf
ay;xm;onf? odk@aomf vlrsdK;a&;tpGef;a&mufemZDygwDukd zGJ@pnf;cGifhr&Sdacs?

44 25
 (9) toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvESihf pyfvsO;f I jynfov l xl u
k om qH;k jzwfEikd &f ef vrf;zGiahf y;xm;
onf? jynfol vlxkrSzG@J pnf;aom aumfr&Sifrsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m tyfESif;&efjzpfonf? EdkifiHawmf.
(5) v$wfawmf (2) &yfpepfudk usifhoHk;+yD; txufv$wfawmfonf tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm;udk udk,fpm; &Hk;oHk;bmompum;tm; ArmpmESifh t*Fvdyfpmtjyif oufqdkif&mjynfe,frsm;wGifvnf; rdrdwdk@bmom
jyKI atmufv$wfawmfonf wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh pepfyifjzpfayonf? pum;ESifh pmayrsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkif&ef cGifhjyKxm;ayonf? EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifhywfowfI
(6) *smr%DEikd if .
H zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya't& w&m;pD&ifa&;udk tmrcHxm;onf? tjrifq
h ;kH zuf'&,f jyefvnfppd pfjcif;/ vufcjH cif;/ y,fzsujf cif;rsm;udk aumfr&Sizf @JG pnf;I qH;k jzwfomG ;&ef twdtus azmfjyxm;
w&m;&Hk;rsm;rS b¾ma&;/ vlr_a&;paomw&m;&Hk;rsm;udk e,fajra'otvdkuf tqifhqifhudk onf? “Oya'xufwGif rnfolrS r&Sdap&” qdkonfh qdk&dk;pum;ESifhtnD zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf
xlaxmifxm;+yD; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udkvnf; wduspGm jyÏmef;xm;onf? Edik if aH wmf. tjrifq
h ;kH Oya'jzpfa=umif;/ TzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tm; rnforl qdv k ukd ef m&rnfjzpfa=umif;
wduspGmazmfjyxm;onf?
(7) zGJ@pnf;yHkudk v$wfawmwpf&yfcsif;pDrS udk,fpm;vS,f (3) yHk (2) yHk. rJqENjzifh jyifqifEdkifonf?
jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm; jyefvnfowfrSwfjcif;udpPudkvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm; Oya'jyKa&; (10) zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifr_ESifhywfowfI jyifqifEdkifonfh yk'frrsm;/ jyifqifEdkifonfh
vkyfief;pOfY yg0ifonfhudpPudkvnf;aumif; xdcdkufapaomjyifqifajymif;vJcsufrsm;udk rjyKvkyf enf;emrsm;udk wdwu d sus azmfneG ;f xm;onf? jynfaxmifp. k trnfupd /P jynfe,frsm;. Edik if aH &;tm%m
udpP/ jynfaxmifpktcsKyftjcmtm%mudpP ponfh ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk Oya'jyKv$wf
&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf?
awmfwpfckpDrS udk,fpm;vS,f (3) yHk (2) yHkaxmufcHrSomv#if vlxkqEN cH,lyGrJ S axmufcHrx J uf0ufausmf
&&Sdap&rnf[kazmfjyxm;onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;r&SdaomudpPrsm;udk taumif
qGpfZmvef EdkfifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk avhvmjcif; txnfazmf&efvdktyfygu Oya'jyKvGwfawmfwpfckcsif;pDrS udk,fpm;vS,f tenf;qHk; (3) yHk (2) yHkESifh
jynfe,f tm;vH;k . vGwaf wmf (3) yHk (2) yHak xmufcrH u J kd &&S&d efvakd =umif; azmfjyxm;ayonf? jynfo@l u, kd f
pm;vS,frsm;u oabmrwlv#if twnfjyK qHk;jzwfI r&Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf? ppfwyfESifh vHk;0rywfowf
ay?
Ekid if H OD;ao#mif tcsKyftm;jzifq h adk omf etztpd;k &onf vmrnfah rv (10) &ufae@wiG f ‚wd@k . ppftm%m&Sif
orRw
pepfESifh ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk w&m;0if azmfaqmifusifhoHk;Edkifa&;twGuf vlxkqENcH,lI ‚wdk@pdwf}udKuf
a&;qGJxm;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHktm; rjzpfraeaxmufcHtwnfjyKatmif }udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdonf? Ttcsdefonf
jynfolESifh tm%m&SifvGefqyGJ GjJ zpfygonf? jynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdqENukdjywfjywfom;om; xkwfazmfcGifh&
tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; w&m;pD&ifa&; aom taumif;qkH;tcsdefvnf; jzpfonf?
(tvSnfhus)

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
txuf v$wfawmf atmuf v$wfawmf

tzG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm; jynfolvlxk

qGpfZmvefEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH o&kyfjyykH

qGpfZmvefEdkifiHonf jyifopfbk&if eydkvD,ef. udkvdkeDu|efb0rS vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemufydkif; jynf o l o m trd jynf o l o m tz

zG@J pnf;xlaxmifchJaom EdkifiHjzpfonf? pOD;ydkif;wGif tusKd;wl vHk+cKHa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmfapmfum;r_rsm;rS
umuG,fa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;tm;xdef;odrf;a&;/ jynfwGif; +idrf0yfydjym;a&;wdk@twGuf jynfaxmifaygif;pk
43
26
 (4) A[dkw&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh jynfe,fw&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J rsm;taejzifh wpfckESifhwpfck tjyeftvSef jynfaxmifpkpepfEdkifiHawmfjzpfonf? wyfaygif;pkyHkpHjzpfojzifh wpfjynfe,fESifh wpfjynfe,f EdkifiHa&;/
0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif; r&Sad p&ef vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf m%mrsm;udk wduspmG cGaJ 0xm;onf? w&m;&H;k csKyfukd w&m;ol pD;yGm;a&; wef;wlnDr_ r&Sdonfhtjyif +ydKifqdkifr_rsm;/ &efvdkr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJhojzifh aemufqHk; (1874) ckESpfwGif
}uD;csKyf(9)OD; jzifh zG@J pnf;&ef wdwdusus azmfnGef;xm;onf? xdk@tjyif w&m;ol}uD;rsm;. t&nftcsif; Edik if .
H tpd;k &pepf/ Edik if aH &;pepfukd ajymif;vJc+hJ yD; jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGv
J suf jynfe,f
rsm;ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfaygif;I ppfrSefaomjynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS a&G; aygif;pk jynfaxmifpktjzpf xlaxmifchJjcif;jzpfavonf?
aumuf w if a jr‡ m uf & ef azmf j yxm;onf ? ta&;ay:tajctaewG i f o mru rnf o nf h t ajctae
atmufwGifrqdk ppfom;r[kwfonfh t&yfom;rsm;tm; txl;ppfcHk;&Hk;jzifh w&m;pD&ifjcif;udk vHk;0rjyK&ef
ydwyf ifwm;qD;xm;onf? xdrk #ru zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_jzpfvmv#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/
tkycf sKyforl sm;u zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk csK;d azmuf vmv#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ zG@J pnf;yHyk g vl@tcGit hf a&; qG p f Z mvef E d k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'ud k a vh v mv#if
rsm;udk csKd ;azmufv#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tkycf sKyfa&; Xmetcsi;f csi;f =um;wGif tm%mcGaJ 0a&; jy\emrsm;
ay:ayguv f mv#iaf omfvnf;aumif; ajz&Si;f Edik &f ef zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'w&m;&H;k tm; oD;oef@ zG@J pnf;xm; (1) qGpfZmvefEdkifiHonf jynfaxmifpkpepfEdkifiHjzpfayonf?
ayonf? (2) orRwtpdk;&pepfjzpf+yD; tpdk;&udk atmufv$wfawmfrS zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf Oya'jyKv$wfawmfrS
(5) ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDpepfukd usio
hf ;kH ap&rnf[o
k m &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmfjyxm;onf? wpfygwD a&G;cs,fcef@tyfonf? orRw/ 'k- orRwtygt0if tpdk;&tzGJ@0if (7) OD;jzifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
pepfudk rusifhoHk;vdkjcif;jzpfa=umif; wduspGmazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? udk zGJ@pnf;I ‚if;wdk@rS tvSnfhustkyfcsKyfonfh pkaygif;tpdk;pepfudk usifhoHk;xm;onf? v$wfawmf
(2) &yfpepfudkusifhoHk;+yD; jynfe,frsm;&Sd udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tcsdK;nD udk,fpm;jyKpepfjzifh Oya'
(6) tcGifhta&;ESifhywfowfI vlwdkif;&,lumuG,fcHpm;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;/ EdkifiHom;ESifhom jyKv$wfawmfwGif yg0ifaponf? jynfe,frsm;udk v$wfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcGifh jyKxm;
oufqikd af om tcGit hf a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit
hf a&;rsm;/ usm;/ rwef;wla&;ESihf uav; onf? od@k aomf wpfjynfe,fEiS hf wpfjynfe,f ud, k pf m;vS,f a&G;cs,w
f ifajr‡mufypkH epf uGjJ ym;jcm;
oli,frsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk azmfaqmifay;rnfh aumfr&Sirf sm;udk zG@J pnf;cGiahf y;xm;jyD; vdt
k yfygu em;ayonf?
wdkifwef;Edkif&ef vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifuho J dk@aom aumfr&Sif (15) ckudkvnf; zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya't&
w&m;0ifzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef tmrcH a&;om;xm;onf? xdk@tjyif “tcs tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkrS (3) EdkifiHa&;pepfrSm a0yHkus'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh wdkuf&dkuf'Drdkua&pDudktajccH+yD; ygwDpHkpepfudk usifh
qif;oufap&rnf”qdkonfh 'Drdkua&pDtajccHrlt& jynfolvlxkwGif zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; a&;qG&J Hk oHk;xm;onf? jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;onfvnf; EdkifiHa&;wGif wdkuf&dkuf yg0ifywfowfcGifh&
omru/ raysmufysufatmif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efyg wm0ef&Sda=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? ppfwyfonf avonf?
trsm;jynfoluJhodk@yif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk av;pm;vdkufem&rnf[kvnf; jyÏmef;xm;onf? (4) vlwpfOD;csif;twGufomru vlenf;pkrsm;twGufyg tcGifhta&;t& wef;wlr_ay;xm;+yD; rnf
(7) ppfwyf.tcef;u¾ESifhywfowfI ppfwyfonf EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;twGufomjzpf r#yif vlenf;pkjzpfapumr_ EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
a=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyK&ef/ wyfrawmfudpPESifhywfowfI ppfa&; ppf&m/ &duQm/ Oya' t& tmrcHxm;onf?
vufeufrSefor#udk Oya'jyKv$wfawmfrS jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u qHk;jzwfoGm;&efESifh ppfwyftm; (5) qGpfZmvefEdkifiH. w&m;pD&ifa&;udk jynfaxmifpkw&m;&Hk;/ jynfaxmifpk jypfr_qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;
t&yfbuftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifxm;&Sd&ef azmfjyxm;ayonf? jynfaxmifpkwGif umuG,fa&;wyfrawmf ponfhzGJ@pnf;xm;onfhtjyif tzGJ@0ifjynfe,f(uefwHk)rsm;wGif vGwfvyfonfhw&m;&Hk;rsm;udk
&SdouJhodk@ jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf; jynfe,fvHk+cHKa&;wyfrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;cGifh/ tzGJ@0ifjynfe,ftvdkuf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcGifh ay;xm;avonf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfrS a&G;cs,f
jynfaxmifpw k yfrawmfwiG f ppfrx
_ rf;aqmifEikd cf iG w
hf @kd uv
kd nf; twdtusjyÏmef;xm;onf? ppftm%modr;f wifajr‡mufonf?
r_ rjzpfyGg;ap&efvnf; bufaygif;pHkrS umuG,fxm;onf?
(6) qGpfZmvefEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk EdkifiHawmfOya'jyKv$wfawmf&Sd v$wfawmfudk,fpm;
(8) Edik if aH wmf. ta&;ay:tajctaewGif orRwonf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyftaejzifh ppfwyfukd vS,frsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ rJqEN&Sif jynfolvlxkwpfodef;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;um tqdkjyK
trdef@ay;cGifh&Sdaomfvnf; TvkyfydkifcGifhudk (3) v xufydkI cGifhjyKrxm;ay? rnfonfhtajctaewGif Ivnf;aumif; jyifqifEdkifavonf? vlxkqENcH,lyGJjzifh twnfjyKonf?
ta&;ay:tajctaetjzpf a=unm&rnf? rnfo@kd twnfjyK&rnfukd wduspmG azmfjyxm;onf? tu,fI
ta&;ay:tajctaea=unm&ef rvdt k yfv#i/f vGwaf wmfrS rnfo@kd yiftwnfjyKygap w&m;&H;k rS rvdt
k yf[k
cdik v
f pkH mG ta=umif;jyI &kwo f rd ;f cGihf tm%mudv k nf; w&m;&H;k wGif ay;tyfxm;onf? ta&;ay:umvwGif
ppfcHk&Hk;jzifh pD&ifcGifhray;ay? vGwfvyfonfh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk tmrcHxm;avonf? &efrvdkI &efydkonf? &efvdkrS &efjydKrnf?

27
42
 w&k w f j ynf o l @ orR w Ed k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm; avh v mjcif ; wnfaqmuf&efpaomoabmwlnDcsufrsm;yg0ifavonf? tem*wfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;
tajccHrl (8) csuuf vkd nf; a&;qGcJ srw S u f m jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rl=urf;tm; (2005) ckEpS w f iG f
w&kwfEdkifiHonf urBmay:wGif vlOD;trsm;qHk;EdkifiHwpfckjzpf+yD; yx0Dtaetxm;rSmvnf; pwifa&;qGcJ ohJ nf (2008) ckEpS w
f iG f zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya' 'kw, d (rl=urf;)udk twnfjyKa&;qGEJ ikd cf ahJ vonf?
us,fjyef@vSonfudk awG@jrif&onf? odk@aomf w&kwfEdkifiHonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;pGmjzifh xdt
k ajccHOya'wGif tem*wfEikd if aH wmfopfw&yfwiG f 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;a&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wef;
wpfjynfaxmifpepfEdkifiHudk xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;xm;onf? xdkr#ru v$wfawmfwpf&yfpepf/ wpfygwDEdkifiHa&; wla&;twGuf &nfrSef;I a&;qGx J m;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ‚zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tem*wfwGif
pepfjzpf+yD; orRwOD;aqmifaomorRwtpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;avonf? Todk@ usifhoHk; taumiftxnf jynfovl x l w
k pf&yfv;kH rS twnfjyKrSomv#if usio hf ;kH &efjzpfonf? tu,fI twnfrjyKv#if ,if;zG@J pnf;yHk
azmf&jcif;rSmvnf; xdkEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;tajctae/ ordkif;aemufcHay: rlwnfjcif;jzpfa=umif; avhvmawG@&Sd tajccHOya'tm; usifhoHk;jcif; rjyK&efESifh topfjyefvnfa&;qG&J ef tm;vHk;oabmwl+yD; jzpfonf?
Edkifayonf?
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkbufrSa&;qGJaom
zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya' (rl = urf ; )tm; avh v mjcif ;
Ekid if H OD;ao#mif
orRw
(1) twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrSa&;qGJaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (rl=urf;). EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;
wnfaqmufyrkH mS ppfreS af omjynfaxmifpyk pkH jH zpfonf? A[dt k pd;k &tm; tm%muef@owfxm;aom pepfukd
usifhoHk;onfhtjyif jynfe,fa&m/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uyg usifhoHk;cGifh&Sdonfh xyfwljyKtm%m tnGef;
tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; w&m;pD&ifa&;
(tjrw
J rf;aumifp)D
udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ayonf? jynfaxmifpkudk tqifhtwef;wlaom ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u&if/ csif;/ Arm/
(Ekid if aH wmfaumifp)D
rGef/ &cdkifESifh &Srf; jynfe,f (8) ckESifh aemifjzpfay:vmrnfh tvm;tvm&Sdaom {&m0wDjynfe,fESifh
weoFm&Djynfe,f (2)ck/ pkpkaygif; (10) ckjzifh zG@J pnf;xm;onf? xdk@tjyif jynfe,fopfrsm;zG@J pnf;a&;ESifh
jynfolvlxk/ wkdif;/ c&kdif/ ukd,fykdif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm;zGJ@pnf;a&;twGufvnf; vrf;zGifhay;xm;onf? jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm; ud,k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu
hf kd tmrcHEikd of nfh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ud, k pf D &Sad ponf? wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pktoD;
oD;.tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udkvnf; vrf;zGifhay;xm;onf?
w&k w f j ynf o l @ orR w Ek d i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y k H o&k y f j yyk H
(2) twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrSa&;qGJaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (rl=urf;) . tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;
w&k w f j ynf o l @ orR w Ed k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'ud k avh v m=unf h r nf q d k v #if wnfaqmufyHkrSm ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;pepfESifh vdkufzufaom/ wdkif;&if;om; jynfolvlxktm;vHk;udk
udk,fpm;jyKEdkifonfh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;aqmifaom ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&pepfudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;
(1) w&kwfjynfolŒorRwEdkifiHonf wpfjynfaxmifpepfudk tajccHI zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? onf? EdkifiHOD;ao#mif (orRw) ae&mwGifvnf; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; udk,fpm;jyKI tvSnfhuswm0ef
uGefjrLepfygwD.OD;aqmifr_jzifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm;/ wdkif;rsm;ESihf c±kdifrsm;. jynfol@ xrf ; aqmif c G i f h & ap&ef pD r H x m;onf ? Ed k i f i H a wmf t a&;tay:tajctaeatmuf w G i f orR w tm;
nDvmcHEiS hf jynfo@l tpd;k &rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;avonf? tm%mudAk [drk cS sKyfuikd x f m;+yD; ppfaoemywdcsKyf&mxl;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk uef@owfcsufrsm;pGmjzifh ay;tyfxm;+yD; usefumvwGif
vlenf;pkrsm;aexdkifonfha'orsm;wGi a'oqdkif&mtvdkuf trsdK;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk orRwudk tcrf;tem;zGifhvSpfjcif;/ pmcsKyf/ pmwrf;rsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;ESifh oHwrefa&;qufoG,fjcif;
tqifhqifh taumiftxnfazmfcsrSwfxm;avonf? paom vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udkom ay;tyfxm;onf?

(2) a'oqdik &f m toD;oD;wGiv f nf; A[dt

k yk cf sKyfa&;&H;k rsm;ukd zGiv
hf pS x
f m;onf? Edik if aH wmf. tusK;d (3) v$wfawmf ESpf &yfpepfudkusifhoHk;xm;onf? v$wfawmfESpfckvHk;wGif ppfwyftm; yg0ifcGifh
pD;yGm;wpfckvkH;udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD; txuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS wm0efay;csrSwfaomvkyfief;wm0ef ray;xm;ay? txufv$wfawmfodk@ jynfaxmifpkwGif;yg0ifaom jynfe,frsm;rS wpfjynfe,fv#if (6)
t&yf&yfudk atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufap&ef wufwufºuGºuG aqmif±Guf&onf? OD;uspD apv$wfxm;onf? ,if;okd@ apv$wf&mwGif jynfe,fwpfckcsif;pDrS tenf;qHk;trsdK;orD; (30) &mcdkif
E_e;f yg0if&rnfrh t
l m; xnho
f iG ;f a&;qGx
J m;onf? od@k aomf xdo
k w
l @kd onf 'Dru
kd a&pDenf;us a&G;aumufyrJG sm;
(3) A[dkcsKyfudkifr_wif;=uyfaomfvnf; vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tcGifhta&;rsm; vGyfvyfr_&Sdonfudk tm; jzwfoef;&ef vkdtyfonf? atmufv$wfawmfwGif vlOD;a&uef@owfxm;r_r&Sday? tb,fa=umifhqdk
awG@jrif&onf? txuftqifh EdkifiHawmftzG@Jtpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& aomf wdkif;jynfwGif; vlOD;a&wdk;yGg;vmygu rJqENe,fowfrSwfcsufESifhtnD Oya'jyKudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
e,fajrrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ay;tyfxm;onf? wdk;yGm;vmrnfjzpfaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf? Oya'twnfjyKjcif;udpPrsm;wGif Oya'jyKv$wfawmf
txuftqifhtpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckrS csrSwfaomqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ trdef@rsm;ESifh n$ef=um; wpfckcsif;pDrS oabmwlnDcsuf (75) &mcdkifE_ef; rjynfhv#if twnfrjzpfay? Todk@jzihf 'Drdkua&pDvnf;us
csurf sm;onf trsK;d om;ud,k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf e,fajrrsm;.tajctaersm;ESihf udu
k n
f rD _ r&Sv
d #if ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfvnf;jzpfatmif a&;qGJxm;onf?

28 41
onft h csed w
f iG f orRwrS wdu
k &f u
kd t
f yk cf sKyfciG jhf yKxm;jcif;rSm rnfonf'h rD u
kd a&pD rnfonfh jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H
wGifr# rawG@zl;acs? xdk@a=umifh etz . tem*wfEdkifiHawmftopfrSm ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf
rjzpfEdkifay?
(9) etz. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv jyÏmef;csufrsm;udkvnf;
azmfjyrxm;ay? v$wfawmfac:,la&;ESifh =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyfrSwm0ef,l&efjzpf
ojzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv epfemcsufrsm;ukd rukpm;Edkifawmhay? &Hk;oHk;bmomtaejzifh Armpmudk
t"duxm;I jy\emjzpfv#ifvnf; Armpm/ Armpum;wckwnf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&efjyÏmef;xm;onfhtwGuf
tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;wdk@.pmay,Ofaus;r_azmfaqmifa&;rSm tvum;jzpfoGm;onf? EdkifiHwumpmcsKyf
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh ywfowfIvnf; rnfodk@r# &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday? ydkIqdk;0g;onfrSm zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk Edik if aH wmf. tjrifq
h ;kH Oya'[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;r[kwb
f /J zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'onf
Edik if aH wmf. tajccHOya'jzpfonf[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm etzppftm%m&Sirf sm;onf Edik if aH wmf.
zG@J pnf;yHkOya' txufwGif&Sdaernf[k oG,f0dkufI a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpf ayonf?
(10) etz. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tm; umuG,fxm;onfh/ jyifqif&ef
cufcJaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jzpfonf? ,if;zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif omrefudpPrsm;tm; jyKjyifv#if Oya'jyK
v$wfawmfESpfckvHk;. (75) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfrS twnfjyK&rnfjzpfonf? ta&;}uD;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
jyifqifrnfqdkygu Oya'jyKv$wfawmf (2) &yf&Sd udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk; axmufcH&rnfjzpfonf? xdkjyifqif
csufudk oabmwlnDcsuf rJ (75) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf&&Sd&rnfhtjyif jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,lyGrJ S axmufcHrJ
(50) ausmf axmufcH&rnfjzpfojzifh tu,fI etzzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tm; ,cktcsdefwGif axmufcH
vkduf+yD; aemufrS jyifqifrGrf;rHoGm;rnfqdkonfht}uHrSm rnfodk@r# atmifjrifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
twd k u f t cH t if t m;pk b uf r S zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajcH O ya' a&;qG J a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;
etzwdk@u tm%mwnfwHha&;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh }udK;pm;aeouJhodk@yif wzufYvnf; jynfol
vlxktygt0if twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;bufuvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepftm; tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;/
'Drdkua&pDta&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;wef;wla&;twGuf }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfvsuf&Sd
ayonf? (1988) ckESpf ta&;tcif;t+yD; 'Drdkua&pDESifh wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;wef;wla&;twGuf
jynf y a&muf t wd k u f t cH t if t m;pk w d k @ rS tem*wf E d k i f i H a wmf o pf w pf & yf w nf a qmuf a &;twG u f
vl w ef ; pm;aygif ; pH k y g0if a om tpnf ; ta0;rsm;/ ES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J r sm;/ nD v mcH r sm;ud k usif ; yI
oabmwlncD surf sm;udk pmcsKyf csKyfqckd ahJ vonf? txif&mS ;qH;k pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;rSm (1992) ckEpS f Zlvikd v
(31) &uf a e@wG i f csKyf q d k a om‘rme,f rme,f y avm oabmwl p mcsKyf ’ / (1997) ck E S p f Zef e 0g&D v
(14)&uf ae@wGif csKyfqdkcJhaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS ‘r,f r,foa&mxm oabmwl
pmcsKyf’/ (1998) ckESpf 'DZifbmv (14) &ufae@wGif csKyfqdkaom trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;
ES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J r S ol ; rG J u vd k ; oabmwl pmcsKyf r sm; jzpf o nf ? ,if ; wG i f r[mvl r sd K ;}uD ; 0g'ES i f h
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk twlwuG qef@usifwdkufzsufa&;/ ppfrSefaomtrsdK;om;nDvmcHudkac:,lusif;yI
jynfolvlxkoabmqENESifhtnD zGJ@pnf;yHka&;/ wdkif;&if;om;wdk@. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ wef;wla&;ESifh
'Drdkua&pD vltcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHay;a&;/ etz trsdK;om;nDvmcHESifhywfoufI todtrSwf
rjyKa&;ESifh qef@usifa&;/ oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@pHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ ppfrSefaom jynfe,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpk
40
‚if;a'o. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;onf txuftqifhtpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;odk@
tpD&ifcH/ twnfjyKcsuf&,l+yD; wpfpkHwpf&mjyifqif taumiftxnfazmfEdkifonf odk@r[kwf
taumiftxnfazmfr_udk &yfpJypfEdkifonf?
(4) tpkd;&tzGJ@ukd orRw/ 'korRwrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; EdkifiHawmfaumifpDonf tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif
tjrifqh ;kH jzpfonf? orRw/ 'korRwwd@k onf Oya'jyKv$waf wmf. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf Edik if aH wmf
aumifpD. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&onf?
(5) w&kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;pepfrSm qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:pepfjzpf+yD; wpfygwDpepfudk
usifhoHk;onfudk awG@&onf?
(6) vltcGifhta&;ESifhywfowfI trsKd;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm;. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;a'o&Sd trsKd;om;rsm;. udk,fydkifbmompum;udk vGwfvyfpGm
a&;om;ajymqdk tokH;jy&ef/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufap&ef tmrcH&onf? rdrdwdk@.udk,fydkif ±kd;&m"avhxkH;
wrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh trltusifhrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xdef;odrf;cGifhESifh jyKjyifajymif;vJcGifh&Sd
a&;udkvnf; tmrcH&onf? pdkufysdK;a&;/ arG;jrLa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; wkd;wuf
zGH@+zdK;a&;twGufvnf;aqmif&Guf&onf? vlenf;pktrsKd;om;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;onf?
(7) v$wfawmfwpf&yfpepfudkusifhoHk;xm;aomfvnf; a'oE W&Oya'jyKv$wfawmfrsm;udkvnf;
vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;cGifh ay;xm;onf?
(8) jynfol@w&m±kH;rsm;ESifh jynfol@Oya'±kH;rsm;udk a'oqdkif&mtvdkuf tqifhqifhxlaxmifxm;+yD;
‚if;wdk@onf tqifhwl jynfol@uGef*&ufrsm;ESifh t+rJwrf;aumfrwDrsm;udk wm0efcH&onf?
(9) zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk v$waf wmfrS tqdw k ifoiG ;f v#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ atmufvw $ af wmfrS
ig;yHwk pfyt kH qdw
k ifoiG ;f v#iaf omfvnf;aumif; jyifqifEikd +f yD; Oya'jyKv$waf wmfrS ud,
k pf m;vS,f
trsm;pk.rJ&v#if twnfjyKusifhoHk;Edkifonf?
jyif o pf E k d i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'ud k a vh v mjcif ;
f jyifopfEikd if .
H vuf&zdS @JG pnf;yHu
k kd 1958 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGif a&;qGt J wnfjyK usio hf ;kH cJjh cif;
jzpfonf? pwkwWorRwEdkifiH.zGJ@pnf;yHkudk tpm;xdk;jyifqifa&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (2007) ESpfwGif (18)
}udrfajrmufjyifqifcJhavonf? jyifopfEdkifiH. ordkif;usOf;udkavhvm=unfhrnfqdkv#if 'kwd,urBmppf
umv jyifopfvufatmufwGif taemuftmz&du/ tif'dkcsdKif;em;ESifh t,f*sD&D;,m;udkvdkeD &SdcJhonf?
t,f*sD;&D;,m;udkvdkeDonf jyifopftrsm;pkaexdkif&ma'owpfckjzpf+yD; ,if;a'owGiftrsm;pkaexdkifol
jyifopfrsm;yifv#if jyifopfEikd if . H rS cGx
J u
G vf =kd uI/ wcsKd @u vufatmufct H jzpf aevd=k uonf? xdjk y\em
a=umifh jyifopfppfwyfrS t=urf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f &ef qEN&=dS uaomtkypf rk sm; cGx J u G cf jhJ cif;a=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;
jzpfymG ;cJo
h nf? xdt
k csed w f iG f “&Sm;'Da*g ”qdok nfh Edik if aH &;orm;onf tpd;k &.vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk &yfqikd ;f
apum zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifcdkif;cJhavonf? jyifqifxm;aomzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; (1958)
29
ckESpf/ pufwifbm 28 &ufwGif wpfjynfvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh jynfol@qENcH,lyGJusif;yItwnfjyKap&m tay:wGif rlwnfaeonfudk awG@jrifEdkifygonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tm; w&m;0ifjyKjcif;rSm xif&Sm;ayonf?
jynfov l x
l k (79 'or 2) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f axmufco
H jzifh atmufwb
kd mvwGif twnfjyK usio
hf ;kH Edik cf ahJ vonf?
(4) etz zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. w&m;&Hk;rsm;zGJ@pnf;yHk/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;cef@tyfyHk/ w&m;pD&ifyHk
wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHaom vGwfvyfonfh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf rjzpfEdkifonfudk
Ekid if H OD;ao#mif
awG@&Sd&onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf w&m;&Hk;csKyfwGif w&m;ol}uD;csKyf (7) OD;rS (11) OD;xdxm;&Sdrnf[k
orRw
azmfjyxm;+yD; xkdw&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk ppfwyfESifhoufqdkifaomxdyfydkif;yk*~dKvfrsm;rS a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&rnf
tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; jzpfonfth jyif ta&;ay:tajctaeY t&yfom;rsm;udv k nf; ppfc&kH ;kH rsm;jzifh w&m;pD&ifciG jhf yK xm;onfrmS
w&m;pD&ifa&;
(orRw š 0ef}u;D csKyf) 'Drdkua&pDESifh vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudkxdcdkufaponf?

(5) EdkifiHa&;pepfESifhywfowfI ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD[kqdkxm;aomfvnf; wyfrawmfrS EdkifiHa&;udk

tpOfwpdu k f OD;aqmifrnf[q k o kd jzifh ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pD rjzpfvmEdik af y? xd@k tjyif etztajccHrEl iS hf zG@J pnf;
txuf atmuf yHktajccHOya'wGif pnf;urf;&Sdaom'Drdkua&[kvnf; azmfjyxm;ao;onf? Tae&mY pnf;urf;onf
0ef}u;D csKyfEiS hf v$wfawmf v$wfawmf tuef@towfjzpfonf? pnf;urf;&Sdatmif ‚wdk@uxdef;odrf;&rnf[kqdkxm;ojzifh wpfwkdif;jynfvHk;udk
0ef}uD;rsm;
ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfrnf[k oG,f0dkufa=unmxm;jcif; jzpfayonf?
jynfov
l x
l k (6) etz zG@J pnf;yHtk ajccHOya'wGif Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;qdik &f mtcGit
hf a&;rsm;tm; rsm;pGma&;
om;azmfjyxm;onfukd awG@&onf? od@k aomf Edik if o H m;wd@k onf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'tm; umuG,&f efxuf
jyifopfEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH o&kyfjyykH
vdkufemapmifhxdef;&efom wm0ef&Sda=umif;ESifh wyfrawmfrS umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef wm0efudk ay;xm;
ojzifh Tt,ltqrSm'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh qef@usifbufjzpfonf? trSefpifppf zGJ@pnf;yHk
jyif o pf E d k i f i H . zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm; avh v m=unf h v #if tajccHOya'tm; vdkufem&rnfhwm0efrSm ppfwyfESifh tpdk;&omjzpf+yD; umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnfh
wm0efrSm jynfolvlxkomjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif/ vmbfpm;r_wdkufzsufa&;aumfr&Sifrsm;/
(1) jyifopfEdkifiHonf A[dkcsKyfudkifr_toifhtwifh&Sdaom wpfjynfaxmifEdkifiHawmfjzpfavonf? usm;/ r wef;wlnDr#a&;aumfr&SifuhJodk@aom aumfr&Sifrsm;udkvnf; zG@J pnf;cGifhray;xm;ojzifh EdkifiHawmf
(2) jyifopfEdkifiH. tpdk;&pepfonf pwkwWajrmuforRwEdkifiHtcsdefu 0ef}uD;csKyfpepf jzpfaomf tpd;k & wd@k rS tcGit
hf a&;csKd ; azgujf cif;jyKv#if jynfov l x
l t
k aejzifh rnfo@kd r# umuG,af y;Edik rf nf r[kwaf y?
vnf; (1958) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif orRwESifh0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@yg0ifaom ESpfoG,fa&maESm xdk@a=umifh etz. zG@J pnf;yHkyg tcGifhta&;rsm;onf twkta,mifrsm; omjzpfa=umif;/ jynfoltusdK;
tpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;cJhavonf? tpydkif;umvwGif orRwudk orRwa&G;aumufa&;tzGJ@rS twGufa&;qGJxm;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHkr[kwfbJ ‚wdk@tusdK;twGufoma&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfa=umif; ay:vGif
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaomfvnf; (1962) ckESpfwGif 'Da*gu vlxkrSwdkuf&dkuf a&G;aumu apygonf?
wifajr‡mufoifhaomtqdk wifoGif;cJh&mrS a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifrS twnfjyKcsufjzifh (1960)
aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif orRwtm; vlxkrSwdkuf&dkufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonfhpepftm; (7) etz zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'wGif umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfonf tjcm;vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;
toHk;jyKcJhavonf? orRwudk (5) ESpf wpf}udrfa&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&avonf? rJtrsm;qHk; tm;vHk;ukdvnf; csKyfudkif&rnf? ppfwyfonf EdkifiHa&;udkOD;aqmif&rnf? wyfrawmfudpPtm; orRw
pepfjzifh tEdkif&oltm; orRwtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=u&onf? rnfolwpfOD; wpf tygt0if rnfolr# 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sd[kvnf; jyÏmef;xm;onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm;
a,mufr# tEdkifrJ r&&Sdygu rJtrsm;qHk;&&SdolESpfOD;rS 'kwd,t}udrf qufvuf,SOf+ydKifap+yD; rysupf ;D aatmifumuG,&f efEiS hf vdtk yfv#if ppfwyfrS wdik ;f jynf.tm%mudk w&m;0iford ;f cGihf tcGit
hf m%m
,if;rS tEdkif&olomv#if orRwjzpfydkifcGifh&Sdavonf? EdkifiHawmf.pDrHcef@cGJa&;udk wdkuf&dkufudkif tyfESif;xm;ao;onf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tm;qef@usifv#if w&m;r0ifaomenf;jzifh jyefvnf tkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;
wG,fI aqmif&Guf&avonf? orRwwGif vufeufudkifwyfrsm;tm; trdef@ay;cGifh/ vlxkqEN yif jzpfayonf?
ac:,lyidk cf iG t
hf m%m/ 0ef}uD;csKyftm; Ekwx
f u
G &f efawmif;qdck iG Ehf iS hf atmufvw
$ af wmfukd zsuo
f rd ;f (8) ta&;ay:tajctaewGif orRwonf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftm; tm%mvGJtyfI
Edkifonfhtm%m&Sdayonf? EdkifiHawmfta&;ay:tajctaewGifvnf; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;pGm tcsdeftwdkif;twmr&Sd xdef;odrf;cGifhudkay;xm;onf? rnfonfhtajctaeonf ta&;ay:tajctae
&Sdavonf? orRwonf w&m;pD&ifa&;vGwfvyfr_udk tmrcHay;&onf? jzpfonfudk wdwdususa&;qGJ azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday? jynfe,f/ wdkif;rsm;wGif qlylr_jzpfI tkyfcsKyfr&awmh

30 39
ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdtm;ay;um jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuGJa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;
nDnGwfr_ r+ydKuGaJ &;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/ ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf ay:xGef;a&;/
EdkifiHawmfwGif w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ wef;wlnDr#r_paom avmuygvw&m;rsm; xGef;um;a&;ESifh
tem*wfEikd if aH wmf. trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;wGif wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifonft
h cef;ru¾rS yg0ifa&;/ wdik ;f &if;
om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;qdkonfh OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfESifh zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGiftajccH&rnfh
rl (104) csuftm; ‚wdk@pdwf}udKufa&;qGJ csrSwfch=J uonf? (15) ESpfvHk;vHk; tcsdefqGI
J a&;qGcJ srSwfchaJ om
etzzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; avhvm=unfhrnfqdkv#if
(1) etzzG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'. EdkifiHz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufyHkrSm jynfaxmifpk[k trnfwyfxm;
aomfvnf; A[dck sKyfuikd rf j_ yif;xefaom wpfjynfaxmifpepfomjzpfonf? jynfe,fEiS hf wdik ;f a'o}uD;rsm;wGif
oD;oef@z@JG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya' r&Sad y? jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;ESihf 0ef}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; oufqikd &f mvlxrk S a&G;cs,f
cef@tyfjcif; r[kwfay? A[dktpdk;&rS a&G;cs,fcef@tyfolrsm;om jzpfavonf? A[dkESifh jynfe,f tpdk;&wdk@
t=um; wduspGm tm%mcGaJ 0xm;r_vnf; r&SdbJ A[dktpdk;&.cGifhjyKcsuf &&SdrSom vkyfydkifcGifh&&Sd=urnfjzpf
onf? vdktyfcsuft& jynfe,fopfrsm; zG@J pnf;a&;udkvnf; vHk;0ydwfyif xm;onf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
toD;oD;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udv k nf; tmrcHxm;jcif;r&Sb d J omrefr#om azmfjyxm;ayonf? tcsKyfqadk omf
,ckz@GJ pnf;yHkonf (1974) zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh oHu/JG a=umif;wlomjzpfa=umif;udk awG@&ayonf?
(2) tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkwGif orRwOD;aqmifaomtpdk;&pepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;
orRwtm; vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mrsm;pGm tyfEiS ;f xm;onfukd awG@&onf? orRwtm;a&G;cs,cf ef@tyf&mwGif
orRwvkyfrnfholonf ppftawG@t}uHK&Sd&rnfholjzpfojzifh rnfonfhygwDudkr# udk,fpm;jyKjcif;r[kwfbJ
ppfwyfrSom jzpfjzpfojzifh etzajymonfh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDum; vHk;0jzpfrvmEdkifay? xdk@tjyif umuG,f
a&;OD;pD;csKyfrS umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;ESifh e,fpyfvHk+cHKa&;0ef}uD;rsm;udk rnfol@oabmwlnD
csufrSrvdkbJ wdkuf&dkufcef@tyfxm;Edkifonfqdkonfhtcsufrsm;rSm ppftkyfcsKyfr_yHkpHtm; w&m;0ifjzpfa&;
twGuf twdrf;tapmif;r&Sd a&;qGx J m;jcif; jzpfonf?
(3) etz zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif Oya'jyKv$wfawmfudk v$wfawmf (2) &yfpepfjzifh zG@J pnf;
xm;onf? txufv$wfawmfodk@ wpfjynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,f (12) OD;us apv$wfrnfqdkv#if etz.
zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya't& txufv$wfawmfwGif udk,fpm;vS,f (224) OD;&SdoGm;onfhteuf (56) OD;rSm
ppfom;rsm;jzpfaeonf? xdk (56) OD;rSm 'Drdkua&pDenf;us jynfol@qENjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;r[kwfbJ
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jzpfayonf? xdkodk@yif atmufv$wfawmfwGif
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (440) OD;&Srd nft
h euf (110)OD; rSmvnf; umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfrS a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡muf
vdu k af omppfom;rsm;jzpfaeonf? tqd;k 0g;qH;k rSm Edik if aH wmf.udp&P yfrsm;udk twnfjyK/ rjyK qH;k jzwfrcJ &JG mY
Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpfckaygif;rJ (75) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfrS twnfjyK&efvdktyfonf[k jyÏmef;xm;ojzifhf v$wf
awmf trwf (100) wGifppfom; (25) &mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifaeonfh v$wfawmfwGif ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. tusdK;
pD;yGg;ESifhqef@usifI jynfol@tusdK;udk a&SŒ&_aom rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd csrSwfEdkifygrnfenf;?
Tonfudkaxmuf&_aomf EkdifiHwpfckvHk;ESifhoufqkdifaom Oya'jyKa&;onf ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
38
(3) orRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fcef@tyf&onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;udk
atmufv$wfawmfrS jzKwfcsEkdifjyefonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk }uD;=uyf
aqmif&Guf&avonf? tpkd;&tzGJ@udk 0ef}uD;csKyfrS OD;aqmif&+yD; v$wfawmfudk wm0efcH&onf?
(4) jyifopfEdkifiHonf v$wfawmfESpf&yfpepfudk usifhoHk;aomEdkifiHjzpfonf? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
jynfolvlxkrS rJqENe,ftvdkuf wdkuf&dkufrJay;pepfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf?
txufv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@rS a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
onf? atmufv$wfawmfudk omrefrJtrsm;pkpepfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?
(5) Oya'a&SŒarSmufwGif vlwdkif; wef;wljcif;/ vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_ r&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/
awG;awmcGifh/ udk;uG,fydkifcGifhpaomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf? tpdk;onf
jynfolvlxktay: wm0efcHr_&Sd&onf?
(6) w&m;a&;wGif w&m;rESifh &mZ0wfqdkif&mw&m;&Hk;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom w&m;&Hk;/
zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'ESio
hf ufqikd af om w&m;&H;k / b¾ma&;ESio
hf ufqikd af omw&m;&H;k / tpd;k &ESihf
jynfolwdk@=um; jzpfyGm;aomjypfr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;onfh w&m;&Hk;rsm;[lI tydkif; (5) ydkif;
owfrSwfI zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk orRwESifh txufv$wfawmf/ atmuf
v$wfawmf OuUX ESpfa,mufrS a&G;cs,fI (9) ESpf oufwrf;tm; tmrcH&onf?
(7) jyifopfEikd if .
H zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk jyifqif&mwGif vlxq
k ENc,
H yl EJG iS hf jyifEikd o
f uJo
h @kd orRw.
oabmwlnDcsufjzifh v$wfawmfu jyifEdkifonf? v$wfawmf (2) &yfvHk;rS tqdkwifoGif;&onf?
vlxkqENcH,lI omrefrJ trsm;pk&v#if twnfjzpfonf? v$wfawmfESpf&yfaygif; ig;yHkoHk;yHk
axmufcH&onf?
&k&SEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udkavh vmjcif;
yxrurBmppf'%fa=umifh (1917) wGif Zmbk&if. &k&mS ;tifyg,m+ydKusc&hJ +yD; vDeifO;D aqmifaom
uGefjrLepfrsm;u jynfwGif;ppfqifEGJI tm%m&,lcJh=uonf? (1922) wGif vDeifOD;aqmifaom uGefjrLepf
rsm;onf ,cifZmbk&ifvufxufu &k&Sm;tifyg,mvufatmuf&Sd e,fajrrsm;udk pkpnf;um qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpkudk xlaxmifvdkuf=uonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkukd vlrsdK;tajccHaom qdkAD,uf qdk&S,fvpf
orRwEdkifiH (15) EdkifiHjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? qDkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm jynfaxmifpkyHkpH jzpfaomf
vnf; &k&Sm;orRwEdkifiHrSm tjcm;orRwEdkifiHrsm;.pkpkaygif;xuf yx0Dtus,ft0ef;/ vlOD;a&t&yg ydkrdk
}uD;rm;onfjzpf&m ywf0ef;usif orRwEdkifiHrsm;ay: v$rf;rdk;r_rsm;&SdcJhonf? pwmvifvufxuf (1924-
1953) wGif A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ txGwftxdyf a&mufcJhonf?
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif pwmvifonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk taemufwdkif;ESifh tquf
toG,f jzwfawmufxm;cJhonf? qdkAD,uf&Sd *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;udk t}uD;tus,fzdESdyfcJhonf? jynfaxmifpk.
31
tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm; ay:wGiv
f nf; wif;=uyfaom A[dt
k yk cf sKyfa&;pepfjzifh csKyfuikd x
f m;cJo
h nf? c&l;&Szv
f ufxuf axmufcrH jJ zpfatmifvrd n f mcJ+h yD; rJay;cGi&hf o
dS t
l m;vH;k . (90) &mckid Ef e_ ;f axmufcaH =umif; a=unm twnf
(1954-1964) wGif jyKvkyfcJhaom jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;rSmvnf; ‚if;udkqufcHonfh b&ufZfnuf (1964- ðycJhonf? vlxkESifhtajccHOya'onf wdkuf&kdufywfoufonfrSefaomfvnf; vlxkrSm avhvmcGifh/ tjrif
1982)ESifh aemufydkif;orRwrsm;u jyefvnf jyifqifypfcJhonf? (1985) wGif tm%m&vmaom zvS,cf iG /hf tajccHOya'tm; us,u f s,jf yefjh yefh aqG;aEG;cGi/hf a0zef t}uHjyKcGiphf aom Edik if aH &; t&yg0ifaqmif
orRwa*:bmacsmhAfonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.zGJ@pnf;yHkudk t}uD;tus,f jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifcJhonf? &GufcGifh r&&SdchJ=uay? ,if;zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya't& wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf. v$rf;rdk;r_atmufY e*dk&SdchJ
odk@aomf A[dkxdef;csKyfr_udk vGefuJpGmusifhoHk;cJhaom qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.pD;yGg;a&;taqmufttHkrSm aom wdkif;&if;om;wef;wla&;rSm vHk;0aysmufuG,foGm;&onfhtjyif jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;vnf; 'Drdku
pufr_acwfvGefumv.zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;udk vdkufrSDatmif}udK;pm;&if; wjznf;jznf; usqif;vmcJh onf? a&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&H_;cJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh (1988) ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk ay:ayguf
Todk@jzifh tpdk;&tzGJ@. =oZmtm%musqif;vmum jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifrsm;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf cGifhESifh vm+yD; wpfygwDtm%m&SifpepfESifhtwl TzGJ@pnf;yHkvnf; csKyf+idrf;cJh&onf?
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf? (1991) wGif orRw,Jhvfqifonf ,lu&def;ESifh bDvm&kpf xd@k a=umifh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif jynfov l x l u
k yg0ifa&;qGcJ iG &hf &efrmS tvGet f a&;
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh yl;wGJI qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk zsufodrf;a=umif; a=unmcJhonf? jynfaxmif }uD;vSayonf? tajccH vlxk. oabmxm; qENrSeftm; xif[yfazmfjya&;om;xm;jcif;r&Sdaom
pk+ydKuGJcsdefupI &k&Sm;orRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm t}udrf}udrf tajymif;tvJ&SdcJhonf? 1993 ckESpfrSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyÏmef;usifhoHk;rnfqdkv#if vl@tcGifhta&;udk vspfvsL&_I 'Drdkua&pD
usiphf Of tajccHrsm;udk jiif;y,fonfh oabmoufa&mufojzifh a&&Snw f nfwhH cdik +f rJ&ef jzpfEikd rf nfr[kwaf y?
orRw,Jhvfqif.wGef;tm;jzifh Oya'jyKv$wfawmfu zGJ@pnf;yHktopf jyÏmef;vdkufonf? TzGJ@pnf;yHkt&
jynfwGif;ppfESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGrJ sm;udk qufvufjzpfyGg;apOD;rnfjzpfonf? jynfolvlxk
&k&Sm;orRwEdkifiHonf =oZm}uD;rm;aomorRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk usifhoHk;vmcJhonf?
trsm;pk. yg0ifywfoufr_jzifh a&;qGaJ omzG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSomv#if jynfol@qENudk tav;xm;&m
a&muf+yD; jynfol@tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHay;Edkifrnfjzpfonfhtjyif “tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfol
vlxx k rH S qif;ouf&rnf” qdo k nfh acwfopf'rD u kd a&pD Edik if aH &;tbd"rRmudv k nf; yDjyifpmG az:aqmifEikd rf nf
jzpfayonf? tu,fI jynfo@l qENt& jynfou l ,
kd w f ikd af &;qGaJ om zG@J pnf;yHk r[kwb f /J tkycf sKyforl sm;u
pdwfwdkif;usa&;qGaJ om zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfv#if jynfolvlxktwGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f
ay;aomzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&wdk@. tusdK;twGufom jzpfayrnf?
vuf & S d t k y f p k d ; aeaom etz ppf t m%m&S i f r sm;onf ‚wd k @ . tm%mwnf + rJ a &;ES i f h
Ekid if OH ;D ao#mif udk,fusdK;pD;yGg;jzpfxGef;a&;twGuf a0ae,smowW0gwdk@ csrf;omudk,fpdwf+rJzdk@ arwWmydk@qkawmif;aom
orRw &[ef;oHCmrsm;udkyif ouFef;c|wfI axmifoGif;tusOf;cszdk@/ r[kwfrrSef vkyf}uHpGyfpI JG n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufzdk@
0efrav;onfukd (2007) pufwifbmwGif ay:aygucf o hJ nfh a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;u tckid t f rmoufao
jycJh+yD; jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI ,ck etztpdk;&u twnfjyKzdk@vkyfaeonfh zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk rdrdwdk@
tk y f c sKyf a &; w&m;pD&ifa&; jynfov l x l wk pf&yfv;kH taejzifh tcsed rf DS rwm;qD;Edik cf v hJ #if wpfwidk ;f jynfv;kH ,cif ae0if;vufxuf (1974)
Oya'jyKa&;
t}uD;tuJ tjrifq h ;Hk w&m;&k;H / ck tajctaexuf ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;aom Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGg;a&;eSihf trsKd ;om;a&;qdik &f m t=uyf twnf;rsm;ESihf
zG@J pnf;ykw
H &m;&k;H &if q d k i f & rnf r S m ajr}uD ; vuf c wf r vG J a y? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf ae0if ; onf wd k i f ; jynf t m;
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh tkyfcsKyfaeaomfvnf; ppf0wfpHktm; r0wf&JcJhay? ,ck etzppftm%m&Sifwkd@um;
ppf0wfpHk0wfvsuf wpfwkdif;jynfvHk;tm; ajymifajymifwif;wif; u|efZmwfoGif;zdk@ vkyfaqmifvsuf &Sd=u
0ef}uD;rsm; txufv$wfawmf atmuf v$wfawmf ayonf? jynfol@qEN[kqdkum ppfwyfudk EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfcGifhay;rnfh zG@J pnf;yHkudk w&m;0iftwnfjyK+yD; w&m;
r0ifaomtpkd;&ukd w&m;0ifaomtpkd;&jzpfatmif jyifqif}uHpnf vsuf&Sdonf?

etzzG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'tm;avh v mjcif ;

jynfolvlxk
(1993) ckESpfwGif zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qG&J eftwGuf trsdK;om;nDvmcHtm; usif;ycJhonf?
xdknDvmcHwGif jynfolvlxkrSa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufaom jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taejzifh
&k&SEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH o&kyfjyykH vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkaqG;aEG; a0zefydkifcGifh/ tjrifcsif;zvS,fydkifcGifhr&Sdojzifh (1990) wGif tEdkif&onfh
trsdK;om;rdkua&pDtzG@J csKyfonf nDvmcHrS EkwfxGufchJonf? etzonf nDvmcHwGif usef&pfonhf tjcm;

32 37
cJhonf? EdkifiHwumu a0zefvmaomtcg rsufESmajAmifwdkuf vdrfvnfum EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajryHk (7) (1) &k&SEdkifiHonf vlrsdK;udktajccHI zGJ@pnf;aom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfonf?
csuftm; xkwfjyefa=unmvsuf (1996) ckESpf/ rwfv (3) &yfae@u &yfem;xm;onfh nDvmcHtm;
jyefvnfusif;ycJhonf? Todk@jzifh ppftpdk;&wdk@onf trsdK;om;nDvmcHtm; rdrdwdk@pdwf}udKuf &yfem;vdkuf (2) orRwESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfESpfoG,faygif;pyf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonf? orRwudk jynfol
jyef p vd k u f j yKvk y f c J h o nf r S m (11) }ud r f w d k i f & S d c J h a vonf ? ,ae@tcsd e f w G i f ppf t pd k ; &onf ‚wd k @ vlxrk S wdu
k &f u kd f a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfukd Oya'jyKv$waf wmf. oabm
pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fcef@tyfxm;onfh (54) OD;aumfrwDrS a&;qGJxm;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHk ta+cHOya'wpf&yftm; wlncD sujf zifh orRwrScef@tyfonf? orRwtm; atmufvw $ af wmfrS txufvw $ af wmfwiG f
vmrnfharv (10) &uf ae@wGif vlxkqENcH,lyGJjzifh twnfjyK&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdayonf? w&m;pGq J Ekd ikd o
f nf? xdo k @kd pGq
J Ekd ikd &f ef OD;pGmyxr zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'&H;k . twnfjyKcsuuf kd
ordkif;a=umif;t& ArmjynfwGif (1947) ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh &,l&onf? xdk@aemuf atmufv$wfawmfrS txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@vsufppfaq;+yD;
(1974) ckESpf jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpforRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'[lI zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH udk,fpm;vS,f (3) yHk (2) yHk. axmufcHcsufjzifh txufv$wfawmfodk@ wifoGif;&onf?
Oya' ESpf&yfay:aygufcho J nf? (1947) tajccHOya'tm; v$wfawmfrS pDppftwnfjyKcJh+yD; (1974) tajccH txufv$wfawmfu (3) vtwGif; rwHk@jyefv#if tr_udkyvyf&onf? ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;
Oya'tm; vlxkqENcH,lyGJjzifh twnfjyKcJh&m rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol jynfolvlxk. (90) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfu a=umifh vpfvyfoGm;aom orRwae&mudk 0ef=uD;csKyfu ,m,DqufcHEdkifonf? odk@aomf
(3) vtwGif; orRwa&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&onf? orRw.atmufwGif 'korRw[lI
axmufcHtwnfjyKcJhonf[kqdkonf? vuf&SdArmjynfwGif etzppftm%m&Sifwdk@a&;qGJaom zGJ@pnf;
r&Sday? orRwtaejzihf ta=umif;wpfpHkwpf&ma=umifh wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkifjcif; &Sd/ r&Sdudk
yHt
k ajccHOya'ESihf twdu k tf cH 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufraS &;qGaJ omzG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[lI zG@J pnf;yHk
ppfaq;zdk@ vkyfxHk;/ vkyfenf;rsm;vnf; jyXmef;rxm;ay? &k&Sm;orRw.tm%monf Oya'
tajccHOya' (2) &yfvnf;&Sdayonf? zG@J pnf;yHktm;vkH;onf rwluGjJ ym;aomaemufcHorkdif;a=umif;/ rwl
jyKv$wfawmf. tm%mxuf us,fjyef@onfh oabmudkaqmifonf?
uGJjym;aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh ay:aygufvmcJhonfukd avhvmawG@&SdEdkifonf? etza&;qGJxm;aom
zGJ@pnf;ykHESifh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;a&;qGJxm;aomzGJ@pnf;ykHtm; ravhvmrSD ,cifArmjynfwGif (3) &k & S m ;Ed k i f i H . Ed k i f i H a &;pepf r S m ygwD p k H ' D r d k u a&pD pepf j zpf o nf ? Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;ud k
usifhokH;cJhaomzGJ@pnf;ykHrsm;ukd tenf;i,fod&Sdxm;&efvkdtyfayonf? Oya't&tmrcHxm;onf?
(1947) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufvm&onfrSm vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;pOfumvtwGif; (4) Edik if aH wmftqifw
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u oabmwlcsKyfqdkaom yifvHk h iG f tkycf sKyfa&;/ &mZ0wfrE_ iS hf w&m;rr_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f ay;onfh w&m;&H;k csKyf/
pmcsKyfay:tajccHvsuf wkid ;f &if;om;wef;wlnrD #r_ tajccHraS eI ay:ayguv f m&jcif;jzpfonf? zqyvacgi;f pD;yGm;a&;jy\emuJo h @kd aom jy\em;rsm;udk udak jz&Si;f ay;&eftwGuf zseaf jza&;w&m;&H;k ESihf
aqmifrsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af cgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;ESihf ynm&Sirf sm;yg0ifonfh (111) OD;aumfrwDrS zGJ@pnf;yHkeSifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&m;&Hk;[lI (3) rsdK;&Sdonf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk orRwu
y%mrnDvmcHwGif tcsdefwdktwGif;aqG;aEG; t}uHjyKcsufrsm;ESifh a&;qGcJ hJjcif;jzpfonf? jyifqifcsdef enf;yg; tqkdwifoGif;+yD; txuf v$wfawmfu twnfjyKcef@tyfonf? jynfe,fESifh c&dkiftqifh
onfhtjyif +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS vGwfvyfa&;ESifh tm%mvGJajymif;a&;rSm t"duxm;I a&;qGJtwnf w&m;&Hk;rsm;udk orRwrsm;u wdkuf&dkufcef@ tyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf? w&m;a&;0ef=uD;u a'oE W&
jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf? aemufrSvdktyfovdk jyKjyifrGrf;rH&ef &nf&G,fcho J nf? (1947) ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' ESifh +rdK@e,fw&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk cef@tyf&onf? vufawG@wGif EdkifiHawmftqifhatmuf
onf tcsed w f akd wmif;vSojzifh avhvmr_/ jyifqifr/_ oabmxm;tjrifcsi;f tjyef tvSef ndE‡ ikd ;f r_/ us,jf yef@ w&m;&H;k rsm;&Sd w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk wdik ;f a'o}uD;rsm;&Sd tr_aqmift&m&Srd sm;uom a&G;cs,f
pGmvlxyk g0ifywfoufr/_ vlxo k abmxm;cH,rl w _ @kd tm;enf;cJo h nfh tjyif vufawG@t& wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k cef@tyfavh&Sd=uonf? vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf rnfolr#0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh
.wef;wltcGit hf a&;udk Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ t&azmfaqmifay;csurf sm;/ tmrcHcsuf r&Sdap&ef zGJ@pnf;yHkjzifh tmrcHxm;onf?
rsm; ryg&cdS ohJ nft h wGuf ,if;tcGit hf a&;ESihf cHpm;ydik cf iG w hf @kd tm; &&Sad p&ef wdu k yf 0JG ifvmcJ=h uojzifh jynfwiG ;f (5) Edik if o
H m;wd@k . tcGit
hf a&;ESiyhf wfowfI wpfO;D csi;f touf&iS o
f efyikd cf iG rhf t
S p use;f rma&;/
ppfukd avmifu|r;f apcJo h nf? tusKd ;quftm;jzifh (1962) ckEpS w f iG f ppfwyfrt S m%modr;f vku d af oma=umifh ynma&;/ vlr_a&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;udk tmrcHay;xm;onf?
(14) ESpf=umzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf qdk; atmufY aysmufysufoGm;cJhonf?
(1974) zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHya'ay:ayguv f myko H nf (1947) zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ay:ayguv f myHEk iS hf (6) zG@J pnf;yHkudk enf;vrf;(2) oG,fjzifh jyifqifEdkifonf? yxrenf;rSm zGpJ nf;yHkjyifqifa&;tzG@J
EdkifiHa&;aemufcHordkif;a=umif;t& rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;vSayonf? (1974) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf zG@J pnf;um ,if;tzG@J . rJqEN (3) yHk (2)yHkjzifh rl=urf;a&;qGjJ yD; vlxkqENcHyo JG dk@ wufa&muf
ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif; tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@rS pdwf}udKufa&;qGaJ omzG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfonf? oltm;vHk;. rJqENxuf0ufausmfjzifh twnfjyKjcif;jzpfonf? 'kwd,enf;rSm txuf
aqG;aEG;nd‡Edkif;zvS,f&ef tcsdefrsm;pGm&SdchJonf? odk@aomf rqvppftm%m&Sifwdk@onf jynfolvlxktusdK;
v$wfawmf. rJqEN (4) yHk (3)yHk/ atmufv$wfawmf. rJqEN (3) yHk (2) yHk/ jynfe,fv$wfawmf
xuf rdrdwdk@tkyfpkaumif;pm;a&;twGufom tm&HkpdkufcJh=uonf? vlwpfpkaumif;pm;a&;/ wpfygwD/
wpftkyfpkaumif;pm;a&;udk w&m;0ifjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifchJjcif;omjzpfavonf? (1974) ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHk pkpkaygif;. rJqEN (3) yHk (2) yHk jzifh jyifqif jcif;jzpfonf? zG@J pnf;yHkyg jyÏmef;csufrsm;tvdkuf
tajccHOya'tm; (1973) ckESpfwGif [efjy jynfvkH;u|wfnDvmcHusif;yI vlxkuay;aom uef@uGufru J kd toHk;jyK&rnfhenf;emudk zG@J pnf;yHkwGif &Sif;vif;pGm jyÏmef;xm;onf?

36 33
 rnfonfEh ikd if . H zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wGirf qdk ppfwyfEiS yhf wfowfI Armjynfuo hJ @kd OD;pm;ay;
xm;jcif;/ tcGix hf ;l cHay;xm jcif;rsKd ;udk rawG@&ay? ,ciftif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if o H nfyifv#if ppfwyfrS Edik if aH &;tcef;
u¾wGif yg0ifaejcif;udk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJvdkuf+yDjzpfonf?
tm%m&SiEf ikd if rH sm;rSty 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf w&m;Oya'xGe;f um;aomEdik if rH sm;wGif ppfwyfonf
t&yfom;tpdk;vufatmufwGif&Sdygonf? ppfwyfonf tcGifhxl;cHr[kwfay? jynfolwdk@. touftdk;
tdrpf nf;pdrEf iS hf wdik ;f jynftm; usL;ausmpf pfcif;vmrnfh wdik ;f wpfyg;&efrS umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&efjzpfonf?
odk@aomf ,ae@tcsdefwGif Armjynf. jynfol@0efxrf; ppfAkdvfrsm;onf tcGifhxl;cHrsm;jzpfaeonf? v$wf
awmftygt0if tjcm;ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom wdkif;jynf.tpdk;&,E W&m;xJwGifyg0ifcGifhudk awmif;qdk
ae+yD; rjzpf jzpfonfhenf;jzifh &,l&ef}udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdonf? TonfrSm 'Drdkua&pDudkqef@usif+yD; jynfol
onf t"duxuf ppfwyfonft"dut,ltqudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf?
ppfwyf.tcef;u¾ESifhywfowfI ,Ofaus;r_uGJjym;+yD; rwlnDonfh vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifonfh
EdkifiHwdk@wGif ppfwyf.vkyfydkifcGifhESifh tcGifhtm%mrsm;udk uef@owf&ef ydkIta&;}uD;ayonf? tb,f
a=umifq h akd omf xdo k @kd aomEdik if rH sm;wGif Edik if aH &;t& jy\em r=umc% jzpfavhjzpfx&So d jzifh ppfwyfonf
EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fokd@ tvG,fwul0ifa&muf Akdvfuscs,fvS,fum wkdif;jynf'kuQa&muf&wwfaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? ,ckArmjynfwGif ppfwyfonf tm%modrf;tpkd;&rS w&m;0iftpkd;& xkdrSwzef zGJ@pnf;ykHt&
wufvmaomppfwyftpkd;&qkd+yD; awmif;qkdvsuf&Sdonf? w&m;r0iftpkd;&jzpfaepOfrSm onfr# &ufpuf
=urf;=uKwfzdESdyfv#if w&m;0iftpkd;&jzpfoGm;v#if rnfr#xd qkd;vmrnfukd rawG;0Hhp&myif? xkda=umifh
jynfow l pf&yfv;Hk ppfusG eb f 0rSvw G af jrmufa&;/ ppfwyfonf ppfwyfae&mukd jyefomG ;a&;twGuf jynfol
tm;vkH;wGif wm0ef&Sdayonf?
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH.zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkonfrSm tpdk;&.vkyfydkifcGifh tm%m
rsm;udk uefŒowfxm;_yD; EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;onfh
ud&d,mwpfck jzpfonfhtjyif jynfolŒwdkŒrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aom jynfolŒ
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uom a&;qGJcGifh&dSonfh Oya' jzpfonf?
34
tcef ; (4)
ppftkyfpkESifh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;.
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;}udK;yrf;csufrsm;
etz. zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O yaa&;qG J a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf
(1988) ckESpfwGif ay:aygufcJhaom 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHka=umifh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf csKyf
+idrf;oGm;cJhaaomfvnf; pufwifbm (18) wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apmarmifOD;pD;+yD; xyfqifhtm%modrf;ydkufr_
jzpfyGg;cJhavonf? odk@aomf (1988) ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk t&Sdeft[kefESifh jynfol@wkd@. jyif;jyaom
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;a=umifh “a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;&if wef;vsm;jyefrnf”qdkaom ‚. uwdu0wft& (1990)
ckEpS w f iG f ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyt JG m; usi;f yay;cJ&h onf? od@k aomf a&G;aumufyrJG usi;f yrSD
wpfESpfcef@rS}udKwifI 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh xifay:ausmf=um;aom EdkifiHa&;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;cJah vonf? a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ypOfu Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;eSihf ppfAvkd cf sKyf
rsm;onf ‚wdk@. jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv)udk ezl;pnf;ajymif;xm;aom wdkif;&if;om;pnf;
vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD (wpn) udk yGJxkwfI tEdkif,lrnf[k tm;cJxm;aomfvnf; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzG@J csKyf/ &Sr;f trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf tjcm;twdu k t f cH Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;u
tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonf? xkda=umifh rSef;csufESifh ESrf;xGufrukduf jzpfcJhaom ppfAkdvfwpfpkonf (90)
a&G;aumufyGJu wifajr‡mufvdkufaom jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;rjyKbJ
(90) a&G;aumufyGJonf ‚wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;I zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJrnfholrsm;udkom a&G;cs,fjcif;
jzpfonf[k Aavmif;AvJajymqdkcJhum trdef@a=ujimpmtrSwf (1§90) xkwfjyefvsuf jynfolwpf&yfvHk;.
qENudk rsufuG,fjyKcJh=uonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrSacgif;aqmif trsm;tjym;udk zrf;qD;xdef;
odrf;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf ,SOfòydifjcif;rðy=uonfh EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ESifh
tEkdif&ygwDrsm;ukdvnf; trdef@(1§90) jzihf zsufodrf;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;tcif;}uD;ESifh
'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh vSnfhpm;+zdKcGJ&if; (1992) ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
tem;,lomG ;cJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif tem;,l+yD;aemuf wufvmaom Adv k cf sKyfoef;a&$onf (1993)
ck E S p f w G i f zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'a&;qG J & ef q d k + yD ; trsd K ;om;nD v mcH u d k usif ; yapcJ h o nf ? od k @ aomf
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkESifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm;onf ppftpdk;& usif;yay;aomnDvmcHonf twkta,mif
nDvmcHjzpfaoma=umifh nDvmcHudk ausmcdkif;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf tm%mief;&l;xaeaom etztpdk;
&onf OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfESifh tao;pdyftajccH&rnfh rl (104) csuftm; ‚wd@k qENjzifhjyÏmef;um jynfol@
qENESifh EdkifiHwumrS a0zeft}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk OayuQmjyKvsuf rajympavmufaom jynfol@udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;jzifh twkta,mifnDvmcHudk em;vdkuf/ jyefpvdkufjzifh t}udrf}udrfusif;ycJh=uonf? (5§96)
uJhodk@aom Oya'rsm;udk xkwfjyefa=unmI jynfolvlxk. ylaygif;yg0ifywfowfr_udkvnf; uef@owfcJh
onf? twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;/ vkyf}uHowfjzwf
r_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? txl;ojzifh (2003) ckESpf ar (30) wGif trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ppfudkif;wdkif;/ 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒe,fwGif pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;pOfwGif
axmifwGif;rS &mZ0wfom;rsm;/ vl&rf;um;rsm;jzifh touf tE W&m,fudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyf}uH
35