Layout HA Burmese

ae.
pOfwGufwm rSwfp&m
usef;rma&;twGuf edk;aqmfcsuf
trSwf 2 Zlvikd f 2006/ Volume 2 July 2006
layout HA Burmese.pmd 1 7/28/2006, 1:50 PM

ae@pOfwu
G w
f m rSwpf &m
2 w&m;r0ifonfh vlom; [lIr&Sd

use;f rma&;twGuf ed;k aqmfcsuf
rufyaf zgifa';&Si;f onf rnfonfv

h yk if ef;rsm;
aqmif&Gufaeygoenf;
,ae@umv xdik ;f Edik if w H iG f tJe*f st
D tkd zG@J (tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzG@J tpnf;) ajrmufrsm;pGm tajcpdu k v
f y_ &f mS ;ae=u
ygonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;tusKd ;ðyvkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G af e=uaom xdt k zG@J tpnf;wd@k onf vlxpk m;0wfaexdik rf b _ 0ESiv hf rl _
todkif;t0ef;ydkrdkzGH@ðzd;wdk;wufaumif;rGefvma&;wdk@udkyg taxmuftulðyvsuf&Sd=uygonf? tcsdK@tJef*sDtdktzGJ@rsm;onf
obm0 ygw0f ef;usiaf &;&mudp&P yfrsm;wGi‚ f / tcsKd @rSm'Dru kd a&pDz@HG ðzd;a&;wd;k wufjr‡iwhf ifa&; udp&P yfrsm;wGi‚
f v_y&f mS ;
aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sd=u+yD; tcsdK@tzGJ@rsm;onf vlxk.tem*gwfb0tmrcHcsufcdkifrma&; taxmuftuljzpfap&efa&S;&_I
vHkavmufaom0if aiG &&Sdonfh tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ulnDEkdifa&;twGuf a'ocHvl@todkif;t0kdif;rsm;ESifh
vufwv JG yk u
f ikd af e=uygonf? rufyaf zgiaf ';&Si;f onfvnf; jrefrmEdik if rH S a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;. b0a&;&mudp&P yfrsm;
twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&Sdaom tJef*sDtdktzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfygonf?
,ae@vuf&t dS csed w
f iG f xdik ;f Edik if t
H wGi;f Y jrefrmEkid if o
H m; a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;OD;a& wpfoef;cGaJ usmf a&muf&adS e
xk d i f t vk y f v k y f u d k i f a e=uonf [ k cef @ rS e f ; &ygonf ? jref r mEd k i f i H r S w d k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sd K ;pk r sm; trsm;pk y g0if a om
rufyaf zgiaf ';&Si;f vkyf ief;tzG@J om;rsm;onf xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;qdik &f m owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk
vuf v S r f ; rS D o r# aumuf , l p k a qmif ; I a&$ @ ajymif ; tvk y f o rm;rsm;.b0wd k ; wuf j r‡ i f h w if a &;vk y f i ef ; ud k
óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf? xdktvkyform;rsm;twGuf&nf&G,fI oufqkdif&mudpP&yfrsm;wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
todynmay;Edkif&ef vufurf;pm apmif rsm; ydkpwmrsm; uufqufacG pD'DacGrsm; pmapmifr*~Zif;rsm;udkrjywf
pDpOfxkwfvkyfjzef@csDay; vsuf&Sdygonf? xdk@tjyify nmay;tpDtpOfrsm;udktufzftrfa&'D,dkvd_if;rSvnf;toHv$ifh
vsuf&Sdygonf? ynmay;vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif atmufyg udpP&yfrsm;yg0ifygonf?
♦ tvkyform;tcGifhta&; (tvkyform;pnf;rsOf;ESifhOya'rsm;)
♦ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; (vdifwef;wlnDr#a&; ESifhrsdK;yGm;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;)
♦ a&$@ajymif;jcif; rl0g' ESifh a&G@ajymif;vkyfom;rsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
♦ usef;rma&;qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm; (tdyfcsftdkifAGD§attdkif'Dtufpf/yÉdoaE<wm;aq;tokH;ðyjcif; ESifhvkyfief;cGifvkH
ðcH &;ESiu hf se;f rma&;
♦ ynma&; rl0g'rsm; (ouf}uD;ydkif;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;tygt0if)
tu,fI oifh (a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;) taejzifh rufyaf zgiaf ';&Si;f rSxw k v

f yk af om ynmay;pmapmifrsm; wdwaf cG
pD'aD cGrsm; &,lvv kd siaf omf‚/ ynmay;a&'D,t kd pDtpOf xkwv f i$ chf sed f tcsed Zf ,m; rsm;od&v dS v
kd siaf omf‚rufy&f ;kH ESiq
hf uf
oG,Ef ikd yf gonf? tqdyk g pmapmifrsm; wdwaf cG pD'aD cGrsm; a&'D,kd tpDtpOfrsm;udk zwf&_ em;qif+yD;aemuf rufyt f ae
jzifth em*gww f iG f ydrk akd umif;rGeaf omtpDtpOfrsm; pDpOfaqmif&uG Ef ikd &f eftwGuf oif.xifjrifcsuf a0zeft}uðH ycsurf sm;udk
rufyf&Hk;odk@ay;ydk@jyef=um;ay;apvdkygonf?
a&$@ajymif;vkyof m;rsm;rnfo@kd óu;pm;&ke;f uefae=u&+yD; rnfr#cufcyJ ifyrf;I rnfr#tvkyrf sm;=uonfuu kd |Efyk wf @kd
rufyfazgifa';&Sif;rSem;vnfygonf? u|Efkyfwdk@onf oifwdk@ESifhyHkrSefawG@qHkcGifh &&efvnf;ar#mfvifhygonf?avmavmq,f
tm;jzifhoifwdk@xJrSwcsdK@ESifhtcgtm;avsmfpGmawG@qHkIESD;aESmaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;usif;yum oifwdk@ESifhywf oufonfhta=umif;
t&mjy\emrsm; txl;ojzifh trsKd ;orD; a&;&mudp&P yfrsm; tvkyo f rm;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f mudp&P yfrsm; ponfw@kd ut kd jyef
tvSet f jrifcsi;f zvS,af jymqdEk ikd cf =hJ uygonf? xd@k jyif rufyaf zgiaf ';&Si;f taejzifh a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf ta&;ay:
udp&P yfrsm;wGiw f wftm;or# tultnDay;aeygonf? aq;&Hak q;cef;rsm;wGif pum;jyefay;jcif;/ vdt k yfovdt k axmuft
ulðyay;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfay;aeygonf? rufyf&Hk;odk@ zkef;qufygu odk@r[kwf vma&mufqufoG,fygurnf onfhjy\emt
a=umif;t&mtao;tzGyJ ifjzpfapumrlu|Eykf w f @kd taejzifh oifw@kd uu kd n l &D eftwwfEikd qf ;kH óu;pm;aqmif&u G v
f su&f ydS gonf?
w&m;r0ifonfh vlom; [lIr&Sd 3

ae@pOfwu
G w
f m rSwpf &m
xd@k jyif jrefrmEdik if w

H iG af exdik cf =hJ u&pOfY‚/ xdik ;f Edik if w
H iG ;f rScD akd exdik v
f yk u
f ikd =f u&mwGi‚ f a&$@ajymif;vkyf om;rsm;Y
b0jy\emtcuftcJaygi;f rsm;pGm &ifqikd cf =hJ u &ifqikd af e=u&qJ jzpfonfukd u|Eykf w f @kd ojd rifygonf? xdrk #omruu|Eykf w
f @kd .
tjcm;odjrifawG@ñuHcsufwpf&yfrSm rnfonfhae&mwGif rnfodk@yiftcuftcJ&Sdaeapumrl b0wlvlom;tcsif;csif;wOD;
udkwOD;&dkif;yif;ulnD=ujcif;jzifh aoG;pnf;cdkifrm a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;vl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;tjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf &kef;uef
d m=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? rufyaf zgiaf ';&Si;f onf a&$@ajymif;vkyo
touf&iS Ef ikd pf rG ;f &Sv f m;rsm;udk apwemtjynfjh zifh axmufyhH
ulnDa&;Y 0rf;ajrmufaysmf&$ifpGm yg0ifxrf;aqmifvdkaomqEN&Sdygonf? b0wl a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;todkif;t0dkif;rsm; t
=um; tjyeftvSefqufoG,fay;jcif;jzifh u|Efkyfwdk@tm;vHk;onf tcuftcJjy\emrsm;udk twlwuG r#a0zvS,f odjrif
Edkifvm=urnfjzpf+yD; xdkb0tcuftcJtajctaersm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&kef;uef ausmfv$m;Edkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf;
tcsif;csif;xHrS avhvmoif,loGm;Edkif=urnfjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh u|Eykf w

f @kd tm; rufy&f ;kH rSwqifh t+rq
J ufo,
G rf _ jyKEdik yf gonf? u|Eykf w
f @kd onf a&$@ajymif;vkyo
f m;rsm;jzpf
ouJo h @kd oifw@kd onfvnf;a&$@ajymif;vkyo f m;rsm;yifjzpf=uojzifh b0wlrsm;yifjzpfonf? b0wlrsm;tcsi;f csi;f wOD;udw k OD;
,dik ;f yif;ulnED ikd =f uap&ef tquftoG,rf jywfygapESi?hf

rm wd um
ed'gef; pmrsufESm
use;f rma&;ta=umif; odrw

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f ;kH jzwfyikd cf iG ?hf 8
aq;0g;opfrsm; prf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif;Y u|Eykf w

f @kd .yg0ifr_ 12
vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rSo

D ;kH pGEJ ikd cf iG ?hf 14
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&; jy\emrsm;? 19
use;f rma&;tmrcHta=umif; odaumif;p&mrsm;? 23
vdit
f =urf;zufrc_ &H ol trsKd ;orD;ESihf
cav;oli,frsm;tm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;tzG@J ? 25

ae@pOfwu
G w
f m rSwpf &m
usef;rma&;ta=umif;
odrwS zf ,G &f mrsm;
jcif;/ rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;rsm;jym;jcif;/ usrf;rma&;t
usef; rma&; [lonf aq;0g;ukor_ aq;0g;aomufo;kH r_
aq;&Hk aq;cef;rsm; aq;q&m0ef olemjyKq&mr axmuftulðyywf0ef;usiftodkif;t0dkif;Y aexdkif&jcif;
rsm;ESiEhf ;DS EG,yf wfoufaom ta=umif;t&momjzpfonf[k ponfw@kd jzpfonf? cE<mud, k f qd&k mY cE<mud, k tf ay: jzpfysuf
vltrsm;u xifrSwfem;vnfae=uonf? trSeftm;jzifhrl oufa&mufrr_ sm;yg yg0ifonf? ud, k cf E<m usr;f rma&;twGuf
use;f rma&;udk *&kwpdu k f umuG,af pmifah &Smufjcif;onf r rdrdudk,fwdkif apmifha&Smufwnfaqmufjcif;/ udk,fcE<mab;
use;f rrmjzpfIukojcif;xuf ydrk t kd a&;}u;D ygonf? use;f rm tE &W m,fuif;a&;twGuf aexdik pf m;aomuf&mwGi‚ f t
a&;ta=umif; OD;wnfpOf;pm;&v#ifusef;rma&;umuG,f vkyv f yk u f ikd &f mwGi‚ f ab;uif;vHðk cHr&_ adS prnfh vdt k yfcsuf
apmifah &SmufrE_ iS hf aq;0g;ukor_ ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udk twlwuG t rsm;tumtuG,frsm;&,loHk;pGJjcif;/ Oyrm tvkyfvkyfpOf
av;xm;I wòyifwnf; tm;ay;jri‡ w hf if aqmif&uG o f mG ;&ef ab;uif;tumtuG,f ypPn;f ud&, d mrsm;toH;k ðyjcif;/ armf
vdtk yfygonf? use;f rma&;umuG,af pmifah &SmufrY_ tao; awmfqikd u f ,fp;D eif; pOf OD;xkyrf maqmif;jcif;/ um;armif;pOf
pdyv f yk if ef;rsm;pGmyg0if+y;D tvGeu f s,jf yef@ygonf? &kyyf ikd ;f qdik f ab;uif;cg;ywfywfxm;jcif; wd@k yg0ifonf? xd@k tjyif tvkyf
&m pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&; umuG,af pmifah &Smufr_ vkyif ef; vkyu f ikd yf pkH epfEiS hf ypPn;f ud&,d mrsm;oHpk yJG ekH nf;vrf;rSeuf efap
rsm;/ vlw@kd . aexdik f pm;aomufr"_ avh vkyif ef;vkyu f ikd yf ekH nf; &efavhvmoif,lI vufawG@toHk;ðyjcif;/ Oyrm xdkifcHkt
vrf; ,Ofaus;r_x;kH wrf;"avh vlra_ &;tusiphf &du k f tp&So d nfh aetxm;rSeu f efr_ tav;tyifr&mwGif enf;vrf;rSeu f efr_
vlr0_ ef;usit f odik ;f t0dik ;f tajccH ðyjyifajymif;vJrv_ yk if ef;rsm;/ &SdrSom udk,fcE<mxdcdkuf'%fjzpfr_ udkufcJanmif;nmr_uif;
use;f rma&;qdik &f m obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&; vkyif ef; &Si;f Edik rf nfjzpfonf?
rsm;/ use;f rma&;qdik &f mynmay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;/ ud, k v f uf
v_y&f mS ;um,avhusirhf _ tm;upm;v_y&f mS ;r_ tm;ay;jrêihf wif pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m csr;f ajrjh cif; jynfph rkH _ qd&k mY pdww
f nf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ tcsif;csif;cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;r_ t=urf;zufr_ +ird af t;csr;f r_ aysm&f i$ wf ufºur_&jdS cif;/ oem;=uifemcspcf ifw, G f
a&Smif&mS ;a&; pdw"f gwjf yKjyifa&; pnf;&H;k vH@_ aqmfrv _ yk if ef;rsm;/ wmr_&jdS cif;/ tvStytEkynmxdawG@cpH m;r_jrwfE;kd cHrk ifr&_ dS
wd@k wiG f wOD;csi;f aomf‚rdom;pkvu dk af omf‚ vrf;tvdu k f
aomf‚ &yfuGuftvdkufaomf‚ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif;
aexdik o f w l ikd ;f oabmayguef m;vnfI us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=ujcif;tm;jzifh vlwdkif;usef;rmoef
pGr;f aprnfh vlwidk ;f .b0 om,mcsr;f ajrah prnfh tajccHuse;f
rma&;tusdK;aus;Zl;udk vufawG@cHpm;&&SdEdkif=urnfjzpfyg
onf?
Edik if wH umqdik &f m urBmh use;f rma&; tzG@J tpnf;
wck. tqdt k & “Health is complete physical, mental,
social, and spiritual well being” [kjzpfonf? t"dyg` ,f
zGi&hf vsif “ use;f rma&;[lonfrmS &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pdwyf ikd ;f qdik f
&m vlra_ &;qdik &f m ESihf pdwcf sr;f ajrhjcif; jynfph rkH y_ ifjzpfonf”
[kqv kd ykd gonf?
&kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m csr;f ajr@jcif; jynfph rkH _ qd&k mY cE<mud,
k f
}u@H cikd o
f efprG ;f jcif; tiftm;jynfòh z;jcif;/oGuv f ufcsucf smvef;
qef;jcif;/ usr;f rma&; aumif;rGejf cif; pD;yGm;a&;awmifh wif;
jcif;/ypPn;f OpPmvdak vao;r&Sjd zpfjcif;/ ab;tE &W m,fuif;&Si;f

jcif;/ owd0&d , d opPm orm"dynm&Sjd cif;/ pdwaf epdwx f m;jynfh trsm;aumif;usKd ;twGuf pnf;urf;pepfwus aqmif&u G rf _
0jcif;wd@k jzpf+y;D wud, k af umif;pdw"f mwfavsmh enf;uif;pif&ef &Sjd cif;wd@k yifjzpfonf? vlra_ &;qdik &f m csr;f ajrjh cif; jynfph rkH t _
vnf;vdt k yfygonf? wud, k af umif;pdw"f mwf&adS evsif pdwf wGuf vlra_ &;aumif;usKd ; OD;wnfaqmif&u G &f efrmS oufqikd f
csr;f ajrhjcif; r&&SEd ikd af y? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf rdrad exdik &f m &mvlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f . wm0efjzpfonf? wdo k @kd aqmif&u G &f m
todik ;f t0dik ;f &Sd vlwikd ;f pdwcf sr;f ajrjh cif;jynfph =kH uapa&;twGuf wGif vlwef;pm;ra&G; vlrsKd ;ra&G; touft&G,rf a&G; usm;§r
tcsi;f csi;f ulnaD pmifah &Smuf=u&ef vlwikd ;f yg0ify;l aygi;f aqmif ra&G; bmomra&G; vlwidk ;f yg0ifapEdik +f y;D vlwidk ;f twGuf jzpf&
&Gu=f u&ef vdt k yfaoma=umifjh zpfonf? Oyrm todik ;f t0dik ;f ygrnf? vlwikd ;f .b0 csr;f ajrph mG &Sio f efaexdik o f mG ;a&;twGuf
twGi;f qd;k oGr;f aomif;use;f aer_rsm;/ tusiyhf supf &du k rf sm; use;f rma&;onf tajccHtusq;kH jzpfay&m vlwikd ;f wGif use;f
uif;pifyaysmufa&; tcsi;f csi;f pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;roifrh jrwfjzpf rma&;qdik &f myHyh ;kd ulnrD _ taxmuftyHu h muG,af pmifh a&Smuf
aer_rsm; ajz&Si;f a&;wd@k wiG f vlwidk ;f .yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ &Sd r_rsm;udk cHpm;ydik cf iG hf tcGit
hf vrf;ud,k pf &D &SEd ikd af p&ef txl;t
rjzpfvt kd yfygonf? vlwOD;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;qdik &f m pdwu f se;f rm a&;}u;D ygonf? vlra_ &; wef;wlnrD #r_ w&m;r#wr_ &Sad om
a&;jy\emjzpfaom pdwn f pf!;l aemufusjd cif; pdwyf ifyef;!_;d vl@todu k tf ðrwH ckwiG f ,if;todik ;f t0if;wGi;f &Sv d w
l ikd ;f onf
EGr;f jcif;/ pdwuf ek cf rf;OyuQmpdw&f v dS mjcif; pdwzf pd ;D aomujzpf at; at;csr;f csr;f use;f use;f rmrmjzifh twlwuG aexdik f oGm;
jcif;/ pdwfwif;rmav;vHjcif;wdk@udkrludk,fwkdifðyjyifwnf Edik =f urnf jzpfygonf?
aqmufEdkifygonf? tvkyfwpfckckudkaumufvkyfjcif; vrf;
xGuaf v#mufjcif;/ bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm; od@k omG ;a&muf jcif;/ pdwcf sr;f ajr@jcif; jynfph rkH _ qd&k mY aumif;r_uo k v kd ðf y
rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;xH oGm;a&mufvnf ywfjcif;wdk@jzifh &jcif;/ rdrw d efz;kd xm;onfh rufarmzG,&f mqkvm'fwckck vuf
pdwt f ajymif; tvJjzpfIpdwaf jyaysmufr&_ v dS mEdik yf gonf? cH&&Sjd cif;/ cspcf if=uifemoem; arwWmxm;r_ *&k%mxm;r_ wd@k
udck , H &l &Sjd cif; a=umifh pdwcf sr;f ajrhjcif; [k qdEk ikd yf gonf? pdwf
vlra_ &;qdik &f m csr;f ajrjh cif; jynfph rkH _ qd&k mY vltrsm; csr;f ajrjh cif;onf yk*Kd~ vfa&;&m wud, k af umif;qefjcif;ESiv hf nf;
twlwuG aumif;rGepf mG aexdik Ef ikd jf cif;/ rdom;pkwiG ;f t&m&m vH;k 0rywfoufay? pdwcf sr;f ajrjh cif;onf vlom;wOD;wGif
csr;f ajrjh ynfph jkH cif;/ &yf&mG twGi;f pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf &_ jdS cif;/ vlr_ udavom w%Sm wd@k rS vGw+f ird ;f uif;&Si;f vmEdik cf sed w f iG f ay:
todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f wef;wlnrD #r_ w&m;r#wr_ +ird 0f yfyjd ym; ayguf vmonfh pdw0f n d mOfqikd &f m aumif;usKd ;csr;f omwrsKd ;
at;csr;f r_ &Sjd cif;/ jynfo@l tajcðy vlra_ &;todu k t
f ðrHtjzpf [kvnf;qdEk ikd yf gonf? avmbuif;ojzifh pdw&f iS ;f oef@vw G f
vyfr_ a&mif&h w J if;wdrrf _ &Svd m+y;D aexdik pf m;aomuf r_b0oef@
pif&;kd om;vmonf/ 0rf;ajrmuf auseyfz, G &f maumif;aom
pdwcf sr;f ajrrh _ tppftrSeu f kd ydik q
f ikd &f &Sv
d m+y;D ud, k pf w
d Ef pS jf zm
use;f rma&; vnf;jynfph v kH monf? vlrt _ odu k t f +rHKwGi;f &Sd
vltrsm;wd@k wiG f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom bmoma&;t,l0g' t&
pdw0f n d mOfqikd &f m em;vnf,=kH unfrt _ ydik ;f wGivf nf; wlnD
=urnfr[kwaf y? xd@k a=umifh pdwcf sr;f ajrh jcif; jynfph rkH _ &&Sad eol
wOD;OD;onf ‚. bmoma&;t,l0g'cH,cl suaf =umifah vm/
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onf xdak &G;cs,q f ;kH jzwfyikd cf iG rhf sKd ; tjynft
h 0r&&SEd ikd =f uao;
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h sif tjypfwifc&H jcif; cGjJ cm;ESrd hf csquf
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trsdK;orD;wdkif;twGuf tvGefcufcJaumif; cufcJrnfjzpf uav;onf wpHw k OD;tay: cspcf ifpw d f ,H=k unfpw d f xm;&Sd
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abmifavmuxJo@kd rar#mv f ifb
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a&SmufaxmufyrhH r_ sm; xdu k o f ifph mG &&Scd pH m;Edik af p&ef tcGit hf
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arG;pm;rdbudk oifu, kd wf ikd &f mS azGawG@&cdS hJ v#ix f akd rG;pm; rdb
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pifIpdwcf s&aomenf;vrf;ESiu hf &d ,
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w&m;r0ifay? od@k aomfvnf; tcsKd @aomtajct aersm;wGif
od@k aomfvnf; w&m;0ifu, kd 0f efzsucf sciG rhf &Sad om c|i;f csut f m;jzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm; ud, k 0f efzsucf sciG hf w&m;0if
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ajrmufrsm;pGm,lI wdww f cd;k ud,
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vGeyf if ab;tE &W m,frsm;vSygonf? tcsKd @ a'guw f m&rf;uk &Sv
d ykd gu rufyaf zgiaf ';&Si;f od@k r[kwf oifEiS ehf ;D pyf&m rdom;
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trsdK;om;oHk;uGef'Hk; trsdK;orD;oHk;uGef'Hk;
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r#toHk;rðybJvdifqufqHr_ðycJhrdygu 3&uftwGif;trsdK;
orD ; u ta&;ay:oaE< w m;aq;

(,mcGef;(rf)urfEGufcsL@csdef) udkaomuf&ef vdkygonf?

odk@r[kwf 5 &uftwGif; tjcm;oaE<wm;aq;trsdK;t
pm;wrsdK;rsdK;udk aomufyg?
ta&;ay:oaE<wm;aq;

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urfEGufcsL@csdef)udk xdkif;EdkifiHwGif;&Sd aq;qdkifwdkif;wGif0,f
,l&&SEd ikd yf gonf? ta&;ay:oaE<wm;aq; wrsKd ;rSmydpk wDaem
(Postinor) jzpfygonf? od@k aomf tjcm;trsKd ;tpm;rsm;vnf;
&S&d m aq;0g;a&mif;ol§aq;0g;u|r;f usio f xl aH r;jref;Edik yf gonf?
xd@k jyifaq;aomufenf;t!$e;f tao;pdyu f ykd g ar;jref;&efvkd
ygrnf? aq;wpHv k sif bwf100 xuf ydrk ay;&yg? tao;pdyyf rkd kd
od&v dS v
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G af r;jref;pHpk rf;Edik yf gonf?

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oenf;? wduk af u|;prf;oyfppfaq;jcif;jyKrnf? aq;0g;yrm% tcsKd ;t
qrnfr#ukd ab;uif;pdwcf spmG oH;k pGEJ idk af =umif; od&EdS ikd af p&ef
vloHk;aq;0g;rsm;udk aq;qdkifrsm;Ya&mif;cscGifhrðyrD
jzpfonf?
wGif ab;uif;pdwcf s&r_ aocsmapa&;twGuf aq;0g;wkid ;f udk
vufawG@prf;oyfo;kH pGrJ t _ qifrh sm;pGm t}urd }f urd ðf yvky=f u& 'kw,d tqifh
onf? tqdyk g prf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif;udk aq;0g;opfrsm;prf;oyfo;kH vlemOD;a&tenf;i,fwdk@tm; okawoDu aq;0g;opfrsm;
pGjJ cif; (Clinical Trials) [kac:onf? wdu
k af u|;prf;oyfppfaq;rnf? aq;0g;opf.tmed oifxuf
aq;0g;opfwrsdK;wDxGifaz:pyfaomtcg "gwfcGJcef; jrufxad &mufrE_ iS hf a&m*guo
k Edik pf rG ;f udk od&EdS ikd af p &efjzpfonf?
twGi;f prf;oyfzef¹yeG rf sm;xJwiG f yxrOD;pGm prf;oyfppfaq;
wwd, tqifh
=u&onf? od@k r[kwf wcgw&HwiG f wd&p>mefi,frsm;Yt&if
vlemrsm;pGm(axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmtxd) wd@k tm; okawoDu
prf;oyfoHk;pGJ=unfh=u&ygonf? aq;0g;okawoeynm&Sif
aq;0g;opfrsm; wdkufau|;prf;oyfppfaq;jcif;ðyrnf? aq;
rsm;u xdw k &d p>mefi,frsm;wGif aq;0g;a=umifh qd;k 0g;aom ab;
0g;opfonf tjcm;aq;0g;rsm;xuf omvGeaf umif;rGerf _ &Sd r&Sd
xGuq f ;kd usKd ;&Sd r&Su
d kd ppfaq;=unf=h uonf?
ESihf aq;0g;a=umifh ab;xGuq f ;kd usKd ;rsm; &Sd r&Sd od&EdS ikd af p&eft
wGujf zpfonf? Ttqifw h iG f vlemtcsKd @tm; aq;0g;opfukd
tu,fIwd&p>mefi,frsm;jzifh prf;oyfppfaq;r_
wduk af u|;rnfjzpf+y;D vlemtcsKd @urkd l Avmaq;jym;rsm;udo k m
&vm'ftajz aumif;rGeyf gu aq;0g;tmedoifxad &mufr_ ESihf
wdu k af u|;rnfjzpfonf? Avmaq;jym;[lonfrmS rnfonfh
ab;uif;pdwcf s&r_ &Sd r&Sd od&ap&ef vlom;rsm;ESiq hf ufvuf
aq;0g;r#ryg&adS om aq;jym;wkomjzpfonf? &nf&, G cf surf mS
prf;oyfppfaq;&ygonf? urBmw0Srf;vHk;wGifxdkodk@ aq;0g;
aq;0g;opfudkaomufoHk;aomvlemESifh Avmaq;jym;udk
opfrsm; prf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif;rsm; axmifaomif;csI D vkyu f ikd af e
aomufo;kH aom vlemwd@k t=um; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csuu f kd Edi_ ;f
vsu&f =dS uygonf? tm&Swu kd w
f iG v f nf; aq;0g;opfrsm;prf;
,SOfavhvm=unfhjcif;jzifh aq;0g;opf. tusdK;tmedoifudk
oyf o H k ; jcif ; rsm;pG m aqmif & G u f a e=u&mt"d u tm;jzif h
od&EdS ikd af p&efjzpfonf?
tdycf st
f idk Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpf uko&ef ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om
aq;0g;rsm;/ arG;uif;p cav;i,ftm; tdycf st f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul; pufr_
aq;0g;opfrsm; prf;oyfoHk;pGJjcif;vkyfief;wGif rnf
wm;qD;&ef aq;0g;rsm;/ tonf;a&miftog;0ga&m*g [ufyg
wduk wf pf bD (Hepatitis B) uko&ef aq;0g;rsm; ponfw@kd olw@kd udk yg0ifaprnfenf;?
jzpfonf? xd@k t jyifumuG,af q;( Vaccines) aq;0g;opfrsm; a&m*gwckcu k ukd o
k rnfah q;0g;opfwrsKd ;udk prf;oyf
prf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif; udvk nf; aqmif&u G f ae=uygonf? umuG,f oH;k pGpJ pfaq;v#if ‚if;a&m*gjzpfaeolw@kd tm; xdpk rf;oyfrv _ yk f
aq;onf uko&efr[kwfbJ a&m*gjzpfyGg;jcif;rS óudwifum ief;wGiyf g0ifun l &D ef zdwaf c:rnfjzpfonf?
uG,Ef ikd &f eftwGuo f mjzpfygonf?

(Oyrm- tdycf stf ikd Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpu f o k a&; aq;0g;opfprf; ♦ u|Eykf .
f vuf&t
dS ajctaeESihf prf;oyfavhvmcsuu
f mv
oyfppfaq;jcif;vkyif ef;wGif tdycf st f ikd Af yDG ;kd pGu
J yfaeolrsm;udk twGi;f u|Eykf &f &Srd nft h usKd ;jzpfxeG ;f r_t=um; rnfonfh
zdwaf c:toH;k ðyrnfjzpfonf?) uGjJ ym; jcm;em;csurf sm; &SEd ikd rf nfenf;?
♦ tprf;ukor_ rnfr#=um&Snrf nfenf;?
tu,fI a&m*gumuG,af &; (AufZif;) umuG,f
♦ vkyif ef;+y;D oGm;vsif aemufqufwpJG pfaq;r_twGuf u|Eykf f
aq; aq;0g;opf prf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;jcif;jzpfv#if yuwdusr;f
r=umc%jyefvm&ef vdt k yfygovm;?
rmaeolrsm;udk zdwaf c:toH;k ðyrnfjzpfonf? od@k aomf xdo k l
♦ u|Eykf . f vuf&t dS ajctaetay: rnfonfh tusKd ;aus;
rsm;onf ‚if;a&m*grsKd ;pGu J yfjzpfymG ;Edik rf nfh ywf0ef;usif tajc
Zl;rsm;&SEd ikd o
f enf;?
taeY aexdik o f rl sm;jzpfap&ygrnf? xd@k a=umifh Oyrmtm;jzifh
♦ a&wdu k mvESihf a&&Snu f mv pGe@f pm;&r_ ab;tE &W m,frsm;
iSuzf sm;a&m*gumuG,af &; AufZif; aq;0g;opf prf;oyfppf
rnfo@kd &SEd ikd yf goenf;?
aq; a&;vkyif ef;wGif iSuzf sm;a&m*guif;&Si;f aeol od@k aomf iSuf
♦ rnfonfh ab;xGuaf q;qd;k usKd ; jzpfEidk b f , G &f mrsm; &So
d
zsm;a&m*gjzpfymG ;r_ E_e;f jrifrh m;aoma'orsm;wGif aexdik v f suf
enf;?
&So
d rl sm;udk a&G;cs,zf wd af c:toH;k ðyrnf jzpfonf?
♦ prf;oyfuo k r_ cH,&l &mwGif oufawmifo h ufom&Sd r&S?d
aq;0g;opf prf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif;vkyif ef;udk em;vnfo ♦ u|Eykf tf m; aexdik rf aumif; jzpfapEkid yf govm;? rnfr# =um
abmayguo f rl sm;udo k m aq;0g; prf;oyfo;kH pGrJ _ ðyEdik yf gonf? &Snjf zpfEikd yf govJ?
vla&G;cs,+f yD;aemuf aq;0g;prf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;jcif;rpwifrDS ♦ u|Eykf . f usr;f rma&;twGuf rnfo@kd wm0ef,l =unf&h _
vkyif ef;ESiyhf wfoufI od&edS m;vnf vufco H abmwlncD suf apmifah &Smufr_ ðyay;rnfv?J
(informed consent) yHpk w H apmif jznfph u
G I f vufrw S f a&; ♦ prf;oyfavhvmr_wiG f tjcm;ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;twGuyf g
xd;k &ygrnf? qdv k ckd surf mS oifonf aq;0g;opf prf;oyfo;kH pGJ wm0ef,al y;Edik yf grnfvm;?
jcif; ppfaq;jcif;qdik &f m owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk &&S+d y;D jzpf (c&D;oGm;vma&;/ tpm;taomuf ponfrsm;)
onfjh yif tm;vH;k udek m;vnfoabmayguI f yg0ifaqmif&u G f ♦ prf;oyfavhvmr_uu|Eykf . f ae@pOfaexdik rf b _ 0udk rnfo@kd
&ef vufco H abmwlnaD =umif;yif jzpfonf? rnfykH ajymif;vJxcd u dk af pEdik rf nfv?J
♦ Taq;0g;opfprf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;r_Y Avmaq;jym;rsm;
rnfo@kd aom pGe@f pm;&r_ ab;tE &W m,frsm; &SEd ikd yf g toH;k ðyygrnfvm;? tu,fI aq;0g; opfo;kH pG&J aomvl
oenf;? emrsm; tajctaewd;k wufaumif;rGev f mv#if Avmaq;
jym;wdu k af u|;jcif;ud&k yfqikd ;f I prf;oyfcv H el mtm;vH;k
aq;0g;opf prf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;jcif; vkyif ef;wkid ;f wGif tm; aq;0g;opf oH;k pGaJ prnfvm;?
pGe@f pm;&r_ ab;tE &W m,frsm; t+r&J ydS gonf? aq;0g; topfjzpf
ojzifh ab;xGuq f ;kd usKd ;rsm; &Sd r&Sd udk okawoDu,kd w
f idk v
f nf; tu,fI aq;0g;opf prf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;jcif; vkyf
rodao;ay? tcef@roifv h #if qd;k 0g;jyif;xefaom ab;xGuf ief;pOfwckwiG f oifyg0ifrnfqv kd #if q&m0ef od@k r[kwf vkyif ef;
qd;k usKd ;&SEd ikd yf gonf? }uD;=uyfolESifh OD;pGmajymqdkaqG;aEG;&efvdkygonf? oifonf
xd@k a=umifh tu,fI aq;ynm&Siw f OD;OD;u aq;0g; q&m0efEiS o hf ak woDw@kd . vkyif ef;udk 0ifa&mufun l o
D jl zpf
opf prf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;jcif;wGif yg0if&ef oift
h m;zdwaf z:urf; onf? oifonf aq;0g;ynmwd;k wufa&;udk vufawG@tul
vSr;f vmvsif xdo k t l m; atmufygar;cGe;f rsm; ar;jref;&ef rv$J tnDay;tyfojl zpfonf? xd@k jyif vlom;axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm
raoG vdtk yfygonf? .tusKd ;twGuf ulnaD e&oljzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh oifY ar;
cGe;f rsm;ar; jref;&ef tcGithf a&;&So d nf/ ab;uif;vHòk cHrr_ &S[d k
♦ Taq;0g;udk wae&m&mwGif prf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq; jcif;ðycJh oif,q l xifjrifvsif oifph ;kd &draf =umif=h ur_ukd vSp[f xkwaf z:
zl;ygovm;? rnfo@kd aom &v'frsm;&&Scd yhJ goenf;? wifjyydkifcGifh&Sdonf? tqHk;pGefqdk&vsif xdkprf;oyfppfaq;
♦ Tprf;oyfo;kH pGpJ pfaq;r_rS rnfonfah vhvmawG@&cdS su&f r_vkyfief;rS t+yD;tydkifE_wfxGufoGm;EdkifonfhtcGifhta&;
&S&d ef oifar#mv
f ifxh m;ygovJ? tjynft h 0&Syd g onf? yg0ifaqmif&u G o f t
l m;vH;k onfvnf;
♦ u|Eykf tf aejzifh rnfonfph rf;oyfrr_ sKd ;ESihf ukor_rsKd ;vdt
k yf apwemh0ef xrf; rsm; jzpf=u& ygrnf?
rnfv?J
♦ u|Eykf t
f m; ðypkapmifah &Smuf&ef rnfou l }u;D =uyfwm0ef
,lrnfv?J

ae@pOfwu
G w
f m rSwpf &m
Tt=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfonft h wGuf a=umifh wwf=uavh&Sdonf? odk@twGuf &Hzef&HcgwGif tjrefqHk;+yD;
od&x
dS m;&ef vdt
k yfygoenf;? ajrmufapvdo k nfh aq;0g;opfprf;oyfrv _ yk if ef;Yyg0if&ef vlt
rsm;udk wenf;enf;jzifh (aiGa=u;jzif‚h if;/ twif;t=uyfjyKI
xdik ;f Edik if wH iG f aq;0g;opf oH;k pGpJ rf;oyfjcif;vkyif ef; ‚if;) jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif ac:,l toH;k ðywwf=uonf? a&S@
rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf? xdkaq;0g;prf;oyfr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif a&$@ tem*gwu f mvwGif jrefrmEdik if tH wGi;f Y aq;0g;opf prf;oyf
ajymif;tvkyo f rm;tenf;i,fom yg0ifygwo f ufvsu&f =dS u oH;k pGjJ cif;vkyif ef;rsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm ay:ayguv f mEdik af cs&o dS nf?
onf? tu,fI oifY a&m*gwckcpk u JG yfaeygu aq;0g;prf; ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHY usef;rma&;pepfvGefpGm edrfhus
oyfrv _ yk if ef;wckcw k iG f yg0ifvakd omqEN &Sad umif; &SEd ikd yf gonf? vSojzifh a&m*gaygi;f pHak jrmufrsm;pGm jzpfymG ;vsu&f &dS m aq;0g;
a&$@ajymif;vkyo f m;rsm;onfvnf; aq;0g; opfprf;oyfrr_ sm; opfprf; oyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf vG,u f l tqifajyrnfh
wGif yg0ifydkifcGifh&Sda=umif; oifawmif;qdkvdkygu awmif; ae&ma'ojzpfaeaoma=umifyh if jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jre rf m
qdEk ikd yf gonf? Edik if oH m;rsm;twGuf ta&;}u;D onft h csurf mS oifw@kd . &ydik f
cGihf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk od&edS m;vnfxm;&efvt kd yfygonf? t
aq;0g;opf prf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G f u,fI aq;0g;opfprf;oyfo;kH pGjJ cif;vkyif ef;wckwiG f yg0ifvyk f
&mwGif a,bk,s vdktyfcsufrSm ab;uif;pdwfcs&r_yifjzpf udik v f sif apwemh 0efxrf;oufoufomjzpfoif+h y;D / vkyif ef;qdik f
onf? odk@aomf wcgw&HwGif okawoD odk@r[kwf aq;0g; &m od&edS m;vnfrE_ iS hf vufco H abmwlncD suf (informed
ukrŠ%DtcsdK@u olwdk@.aq;0g;rsm;udk tjcm;tòydiftqdkif consent) vufrSwfxdk;xm;apI prf;oyfr_ab;uif;pdwfcs
ukrŠ%Drsm;xuf vufOD;r_&,lumxkwfvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf &jcif;r&Sv d sif tcsed rf a&G; E_wx
f uG /f xGucf mG ydik cf iG hf &S&d ayrnf?
aq;0g;opfrsm;udk tjrefprf;oyf +y;D pD;ap&ef tvsipf vdk vkyf apwemh0efxrf;rsm; jzpf=u& ygrnf?
vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rSo

D ;kH pGEJ ikd cf iG hf
vltrsm;ESio
hf ufqikd af om vlwikd ;f (Universal) [lonf ,leAD mq,f (Universal) .qdv k &kd if;rSm t&m0wˆK
rSm rnfonfukd qdv k o kd enf;? wckck ta=umif;t&mwckco k nf vdirf a&G;/ touft&G,rf
vufvrS ;f rSo D ;kH pGEJ ikd jf cif; (Access) [lonfrmS rnfonfukd a&G;/ Edik if o
H m;ra&G;/ vlrsKd ;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;/ tom;ta&mif
qdv k o kd enf;? ra&G;/ twef;tpm;ra&G; vlwikd ;f vlwidk ;f ESio hf ufqikd af =umif;
vltrsm;ESio hf ufqikd af om vlwidk ;f vufvrS ;f rSo D ;kH pGEJ ikd f vltrsm;ESio hf ufqikd af =umif;udk az:!$e;f ygonf? Oyrm vl@t
jcif; (Universal Access) &S&d ef tb,fa=umifv h tkd yfyg cGit
hf a&; ,leAD gq,f ausnmcsuo f nf vltrsm;ESio hf ufqikd f
oenf;? I vlom;wdik ;f twGuf jzpfygonf?
,ae@wikd f attm&fADG (ARV)aq;udk vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f
rSo
D ;kH pGEJ ikd jf cif; r&Sad o;onfrmS tb,f a=umifeh nf;? D ;kH pGEJ ikd jf cif; (Access) .qdv
vufvrS ;f rSo k &kd if;rSm t
tdycf st f idk Af §DG attkid 'f t D ufpf udpEP iS hf usr;f rma&;qdik &f m &m0wˆKta=umif;t&mwckcu k kd rdrv
d ufa&mufcpH m;& &Syd ikd cf iG hf
tjcm;jy\emrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifr_ tultnDawmif; od@k r[kwf yg0ifywfoufyikd cf iG yhf ifjzpfonf? Oyrm w&m;0ift
qd&k ,lEikd af om xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f &SXd mersm;pm&if;? }uHðyvrf;!$erf _ od@k r[kwf aq;0g;ukor_ukd vufvrS ;f rSo D ;kH
pGEJ ikd jf cif;?

wDbD (TB)tqkyef ma&m*gEiS hf iSuzf sm;a&m*guo hJ @kd twGuf ouU&mZf 2005 ckEpS rf pS I attm&fAaGD q;ESihf usr;f rm
aom ul;pufa&m*gtcsKd @twGuf aq;0g;ukor_taxmuft a&;qdik &f m tjcm;aq;0g;tultnDrsm; &&So d ;kH pGo
J mG ;Edik =f uap
ulEiS hf óuw
d ifumuG,af &; ynmay;jcif; ponfw@kd ukd vlwikd ;f a&;udk &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid f csrw
S I
f óu;d yrf;pDpOfaqmif&u G af e
vufvrS ;f rScD ,
H o
l ;kH pGEJ ikd jf cif; &Sad e+yjD zpfygonf? =uygonf?
aq;0g;ukor_taxmuftulESifh óudwifumuG,f attm&fAaDG q;0g;ukor_ (ART=ARV Treatment)
a&;ynmay;tpDtpOfw@kd wiG f vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rScD ,
H &l &Syd ikd f cGihf ydrk &kd &So
d ;kH pGEJ ikd af &;udpw
P iG f }uKH awG@ae&onfh twm;tqD;t
&S&d ef tb,fah =umifh vdt
k yf&ygoenf? cuftcJrsm;
wDbD (TB) tqkwef ma&m*gEiS hf iSuzf sm;a&m*g uJo h @kd ♦ attm&fAaDG q;0g;ukor_ (ART) twGuf ukeu
f sp&dwrf sm;
aomul;pufa&m*gtcsKd @twGuf aq;0g;ukor_taxmuft jym;jcif;
ulEiS hf óuw
d ifumuG,af &; ynmay;jcif;ponfw@kd ukd vlwikd ;f ♦ q&m0ef/ olemðy/ aq;0g;ynm&Si/f "gwcf cJG ef;ynm&Siv
f x
l k
vufvrS ;f rScD ,
H ol ;kH pGJ Edik jf cif; &Sad e+yjD zpfygonf? usr;f rma&;vkyof m;rsm; tygt0if usr;f rma&;aq;0efxrf;
aq;0g;ukor_taxmuftulESifh óudwifumuG,f rsm;twGuf vdt k yfonfh u|r;f usirf o
_ ifwef;rsm; tjynft
h 0
a&;ynmay;tpDtpOfw@kd wiG f vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rScD ,
H &l &Syd ikd cf iG hf ay;tyf avhusiahf y;Edik &f ef tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;&Sad e
&S&d ef tb,fah =umifh vdt
k yf&ygoenf;? ao;jcif;?
wDbD (TB) tqkyef ma&m*gEiS hf Elem(tem}u;D )a&m ♦ urBm@ zG@H òz;d wd;k wufqEJ ikd if t
H rsm;pkwiG f usr;f rma&;pepf
*gponfh emwm&Snu f ;l pufa&m*gtcsKd @ pGu J yfjzpfygG ;aeolrsm; tm;enf;aeao;jcif;?
onf tu,fI olw@kd a&m*gtwGuf rSeu f efpepfusonfh aq; ♦ tdycf st
f idk Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpEf iS hf attm&fAaDG q;0g;oH;k pGjJ cif;
0g;ukor_ tjynft h 0 vufvrS ;f rSD cH,&l &Sod ;kH pGEJ ikd =f uv#if vH;k 0 qdik &f mynmay;a&;vkyif ef;ESihf owif;tcsutf vufjzef@a0
aysmufuif;Edik yf gonf? xd@k a=umifh xdo k @kd aoma&m*gjzpfaeol jyef=um;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; enf;yg;aeao;jcif?
vlwikd ;f vlwidk ;f ukor_ vufvrS ;f rSD cH,&l &So d ;kH pGEJ ikd =f uygu xdk
a&m*gjzpfygG ;jcif; t+yD;tydik f yaysmufapEdik rf nfjzpfonf? xdk xdkif;EdkifiH.attm&fAGDaq;0g;ukor_ vufvSrf;rSD
olw@kd xHrw S yg;olo@kd a&m*gy;kd ul;pufjcif;vnf; rjzpfEikd af wmh &&So
d ;kH pGjJ cif; tajctae?
ay?
,ae@wdik f attm&fADG (ARV)aq;udk vlwikd ;f vuf tdycf st
f ikd Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpEf iS thf wl &Sio
f efaexdik f
vSr;f rSD oH;k pGEJ ikd jf cif; r&Sad o;onfrmS tb,fa=umifh ae&olrsm;twGuf attm&fAaDG q;0g;ukor_&&So d ;kH pGaJ &;vkyf
ygenf;? ief;udk xdik ;f Edik if wH iG f us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ wd;k wufvyk af qmif
Edik cf o
hJ nfukd awG@&&dS ygonf? cef@reS ;f csut f m;jzifh 2005 ckEpS f
rSwcf suf - (attm&fA)DG ARV= Anti Retroviral Drugs twGi;f a&m*gonf 60000 cef@ attm&fAaDG q;0g; &&Sd oH;k pGJ
aq;onf tdyfcsftdkifAGD§attdkif'DtufpftwGuf aq;0g;w ae=u&+yD jzpfygonf? attm&fAaDG q;0g;uko&ef vdt k yfaom
rsKd ;jzpfonf? ‚if;aq;onf a&m*gjzpfjcif;udk tvsO;f yaysmuf xdik ;f Edik if o
H m;rsm;udk tcrJh jzef@a0oH;k pGaJ pjcif;jzpfygonf?
ap&ef rpGr;f omaomfvnf; tdycf st f ikd Af yDG ;kd ayguyf gG ;rsm;r_ukd
aESmifah ES;apjcif;jzifh a&m*gu[
kd ef@wm;ay;Edik o f nf?) attm&fAaDG q;0g;ukor_ukd vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rS&D ,l
tdycf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd pGu
J yfaeolrsm;tm; tultnDay;ae oH;k pGyJ ikd cf iG &hf v
dS mapa&;twGuf u|Eykf w
f @kd rnfo@kd az:
aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf tdycf st f ikd Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpEf iS hf aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nfenf;?
twl&iS o f efaexdik v f su&f o dS w
l ikd ;f twGuf attm&fADG aq;&&Sd
vlwdkif; vufvSrf;rSD &,loHk;pGJydkifcGifh&Sdvmapa&;t
oH;k pGEJ ikd =f uapa&;udk vufwóJG u;d yrf;vsuf &S=d uygonf?
wGuf tajccHtcsuf rsm;udk wd;k wufjr‡iw hf ifjcif; tm;jzif‚h if;/
urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@tpnf;(WHO)ESifhurBmhukv vlvcl si;f &_wcf sypfy,f z,fusOrf E_ iS hf cGjJ cm;ESrd chf s qufqrH _ avsmh
or*~ td y f c sf t d k i f A G D § attd k i f ' D t uf p f yl ; wG J t pD t pOf us yaysmufa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;wnfaqmif&u G jf cif;tm;
(UNAIDS)wd@k onfvnf;urBmw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd tdyc f st
f idk Af §GD at jzif‚h if;/ aq;0g;rsm;tm; vlwikd ;f tvG,w f ult vHt k avmuf
tdik 'f t
D ufpf ESit
hf wl &Sio f efaexdik v f su&f odS l 3 - 6 oef;wd@k &&SdoHk;pGJEdkifa&;udk ydkrdktm;pdkuf óud;yrf;jcif;tm; jzifh‚if;/

ae@pOfwu
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f m rSwpf &m
td y f c sf t k d i f A G D § attd k i f ' D t uf p f E S i f h tjcm;usef ; rma&; jzpfajrmufap&ef pDpOfzefw;D Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;/ us,u f s,f
jy\emrsm;a=umifh ud, k af &mpdwyf g xdcu kd zf pd ;D r_'%f cHpm;ae jyef@jyef@ &&So d ;kH pGaJ pEdik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;/ atmifjrifap&ef óud;yrf;tm;
=u&olrsm; txl;ojzifh rdbrJch av;rsm; pdwt f m;i,faeonfh xkwEf ikd f pGr;f &Sjd cif;wd@k onf aq;0g;ukor_EiS hf a&m*góuw d ifum
t&G,rf a&mufao;olcav;oli,frsm;tm; pdw"f gwu f stm; uG,af &; ynmay;tpDtpOfrsm;udk vlwidk ;f vufvrS ;f rScD , H l
i,fr_ av#mu h sap&ef tav;xm; tm;ay;ESpo f rd jhf cif; apmifh &&So
d ;kH pGEJ ikd f a&; jri‡ w hf ifrv _ yk if ef;twGuf txl;ta&;ygaom
a&Smufun l rD ð_ yjcif;tm;jzif‚h if; &_axmufpt kH rS óu;d yrf;aqmif tcsurf sm; yifjzpfygonf?
&Guof mG ;=u&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf?
tdycf st
f idk Af §DG attkid 'f t
D ufpf ESihf use;f rma&;qdik &f m tjcm;jy\emrsm;twGuf
0efaqmifr_ tultnDawmif;qd&k ,lEikd af om ae&mrsm;
a&m*g ukeu
f sp&dwf
aq;&H§k Xme zke;f eHygwf
tcrJh tca=u;aiG
trftufpt f ufzf wDbt
D tcrJh - - 055-542 223
pDtpOf(rJaqmuf)
wDbD
wDbD pifwm (csi;f rdik )f tcrJh - 053-276 364
053-206 484
r,fawmfaq;cef; 055-563 644
iSuzf sm; (rJaqmuf) tcrJh -
053-894 271
iSuzf sm; pifwm (csi;f rdik )f tcrJh - 053-894 272
rJaqmuf aq;&Hk attm&fAGDt 055-511 024
wGuf ay;&efvkd 055-511 025
tdycf st
f idk Af §DG ecGrf;zif; aq;&Hk (csif;rdkif) attm&fAGDtcrJh
okawoetpDtpOf ay;&efvdk 053-890 755
attdik 'f t D ufpf
qGeaf wmuf aq;&Hk (csi;f rdik )f attm&f A G D tcrJ h
oawoetpDtpOf ay;&efvdk 053-221 122
trftufptf ufzf wDbD attm&fAGD tcrJh 055-542 223
tpDtpOf (rJaqmuf)
attkid 'f t
D ufpf
ESihf wDbD ecGr;f yif; aq;&Hk (csi;f rdik )f ay;&efvdk 053-890 755
qGeaf wmufaq;&kH ay;&efvdk 053-221 122
(csi;f rdik )f
r,fawmif; aq;cef; tdktdkiftufpf tcrJh 055-563 644
(rJaqmuf)
attdik 'f t D ufpf ecGr;f zif; aq;&kH 053-890 755
tdt f ufpf 30 bwf ay;&efvdk
k ikd t
ESit
hf t
kd ikd t
f ufpf (csi;f rdik )f
qGeaf wmuf aq;&kH tdt
k ikd t
f ufpf 30 bwf ay;&efvdk 053-221 122
(csi;f rdik )f

rJaqmuf aq;&Hk yDtrfpw
D D twGuf - 055-511 024
attm&fAGD tcrJh 055-511 025
r,fawmf aq;cef;(rJaqmuf) yDtrfpw

D D twGuf - 055-563 644
tdycf stf ikd Af DG attm&fAGD tcrJh
ydk;pGJuyfoludk,f
0efaqmif ecGr;f zif; aq;&Hk yDtrfpw
D D twGuf - 053-890 755
attm&fAGD tcrJh
qGeaf wmuf aq;&Hk (csi;f rdik )f yDtrfpw
D D twGuf - 053-221 122
attm&fAGD tcrJh
attm&fAaDG q;0g;udk vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rSo

D ;kH pGEJ ikd &f ef tr# ab;uif;vHðk cpH w
d cf s&aom vdiqf ufqrH _ tumtuG,f
jzpfEikd af cs&ydS grnfvm;? rsm;toHk;ðy=u&ef (uGef'Hk;tpGyfoHk;pGJ&ef) tav;rxm;jcif;
rsm;jym;vmEdik yf gonf? aemufwcsurf mS aq;aomufo;kH ol
tu,fI attm&fAaDG q;0g;udk vlwikd ;f vufvrf; rsm;onfaq;rSerf eS rf aomufrI d aomf‚if; / aq;jzwfvu kd I
f
rSo D ;kH pGeJ ikd &f ef tvHt
k avmuf pDpOfjzef@a0vmEdik cf v hJ sif use;f rm aomf‚if;ponfw@kd a=umifh aq;,Ofyg;r_rsm;jzpfvmEdik o f nf?
a&;qdik &f m twGi;f a&;udpP apwemh0efxrf; t}uHay;jcif;ESihf aq;,OfomG ;yguaq;ajymif;aomuf&r_ a=umifh aiGa=u;ukef
prf;oyfppfaq;ay;onfh (VCCT) Xmersm;odk@ vlrsm;ydkrdk usry_ rkd rkd sm;jym;apedik o
f nfjyif aq;,Of oGm;olxrH S tjcm;
oGm;a&mufppfaq;cHI wdik yf ift}uOH m%f&,l vm=uay vdrhf oluu kd ;l pufomG ;v#if aq;uko& ydI k cufomG ;Edik yf gonf ?
rnf? xd@k aemuf tdycf st f idk Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpo f nfvnf; t
qkyef m wDbaD &m*guo hJ @kd ul;pufa&m*gwrsKd ;yifjzpfa=umif; vl xd@k a=umifh attm&fAaDG q;tay: ckcw H ek @f jyefrr_ sm;jzpf
rsm; ydrk o kd abmayguI f tjrifajymif;vJvmonfEiS t hf r#a0' ay: }u;D rm; vmEdik o f jzifh aq;rwd;k awmhbJ aq;0g;ukor_ xd
emonfrsm;tay: &_wcf sjypfwifjcif; ypfy,fz,f usOjf cif;ESrd chf s a&mufatmifjrifjcif;udk xdcu kd f tusKd ;qkw,
f wk af pEdik yf gonf?
cGjJ cm;qufqjH cif;wd@k wjznf;jznf;avsmu h sa&mhenf;vmayvdrhf xdok @kd jzpfzefrsm;vmcJv h sif attm&fAaDG q;trsKd ;tpm;udk r
rnf? aemufq;kH wGif tdycf sf tdik Af §DG attdik 'f t D ufpf udpw P iG f =umc%ajymif;vJ aomufo;kH ap&jcif;a=umifh aiGa=u;ukeu f s
vlwkdif; ydkrdktjrif&Sif;I pdwfxm;yGifhvif;vm=uum tdyfcsf r_ ydrk rkd sm;jym;apEdik o
f nft h jyif aq;0g;tmedoifukd xdcu kd af p
tdkifAGD§attdkif'Dtufpfta=umif;vSpf[ajymqdk&ef&Suf ygonf?
a=umuftm;i,fpw d w
f @kd onfvnf; tvdv k kd v$ijhf y,fyaysmuf
oGm;vdrrhf nf? tcsKyftm;jzifq h &kd v#if vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rSo D ;kH pGEJ ikd f
jcif;[lonfrSm attm&fAGDaq;oHk;pGJ&ef vdktyfolwkdif;tm;
attm&fAaDG q;udk vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rSo D ;kH pGv J mEdik cf hJ aq;rSerf eS of ;kH pGEJ ikd af p&ef yHyh ;kd ulnpD pD Ofrouf oufomr[kwf
ay?xd@k xufrsm;pGm ydrk u kd s,jf yef@ euf&i_d ;f ygonf? vlwidk ;f vlwikd ;f
v#if rnfonfh tusKd ;qkw, f w
k rf r_ sm; &SEd ikd yf goenf;?
tm;tdycf st f ikd Af §DG attkid 'f t D ufpf umuG,af &;tpDtpOf rsm;/
attm&fAaDG q;udk vlwikd ;f vufvrS ;f rSo D ;kH pGv
J mEdik cf hJ use;f rma&;twGuf *&kwpdu k u
f ok apmifah &Smufrc_ , H &l &Sad &;
v#if vlaygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k onf vG,v f ,
G &f &SEd ikd af om aq;0g;rsm; tpDtrHrsm; ponfw@kd tjyif tdycf st f ikd Af §DG attkid 'f tD ufpf
pGmudk ydkrdkoHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;&Sdvm=uayvdrfhrnf? odk@jzpfvmv#if ESit
hf wl &Sio f efaexdik f vsu&f dS olrsm;ESihf olw@kd .rdom;pk0if
tdycf st
f ikd Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpo f nf jzpf&;kd jzpfpOf omrmefu;l rsm;tm;vH;k twGuf vdt k yfaom vlra_ &;taxmuftyHh 0ef
puf a&m*gwrsKd ;omjzpfonf[k vltrsm;udk pwiftxift aqmifrr_ sm; tm;vH;k tóu;H 0ifonfukd rarhtyfay?
jrifvv J$ mapEdik +f y;D tdycf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;pufpu JG yfr_ tusKd ;quf
tE &W m,fukd pd;k &draf =umuf&@HG r_ enf;yg;vmEdik yf gonf? od@k EiS hf

ae@pOfwu
G w
f m rSwpf &m
attmADaG q;rsm;
twdak umufrsm; t!$e;f
attmAGD ] tJew f D &Dx&dAk ikd &f ,f aq;

(ARV: Anti Retroviral Drugs)
tdt
k ikd t
f ufpf ] tcGiahf umif;,lI 0ifa&mufpu JG yfaom a&m*grsm;
(OIs: Opportunistic Infections)
yDtrfpw D D ] rdcifrS arG;uif;pcav;i,fo@kd a&m*gy;kd ul;pufr_ umuG,jf cif;
(PMCT: Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission)
trftufpt f ufzf ] (MSF: Medicins Sans Frontieres) e,fpnf;rjcm; q&m0efrsm;tzG@J
attm&fwD ] tJew f D &Dx&dAk ikd &f ,faq;0g;jzifh ukojcif; (ART: Antiretroviral Treatment)
'yvsLtdycf st f kd ] urBm@usr;f rma&;tzG@J tpnf; (WHO: World Health Organization)
,lteJ af ttdik 'f t D ufpf ] ukvor*~ tdycf st f idk Af §DG attdik 'f t
D ufpf yl;wGt
J pDtpOf
(UNAIDS: Joint United Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS)
rdrq
d ENtav#muf v#K@d 0Supf mG eSpo
f rd hf aqG;aEG;r_ cH,jl cif;ESihf aoG;ppfrc_ ,
H jl cif;
(VCCT: Voluntary Confidential Counseling and Testing)
wDbD ] tqkyef ma&m*g (TB: Tuberculosis)
pdwyf ik d ;f qik d &f muse;f rma&; jyoemrsm;

pdwf ydik ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&; jy\emrsm;onfqif;&J csr;f omra&G; touft&G,rf a&G; vlwikd ;f tay:oufa&mufxcd u
Edik yf gonf? pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;csKd @,iG ;f r_jzpfymG ;cHpm;&ol.b0udk omruxdo k El iS hf eD;pyfywfouforl sm;. b
kd af p
0udyk g taESmuft,Suðf y uaomif; ueif; jzpfapygonf? vl 4 OD;v#iw f OD;rSm b0wcsKd ;wauG@ wae&m&m wcsed cf sed w f iG f
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;jy\em wpHw k &mudk óuHawG@&Edik o f nf[q k ykd gonf? pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m jy\emzdp;D r_cpH m;ae=u&ol
rsm;onf vkyif ef;cGit f wGi;f ESihf vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f . &_wcf sjypfwifypfusOrf E_ iS hf cGjJ cm;ESrd chf squfqrH w _ @kd udv
k nf; óuHawG@&ifqikd f
=u&avh&ydS gonf? tvky&f iS rf sm;onfvnf; pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;jy\em &Sad eolrsm;udk rdrt d vkyw f iG f cef@tyf&efweG @f
qkww f wf=uyg onf? xd@k tjyif xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f Y pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&; jy\em&So d rl sm;onf ae&if;wkid ;f jynfo@kd jyef
vnfy@kd aqmif jcif;cH&Edik yf gonf? pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;jy\em&Sad eol rsm;udk vlra_ &;tm;jzifh xdu k o hJ @kd qufqðH y rljcif;
txD;usejf zpf apjcif;wd@k onf olw@kd .tajctaeudk ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;vmapEdik +f y;D ud,k uhf ,kd u
f o
kd wfaor_jzpfap&ef OD;wnfweG ;f yd@k aejcif;yif
jzpfonf? u|Eykf w f @kd tm;vH;k onf vlom;wdik ;f twGuf aumif;rGeaf om pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f musr;f rma&;zG@H ðz;d wd;k wufrE_ iS ahf pmifah &Smuf
umuG,rf &_ o dS nfh vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;wGif aexdik v f =kd u onfomjzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif pdwzf pd ;D r_jy\emóuaH wG@ae & olrsm;tay:
r#w=uifempGm pmemav;pm;pGm oifah wmfaumif;rGepf mG ud, k cf si;f pmw&m;xm;&SI d ðyrlqufqH =uap&ef vdv k m;qEN&=dS uonfom
jzpfygonf?

pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;jy\emrsm;Y uGjJ ym;jcm; t=urf;zuftðytrlrsm; jzpfay:vmjcif; tjcm;olrsm;tay:
em;aomyHpk rH sm;pGm&Syd gonf? &efvw kd u
kd cf u
kd v f pkd w
d &f v
dS mjcif; jzpfwwfonf? trsKd ;o rD;rsm;
Yrl rdrd ud, k u f rkd rd d tjypfay;xdcu kd vf pkd w
d f &Sv d mwwf=u+y;D
tcsdK@aompdwfydkif;qdkif&musef;rma&;jy\emrsm;
tem'%f&mjzpfaponfxd rdru d ,
kd f rdr&d u kd yf w
k f vS;D jzwfjcif;
onf vl@OD;aESmuftwGi;f "gw"k gwyf pPn;f rsm; [efcsurf nD
OD;acgi;f udk wckcjk zifah qmifjh cif; vkyw f wf=uonf? ta&;}uD;
uarmufuu jzpfaejcif;a=umifhjzpf&m "gwfpm aq;0g;ESifh
onft h csurf mS trsKd ;om;jzpfap trsKd ;orD;jzpfap olw@kd óuH
oufqikd af eojzifh aq;0g;wku d af u|;uko&ygrnf?
awG@c=hJ u&aomjzpf&yfq;kd a=umifh ay:ayguv f m&onfh pdwyf ikd ;f
tcsdK@aomolrsm;onf OD;aESmufusyfrjynfhjcif; qdik &f mzdp;D xdcu kd rf r_ sm;udk rnfonfeh nf;vrf;rsm;jzifh rSeu f ef
(autism) uJo h @kd aom arG;&myg pdw"f gwrf rl rSejf cif; od@k r[kwf pGm&ifqikd af usmv f m$ ;oGm;Edik rf nfukd oif,al vhvmoGm;=u&ef
touf}uD;olw@kd wiG jf zpfvmwwfavh&adS om (Alzheimers) rv$rJ aoG vdt k yfygonf?
Om%f&nfOm%faoG; c|w, f iG ;f r_a&m*grsm;jzpfvmwwfygonf?
od@k aomf tjzpfrsm;aom pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mrlrrSejf cif;trsm;pkw@kd tu,fI rdrcd spcf ifow l OD;OD; aoqH;k oGm;vsiaf omf
onf u|Eykf w f @kd . aexdik rf b_ 0ESihf ywf0ef;usi. f v$r;f rd;k &du
k f ‚if;/ tvkyt f udik qf ;kH &H;_ oGm;vsiaf omf‚if;/ ta=umif; wpHw k ck
cwfrw _ @kd a=umifh jzpfygG ;&jcif;jzpfonf? tcsKd @vrl sm;onf tvGef twGuf tvGepf ;kd &dryf yl efaevsiaf omf‚if;/ u|Eykf w f @kd Y pdwyf yl if
pdwx f cd u kd zf ,G &f mjzpf&yf wckcu k kd óuaH wG@c&hJ r_a=umifh pdwyf ikd ;f aomuzdp;D r_ jzpfay:vmEdik o f nf? u|Eykf w f @kd pwd of nf u|Eykf f
qdik &f ma&m*gzpd ;D jcif; jzpfvm=u&ygonf? txl;ojzifh rawmf wd@k cE<mud, k f uJoh @kd yifjzpfonf? ae@pOfvyk if ef;cGiw f iG f tvGef
rw&m; usi}hf ujH cif;cHc=hJ u&ol uav;rsm;pGmwd@k onf olw@kd . av;vHaom0efrsm; raerem; xrf;aqmif&ygu oifch E<mud, k f
aemufyikd ;f umvb0wGif pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mzdp;D r_rsm;udk cHpm;vm udu k cf eJ musirf u_ kd jzpfapygrnf? xdo k @kd ae@pOf&ufqufwm&Snf
=u&ygawmhonf? olw@kd Y pdwx f cd u kd af omuzdp;D r_t+rjJ zpfay: xrf;aqmif&vsif =umvmaomtcg oifch E<mud, k f udyk rkd q kd ;kd
aeum aysm&f i$ rf r_ &SEd ikd =f uawmhay? rk'rd ;f usijhf cif; cHc=hJ u&aom 0g;pGmxdcu kd vf map+y;D ausmem cg;emjcif; jy\emjzpfvmum
trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf jzpf&yfq;kd udk jyefvnfjrifa,mifaewwf aq;0g;rsm;aomufoHk;&ef vdktyfvmrnf/ odk@r[kwftxl;
I 0rf;enf;jcif;/ ,lóuH;r&jzpfjcif;/ a'goxGuf jcif;/ rqH;k Edik f ud, k vf ufvy_ &f mS ;avhusichf ef;rsm;vky&f ef vdt k yfvmrnf? xd
atmifjzpfay:cHpm;=u&um wwfO;D wnf;txD;useaf evdpk w d f cd k u f e musif r _ ' %f vH k ; 0uif ; &S i f ; ouf o map&ef t wG u f
&Sv
d m=uygonf? tvGepf w d x f cd udk zf , G &f mjzpf&yfq;kd wckcu k kd tav;tyifrjcif;udk a&Smif&rnfjzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@pdwf
óuHawG@cJh=u&jcif;tay: pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwkef@jyefr_Y trsdK; onfvnf; tvm;wlpmG yifjzpfonf? ae@pOft csed w f ikd ;f wGif
om;ES i f h t rsd K ;orD ; rsm; rwl n D = uay? trsd K ;om;rsm;Y tvGeaf v;vHaomjy\emrsm;udk pdww f iG ;f o,faqmifxm;

ae@pOfwu
G w
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aqmifxm;vsif =umvmaomf pdwu f ykd rkd q
kd ;kd 0g;pGm xdcu kd yf suf
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mrlrrSejf cif; trsm;pkw@kd onf u|Eykf w f @kd
pD;vmapEdik yf gonf? xdo k @kd jzpfvmvsif aq;0g;aomufo;kH jcif;/
aexdik jf yKrlyekH nf;vrf; aexdik &f mvlry_ wf0ef;usiw f @kd EiS hf a=umif;
tem;,ljcif;/ od@k r[kwf pdwjf yefvnf wnf+ird jf rifw h ufvm
usKd ;qufpyf ywfoufaeygonf? xd@k a=umifh u|Eykf w f @kd . pdwf
ap&ef pdwu f siphf Ofrsm; avhusiw hf nfaqmufjcif;wd@k tjyifvuf
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&Sjd zpfymG ;aeaomjy\emrsm;udk &ifqikd af usmv f m$ ;Edik f pGr;f &Srd nf
usifudk zefwD;wnfaqmuf,lEdkifygonf/ u|Efkyfwdk@.b0
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jy\emrsm;udk ydrk kd aumif;rGex f ad &mufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
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P iG f taxmuf
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pd;k &drzf , G &f m tE &W m,ftqifyh ifjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifq h kd onf?
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d ,kd rf rd d rnfo@kd tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKEdik rf nfenf;?
OD;aESmuftwGif;&Sd "mwfypPnf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJ 2? ulnjD yKpkow l pfO;D tjzpf rnfo@kd Edik ef if;pGmvkyaf qmifEikd rf nf
a=umifjh cif; ‚if;/ OD;aESmuftwGi;f ydik ;f tm&Hak =um aoG;a=umr#if enf;?
i,frsm;udk ysufpD;jcif;a=umifh‚if;/ OD;aESmuf. wm0efxrf; 3? usm;rcGjJ cm;r_&adS ejcif;udk rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; &ifqidk o f mG ;
aqmifrr_ sm;udk ysu, f iG ;f aponfah q;0g;rsm; oH;k pGjJ cif;a=umifh rnfenf;?
vnf; pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m rlrrSerf a_ &m*gtcsKd @ jzpfymG ;Edik yf gonf? 4? txD;usejf zpfru _ kd rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; &ifqikd o
f mG ;rnf
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J sif enf;?
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Edkifygonf? Oyrm vlrsm;urdrdudkowf&ef }uHpnf}udK;pm; rnfenf;?

6? a=umuf&@HG pw d }f u;D pGmjzpfvmvsif rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; 14? oifaoa&;&Siaf &;t=uyftwnf;óuaH e&pOf uav;rdb
&ifqikd o f mG ;rnfenf;? wpfO;D taeESihf rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; udik w f ,G af jz&Si;f oGm;rnf
7? qufqaH &;jy\emrsm;udk rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; &ifqikd f enf;?
oGm;rnfenf;? 15? pdwyf yl ifaomua&mufr_ tpysKd ;vuQ%mrsm;udk rnfo@kd
8? ajymif;a&$@0ifa&mufaexdik &f olb0pdwzf pd ;D r_ukd rnfo@kd Eikd f od&EdS ikd rf nfenf;?
Edik ef if;eif; &ifqikd o f mG ;rnfenf;? 16? pdwrf xde;f odr;f Edik o f nfah 0'emrSvw G af jrmuf+y;D aemufyikd ;f
9? tdypf ufjcif;qdik &f m jy\emrsm;udk rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; oifb h 0udk rnfo@kd jyefvnfxal xmifomG ;Edik rf nfenf;?
&ifqikd o f mG ;rnfenf;? (aumif;aumif; tdyrf aysmjf cif;/ tdyf 17? t=urf;zufru _ kd pdwvf ukd rf mefygvyk vf pkd w
d af y:ayguv f m
rufq;kd rsm;jrifrufjcif; ponfrsm;) v#irf nfo@kd xde;f csKyfEikd rf nfenf;?
10? vlvcl si;f cGjJ cm;ESrd chf squfqcH &H jcif;udk rnfo@kd Edik Ef ikd f 18? rdom;pkb0 wnf+rJ &Sio f efa&;twGuf rnfo@kd óu;d yrf;
eif;eif;&ifqikd o f mG ;rnfenf;? aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nfenf;?
11? rdru d ,kd rf rd d owfaovdpk w d jf zpfay:aeoltm; rnfo@kd 19? pd;k &dryf yl efaomujzpfaer_ukd rnfo@kd av#mch s&yfwEhH ikd f
ulnED ikd rf nfenf;? rnfenf;?
12? oif. pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;udk rnfo@kd ðypkapmifh 20? trsKd ;orD;rsm; "rRwmrvmrD pdww f if;=uyfru _ kd rnfo@kd
a&SmufomG ;Edik rf nfenf;? oif. pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f maumif;usKd ; Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; &ifqikd o f mG ;rnfenf;?
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&ifqikd o f mG ;rnfenf;
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f muse;f rma&;jy\emtrsm;pkrmS aq;&Ho k @kd wufa&mufuo

k &ef rvdt k yfay? u|Eykf w f @kd vt kd yfonfw@kd rmS
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S qifo h ufqikd &f mtxl;ukaq;&Ho k @kd vdt k yfovdk
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a=umif; &Si;f jyxm;yg? Oyrm pdwv f y_ &f mS ;vG,v f eG ;f jcif;/ tvGef &ef yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;wd@k ukd qxufwrf;yd;k wd;k wuf vuf
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trlrsm;onf oifY pdwaf 0'emxyfrcH pH m;ae&onfh tpOD; a&;jy\em wpHw k &m óuHawG@vmcJah omf tjcm;use;f rma&;
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use;f rma&;tmrcHtaMumif; odaumif;p&mrsm;

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vnf; oGm;a&muf jyoukor_c, H El ikd yf gonf?

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ygonf?

a&$ @ ajymif ; tvk y f o rm;rsm;ES i f h
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k yf ygrnfavm?
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onfh vdit f =urf;zufrc_ &H oltrsKd ;orD;ESihf uav;oli,frsm;

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Supported By:
MAP Foundation
For the Health and Knowledge of Ethnic Labour
P.O. Box 7, Chiangmai Uviversity, Chiangmai 50202
Tel/Fax: + 66 (0) 53 811 202.
Email: map@mapfoundationcm.org
www.mapfoundationcm.org
Tpmtk y f o nf tcrJ h j zef @ csD j cif ; omjzpf I a&mif ; 0,f j cif ; onf ; cH y g?

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layout HA Burmese.pmd 18 7/28/2006, 1:50 PM

layout HA Burmese.pmd 19 7/28/2006, 1:50 PM

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layout HA Burmese.pmd 20 7/28/2006, 1:50 PM

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layout HA Burmese.pmd 22 7/28/2006, 1:50 PM

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layout HA Burmese.pmd 23 7/28/2006, 1:50 PM