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d }}[k
pdwu
f dk vIUH aqmfvsuf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf v&m &uftenf;i,f
twGi;f rSmyif tBud n
m,wepsmefwidk af tmif w&m;aygufav
onf/

11
q&mBuD ; u csD ; ajrmuf y k H
w&m;aygufNyD;aomtcg q&mBuD;xH oGm; w&m;
taMumif;ajymjyav&m q&mBu;D onf kyt
f qif;ukd jrifpuyif
]]r[myk&o
d -a,musmf ;xl; a,mufsm;jrwf}}[k t,l&cdS
hJ &uf
tenf;i,fjzifh rdro
d t
d yfaom w&m;ukd odaomtcg vGepf mG
tm;&avonf? xkaYd Mumifh rdr*d P
k ;f om; wynfrh sm;ukad c:Ny;D vQif
]]wpf0ufaom tpkonf ightxHw&m;ar; wpf0ufaom
tpku r[myk&o
d (a[m'D a,mufsm;xl; a,mufsm;jrwf)txH
w&m;ar;Muayawmh? *kP;f Bu;D ukd igwkEYd pS yf g; acgif;aqmif
Murnf}}[k qk
d bk&m;tavmif;ukd q&mBu;D u rdrEd iS hf wef;wl
xm;vsuf ajrmufpm;avonf? q&mBu;D \ 'um 'umrwko
Yd nf
tvSL'gejyKzUdk vmMu\? xkt
d cgvnf; aumif;rGeaf om tpm;
taomuf tdy&f mae&mrsm;ukd bk&m;tavmif;tm; vSLap
rdru
d m; t<uif;tuserf sm;uko
d m tvSLcHavonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf rQavmuf tajrm uftpm;
cH&aomfvnf; &tyfNy;D aom w&m;ukd pOf;pm;aomtcg tly
jA[mbko
H Ydk a&mufo
Hk m ykUd aqmifEidk af om w&m;jzpf tkd em
aoa&;u vGwaf tmif pGr;f aqmifEidk af om w&m;r[kwaf o;
aMumif; od&um; xkpd smefw&m;rS Ni;D aiGUum zJcmG vmcJah v
onf/ xkaYd emuf ]]O'u&aoh}}[k xif&mS ;aom *kP
d ;f q&mBu;D
txH oGm;jyef tvm;wl tm;xkwjf yef&m tBud n
m,we
psmefxufjrifah om ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk &jyef\?

12

bmomaoG;

O'uq&mBu;D u *kP
d ;f Bu;D ukyd if vTt
J yf cs;D ajrmufavonf?
okaYd omf a&S;enf;twkid ;f yif tm;r&ao; cGcJ mG cJjh yefavonf/
rS w f c suf / /bk&m;tavmif; awmxGucf sed rf mS xkq
d &m
Bu;D ESpyf g;onf txif&mS ;qk;H *kP
d ;f q&mBu;D rsm; jzpfMu[efw\
l ?
xkaYd Mumifh xkq
d &mBu;D ESpyf g; txH bk&m;tavmif;csO;f uyfawmf
rljcif; jzpfvrd rhf nf? xkq
d &mBu;D wkYd &tyfNy;D aom w&m;xl;rsm;
vnf; avBudpsmefw&m;wGif xdyfwef;tusqkH;jzpf\? xkdrQ
avmuf xdyw
f ef;a&mufNy;D q&mBu;D ESpyf g;onf bk&m;tavmif;
awmf\tay: (rdrw
d x
Ydk uf omvGe
f wufvrf;&So
d l jzpfaom
aMumif)h m rp&,
d -remvkd 0efwjdk zpfrnfqv
dk sif jzpfp&m
aumif;ygayonf? okdYaomf xkdodkU rjzpfbJ tm;&0rf;om
cs;D ajrm ufEidk Mf uonft
h wGuf xkq
d &mBu;D ESpyf g;\ pdwaf epdwx
f m;
ukd av;pm;ylaZmfryd gonf? bk&m;tavmif; bk&m;jzpf w&m;
a[mzkYd pOf;pm;awmfrcl sed rf mS xkq
d &mBu;D ESpyf g;onf kycf Emuk,
d f
r&Sdaom tlyjA[mbkHokdY a&mufaeNyDjzpf bk&m;&Sifvnf;
w&m;a[maomtm;jzifh aus;Zl;qyfciG hf &awmfrrl/
w&m;usif h z k d Y a'o
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf O'u&aohxrH S cGcJ mG cJNh y;D edAm ef
w&m;jrwfukd &Smvsuf vSnhfvnfawmfrlav&m r*"wkdif;
aoemed*;Hk okYd a&mufawmfro
l nf? xked *d ;Hk teD; arGUavsmaf ysmf
zG,af umif;aom ajr pdwMf unfE;l zG,af umif;aom awmtkyf
woGio
f iG pf ;D qif;aeaom ae&&mjrpf\ tvGeaf umif;aom

w&m;usihfawmfrlcef;

13

a&qdyEf iS hf ywf0ef;usit
f eD;tyg; qGr;f cH vG,u
f rl nf&h mG ukd
awGUawmfral v&m xkad e&myif w&m;usizhf &Ydk ef pdwu
f dk ykid ;f jzwf
awmfrv
l suf yPmomvm-opf&u
G af usmif;uav;ukd pDpOfawmf
rlygonf? xkt
d csed f &aoh jyKEiS Mhf uaom y0*(D ig;yg;tpk) u
bk&m;tavmif;awmfudk jyKpv
k yk af uR;Muonf/
'k u & p&d , m usif h a wmf r l j cif ;
bk & m;tavmif ; awmf o nf tvG e f r Mumao;aom
&uftwGi;f u uyv
d 0wfaejynfaEG&moDpeH ef;awmf ta>ct&H
rsm;pGm\ tjyKtpk t,kt, tajztazsmu
f dk cH,u
l m oav;
qefarT;uko
d m ok;H aqmifawmfrv
l suf toufomqk;H tcsr;f om
qk;H cHpm;cJah vonf? ,cktcg awmtkyt
f v,f opf&u
G rf ;dk opf
&Guu
f mausmif;ocFr;f uav;0,f &wwforQ qGr;f tm[m&jzifh
rQwum tqif;&Jq;Hk 'ku& p&d,mtusiu
hf dk usiahf wmfryl gawmh
rnf? 'ku& -omrefvw
l Ydk rjyKEidk f rusiEhf idk af vmufatmif cJ,Of;
vSaom + p&d,m-tusi?hf xk'd u
k & p&d,musiahf wmfryl u
Hk kd rlv
yPmo opuokwf ponfrmS vmonft
h wkid ;f jyygrnf/
1/ bk&m;tavmif;onf ]]aumif;aom (ukov
dk )f pdwjf zifh
raumif;aom(tukov
dk )f pdwu
f dk ESyd pf uft}Hh }[k BuaH wmfrNl y;D vQif
tHBuw
d
f awmufacguf raumif;pdwf rjzpfEidk af tmif pdwu
f dk
ESyd pf ufay;\? xkt
d cg csKd i;f Mum;rS acR;rsm; ,du
k svm\? Oyrmtm;aumif;aom a,musfm;wpfa,mufu tm;enf;aom
a,musmf ;wpfa,mufukd OD;acgif;ukid
f jzpfap yck;H ukid
f jzpfap

14

bmomaoG;

zdEydS af omtcg csKd i;f Mum;rS acR;,kv

d mouJo
h w
Ydk nf;? xkt
d cg
vkv
YH 0D&,
d vnf; tvGeaf umif;\? owdvnf;tvGepf NJG r\
J ? okYd
aomf qif;&JpmG tm;xkwrf u
I wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk ukd xk;d qGouJo
h Udk
jzpfaeaomaMumifh wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk yl&edS u
f m Nird ;f at;rIudk r&ygacs?
xkrd Qavmuf wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk 'kuj zpfaeaomfvnf; tm;xkwv
f adk om
pdwu
f m; ukecf ef; roGm;yg/
2/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ]]tygeupsmefudk jzpfaptH}h }
[k BuaH wmfr
l ravsmafh om vkUH vjzifh xGuo
f uf0ifoufwu
Ydk dk
yg;pyf ESmacgif;wkrYd S rxGuf r0ifEidk af tmif csKyw
f nf;xm;av
onf? toufrIrIu
d b
f J aejcif;udyk if ]]tygeupsmef (t&SL
tIu
d rf &Sad ompsmef)}}[k ac:\? xko
kd Ydk rIrIu
d b
f J csKyw
f nf;xm;
aomtcg avwko
Yd nf em;aygufwrYdk S xGuu
f ek \
f ? xkad vxGuf
oHonf yef;yJorm;wk\
Yd zm;zkrd S avxGuo
f avmufyif jyif;xef
vS\? xkt
d cdserf mS vkUH v0D&,
d vnf; tvGet
f m;aumif;\? owd
vnf; tvGepf NJG r\
J ? okUd aomf qif;&JpmG tm;xkwrf u
I wpfu,
kd f
vk;H yl&edS u
f m Nird ;f at;rIudk r&ygacs? xkrd Qavmuf wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk
'kuj zpfaeaomfvnf; tm;xkwv
f adk om pdwq
f Eum ukecf ef;
roGm;yg/
3/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ]]tygeupsmefuydk if xyfr
H
jzpfaptHh}}[k BuHawmfrl ravsmhaomvkHUvjzifh xGufouf
0ifoufwu
Ydk dk yg;pyf ESmacgif; em;aygufwrYdk S r0ifrxGuEf idk af tmif
csKyw
f nf; xm;jyef\? xko
d Ydk rIrIu
d b
f J csKyw
f nf; xm;aom

w&m;usihfawmfrlcef;

15

tcg tvGejf yif;xefaom avwko

Yd nf OD;acgif;okUd wuf wk;d
a0SUukef\? xkdokdU avwdkY\ wkd;a0SUykHrSm tm;aumif;aom
a,musmf ;u xufpmG aom pl;jzifh OD;xdyf arTaeouJo
h Ydk jzpfav
onf? xkdokdU jzpfaomfvnf; aemufrqkwfbJ tm;xkwfNrJ
tm;xkwf\? owdvnf; tvGefpGJNrJ\? okdUaomf qif;&JpGm
tm;xkwfrIu wpfukd,fvkH; xkd;pGouJokdU jzpfaomaMumifh
wpfukd,fvkH; yl&Sdefum cEmukd,f\ Nidfrf;at;rIukd r&ygacs?
rQavmuf uk,
d q
f if;&JrI jzpfygaomfvnf; BuKd ;pm;vkad om pdwf
qEum; ukecf ef; roGm;yg/
4/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ]]tygeupsmefuykd if xyfr
H
jzpfapthH}}[k BuHawmfrl ravsmhaomvkkHUvjzifh xGufouf
0ifoufudk yg;pyf ESmacgif; em;aygufwrYdk S r0ifrxGuEf idk af tmif
csKyw
f nf;xm;jyef\? xko
d Udk rIrIu
d b
f J csKyw
f nf; xm;aom
tcg tvGejf yif;xefaom acgif;uku
d af 0'emwko
Yd nf ay:vmukef
\? xkdacgif;ukdufa0'em\ jyif;xefykHrSm tm;aumif;aom
a,musmf ;wpfa,mufu om;a&BuKd ;jzifh OD;acgif;ukd &pfywf
wif;MuyfpmG pnf;xm;ouJo
h u
dk xif&avonf? xko
d Udk jzpfaomf
vnf; aemufrqkwb
f J tm;xkwjf rJ tm;xkw\
f ? owdvnf;
tvGeaf umif;\? okUd aomf qif;&JpmG tm;xkwrf u
I wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk
xk;d pGouJo
h Udk jzpfaomaMumifh wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk yl&edS u
f m cEBu,
kd \
f
Nird ;f at;rIudk r&ygacs? rQavmuf uk,
d q
f if;&JrI jzpfygaomf
vnf; BuKd ;pm;vkad om pdwq
f Eum; ukecf ef; roGm;yg/

16

bmomaoG;

5/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ]]tygeupsmefuydk if xyfr

H
jzpfaptH}h }[k BuaH wmfr
l ravsmah om vkUH vjzifh xGuo
f uf
0ifoufudk yg;pyf ESmacgif; em;aygufwrYdk S r0ifrxGuEf idk af tmif
csKyw
f nf; xm;jyef\? xko
d Udk rIrIu
d b
f J csKyw
f nf; xm;aom
tcg tvGejf yif;xefaom avwko
Yd nf 0rf;Aku
d u
f dk jzwfawmuf
ouJo
h Udk xk;d usiu
f ek \
f ? Oyrm-uRr;f usiaf om EGm;owform;u
okUd r[kwf EGm;owform;\ vufaxmuf wynfBh u;D u xufpmG
aom EGm;owf"m;jzifh Aku
d u
f dk jzwfv;DS ouJo
h Udk usief mavonf?
xko
d Udk jzpfapaomfvnf; aemufrqkwb
f J tm;xkwjf rt
J m;xkw\
f ?
owdvnf; tvGeaf umif;\? okUd aomf qif;&JpmG tm;xkwrf u
I
wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk xk;d pGxm;ouJo
h Udk jzpfaomaMumifh wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk
yl&edS u
f m Nird ;f at;rI r&ygacs? rQavmuf cEBu,
fkd f 'kua &muf
aeaomfvnf; BuKd ;pm;vkad om pdwq
f Eum; ukecf ef; roGm;yg/
6/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ]]tygeupsmefuydk if xyfr
H
jzpfaptH}h }[k BuaH wmfr
l ravsmah om vkUH vjzifh xGuo
f uf
0ifoufudk yg;pyf ESmacgif; em;aygufwrYdk S r0ifrxGuEf idk af tmif
csKyw
f nf; xm;jyef\? xko
d Udk rIrIu
d b
f J csKyw
f nf; xm;aom
tcg wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk jyif;jyif;xefxef ylavmifvmavonf? Oyrmtm;BuD;aom a,musf m ;ES pf a,muf wk d Y u tm;enf ;aom
a,musmf ;wpfa,mufudk vufarmifEpS zf ufuidk
f rD;us;D tpk
usuaf eatmif uifaomtcg jzpfay:vmaom uk,
d yf u
l o
hJ Udk
jzpfavonf? xko
d Udk jzpfaomfvnf;; aemufrqkwb
f J tm;xkwjf rJ

w&m;usihfawmfrlcef;

17

tm;xkw\
f ? owdvnf; tvGeaf umif;\? okUd aomf qif;&JpmG
tm;xkwfrIu wpfukd,fvkH; xkd;pGouJhokdU jzpfaomaMumifh
wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk yl&edS u
f m cEmuk,
d \
f Nird ;f at;rIudk r&ygacs? rQ
avmuf cEmuk,
d f 'kua &mufaeaomfvnf; BuKd ;pm;vkad om
pdwq
f Eum; ukek cf ef; roGm;yg/
rl ; arY o G m ;jcif ;
xkUd uJo
h Udk cEmuk,
d f jyif;jyaom tyljzpfvmaom tcg
rku
d u
f eJ jzpf pBuo
mG ;&mrS xkid v
f suf vJusomG ;avonf?
xko
d Udk xkid v
f suaf eyku
H dk jrifMu&aom teD;tyg;u ewfwo
Ydk nf
xifjrifcsuf trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh ajymqkMd uukek \
f ? tcsKd Uewfrsm;u
]]umvuFawm oraPm a*gwarm-&[efa*gwr aoNy}D }[k
ajymMu\? tcsKd Uewfrsm;um; ]] e umvuFawm oraPm
a*gwarm-&[ef;a*gwronf aorNy;D ao;? tydp umvH
ua&mwd-aoaewke;f &Sad o;w,f}}[k ajymMu\? tcsKd Uewfrsm;
url ]] e umvuFawm oraPm a*gwarm emyd umvH
ua&mwd-&[ef;a*gwronf aoNy;D vnf; r[kwf aoaewm
vnf;r[kw?f t&[H oraPm a*gwarm-&[ef;a*gwronf
&[EmjzpfNy?D 0d[ma&mawG0 aom t&[awm-'DaeykrH sKd ;[m
&[Em\ aeyko
H m jzpfonf}}[k ajymMuavonf? xko
d Udk ajymolwYdk
wGif aoNyD[k xifaeaomewfu oka'g'erif;xH oGm;
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18

bmomaoG;

oka'g'erif;u ]]Ak'j zpfNy;D rS aowmvm; rjzpfbJ aowmvm;}}[k

jyef ar;vsif ]]Ak'r jzpfbJ aowm}}[k ewfu ajym\? ]]Ak'r jzpf
ao;vQif aow,fqw
dk m r,kb
H ;l }}[k ajymvku
d af vonf/
tpmavQmh j cif ;
jyefowd&vmaomtcg ]]tpm rpm;bJ usit
hf }hH }[k tBuH
jzpfawmfr\
l ? xkt
d cg ewfwu
Ydk ]]tpmtm[m&ukd vk;H vk;H rpm;bJ
jzwfxm;vQif arG;ni;f aygufwrYdk S ewfMoZm oGi;f ayrnf}}[k
ajymMuaomaMumifh vk;H vk;H tpmrjzwfbJ enf;enf;pm;awmfr\
l ?
yJaemuf yJypd yf yJveG ;f yJBu;D wk\
Yd tESp&f nfuo
dk m wpfvufcyk f
avmuf aomufawmfr\
l ? xkt
d cg tvGeyf ed cf sK;H oGm;av\?
tvGeyf ifyef;EGr;f e,f\ ....../
1/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ t*FgBu;D i,fwo
Ydk nf tk;d quf
tqpfae&mu armuf tqpfr[kwaf om ae&mwkYd
yde
f aeuke\
f ? Oyrm-tmoDwrd nfaomEG,f umv
rnfaomEG,w
f \
Ydk tqpfrsm;ESihf wlonf/
2/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ wifyg;wko
Yd nf ukvm;tkycf mG Bu;D
rsm;vkd 0pr*f(usiBf u;D pGeUf aom)ae&mu twGi;f okUd csKid 0hf if
aeuke\
f /

w&m;usihfawmfrlcef;

19

3/ ausmufuek ;f (ausm)tk;d wko

d nf tedrt
hf jrifh jzpfaeukef
\/ ykw;D tvk;H Bu;D awGudk BuKd ;jzifh oDuek ;f xm;aomtcg
ykw;D vk;H tMum; csKd iahf eouJo
h Ukd tk;d wk\
Yd ? tMum;
tom;awG edrahf e&um; ykw;D tvk;H Bu;D awG oDu;Hk xm;ykEH iS hf
wl\?
4/ eH;dk wko
Yd nf tMum;tMum; tom;awG edru
hf somG ;ukef
&um; Z&yftu
dk tjcif&e,frsm;vkd rajyrjypfjzpfuek \
f ?
5/ rsuv
f ;Hk tdrt
f wGi;f &Sd rsuv
f ;Hk wko
Yd nf twGi;f okUd 0ifaeMu
ojzifh a&wGi;f euf a&yGuu
f av;rsm;uJo
h Ykd jrif&uke\
f /
6/ OD;acgif;ta&onfum; Al;cg;oD;EkEu
k kd cl; aevSr;f xm;
aomtcg wGeaYf eouJo
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Yf ndK ;EGr;f ae\/
7/ 0rf;Adu
k af wmfonf ausmf uyfae&um; 0rf;a&ukd udik f
vdu
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d ausmd;k udk udik v
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f Qif
vnf; 0rf;a&udyk g udik rf o
d nf/
8/ ]]usiBf u;D usiif ,f pGerYf nf}}[k xdik v
f u
kd af omtcg usif
i,fjzpfapEdik af om tm[m&&nfu 0rf;xJ r&Sad om
aMumifh usiif ,f vk;H 0rxGiEf ikd b
f J usiBf u;D aomfrS wpfaph
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kd v
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rl;l rdu
k u
f m arSmufvsuf vJ&avonf/

20
9/

bmomaoG;

cEmudk,f oufomapvdk vufjzifh yGwfvdkufvQif

t&if; u ykyaf eaom tarG;wdo
Yk nf ud,
k rf S uGm vuf
Niu
d yf ygvmuke\
f /
10/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ yifudktqif;onf o*Da&Tt
qif;uJo
h Ykd 0g0if;\ odaYk omf xdw
k &m;usichf sed rf S jrif&olwYkd
um; ]]umaVm oraPm a*gwarm=&[ef;a*gwr[m
tom;rnf;Bu;D yJ}} [k ajymMu\? wcsKUd u ]]omarm or
aPm a*gwarm=&[ef;a*gwr[m tom;ndKBu;D yJ}} [k
ajymMu\? wcsKUd url ]]r*K&p0d oraPm a*gwarm=
&[ef;a*gwr[m ig;cl\ ta& ta&mifrsK;d yJ}}[k ajymMu
onf/ (r[moD[em'okwf ygVd t|uxm #Dum/)
rm&f e wf v m rusif h z d k Y a jymjcif ;
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf xdrk Qavmuf tyifyef;cH usihf
awmfrlaomtcg rm&fewfvmajymonfrSm-tdk od'w..
toifonf tvGeyf ed
f tm;enf;vSNy?D tpdwf wpfaxmifEiS hf
wpfpw
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f Qif aobufuwpfaxmifavmuf&
dS wpfpw
d f
avmufom &SifzdkY &Sdawmhonf aozdkY&ef tvGefeD;uyfaeNyD?
toufwm&Snf ae&jcif;qdw
k m tvGeaf umif; tvGejf rwfyg
onf? touf&n
S v
f Qif ukov
kd af umif;rIukd rsm;pGm jyK&ygvdrrhf nf?
jrwfaomtusiu
hf (kd Oykoo
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hf ,Zfr;D ylaZmfaernf
qdv
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kd af umif;rIawGrsm;pGm wd;k yGm;zG,f &Syd gonf? ,ck

w&m;usihfawmfrlcef;

21

toifjyKaewJh y"metvkyf(ur|mef;tm; xkwfrI)qdkwm

tvGet
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k nf;aumif; pdwx
f uf
oefpmG jzifh rde>Yf rufawmfral vonf/

22

bmomaoG;

tusiahf jymif;ykH
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23

3/bk&m;jzpfawmfrcl ef;
bk&m;jzpfrnfah eYtpDtpOf
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0,f w&m;tm;xkwaf wmrlaom tcg.....
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24

bmomaoG;
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nTejf yvsuf aer0ifrt
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f iG f at;at;aq;aq; atmifjrif
awmfral vonf/

bk&m;jzpfawmfrlcef;

25

pdwt
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vk&d mtmko
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[k ac:\? bk&m;tavmif;onf npfaMu; rwif vGeo
f efpY if

26

bmomaoG;

MunfvifE;l nhaH om pdwt

f pOfudk ykaA ed0go okUd nGwaf y;awmfr&l m
a&S;jzpfa[mif;ukd atmufarhEidk af om tbdnmPfu(dk Pfx;l )
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h dk
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xkyd ak Ae0d goPfjzifh vGecf ahJ om b0rSp okar"m&Si&f aohb0
wkid af tmifvnf; aumif; xkx
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jzpf&aom wkow
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Yd dk jrifawmfral vnf/

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Pf? ewfrsuv
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tavmif;awmfonf ykaAed0goPfukd &awmfrlNyD;aomtcg
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cgeD;ukv
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wku
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d bdnmPf&aomtcsed rf mS

bk&m;jzpfawmfrlcef;

27

nOf\
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d Pfjzifh i&Jaumif Nyw
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aumifwu
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d w0gwk\
Yd a&S;uH
ukd qifjcifawmfral omtcg avmba'goarm[ygao tukov
dk f
uHaMumifh i&Jaumif wd&pmefaumif Nyw
d m aumif jzpf&ykH vlUbkrH mS
jzpf&aomfvnf; xkt
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dk u
f aH Mumifh vlEv
Hk rl JG vlqif;&Jjzpf&ykH
rsm;ukv
d nf;aumif; tavmb a'go tarm[ygaom ukov
dk u
f H
aMumifh vlcsr;f omESihf ewfjA[mjzpf&ykH wd&pmefb0rSm jzpf&aomf
vnf; xku
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dk u
f aH Mumifh vSvyS yESihf okc&aeyku
H v
dk nf;aumif;
tpkt
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tmo0u,Pf

tmo0-tmoa0gw&m;wkdY\+c,-ukefaMumif;Pf?
pdrf&nftkd; MumjrifhpGm pdrfxm;tyfaom pdrf&nft&ufukd
]]tmo0}}[k ygVdvdk ac:\? cEmtpOf Mumjrifph mG yg&Sad eaom
avmb 'd|d arm[wdu
Yk v
dk nf; pdr&f nft&ufEiS w
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odjrifEidk af om aomwmywrd *fPf aomwmywzd v
dk
f Pf

28

bmomaoG;
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atmif uif;pifomG ;awmh\/
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d odjrifaom
ou'g*grdr*fPf zkv
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jzpfonf/
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d odjrif
Ekid af om tem*grdr*f zkv
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bk&m;jzpfawmfrlcef;

29

w&m;wd k U \ "mwf r sm;vnf ; yg0if o G m ;&um;

t&[wr*fPfudk tmo0u,Pf[k ac:&onf?
tmo0u,Pf&onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf tkPv
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wufvmawmh\/

bk&m;jzpfawmfrlcsdef
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Pfawmfuv
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aMumifh ]]Ak'} }[laom trnfawmfuv
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cwf xl;jrwfaom Pfawmfukd &awmfrNl y[
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30

bmomaoG;

ok;H rdsK;&Sad om Pf awmfjzifh cRwx

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h nfr[kwyf gavm? bk&m;jzpfawmfrrl nfh b0vnf;
yg&rDawmfrsm; &ifah eNyD jzpfaomaMumifh ewfrif;wrQ pHpm;&onfh
pnf;pdru
f ydk if pGecYf mG Ekid o
f nf r[kwyf gavm? xdo
k Ykd pGecfY mG Ny;D onfh
aemuf awmxJ a&mufaomtcg tk;d aMuaMu ta&ajcmuf

bk&m;jzpfawmfrlcef;

31

ajcmuf aemufrqkwb
f J tm;xkwaf wmfrcl o
hJ nf r[kwyf gavm?
xko
d t
Ykd m;xkw
f tqifq
h ifh w&m;wufvmaomtcg cEmtpOf
rSmyg&Sad om raumif;"mwf [lorQwu
Ydk kd wpfpwpfp cGmcsEikd f
aom r*fPf zdv
k
f PfwjYkd zifh pdw"f mwf pifMu,fveG ;f ru
pifMu,fvSrS oAnKwPfawmfudk & Ak'tppf bk&m;
tjzpfukd 0efcaH wmfro
l nf r[kwyf gavm/
bk & m;ud k tmk H j yKyg
bke;f Bu;D onf bk&m;&Si\
f yg&rDjznfah wmfrcl yhJ EHk iS hf wuG
Ak'j rwfpmG jzpfawmfro
l nfw
h idk af tmif bk&m; tjzpfawmfpOfukd
qifjcifaomtcg Ak'j rwfpmG tay: ,krH mS ;oHo, vk;H vk;H r&Syd g?
tvGet
f rif; ,kMH unfygonf? MunfnKd ygonf? pBukd Munfh I
olrsm;onf bk&m;tjzpfawmfpOfukd pOf;pm; Ny;D vQif (29-ESpf
awmxGu
f 6-ESpaf vmuf usiNhf y;D rS bk&m;jzpfaomaMumif)h
t&G,af wmftm;jzifh (35)ESpo
f m &Sad wmfral o;aom yGio
hf pfp
bk&m;\ aAm"danmifyifatmuf0,f ta&SUbufoYkd vSnahf om
rsuEf mS awmfjzifh xkid af eawmfryl u
Hk v
kd nf;aumif; bk&m;jzpfawmf
rlNyD;csdef0,f ta&SUt&yfrS aetkPf ta&mif[yfaeykHudk
vnf;aumif; udavom"mwf uif;jywfpifMu,faom pdwaf wmf
tpOf0,f oAnKwPfawmfvnf; udef;0yfyg0ifae&um;
tvGeMf unfvifaom rsuEf mS awmfjzifh oym,fawmfryl u
Hk v
kd nf;
aumif; rdrpd w
d w
f iG f xifjrifvmatmif tmk,
H al pvdyk gonf?
Oykof oDvudk apmifo
h ;Hk vQuf bk&m;*kPaf wmfukd tmkjH yKaeaom

32

bmomaoG;

tcsed f onf olawmfpifrsm;twGuf tvGef usuo

f a&r*Fvm
&Sad om tcsed f jzpfygonf? aetkPEf iS hf awGUaomtcg y'krm
MumyGio
hf uJo
h Ykd t&wr*fPfEiS ahf wGU oAnKwPf &awmf
rljcif;udyk if ]]bk&m;yGiahf wmfrjl cif;}}[k ac:prSwf jyKMuygonf/
ygawm zkvH y'kr0H t*ra*e zkvw
d ?H
aom*Eu
d H 0da&mpEH Ak'H ym[d om'&H/
ygawm-tkPaf &mifvif; uyfvmcsO;f qD;ESi;f &nfarm
eHeufapmapmtcg? zkv-H &eHaY t;Munf arT;ysUH pD ywfvnfpiG hf
pGihf um;um;yGiahf om? y'krH 0-txyfwpf&m csyt
f vGmjzifh
vGepf mG wifq
h ef; y'krm Mumyef;uJo
h ?Ykd t*ra*e-udavomarSmif
puf ajymifatmifzsuo
f nfh t&wr*f*P
k f aetkPaMumif?h
zkvdwH-oAnKwH aAm"dPfjzifh a&mifvQHpGifhpGifh yGifhawmf
rlxaom? aom*EuH-ud,
k af wmf&eYH *kP&f eYjH zifh oif;ysUH arT;xkH
&eHaY ygif;pkaH wmfrx
l aom? 0da&mpE-H tqif;awmfa&mif Pf
awmfa&mifjzifh xGe;f ajymifjrif<h u,f wifw
h ,fawmfrx
l aom?
Ak'-H aAm"danmifajc eef;atmifajr0,f usuo
f a&taygif;
canmif; pkHvif bk&m;&Sifudk? om'&H-av;av;jrwfjrwf
pdw"f mwfMunfnKd tvGef adk oonfjzpf? y[d-ud,
k pf w
d f
&Tiv
f ef; Muufo;D jzef;rQ rSe;f xifxif zl;jrifprf;ygawmhavm/

33

4/omoemwnfapawmfrcl ef;
rm&fewfvmavQmufjcif;
Ak'jrwfpGmonf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;omtcg aAm"dyif\
ywf0efusif teD; t&yfrsm; ckEpS &f uf ckEpS v
f D psmeformywf
0ifpm;awmf rlNyD;aemuf&SpfBudrfajrmufckESpf&ufwGifrm&fewfvm
atmufyg pum;ukd avQmufavonf/
f &k m;onf y&deAd m efpaH wmfryl gawmY?
]]tkd t&Sib
f &k m;...t&Sib
oAOn
f KwOmPfawmfudk &zk&Yd ef&nfreS ;f yg&rD jznfv
Y mcJah om
t&Sib
f &k m;rSm ,cktcg &nfreS cf suf txajrmufygNy?D avmu
vSnfYvnfaezkdY rvkdawmYyg? y&dedAmefpHawmfrlygawmY}} okdY
avQmufvmavonf? xkdtcg Ak'jrwfpGmu jyefrdefYawmfrl
onfrmS ...
1/ tkd rm&fewf...ig\ wynfYom0ujzpfaom &[ef;
a,mufsm;wko
Yd nf ,Of,Ofaus;aus;ESihf xufxufjrwfjrwf r&SMd u
ao;orQ w&m;t&mwGif tMum;tjrif A[kw
k rsm;xkd w&m;
twkid ;f usiahf eolawG rrsm;ao;orQ igbk&m;\ t,l0g'ukd
oif,w
l wfajrmuf olwyg;tm; rykrYd csEidk af o;orQ jzpfay:
vmaom qefu
Y sib
f uft,l0g'ukd w&m;ojzifEY ydS ef if; taMumif;
jyvQuf w&m;"rukd ra[mjyEkdifaorQ igbk&m;y&dedAmefpHzkdY
rjzpfEidk af o;bl; rm&fewf/
2/ tkd rm&fewf... ig\ wynfY om0dumrrsm;jzpfMuaom
bduK ew
D o
Ydk nf ,Of,Ofaus;aus;ESix
Yf ufxufjrwfjrwf r&Sad o;

34

bmomaoG;

orQ w&m;t&mwGif tMum;tjrif A[kw

k rsm; xkw
d &m;
twkid ;f usiaYf eolawG rrsm;ao;orQ igbk&m;\ t,l0g'ukd oif,l
wwfajrmuf olwyg;tm; rykrYd csEidk af o;orQ jzpfay:vmaom
qefu
Y sib
f uft,l0g'ukd w&m;ojzifEY ydS ef if; taMumif;jyvQuf
w&m;"rudk ra[mjyEkid af o;orQ igbk&m; y&deAd m efpzH Ydk rjzpfEidk f
ao;bl; rm&fewf/
3/ tkd rm&fewf... igbk&m;ukd qnfuyfukd;uG,fMu
Oygoum('g,um) jzpfMuaom vl0wfaMumifwo
Ydk nf(vlt
Y vku
d )f
,Of,Ofaus;aus;ESiYf xufxufjrwfjrwf r&Sad o;orQ w&m;
t&mwGi(f vlt
Y vku
d )f tMum;tjrif A[kw
k rsm; xkv
d w
Yl &m;
vlusi0Yf wftwkid ;f usiaYf eolawG rrsm;ao;orQ igbk&m;\ t,l
0g'ukd wwfoed m;vnf olwyg;tm; wpfqifaY jymjyEkid o
f al wG
rrsm;ao;orQ jzpfay:vmaom qefu
Y sib
f uf t,l0g'ukd w&m;
ojzifY ESyd ef if; taMumif;jyvsuf w&m;"ru(dk vlt
Y vku
d )f rajymEkid f
ao;orQ igbk&m; y&deAd m efpf zH Ydk rjzpfEidk af o;bl; rm&fewf/
4/ tkd rm&fewf... igbk&m;ukd qnfuyfukd;uG,fMu
Oygodum('g,dumr)jzpfMuaom vl0wfaMumif rde;f rwkUd onf (vlY
tvku
d )f ,nf,nfaus;us;ESix
Yf ufxufjrwfjrwf r&Sad o;orQ
w&m;t&mwG i f ( vl Y t vk d u f ) tMum;tjrif A [k k w rsm;
xkdvlUw&m; vlusifY0wftwkdif; usifYaeolawG rrsm;ao;orQ
igbk&m;\ t,l0g'ukd wwfoed m;vnf; olwyg;tm; wpfqifY
ajymjyEkid o
f al wG rrsm;ao;orQ jzpfay:vmaom qefu
Y sib
f uf
t,l0g'ukd w&m;ojzifEY ydS ef if; taMumif;jyvQuf w&m;"rudk

omoemwnfapawmfrlcef;

35

(vlt
Y vku
d )f rajymjyEkid af o;orQ igbk&m; y&deAd m efpzH Ydk rjzpfEidk f
ao;bl; rm&fewf
5/ tkd rm&fewf... igbk&m;\ oDv orm"d ynmok;H rsKd ;vk;H
ygaeaom omoemawmfonf pnfyif jyefyY mG ; ynm&Sad om ewf
vlweYdk ,fwiG f rxif&mS ;ao;orQ igbk&m; y&deAd m ef pHzYdk rjzpfEidk f
ao;bl; rm&fewf../ okYd bk&m;&Siu
f jyef rdeaYf wmfrcl yhJ gonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / ae&m bk&m;&Si\
f omoemhvrf;pOfudk
owdjyKoif\
h omoeawmf ckid chf
hH t&yf&yfysUH ESUH atmif....
(1)omoemhwm0efaqmif bduKaumif;rsm;?
(2)omoemhwm0efaqmif bduKeDaumif;rsm;?
(3)omoemawmfudk qnf;uyf uk;d uG,af om wm0efaqmif
Oygoum ('g,um)rsm;?
(4)omoemawmfudk qnf;uyf uk;d uG,af om wm0efaqmif
Oygodum ('g,dumr)rsm;?
av;&yfudk Ak'j rwfpmG \ y&dowfav;yg;[k ac:onf? xkd
y&dowfav;yg;vk;H jynhjf ynfph pkH Hk &Srd o
S m Ak'j rwfpmG \ omoemawmf
t&SnfcHh wnfwefYEkdifrnf jzpfaomaMumifh Ak'jrwfpGmonf
y&dowfav;yg;vk;H ukd jynhpf aHk tmif (45)0gumvywfv;Hk w&m;
a[mawmfrjl cif;jzifh omoemawmf ysUH EScYH idk jf raJ tmif &Guaf qmif
awmfrcl ahJ Mumif;ukd rSwo
f m;cJyh g/

36

bmomaoG;

&[ef;aumif;rsm;
]]&[ef;aumif;}}[l&m tusiahf umif;aom &[ef;rsm;ukd qkv
d dk
onf? bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmf wpfcsKd U &[ef;awmfrsm;onf trsKd ;
tm;jzifh txufwef;us tusio
hf u
d m vnf; aumif;Muay\?
wpfcsKd U &[ef;awmfrsm;um; trsKd ;tm;jzifh txufwef;rusaomf
vnf; tusio
hf u
d m aumif;Muay\? xko
d Udk tusio
fh u
d m aumif;
Mu bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;ukd aumif;rGepf mG wwfox
d m;aom
&[ef;awmfonf omoemawmf t&SnfcHh wnfwHhatmif
&Guaf qmifawmfrMl uayonf/
trS m /
/bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmfrpS oHCmawmfrsm;\
omoemawmfukd aqmifawmfrlcJhykHESifhwuG t&Sifom&dykw&m
t&Sirf [marm*vmef t&Sirf [muy paom omoemjyK
oHCmawmfrsm;\ taMumif;t&mukd tem*wfomoema&;
usr;f pm oHCmh&wemtcef; a&;om;cJyh gNy?D usr;f pmum;
xku
d sr;f rygao;aom tcsKd UoHCmawmfrsm;uko
d m a&;om;ygrnf/
t&SifOygvd
t&SiOf ygvdax&fonf vlUb0wke;f u trsKd ;Zmwf atmuf
wef;usaom qwmonfjzpf b',
d rif;om; tEk'k g rif;om;
tmeEm paom rif;om;rsm;\ qHyif rkwq
f w
d u
f dk jyKjyifay;&ol
jzpf\? xkrd if;om;rsm; &[ef;jyKaomtcg twlvu
dk
f bk&m;txH
a&mufvQif rif;om;wdUk u Oygvdudk a&S;OD;pGm &[ef;jyKay;awmf
rlyg? xko
d Ydk a&S;OD;pGm&[ef;jyKrS Oygvdu &[ef;tjzpf tvsiu
f s

bk&m;jzpfawmfrlcef;

37

Oygvdukd wynfah wmfwu

Ykd tkt
d ao ay;&ojzifh wynfah wmfw\
Ydk
rmefrmeavQmusygvdrrhf nf[k avQmufMuavonf? tvGepf w
d f
aumif;&Sad om rif;om;rsm; jzpfMuygayonf? t&SiOf ygvdonf
&[ef;jyKNy;D aomtcg awmausmif;rSm aevk
d bk&m;&Sit
f xH cGihf
awmif;avaomf (awmiftcg omoemtusKd ;ukd arQmaf wmfr
l )
bk&m;&Sio
f nf cGijhf yKawmfrrlbJ }}awmausmif;rSmaevQif toifrh mS
0dyemwm0efwpfrsKd ;om wk;d yGm;vdrrhf nf? igbk&m;\txHrmS
aevQif 0dymemwm0ef usr;f *efwm0ef ESprf sKd ;vk;H jynhpf v
Hk rd hf
rnf}}[k rdeUf awmfr\
l /
t&SiOf ygvdonf bk&m;txHawmf w&m;tm;xkw
f aepOf
rMumcif &[Emjzpf\? xkaYd emuf bk&m;&Sif uk,
d af wmfwidk f 0denf;
w&m;awmfudk ydUk csay;awmfr\
l ? t&SiOf ygvdon
f pBu< u&if;vnf;
0denf;taMumif;ukd pOf;pm;\? &yfae&if;vnf; 0ded nf;taMumif;ukd
pOf;pm;\? 0denf;yd#uonf t&SifOygvdtwGuf tjrJae&m
ausmif;Bu;D ozG,f jzpfae&um; ]]t&SiOf ygvdEiS hf 0denf;? 0denf;ESihf
t&SiOf ygvd}}[k cGjJ cm; r&oavmufyif jzpfawmh\? xkaYd Mumifh
bk&m;&Sio
f nf ]]0denf;t&m xdyw
f ef; ta&mufq;Hk yk*K v
d }f }[k
t&SiOf ygvdudk {w'*f xm;awmfro
l nf? bk&m;vufxufawmfyif
&[ef;trsm;tm; 0denf;yd#uukd ykUd csawmfr\
l ? yxroH*g,em
wifawmfrlaomtcg 0denf;yd#uukd a&SUaqmif oH*g,em
wifawmfro
l nf/

38

bmomaoG;

tusiyhf "me
ae&m0,f t&SiOf ygvd\ trdsK;Zmwftm;jzifh txufwef;
rusaomfvnf; tusiphf m&dwt
m;jzifh txufwef;usaomaMumifh
oHCmawmftrsm;\ av;av;pm;pm; tm;xm;rSDckd&m jzpf
omoewm0efudk ta&;ygyg t&ma&mufa&muf xajrmuf
atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifawmfrlEkdifykHudk owdjyKMuNyD;vsif
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ aumovr[m&mZmtm; a[mawmfrlaom
taMumif;udk rSwo
f m;xdu
k yf gonf/
bk&m;&Si/f /]]r[m&mZm toifrY mS ppfwu
dk zf u
Ykd pd MuKH ae
ppfonf pkaqmif;aeNyD}} qkdMuygqdkY? xdktcg ZmwfjrifYaom
rif;om;wpfa,mufonf ppfrx
I rf;zdYkd toifx
Y H vm&m\? okaYd omf
xkdrif;om;onf ppftwwfudk roifzl;ao;? oifzl;apumrl
tavY t usif Y r&S d a o;? xk d r if ; om;ud k trsKd ; aumif ; onf Y
twGuaf MumifY ppfrx
I rf;f zdYk a&G;cs,rf nfavm/
r[m&mZm/ /ra&G;cs,Ef idk yf g/
enf;twdik ;f ppftwwfukd rwwfaf o;aom
trsd K ;aumif ; jA[ P vk v if trsKd ; nH Y a0-v,f o rm;
uk e f o nf t rsd K ;tpm;vk v if trsKd ; atmuf w ef ; usaom
ok'( tvkyn
f u
HY kd vkyu
f ikd af om)vkvifrsm; vm&mvnf; ppfrx
I rf;zdYk
a&G;cs,frnfavm}} [k ar;awmfrl&m ra&Gcs,fEdkifygaMumif;
avsmufavonf? xdaYk emuf ppftwwfukd wwfajrmufNy;D aom
avYusiNYf y;D jzpfaom rif;om; ykPm ;om; ukeo
f nfv,form;om;

39
qif;&Jom;wkdU ppfrIxrf;zdkY vm&m ]]a&G;cs,frnfvm;}} [k
ar;awmfr&l m ]]a&G;cs,rf nft
Y aMumif;}}udk avSsux
f m;avonf/
aumovoH,w
k yf gVdawmf/
rSwcf su/f /jyeBukd Oyrmoabmtm;jzifY bk&m&Sif
ar;awmfrjl cif; jzpf\? a[mawmfrv
l &kd if;um; tvSLcHy*k Kd vu
f kd
a&G;cs,f&m avmb a'gopaom raumif;rIuif; oDv
orm"d p onf E S i f Y jynf Y p H k a omyk * K d v f u d k a&G ; cs,f & rnf [ k
a[mawmfrv
l &kd if; jzpf\? xdpk um;udk tpOfvu
kd
f pOf;pm;vSsif
omoemjyKz&Ykd ef yk*Kd vu
f kd a&G;cs,&f mvnf; emrnfausmMf um;
vltrsm; ud;k uG,-f rud;k uG,u
f kd y"merxm;yJ ]]oDv orm"dEiS Yf
omoemjyKvdkpdwf&Sdaom yk*dKvfrsm;udkom a&G;cs,f&rnf}}[k
nGejf yawmfr&l m a&mufonf[k rSw,
f o
l ifyY gonf/
nDawmfEiS o
Yf m;awmf Ak'j rwfpmG onf ud,
k af wmfwikd o
f d
&Si&f [ef;jyKyHk
jrifawmfrt
l yfaom w&m;awmf\
rGefjrwfvSaomaMumifY xdkw&m;awmfudk ow0gwdkYtm;vnf;
odapawmfrlvdkaom qEawmf jyif;jyvsuf&Sd\/ xddkYaMumifY
avBud t vd d k t m;jzif Y t&if ; qH k ; [k qd k x d k u f a om nD a wmf
eEriff;om;ESifY om;awmf&m[kvmwdkYtm; xkdw&m;awmfukd
odMuzk&Yd ef &Si&f [ef;jyKay;awmfr\
l ? -csUJ ygOD;rnf---bk&m;&Sio
f nf
uyd v 0wf a ejynf a wmf o k d Y yxrtBud r f a &muf a wmf r l
ok&Yd ufajrmufaeY nDawmfeErif;om; udk &[ef;jyKay;awmfr\
l

40

bmomaoG;

xkad eum;ESrawmfZey'uvsmPDEiS v
hf ufxyf tdraf &SUeef;tyfzYdk
pDpOfjy;D aomaeYwnf;? xkad eYapmapm bk&m;&Sio
f nf crnf;awmf\
eef a wmf r S qG r f ; bk O f ; ay; jyef t MuG w G i f eE r if ; om;uk d
oydwu
f idk af p ausmif;awmfa&mufaomtcg ]]&[ef;jyKrnfavm}}
[k ar;awmfrv
l Qif rjyKcsiaf omfvnf; i,fpOfuyif tkt
d ao
ay;&aom aemifawmfjzpfaomaMumifh ]]&[ef;jyKygrnf}} [k
avQmuf&awmhonf? aejynfawmfa&muf ckEpS &f ufajrmufaeY
avBut
d arGawmif;vsuf aemufawmfuygvmaom(7-t&G,f i,f
&Smaom) om;awmf&m[kvBukd ]]avmukw& m tarG;ay;rnf}} [k
rdeaYf wmfru
l m &Sio
f mraPuav;jyKapawmfro
l nf/
vlUpnf;pdrx
f ufaumif;vdYk
eErif;om;onf &[ef;rjyKvQif yxrtdraf &SUrif;om;jzpf
crnf;awmfBu;d ewf&mG pHaomtcg&Sib
f &k ifjzpfzaYdk ocsaeaomrif;
om;aywnf ; ? ol \ k y f v u P m tvk d t m;jzif h pMumrif ;
jzpfxu
dk af om bke;f uHyg&So
d v
l nf;jzpfonf? &m[kvmrif; om;vnf;
eE r if ; om; &[ef ; jyKjyD ; jzpf a omaMumif h td r f a &S U rif ; ES i f h
&Sib
f &k ifjzpfzYdk aocsmae\? bk&m;ocifEiS hf ,aomf"&mwk\
Yd aoG;
om;jzpfaomaMumifh kyv
f uPmrSmvnf; pMumrif; Zmwmyg
aeolyifjzpfonf? avBub
d ufxkrd Qavmuf at;at;aq;aq;ESihf
wufvrf;aumifolum; ,ckurm0,f wpfa,mufwavrQ

41
r&Ekid yf g? okyYd gvsuf &[ef;jyKay;awmfro
l nfrmS &[ef;b0u xkd
taumif;xuf aumif;aomaMumifo
h m jzpfygonf/
bk&m;&Siv
f nf; xdo
k mvGeaf om taumif;ukd arQmrf eS ;f awmf
rlEidk af omaMumifo
h m vuf&x
dS ;D eef;ESihf ,aomf"&mrdz&k m;paom
ta>ct&H r sm;ud k pG e f Y v T w f E k d i f y gonf ? xk d b k & m;&S i f u k d
twkvu
dk
f oBu0d ifrif; rSL;rwfwpfaxmifwYdk &[ef;jyKMuonf?
xkaYd emuftEk'k g paom rif;om;wkv
Yd nf; &[ef;jyKjyef\? okYd
vlaY bmifvpYl nf;pdrEf iS hf aeESid o
f l trsm;tjym;yif &[ef;jyKMujcif;
um;vlpY nfprd x
f ufaumif;aom taumifudk arQmrf eS ;f Ekid Mf uom
jzpfygonf? xkdYaMumifh ,cktcg a&S;a&S;b0u yg&rD"mwfcH
ygvmaom trsK;d om;rsm;vnf; (wpf&m wpfa,mufwpfaxmif
wpfa,mufjzpfap) &SdygvdrfhOD;rnf? xkd"mwfcHygolwkdYonf
omoemokYd 0ifa&muf omoemhwm0efudk xrf;Muapvkyd gonf/
temxydPf\nDESifhom;
temxydP\
f ola|;\ tzonf okreola|;wnf;? xkt
d em
xydPo
f al |;rSm ]]okbw
l }d } rnfaom nDwpfa,mufvnf;&S\
d ?
xk d o k b l o nf a Zw0ef a usmif ; awmf a&puf c saom
aemifawmftemxydPEf iS t
hf wl vku
d o
f mG ; w&m;awmfudk em&\?
xkt
d cg omoemawmfudk MunfnKd vo
S jzifh &[ef;jyK\? xkaYd emuf
awmausmif;aejyD;vQif arwmur|mef;ukd tajccHvsuf
0dyemwuf &[Emjzpfavonf? qGr;f cH<uaomtcg tdraf yguf
wkdif; tdrfaygufwkdif;0,f arwmpsmefukd acwcP0ifjyD;rS

42

bmomaoG;

qGr;f cH<uavh&\
dS xkaYd Mumifh tvSLcHy*k K v
d w
f w
Ydk iG f xdyw
f ef;tusq;Hk
{w'*ft&Bukd &awmfro
l nf? aemufwpfcg temxydPo
f al |;om;
jzpfaom ]] o'}} trnf&o
dS v
l nf; xkb
d axG;awmf okbw
l &d [Em
\txH0,f &[ef;jyK&[Emjzpfavonf/ 0wKudk I,cktcg
ausmif;'um bk&m;'umwk\
Yd nDrsm; om;rsm;vnf;tvSL'gejyKHk
jzifh tm;r&MubJ omoemhwm0efudk uk,
d w
f idk x
f rf;aqmifz&Ydk ef
MuK;d pm;oifMh uygonf/

bduKom0u
bk&m;&Sif\ bduKom0u (&[ef;awmfwynfhrsm;wGif
tem*wfomoema&;pmtkyfoHCmh&wemtcef;jycJhaom
t&Sifr[muy paomtrsKd;vnf;aumif; tusifhvnf;
aumif ; aom yk * K d v f r sm;vnf ; yg0if \ ? trsKd ; txuf w ef ;
rusaomfvnf; tusiphf m&dwE iS hf w&m;awmfudk odwwfaom ynm
&Sd t&SiOf ygvdpaom yk*Kd vrf sm;vnf; yg0if\? xdjk rwfpmG bk&m;\
omoemh w m0ef u d k xrf ; aqmif r I a Mumif h Ak ' j rwf p G m \
omoemawmfonf avBuyd nm&Syd @dwBf u;D awG xGe;f um;aeaom
tdE,
d a'o t,l0g' trsK;d tpm; rsm;jym;vSaom tE,
d a'o
yk&mPu rmuvad *gomv paom bk&m;trnfcyH *k Kd vw
f \
Ydk
usupf m;&mjzpfaom tdE,
d a'o0,f x,fx,f0g0gESihf us,jf yefY
Ekid cf yhJ gonf/

43
bduK eo
D m0dumr
&[ef;b0udk ,lMuaom trsK;d o;D rsm;udk ]]bduK eD om0dumr}}
[kac:ygonf? xdb
k u
d K erD sm;wGif trsK;d *kPf tqif;*kPf ynm*kPf
tvk;H pkaH om trsK;d orD;awG trsm;tjym; yg0ifygonf? xdb
k u
d K eD
rsm;wGif yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; qufq&H jcif;aMumifh trsK;d orD;aygif;rsm;pGm
vdrm ,Ofaus;rIukd &Muayonf? xdv
k rd m ,Ofaus;Ny;D aom trsK;d
orD;rsm;aMumifh tdraf xmifbuf trsK;d om;rsm;vnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;
omoemjyK 'g,umrsm; jzpfvm&ayonf? odYk omoemawmf
ESihf trsK;d bmoBukd wd;k wufatmif pGr;f aqmifEidk Mf uaom bduK eD
rsm;wGif tenf;i,f wpfcsKUd rQukd tusO;f csKyrf Q xkwjf yygOD;rnf/

rdaxG;awmfEiS hf rif;orD;ig;&m
rm,ma'0DEiS hf a*gwrD[al om nDtpfrESpaf ,mufonf a'0
'[NrKd U r[mokyA 'k r if;\ orD;awmfrsm; jzpf\? xdn
k t
D pfr ESpOf ;D
pvk;H yif]]pMumrif;avmif; om;&wemrsm;udk zGm;Muvdrrhf nf}}[k
ykPm ;wdu
Yk a[Bued ;f xkwx
f m;Muuke\
f ? xkEd pS af ,mufv;Hk onfyif
oka'g'er[m&mZm\ rdz&k m;rsm;jzpfMu rm,ma'0DrS bk&m;t
avmif; zGm;\? bk&m;tavmif;zGm; (7)&uf Mumaomtcg
r,fawmfrm,m ewf&mG pHaomaMumifh a*gwrDonf rdz&k m;Bu;D jzpf
\? xkt
d csed rf mS eErif;om;udk zGm;jrifonf? bk&m;tavmif;\
ta':vnf;jzpf rdaxG;vnf;jzpfaom a*gwrDonf om;&if;eE
rif;om;udk txde;f awmfrsm;xH xm; bk&m;tavmif;(wlawmf
uav;)udu
k m; rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f EdcYk sKw
d u
kd af uR; arG;jrLcJah vonf/

44

bmomaoG;

oka'g'er[m&mZmonf tem*grfwnfNyD;aemuf xD;jzL

atmufrmS yif &[Emjzpf y&deAd m efp\
H ? xkt
d cg rdaxG;awmf
a*gwrDonf bk&m;txHawmfoYkd vm bduK eo
D moem cGihf jyKyg&ef
tBurd Bf urd f awmif;yefNy;D rS tcGi&hf rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f bduK eD jyKvQuf
]]&[Emr}} jzpfavonf? xdt
k csed rf pS trsK;d orD;rsm;pGm wk\
Yd
r,fawmfBu;D yrm t&m&m0,f oGeo
f ifjyo Mo0g'ay;av onf?
rd a xG ; awmf a*gwrD E S i f h t wl bd u K eD j yKMuaom oBud 0 if
trsK;d orD;aygif; ig;&m&S\
d ? xdik g;&mvk;H yif aemiftcg w&m;xl;
udk &Muonf? xkaYd emuf eErif;om;\ ESrawmfvnf; jzpf vufxyf
zdYk Muif,mavmif;vnf; jzpfaom Zey'uvsmPDrif;orD;vnf;
bduK erD jyKvyk
f &[Emr jzpfavonf/

,aomf"&m
,aomf"&mrdz&k m;onf bk&m;txH vm om;awmf&m[kvm
udk jyefay;zd&Yk ef avQmufxm;\? rdz&k m\ ,lqcsuu
f m; ]]oBu0d if
rif;rsKrd S xufjrufaom rif;om;awG &[ef;jyKomG ;Muojzifh oBud
0ifwpfrsK;d vk;H atmufus aemufus jzpfawmhrnf? om;awmfukd
jyefawmif; &ifciG yf u
kd v
f Quf oBu0d ifwpfrsK;d vk;H tqift
h wef;
redrfhatmif BudKpm;rnf}} [laom &nf&G,fcsufwnf;? tvGef
xufjruf (avBut
d vkt
d m;jzif)h pdwx
f m;jrifjh rwfaomrdz&k m;
aywnf;? xko
d Ydk om;awmfukd awmif;aomfvnf; om;awmfr&bJ
bk&m;&Si\
f Mo0g'jzifh bduK ejD zpf&avawmhonf? ,aomf"&m\
xufjrufaom pdw"f mwfonf yg&rDjznfph Ofuyif ygvmaom "mwf

45
wnf;? xkx
d ufjrufaom pdw"f mwfukd pdwt
f m;i,fwwfaom trsK;d
orD;wkYd tm;usoifv
h aS yonf/

acrmrdz&k m;
acrmrdz&k m;onf r'widk ;f om*vNrKd U0,f rif;rsK;d zGm;jrif
aTtqif;uJo
h Ykd 0g0if;aom tom;a& &S\
d ? t&G,af &mufaomtcg
Adrom&r[m&mZm\ rdzk&m;jzpf\? kyftqif;vSyoavmuf
tqif;rmef wufaomaMumifh kyt
f qif;\ tjypfukd a[majymavh
&daS om bk&m;xHawmfoYkd roGm;bJ a&Smifv
JG aeonf? Adro
d m&r[m
&mZmonf rdru
d bk&m;ausmif;'g,um jzpfygvQuf rdrd rdz&k m;u
bk & m;txH a wmf o k d Y roG m ;jcif ; ud k rauseyf a omaMumif h
bk&m;ausmif;awmfoYkd oGm;csiv
f matmif ]]bk&m;oDwif;ok;H awmf
rl&m a0VK0efO,smOf\ om,maMumif; ewfrsm;aomfrS a0VK0efO
,smOfa&mufvQif pdwaf t;csr;f ojzifh eE0efO,smOfoYkd roGm;bJ
a0VK0efO,smOfoYkd vmaMumif;ud}k } tqdak wmfwt
Ykd m; zGUJ EGUJ oDqakd p
avonf/
xkt
d cg a0VK0efO,smOfukd Ipm;vdo
k jzifh r[m&mZmtxH cGihf
yef a0VK0efO,smOfoYkd oGm;cgeD;0,f Adro
d m&r[m&mZmonf
aemufyg rif;rIrif;xrf;wkt
Yd m; bk&m;udk rzl;awGUbJ rjyefcahJ pbdYk
rSmvdu
k \
f ? xdaYk Mumifh O,smOfukd vSnyhf wfMunfh
I jyefrnfjyKaom
tcg rif;rIrif;xrf;wdu
Yk r[m&mZm\ trdeu
Yf kd oHawmfO;D wifMu
ojzifh bk&m;&S&d modYk oGm;&avonf? xkt
d cg jrwfpmG bk&m;onf
acrmrdz&k m;xuf vSaom owdo
Yk rD; wpfa,mufukd zefqif;awmf

46

bmomaoG;

rl bk&m;&Sit
f m; ,yfcyfaeyku
H kd jyawmfr\
l ? acrmrdz&k m;onf
olUxuf vSaomowdkYorD;udk MunfhIaepOf xkdowkdYorD;onf
wjznf;jznf; tdk emaooGm;[efukdjyawmfrl\? xkdtcg
kyt
f qif;\ESpo
f ufz,
G f r&Syd Hk tESpo
f m&r&Syd u
Hk dk rsujf rifawGU&
kyftqif;ay: jiD;aiGUpufqkyfvmaom acrmrdbk&m;tm;
w&m;a[mawmf r l a vaomf w&m;xl ; & r[m&mZmxH
cGiyYf efjy;D vQif bduK ew
D w
Ydk iG f ynmOmPf txufq;Hk {w'*f& &[Em
bduK eD jzpfavonf/

Oyv0PfolaX;orD;
Oy v -MumnKd + 0P - tqif ; MumnKd y ef ; \twG i f ; u
tqif;uJokdY tjzLay:wGif tenf;i,fnKd a&mifoef;aom
tqif ; jzif Y xl ; jcm;wif Y w ,f a om tqif ; &S d a om aMumif Y
]]Oyv0Pf}} rnfaom trsK;d orD;onf om0wjd rKUd 0,f olaX;rsK;d
zGm;jrif\? vSyaomtqif;ukd owif;Mum;aom rif;om;
olaX;om;wkdifvkdyif zcifolaX;Bud;xH awmif;&rf;Mu ukef\?
ol a X;Bud ; onf orD ; wpf a ,muf w nf ; jzif Y trsm;tvk d u k d
rvku
d af vsmEkid af omaMumifY orD;ukd ]]&[ef;rjyKEidk af wmYb;l vm;}}
[kar;&awmY\? urmwpfoed ;f rQ aumif;rlyg&rDjznfv
Y mcJo
Y jl zpf
&um; zcifoal X;Bu;d \ pum;onf tBurd w
f pf&mavmuf txyff
csujf y;D aom qDat;uav; OD;acgif;ay: avmif;vku
d o
f uJoYdk
at;jroGm;&um; ]]&[ef;jyKEkdifygonf}}[kcspfpzG,f jyefajym
avonf? xkdaemuf bduKeDjyKvkyfwef;ckd;Bud;rm;olwkdYwGif

47
xdyw
f efta&mufq;Hk ({w'*f)&aom&[EmbduK ejD zpfavonf/

bduK erD sm;vnf;0efaqmifyHk

Ak'j rwfpmG \ om0dumr(wynfrY )jzpfMuaom bduK ew
D w
dk iG f
trsK;d *kPf tqif*P
k yf pn;f *kPo
f &d t
f m;jzifY txufwef;Mu
tusipf m&dwa umif;aom trsK;d orD; trsm;tjym; yg0ifMuouJY
okYd xk*d P
k t
f m;jzifY tqift
Y wef; rjrif;aomvnf; tusipYf m&dw
aumif;aom trsK;d orD;rsm;vnf yg0ifMuygonf? xkt
d rsK;d orD;
bd u K eD t rsm;yif bk & m;w&m;awmf u k d v nf ; uk d , f w k d i f o d
vl0wfaumif trsK;d orD;wkt
Yd m; a[majymjyo Mo0g'ay;jcif;
qeYu
f sib
f uf t,l0g'rsm;ukd at;at;csKo
d mpGm y,f&mS ;jcif;wkjd zifY
vnf; zcifbk&m;\ omoemawmfBuD;xGef;um; ow0gwkdY
tusK;d rsm;atmif Guaf qmifcjYJ cif;aMumifh Ak'j rwfpmG omoemawmf
onf trsK;d orD;wkYd e,frmS vnf cHx
h nf 0ifMh umG ;Ekid cf yYJ gonf/

Oygoumy&dowf
&wemok;H yg;ukd qnfuyf uk;d uG,o
f o
l nf ]]Oyoum}} rnf\?
Oy-&wemok H ; yg;ok d Y u yf +tmou-aewwf o l bk & m;
rMumcP pdwfa&mufaeol bk&m;*kPfawmfukd rMumcP
owd&aeol bk&m;ESipf yfaom udpu
dk rMumcP Guaf qmifEidk
oludk ]] bk&m;ukd qn;fuyfu;dk uG,o
f }l } [k ac:onf? r*fzv
dk &f ol
r*fzv
dk &f atmif usiaYf eol bk&m;w&m;awmf yd#uusr;f pm;rsm;ukd

48

bmomaoG;

raysmufruG,af tmif ylaZmfol xde;f odr;f apmufa&Smufol a[mjy

ykdYcsol MuGm;em;rSwfom;olukd ]] w&m;ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfol}}
[k a c:onf ? t&d , moH C mawmf r sm;uk d v nf ; aumif ;
t&d,mjzpfatmif BuK;d pm;aeaom ykxZk Ofoal wmfaumif;rsm;ukd
vnf;aumif; tm;ay;cs;D ajrmS uf axmufyv
hH LS 'gef;ol xko
d C
H mawmf
rsm;tm; aumif;pGmaeEkid af tmif apmufa&Smufol olawmfaumif;
oHCmrsm; wkd;yGm;atmif BuKd;pm;olukd ]]oHCmukd;uG,fol}}
[kac:onf? bk&m;vufxufawmf xku
d o
J Ydk uk;d uG,Mf uaom
a,musmf ; rde;f rwkYd trsm;tjym;yif &Scd MYJ uayonf/

temxydPfolaX;
temxydPo
f al X;onf om0wNd rKUd okrk eolaX;\om;wnf;?
vGecf ahJ om urmwpfoed ;f y'krw
k &d Nf rwfpmG bk&m; vufxufawmf
0,f tvSL'ge &ufa&maom Oygoum wpfa,mufut
dk m;us
Oygoum'g,umqkudk yefco
hJ l Nzpf\? temxydPo
f nf &mZN*K[
d f
okYd ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udpN zifh oGm; a,mufzawmfaom ol
aX;tdr0f ,f wnf;ckad vh&\
dS ? xko
d Ykd oGm;avh&&dS m0,f wpfcsed f aomf
tdr&hf iS o
f al X;onf bk&m;&Sit
f m; reufjzef qGr;f uyfz&Ykd ef csujf yKwf
a&;udk pDraH eaomaMumifh cgwdik ;f uJo
h Ydk pum;MumMum rajymtm;acs?
nOfhtcsdefusrS pum;ajymcGifh&Mu Ak'jrwfpGm <uawmfrlvm
aMumif;udk ajymjyav&m ]]Ak'} }[laomtoHukd Mum;vdu
k o
f nfEiS hf
wpfNyKd ief uf ESpo
f ufryI w
D o
d nf olaX;\wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk vTr;f zk;H oGm;
ojzifh (arhovdjk zpfomG ;&um;) ]]Ak'v
Ykd ajymvdu
k o
f vm;}}[k xyf

49
ar;&avonf? &mZN*Kd vo
f al X;uvnf; ]]Ak'v
Ykd ajymygonf}}[k
xyf ajz&av\ odo
Yk ;Hk Burd w
f ikd w
f ikd f jzpfNy;D rS ]]Ak'j rwfpBG ukd
zl;awGUzdu
Yk kd rqdx
k m;bd ]]Ak' Ak'} }[laom pum;oHukd Mum;&zd&Yk ef
yif tvGecf ,
J Of;ygonf? ,ckvkd nOft
h cgrSm Ak'u
o
kd mG ; rzl;awGU
Ekdifbl;vm;}}[k ar;avonf? 'DtcsdefrSm rzl;awGUEdkifaMumif;
ajymojzifh tdy&f modYk 0ifaomfvnf; Ak'u
kd zl;awGUvkad om pdwu
f
jyif;jyaeaomaMumifh aumif;aumif;tdy
f raysm&f mS acs? xkaYd emuf
rvif;rD tdy&f mrSx Ak't
xHawmfoYdk oGm;Ny;D vQif yxrtBurd f
w&m;em tqk;H rSmyif aomwmyefwnfavonf?f
rSwcf suf/ /temxydPo
f al X;onf urmwpfoed ;f avmuf
uyif bk&m;ausmif;'umqkukd yefc
hJ bk&m;&Siu
f dk zl;awGUvkad om
pdwu
f urmwpfoed ;f avmuf txk&H cJah omaMumifh ]]Ak'} }[laom
toHukd Mum;krH Qjzifh wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk yDwv
d rT ;f zk;H oGm;avonf? jzpf
yku
H kd rSwo
f m; Ak'u
dk MunfnKd ow
l ikd ;f Ak'j rwfpmG \ tqk;H tr
Mo0g'omoem ruG,f ryatmif BuKd ;pm;xku
d af Mumif; xkBd uKd ;pm;
rI txkH&aeygrl tem*gwf umv Ak'ESifhvnf; BuKHvG,f
BuKH a omtcgvnf ; temxyd P f o l a X;uJ h o d k Y w&m;xl ;
&Ekid pf &m&Sad Mumif; aumif;aumif;Bu;D ,kMH unfxu
kd Mf uygonf/

50

bmomaoG;

pdwo
<l u,f
pd w o ' g onf jref r mvk d ]]xl ; qef ; }}[k t"d y m ,f & \?
xko
d wYo
kd m; zGm;csed f (a&S;qkawmif; ygvm) xl;xl;qef;qef;
yef;rd;k &GmaomaMumifh ]]pdw} }[k rdbwdu
Yk emrnfrn
S Mhf u\? rpu
d m
o@rnfaom Zeyk'Nf rKd Ui,f olaX;rsK;d rSm jzpf tzuG,v
f eG f
aomtcg olaX;t&Bukd &olwnf;? a&S;a&S; bk&m;vufxufawmf
kyef mrfocFg& tay:0,f tedp 'ku tew[k IcahJ omaMumifh
igwkb
Yd &k m;vufxufawmf0,f r[memrfax&f\ w&m;udk em&
tvG,w
f ul tem*grfwnfavonf? xkpd w
d o
<l u,fonf ta[m
tajymaumif;aom "ruxdujzpf ol\aemuf Oygoum
ig;&m tNrv
J u
kd yf gvQuf &Sad vonf? wdww
d EYkd iS hf w&m;aqG;aEG;
ar;jref;aomtcgvnf; wdww
d \
Ydk t,l0g'udk taMumif;jy
ESrd chf szsuq
f ;D Edik \
f ? xkaYd Mumifh vl0wfaMumif"rww
Ydk iG f {w'*f&
xdyw
f ef;tusq;Hk "ruxdu jzpfavonf? ,cktcg omoem
jyK&m OygoumrsK;d ay:xGuzf Ykd vdt
k yfygonf/

Oygoumrsm; 0efaqmifykH
Ak'j rwfpmG vufxufawmftcg0,f temxydPo
f al X;uJo
h Ydk
tvSL'geukd jyKaomtm;jzifjh zpfappdwo
<l u,fuo
YJ Ykd Ak'j rwfpmG \
w&m;awmfukd ud,
k w
f idk f oif,
l usijYf cif; olwyg;tm; a[majym
jcif;f omoemawmf\ qefu
Y sib
f uf t,l0g' ay:vmvSsif
xkt
d ,l0g'udk w&m;ojzifY ESyd jf cif;wdjYk zifY jzpfap omoemawmfukd
tm;ay;ol csD;ajrufol axmufyHYol Oygoum 'g,umawG

51
trsm;tjym; ay:xGe;f cJyY gonf? xdt
Yk jyif us,0f ef;aom e,fy,f
rsm;\ t&Sio
f cifb&k ifrsm; jzpfMuaom Adro
d m& aumov
r[m&mZmwd\
Yk tm;ay; axmufyrYH aI Mumifv
Y nf; omoemawmf\
t&Sed t
f 0g vGepf mG awmufycJyY gonf/

Oygodumy&dowf
&wemoH;k yg;udk ,k,
H MHk unfMunf ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfMuaom
Oygodum 'g,dumrwdo
Yk nf bk&m;vufxufawmf tvGerf sm;
ukef\? 0domcgonf olaX;oD;tjzpfjzifY (7-ESpf) t&G,fu
aomwmyefwnf tdrfaxmifjyKNyD;aomtcg rdpt,l&Sdaom
a,murESiw
Yf uG a,musmf ;buf trsKd ;tm;vH;k udk Ak'b
mom0if
olawmfpifjzpfatmif pGr;f aqmifEidk cf \
YJ ? aemiftcg ykA aHk usmif;
wku
d Bf u;d udk wnfaqmuf ykA aHk usmif;tr[k xif&mS ;\? 0domcg\
tdrf&[ef;awmfig;&mavmuf tjrJqGrf;bkOf;ay;Mu&onf?
xkad Mumifh tvSL'gejzifh arGUavsmo
f w
l w
Ydk iG f 0domcgonf xdyw
f ef;
tusq;Hk jzpf{w'*f& 'ge&Sijf zpf&avonf/

ckZKw&m
aumorjD ynf aCmouolaX;\tdrf uav;xde;f rde;f rrS
zGm;aom owkd;orD;i,fonf tenf;i,fcg;ukkef;aomaMumifh
]]ckZm }}[kvnf;aumif; t&m&m vdrm yg;eyf jrifjh rwfaomaMumifh
]]Ow&m}}[kvnf;aumif; trnf& emrnfEpS cf ak ygif;pyfvsuf
]]ckZKw&m}}[kxif&Sm;\? aemifaomtcg omrm0wDrdzk&m;\
tvkyt
f auR;jzpf aeYwidk ;f yefonfBu;D tdro
f Udk yef;0,fomG ;&\?

52

bmomaoG;

yefz;dk &Spu
f syt
f jraJ y;vku
d &f m av;usyzf ;dk om 0,f av;usyu
f dk
rdr,
d x
l m;\? ck;d xm;jcif;wnf;? wpfaeYum; yefonfBu;D tdr0f ,f
b
k &k m;trI;&Sad om oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGr;f uyfcu
dk Ef iS hf BuKBH uKd u
f
bk&m;&Sirf ed Uf awmfro
l rQ pum;wku
Yd dk t&usux
f m;vdu
k \
f ? qGr;f bke;f
ay;Ny;D w&m;a[mawmfral omtcg aomwmyef wnfavonf/
xko
d Udk aomwmyefwnfaomtcg yef;zk;d av;usyu
f dk rdrrd ,l
awmhbJ &Spu
f syzf ;dk 0,fomG ;\? yef;awGrsm;aeaomaMumifh omrm
0wDrzd &k m;u ar;aomtcg a&S;a&S;u av;usyzf ;dk om 0,f av;
usyu
f dk rdro
d ;Hk aMumif; ,aeY bk&m;w&m;awmfudk em& trw
(edAm ef)ukd &vmaomaMumifh xku
d o
hJ Udk rw&m;rvkyaf wmhbJ &Spu
f syf
zk;d yif 0,fvmaMumif; ajymjyavaomf omrm0wDrzd &k m;ESiw
hf uG
ta>ct&Htm;vk;H oabmusojzifh ]]tJ'D trwukd ay;prf;yg
tJ'D trwukd ay;prf;yg}}[k 0kid ;f awmif;Muavonf? ]]tk.d .
tJ'Dtrwqkdwm ay;vkdU&aumif;wm r[kwfbl;? &SifrwkdYu
ae&mted r f h u ae em,l M uuk e f } }[k ajymNyD ; vQif rd r d u
tjrifu
h ae a[majymavonf? xko
d Ykd a[mjyvQif w&m;udk
oabmus tm;vk;H aomwmyef jzpfMuavonf? xdt
k csed rf pS
ck Z K w & monf rd z k & m;\ taptyg; rvk y f & awmh b J
aumorjD ynf0,f bk&m;&Sif oDwif;ok;H awmfro
l rQ bk&m;txHrS
w&m;em rdz&k m;ESihf ta>ct&Hwt
Ykd m; wpfqifh a[majym&aom
"ruxdujzpfavonf/

53
omrm0wD
omrm0wD r d z k & m;ES i f h ta>ct&H r sm;onf arw m jzif h
aeavh&MdS u\? xko
d Ydk arwmtavhtusif &aeaomaMumifh rdrw
d u
Ykd kd
txifv
JG jrm;jzifh ypfowfzYdk BuaH om rdrw
d \
Ydk t&Sio
f cif Oawe
&Sib
f &k ifonf (ypfowfzu
Ykd kd rqdx
k m;bd) av;rS jrm;xGuo
f mG ;atmif
yif rypfEikd b
f J &S&d avonf? xdaYk emuf Oawerif;u rSm;aMumif;udk
0efcsaomtcg ]]bk&m; w&m; oHCBukd ud;k uG,yf g}}[k wdu
k w
f eG ;f
OygoumtjzpfoYkd a&mufapEdik af vonf? 0wK &Sib
f &k if\
bk&m;ud;k uG,jf cif;rSm omrm0wD\ t&if;cHarwmaMumifh jzpfonf/
Ow&m
Ow&mrnfaom olaX;uawmfvnf; arwmjzifh aeavh&\
dS ?
ol r ud k remvd k qD y l j zif h OD ; acgif ; ay: avmif ; csaom
od&rd mtay: arwmpdwf xm;Edik af omaMumifh qDyrl avmifbJ
OD;acgif;rS avQmusomG ;aponf? od&rd mu awmif;yefaomtcg
(bk&m;udkudk;uG,fapvkdaomaMumifh) ]]crnf;awmf bk&m;ukd
awmif;yefrS auseyfrnf}}[k ajym bk&m;trl&adS om oHCmawmf
udk yifNh y;D vQif awmif;yefaomtcg bk&m;&Siu
f ]]auseyfygonf}}[k
rdeaYf wmfr\
l ? xkaYd emuf qufvuf w&m;a[mawmfral omtcg
od&rd mvnf; aomwmyef wnfavonf/ 0wK od&rd m\
aomwmyef wnf&jcif;rSm Ow&m\ arwmt&if;cHaMumifh
jzpfonf? wpfa,muf tay: wpfa,mufuaumif;usK;d vdv
k m;
aumif;atmifajymqdk qk;H rjcif;udk arwmtvky[
f k rSwyf g/

54

bmomaoG;

tjcm;trsK;d orD;rsm; 0efaqmifyHk

&Sio
f 0D vd\r,fawmfjzpfaom]]oky0 gom}}rnfaom aumvd,
rif;orD;onf aomwmyef wnfNy;D aemuf qGr;f uyfvLS aomtcg
rGejf rwfaom t&omrsK;d pkyH gaom [if;aumif; [if;vQmwdjYk zifh
uyfvLS avh&\
dS /
]]okyd,m}}rnfaom 'g,dumrum; *dvmeyk*dKvftm;
oifah wmfaom tm[m&udk csujf yKwv
f LS wef;avh&\
dS /
umwd,meD (upmeD)rnfaom Oygodumronf &wemok;H yg;
udk qnf;uyfMunfnKd &m av;av;eufeuf&v
dS \
S ? tcgwpfyg;
ol\om;jzpfaom ]]aomP}}rax&fonf nOft
h cg w&m;a[m
ae\? trdr,fawmf upmeDonf w&m;em&if; tdro
f mG ; rD;cGuf
,lz&Ykd ef tdraf prudk cdik ;f vku
d \
f ? tdraf pr oGm;aomtcg olc;kd awGu
tdrx
f 0J ifzYkd Orif(vdP
k )f azmufaeyku
H dk jrif jyefajy;vmNy;D vQif
taMumif;udk ajymavaomf olc;kd awG,v
l Qif olwaYkd wGUwmavmuf
om ,lEikd rf mS bJ igw&m;em tysurf cHEikd b
f ;l }}[k ajym w&m;em
NreJ mae\? xdak jymoHukd pkaH xmufvyk af eaom olc;kd Bu;D Mum;
eHeuftcg ]],lro
d rQ jyefay; uefawmhawmif;yef MuNy;D vQif
t&S i f a omPtxH &[ef ; jyKum &[E m jzpf M uavonf ?
umwd,meD\ w&m;em av;eufjcif;aMumifh cd;k olrsm; &[Em
jzpfMu&onf/
okpYd onfjzihf bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmf omoemha*Zuf
0if yg&rD&iS t
f rsKd ;orD;rsm;\ pdwaf umif;xm;rI Bu;D pm;rIwaYdk Mumifh

55
Ak'j rwfpmG omoemawmfonf trdsK;orD;rsm; e,f *kPo
f &d f
ri,fbJ xnfxnf0g0g&S&d um; rvu
d mrdz&k m;paom rdz&k m;wkEYd iS hf
0domcgpaom olaX;uawmf ol<u,fuawmfrsm;yif bk&m; w&m;
ESihf t&d,oHCmawmfrsm;ukd av;av;pm;pm; ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyf
Ak'j rwfpmG omoawmfudk rdrw
d Ydk pGr;f Ekid &f mbufrS tcsuu
f sus
jri w
hf ifcMhJ uayonf/

y&dowfpkHnD y&dedAmefpHawmfrljcif;
Ak'j rwfpmG onf bk&m;jzpfawmfrNl y;D puyif y&deAd m efpaH wmfrl
yg&ef avQmufxm;vmaom rm&fewfudk ]]omoemhwm0efaqmifEidk f
rnfh y&dowfav;rsdK; rpkHnDao;orQ y&dedAmefpHawmfrlOD;rnf
r[kw}f } [k y,fjrpfawmfrcl \
hJ ? ,cktcg wm0efaqmifrnfh y&dowf
av;rsdK;vnf; jynfhpkH toufawmfvnf; &Spfq,fjynfhaeNyD
jzpfaomaMumifo
h m y&deAd m efpaH wmfryl gonf? tcsuu
f dk pOfpm;
vQif Ak'o
moemawmfudk bduK bduK eD Oygoum Oygodum
[laom y&dowfav;yg;wkdYuom tjrJ wm0efaqmifEkdif
xkyd &dowfav;yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;avsmv
h Qif wm0efaqmiftzGYJ avsmh
omoemawmftm;aysm&h ayvdrrhf nf? wm0efaqmify*k K v
d rf sm;
wGiv
f nf; tawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u pdwt
f m;avQmv
h u
dk v
f Qif omoem
awmf tm;aysm&h rnfrmS "rwm(xkpH )H yif jzpfonf? xkaYd Mumifh a&S;
a&S;u wm0efaqmify*k K v
d w
f Ydk tm;ravQmb
h J omoemhwm0ef xrf;
aqmifcMJ uyku
H dk jyygOD;rnf/

56

bmomaoG;

5/a&S;rax&fBu;D rsm; BuKd ;pm;cef;

yxroH*g,em
bk&m;&Sif y&deAd m efpaH wmrl&m ukoed mkjH ynf t&Sirf [m
uyonf ckepfoed ;f aom rax&fBu;D rsm;tm; rdeaYf wmfro
l nfrmS
]]igh&iS w
f Ydk .. yg0gjynfrS ukoed mkjH ynfoYdk vmaomtcg vrf;c&D;
tMum; bk&m;&Sif y&deAd m efpaH wmfral Mumif; Mum;&onf? xkt
d cg
bk&m;ukd rzl;awGUbl;aom &[ef;i,ftrsm; ikdMuaomfvnf;
]]okb'}}awmxGuBf u;D um; 0rf;omaomrsuEf mS jzifh ]]igh&iS w
f .Ydk ..
rikMd uygESihf a&S;wke;f u igwkrYd mS &Siaf *gwr\ tcsKyt
f cs,u
f dk cHcMhJu&
onf? ,ckawmh olUvufuvGwMf uaygh? igwkv
Yd yk cf siw
f m vkyEf ikd f
rvkycf siw
f m rvkyb
f aJ eEkid Mf uNy}D } [k ajymygonf? igh&iS w
f .Ydk .
t"rrxGe;f um;rD t"ru "rukd rvTr;f rd;k rD? t"ruykd if taumif;
[k ajymavh&o
dS w
l Ydk rxGe;f um;rD "rukd taumif;[k ajymavh&o
dS w
l Ydk
tm;rao;rD? 0denf;vrf;\ qefu
Y sib
f ufukd taumif;[k ajymavh
&So
d w
l Ydk rxGe;f um;rD 0denf;ukd taumif;ajymavh&o
dS w
l Ydk tm;rao;rD
,ckE,
S yf if oH*g,em wifMuygpk}Yd }[k ajym trsm;oabmus
oH*g,emwif rax&frsm;udk a&G;cs,fNyD;vQif &mZN*dKvfNrdKU0,f
yxroH*g,em wifcyhJ gonf?
rSwcf su/f /t"r[o
l nf tukov
dk w
f &m;wnf;? "r[o
l nf
ukov
dk w
f &m;wnf;? t"rukd jyK0o
hH al wG ae&mwdik ;f vlwiG u
f s,f
jzpfjcif; t"rjyKoludkyif csD;usL;jcif; xkdolwkdYrSm pD;yGm; Opm

57
wd;k wuf (&[ef;jzpfvQif bke;f uHBu;D rm;) aemufvu
kd rf sm;jcif;
t"rjyK0o
Hh u
l ykd if tom;,ljcif;onf t"rxeG ;f um;jcif; rnf\?
xko
d Ydk t"rrxGe;f um;aomacwf "rudk usio
hf l "rtwdik ;f ypn;f
Opm &SmazGaexkid o
f w
l Ydk OD;acgif;rjyK0aHh tmif atmufus aemufus
jzpf&jcif;onf t"ru "rukd vTr;f rk;d &ma&muf\? xdt
k cg t"r
bufom;wkYd tm;aumif; "rbufom;wkYd tm;enf;Mu&onf?
xkt
d wlyif 0denf;ynwfawmfudk tyk[
d yk if txif&adS eolEiS hf 0denf;
awmftwkid ;f raeolwYdk tm;aumif;vmaomtcg 0denf;awmft
wdik ;f aeolwYdk t&m&mrSm ta&;yg t&mra&mufbJ tm;enf;Mu&
onf? ,ck xkad cwfoYkd a&mufvNk yaD vm okrYd [kwf a&mufaeNyaD vm/

'kw,
d oH*g,em
'kwd,oH*g,emwifjcif;\ taMumif;&if;rSm bk&m;&Sif
y&deAd m efpaH wmfrNl y;D tESpw
f pf&mavmuftMumwGif 0Zw
D idk ;f om;
&[ef;wkYd aiGtvSLcHjcif;aywnf;? tus,u
f dk tem*gwfomoem
a&; usr;f pmjycJNh y?D xk'd w
k ,
d oH*g,emrwifrD aiGtvSLcHaom
0Zw
D idk ;f om; &[ef;wku
Yd dk ESrd Ef iS ;f &m t&Si,
f o\ avQmufxm;
csuaf Mumifh &[EmBu;D rsm;yif yg0ifawmfrMl u\? wpfajrjyifv;Hk \
tBu;D qk;H jzpf &[ef;0gawmfyif wpf&mhEpS q
f ,f &awmfrNl y;D aom
]]oAumrD}}rnfaom q&mawmfBu;D yif yg0ifawmfr\
l ? xkq
d &mawmf
Bu;D um; t&Sit
f meEm\ wynfBh u;D jzpf bk&m;&Siu
f dk rSv
D u
kd \
f ?
okdYvQif aiGtvSLcHrIudptwGuf oH*g,emwif&onfxd
oufawmfBu;D &[EmjzpfNy;D aom rax&fBu;D trsm;yif aMumifMh u

58

bmomaoG;

pdu
k af wmfrMl uyku
H dk ,cktcg olawmfpif t&Siaf umif;wkYd av;av;
eufeuf pOf;pm;oifMh uygonf/
rax&fBu;D rsm;\ tajrmftjrif
'kwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;aomtcg aemifa&;aemifwmukd
awG;awmfr&l m aemiftcg taomu r[m&mZm\ vufxuf
omoemawmf0,f ab;&efay:rnfudk jrifawmfrMl u\? xkad b;&efudk
ESrd ef if;rnfyY *k K v
d u
f dk vljY ynfewf&yf &Smaomtcg rawGUMu&bJ
jA[mjY ynfuMdk unfrY S wdjA[mrif;ukd awGU vlUjynf jzpfum
omoemjyKyg&ef awmif;yefMuavonf? tus,u
f dk tem*gwf
omoema&;usr;f pm a&;cJjy?D ae&m0,f t&Sirf [m,otp
t&Sio
f AumrD tqk;H &Sad om &[Emt&Siw
f Udk onf rsuaf rSmuf
omoem\ ab;&efudk ESrd ef if;ko
H mru tem*gwfomoema&;
ukyd g aMumifMh upku
d af wmfrMl uyku
H dk awG;rdawmfrMl uygvQif ,cktcg
omoemawmfta&;ukd uk,
d t
f a&; r[kwo
f vkd vspv
f sL r&SLoifY
MuawmYyg/

wwd,oH*g,em
wdjA[m pkaw vljynf jzpfyHk &[ef;jyK &[EmjzpfyHk
"rmaomurif; omoemMunfnKd yHk nDawmf&[ef;jyKyHk "ruE m
&Spaf omif;av;axmifudk ylaZmfaomtm;jzifY "rmaomu rif;\
ausmif;wkdufaygif; apwDaygif;&Spfaomif;av;axmif wif
aqmufvLS 'gef;ykH xkad usmif;a&pufcs tvGeo
f 'gjzpf tdraf &SU
rif;avmif;jzpfaom om;awmf r[dErif;om;ESifY orD;awmf

59
oHCrdwm wku
Yd dk bduK bduK ejD yKay;ykH ypn;f av;yg; aygrsm;aom
omoemwGi;f okYd ypn;f &Sm;ygaom wdww
d Ydk tacsmif0ifvmykH xkd
wdww
d aYdk MumifY wwd,oH*g,emwif&ykH om;awmft&Sirf [d'E iS Yf
orD;awmfoC
H rdww
Ydk &[Emjzpf oD[v
dk u
f Re;f omoemjyKyu
Hk dk
tem*gwfomoema&;usr;f pm pkpH v
Hk ifvif a&;om;cJyY gNy/D

taomurif;\bmomaoG;
"rmaomurif;onf bmomaoG; tvGex
f ufoefv\
S ? xko
d Ydk
xufoefaomaMumifyh if &Spaf omif;av;axmif ausmif;wku
d af pwD
rsm;ukd wnfaqmufylaZmfkHjzifY tm;r&bJ tdrfa&SUrif;avmif;
om;awmf u k d &[ef ; jyKay;Ek d i f a vmuf a tmif omoemawmf
xGe;f um;apvkad om o'g qE jyifjyavonf? Ak'b
momjzpfonfrS
p wkdifjynfukdvnf; Ak'w&m;awmfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyf\? vlESifh
qkid af om w&m;pm wpfcsKu
d v
dk nf ausmufpmxGi;f vljrifuiG ;f rSm
pkdufxlxm;\? Ak'bmom0ifjzpf wkdifjynfukd odrf;odrf;arGUarGU
tkycf sKk ycf grSom wkid jf ynfNirD ;f 0yfyjd ym;ygao;owJ? xk"d rmaomu
rif;\ om;awmfjzpfaom tSifr[dEonf oD[kdvfuRef;okdY
omoemjyK<uawmfrlaomtcg "raomur[m&mZm\tMunf
awmf taqGawmf jzpfaom a'0geH yd,wdr[m&mZmonf
Ak'omoemawmfukd vG,fulpGm vufcH rMumrDyif oD[kdvf
wpfuRef;vkH;ukd Ak'omoem vTrf;zkH;apygonf? enf;tm;jzifY

60

bmomaoG;

"raomur[m&mZm\ bmomaoG;onf a'0geHy,

d wdr[m
&mZmokdY ul;pufjyefYyGm;cJYavonf/

'k|*grPdrif;\ bmomaoG;
t&Sirf [dE\
BuKd ;pm;rIaMumifh oD[Vdk u
f Re;f omoemawmf
cdkifNrJaomtcg uRef;ol uRef;om;ESifh bk&if rdzk&m;wkdYonf
bmomaoG; xufoefMu\? 'k|*grPdrif;um; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
bmomaoG;rsm;aom rif;aywnf;? omoemawmfudk tE&m,fjyK
rnfh aus;ukvm;wdu
Yk dk ESrd ef if;zkYd ppfwu
dk x
f u
G &f myif &[ef;awmf
rsm;uk d yif h oG m ;\? xk d r if ; onf ppf w k d u f x G u f c geD ;
atmufygtwdkif; t"d|mefjyKavh&Sd\?
]]igh w G u f r sm;ajrmuf csrf ; oma&muf z d k Y ck a vmuf
BudK;ukwf tm;rxkwfbl;? Ak'jrwfpGm omoem\ &Snf
Mumt"G e f Y a&mif v QH u G e f Y z k d Y pG e f Y p G e f Y p m;pm; igBuKd ; pm;
onf...pdwfxm; ighrSm tNrJwnf;/}}
qkdvdk&if;rSm-]]igcsrf;omzkdY tusKd;iSg ppfwdkufjcif;jzifh ,ckvkd
tyifyef;cHonf r[kw?f Ak'j rwfpmG \ omoemawmf wm&Snpf mG
wnfEikd zf Ykd tusK;d iSgom Ak'b
moBukd tE&m,fjyKrnfh &eforl sm;ukd
ESrd ef if;&ygonf}}[k qdv
k o
kd nf? xkrd if;onfyif pkawcgeD; ppfwu
kd f
pOfu tvGeftm;ukd;&aom xkdtcsdefrSm &[ef;jyK &[Em
jzpf a om tb,rax&f \ w&m;ud k em,l & if ; pk a w
wkodwmewfjynf jzpfavonf/

61

6/ jrefrmEdik if aH &SUykid ;f omoemcef;

t&Sift&[HESifh taemf&xm
tdE,
d -oD[Vkd 0f ,f a&S;a&S; &[Emt&Sijf rwfrsm;ESihf a&S;a&S;
omoemjyKrif; trsm;wdkY omoema&; bmomaoG;udk aET;cJhMu
ouhJokd jrefrmEdkifiH &[ef;awmft&Sifjrwfrsm;ESifh rif;w&m;
wkv
Yd nf; bmomaoG; rat;cJMh uyg? t&Sit
f &[HEiS hf taemf&xmrif;
wdo
Yk nf ,kwrf mnpfnrf;aom t&nfBu;D ac: &[ef;twkrsm;udk
twif; jyKjyifcMhJ uygonf? qufygOD;rnf-tppf trSeu
f kd taMumif;
jyK twkty ta,miftaqmifrsm; &Sad ejcif; rSm xk;H pH"rwmvdk
jzpfae\? Oyrm-a&Ttppf pdeftppf\ tzdk;wefrIukd taMumif;
jyK a&Ttwk pdet
f wkrsm; ay:aygufvmouJo
h Ykd wnf;? tppfEiS hf
twkEpS rf sK;d &Sjd yefvQif todPf&o
dS l okrYd [kwf uHaumif;olwo
Ydk m
tppfukd ok;H pG&J Pfr&S-d uHr&So
d w
l rYkd mS twkuo
kd m ok;H pG&J av
onf/
omoema&;vnf; a&S;a&S;yif tppfEiS t
hf wk 'Gew
f u
JG m
Pf&Sdol uH&SdolwkdYonf tppfbufrSm yg0if Pfr&Sdol
uHr&SdolwkdYum; rwkbuf a&muf&&SdaeMuavonf? xkdYaMumifh
t&Sift&[HESifh taemf&xm rif;w&m;wkdY t&nfBuD;rsm;udk
rESdrfeif;&ao;rD tcsdefu Pfr&Sdaom^Pf&Sdaomfvnf;
uHr&Sad om wdik ;f oljynfom;wko
Yd nf t&nfBu;D wkYd a[majymorQukd

62

bmomaoG;

oabmusus^rusus vku
d ef m aecJMh u&avonf? bke;f uHvnf;
&Sd Pfvnf; &Sad om taemf&xmrif; vufxufusrS t&Sit
f &[H
<uvm omoemtppftrSefudk odojzifh ,kwfrm npfnrf;
qd;k oGr;f aom t&nfBu;D wdu
Yk dk z,f&mS ;vQuf tppftrSef omoeBukd
udk;uG,fMu&onf/

jrefrmq&m 'umrsm;
yk*aH cwfrS p aumif;rGev
f maom jrefrmEdik if H omoemawmf
onf omoemh0efaqmif q&mawmfrsm;ESihf omoemjyK rif; rSL;rwf
rS p &yf o l & G m om; 'g,um'g,d u mrrsm;wd k i f a tmif t &S d e f
rS ysucf yhJ g? tvGeo
f 'gw&m;aumif;aom rif;wke;f rif;\ vufxu
rf mS rl y&d,wf(pmay oifMum; ydcYk sr)I bufu wk;d wuf vmouJo
h Ydk
xif&\? rif;wkef;rif;w&m;onf omoemawmfokdY Mum&SnfpGm
wnfapvkdojzifh yd#u ygVdawmfrsm;udk ausmufjym; xGif;um
yroH*g,emukyd if wifygao;onf? y#dywf(tusit
hf Bu)H buf
vnf; Pfro
D rQ tm;ay;cJyh gonf? "r0ed ,jyefwrf; xkw
f
]]&[ef; omraPwkYd yGrJ Munf&h aps;r0,f& ydu
k q
f rH udik &f }} ponf
jzifh xkdacwftvdkuf tjrifrawmfrIrsm;udkvnf; twif;tMuyf
ESdyfuGyf wm;jrpfcJhygonf/

omoemjyKrif; uif;a0;csed f
jrefrmwpfjynfv;Hk t*Fvyd f vufatmufa&mufomG ;aomtcg
vnf; jrefrmq&mawmfBu;D rsm;ESihf rSL;Bu;D rwfBu;D vlBu;D vlaumif;
wkYd wdik yf if omoema&;udk xdr;f odr;f Muygonf? ,ck awGUjrif&

63
aom tpk;d & yxrjyef ouso[
D pmjyefyw
JG o
Ydk nf xkq
d &mawmf
xkv
d Bl u;D vlaumif;wkYd pwnfaxmifcMhJ uaom aumifrrI sm; jzpfMuyg
onf? xko
d Ydk q&mawmfrsm;ESiv
hf Bl u;D vlaumif;wkYd ZmwdaoG; bmom
aoG; xufoefjcif;aMumifh 'kw,
d urmppfrwdik rf u
D mv t*Fvyd f
vufatmufrmS aeMu&aaomfvnf; trsKd ;om;onf bmomjcm;
twkvu
kd rf I enf;yg; trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf vlrsKd ;jcm;ESiv
hf ufxyfrI
enf;yg;cJah o;\/ omoemawmfonf tawmf a`E& ygao;\/
odYk jrefrmEkid if u
H tppt&m&m0,f tusiphf m&dw tysut
f pD;
enf;yg;aMumif;rSmvnf; olwpfyg;vufatmuf ae&aom Edik if H
csif;,SOf MunfhrS odomygonf? tcsdKUEdkifiH wdkif;&if;om;
t,ltqESihf bmoma&;rsm; uG,v
f rk wwf &S
d tcsKd UEdik if H um;
uG,faysmufoavmufyif &SdMuavNyD/
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; ynmoifa&;armfuGef;
pmtkyfrS atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xkwfjyvdkygonf/

qmtmomz,f&mESifh
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
NAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &onf atmufjrefrmjynfukd odr;f ,lNy;D aemuf
jrefrmou&mZf(1225-26)ckEpS f r[m0ef&iS af wmf rif;Bu;D jzpf
aom qmtmomz,f & monf bk e f ; awmf B uD ; ausmif ; rsm;
ausmif;0dik ;f us,jf yefyY Hk taqmuftOD;aumif;ykw
H u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;
q&mbke;f awmfBu;D rsm;\ MoZm&Syd u
Hk v
kd nf;aumif; bke;f awmfBu;D

64

bmomaoG;

ausmif;rsm; oif;kd ynmrsm;\ tusiphf m&dw aumif;apEdik yf Hk

udv
k nf;aumif; odjrifavonf? xdo
k Ykd oljrifonf tm;avsmpf mG (1) wdik ;f &if;om;bmom ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf bke;f awmf
Bu;D ausmif;udo
k m tm;ud;k xdu
k af Mumif;
(2) xkdbkef;awmfBud;rskm;u Ak'bmomoifcef;pmtjyif
avBud f tok;H 0ifrnfh oifcef;pmrsBuv
kd nf; wGzJ ufycYdk s
yg&ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;oifah Mumif;
(3) xko
d aYdk vQmufxm;&mvnf; jzpfajrmufEidk af vmufaom
tMuHPfrsm;jzifh ajrmfjrifEIdif;q avQmufxm;&ef
vkad Mumif;
(4) vk&d mpmtkyrf sm;ukd bke;f awmfBu;d rsm;tm; vSL'gef;&rnf
jzpfaMumif;
(5) jrKUd i,frsm;ESihf &Gmrsm;wGiv
f nf; tdraf usmif;rsm; zGiv
hf pS f
cJhaomf bkef;awmfBud;ausmif;rsm;ESifh tjyKdiftqkdif
jyK&ma&mufrnf jzpf tdraf usmif;rsm;rzGio
hf ifah Mumif;ukd
TefMum;cJhzl;avonf/vl0wfaMumifq&m\ pmoif
ausmif;ukd ]]tdraf usmif;}} [kac:xm;onf/

bkef;awmfBud; pmoifausmif;rsm;
xk
d eT Mf um;csut
f wkid ;f tpk;d &trIxrf;wk\
Yd avQmufxm;csuf
aMumifh jrefrm ou&Zf(1229) ckEpS w
f iG f tpk&d todtrSwf jyKtyf
aom bkef;awmfBud;ausmif; (31)ausmif;pwnfrd (19)ESpf

65
avmufMmaomf (1248) ckEpS f bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;aygif; (3975)
ausmif;txd atmufEkdifiH wnf&SdcJhavonf/ txufjrefrm
Ekid if u
H kd odr;f ,ljy;D aemufvnf; xk
d eG Mf um;csuf twkid ;f MuK;d pm;
aqmif&GufMumav&m (1258) ckESpf tpkd& tod trSwfjyK
tyfaom bkef;awmfBud;ausmif;aygif; txufEkdifiH (2898)
ausmif; &Sad vonf? txufatmufEpS &f yfaygif;vQif (6873)
ausmif;jzpf\ok&Yd mwGif xkEd pS rf sm;\ aemufum; toft
d rSwjf yK
tyfaom bke;f awmfBu;d pmoifausmif;rsm; ,kwaf vsm
h vmcJh
av&m (1278) ckEpS f txufatmuf ESp&f yfaygif;rS bke;f awmfBu;d
pmoifausmif; (3091) ausmif;om&Sad wmhonf/

tdrfpmoifausmif;rsm;
jrefrmjynf tpk;d &rif;wko
dY nf wkid ;f &if;bmom ynma&;twGuf
bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;rsm;ukd tm;uk;d aomfvnf; rSe;f wkid ;f rayguf
c&D;ra&mufaomtcg bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;rsm;ukd tm;ay;rI vuf
rvGwaf pbJ tdraf usmif;rsm;ukv
d nf; tm;ay;cJ&h avawmhonf?
xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmou&Zf (1230) ckEpS t
f wGi;f tdraf usmif;tvsOf
r&Scd ahJ omfvnf; ESpaf ygif; (40)cefaY vmuf ausmv
f eG &f m (1278)
ckEpS rf mS tdraf usmif;aygif; (3670) txd &Sv
d mavonf? xkEd pS f
bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;xuf tdraf usmif;u tenf;i,fyv
dk eG v
f mav
on?f ausmif;ta&twGut
f m;jzifh tdraf usmif;utenf;i,fom
yk d v G e f a omf v nf ; ausmif ; ta&twG u f r S m td r f a usmif ;

66

bmomaoG;

ausmif;om;aygif; ESpo
f ed ;f cJcG efY &S
d bke;f awmfBu;d pmoifausmif;
rsm; ausmif;om;aygif; wpfoed ;f ausmrf Qom &S&d awmhum; ausmif;
om;ta&twGucf si;f rsm;pGmxl;jcm;avonf/
um; bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif; ynmoifMum;a&;
armfueG ;f pmtkyrf S xkw,
f al zmfjycsuw
f nf;/

pOf;pm;zG,f
jrefrmEdik if 0H ,f txufatmuf a'oESp&f yf tpk;d & todrw
S f
jyKtyf a om bk e f ; awmf B uD ; pmoif a usmif ; (6873)ausmif ;
&Scd zhJ ;l ygvQuf ,ft
k cg xkad usmif;trsm;tjym;yif uG,af ysmufomG ;
&m rsm;pGm pOf;pm;zG,&f o
dS nfum;(1) bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;onf ausmif;tkyftjzpfjzifh
ausmif;udk tkycf sKyf o
Hk m tkycf sKy
f oifjyaomq&mwdu
Yk
vl0wfaMumifrsm; jzpfaomaMumifh tawmfMumvQif
bke;f Bu;D MoZm r&So
d jzifh ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
(2) bke;f awmfBu;D onf ausmif;tkycf udk ,lxm;aomfvnf;
tpk;d &\ pnf;urf; Oya'twkid ;f vku
d ef mzd&Yk ef cJ,Of;
aomaMumifh ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
(3) bke;f awmfBu;D ESihf ynmtkyrf sm; qufq&H m0,f obm0
tm;jzifh bke;f Bu;D u txufu ae&aomfvnf; Oya't&

67
ynmtky\
f atmuf usaeojzifh qufqaH &; tqifrajy
aomaMumifh ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
(4) wpfcgwpf&H Ak'bmomr[kwfaom ynmtkyfonf
bke;f Bu;D ausmif;odYk a&mufaomtcg oGm;vm aexkid f
ajymqdk avQmufxm;rIrS p tqifrajyzG,f udpa wG
&SdEkdif&um; xdktaMumif;vnf; ausmif;ysuf&jcif;\
taMumif;wpfyg; jzpfavoavm/
(5) tpk;d &vcudk ,l tkycf sKyaf om ausmif;tkyb
f ek ;f awmfBu;dD
rsm;ukd rsm;pGmaom tjcm;bke;f Bu;D rsm;ESihf tcsKUd aom
vlBuD;wdkYu txifao; tjrifao;jzpfjcif;aMumifh
wpfpwpfpESihf ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
odYk paomtm;jzifh pOf;pm;zG,af wG rsm;pGm &Sad eygonf?
xdkYjyif-bkef;awmfBuD;u ausmif;udk tkyfcsKyfkHom tkyfcsKyf
vl0wfaMumifq&mu twef;pBukd oifjyvQif ]]xkad usmif;om;rsm;
onf bke;f Bu;D xuf twef;q&Bukd yk
d rav;pm;aybl;vm;}}[k
pOf;pm;zG,f &Sjd yef\? ,cktcg omoembuf pmrydcYk sEikd af om
oHCmrsm;udk qGr;f ouFe;f a0iSEikd af vmufatmif bke;f uHvnf;r&Sd
&Sad pumrl a0iSavhr&Sad om ausmif;xkid w
f u
dk t
f yk f wku
d Mf uyfy*k Kd vf
rsm;onf xdak usmif;rSm xkw
d u
kd rf mS pmcsaeaom bke;f Bu;D rsm;avmuf
MoZmr&Syd g? pmoifom;wdu
Yk pmrykcYd saom xkw
d u
kd t
f yk pf onfudk
]]q&m}}[k todrw
S f rjyKMuyg/

68

bmomaoG;

xk d t jyif
bk e f ; BuD ; u
ausmif ; tk y f j zpf
vl 0 wf a Mumif q &mwd k Y u twef ; pBud k jyvQuf BuD ; yG m ;a
e&pfao;aom useo
f rQausmif;rsm; omoemh tGet
Yf wuf
&[ef;i,f rnfrQxu
G o
f enf;[k jyem wpfcak y:xku
d yf gonf?
tu,f omoemhtGefYtwuf rxGufbJ vl0wfaMumif
tquf q uf o m xG u f a eygvQif xk d a Mumif ; onf
avBuv
d 0l wfaMumifrsm; tkycf sKyaf omausmif;xuf bmoma&;
buf tMum;tjrifrsm;krH S wpfyg; xl;jcm;aomtusK;d rxifyg?
vl0wfaMumifwynfh tqufquf Ak'b
mom0ifawG jzpfaom
aMumifh tusK;d rsm;wefoavmuf rsm;aomfvnf; ausmif;ukd quf
tkycsKyEf idk af om omoemh tGet
Yf wuf &[ef;rsm; ray:xGuv
f m
vQif xkad usmif;onf bke;f Bu;D ausmif;tjzpfrS a&GUavQmaysmufu,
G f
&rnf r[kwyf gavm? ,cktcg bke;f Bu;D rsm;\ ausmif;twGi;f
vl0wfaMumif q&mrsm; oifjyrnfh rlvwef;ausmif;udk vkv
d m;aom
yk*Kd vrf sm;onf tpk;d &todrw
S jf yKtyfaom ausmif;aygif;ajcmuf
axmifausmf ysucf &hJ yku
H kd pOf;pm;oifMh uygonf/

a&S;kd;ausmif;rsm;
rdrw
d Ydk rarG;cif a&S;,cifu tpk;d &taxmuftyHt
h cHaom
a&S;k;d bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;vnf; &S\
d ? xkad usmif;rsm;0,f
rsm;pGmaom bke;f awmfBu;D wko
Yd nf taexkid t
f m;jzifh MunfnKd p&m
aumif; ausmif;om;oli,frsm;ukdvnf; r*Fvokwfpaom
vdrm ,Ofaus; zG,&f m bmoma&;pmayrsm;ESiw
hf uG xdt
k csed u
f

69
tokH;0ifrnfh avBuda&;&m *Pef;ocsFmrsm;jzifh vufa&;
vufom;owfykH owfGef;rsm;udkvnf; oifjyawmfrlMu\?
taetxkid f tajymtqdrk pS ,Ofaus;apEdik af om qk;H rpmukd
vnf; pmawGUvufawGU oifay;awmfrMl u\/
xkaYd Mumifh bke;f Bu;D ausmif;rS xGuaf om &Siv
f x
l u
G w
f o
Ydk nf
vlaY vmuwGif vl&m0ifcMhJ uavonf? vl&m0ifaomaMumifv
h nf;
q&mbke;f awmfBu;D ukd aus;Zl;wifum ]]tmp&d,*kaPm teaEm}}
[k pdwfapmvQuf tdrfaxmifusonfhwkdifatmif rdbxufyif
q&mbke;f awmfBu;D udk kad oav;pm;Muonf? q&mbke;f awmfBu;D u
ac: qk;H raomtcg trsm;tm;jzifh em;axmifMuonf? xkad cwfu
dkxkdbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;\ ausmif;onf &GmOD; &Gmxdyf a&wGif;
okdYr[kwf a&uef opfyiftkyftkyfqdkif;qdkif; ndKndKrIdif;rIdif;ESifh
&Gmom;uav;rsm;\ vdrm a&; ynma&; use;f rma&;udk &&Sad p&m
vnf;jzpf &Gmol&mG om;wk\
Yd avmu"rqikd &f m tod ynm tvdrm
wk d ; yG m ;p&mvnf ; jzpf a om &G m h u suf o a&aqmif XmeBuD ;
jzpfygayonf/

omoem qufqHcJhMuykH
a&S;a&S;uaomf aus;&Gmausmif;wpfausmif; ausmif;om;
(50)cefY &Sv
d Qif &Sio
f mraPwuf tawmfMumrS vlxu
G Mf uojzifh
olUacwf tvdu
k f tvdrm pmwwfov
l nf; renf;cJyh g/ Pfxufol
jzpf Zmwf B uD ; q,f b G J U paom w&m;pmrsm;wk d i f a tmif

70

bmomaoG;

oiftu
H surf w
S &f ol wpfcsKUd um; xkZd mwfaMumif;rsm;udk tm;us
wcsKUd rSm &[ef;b0txd qufvufaeMuonf? ausmif;om; (50)
cefrY S av;ig;a,mufavmufu &[ef;jzpf omoemh0efuk d xrf;aqmif
aomtcg av;ig;a,mufavmuf ausmif;om;a[mif; rsm;onf
omoemh 'g,umtjzpfjzihf qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif;rsm;udk wm0ef
,lMu\? rdrw
d Ydk om;rsm;udv
k nf; rdrw
d aYdk ecJah om ausmif;rSmyif
qufvuf ynmoifapcJhMu\? enf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHokdY
a&mufvmaom omoeBukd jrefrm'um jrefrmq&mwdYk tquf
quf aqmif,v
l mcJMh uygonf? xkad usmif;rsm;onf ,cktcsed f
wkdifatmif r,kwfavQmhbJ wnf&Sdaeygao;rl acwftvkduf
jyKjyifajymif;vJum Edik if aH wmf p&dwu
f sO;f usO;f ESihf tusK;d trsm;qk;H
Xmetjzpfjzifh &GmtoD;oD;rSm wnfwEhH ikd pf &m r&Syd gavm/

avmu\ jzpfwwfaomoabm
avmu\ oabBudk pOf;pm;aomtcg jzpfwwfaom
oabm wpfrsK;d ukd awGU&\? xko
d abmum; aeomxkid o
f m&SMd u
aomtcg okrYd [kwf txufwef;okYd a&mufaomtcg a&SUokYd
wk;d wufz&Ykd ef BuKd ;pm;csipf w
d f r&Sad omoabm at;at;aq;aq;
aevkad om oabm pnf;pdrcf cH siaf om oabmwnf;? xko
d abmrsK;d
jzpfaomtcg aeom xkid o
f moabmrS avQmus raeomrxkid o
f m
jzpfomG ;wwf\? rSe\
f -tocFw edAm e"mwfrS wpfyg; b,ft&mrQ
ckid Nf rw
J nfwahH om oabmr&S?d ysu
f ysu
f ae\? xkyd suo
f rQukd

71
tpm;rxk d ; rd a tmif tNrJ B ud K ;pm; ae&\? rBud K ;pm;vQif
ysuo
f rQukd tpm;rxk;d Edik b
f J tysuu
f vTr;f rk;d oGm;NrJ jzpfavonf/

bke;f Bu;D wkYd trsK;d

bke;f Bu;D wkYd trsK;d wGif bke;f Bu;D \ ESpzf ufaom tbk;d rsm;onf
a&muf&adS om tqift
h wef;wGif at;at;aq;aq; aewwforl sm;
jzpfMu\? bke;f Bu;D rSwrf o
d rQ yifyifyef;yef; tvkyf vkyo
f nfukd
rawGU&zl;acs? &&Sad om v,fpk ,mpkjzifo
h m xku
d w
f efoavmuf
vSL'gef;ayurf; csrf;ompGmaeoGm;Muavonf? xkdtaersKd;
aeoGm;Muaom ODBu;d bBu;d polwv
Ydk nf; S\
d ? olw\
dk om;orD;
rsm;vnf; trsm;tm;jzifh at;aq;Mu\? xl;xl;axGaxGvnf;
tvkyfvkyfwwfMu[ef rwl? 0rf;uGJawmfpyfMuaom aqG;rsKd;
wpfcsKUd um; &Sad om v,fpk ,mpktjyif wifMuK
d aiG ay;0,fxm;
aom pyg;vnf; rsm;pGmSd\?aiGwkd; aMuwkd;vnf; ay;Mu\?
olwo
Ydk m;orD; trsm;pkvnf; xkrd b
d ajc&mtwkid ;f vku
d Mf u\? aemif
om;pOf ajr;qufa&mufvmaomtcg tbk;d &if;rsm;\ om;orD;
ajrrsm;onf (tenfi,frS wpfyg;) bk;d bGm;wk\
Yd tqift
Y wef;ukd
rrD S a wmY a y? 0rf ; uG J a qG ; rsKd ; rsm;\ om;pOf a jr;quf u m;
rdb\tqifhtwef;ukdyif (acwftvkduf) vGefwwfoGm;[ef
wlygonf? jrefrmjynf &yfwidk ;f &Gmwkid ;f vnf; twkid ;f at;at;
aq;aq; aewwfow
l Ydk tpOftquf wef;avQm Omvnf;Sd
0D&,
d vnf; &So
d w
l o
Ydk m tqifq
h ifh jrifw
h wfomG ; Muygonf/

72

bmomaoG;

wkid ;f jynfrsm;
EkdifiH\ tpdwftykdifomru jrefrmEkdifiHvnf uH OmPf
0D&d,&SdMuaom taem&xm bk&ifaemif OD;atmifaZ,swkdY
vufxufu e,ferdw
d rf mS us,jf yefcY yhJ gvsuf bke;f uHenf; OmPfenf;
0D&,
d enf;aom rif; rSL;rwfwYdk vufxuf e,ferd w
d f usO;f
usO;f vmcJ&h mrS aemufq;Hk 0,f vk;H vk;H Bu;d uReo
f abmufoYdk
wpfrsK;d vk;H a&mufc&hJ onfr[kwyf gavm? rdrw
d Ydk jrefrmEkid o
f mru
tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;vnf; (tdE,
d Ekid if BH u;d aomrSvnf;) OmPfynm
tajrmftjrifEiS hf vkv
H 0D&,
d enf;ygrSKaMumifh toD;oD; uRef
oabmuf jzpfcMhu
J zl;avNy?D ,ckvnf; tcsKUd Ekid if BHu;d awGonf wpfcsed u
f
pnf;pdr&f pfrKS 0D&,
d enf;yg;rSKaMumifY xdyw
f ef;tqifrY S avQmusp
jyKaeavNy?D tajrmtjrifEiS hf vkv
H 0D&,
d enf;Bu;d aom wkid ;f jynfBu;d
rsm;onf xdyw
f ef;okYd vSr;f ae a&mufvnf a&mufaeMuavNy?D
okv
Yd Qif OmPftajrmtjrifEiS hf vkv
H 0D&,
d vnf &Sjd cif;^ r&Sjd cif;
aMumifh vlwpfa,muf vlwpfrsK;d rS p wkid Bf u;d jynfBu;d rsm;wkid f
atmif tusK;d rJh ^tusK;d &Sd uGjJ ym;yku
H dk owdjyKNyD omoem
ta&;rSmvnf (ayghayghqqESihf at;at;aq;aq; aecJrh KS aMumif)h
avQmus&yku
H dk awG;rdMuapvkyd gonf? "ry'ygVdawmfum; xku
d o
J dk
jzpfwwfyu
Hk dk oHo&mc&D;twGuf bk&m&Sirf ed aYf wmfrl xm;aom
w&m;awmfudk awGU&\? xkw
d &m;awmfonf avBud Bu;d yGm;a&;
qkw,
f w
k af &;ESiv
hf nf; oufqidk yf gonf/

73
tyrawm yrawok okawok A[kZm*a&m
tAvH0 oDCaom [dwmG ,mwd okar"aom/
vltrsm;onf arharhavsmaY vsmY aygYaygYqq at;at;pufpuf
aexkid Mf upOf rarYravsmY raygYrqESix
hf x<u<uESihf tajrmftjrif
ynm&So
d l vltenf;i,fonf xkad rhavsmah yghq olrsm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;
w&m;a&;tm;jzifh vGew
f wfomG ;\? vltrsm;onf ayghayghqqESihf
tdyfaysmfaeMupOf Ekd;Mum; x<u vkHv 0D&d, rsm;pGm&Sd
tajrmftjrif ynm&Sdol vltenf;i,fonf xkdttdyfrsm;ol
tysif;tm;Bud;ol vltaygif;ukd pD;yGm;a&; ynma&;tm;jzifh
vGefwwfoGm;\? Oyrm- tm;tifrJh csdeJYaom jrif;tkdukd
vsijf refou
G v
f uf tm;tifjynfY jrif;tmZmenf vGew
f wfomG ;
ouJo
h w
Ydk nf;/
eee

74

bmomaoG;

7/ jrefrmEkid if aH emufyidk ;f omoem

bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;rsm; edru
hf sc&J ykH
avmu jzpf w wf a omoabmuk d a&;om;jcif ; rS m
bkef;awmfBud;ausmif;rsm; edrfhus&jcif; avmuoabmESifh
ukdufnDykHukd jyvkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf? rdrdonf tpkd;&
todtrSwf rjyKtyfaom bke;f Bu;d ausmif;rSm aecJ&h aomaMumifh
xkb
d ek ;f Bu;d ausmif;rsm;\ wjznf;jznf; edru
hf svmyku
H dk pkpH v
Hk ifvif
em;vnfygonf? rdrid ,fpOfu rdrw
d \
Ydk &yf&mG ESihf ywf0ef;usif
&yf&Gmrsm;0,f wnf&SdMuaom bkef;awmfBud;ausmif;rsm;onf
ausmif;om; &SifomraP &[ef;i,frsm;ESifhwuG rEav;okdY
pmoifomG ;aeMuaom &[ef; omraPrsm;yg tawmf pnfpnf
um;um; &Scd MhJ u\? ,ckaom rdrad ecJ&h mausmif; bke;f Bu;d wpfyg;
wnf;om &S\
d &Sif &[ef;ukd rqkx
d m;bd ausmif;om;wpfa,mufrQ
r&Sad wmh? tjcm;ausmif;rsm;vnf; yderf om vderf omyif jzpf\?
teD;qkH; ausmif;wpfausmif;um; ausmif;apmifhbkef;Bud;rQyif
r&S&d mS Muawmhacs/

bmaMumifhokdYjzpf&oenf;
bkef;BuD;wkdYausmif;rS q&mawmfESifh tjcm;wpfausmif;rS
q&mawmfBu;D onf oufawmfBu;D &ifNh y;D jzpf ausmif;wm0efudk
aqmifawmfrrlMu? vufaxmuf&[ef;bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;u wm0ef
aqmifaeMuonf? 0gwGi;f tcg rdrw
d &Ydk mT ESihf ywf0ef;usi&f mG rsm;0,f

75
wpfow
D if;twGi;f (3)&ufrQ qGr;f vkyaf uR;ESihf qGr;f Bu;D cH &S\
d ?
ausmif;om; uk&d if &[ef;&So
d rQ tm;vk;H oGm;Mu\? xd&k ufrsm;
eHeufyikd ;f 0,f pmtH pmwuf r&S?d ausmif;om; ud&k ifrsm;uvnf;
pmrtH&jcif; [if;aumif;pm;&jcif; a&muf&mt&yf trsK;d rsK;d
upm;&jcif;wdaYk Mumifh xdo
k Ykd vdu
k &f oGm;&onfuykd if aysm&f iT Mf u\
aysmf&TifkHru ausmif;om;BuD;awGu udk&ifb0udk trsm;qkH;
tm;usMu\? rd r d v nf ; xd k t csd e f u tm;usrd y gvd r f h r nf ?
bmhaMumifhenf;...tvSLtwef;&Sdaomtcg udk&ifrsm;onf
ausmif;om;xuf [if;aumif;pm;& vufzuf&nf rkefYrsm;yg
&[ef;awmfrsm;uJo
h Ykd pm;& aomuf&aomaMumifw
h nf;/
xdo
k Ykd ykrH eS f qGr;f auR;rsm;tjyif bk&m;yGrJ sm;vnf; &Sad o;\?
pyg;&dwo
f rd ;f Ny;D aomtcg ywf0ef;usi&f mG rsm; &Sijf yKupd r sm;vnf;
(pyg;&vQif &oavmuf)&daS o;\? xd&k iS jf yKupd um; ausmif;om;
av; ig;a,mufESifhwuG ausmif;tkyfcsKyfaom vufaxmuf
bke;f awmfBu;D ud,
k w
f ikd f naetxd oGm;a&mufwwf\? ausmif;
usef&pfaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk usef&pfaom OD;yZif; udk&if
ausmif;om; tcsi;f csi;f pmcs&onf? xdu
k o
hJ kd aeYysuf &ufysuEf iS hf
pmoifonft
h jyif rsm;pGmaom rdbwdu
Yk rMumrMum ausmif;rS
Ekwf,l vlrr,fom;i,f uav;rsm;udk EGm;ausmif;cdkif;
pmajcmufcikd ;f Muav\/

76

bmomaoG;

oif&aompm
xdkuJhodkY aeYysuf &ufysufrsm;pGmjzifh oif&aom pBudk
MunfMh uygOD; ...oifyek ;f Bu;D r*Fvokwf y&dwBf u;D avmueDwd
paom oif;kd pmrsm; jzpf\? r*Fvokwf avmueDwrd mS vlb
Y 0
tvGet
f ok;H 0ifaom pmrsm; jzpfMuyg\? odaYk omfvnf; ausmif;om;
oli,frsm;onf EIwfwuf&onfrSwpfyg; pm\qdkvdkcsufudk
em;rvnf&mS yg? trSet
f m;jzifh pmuvnf; uav;ESirhf wefatmif
jrifv
h eG ;f ygonf? vufa&;udk oifMu&yg\? odaYk omf owfyu
Hk kd
vnf;aumif; jrefrmpum;ajya&;enf;udv
k nf;aumif; roif&yg?
tawmftxufwef;a&mufaomtcg ]]aem {u aem}}paom
*Pef;twGuu
f kd oif&yg\? odaYk omf xdt
k ajca&mufEidk o
f u
l m;
trsm;tjym;r&Syd g? xdjYkyif tusiphf m&dwu
v
kd nf; r*Fvokwf ponf
yg&SNSd y;D jzpf txl;roifMuawmhyg? xdo
k Ykd pm&dw,
Ofaus;rIukd txl;
roif&aomaMumifv
h m; rod? ausmif;aygif;pkH xrif;pm; Mu&m
wd;k a0S
Y vk,uf pm;Muavonf? xdo
k Ukd pm;&if; &efjzpfol
vnf; r&Sm;yifwnf;? ]]usef;rma&;}}qdkonfrSm (oifjyzdkYudk
rqdx
k m;bd) Mum;rQ rMum;&yg/

NrdKUpmoifudk,fawmfrsm;
bke;f Bu;D wdYk &Gmausmif;rS rEav;NrKd UodYk pmoif xGuMf uaom
ud,
k af wmfrsm; renf;vSyg? xdu
k ,
kd af wmfrsm;onf NrKd UodYk a&mufomG ;
aomtcg pmoifwu
kd f oifavh&adS om pmrsm;udk oif pmar;yGJ
rsm;udk atmifjrifMuyg\? pmar;yGaJ tmifNy;D tcg wcsKd U vlxu
G f

77
wcsdKU ysHawmfrlMu\? rdrdausmif;odkY jyef uav;oli,frsm;
udv
k w
l ef;aphatmif vl&m0ifatmif pmoifay;zdYk twwfynBukd
um; xdkpmar;yGJatmifa&;wGif roifcJh&ojzifh rdrd\ aqGrsdK;
om;csi;f uav;oli,frsm;\ tusKd ;udrk aqmifEidk Mf uyg? enf;
twdik ;f om oGm;&ygrl aemiftcgvnf; arQmv
f ifzh ,
G f r&Sd o
Hk m
ru NrKd UodYk pmoifwufz&Ykd m &Si&f [ef;\ tajccHausmif;om;yif
r&Sad wmhaom tajctaeodYk a&mufaeNyD r[kwyf gavm/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;xGufrsm;
jycJhaomenf;jzifh aeYysuf&ufysufESifh t&usuf ynBudk
EIww
f uf&atmif oiftNH y;D aemuf ausmif;uxGuaf om uav;rsm;
onf tdro
f Ykd a&mufaomtcg rdrw
d \
Ykd vkyif ef;udk ulnv
D yk o
f v
l nf;
&S\
d ? ulnrD vkyb
f J aygYaygYqq aeolvnf; &S\
d ? zJorm; xef;&nf
orm;vnf; &S\
d ? ausmif;u&cJah omynBukd tok;H jyKEikd o
f u
l m;
tvGefY tvGef enf;yg;\? a&S;a&S;uaomf ]]rdrdausmif;xGuf
wpfa,mufwav rdbpum; em;raxmifbJ qd;k oGr;f aew,f}} [k
qdv
k Qif ausmif;u bke;f awmfBu;D onf ac: qk;H rEdik cf \
hJ ? ,ckaomf
xdo
k Ykd rqH;k rEdik af wmh? qH;k rEdik
f ac:,lq;kH rjyefvQif a&SUwGiaf wmh
]]raomuf a wmh y g rupm;awmh y g}}[k wm0ef c H \ ? &G m xJ
a&mufvQiu
f m; aomufNrJ aomuf upm;NrJ upm;onfom/

78

bmomaoG;

bke;f Bu;D ausmif;udt

k m;rud;k awmh
avmutusd K ;r&aomXmeud k av;av;pm;pm;
tm;rudk;Mujcif;onf xHk;pH"rwmjzpf\? xdkYaMumifh ,cktcg
rsm;aomtm;jzifh bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;\ ausmif;rS xGucf MhJ uolwo
Ykd nf
rdrw
d \
Ykd om;rsm;udk rdrad ecJah om bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif; xm;vdk
pdwf r&SMd uawmh? avBud vlausmif;odo
Yk m ydMYk uawmh\? avBud
vlausmif;r&Sdaom &Gmuav;om rvTJom bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;odYk yd&Yk awmhonf? rdrw
d Ykd bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;onf wpfcsed u
f
wpfEikd if v
H ;kH \ tm;ud;k &mjzpf tm;vnf; ud;k avmufcMhJ uygvuf
,cktcg tm;ud;k rcH&jcif; tm;rud;k avmufjcif;udak wG;um rdrw
d Ykd
tjypfukd rdrd oem;&awmhrvdk jzpfygawmhonf/

Ni;D jiLoHEiS hf y,fveS o

f H
rdrw
d &Ydk mG uJo
h Ydk rsm;pGmaom &Gmwk0Yd ,f bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;
pmoif r nf h ausmif ; om; r&S d a wmh y g? &S d j yef v Qif v nf ;
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sad wmhyg? xko
d Ydk ausmif;om; r&So
d nft
h wGuf
ckid ;f p&m r&SMd uaom bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;onf ]]om;rsm;udk rdrw
d Ydk
ausmif;rxm;aom rdbrsm;\ tjypfvv
kd kd avBuv
d al usmif;rsm;
&Sad omaMumifv
h v
kd }kd }ESihf ud,
k \
f cRw,
f iG ;f csuu
f dk owdrxm;bJ
olwpfyg;udk tjypfwifvMkd u\? Ak'b
mom bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;
rsm; ]]ckid ;f p&m ausmif;om; r&S}d }[k usuo
f a&r*Fvmr&Sad om
Ni;D jiLonft
h oH qlnaH ecsed rf mS bmomjcm; omoemjyK ausmif;rsm;
um; Ak'b
mom0if uav;awGukd tajy;tvTm; tyfaeMuojzifh

79
]]vufrcHEikd b
f ;l aep&mr&Sad wmhb;l }}[k y,fveS &f avmuf atmif
(Pf 0D&,
d tusK;d ukd azmfjyonf)h usuo
f a&r*Fvm toHrsm;
em;rqHah tmif Mum;ae&ygonf/

owd&zG,f aumif;aomtcsdef
,cktcg tvGew
f ;dk wufaeaom bmomjcm; ausmif;rsm;\
t&if;tprSm rif;wke;f rif; vufxuf rEav;aejynfawmf0,f
p ay:cJah om (,ckvnf; &Sad eaom) ]]oHwaJ usmif;}}yif jzpf\?
xk d o H w J a usmif ; rif ; aqG rif ; rsKd ; rsm;tjyif bk & if r if ; \
om;awmftcsKdUyg ta>ct&Hrsm;pGm aeYpOfoGm; t*FvdyfpBudk
oifMuygowJh? xkdokdY rif;om;rsm;\ bmoE&oifjcif;onf
EkdifiHjcm;ESifh qufqH&m0,f pum;jyef rxm;bJ rdrdwkdYbmom
qufqEH ikd af tmif oifjcif; jzpfygvdrrhf nf? okjYd zpfvQif ]]bke;f awmf
Bu;D rsm;xHrS &&Sad om oif;dk ynmonf ae&mwkid ;f rSm tok;H cs
r&}}[laom t"dym,f oufa&mufae&um; xkdtcsdefuyif
xdyaf cgifwif q&mawmftcsKd Uvnf; xkt
d "dym ,fudk pOf;pm;rdawmf
rlMuygvdrrhf nf?xkaYd Mumihf a&Tusio
f moemykid f q&mawmfb&k m;onf
t*Fvyd pf mukd tawmftwef avhvmawmfro
l nf[k wpfqifph um;
Mum;&zl;ygonf/
eee

80

bmomaoG;

8/ omoemhtE&m,fjycef;
ausmif;om; r&Sjd ypf
aus;&Gm bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;ausmif;om; rSNd cif;onf
omoemawmftwGuf omreftE&m,f r[kwyf g? opfyifBu;d a&
aomufNrpf Nywfaeonfyh rm Bu;d pGmaom "rE& m,f NzpfaMumif;
ukd trsm;yif pOf;pm;Ny;D Nzpfygvdrrhf nf? rdrw
d \
Ydk vufdS omoemh
0efaqmifrsm;onf i,fpOfu p yd#uynm tvdrm wku
Yd dk taNc
cH&aomaMumifh wpfp wpfpBu;d yGm;vsuf omoemhwm0efudk aqmif
ekid Mf uonf r[kwyf gavm? bke;f Bu;d ausmif;om;rSv
d Qif Sio
f mr
aPvnf; MumSnpf mG Nzpfrnfo
h l rSEd idk ?f omraPrS wuf t
qufquf wm0efaqmifrnfh &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; rSEd idk yf g/
xkNYd yif bke;f awmfBu;d rsm;\ oGeo
f if NyorIudk rcHcMhJ u&aom
wkid ;f olNynfom;vnf; bke;f awmfBu;d rsm;ukd rd;dk zvmuk;d uG,rf I
avmufom Sad wmhrnfNzpf (omoemppfppfudk axmufyrhH nfol
rsm;}}[k uk;d pm;avmuforl sm; rNzpfEidk af wmhyg? opfyifBu;d rSm a&
aomufNrpf Nywfaeonft
h Nyif ywf0ef;usif tNrpfuav;rsm;rSm
vnf; tat;"mwf r&awmhouJo
h Ydk taNccHausmif;om;rSo
d nfh
Nyif axmufychH sio
f v
l nf; wpfp wpfp enf;yg;&mrSv;Hk 0rSad om
tNzpfoYdk a&muf&awmhrnf Nzpf Ak'N rwfpmG omoemopfyifBu;d
onf rMumrDyif aNcmufaoGU,kid v
f
J rckid Nf raJ om b0okYd a&muf&
ygawmhrnf/

81

tE&m,fub
dk ,fvdk wm;rvJ
bke;f Bu;d wk\
Yd Siaf wmfb&k m;onf y#dpo
rkym 'fa'oemrSp
taMumif;Srd S tusK;d Nzpfyu
Hk dk a[mNyawmfral vh S\
d ? ]]taMumif;
rSb
d J tusK;d Nzpfonf}}[k wpfcw
k pfavrS a[mawmfrrlyg? omo
emawmf\ qkw,
f w
k &f mrS uG,yf rnfh tcsuf vnf; NycJah om
taMumif; taMumif;awG xif&mS ;aeNyD r[kwyf gavm? raumif;
aomtaMumif;aMumifh taumif;aomtusKd;ukd awGU&vQif
raumif;aom taMumif;ae&m0,f aumif;aomtaMumif;ukd vJ
vS,Ef idk yf grl {uefrck s aumif;usK;d &OD;rnfuv
dk nf; odEidk yf gonf?
,cktcg bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;rsm; ausmif;om;rSrd o
I nf t
a&;tBu;d qkt
H aMumif;[k aumif;aumif; oabmaygufaom rdrd
wko
Yd nf ausmif;om;Sv
d matmif b,fvNdk yKNyifMurnfenf;? acwf
a[mif;wke;f u yxrNyefppHk rf;a&;aumfrwD ay:vmaomtcg xkd
aumfrwDwiG f yg0ifaom aus;Zl;&Sif tb,m&mrq&mawmfb&k m;
onf rlvwef; *Pef;ocsmF ESihf taNccHygVdrQudk yxri,fwef;r
0ifrw
D pfqifx
h m;zkYd tMuaH y;cJzh ;l aMumif;ukd NycJyh gNy/D

olemMuKduf"mwfpm
,cktcg omoemawmfudk NyKNyifvadk omyk*K v
d rf sm; tawmf
uav; vIyv
f yI &f &G G NzpfvmMuygNy?D vIyv
f yI &f &G G Nzpfvm&Ncif;rSm
vnf; ]]twkid ;f oGm;vQif NrefrmEkid if o
H moemonf odyrf Mum
awmh}}[k tNrifaygufoal wG rsm;vmaomaMumifh Nzpfygonf? Nref
rmEkid if o
H moemonf wpfenf;tm;Nzifh aq;rSm;rcHaomolemESifh

82

bmomaoG;

wlygonf? bmaq;rQ rauGs;bJ vuf"dS mwfpmrsm;ESix

hf m;vQif
olemonf olUtvkv
d dk wNznf;Nznf; oGm;&&Smygvdrrhf nf? acwf
ay:aq;rsm;ukd wku
d af uGs;NyKpyk gvQiu
f m; temESiahf q; oifah tmif
ay;zkYd ta&;Bu;d ygonf? aq;wpfcsuf rSm;vQif NzwfueJ oGm;yg
vdrrhf nf? OyrmNzifh bmukd qkv
d ydk govJ[ak r;vQi.f .vufdS pm
oif pmcs pmar;yGJ usi;f y bk&m;yGaJ usmif;yGJ uxefyJG &SiNf yKyJG
paom yumoe'gerIEiS hf taysmt
f yg;'gerIwo
Ydk nf olemMuKu
d f
"mwfpmrsm;ESiw
hf \
l ? bmaMumifeh nf;? arsmv
f ifch surf Sad om vl
rrBukd ]]pm;csiw
f m pm;ygapawmh}}[k aq;ukq&muaNymoNzifh
aqGrsK;d rsm;u pm;csiw
f m ay;aeonfEiS hf wlaomaMumifw
h nf;?
enf;ufkd ]]aNzaNzoGm;rnfh olemMuKu
d "f mwfpmay;enf;}} [k qkd
vkyd gonf/

MuKd
uKdwifpOf;pm;zG,f
wzef]]t*Fvyd pf m *Pef;ocsmw
F u
Ydk dk q&mvkyzf Ydk oifay;
aus;&Gmausmif;rsm; ausmif;om;awG Nyefvnf vmaprnf[k
&nf&,
G af omfvnf; wu,fwwfvmaomtcg vlxu
G o
f u
l xGuf
ausmif;vc,l pmNyolu Ny odv
Yk yk af eMuvQiu
f m; aq;rSm;
aomolemvkd rMumcif omoemuG,o
f mG ;ygvdrrhf nf? tcsuf
onf trSeBf uKd wif wGu&f rnft
h csuf Nzpfygonf? bmhaMumifh
enf;f -tPkNrL"mwfudk awGUSad tmif BuKd ;pm;aom avmu"mwf
q&mwko
Yd nf olw\
Ydk tPkNrLukd vlom;rsm;tusK;d Sad omae&mwGif
ok;kH apvkad omfvnf; tkycf sKyo
f w
l u
Ydk vlom;awG tpkvu
dk f tNyKH

83
vku
d f aornfh udp yif tok;H csaeouJo
h Ydk arQmv
f ifch suu
f wNcm;
vufawGUu wNcm; NzpfaewwfaomaMumifh bmoE&twGuf
omoemuG,v
f ,
G rf nfh tcsuu
f v
dk nf; MuKw
d if wGu&f ygvdrrhf nf/

bmoE& oifaeMuNyD
,cktcsed t
f cg tawmfrsm;rsm; yk*K v
d w
f Ydk t*Fvu
d pf mukd oif
,laeMuygNy?D xkyd *k K v
d rf sm;wGif pmcswef;atmifNy;D aom yk*K v
d f
trsm;tNym; yg0if\? xkyd *k K v
d w
f \
Ydk &nf&,
G cf surf mS rlvuaumif;
aom&nf&,
G cf suyf if Nzpfygvdrrhf nf? okaYd omf tawmfMumMum oif
rdaomtcg pdwu
f ;l wpfrsK;d tNrifwpfrsK;d aNymif;vGo
J mG ;Mu[efwl
\? xkaYd Mumifh wcsKUd txHrS wpfqifMh um;&aom pum;wkYd Ak'N rwf
pGm\w&m;awmfEiS hf Ak'N rwfpmG \ oAnKwPfawmfudk r,kMH unf
oH ygvm\? wcsKUd um; xkt
d NrifaNymif;rIaMumif;vnf;aumif; t
NrifraNymif;aomfvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifhvnf;aumif;
vlUabmifoYdk aNymif;\? xko
d Ydk tNzpfrsm;aeyku
H dk Nrif&Mum;&aom
'um 'umrwko
Yd nf t*Fvyd f [dEL ouw[laombmoE&
(bmomtrsK;d rsK;d ) oif,Nl cif;ukd tm;ray;0HMh uay/

q&muif;ysufpD;&jcif;
bmoE&oif ysupf ;D &m tajccHukd pOfpm;zdYk vdyk gonf?
bmoE& oifMu&m rdru
d kd qdq
k ;kH rrnfh q&morm;ESihf uif;uGm
ae&olu rsm;ygonf? wcsKUd rSmvnf; vl0wfaMumifrsm;ESihf a&maESm
oif,&l ygonf? t*Fvyd pf aom bmomrsm; bk&m;a[mawmfrl
tyfaom yd#uw&m;awmfrsm;uJo
h Ykd o'gw&m; wd;k yGm;apEkid af om

84

bmomaoG;

ocFef;pmrsm; r&Sdyg? avmuqdkif&m tawG;tac: BuHvkH;

zef v k H ; awG o m trsm;tjym; yg&S d y gonf ? ok d Y q&mES i f h
uif ; uG m aevQif t*F v d y f p moif o l r[k w f a omf v nf ;
ysuf p D ; wwf y gao;\? pum;ES i f h pyf qu t *F k w d K &f
'kw,
d yPmou r[m0*f [wo
d m&dyw
k o
w
k u
f kd Gejf yvkyd gonf?/
]]avmu tcsKUd yk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf jrwfpmG bk&m;ukad omfvnf;
aumif; tav;jyKavmufaom (q&mpaom) oDwif;ok;H az:ukd
vnf;aumif; rSD aecdkuf0,f aumif;aom tvkyfudp
arGUavQm\
f ? rdrx
d uf Bu;D olwYdk tay: kad opGm rdru
d kd ESyd cf s\?
tvGef Nird Nf ird o
f ufoufae\? jrwfpmG bk&m;rSvnf;aumif; zJcmG
tjcm;&[ef;rsm;ESijhf zpfap bduK eD Oygoum Oygodumr wdEk iS hf
jzpfap rif; rSL;rwfwEYdk iS hf jzpfap wwq
d &m www
d ynfw
h EYdk iS hf
(bmomjcm;q&m bmomjcm;wynfw
h EYdk iS )hf jzpfap a&ma&m aESmESm
aeaomtcg xko
d w
l EYkd iS hf pum;rsK;d pkaH jymvQuf ae&aomaMumifh
udavom&m* x<u odumcsvQuf vlxGufavonf/}}
xkrd pd m t,l0g'udv
k nf; ,lomG ;wwfygao;\?
odkY ponfjzifh q&muif; tjcm;olrsm;ESifh a&ma&m
aESmaESm pum;ajymvQuf aewwfolrSm psmef&NyD;jzpfapumrl
vlxu
G w
f wfonf[k t&Siaf um|durax&fu tjcm;&[ef;rsm;ukd
ajymjyygonf? xkdYaMumifh o'gw&m; rwdk;yGm;apEdkif;aom

85
omoEukd oifolrSm awmfawmfwefwef o'gtajccH&SdkHjzifh
pdwrf cs&aMumif; vlrxGuaf omfvnf; bk&m; w&m; oHCmrsm;
,kHMunfrI av;pm;rI enf;oGm;wwfaMumif;udk ygVdawmf
pmawGU ,ckacwf vufawGUtm;jzifh aumif;aumif;Bu;D oabm
aygufxm;oifMh uygonf/
tajccHaumif;vQif rysuf
bmomtrsKd ; rsKd ; uk d oif , l w wf a jrmuf a omf v nf ;
ysufpD;roGm;bJ omoemhwm0efukd ykd xrf;aqmifEdkifaom
yk*Kd vrf sm;udv
k nf; awGUEdik af yonf? (1) yxr a&Tusiq
f &mawmf
ysHvGefawmfrl 'kwd,a&Tusifomoemykdif jzpfawmfrlaom
r[m0do'k g kq
H &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf a0'usr;f wwf jAm[P
wku
Yd kd ac: ouwbmoBukd oif,al wmfr\
l ? wwfuRr;f awmf
rlaomtcg o'gbuf tjrifus,v
f m xkt
d csed u
f ynm&Sd
trsm; av;pm;avmufaom 0dok'gkHokwfeufusrf;BuD;udk
pD&ifawmfrlonf? y&rwoly-qd'yd"meeD paomusrf;rsm;
udv
k nf; pD&ifawmfr\
l ? a&Tusi*f P
kd ;f Bu;D udv
k nf; txuf atmuf
us,jf yefaY pawmfro
l nf/
(2) bkef;BuD;\ aus;Zl;awmf&Sif jzpfawmfrlaom a&Tusif
ed u m,Ou | r[mem,u t* r [my@d w ousoD [
"rmp&d, tb,m&mra&T*q
l &mawmfonf xdk r[m0do'k g kH
q&mawmfBuD; txH ouwbmoBudk avhvmawmfrl\?

86

bmomaoG;

xkaYd emuf q&mawmfBu;D vufxufyif tdE,

d okYd <u y@dwf
jAm[PwkdYtxH xyfrH avhvmjyef\? (t*Fvdyfpmukdvnf;
enf;enf;yg;yg; avhvmawmfr\
l ? xku
d o
hJ Ydk avhvm t&m&m
Pftjrif us,jf yefv
Y m&um; ygVd ouw enf;rsK;d pkyH gaom
tbd"mefe
d , arm*vm efe
d , tr&aumoedpaom
usrf;wkdYudk a&;om;awmfrlcJh\? xkdusrf;rsm;onf ,cktcg
pmcsbek ;f awmfBu;D cwfrsm;rsm;\ vufprJG sm; jzpfMuayonf/
(3) a&Tusief u
d m,Ou| r[mem,u t*r[my@dw
jzpfawmfral om anmifwek ;f NrKd U a&T[oFmawmf& yxrq&mawmf
onf t*Fvyd pf mESihf ouw uRr;f usiaf wmfr\
l ? xkq
d &mawmf
bk&m;BuD;onf r*FvmvufpGJ paom vltrsm;okH; usrf;pm
(ouwokH; rsm;pGmjzifh) tvuFmed,paom omoem0if
usrf ; pmwk d Y u d k pD & if a wmf r l c J h \ ? tem*wf o moemtwG u f
a&T[oFmausmif;wku
d Bf u;D ukv
d nf; cdik Nf z;D wnfrh wf owf,yfap
awmfrcl yhJ gonf/
(4) t*r[my@dw ousoD[ "rmp&d, rif;uGef;
0dZm vuFm&acsmif t&Sio
f Ek & mbd0o
H q&mawmfonf tdE,
d odYk
<u [dEL ouw t*Fvyd b
f momrsm;ukd avhvmawmfr\
l ?
jrefrmEdik if o
H Ydk jyefa&mufawmfral omtcg ajrmufyidk ;f Ak'b
mom
wk\
Yd Ak'0 if[k ac:aom vvdw0dwm &okwe u
f kd jrefrmjyef
a&;om;awmfryl gonf/

87
(5) a&Tusief u
d m,Ou| r[mem,u t*r[my@dw
ousoD["rmp&d, jzpfawmfrlaom pnf&Sifq&mawmfonf
jrefrmEdik if H vnf;aumif; tdE,
d vnf;aumif; [dEL ouw
t*Fvyd b
f momwku
Yd kd oif,al wmfr\
l ? a&Tusi*f P
kd ;f Bu;D \ wm0ef
udkvnf; txl;aqmifawmfrl\? rdrd\ vufkH;wynfhwpfyg;
jzpfaom ousoD["rmp&d, yxrausmf t&SifeEy@dwudk
vnf; Am&mPoDoYdk apvTw
f [dEL ouw t*Fvyd pf mwku
Yd dk
oif,al pawmfryl gonf/
(6) bke;f Bu;D \ aus;Zl;awmf&iS f a&Tusief u
d m,('kw,
d ) Ou|
r[mem,u t*r[my@dw ouso[
D "rmp&d, ajrmif;jr
q&mawmf o nf jref r mEd k f i f i H vnf ; aumif ; td E d , Ek d i f i H
vnf;aumif; [dEL ouw t*Fvyd b
f momwku
Yd kd oif,al wmfr\
l ?
,cktcg a&Tusif*kdPf;BuD;\ wm0efudk txl;aqmifawmfrl\?
ajrmif;jrNrKd U yaZmwmkw
H u
kd \
f em,u "rmp&d,jzpfaom rdr\
d
wynf&h if; t&Si
f Pduudv
k nf; yaZmwmkaH usmif;wku
d u
f kd wk;d csUJ
oifjyEkid zf &Ydk ef tdE,
d odYk apvTw
f ,cktcg [dEL ouw t*Fvyd f
bmomwku
Yd kd txufwef;a&mufatmif avhvmapawmfr\
l /
um; bke;f Bu;D aumif;aumif;odxm;aom a&Tusi*f P
dk ;f
Bu;D \ Ou|q&mawmfrsm; bmoE&avhvmykjH zpf\? xkq
d &mawmf
rsm;uJo
h Ydk tjcm;*dP
k ;f rSmvnf; bmoE& wwfajrmuf omoemh
wm0efudk aqmifaeaom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udk Mum;zl;yg\/

88

bmomaoG;

taocsm r[kwfaomaMumifh razmfjybJ xm;ygonf? ]]xkd

q&mawmfrsm;onf bmoE&udk avhvmwwfajrmufMuygvsuf
bmhaMumifh azmufazmufjyefjyef r&SdMuovJ}}[k pOf;pm;xkduf
ar;jref;xku
d \
f ? xkq
d &mawmfrsm;onf Edik if jH cm;odYk a&mufaeap
umrl q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ Mo0g'ukd em,lNrJ em,laeMu\?
yd#u uGsr;f usi&f um; omoemawmf0,f o'gw&m; tajcpdu
k Nf y;D
jzpf\? &nf&,
G &f if;uvnf;]]bmoE&udk avhvm xdb
k moE&rS
,l o if h & Bud k ,l N yD ; vQif ygVd b moBud k wef q mqif r nf } }[k
&nf&G,f&if;jzpf\? xdkaMumif;rsm;aMumifh xdkq&mawmfrsm;
,d r f ; ,d k i f j cif ; r&S d b J omoemh w m0ef a qmif t jzpf j zif h
cdik Nf raJ wmfrMl uonf[k tajzxGuyf gonf? xdu
k o
hJ 0Ykd efaqmifaumif;
yk*Kd vw
f pfyg;udk omoemawmf &&Sjd cif;twGuf 0efraqmifvakd om
bmoE&wwfuGsrf;oltrsm; ysufoGm;jcif; 0rf;renf;xdkuf
awmhyg?

q&maumif;xH enf;cHyg
q&muif; bmoE&oif,jl cif; ysupf ;D zG,rf sm;aMumif;udk
jy q&maumif ; rsm;\ Mo0g'ruif ; aom bmoE & oif
yk*Kd vrf sm;rysupf ;D aMumif;udk jycJyh gNy?D xdaYk Mumif]h ]*Pef;ocsmF ESihf
bmoE&wdkYudk (omoemxdef;odrf;rnf[laom ormqEjzifh)
oif,lMuaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf tav;jyKavmufaom q&m
orm;rsm; txH enf;cH oif,rl o
S m &nf&,
G cf suf txajrmuf
p&m&Sdonf}}[k rSwfcsufwpfck &aeygonf? xkdrSwfcsufonf
rSev
f aS y\?

89
rdro
d nfyif tav;jyKavmufaom q&mtqufquftxH
enf;cHoif,l qHk;rMo0g'ESifh tkyfcsKyfenf;udkyg vufawGU
&cJah omaMumifh ,cktcg pma&;pmcs wdu
k w
f mtkycf sKyrf w
I m0efukd
q&mrsm;\ enf;udrk ;DS odyo
f nfpmG aqmifEikd yf gonf? xdaYk Mumifh
rdr\
d q&morm;rsm;xHrS enf;&cJyh u
kH kd tusO;f rQ jyygOD;rnf?

rEav;ESifh yckuL
rdro
d nf i,fpOfup taetxdik af umif;aom q&morm;
rsm;ESifh tqifhqifh BuD;yGm;cJh&\? a&Tusif*dkPf;BuD;\ 'kwd,
omoemydik o
f nf ab;awmf awmfpyf\? jycJah om Ou| r[m
em,uq&mawmfrsm;onf pmoifay;aomq&m Mo0g'ay;aom
q&mrsm; jzpfMu\? pmoifom;b0jzifh yckuL odYk a&mufaomtcg
r[m0dokwm&mrwdkufBuD;\ Ou| r[mem,u q&mawmf
oH;k yg;vH;k txHud,
k w
f ikd f oH;k ESpcf efrY Q pmqdck &hJ \? &[ef;oH;k 0g
t&wGif pmcstjzpfjzifh q&mawmfrsm;u cs;D ajrm uf awmfrMl u\?
xdpk Ofu oHCmajcmuf&mausmu
f kd q,fyg;avmufu wm0ef,
l
pmcs&mwGif ti,fqHk;pmcs jzpfcJh\? xdkyckuL q&mawmfrsm;
txH0,f (rEav; ydcYk savhr&Sad om) txuf edum,fBu;D rsm;udk
udk,fwdkifqdk&pOfu bk&m;&SifESifhw&m;awmfrsm;udk tvGef
MunfndKcJh\? yckuLwdkufBuD;0,f pmcsbkef;BuD; tcsif;csif;
arwmtm;Bu;D yHu
k kd ud,
k af wGU odc&hJ \? rdru
d u
kd m; ti,fq;kH jzpf
tm;vH;k uyif ta&;ay;Muygonf/

90

bmomaoG;

r[m*EmHk q&mawmftxH
(14)ES p f o m;avmuf u p ppf u d k i f ; awmif d k ; yxr
r[m*E m H k q &mawmf 'k w d , r[m*E m H k q &mawmf w d k Y \
t&dyfatmufodkY rMumcP a&mufcJh\? yxr a&mufcsdefum;
r[m*EmHkq&mawmfbk&m;onf vlawGUrcHbJ oHk;ESpfcefYrQ
wpfyg;wnf; w&m;usichf u
kd f jzpf\? q&mawmfBu;D onf ywf0ef;usif
um&Hxm;aom r[mokcacsmiftwGi;f 0,f wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;oH;k
awmfr\
l ? (8)em&Davmuf qGr;f ydo
Yk mG ;aom q&mawmfonf rdru
d kd
ac:oGm;\? ajcoHrMum;apESi[
hf k owday;awmfr\
l ? acsmift0odYk
a&mufaomtcg aomhcavmufudk tomzGifh 0ifoGm;Mu\?
q&mawmf qGr;f bkO;f ay;aeus ae&m ,lvmaomqGr;f csKd iu
hf kd
tomcs raeYu xm;cJah om aq;aMumNy;D om; qGr;f csKd iu
hf kd ,lum
jyefxGufcJhMu\? q&mawmfudkum; rawGUcJh&ay? acsmift0
jyefa&mufaomf (qGrf;ydkYxm;cJhygaMumif; txdrf;trSwfjzifh)
qGx
J m;aom wH;k uav;udk oH;k csuaf cguf wHcg;udak omhcwfNy;D
jyefc&hJ ygonf/

wdwfqdwfaom awmausmif;
xdt
k csed f ywf0ef;usiEf iS w
hf uG r[m*EmHk acsmifBu;D onf
awmausmif ; yD o pG m om,mwd w f q d w f v S y g\? ousoD [
tm;xkwcf u
kd jf zpfaom ajrmif;jrq&mawmfwo
Ykd nf wdwq
f w
d pf mG
pmMunf h a wmf r l M uouJ h o d k Y rd r d v nf ; ajrZvH k B uD ; 0,f
oufowfvw
G [
f if;rsm;udk xnf
h oHCmawmfrsm; pm;ouJo
h Ykd

91
wifyviaf cG pm;&\? qGr;f vkwjf yifyu
kH kd tem;rS 'efypl m;aeaom
('k w d , r[m*E m H k ) csrf ; at;q&mawmf b k & m;u tNrJ
oif j yawmf r l \ /
r[m*E m H k q &mawmf b k & m;onf
rdr&d [ef;jzpfcgeD;tcsed 0f ,f wpfyg;wnf; ae&mrS xGuaf wmfrcl
hJ
tawmf M umayNyD ? xd k t cg rd r d \ &[ef ; jzpf a &;ud k
r[m*EmHq
k &mawmfEiS hf csr;f at; q&mawmfBu;D ESpyf g;vH;k yif
aMumifhMupdkufawmfrlMuygonf? yxr r[m*EmHkq&mawmf
bk&m;onf rdrdtm; aemufqHk; OyZm,fjyK xdkESpfrSmyif
ysv
H eG af wmfryl gonf? 'kw,
d r[m*EmHk csr;f at;q&mawmfb&k m;
Bu;D um; rdr\
d ae&mrSmyif rdro
d C
H mrsm;\ tjyKtpkuckd aH wmfru
l m
oufawmf (91)ESprf mS ysv
H eG af wmfryl gonf/
q&mrsm;xHrS tusdK;&
rE a v; r[m0d o k ' g H k w d k u f r S tajccH p moif e nf ; ES i f h
ygVd t |uxm oG m ;vmenf ; ud k &cJ h yck u L wd k u f B uD ; rS
ed u m,f r sm;pG m r[mork ' & mul ; cwf e nf ; ud k &cJ h y gonf ?
xdyk ckuL wdu
k Bf u;D rysirf &d pmcsjcif; vufatmufpmcstcsi;f csi;f
arwmtm;Bu;D jcif; tavhtxudv
k nf; "mwfcw
H pfct
k aetm;jzifh
&cJhygonf? r[m0dok'gHkwdkuf0,f oli,fb0rS p pDrHtkyf
csKyf o rQud k vd k u f e mcJ h j cif ; yck u L aepOf tk y f c sKyf a om
pmcsy*k Kd vw
f w
Ykd iG f ud,
k w
f ikd f yg0ifcjhJ cif; wdaYk Mumifh wdu
k Bf u;D ESpw
f u
kd rf S
wdu
k w
f mtkycf sKyef nf;udv
k nf; &cJyh gonf? r[m*EmHq
k &mawmf
bk&m;BuD;\ a,m*DoHCmawmfrsm;rSvnf;aumif; ajrmif;jr

92

bmomaoG;

q&mawmf r sm; txH r S v nf ; aumif ; ouF e f ; taoG ; a&mif

&ihf&ifh0wfjcif; rwdkr&Snf nDnD0wfjcif; toHus,fus,f
rajymqdk&jcif;[laom tavhtusifhrsm;udk 0goemygatmif
&cJyh gonf? xdq
k &mawmftm;vH;k txHrS 'g,um 'g,dumrwdu
Yk kd
ajrm ufvnf;rajrm uf ESyd v
f nf; rESyd b
f J arwm ukPmrSerf eS jf zifh
a[majymqH k ; rjcif ; tavh t xud k &cJ h y gonf ? &&S d a om
ypnf;vmbfrsm;udk]]rdrdzdkY}}[k oabmrxm;bJ wdkufwmoHCm
tm;vH;k aus;Zl;rsm;oltm;vH;k udk a0iSo;kH pGjJ cif; tavhtxudv
k nf;
xdq
k &morm;tm;vH;k txHryS if &cJyh gonf? wdu
k w
f m-ausmif;rsm;udk
q&mvkyf tkyfcsKyfrnfh yk*dKvfwdkif; q&morm;rsm;\txHrS
tvm;wl enf;aumif;rsm; &atmif BudK;pm;xdkufMuonf
r[kwyf gavm/
rdrd\ qE
odv
Yk Qif rdro
d nf 0dyemur|mef;q&mawmf bk&m;rsm;\
t&dyt
f m0go a&Tusi*f P
kd ;f q&mawmfrsm;\ t&dyt
f m0go yckuL
r[m0dow
k m&mrwdu
k Bf u;D \ t&dyt
f m0go0,f at;jraysm&f iT pf mG
tusiphf m&dwE iS hf txufwef; edum,fBu;D rsm;udk vufawGU&cJah om
aMumifh ]]rdrt
d jrifrmS Edik if aH &; bmoma&;twGuf wpfrsK;d Bu;D
jzpfaeavovm;}}[k rajymwwfyg? jyKjyifvdkaom qEum;
tvGejf yif;jyvuf &Syd gonf? jyKjyifvakd om qE jyif;jyvSaom
aMumifyh if wpfyg;wnf; pGr;f Edik o
f rQ? a&;om;ydcYk s tkycf sKyjf cif;jzifh
jyKjyifcJhonfrSm tawmfMum tawmfvnf; t&mxifygNyD?
rdrd\ausmif;wdkufoHCmonf rsm;aomtm;jzifhS(acwftvdkuf)

93
auseyfz,
G f taetxdik jf zifh nTejf yorQukd vdu
k ef mMuygonf? rdr\
d
usr;f pBuv
kd nf; vla&m &Siyf g tawmfrsm;pGmu vuMH uonf?
xdak Mumif]h ],ck tajctaexuf wd;k csUJ Edik if t
H usKd ; omoemawmf
tusK;d udk &Guaf qmifEikd v
f Qif aumif;avpG}}[k tMujH zpfaeonfrmS
MumcJyh gNy?D bmhaMumifeh nf;? av;zuf av;Xme BuKd ;pm;Muygvuf
omoemrwd;k wufaomaMumifw
h nf;/

BudK;pm;ygvsuftxifao;
,cktcg pmcsy*k Kd vf pmoifom; wdik ;f oljynfom; tpd;k &[k
omoemhwm0efaqmif av;rsK;d udk awGU&\? pmcsy*k Kd vrf sm;onf
tcsed t
f m;avmpf mG pmcsaeMu&\? wcsKUd um; tawmf yifyifyef;yef;
pmcsawmfrMl u\? pmoifom;wdv
Yk nf; pmar;yG0J ifz&Ykd ef tawmf
yifyifyef;yef; oif,lavhusufaeMu\? wcsKdUrSm pmoif&mrS
vlpOfrrDatmif a&m*g&Mu\? wdik ;f oljynfom;wdv
Yk nf; aeYpOf
qGr;f avmif;jcif; aeYBu;D &ufBu;D rsm; txl;qufuyf vSL'gef;jcif;
om;&Sijf yK bk&m;yGJ bke;f Bu;D yspH aoBupd t
wGuf rsm;pGm tukef
tusc
H vSL'gef;jcif; odt
Yk m;jzifh omoemESiphf yf tukepf &dwf
udk rsm;pGm tok;H jyKaeMu\? tpd;k &uvnf; wdik ;f oljynfom;wdt
Yk xH
rS aumufc&H &Sad om b@mawmfjzifh Ak'o
moemawmftwGuf
pmar;yGJ jyKvyk af y;jcif;ponfjzifh ESppf Of vpOf b@mawmfukd
tokH;jyKae\? odkY av;zuf av;wef omoemhtvkyfudk
tm;xkwaf eMuygvsuf wdik ;f oljynfom;wfu
Ykd omoemwd;k wufvm
onfukd rjrif&bJ omoemqkw,
f w
k af eNy[
D k t,l&dS rHk u wcsKUd url
omoema&; txifao; tjrifao;yif jzpfaeygonf/

94

bmomaoG;

pmcsy*k Kd vrf sm; MoZmenf;jcif;

pmcsyk*dKvfonf pmoifom;wdkYtay: MoZm&Sdoifh\?
MoZm&Sad tmifvnf; q&mh*P
k t
f *FgESihf jynfph &Hk ayvdrrhf nf? ,ckaomf
emrnfBu;D aom pmcsy*k Kd vt
f xH ausmif;wdu
k t
f rsK;d rsK;d rS pmoif
om;rsm; vma&muf acwcPrQ em;axmifMu pmvdu
k Mf u\?
pmvdu
k Nf y;D vQif qdik &f m ausmif;odYk jyefMu\? xdaYk Mumifh NrKd UBu;D rsm;
pmcsbek ;f Bu;D onf 0w&m;twdik ;f pmcs&aomfvnf; pmoifom;wdYk
tay:rSm ig\ MoZmcH wynfrh sm;[k oabmrxm;Edik Mf uawmhay?
odkY q&m wynfh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; r&SdMuojzifh q&mvnf;
q&mhbmom ae wynfhvnf; wynfhbmom ae&jcif;onf
wd;k wufvrf; ydwaf eaom jzpfyw
Hk pf&yfwnf;/

pmoifom;rsm;&nf&G,fcsuf
xdkYjyif pmoifom;wkdYonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh pmar;yGJ
atmifzu
Ydk kd &nf&,
G
f pmoifMu\? pmar;yGJ atmifjcif;aMumifh
*kPf&Sdjcif; q&m rdb 'um 'umrwkdYu ta&;ay;jcif;
qkvmbf&jcif;[laom tusK;d rsm;onf rsm;pGmaom pmoifom;wkYd
pdww
f iG f ay:xifaeaom tusK;d rsm; jzpf\? rsm;pGmaom q&mwkYd
uvnf; pmar;yGu
J dk tm;ay;Mu\? rdrad usmif;wdu
k rf S pmar;yGrJ nfrQ
atmifonf[k *kPf,lvdkMu\? pmwwfatmif pmwwfvQif
omoemhwm0ef aqmif&u
G &f atmif &nf&,
G rf nft
h pm; pmar;yJG
atmifzu
Ykd kd &nf&,
G jf cif;jzpfonf? (jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mawmfrt
l yf
aom pmoifenf;okH;rsKd;w0if) a>rzrf;rwwfbJ zrf;aom

95
tvrm,fq&m\ a>ruku
d cf &H aomenf;wnf;? ,cktcg pmcswef;
atmifNy;D yk*Kd vaf wmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf q&mESihf uif; t*Fvyd f
pmukd oifaeMu\? okYd jzpfjcif;vnf; ysupf ;D zd&Yk m eD;uyfvmaom
tjzpf wpf&yfwnf;/

'umrsm;\ yumoersm;jcif;
'umrsm;\ tvSL'gejyK&m0,f aeYpOf qGr;f avmif; udpr w
S pf
yg; rsm;pGmaom 'gewdYk twktyjyKjcif; *kP&f adS tmifjyKjcif; (jyK
jcif;udk yumoe 'ge[kq\
dk ?) aemufb0 pnf;pdru
f kd awmifw
h jyK
jcif;wkaYd Mumifh aiGuek o
f avmuf omoemtusK;d roufa&mufbJ
&S&d onf? omoema&;ESiphf yfaom 'gerSev
f Qif omoemtusK;d ouf
a&mufrSom omoemjyK&ma&mufrnf? rEav; 'g,um
'g,dumrwdo
Yk nf omoem'geuko
d m jyKMurnfqv
kd Qif uxdeaf cwf
twGi;f ukeu
f sp&dwrf Qjzifh rEav;twGuf omoemh0efaqmifwu
okv
d Bf u;d jzpfvmp&m &S\
d ? &efuek f armfvNrKid f ykord pf aom jrKUd
Bu;d rsm;vnf xkUd twlwnf;? xkUd aMumifh omoemukd wk;d wwfapvkd
aom bmomaoG;&So
d l rSeo
f rQ omoejyK'geukd jyKoifMh uygonf/

96

bmomaoG;

9/ wm0efausyeG &f ef nGeS jf ycef;

tpk;d &\ wm0ef
tpk;d &qko
d nfrmS obm0jzifh wkid o
f jl ynfom;\ rdbyifwnf;/
rdbonf om;orD; tvku
d dk vku
d zf x
Ydk uf om;orD; Bu;d yGm;a&;uko
d m
*kpu
kd &f ouJo
h Ykd tpd;k &vnf; wdik ;f oljynfom;\ Bu;D yGm;a&;udo
k m
Munf&h ayvdrrhf nf? rdrw
d Ykd ok;H pGaJ eaom tcGeb
f @monf (omoemh
xH;k pHtm;jzif)h oHCu
d -trsm;qdik yf pn;f yif jzpf\? oHCu
d ypn;f rSef
vQif wdu
k yf ikd q
f &mawmfBu;D aomfrS ydik ;f pd;k ydik ;f eif; roH;k pG&J ? oH;k pGv
J Qif
Bu;D av;aomtjypf &S\
d ? b@mpm; jyef ay;&\? ray;bl;[k
jiif;vQif yg&mZdutxd tjypfBu;D \/
xdaYk Mumifh omoema&;twGuf ok;H pG&J m omoemtusK;d
&Sad vmufro
S m oH;k pGo
J if\
h ? omoemqkw,
f w
k af Mumif; jzpfaerSe;f
odvuf qE(cspfcifaom)aMumifhjzpfap b,(aMumufaom)
aMumifjh zpfap wpfpw
kH pfa,muf toif;tzGUJ twGuf oH;k pGaJ y;vQif
t*wdvu
dk &f m a&muf\? rdrrd vkv
d m;oltwGuf oH;k pGo
J ifv
h Quf
roHk;pGJjyefvQif a'gom*wd vkdufjcif;yif jzpf\? omoem
qkwf,kwfaMumif; rod oHk;pGJrdjyefvQif arm[m*wdvdkuf&m
a&mufjyef\? t*wdvu
kd v
f Qif rkcs *kPo
f wif; ,kwaf vm&h rnfom?
xdaYk Mumifh omoema&;twGuf oH;k pGaJ eaom b@mawmfonf
omoem rnfrQ rnfrQ tusK;d oufa&muf^roufa&mufukd
wm0ef&o
dS w
l ikd ;f owdjyKoifMh uayonf/

97

q&mbkef;BuD;rsm;wm0ef
pmoifom;wdik ;f tajccHenf;rSezf Ykd ta&;Bu;D ygonf? tajccH
[l&m pmwpfrsK;d udo
k m qdv
k o
kd nf r[kwyf g? tae txdik f t0wf
tpm; tajymtqdkrsm;udk qdkvdkygonf? pmoifom;b0onf
y#doaEwnfyEkH iS hf wl\? trsK;d nHh y#doaE wnfrv
d Qif wpfb0vH;k
xdt
k rsK;d \ xH;k pHtwdik ;f tnHeh nf;udk &ouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl pnf;urf;r&Sd
aom q&mhtxH pmoifom;b0 a&mufaevQif xdq
k &morm;\
xH;k pHtwdik ;f om ajymqdk aexdik ef nf;udk cH,&l ygvdrrYf nf? trsK;d
aumif; y#doaEwnfrv
d Qiu
f m; xdt
k rsK;d aumif;\ xH;k aumif;udk
&Ekid o
f uJo
h Ykd xdt
k wl q&maumif;xH pmoifom;b0a&mufvQif
xdq
k &mhtxHrS aumif;aomenf;rsm;udk cH,&l &Syd gvdrrhf nf? xdak Mumifh
aus;&Gmq&morm;rsm;onf rdrd w
d ynfu
h dk enf;aumif;&rnfh vrf;
uko
d mnTe;f NyzkYd wm0efMdS uygonf/

oDv&Sirf sm;wm0ef
Ak'j rwfpmG onf bk&m;jzpfNy;D rMumcif y&deAd m efpzH Ydk awmif;
zefvmaom rm&fewftm; ]]bduK bduK eD Oygoum Oygodum}}
[laom y&dowfav;yg;wdYk w&m;odoEd iS hf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk r&Sad o;
orQ y&deAd m ef pHawmfrrl nf r[kwaf o;[k rdeaYf wmfr
l y&dowff
av;yg; pkn
H aD omaMumifo
h m y&deAd m efpaH wmfryl gonf? ,cktcg
0,f bduK eyD &dowf tqufjywfaeygNy?D xkyd &dowf\ae&m oD
v&Sirf sm; 0ifa&muf aexkid v
f suf &Syd gonf? bk&m; vufxuf
awmf bduK erD sm;onf w&m;usi
hf rsm;pGmaom trsK;d orD;rsm;ukd

98

bmomaoG;

,Ofaus; vdrmatmif wm0ef,lcJhMuygonf? "rmaomu

r[m&m Zm\orD;awmf oHCrdwm ax&Dronf oD[Vdk o
f Ydk vm
tEkVma'0D trSL;&Sad om eef;awmforl sm;ukd bduK eND yKay;cJyh gonf?
,cktcg bke;f Bu;d oduRr;f aom oDv&Sirf sm;wGif txufwef;
trsK;d orD;rsm; yg&Syd gonf? xkt
d rsK;d orD;rsm;onf rdrw
d Ydk uk,
d u
f dk
omoemh0ef aqmif&mwGif wkid ;f Nynf&dS trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf
wm0ef,lEkdifavmufaom pdwf"mwfowdukd NzpfapoifhMu
ygonf/

bmomNcm;oDv&Sifrsm;
bkef;Bud;onf bmomNcm; oDv&Sifrsm;\ taetxdkif
ponfudk tcGio
hf ifw
h idk ;f owdNyKygonf? olwo
Ydk nf uav;
awGudk ynmoifay;Mu\? tyfcsKyNf cif;paom vufryI nmrsm;ukd
wwfuRr;f oifay;Mu[efw\
l ? aq;buf uRr;f usio
f w
l u
Ydk
aq;ukay; Mu\? bkef;Bud;od&aom oDv&Sifq&mrBud;\
aq;ukyrHk mS tvGeaf rwmukPm yg\? wcsKUd um; uk|a&m*g
onfrsm;ukdyif uko NyKpkMu\? olwkdY\ arwm ukPm
touf0ifaeaom aq;ukrI aMumifh olwu
Ydk dk tm;uk;d Mu\?
arwm ukPm twkNYH yefMu\? ol wku
Yd m; rBu;d yGm;bJ rae
{uef Bu;d yGm;cGi&hf ydS gayonf? oDv&Sif q&mrBu;d wkYd tkycf sKyaf om
rEav;uGeAf ifah usmif;um; ausmif; oltrsK;d orD;uav;rsm;
(ae&mr&avmufatmif) Nynfv
h Q
H ae ygawmhonf/

99

oDv&Sirf sm;\0efaqmifausmif;wku
d f
Ak'b
mom0if oDv&Sirf sm;vnf; acwfEiS hf avsmn
f pD mG trsK;d
orD;uav;rsm;ukd ynmoifay;rI tusiphf m&dw jyKjyifrrI sm;ukd
jyKapvkdygonf? xkdokdY jyKjyifzkdY&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf
0efaqmif ausmif;wku
d f vkyd gouJo
h Ykd oDv&Sirf sm;twGuv
f nf;
trSeyf if 0ef aqmifausmif;wku
d f vkyd gvdrrhf nf? xko
d Ydk 0efaqmif
ausmif;wku
d 0f ,f pepfusaom ynmukd oif,Ml uNy;D aemuf rdrw
d Ydk
NrKUd &Gme,fy,foYdk jyef trsK;d orD;rsm;\ tm;uk;d &mrsm; jzpfEidk rf S
om wpfenf;wpfvrf;tm;Nzifh a&S;bduK eD ax&Drwk\
Yd ae&m
0if Ak'o
m oemh0efudk xrf;aqmif&m a&mufMuygvdrrhf nf/

usef;rma&;ynmoifyg
Ak'b
mom0if oDv&Sirf sm;ukd bmomNcm; oDv&Sirf sm; uJo
h Ykd
olem NyKq&mr vkyyf g[k rwku
d w
f eG ;f vkyd g? ok&Yd mwGif rdrd ad usmif;
twGif;&Sd oDv&Sifrsm;ESifh wynfhruav;wkdY\ usef;rma&;
apmifha&Smuf EkdifzkdY&ef usef;rma&;ynmukdum; oifMum;zkdY
vkyd gonf? oDv&Sif omru &[efawmfrsm;vnf; &[ef;oHCm
tcsif;csif; apmifha&SmufzkdY&efESifhausmif;om;oli,frsm;ukd
apmifah &Smufz&Ydk ef ausmif; wGi;f use;f rma&;ynmukd wwfoifh
ygonf? Ak'N rwfpmG onf aboZcEu[k ac:aom ygVdawmf
wpf&yfvkH; aq;enf;rsm;ukd a[mawmfrlyg\? ]]q&monf
wynfh ruse;f rmvQif NyKpv
k yk af uR;& rnf}}[k ynwfawmfr\
l ?
yOut*Fw
k K &d f *dvme0*fum; ]]*dvme twGuf aq;pDrw
H wf

100

bmomaoG;

(aq;pyfwwf)&rnf oif^h roifh tpmuko

d d &rnf}}ponfjzifh
t*Fgig;yg;ukd a[mawmfr\
l ? xkaYd Mumifh q&mjzpfow
l idk ;f use;f rm
a&;twwf aq;twwfrsm;ukd wwf wynfhrsm;ukdvnf;
oifay;xkdufygonf? okdY toD;oD; wm0efukd ausyGefpGm
aqmifMurSom Edik if EH iS hf omoemawmf wk;d wufEidk f p&m
&Syd gonf/

wm0efaqmif&jcif;tusKd;
rdrdwdkY ,ckawGY&aom Ak'omoemawmfukd 0denf;vrf;
okwe v
f rf; tbd"rmvrf;ESihf tnD xrf;aqmifMuygrl xkx
d rf;
aqmifol q&m 'um tm;vkH;yif omoemawmfESifh pyf
odxu
dk &f xku
d af om r*f zkv
d f edAm ef\ taMumif;yg&rDudk uk,
d pf D
uk,
d if &Ny;D jzpfMuygvdrrhf nf? edAm efudk rsuaf rSmuf rjyKEidk af o;
oHo&mc&D;ukd oGm;ae&pOfvnf; Ak'jrwfpGm\ t,l0g'ESifh
qefu
Y siaf om rdpm t,lrsm;ukkd ,lrmS ;Ekid pf &m r&Sad wmhyg? awGU&m
MuK&H m b0wkid ;f 'kpku
d t
f rIuv
dk nf; trsm;tm;jzifh a&Smif&mS ;
Edik pf &m &Syd gonf? ok0PoQrZf mwfawmf t&Sirf [muy
tavmif; r,fb'g tavmif;wkdYonf jrpfurf;ESpfzuf&Sd
wHig&GmolBu;d rsm;\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf; ig;ukd tvGef
oem; rowfrdMuyg? olwkdYESpfOD; vufxyfNyD;aomtcg
aqGrsK;d tm;vk;H ESihf pdwcf si;f rwl awmxGuo
f mG ;Muygonf? okYd
'kpku
d f owfjzwfru
I dk rjyKEidk jf cif; onf a&S;b0a[mif;wku
Yd
txkH 0goemaumif; ygvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/

101

BuKcH aJ omomoem
Ak'j rwfpmG wpfql wpfq\
l omoemonf tvGef ay:vmzkYd
cJ ,Of;\? bke;f Bu;d wk\
Yd bk&m;tavmif;awmf yg&rDNznf&h m0,f
av; toacsEF iS hf urmwpfoed ;f \twGi;f rSm (bk&m;&Siaf ygif;
ESpu
f syd f av;qlomyGichf ahJ omaMumif)h omoemrsK;d rSm ESpq
f ,fh
av;Burd o
f m MuKcH &hJ zl;onf? xkrd Qavmuff cJ,Of;aom omoem
awmfBu;d xGe;f ay:csed 0f ,f rdrd u
d vlb
Y 0ukd &aezkv
Yd nf; wpfqifh
cJ,Of;jyef \? vlb
Y 0 &jyefygvnf; Ak'o
moemukd ,kMH unfaom
vlb
Y 0&zku
Yd m; xyfr
H cJ,Of;Nyef\? Ak'o
moemukd ,kMH unfaom
vlYb0 ukd &jyefygvnf; omoemawmfudk jyKpkaom o'g
qEEiS o
hf v
D orm"d ynm Opm"e jynfph o
Hk l jzpfz&Ydk ef xyfr
H
c,Of;jyef\? xkdYaMumifh awGYzkdY MuKHzkdY cJ,Of;orQ tvkH;pkH
jynfph aHk eaom q&m 'um [lorQwo
Ydk nf obm0ususEiS hf
tm;&zG,f omoemawmfukd rjzpfrae tm;oGef;BudK;yrf;
tpGr;f ukex
f rf;Muapvkyd gonf? ae&m0,f bmomjcm;
yk*KdvfwkdY\ olwdkY omoem wkd;yGm;a&; tm;pkdufMuykHukd
owdjyKapvkyd gonf/

102

bmomaoG;

10/ acwfynmwwfrsm; pOf;pm;zG,f

trsKd ;udk txifrao;ESihf
acwfynmwwf vli,frsm;onf acwftvdu
k f ody0 Zd m
wdu
Yk kd Edik if jH cm;rS enf;,l&aomaMumifv
h nf;aumif; ypn;f aiG
taxmuftyHu
h v
kd nf; Edik if jH cm;rS tawmftwef &aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif; Edik if jH cm;lrsKd ;rsm;udk txifBu;D aumif; Bu;D ygvdrrhf nf?
odaYk omf vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;onf xm0& jrifah ernf r[kwyf g? xdv
k rl sKd ;rS
acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; qufum qufum acgif;aqmifaecdu
k f
jrifah e acgif;aqmifaumif; r&Sad omtcg wjznf;jznf; edru
hf s
wwfygonf? wpfcsed w
f ek ;f u jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm; jrifch zhJ ;l onfukd
owd&Ny;D vQif wjznf;jznf; edru
hf svm&mrS csucf si;f uGsejf zpf&yHu
k kd
pOf;pm;Muyg? xdaYk Mumifh trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf bke;f Bu;D wdYk
wpfawG ,ckwpfBudrf BudK;pm;EdkifMuygvQif jynfaxmifpk
jref r mvl r sd K ;vnf ; acwf t vd k u f wd k ; wuf o if h o avmuf
wd;k wuf& rnfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfygonf? odjYk zpf rdrv
d rl sKd ;udk
txifrao;bJ ]]BuKd ;pm;vQif bk&m;awmif jzpfEikd af o;&JU}}[laom
jrefrmhvufo;kH aqmify'k u
f kd vufuikd jf yKum BuKd ;pm; wd;k wuf
Edik af om vrf;udk ajzifah jzmifw
h ef;wef;oGm;zdYk jyifMuygavm/

bmomudkvnf; txifrao;ESifh
bk & m;yG i f h a wmf r l v mjcif ; onf ed A m ef j rif a tmif usif h E d k i f
olrsm;twGuf edAm efa&mufaMumif; vrf;aumif; vrf;rSeu
f kd
a[mjyzdo
Yk mruyg? avBud Bu;D yGm; csr;f omaMumif; enf;vrf;

103
aumif;udkvnf; nTefjyzdkYjzpfygonf? xdkodkY nTefjy&mvnf;
aemufb0a&mufrS csr;f oma&;udo
k m nTejf yonf r[kwyf g?
vuf&b
dS 0rSmyif csr;f omzdYk enf;vrf;udv
k nf; nTejf yygonf?
Oyrm-vlrdkufESifhraygif;& vlvdrmESifhom aygif;ygpaom
nTefjyjcif;rsdK; or'gav;yg;paom w&m;rsdK;wnf;? toif
acwfynmwwf wdo
Yk nf Edik if t
H ESt
YH jym; bk&m;apwD qif;wk
awmfrsm; vdo
k avmufxufyakd tmif wnfxm;MuyHk taysmt
f yg;
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kH kd
Munfh vnf;aumif; &[ef; omraP wcsdKU\ oGm;vm
0wfpm;yHkudk Munfhvnf;aumif; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;Mu
aomufMuESihf Oykoaf pmifyh u
kH kd Munf
h vnf;aumif; a<u;,l
om;&Sijf yKpaom 'gejyKMuyHk &[ef;awmfrsm;u 'getusKd ;a[m
ud,
k w
f ikd u
f rvSLbJ ,lo
kH m,lMuyHu
k kd Munf
h vnf;aumif;
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l yf
aom bmomESifh omoemawmfudk txiftjrifao;Muay
vdrrhf nf? odaYk omf xdt
k vkyrf sm;onf bk&m;&Si\
f tvdak wmfus
r[kwMf uyg? tvdu
k d r[kwaf Mumif; udv
k nf; tem*wfomoem
a&;pmtkyf &Si;f jyxm;ygNy/D

vufawGUr[kwfvQif r,Hkbl;vm;
toifacwfynmwwfwo
Ykd nf wd;k wufaeaom avmu
"mwf ynmaMumifhvnf; Ak'bmomudk txifao;Hkru
Ak'w&m;awmfawG vGJrSm;aeNyD[k wcsdKUu ,lqygvdrfhrnf?

104

bmomaoG;

ae&m0,f tawmfus,u
f s,f a&;zdv
Yk akd omfvnf; tenf;
i,frQ a&;jyygrnf? Ak'w
&m;awmf0,f ]]0denf; tbd"rm
okwe }f }[k oH;k rsKd ;&S\
d ? 0denf;onf &[ef;awmf\ taetxdik f
tajymtqdk ,Ofaus;zd&Yk ef nTejf yaom w&m;awmfjzpf\? wcsKd U
yk*Kd vaf wG r,Ofaus;jcif;rSm 0denf;awmftwdik ;f rvdu
k ef mvdo
Yk m
jzpfygonf? tbd"rmonf kyo
f abm emrfoabmudt
k ppftrSef
a[mjyaom w&m;awmf jzpf\? xdw
k &m;um; y|mef;w&m;awmf
wdkifatmif em;vnfav omoem bmomudk av;pm;av
jzpfap\? xdw
k &m;ESprf sKd ; rauseyfz,
G rf &S?d avmu"mwfEiS hf
ppfav tbd"rmu auseyf apav jzpfygvdrrhf nf? ow0gwdYk
w&m;txl;udk &apEdkifaom w&m;awmfonf xdk0denf;
xdt
k bd"rmr[kwf okwe w
f &m;awmfom jzpf\? ckb0 aemuf
b0wdkY csrf;omokc&atmif nTefjyaom w&m;awmfvnf;
okwefw&m;awmfyif jzpf\? xdkokwefw&m;awmfrsm;wGif
Zmwfawmfrsm;vn;f yg0if\? ae vwdYk vSnyhf wf oGm;vmyHrk sm;
vnf; yg0if\? xdaYk Mumifh xdo
k w
k e rf S w&m;wcsKd Uudk acwfynm
wwfwu
Ykd vufawGUr[kw
f r,HEk ikd b
f J &SMd uayvdrrhf nf/

tppftrSefonf y,fp&mr[kwf
acwfynmwwfrsm;udk ar;vdyk gonf? opfyifBu;D udk ckwv
f SJ
ewfzrf;pm;jcif; wapo&l J ajcmufjcif; pke;f yl;jcif; tpdr;f
aou yl;ajymjcif; vl0ifpm;u a&S;jzpfa[mif;udk ajymjcif;
porsm; wpf&w
H pfcg &Sw
d wfonf r[kwaf vm? xdek wf wap

105
polwo
Ykd nf rsujf rif r[kwMf uyg? avmu"mwfenf;jzifv
h nf;
rodEikd yf g? Ak'b
momurl vlEiS rhf wlaom ewfb0 Nyw
d m b0
wpfrsKd ;[k qdx
k m;av&m avmu"mwfEiS hf wdu
k q
f ikd
f r&vQi^f
vufawGU rjrif&vQif r[kwEf ikd f r&SEd idk [
f k ,lqoifyh grnfavm?
trTmyl;arG;vmaom uav;ESpaf ,mufonf rdb\ aoG;om;ESihf
ywf0ef;usirf sm;u wpfxyfwnf; wlygvsuf pdwcf si;f rwlykH
Pfcsi;f rwlykH tusKd ;ay;jcif; rwlyu
kH kd awGU&\? avmu"mwf
ynmjzifh tb,foYkd qH;k jzwfrnfenf;? Ak'w
&m;awmfurl a&S;a&S;
b0u uHcsi;f rwlaomaMumifh xdu
k o
hJ Ykd rwlbJ uGjJ ym; &onf[k
qdx
k m;ygonf? vufawGU r[kw
f r,Hv
k Qif tjcm;pOf;pm;zG,u
f kd
jyMuygavm/
bke;f Bu;D um; ]]avmu"mwfq&mwd\
Yk vufawGU prf;oyf
orQ jrefjref txajrmufygap}}[k qkawmif;ygonf? taMumif;
um; vufawGUvdkufav Ak'w&m;awmfESifhudkufav jzpf&
rnfom jzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;? wcsKd Ut&m0,f vufawGUESihf
pmawGUrwlrQbJ vufawGUu rSew
f maocsmvQif ]]usr;f pmxJ
ygaompum;onf a&S;oH*g,emoH;k wefwiG f yg0ifcahJ omw&m;
r[kw}f }[k y,fxw
k v
f u
kd f ykH if jzpf\? bk&m;&Sio
f nf y,fp&m
r[kw?f w&m;rSev
f nf; y,fp&mr[kwyf g? w&m;usi
hf t&d,m
jzpfaom oHCmvnf; y,fp&mr[kwyf g/ ae&m0,f ,HMk unf
avmufol vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfa,muf\ udk,fawGU0wKudk
azmfjyvdyk gonf

106

bmomaoG;

tdraf wmf0ef OD;pHaz\

uk,
d af wGU0wK
orw\ tdraf wmf0ef jzpfcahJ om 'g,um OD;pHazonf
(1925) ckEpS af vmufu om,m0wDckid f ZD;uke;f NrKUd e,fyidk f
0efaxmuf tjzpfjzpf ESpEf pS cf UJG cefY aeNy;D aemuf tif;pdeNf rKd UokYd
tcGe0f ef tjzpfjzpf ajymifa&TUcJ&h onf? tif;pdeNf rKd U 0if;us,f
tdrfaumif;&SmazG aexkdifpOf okH;vavmufMumaomtcg
aeraumif;ojzifh &k;H rwwfbJ tdrrf mS tem;,l tdy&f mxJ
vJavsmifae&mokYd aeYvnf ESpef m&Dtcsed af vmuf0,f t&yfyyk k
qHyifcs rdef;rwpfa,muf ckwifajc&if &yfvmonf?
tcGe0f efuawmfonf 0efrif;tem;rSm &Sad omvnf; xkrd ed ;f rukd
rjrif& 0efrif;om jrif&onf/
0efrif aeraumif;rD ok;H &ufavmufuvnf; nOft
Y cgwGif
rif;uawmfESifh om;i,fwkdY ckwifBuD;ay:wGif tdyfaeMupOf
om;i,fonf eH&b
H ufu tdyyf gvsuf ckwifatmufoYdk vdru
Yf s
oGm;zl;\? 0efrif;\ rdcifonf bk&m;rD; ylaZmf bk&m;0wf
jyKaepOf av;cgavmuf rD;rsm; tvkv
d dk Nird ;f oGm;zl;l \? okaYd omf
xkdjzpf&yfrsm;ukd trSwfw& *&krpkdufcJhMu? ,cktBudrfum;
vlyo
Hk @efjzifh uk,
d x
f if jyaomaMumifY *&krpku
d
f rjzpfEidk f
awmYacs? xkt
d wGi;f rSmyif rdwaf qGjzpfol OD;xGe;f atmif a&muf
vm\? OD;xGe;f atmifum; aq;0gukoaom q&mr[kwaf omf
vnf; ya,m*Ekid o
f l jzpf\? olonf 0efrif;ESiafh wGUvQif awGUcsi;f

107
]]0efaxmufrif; 'DtdrfrSm raeygESifY? uRefawmf 'Dtdrfukd
0ifvmawmY tdr&f iS rf ol&u
J dk awGU&ygonf? olu rqkid w
f o
YJ rl sm;
'Dtrd af ewm rBuKu
d yf g}} [k ajymavonf/
]]tu,f 'Dtrd rf mS aecsiv
f Qif tdr&f iS rf ol&u
J Ed k iS af y;rnf}}
[kajymaomfvnf; ukdifcsif;pmaomtm;jzifh ]]olu raeap
csiv
f Qif rae&kaH ygh ESiaf wmhrESiyf gESi}hf } ajym wpfjcm;tdro
f Ydk
rdom;wpfpk ajymif;a&TUMu&onf? xkad emuf 0efrif; &k;H wwfEidk f
aomtcg &k;H pma&;wkt
Yd m; xkt
d rd Bf u;D \ taBumif;ukd ar;&m
xkt
d rd &f iS rf onf olu Ak'b
mom jzpfaomfvnf; bmomrwl
aom t*Fvdyfujym;ESifh taMumif;yg vifut&ifaoNyD;
aemuf olaocgeD;0,f vSL'gef;vk
d bPfuaiGudk xkwaf y;&ef
ajymaomfvnf; xkwrf ay;Muojzifh pdwrf aumif;jzpfNy;D aooGm;
&m xkt
d rd rf mS (ol&jJ zpfaMumif;) ajymMu\? ol\t&yfvnf;
ykyk jywfjywfyif[k ajyjyMuavonf/

EkdifiHjcm;rSm aemufykdif;rcsrf;om
toifacwfynmwwfwo
Ydk nf ,cktcg xdyw
f ef;a&muf
aeaom EkdifiHrsm;0,f avmuedAmef &aeMuNyD;[k awG;um
oGm;&nf,adk umif; ,kMd uygvdrrYf nf? Ekid if jH cm;rS jyefvmaom
Akv
d rf LS ;wpfa,muf tajymrSm xkx
d ifovkd r[kwyf g? touf
t&G,f i,forl sm;onf tvkyu
f dk rem;rae vkyMf u tm;vyf
csed u
f dk r&-t&,lum aysmEf idk o
f rQ aysmMf uESihf i,f&,
G af om
toufwrf; tcsed u
f dk ausmv
f eG af pMu\? touf(60)ausmf

108

bmomaoG;

tbkd;tbGm;ykdif; a&mufolum; tvkyfvnf; vkyfp&mrrsm;?

uvyfomG ;vnf; i,f&,
G pf Ofuvkd raysm?f vli,frsm; wk
pm;Munfh aomufMunfh uMunfh qkMd unfh cHpm;Munfah omfvnf;
twGif;aoG;om;awGukdu xkH;xkdif; nHhzsif;vmjyD jzpfaom
aMumifv
h nf;aumif; pdw"f mwfuvnf obm0tvku
d f avsmY
vmNy;D jzpfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif; bmwpfcrk Q t&G,af umif;
wke;f uvkd t&om r&SMd uawmYacs? xko
d dk t&om r&Sad omaMumifh
tvkv
d dk ysi;f &d ji;D aiGUum vkypf &mtvkyu
f dk &SmMuyH gaomfvnf;
b,ftvkyrf Q pdwcf sr;f omrSKudk ray;Ekid o
f jzifh tkjd cif; emjcif;
qif;&JwiG ;f rS aojcif; r&PokYd ul;ajymif; Mu&ygowJ/Y

w&m;awmf\ okc
jrefrmEkdifiHum; xkdt&G,fwkdifatmif touf&Sifae
olwUdk twGuf (w&m;vku
d pf m;zk&Yd m ) tvGeaf umif;aom tcsed f
tcg jzpf\? ig;yg;oDv ponfudk rusK;d raygufatmif xde;f
rdrd0goemygaom bm0emwpfrsLd;rsKd;ukd yGm;rsm;aeEkdifvQif
b0 pdwcf sr;f omrIudk vufawGU&Ekid \
f ? vltrsm;u w&m;
jzifah eNcif; ukd ysi;f p&m[k xifMu\? trSet
f m;Nzifu
h m; w&m;Nzifh
aejcif;onf ysi;f p&mr[kwyf g? oDvukd tajccH w&m;tmkH
,laeaomtcg ukokdvfpdwf jzpf\? xkdukokdvfpdwf yDwd
aomrewdkY (trsm;tm;jzifh) yg0if\? yDwd-ESpfoufjcif;
aomre-0rf;ajrmufjcif;wku
Yd m; Munfvif&iG yf saomw&m;rsm;
jzpf xku
d o
k v
dk jf zpfcsed rf mS trSeaf ysmaf rGUMu&ygonf? okcrsK;d ukd

109
Edik if jH cm; tbk;d tbGm;wkYd vkcd siMf uaomfvnf; a'ouku
d xkd
okcrsK;d ukd nTejf yEkid af om y#d lya'o (oifah wmfaomt&yf)
r[kwyf g? jrefrmEkid if u
H m; xkd w&m;rsK;d ukd rsm;pGm nTejf yEdik af om
y#d l y a'o jzpf y gonf ? xk d Y
aMumif h toif
acwfynmwwfwo
Ydk nf Ekid if aH usm
f tjcm;
Ekid if u
H dk
arQmf r nf h t pm; Ed d k i f i H obm0twk d i f ; &&S d a eaom
taumif;rsm;udo
k m wu,faumif;^raumif; jrnf;prf;apvkyd g
onf/
aemuf b 0r&S d [ k , l o l ES p f z uf I H ;
b,fupd r sK;d rqkd rdrd pd w
d rf mS ESpcf jk zpfaevQif rrSm;Ekid af om
vrf;ukd vku
d &f ygonf? bmomjcm;wpfcsKUd u ]]aemufb0r&S}d }[k
qk\
d ? Ak'b
momu ]]aemufb0&S\
d }}[kq\
dk ? ]]aemufb0r&S}d }[k
,l o l w k d Y o nf rd r d u k d , f u k d a pmif h p nf ; xd e f ; od r f ; xm;zk d Y
ta&;rMuD ; awmh yg? vl c sif ; quf q H & m0,f
tqifrajyrnfpkd;aomaMumifhom apmifh pnf;zkdY vkdygonf?
okjYd zpfvQif xko
d rYl mS Ak'w
&m;awmft& 'kpku
d f raumif;rIrsm;ukd
a&SmifzkdYvnf; ta&;rMuD;awmhyg? ,ckb0rSm vnf;
vlwpfyg;u ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom vlaumif;wpfa,muf
jzpfaumif;rS jzpfawmhrnf? xko
d Ydk t,l&o
dS al wG vlrsm;pk jzpfaeygrl
xko
d w
l Ydk rsm;aomae&monf pdwcf svufcs aecGi&hf awmhrnf
rxif
yg?
wpf z ef
ol w k d Y , l q onf h t wd k d i f ;
aemuf b 0r&S d w mrS e f v Qif cH o m ygao;\? tu,f

110

bmomaoG;

aemuf b 0&S d c J h v Qif o l w k d Y \ ,ck b 0 tuk o k d v f uH o nf

raumif ; usKd ; ay; uk e f E k d i f & ef r&S d a wmh y g? ok d Y j zpf v Qif
]]aemufb0r&S}d } [laom t,laMumifh ckb0vnf; I;H }} aemufb0
vnf;I;H ESpzf uf;HI I;H zko
Yd m &Syd gawmhonf/
aemuf b 0t&S d [ k , l o l ES p f z uf t usKd ; &
aemufb0&S\
d [k ,lqolum; aemufb0jzpfrnfh raumif;
usK;d aMumuf ,ckb0 apmihpf nf;\? apmifph nf;aomaMumifh
vl a umif ; ol a umif ; jzpf \ ? ,l q onf h t wk d i f ;
aemuf b 0r&S d a pum rl b0 vl a umif ; ol a umif ;
jzpf&jcif;um; tjrwf&ygjyD? t u,f aemufb0&Sdwm
rS e f v Qif u m; jyKxm;aom ok p k d u f u k o k d v f uH a Mumif h
aumif;&mb0odkYom a&mufzkdY&Sdygawmhonf? xkdYaMumifh
]]aemuf b 0&S d \ }} [l a omt,l o nf ,ck v nf ; auif ;
aemifvnf; aumif;ojzifh ESpzf ufaumif; aumif;aomt,l
jzpf&um; pdwf xJ rqk;H jzwfEidk v
f Qif ]]aemufb0&S\
d }} [laom
,ljcif;om rrSm; Ekid af omt,l jzpfygonf/
trsKd ; om; ol a wmf a umif ; rsm;
,cktcg a&S;a&S; b0rsm;pGmu yg&rDjznfhcJhzl;aom
ynmwwf olawmfaumif;onf wpf&m wpfa,muf wpfaxmif
wpfa,muf qko
d vkd &Sw
d wfygao;\? xko
d o
l nf acwftvku
d f
ynmuk d o if wwf a jrmuf a omf v nf ; vl Y x k H p H t wk d i f ;

111
tdrfaxmifjyKvkdaom pdwf qEum; enf;yg;ygvdrfhrnf?
xku
d o
hJ aYdk om trsK;d om;aumif;rsm; &Sv
d Qif omoemabmifoYkd
0if trsKd ; bmomtusKd ; uk d aqmif vS n f h y gavm?
bk&m;vufxufawmfrS p omoemawmfudk rsm; pGmaom
rif;nDrif;om;ESifh trsKd;aumif;om;wkdY aqmifvmcJhaMumif;
odz&Ydk m omoem0if tpOftqufudk a&;om;cJyh gonf? jyef
MunhMf uyg? acwfynmwwfjy;D olonf bk&m;w&m;awmf (yd#u)
oufoufuo
dk m q&maumif;ESihf oifygrl ESprf sm;pGm rMumbJ
tbd " r m ES i f h w uG wwf a jrmuf E k d i f y gonf ? xk d o k d Y
yd#uoif,al epOf bmoE& oifvadk om pmcsy*k K v
d rf sm;ukv
d nf;
ajE&&ESifh rdrdu oifjyEkdifygao;onf? rdrdwpfa,mufu
omoemh u suf o a& aqmif aewm jrif v Qif tvm;wl
trsKd ; aumif ; om;vl i ,f r sm;vnf ;
]]om
oemhwm0efuadk qmifvsuf yg&rD jznfu
h m wpfoufwm t
csdeftcgukd aumif;aom vGefjcif;jzifh vGefoGm;Edkifonf}}[k
oabm aygufMuygvdrrhf nf? enf;tm;jzifh omoemawmfonf
acwf ynmwwf trsK;d om;wk\
Yd yg&rDjznf
h aysmaf rGU&mvnf;
jzpf Ak' bmom0ifw\
Ydk tm;uk;d &mvnf; jzpfEidk yf gonf/
ynmwwf xuf j ruf o l r sm;
,ck t cg
acwf y nmvnf ;
wwf
pd w f v nf ; xuf j ruf M uaom tcsKd U vl i ,f r sm;onf
Ekid if aH umif;pm;a&;twGuf pGepYf m;vkakd om qEjyif;jyonfudk

112

bmomaoG;

awGU&\? ]]Ekid if aH umif;pm;a&;}} [laom pum; ukd obm0usus

pOf ; pm;vk d u f v Qif csrf ; omjyD ; ol u k d r,k w f a vsmh apbJ
qif;&Jolrsm;ukd jrSifhwifay;EkdifrSom EkdifiHaumif;pm;ap&m
a&mufonf? okjYd zpfvQif ]]avmuwp&d,-avmutusK;d ukd usihf
jcif;}} [laom bk&m;tavmif;wkYd tusiEhf iS hf cyfqifqifw&l um;
x
k o
kd aYdk om Ekid if aH umif;pm;a&;ukd omoemawmftwGi;f 0if
rdrd ukd,fwkdif Ak'jrwfpGm\ vrf;pOfa'oemukd oif,l&if;
qif ; &J o m;
uav;awG u d k
rd r d w wf j yD ; aom
acwfynmoifay;&vQif tppf
trSef obm0usaom
Ekid if aH umif;pm;a&;ukd jyKusi&hf m a&muf ygvdrrhf nf/
vl Y b 0xuf aqmif E k d i f a omb0
toif acwfynmwwfvli,frsm;onf q&m0efpaom
acwf ynmukd wwfjyD;aemuf tdrfaxmifjyKvkdufMuvQif
xkw
d pftrd af xmif twGuf aumif;pm;a&;udo
k m tm;pdu
k f cGepf u
kd f
aqmif&ygvdrfhrnf? omoemawmf 0ifvmvdkufvQifum;
rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f bk&m;a'oem awmfrS Mo0g'topfawGukd &
qif;om;rsm;tay: ukPmtopf jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf? xdt
k cg
rd r d \ acwf y nmud k oif a y;&vQif xd k u av;taygif ;
ajrmuf j rm;pG m onf acwf y nmud k tcrJ h oif &
toufarG;rIynmudk vG,v
f ,
G Ef iS hf &Muygvdrrhf nf? xdaYk emuf
xd k u av;rsm;onf
txuf w ef ; ynmrsm;ud k
qufvufoif,al om tcg use;f rma&; q&muav;ponf

113
jzpf aus;vuf &Gmaygif;rsm; \ tm;ud;k &m jzpfEikd Mf uygonf?
xd k Y a Mumif h ]]&[ef ; b0onf vl 0 wf aMumif b0xuf
avmutusK;d udk yd
k aqmifEikd af omb0}}[k pOf;pm;rd MuygvQif
omoemawmf a bmif
0if
qif ; &J o m;rsm;ud k
jri w
hf ifvn
S Mhf uygavm/
trsKd ; orD ; ol a wmf a umif ; rsm;
uybk & m;&S i f v uf x uf a wmf ud u D & S i f b k & if r S m
orDawmf ckEpS af ,muf &S\
d ? olwo
Ykd nf bduK eD jyKvyk cf iG hf r&ojzifh
vl U abmif yif Oyk o f o D v xd e f ; tES p f E S p f a omif ; rQ
aumif ; rI j yKcJ h M u\?
xd k c k E S p f a ,muf v H k ; yif
bk & m;&S i f v uf x uf a wmf acrm Oy v 0Pf p aom
olawmfaumif; tjzpfjzifh w&m;xl; &Muygonf? xdaYk Mumifh
,ck a cwf trsKd ; orD ; rsm;vnf ; rd r d \ a&S ; a&S ; b0u
yg&rD"mwfcHyg^rygudk ,ckb0 tae txdkif bmoma&;
tvkyt
f udik f Munf
h cefrY eS ;f &ygvdrrhf nf? bmomjcm; trsK;d orD;
rsm;onf ynmay;aom q&mrtjzpf q&m0efrtjzpfjzifh
olwb
Ykd mom\ wd;k yGm;aMumif;udk MuKd ;pm;aeMuygonf/
bke;f Bu;D wdYk Ak'b
mom trsK;d orD;rsm;vnf; wpfenf;enf;jzifh
Mud K ;pm;apvd k y gonf ? wpf & m wpf a ,muf wpf a xmif
wpfa,mufqdk ovdk xl;jcm;aom acwfynmvnf; wwf
trsm;tusKd;vnf; aqmifvkdaom trsKd;orD; jzpfvQifum;

114

bmomaoG;

Ak'j rwfpmG \ t&dyaf tmuf 0,f yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk oifyg?

xkdoif,laeckduf? trsKd;oD;uav; rsm;udkvnf; rdrdu
oif j yvQuf ol w d k Y \ pm&d w u d k jyKjyif E k d i f y gonf ?
yd # uwf w &m;awmf y g
wwf a jrmuf a omtcg
ajE o d u m &if h a om trsKd ; orD ; q&mrBuD ; tjzpf j zif h
yg&rDjznfu
h m trsK;d orD; ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifEidk yf gonf/
omoemjyK'umrsm;od z G , f
a*gyutzG J U
ausmif;wku
d q
f ikd &f m ypn;f rsm;udk xde;f odr;f aomtzGUJ ukd
]]a*gyutzGJU}}[k ac:\? xkda*gyutzGJUonf Ak'jrwfpGm\
omoemawmfukd jyKp&k m omoemjyKenf; em;vnfzYkd ta&;
BuD ; ygonf ? ]]em;vnf } }[l & m tvS L 'geyp n f ; rsm;onf
omoem tokH;0ifaom ypnf;jzpfatmif a&G;cs,fwwfzkdY
em;vnfjcif; aiGEiS hf pyf tyfaomenf; rtyfaomenf;wku
Yd kd
em;vnfjcif; awmif;om awmif;aumif; ray;aumif;paom
yk*Kd vaf v;rsK;d ukd em;vnfjcif; rsm;wnf;? xko
d Ydk em;vnfNy;D aom
yk*dKvfrsm;u wm0efukd em;rvn faom tvSLU&Sifrsm;udk
em;vnfatmif a[majymjcif; 'geypn;f rsm;udk xde;f odr;f
apmufa&Smufjcif; q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh wkdifyif
vdak omae&m0,f pnf;urf;wus ok;H pGjJ cif;jzifh a*gyu tzGUJ onf
ausmif ; wd k u f \ wk d ; wuf r I u d k &G u f a qmif & m ta&;yg

115
t&ma&muf a om tzG J U jzpf y gonf ? xk d a *gyutzG J U ud k
ausmif;wdu
k Ef iS hf t&if;ES;D qk;H ausmif'umrsm;ESihf twGi;f u
a0,sm0p a qmif &f u
G rf nfh 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm; pkaygif;
zGUJ xm;oif\
h /
tok H ; 0if a om yp n f ;
,ck t cg wcsKd U ausmif ; wk d u f r sm; vk d o nf x uf
ydak eaomem&D ckwif ukvmxkid f zsm oifjzL; aumfaZmpaom
tok H ; aqmif w k d Y u d k
awG U &\?
wpf E S p f r S w pf c g
tokH;0ifaomypnf;rsm;vnf; trsm;t jym; &Sdwwf\?
oH C mr&S d b J yk d a eaomausmif ; rsm;ud k v nf ; awG U &\?
omoemjyKausmif;wku
d f xkyd pn;f rsK;d r&Sad tmif a*gyutzGUJ
onf tNrJ *kpu
dk &f vdrrhf nf? 'ge&Sirf sm;uvnf; rdryd pn;f udk
pmoif pmcsrI w&m;usirhf I tok;H us-rusukd uk,
d w
f idk v
f nf;
pOf;pm; xkad usmif;\ a*gyutzGUJ udv
k nf; ar;jref; pkpH rf;Ny;D rS
tok;H 0ifaom ypn;f udo
k m vSL'gef;oifMh uygonf/
rtyf a omaiG
rudkifaumif; rokH;pGJaumif; rpDrHaumif;aomaMumifh
]]bk e f ; BuD ; &[ef ; omraPwk d Y t m; aiG r tyf } }[k
ajymprSwfjyKMuonf? xkdodkY rtyfjcif;rSmvnf; bk&m;&Sifu
0d e nf ; awmf rud k i f z k d Y & ef rok H ; zd k Y & ef rpD r H z d k Y & ef
wm;jrpfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf? csUJ OD;tH-h a&T aiGrsm;udk udik v
f Qif

116

bmomaoG;

]]temrmo'ku#f}}[k ynwfawmfrl\? temrmo-rokH;

oyfaumif; rudik af umif;ygbJ ok;H oyfjcif; udik jf cif;aMumifh tjypf
oift
h yfaom+'ku# t
f mywf? omraPrsm;ukid v
f Qif 'Pfxu
dk \
f ?
oJ'Pf a&'Pfrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&rnf-[lvdk aiGukd uy,
d txH
rtyfEb
HS J bke;f Bu;D &[ef; omraPtm; wdu
k f u
dk v
f LS 'gef;onf
udk vufjzifh (oydwfjzifh) cH,lrI EIwfjzifh (tif;[k) cH,lrI
vuf EI w f r ygbJ pd w f j zif h oabmusrI wpf c k c k j yKvQif
ed*,
d ygpdwt
f mywf[k ynwfawmfr\
l ? ed*d,
-xkad iGudk
0denf;xk;H pHtwkid ;f pGe&Yf rnf? ygpdwt
f mywfvnf; oifo
h nf[k
qkdvkdonf? aiGukdif;rSk tjypfu omBuD;\? xkdaiGjzifh
qGr;f 0,fvQif ausmif;aqmufvQif xkyd pn;f ukd ok;H pGo
J t
l m;vk;H
ok;H pGw
J idk ;f ok;H pGw
J idk ;f 'ku# t
f mywf xyf xyfoif\
h ? vlwu
Ydk
vlv
dk r[kwb
f J rdru
d tvSLcHaomaMumifh vlonfudk vufcH
om,mvQiv
f nf; tmywfyifwnf;? okaYd om tvSLcHrakS Mumifh
'ku# t
f mywfwpfrsK;d wk;d oGm;onf? okYd aiGEiS phf yf rtyfaom
enf;rsm;ukd odxm;jy;D vQif tyfaomenf;ukv
d nf; rSwo
f m;Muyg/
aiG r S j zpf a om yp n f ;
tvSL'ge jyK&m aiGygvQif ]]xkad iGudk igrom,m}} [k pdwu
f
y,fxm;yg? xkd aiGudk ausmif;om;paom uy,
d xHa&muf
uy,vkyo
f u
l (wpfq,fjzpfvQif ) ]]wpfq,fwef; tyfaom
ypn;f ukkd awmifyg }} [k avQmufvQif cJwH paom ypn;f ukd
awmif,El idk \
f ? ]]xkad iGjzifh cJwH 0,fay;yg ponfjzifu
h m;

117
rpDraH umif; wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufu aiGvmvSLvQif ]]aiGrtyf }}
[ky,fyg? uy,
d b,frmS vJ[k avQmuf uy,
d xH tyfENHS y;D vQif
]]tvkd&Sdaomtcg tyfaomypnf;ukd tvSLcH&pfyg }} [k
avQmufvQif xku
d y,
d xH tyfaomypn;f ukd awmif;aumif;\?
vSLolu ravQmufbJ uy,
d uavQmufvQiv
f nf; uy,
d xH
awmif;aumif;\? ]]aiGukd rtyfbl;}} [k y,faomtcg
tvSL&Siu
f uy,
d xH rvTaJ wmhbJ ]]wynfah wmfxH tyfaom
ypnf;ukd tvSLcHyg}} [kavQmufvQifvnf; xkdtvSLU&SifxH
tyf a omyp n f ; uk d awmif ; ,l a umif ; \/ uy d , txH
vTt
J yf&jcif;onf tvSLU&SiEf iS hf tvSLcH bke;f Bu;D wku
Yd ae&yfcsif
rwlMuojzifh tvk&d v
dS Qif tvG,w
f ul r&rnfpadk omaMumifY
jzpf \ ? wpf & yf w nf ; jzpf v Qif ] ]rd r d t xH a wmif y g }}
[kavQmufjcif;u om pdwcf s&onf/
omoejyK owd
bk&m;&Sio
f nf aiGEiS pf yf rQavmuf wif;wif; MuyfMuyf
ynwfawmfrx
l m;ygonf? okyYd gvsuf ,cktcg tvSL'umwko
Yd nf
aiGukdaygYaygYqq vSLvkdufMu\? e*kd,fu uyd,xH tyf
oyf o yf & yf & yf vS L vk d u f a pumrl uy d , vk y f o l u
ravQmuf w wf v Qif v nf ; rtyf j zpf j yef \ ? uy d , u
avQmufwwfapumrl tvSLcHy*k K v
d u
f ]]xkad iGudk rnfonfaY e&m
xm;vkduf}} [k vnf;aumif; ]]xkd aiGjzifh rnfonfYypnf;ukd
0,fay;prf;}} [k vnf;aumif; pD;rHvQifvnf; rtyfjzpfjyef\?

118

bmomaoG;

omoem;zG,f aumif;onfum; rdbwko

Yd nf om;&[ef; om;ukdk
&if pmoifomG ;&m qif;&Jrnfp
dk om;\aowmxJrmS aiGxnfh
vku
d &f mS Mu\? bke;f Mu;D \ zcrnf;awmfonfyif bke;f Mu;D aowm
xJ pmoifomG ;pOfu xnfv
h u
dk &f mS ygao;onf? ae&mu ae
rdrd \
d zcrnf;awmftm; rdr\
d omoemjyKyg&rDu
D dk trQay;ygonf/
aiG o nf t qd y f
xko
d Ydk aowmxJ xnfv
h u
kd o
f nfu p xkad iGonf tqdyf
yrm avmifygawmh\? xkad iGjzifh qGr;f 0,fpm;vQif tqdyu
f ydk if
pm;&jcif; jzpfawmh\? ]]b,fEh ,
S v
f J rdbwk.Yd ..cspv
f pS mG aom om;
ukd tqdycf yf owf&m ra&mufygavm}}? xkrd Qavmuf tjypfrsm;
aomaMumifyh if aiGtvSLcHru
I dk taMumif;jyK 'kw,
d oH*g,em
wif&onftxd a&S;a&S;u &[Emrsm; aMumifMh ursm;awmfrcl MhJ u
ygonf? tem*wfomoema&;pmtkyf 'kw,
d oH*g,emwifcef;
ukd jyefMunfyh g? xkaYd Mumifh omoemh0efaqmifwu
dk Mf u;D wnf
tem*wfomoem jyKvadk om 'g,um 'g,dumrwko
Yd nf rdrw
d Ydk
vnf; omoemjyKenf;ukd em;vnfatmif ausmif;wku
d \
f a*gyu
tzGUJ ukv
d nf; em;vnforl sm; pkaygif; zGUJ xm;Ekid af tmif MuKd ;pm;
rSom bk&m;tvkad wmfusaom omoemjyK jzpfEidk rf nfh taMumif;
ukd aumif;aumif; owdjyKMuygav/
yk*K v
d af v;rsK;d
omoemjyKrnfh q&m'umwkYd rkcsoo
d ifah om yk*K v
d af v;
rsK;d &Sad o;\? (1)ay;om ay;aumif; rawmif;aumif; (2)awmif;
omawmifaumif; ray;aumif; (3)ay;vnf;ay;aumif; awmif;

119
vnf;awmif;aumif; (4)ay;vnf;ray;aumif; awmif;vnf;r
awmif;aumif; okYd q&m 'um ESpzf ufv;Hk owdxm;&rnfh 'um
'umrtrsK;d tpm; av;rsK;d &So
d nf? xkad v;rsK;d wGi.f ..
ay;omay;aumif; tawmif;aumif;
&[ef;rsm;u xrif; aq; ponfudk ay;omay;aumif;
olwYdk txHrawmif;aumif;aom 'um 'umrwpfrsK;d &S\
d ? xko
d l
rsK;d um;-zke;f awmif; ,mpum tjzpfjzifh awmif;&rf;vmol &Sif
avmif; rdrd t
d ckid ;f tap ausmif;om; {nfo
h nf tm*EKtjzpfjzifh
pm;eyf&u
d m rygbJ ausmif;okYd acwa&mufvmoll "m;jy olyek Ef iS hf
tpk;dk &wkw
Yd nf;? olwt
Ydk m; ausmif;a&mufvmaomtcg rdryd idk f qGr;f
ponfudk ay;aumif;\? ruse;f rmvQif aq;ay;aumif;\? olyek f
"m;jywkrYd mS ab;tE&m,f jyKwwfaomaMumifh oHCmykid f ypn;f
ukyd if ay;aumif;\? xko
kd aYdk y;&m ]]iguay;vQif oluypn;f vSL
vdrrhf nf}} [laom arQmv
f ifch suu
f m; r&Sad p&? xko
d w
l x
Ydk H olwYdk
ykid yf pn;f ukd (t,kwo
f jzifh a&ukrd Q) rawmif;aumif;yg? pum;
ukd Munf
h t&yfxrJ S acwrQ ausmif;vmoltm; qGr;f ponfudk
ray;aumif;? vlwpfcsKUd u ausmif;rSm&Sad om opfo;D yef; ponf
ukd vm awmif;wwf\? vlrrmtwGuf "mwfpmjzpfvQio
f mt
enf;i,f ay;aumif;\? "mwfpmr[kwv
f Qif ray;aumif;? ray;
vQif ausmif;ukd &ef&mS rnfo
h u
l u
dk m; ck;kd om; "m;jyvkd oabmxm;
ay;&ayvdrrhf nf/ wwd,yg&mZduESihf ukv'loe odum yk'f
rsm;\ t|uxmukd rS
D a&;om;onf/

120

bmomaoG;

awmif;omawmif;aumif; ray;aumif;
awmif;om awmif;aumif; ray;aumif;aom 'um 'um
rwpfrsK;d vnf; &Sad o;\? xko
d rl sK;d um; aqGrsK;d awmfpyfol aqGrsK;d
rawmfaomfvnf; ]]tvk&d &dS m awmif;yg}} [k zdwrf x
H m;olwnf;?
xko
d w
l Ydk txH &[ef;wkEYd iS hf tyfpyfaom qGr;f paom ypn;f ukd
awmif;aumif;\? &[ef;u xrif;ponfudk ray;aumif;? aqG
rsK;d awmfoo
l nf ruse;f rmvQif olwrYdk mS vnf; aq;r&Sv
d Qif rdr&d dS
aom aq;ukd ay;aumif;\? aqGrsK;d rawmfbJ zdwrf x
H m;olum;
ausmif;teD;rSmae rdrd u
d dk jyKpak eoljzpfvQio
f m a0,sma0pjyK
ol jzpf qGr;f aq;ponf ay;aumif;\? tdrrf mS aevQif bmrQ
ray;aumif;? tdrrf mS aecku
d f ruse;f rmaomfvnf; aq;ray;aumif;?
aq;enf;ukrd Q wku
d f u
dk f rajymaumif;? pum;ukd Munf
h aqG
rsK;d rawmfaom 'um 'umrwkt
Yd m; &if;ES;D MunfnKd Hk ausmif;
'um ausmif;tr &[ef;'um &SifhtrjzpfaekHrQjzifh bmrQ
rawmif;aumif;aMumif; ]]ausmif;aqmufvu
dk yf g &[ef;'um &Sif
'um vkyyf g}} [kvnf; rckid ;f aumif;aMumif; owdjyKyg? rawmif;
bJvnf;,lonfudk auseyfrnfo
h l jzpfvQiu
f m; ]]0dmo*g[}}
ac: tuRr;f 0ifaom enf;jzifh uk,
d w
f idk v
f nf; ,laumif; wpfpHk
wpfa,mufudk ]],lacsprf;}} [kvnf; ckid ;f aumif;ygonf/
ay;vnf;ay; awmif;vnf;awmif;
ay;vnf;ay;aumif; awmif;vnf;awmif;aumif;aom 'um
'umr wpfrsK;d vnf; &S\
d ? xko
d rl sK;d um; rdbwnf;? rdrw
d Ydk &[ef;

121
omraP tcsi;f csi;f vnf; ay;aumif;awmif;aumif;\? rdbwkYd
onf om;&[ef;txHrS bmypn;f rqkd (om;&[efyidk f rSev
f Qi)f
awmif;aumif;\? om;&[ef;uvnf; ay;aumif;\? okaYd omf om
oemawmfESifh qkdif&m0,f tvGef&if;ESD;aom omoemh'g,m'
(omoemhaqGrsK;d jzpfaeMuaom) r,fawmf crnf;awmfwo
Ydk nf
rdrrd mS pm;a&;aomufa&; jynfph aHk eygvQif rdru
d om vSLzko
Yd if\
h ?
tjcm;olwu
Ydk vSLxm;aom ypn;f ukd rwwfomvSrS ,loif\
h ?
om;&[efuvnf; tjcm;olwu
Ydk o'gw&m;jzifh vSLxm;aom
ypn;f ukd rdbyif jzpfaomfvnf; pm;kH aomufx
Hk uf yk
d pD;yGm;
jzpf ray;oifyh g/
ray;aumif; rawmif;aumif;
ay;vnf;ray;aumif; awmif;vnf;rawmif;aumif;aom
'um 'umrwpfrsK;d &S\
d ? xko
d u
l m;...aqGrsK;d vnf;rawmf zdwf
rHxm;olvnf; r[kwf olawmif;pm;vnf; r[kwf &dum rygbJ
ausmif;okYd a&mufvmaom {nfo
h nf olc;dk "m;jy tpk;d & polvnf;
r[kwaf om k;kd k;d 'um 'umrwnf;? xkaYkd Mumifh xku
d o
hJ Ydk 'um
'umrwkx
Yd rH S wpfpw
Hk pf&m tyfaomypn;f ukd tvk&d ydS gvQif qGr;f
&yfouJo
h Ykd olwt
Ydk eD;okYkd (tdrd o
f )Ydk oGm; &yf&onf? ]]bmtvk&d dS
ygwke;f }}[kk ar;rS tvk&d w
dS mukdk ajymEkid o
f nf? ]]rwwfEidk af o;yg}}
[k avQmufvQif xyf w&m;pum;ajymrae&? w&m;pum;ajym
rS &vQif xkyd pn;f rtyfawmh? pum;ukd Munf
h ]],ckacwf
tcsKUd uk,
d af wmfrsm;onf tdraf y:wufxidk
f vnf;aumif; ausmif;
okYd a&mufvmaomtcgvnf;aumif; ]]bmvSLyg nmvSLyg}} [k

122

bmomaoG;

tvSLcHMujcif;um; 0denf;awmfEiS hf rnD? xko

d Ydk ajym vSLtyfaom
ypn;f onf &[ef; omraP tm;vk;H yif rok;H pGt
J yf}}[k rSwyf g/
bkef;uH&SdolrS omoemjyKEkdif
bk&m;vufxufawmfrS p omoemjyKMuaom q&m 'um
wko
Yd nf bke;f xl;uHx;l ygvmMuolrsm;csn;f jzpfMu\? t&Sirf [m
uy t&Sirf [m,o t&Siaf rm*vyd w
k w

d t&Sirf [dE
ESit
hf &Sit
f &[H paom a&S;a&S;rax&fMu;D rsm; rif;wke;f rif;vuf
x
f ufwidk af tmif q&mawmfMu;D rsm;onf omoemjyKz&Ydk ef bke;f xl;l
yg&Sad om yk*K v
d rf sm;csn;f jzpfMuygonf? Adro
d m& temxydPf
0domcg taomur[m&mZm a'0geHy,
d wd 'k|*grPd taemf
&xm rif;wke;f rif;paom omoemjyK 'g,um 'g,dumrwkv
Yd nf;
bkek ;f xl; uHx;l ygvmolrsm;yif jzpfMuayonf/
rSe\
f ? omoemjyKjcif;udpo
nf ypn;f Opm jynfph Hk Hk wef;ck;d
tmPm &Sd rHk Qjzifh Ny;D Edik af omudpr [kwyf g? ypn;f Opmvnf;jynfph Hk
o'gw&m;vnf; jynfhpkH omoemwkd;wufapvkdaom qEESifh
q&mbuf oDv orm"d ynm tm;vk;H pko
H nfjh yif omoemjyK
Edik af vmufaom a&S;bke;f a&S;uHvnf; yg&SOd ;D rS txajrmufEidk af om
udpj zpfygonf? xkaYd Mumifh ]]rdrw
d rYkd mS a&S;bke;f a&S;uH rnfrQavmuf
yg&Sdonf}}[k cefYrSef;EkdifzdkY&ef omoemjyKudpwnf;[laom
rSwaf usmufwiG f rSww
f if MunfMh uygavm? omoemjyKupd tx
ajrmuf v Qif v nf ; rd r d u d k , f u d k yg&rD y gvmaom yk * d K vf [ k
0rf;ajrmufygavm/

123
oHCmawmfrsm;tm; avQmufxm;cef;
omoemudk txifrBu;D yg
a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufu omoemudk txifBu;D Muaomf
vnf; ,ckum; txifrBuD;awmhyg? wpfenf;tm;jzifh &[ef;
omraPrsm;rSm *kPrf &Sad wmhyg? bmhaMumifh xko
d Ykd a&S;ESi,
hf ck
uGjJ ym;&oenf;...jrefrmrif;rsm; acwf0,f bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;\
t&dyt
f m0go bke;f awmfBu;D rsm; txHrS vl&m0ifatmif ynm
oifMu&\? &yf&mG vlBu;D vlaumif; "e&Si[
f o
l rQ bke;f Bu;D ausmif;
xGurf sm;csn;f jzpfMu\? aejynfawmf rSL;Bu;D rwfBu;D rsm;ESiw
hf uG
&Sib
f &k ifo
h m;awmf (&Sib
f &k ifyg) bke;f Bu;D ausmif;om; jzpfMu\?
,ckaomfum; aus;&GmtrwfawGyif bke;f Bu;D ausmif;xGuf r[kwf
olu rsm;\? 0efBu;D 0efuav;qdo
k w
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124

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bmomaoG;

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bmomaoG;

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bmomaoG;

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132

bmomaoG;

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oHCmwpf&mtwGuf ausmif; ouFe;f rygaobJ
pm;aomufa&;yif ausmif;u ukeu
f soavmuf
aeYqGrf;avmif;vSL&aom t&yfxJrSvnf;
xdrk Qe;D eD; ukeu
f sp&m &Syd gonf? wGuu
f ed ;f onf toufomqk;H
wGuu
f ed ;f om jzpfygonf? q&morm; wm0efr,lbJ ud,
k w
hf m0ef
uk,
d x
f rf;&aom wku
d w
f mrsm; pmoifom;rsm;rSmvnf; &yf&mG
rdzwdu
Yk pm;aomufa&;twGuf tvm;wl axmufyrhH u
I kd jyKMu&
ayrnf? odjYk zpfvQif oHCmawmf ig;aomif;rsm;twGuf vpOf ukeu
f s
p&dwf rnfrQ&rdS nfudk cefrY eS ;f Edik af vmufygonf/
wpfEikd if v
H ;Hk
cefYrSef;zG,f

avmu Bu;D av;pGm xrf;aqmifae&aom wm0ef

tusKd;r&vQif
wpf&yfudk ]]xdw
k m0efrS rnfrQavmuf tusK;d jyef
z,fcscH&rnf
&ovJ}}[k pOf;pm;jrJ jzpfygonf? wpfcgrpOf;pm;
rdvQif wpfcgcgawmh pOf;pm;rdrnfrmS trSeyf if jzpfygonf? xdw
k m
0efukd z,fcsrnfrSm "rwmyif jzpfygonf?rdrdonfyif ]]vpOf

134

bmomaoG;

tuket
f usc
H ajymqdq
k ;Hk r pmydcYk sae&aom &[ef; omraPrsm;
txHrS omoemawmftwGuf bmtusK;d jyef&ovJ}}[k pOfpm;yg
onf? xdo
k C
H mrsm; ]]aumif;rGepf mG aexdik
f aemiftqufquf
Ak'j rwfpmG \ omoemhwm0efudk aqmif&u
G Mf urSom rdrEd iS w
hf uG
pmcsbek ;f Bu;D rsm; rdr\
d &if;ES;D aom 'um 'umrrsm;\ yifyef;
&usK;d ukeu
f s&usK;d eyfayvdrrhf nf? xdo
k Ykd rjzpfvQif tusK;d rrsm;}}[k
wGuu
f ed ;f csavh &Syd gonf? xdaYk Mumifh rdrw
d u
kd o
f C
H mrsm;ukd txl;
odyo
f nf;pGm aexdik
f omoemhwm0ef aqmifMuzdYk rMumcP
nTejf yaeygonf/
trJrzrf;oifh
awm&GmrS NrKUd okYd aps0,fvmoludk NrKUd u tjrwfBu;D pm;
tnHph m; ay;vku
d &f m ]]trJzrf;wmyJ}} [k acwfo;Hk pum;wpfck
&Sdfygonf? awmxJu om;aumifukd trJaumif[k ac:
xkt
d aumif\ trJom; pm;zk&Yd ef (tzk;d ray;&bJ) zrf;,ljcif;ukd
Oypmwifpm ajymaompum; jzpfonf? xkdtjzpfrsKd;ukd
omoema&;rSmvnf; wpfcsKdUae&m awGY&\? rdrdu oDv
orm"d ynmr&SdbJ tvSL'ge\ tusKd;ukd a[mjy 'um
'umrwkUd txHrS (omoemawmf tusK;d rrsm;bJ) yumoeypn;f
rsm;ukd tvSLcHjcif;rsK;d wnf;? xko
d Ydk 'getusK;d ukd ta[mrsm;rSKaMumifY
yif ]]wpfr&l vkYd wpfyv
J l wk&Yd rS ;f awmifol wlEidk f ;dk vm;}}[laom
oHcsyx
f ;dk oHrsm;ESihf &Srjf ynfe,fu tom;,lMuavonf? ,cktcg
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHom; tmvkH;txHrS 'geypnf;rsm;ukd
cH,&l m ]]trJzrf;}} rjzpfatmif owdjyKxu
dk v
f yS gonf/

135
cspo
f em;p&m jynfjrefrm
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmfonf omoema&;buf
MunfYvQif ukPm arwm rsm;pGmxm;xkdufaom (oem;p&m
cspfp&maumif;aom) EkdifiHawmfjzpfygonf? t*FvefwkdYvkd
Ekid if rH sK;d 0,f Ak'b
mom0ifwpfoed ;f &Sad pumrl wpfa,mufwnf;u
omoemjyKausmif;wpfaqmif aqmufzkdY cJ,Of &[ef;awmf
wpfyg; ESpfyg;ukd trsm;pkaygif; tcrJY auR;xm;zkdYvnf;
cJ,Of;ygonf? EkdifiHum; Ak'bmom0if tdrfwpf&m&SdvQif
ausmif;ESiw
hf uG oHCm(10)avmufudk qGr;f ouFe;f jynfph aHk tmif
axmufyhHEkdifMuygonf? xkdUaMumifh EkdifiH omoemESifh
pyfqkdif&m0,f trJzrf;ovkd rjzpfapbJ oem; cspfcifpGmjzifh
omoemukd taMumif;jyK tusKd;&aom EkdifiHjzpfatmif
oHCmawmfbufuvnf; pGr;f aqmifoifv
h yS gonf/
*kPf&Sd&SdESifh wnfaprnfvm;
jycJah om tcsurf sm;udk pOf;pm;Ny;D vQif ]] omoemawmfukd
*kP&f dS od&&f EdS iS hf Edik if rH mS wnfaprnfvm; *kPrf hJ od&rf hJ jzpf
Edik if rH S uG,af ysmufomG ;aprnfvm;}}[k q&m 'um tm;vk;H yif
rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd ar;vQif ]]*kP&f dS od&&f EdS iS hf Ak'j rwfpmG omoemawmfBu;D \
wnfwHhjcif;udk vdkvm;Muygonf}}[k ajzMuygvdrfhrnf? xdkodkY
vdkvm;MuygvQif (vdkvm;aekHjzifh tusKd;r&EdkifaomaMumifh)
vdv
k m;onft
h wdik ;f tm;xkwzf &Ykd m ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd if jzpfEikd af vmufaom
tBuHopf OmPfopfrsm;jzifh omoema&;udk pOf;pm;oifhMuyg

136

bmomaoG;

aMumif ; avQmuf x m;awmif ; yef y gonf oH C mawmf

t&Sio
f jl rwfwb
Ykd &k m;/
13/ q&mawmfrsm;xH cGiyhf efjcif;
avQufyg&ap
,ck t csd e f a&S ; u rd r d u d k jyKpk y sd K ;axmif v d k u f a om
q&mawmfrsm;wGif yckuL -r[m0dow
k m&mrq&mawmfEiS hf 0do'k g Hk
ajrmif;jrq&mawmf ESpfyg;om oufawmfxif;&Sm;&Sdygawmh\?
odkY&mwGif rdrdudk i,fpOfup ta&;ygygESifh todtrSwf
jyKcJhMuaom q&mawmfrsm;um; oufawmf &Spfq,f-&Spfq,f
ausmftxd &SdMuygao;onf? xdkq&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf rdrd\
jyKcJhorQaom pma&;pmcs omoemhudpudk tm;&awmfrlNyD;
jzpfMuygonf? odaYk omf ,cktcg wd;k csUJ jyKz&Ykd ef BupH nftyfaom
omoemh u d p t wG u f &nf & G , f c suf u d k rod & vQif auseyf
awmfrMl urnf r[kwaf omaMumifh wdw
k u
kd sO;f usO;f ESihf vd&k if;udk
q&mawmfrsm;tm; avQmufxm;yg&apbk&m;/
1/ aus;&G m ausmif ; rsm; ausmif ; om; r&S d a wmh y g
wcsKd Uausmif;rsm; ausmif;apmifb
h ek ;f Bu;D yif r&Sad wmhyg/
2/ NrdKUi,f NrdKUBuD;rsm; uav;awGum; trsm;tm;jzifh
t*Fvyd pf moifausmif;rSmcsn;f aeMuygonf? ypn;f Opm
wwfEikd af v t*Fvyd af usmif;rSm aeavjzpfaeygNy/D
3/ xdkt*Fvdyfausmif;xGufrsm;onfyif aemiftcg EdkifiH\
acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfMuygvdrrhf nf/

137
4/ xdt
k *Fvyd af usmif;xGurf sm;onf olwYkd q&morm;rsm;\
*k P f a us;Zl ; ud k o m od &[ef o H C mawmf r sm;\
*kPaf us;Zl;udk odciG hf r&awmhyg/
5/ &[ef ; oH C mawmf r sm;\ *k P f a us;Zl ; ud k rod & vQif
omoemawmf \ tusd K ;aus;Zl ; ud k rod r jrif E d k i f b J
omoemawmfukd vnf;aumif; &[ef;oHCmudv
k nf;aumif;
(Edik if rH mS wm0eftydk wufaeaom tpkta0;)[k t,l&pdS &m
jzpfvmygawmhonf/
6/ ,ckvnf; vlwdkYteD;rSm &SdaeMuaom wap ol&JESifh
kuZ ;kd ewfrsm;udyk if jrifatmif rMunfEh ikd o
f w
l u
Ykd olwrYkd jrif
Edik f rkH Qjzifh jrifrh &kd af wmif r&Sd ewfjynf r&Sd i&Jjynf r&S[
d k
&J&w
J if;wif; ajymaeMuygNy/D
7/ xdjYk yif wynfah wmfrsm;\ ausmif;rsm; ausmif;wdu
k rf sm;0,f
q&m 'umwdYk BuKd ;pmaecdu
k o
f m aumif;rGef wd;k wuf rlv
q&m 'umwdYk uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;vQif edru
hf s& ysupf ;D Mu&onfukd
awGY&ygonf? xdkYaMumifh ausmif; ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk
apifah &Smuf&m0,f q&mbufu em,utzGUJ 'umbufu
a*gyutzGUJ jzifh apmifah &SmufomG ;rSom tqufquf wnfwhH
wd;k wufp&m &Syd gonf/
8/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;wynfhawmfonf *Pef;ocFsmpaom
ynmrsm;udk oifay;jcif;tm;jzifh awm&Gmausmif;rsm;udk
xde;f odr;f Edik rf nf[k vnf;aumif; bmoE& oifay;jcif;

138

bmomaoG;

tm;jzifh q&mESihf cG
J bmoE oifaeMuaom pmcsEikd pf rG ;f
&Sad om &[ef;awmfrsm;udk yd#u vufrvGwaf pbJ o'gw&m;
rysufpD;atmif xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfvnf;aumif; xdkodkY
xde;f odr;f jcif;jzifh ausmif; ausmif;wdu
k rf sm;udk t"Ge&Yf n
S pf mG
wnfapEdik v
f rd rhf nf[v
k nf;aumif; arQmv
f ifyh gonf/
9/ ,cktajctaerSm tawmfrsm;pGmaom pmcswef;atmif
yk*dKvfwdkYwGif bmoE& oif,lu oif pmoifwdkuf
r[kwaf om ae&m jzpfovdk omrn aeolu ae jzpf&um;
orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if; qdkovdk pmcswef;atmifNyD;
yk*Kd vrf sm;udk wynfah wmfrsm;\ ausmif;wdu
k f xde;f rxm;
Edik af tmif jzpfaeygonf? bmoE& oifay;Edik yf grl tm;vH;k
r[kwaf omfvnf; wcsKd Uudk xde;f xm;Edik rf nf[k xifygonf/
10/ *Pef;ocFsm bmoE&udk oifay;&m oifcsio
f w
l ikd ;f udk
oif a y;rnf r[k w f y g? 0d e nf ; od u m ud k av;pm;
omoemjyKvdkaom qE&Sdolrsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvufcH
oifay;ygrnf/
11/ "rmp&d,tqift
h wef; &So
d u
l o
kd m t*Fvyd pf moifay;&m
twef;rxm;bJ A[kow
k jzpfkH oufoufom oifapygonf?
twef;xm;vQif txufwef;udk tpdk;&pmar;yGJrsm;
0ifa&mufajzqd
k atmifjrifaomtcg vlxu
G v
f rd rhf nf[k
vl'g,umrsm;u oHo,jzpfMuygonf? 'g,umtultnD
rygvQif rjzpfEikd af om omoemjyKupd 0 ,f vl'g,umwd\
Yk
o'gw&m;udk riJv
h Qif rjzpfEikd yf g/

139
12/ t*F v d y f p moif a epOf yd # uusrf ; pmud k yd k Y c sap
roif&ao;aom edum,fBu;D rsm;udk oif,al pygrnf? xdo
k Ykd
yd#uESihf tqufrjywfro
S m o'gw&m; jy,fviG rhf oGm;bJ
wd;k vmvdrrhf nf}}[k ,lqygonf/
13/ omoemh0efaqmifausmif;wku
d f xk"d rmp&d,pmcsy*k K v
d f
tawmfrsm;vmvQif xkdyk*Kdvfrsm;ukd pmcsap wpfESpf
wpfwef; rSefrSefwwf&aom pmoifenf;ukd pDpOfEkdifp&m
&Syd gonf?
14/ xkdwpfESpfwpfwef; pmoifenf;onf pmoifom;rsm;udk
t&nftcsi;f a&G;cs,Nf y;D om jzpfap pmoifwu
dk rf [kwf
aom ae&m taMumif;xl; r&Sb
d J aexkid rf KS udk wm;jrpfNy;D
jzpfapEkid yf gonf/
15/ xkduJokdY wkd;csJUxm;aom 0efaqmifausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm;
pmeyf&u
d m vkv
d rd rYf nfudk pOfpm;rdygonf? wynfah wmfrsm;\
ausmif;wku
d f oHCmwpf&m &Scd sed 0f ,f(aeYqrG ;f cHvsuEf iS )fY
wpfvvQif wpfaxmifwefavmuf &dumukefaeygonf/
16/ xkdjyif &[ef;awmfrsm;ukd,fwkdif q&mrvkyfEkdifao;aom
tcsdef *PefocFsm t*FvdyfpmjyzkdYtwGuf q&m&zkdYwm0ef
vnf; &Sdygao;onf? xkdq&mvkyfolvnf; txufwef;
q&mjzpfrS pepfwus oifjyEkdifygvdrfhrnf? xkdYaMumifh q&mh
twGuf &dumvnf; (av; ig;ESpf twGif;rSm) awmfawmf
rsm;rsm; ukefp&m&Sdygonf/

140

bmomaoG;

17/ xkrd Qavmuf Bu;D av;aom wm0efonf (tvSL'gejyKow

l u
Ydk
omoemjyK 'geukdom jyKMuvQif) xrf;zkdY&ef cJ,OfvSrnf
rxifyg? wpfenf;tm;jzifh pOfpm;rdonfrSm Ak'jrwf \
omoemawmfudk apwemrSejf zifh jyKow
l t
Ydk ay:0,f Ak'j rwf
pG m \ wef ; ck d ; &S d e f a pmf tmEk a bmf a wmf v nf ;
oufa&mufaezG,f &S\
d [k pOf;pm;rdygonf/
18/ okjYd zpfyg Ak'j rwfpmG \ wef;ck;d awmftpGr;f aMumifh tem*wf
bk&m;&Sirf sm;txH0,f uRww
f ef;0ifEidk Mf urnfh olawmfaumif;
tavmif ; tvsmrsm;onf q&mbuf omoemjyK
q&maumif ; tjzpf j zpf v nf ; aumif ; 'g,d u mbuf
temxyd P f 0d o mcgavmif ; tjzpf j zpf v nf ; aumif ;
pkaygif;rdMuvdrrhf nf[k arQmv
f ifyh gonf/
19/ rnfoyYdk ifjzpfap omoemawmfudk jriS w
f ifEidk af vmufatmif
taMumif;nDnw
G v
f Qif omoemawmfuv
dk nf; omoembuf
uae tm;ay;&m a&mufapygrnf? omoemawmfukd
rjrSifEkdifvQif rdrdvkyfaeus pma&; pmcsjzifh aejrJwkdif;
aernf[k &nf&,
G yf gonf/
20/ wynfhawmf\ wpfoufrSm omoemjyK tvkyfukd
xajrmufatmif rvkyEf idk af pumrl tem*gwfumv
wm0efudk aqmifEidk pf rG ;f aom bke;f &Sif uH&iS f wpfyg;wav
aygxGef;vmvQif xkdyk*Kdvfu omoemjyK pmwrf;ukd
Munf&h KS jyKjyifEidk v
f rd rhf nf[k arQmv
f ifyh gonf/

141
arQmv
f ifo
h nft
h wkid ;f ,ckjyKrnfo
h moem wk;d csUJ a&;
tvkyo
f nf t&if;&SK;H rnft
h vkyf r[kwEf idk yf g? taMumif;nDnw
G f
vQif trsK;d bmom omoem wk;d wwfapEkid &f um; omoemjyK
ukov
dk t
f jrwfom &MuzkYd &Syd gonf? xkaYd Mumifh wynfah wmh\
f
b0 a&SUb0wkdY jyKcJhaom uH q&mawmfbk&m;rsm;\
arwmawmf u&kPmawmf t&Sed t
f 0g jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wef;ck;d
tmEkabmfrsm;ukd tm;ukd tm;xm;jyK ,ckMuHpnftyfaom
omoemjyKa&; tcsuf t vuf r sm;uk d rysuf r uG w f
cG i f Y j yKawmf r l y grnf h t aMumif ; &k d a opG m cG i f h a wmif ;
avQmufxm;ygonf q&mawmf t&Sijf rwfwb
Ydk &k m;/
Zeumbd0o
H
14/ ed*;Hk tcef;
twkcd sKyf
aus;&Gmbke;f Bu;D ausmif;rsm; a&aomufjrpfyrm jzpfaeaom
ausmifom;oli,frsm; jywfaejcif;ukd jyef qufz&Ydk ef aus;&Gmbke;f
awmfBu;D rsm;u aus;&Gmukd xde;f odr;f apmufa&Smufapvkjd cif; pmcs
("rmp&d,) yk*K v
d rf sm;u tqk;H wkid af tmif oif,
l yd#uusr;f pm
rsm;ukd xde;f odr;f apmufa&Smufapvkjd cif; rdrw
d \
Ydk wynfrh sm;udk
MoZm&S&d EdS iS hf cs;D jriS ahf jrmS ufwifapvkjd cif; 'g,um 'g,dumrwku
Yd

142

bmomaoG;

tykjd zpfaeaom 'gerSKudk a&Smif&mS ; omoemjyK 'gerSKuo

dk m
jyKMuapvkjd cif; tusK;d rsm;udk arQmrf eS ;f jzpfoifah om jyKjyifa&;
taMumif;rsm;ukd jycJ&h m ,ck Ny;D pD;ygNy;D /
iSufysHov
vkd
omoemawmf B uD ; onf jyKjyif o l &S d a omtcg
xdyw
f ef;a&mufatmif wwf jyKjyKio
f l r&Sad omtcg wjznf;jznf;
edru
hf s wcsKUd wkid ;f jynfrmS vk;H vk;H yif uG,af ysmufcyhJ gNy?D xkaYd Mumifh
omoemawmfBu;D ukd ]]axmuf&mS iSuf yso
H nfyh rm edrchf snf jrifch snf
omoem}}[k ajymprSwjf yKcMhJ uygonf? vufxuf q&m'um
wko
Yd nf omoemawmfudk jrifah tmif jyKjyifEidk yf grS ]]yg&rD"mufcH
&ifo
h efo}l } [k rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk qkjH zwf&
J ae&J ao&J olrsm; jzpfMuyg
vdrrhf nf? omoemawmfudk t&mxifatmif jyKjyif roGm;Ekid f
ygvQif aemifwpfacwf jyKjyifol ay:vmapumrl tvGecf ,
J OfpmG
jyKjyif&ygvdrrhf nf? okUd r[kwf vk;H vk;H rjyKEidk b
f J omoemawmfom
upOfu
Y &Jjzpf uG,&f pfygvdrrhf nf? Ak'j rwfpmG \ urm rsm;pGm0,f
touf pnf;pdrfrsm;pGmukd paw wnfxm;awmfrltyfaom
omoeawmf taqmuf t OD ; BuD ; onf ? ES p f a xmif i g;&m
ausm&f rHk Qjzifh rQavmuf rqkwo
f ifah o;yg? xkUd aMumifh q&m
'um tcsi;f csi;f pkid ;f jyif aqG;aEG; omoemawmfta&;ukd
av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;Mubk&Yd ef wku
d w
f eG ;f ygonf/

143
ppfvo
dk abmxm; BuK;d pm;yg
ppfwkdufaomtcg qkwfppf cHppf xdk;ppf[k okH;rsKd;&Sd\?
rdrb
d ufu cHEikd yf rkH &vQif pepfwus qkwEf ikd zf Ykd BuKd ;pm;&\? cHEikd yf Hk
&vQif BuUH BuUH cH&\? xdo
k Ykd BuUH BuUH cH&mrS tm;&Sv
d mvQif xd;k ppfoYkd
ajymif;um wd;k wufap&\? xdt
Yk wl omoemawmfonf qkw
f
qkw
f vm&um; qkwpf pfEiS hf wlae\? qkwyf u
kH vnf; tvSL'gejyKrI
pmayoifrI ponf pepfr&Sd (olwpfrsK;d igwpfz)kH vkyaf eMuaom
aMumifh tuGyfr&SdaomMurf;uJhodkY y&rf;ywmjzpf pepfwus
qkwjf cif;r[kw?f od&Yk m0,f bk&m;Oya'awmfEiS t
hf nD pnf;urf;wus
&yfwef
Y jyKjyifEikd Mf uygvQif cHppfoabmodYk ajymif;um tqkwf
&yfwefYrnfom? xdktcg wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ tultnDu
vrf ; rS e f M uojzif h xd k ; ppf o abmod k Y rMumrD ajymif ; vG J
omoemhatmifyu
JG kd ETEJ ikd Mf uygvdrrhf nf/
wdik ;f armfoabFmjzpfrmS pd;k
wdik ;f armf}} trnf&dS
vGecf ahJ om ESpEf pS cf efY ykord o
f o
Ydk mG ;aom ]]wd
vlp;D oabFmonf jyif;xefaom rd;k oufrek w
f ikd ;f rd\? xdt
k cg
oabFmtvkyo
f rm;wdo
Yk nf oabFmepfrnfp;kd ab;um&Guzf si;f
rsm;udk tay:odYk vdyw
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145
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