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39
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41
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43
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45
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47
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50
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51
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52
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53
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hf ifcMhJ uayonf/
y&dowfpkHnD y&dedAmefpHawmfrljcif;
Ak'j rwfpmG onf bk&m;jzpfawmfrNl y;D puyif y&deAd m efpaH wmfrl
yg&ef avQmufxm;vmaom rm&fewfudk ]]omoemhwm0efaqmifEidk f
rnfh y&dowfav;rsdK; rpkHnDao;orQ y&dedAmefpHawmfrlOD;rnf
r[kw}f } [k y,fjrpfawmfrcl \
hJ ? ,cktcg wm0efaqmifrnfh y&dowf
av;rsdK;vnf; jynfhpkH toufawmfvnf; &Spfq,fjynfhaeNyD
jzpfaomaMumifo
h m y&deAd m efpaH wmfryl gonf? tcsuu
f dk pOfpm;
vQif Ak'o
moemawmfudk bduK bduK eD Oygoum Oygodum
[laom y&dowfav;yg;wkdYuom tjrJ wm0efaqmifEkdif
xkyd &dowfav;yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;avsmv
h Qif wm0efaqmiftzGYJ avsmh
omoemawmftm;aysm&h ayvdrrhf nf? wm0efaqmify*k K v
d rf sm;
wGiv
f nf; tawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u pdwt
f m;avQmv
h u
dk v
f Qif omoem
awmf tm;aysm&h rnfrmS "rwm(xkpH )H yif jzpfonf? xkaYd Mumifh a&S;
a&S;u wm0efaqmify*k K v
d w
f Ydk tm;ravQmb
h J omoemhwm0ef xrf;
aqmifcMJ uyku
H dk jyygOD;rnf/
56
bmomaoG;
57
wd;k wuf (&[ef;jzpfvQif bke;f uHBu;D rm;) aemufvu
kd rf sm;jcif;
t"rjyK0o
Hh u
l ykd if tom;,ljcif;onf t"rxeG ;f um;jcif; rnf\?
xko
d Ydk t"rrxGe;f um;aomacwf "rudk usio
hf l "rtwdik ;f ypn;f
Opm &SmazGaexkid o
f w
l Ydk OD;acgif;rjyK0aHh tmif atmufus aemufus
jzpf&jcif;onf t"ru "rukd vTr;f rk;d &ma&muf\? xdt
k cg t"r
bufom;wkYd tm;aumif; "rbufom;wkYd tm;enf;Mu&onf?
xkt
d wlyif 0denf;ynwfawmfudk tyk[
d yk if txif&adS eolEiS hf 0denf;
awmftwkid ;f raeolwYdk tm;aumif;vmaomtcg 0denf;awmft
wdik ;f aeolwYdk t&m&mrSm ta&;yg t&mra&mufbJ tm;enf;Mu&
onf? ,ck xkad cwfoYkd a&mufvNk yaD vm okrYd [kwf a&mufaeNyaD vm/
'kw,
d oH*g,em
'kwd,oH*g,emwifjcif;\ taMumif;&if;rSm bk&m;&Sif
y&deAd m efpaH wmfrNl y;D tESpw
f pf&mavmuftMumwGif 0Zw
D idk ;f om;
&[ef;wkYd aiGtvSLcHjcif;aywnf;? tus,u
f dk tem*gwfomoem
a&; usr;f pmjycJNh y?D xk'd w
k ,
d oH*g,emrwifrD aiGtvSLcHaom
0Zw
D idk ;f om; &[ef;wku
Yd dk ESrd Ef iS ;f &m t&Si,
f o\ avQmufxm;
csuaf Mumifh &[EmBu;D rsm;yif yg0ifawmfrMl u\? wpfajrjyifv;Hk \
tBu;D qk;H jzpf &[ef;0gawmfyif wpf&mhEpS q
f ,f &awmfrNl y;D aom
]]oAumrD}}rnfaom q&mawmfBu;D yif yg0ifawmfr\
l ? xkq
d &mawmf
Bu;D um; t&Sit
f meEm\ wynfBh u;D jzpf bk&m;&Siu
f dk rSv
D u
kd \
f ?
okdYvQif aiGtvSLcHrIudptwGuf oH*g,emwif&onfxd
oufawmfBu;D &[EmjzpfNy;D aom rax&fBu;D trsm;yif aMumifMh u
58
bmomaoG;
pdu
k af wmfrMl uyku
H dk ,cktcg olawmfpif t&Siaf umif;wkYd av;av;
eufeuf pOf;pm;oifMh uygonf/
rax&fBu;D rsm;\ tajrmftjrif
'kwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;aomtcg aemifa&;aemifwmukd
awG;awmfr&l m aemiftcg taomu r[m&mZm\ vufxuf
omoemawmf0,f ab;&efay:rnfudk jrifawmfrMl u\? xkad b;&efudk
ESrd ef if;rnfyY *k K v
d u
f dk vljY ynfewf&yf &Smaomtcg rawGUMu&bJ
jA[mjY ynfuMdk unfrY S wdjA[mrif;ukd awGU vlUjynf jzpfum
omoemjyKyg&ef awmif;yefMuavonf? tus,u
f dk tem*gwf
omoema&;usr;f pm a&;cJjy?D ae&m0,f t&Sirf [m,otp
t&Sio
f AumrD tqk;H &Sad om &[Emt&Siw
f Udk onf rsuaf rSmuf
omoem\ ab;&efudk ESrd ef if;ko
H mru tem*gwfomoema&;
ukyd g aMumifMh upku
d af wmfrMl uyku
H dk awG;rdawmfrMl uygvQif ,cktcg
omoemawmfta&;ukd uk,
d t
f a&; r[kwo
f vkd vspv
f sL r&SLoifY
MuawmYyg/
wwd,oH*g,em
wdjA[m pkaw vljynf jzpfyHk &[ef;jyK &[EmjzpfyHk
"rmaomurif; omoemMunfnKd yHk nDawmf&[ef;jyKyHk "ruE m
&Spaf omif;av;axmifudk ylaZmfaomtm;jzifY "rmaomu rif;\
ausmif;wkdufaygif; apwDaygif;&Spfaomif;av;axmif wif
aqmufvLS 'gef;ykH xkad usmif;a&pufcs tvGeo
f 'gjzpf tdraf &SU
rif;avmif;jzpfaom om;awmf r[dErif;om;ESifY orD;awmf
59
oHCrdwm wku
Yd dk bduK bduK ejD yKay;ykH ypn;f av;yg; aygrsm;aom
omoemwGi;f okYd ypn;f &Sm;ygaom wdww
d Ydk tacsmif0ifvmykH xkd
wdww
d aYdk MumifY wwd,oH*g,emwif&ykH om;awmft&Sirf [d'E iS Yf
orD;awmfoC
H rdww
Ydk &[Emjzpf oD[v
dk u
f Re;f omoemjyKyu
Hk dk
tem*gwfomoema&;usr;f pm pkpH v
Hk ifvif a&;om;cJyY gNy/D
taomurif;\bmomaoG;
"rmaomurif;onf bmomaoG; tvGex
f ufoefv\
S ? xko
d Ydk
xufoefaomaMumifyh if &Spaf omif;av;axmif ausmif;wku
d af pwD
rsm;ukd wnfaqmufylaZmfkHjzifY tm;r&bJ tdrfa&SUrif;avmif;
om;awmf u k d &[ef ; jyKay;Ek d i f a vmuf a tmif omoemawmf
xGe;f um;apvkad om o'g qE jyifjyavonf? Ak'b
momjzpfonfrS
p wkdifjynfukdvnf; Ak'w&m;awmfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyf\? vlESifh
qkid af om w&m;pm wpfcsKu
d v
dk nf ausmufpmxGi;f vljrifuiG ;f rSm
pkdufxlxm;\? Ak'bmom0ifjzpf wkdifjynfukd odrf;odrf;arGUarGU
tkycf sKk ycf grSom wkid jf ynfNirD ;f 0yfyjd ym;ygao;owJ? xk"d rmaomu
rif;\ om;awmfjzpfaom tSifr[dEonf oD[kdvfuRef;okdY
omoemjyK<uawmfrlaomtcg "raomur[m&mZm\tMunf
awmf taqGawmf jzpfaom a'0geH yd,wdr[m&mZmonf
Ak'omoemawmfukd vG,fulpGm vufcH rMumrDyif oD[kdvf
wpfuRef;vkH;ukd Ak'omoem vTrf;zkH;apygonf? enf;tm;jzifY
60
bmomaoG;
'k|*grPdrif;\ bmomaoG;
t&Sirf [dE\
BuKd ;pm;rIaMumifh oD[Vdk u
f Re;f omoemawmf
cdkifNrJaomtcg uRef;ol uRef;om;ESifh bk&if rdzk&m;wkdYonf
bmomaoG; xufoefMu\? 'k|*grPdrif;um; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
bmomaoG;rsm;aom rif;aywnf;? omoemawmfudk tE&m,fjyK
rnfh aus;ukvm;wdu
Yk dk ESrd ef if;zkYd ppfwu
dk x
f u
G &f myif &[ef;awmf
rsm;uk d yif h oG m ;\? xk d r if ; onf ppf w k d u f x G u f c geD ;
atmufygtwdkif; t"d|mefjyKavh&Sd\?
]]igh w G u f r sm;ajrmuf csrf ; oma&muf z d k Y ck a vmuf
BudK;ukwf tm;rxkwfbl;? Ak'jrwfpGm omoem\ &Snf
Mumt"G e f Y a&mif v QH u G e f Y z k d Y pG e f Y p G e f Y p m;pm; igBuKd ; pm;
onf...pdwfxm; ighrSm tNrJwnf;/}}
qkdvdk&if;rSm-]]igcsrf;omzkdY tusKd;iSg ppfwdkufjcif;jzifh ,ckvkd
tyifyef;cHonf r[kw?f Ak'j rwfpmG \ omoemawmf wm&Snpf mG
wnfEikd zf Ykd tusK;d iSgom Ak'b
moBukd tE&m,fjyKrnfh &eforl sm;ukd
ESrd ef if;&ygonf}}[k qdv
k o
kd nf? xkrd if;onfyif pkawcgeD; ppfwu
kd f
pOfu tvGeftm;ukd;&aom xkdtcsdefrSm &[ef;jyK &[Em
jzpf a om tb,rax&f \ w&m;ud k em,l & if ; pk a w
wkodwmewfjynf jzpfavonf/
61
62
bmomaoG;
oabmusus^rusus vku
d ef m aecJMh u&avonf? bke;f uHvnf;
&Sd Pfvnf; &Sad om taemf&xmrif; vufxufusrS t&Sit
f &[H
<uvm omoemtppftrSefudk odojzifh ,kwfrm npfnrf;
qd;k oGr;f aom t&nfBu;D wdu
Yk dk z,f&mS ;vQuf tppftrSef omoeBukd
udk;uG,fMu&onf/
jrefrmq&m 'umrsm;
yk*aH cwfrS p aumif;rGev
f maom jrefrmEdik if H omoemawmf
onf omoemh0efaqmif q&mawmfrsm;ESihf omoemjyK rif; rSL;rwf
rS p &yf o l & G m om; 'g,um'g,d u mrrsm;wd k i f a tmif t &S d e f
rS ysucf yhJ g? tvGeo
f 'gw&m;aumif;aom rif;wke;f rif;\ vufxu
rf mS rl y&d,wf(pmay oifMum; ydcYk sr)I bufu wk;d wuf vmouJo
h Ydk
xif&\? rif;wkef;rif;w&m;onf omoemawmfokdY Mum&SnfpGm
wnfapvkdojzifh yd#u ygVdawmfrsm;udk ausmufjym; xGif;um
yroH*g,emukyd if wifygao;onf? y#dywf(tusit
hf Bu)H buf
vnf; Pfro
D rQ tm;ay;cJyh gonf? "r0ed ,jyefwrf; xkw
f
]]&[ef; omraPwkYd yGrJ Munf&h aps;r0,f& ydu
k q
f rH udik &f }} ponf
jzifh xkdacwftvdkuf tjrifrawmfrIrsm;udkvnf; twif;tMuyf
ESdyfuGyf wm;jrpfcJhygonf/
omoemjyKrif; uif;a0;csed f
jrefrmwpfjynfv;Hk t*Fvyd f vufatmufa&mufomG ;aomtcg
vnf; jrefrmq&mawmfBu;D rsm;ESihf rSL;Bu;D rwfBu;D vlBu;D vlaumif;
wkYd wdik yf if omoema&;udk xdr;f odr;f Muygonf? ,ck awGUjrif&
63
aom tpk;d & yxrjyef ouso[
D pmjyefyw
JG o
Ydk nf xkq
d &mawmf
xkv
d Bl u;D vlaumif;wkYd pwnfaxmifcMhJ uaom aumifrrI sm; jzpfMuyg
onf? xko
d Ydk q&mawmfrsm;ESiv
hf Bl u;D vlaumif;wkYd ZmwdaoG; bmom
aoG; xufoefjcif;aMumifh 'kw,
d urmppfrwdik rf u
D mv t*Fvyd f
vufatmufrmS aeMu&aaomfvnf; trsKd ;om;onf bmomjcm;
twkvu
kd rf I enf;yg; trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf vlrsKd ;jcm;ESiv
hf ufxyfrI
enf;yg;cJah o;\/ omoemawmfonf tawmf a`E& ygao;\/
odYk jrefrmEkid if u
H tppt&m&m0,f tusiphf m&dw tysut
f pD;
enf;yg;aMumif;rSmvnf; olwpfyg;vufatmuf ae&aom Edik if H
csif;,SOf MunfhrS odomygonf? tcsdKUEdkifiH wdkif;&if;om;
t,ltqESihf bmoma&;rsm; uG,v
f rk wwf &S
d tcsKd UEdik if H um;
uG,faysmufoavmufyif &SdMuavNyD/
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; ynmoifa&;armfuGef;
pmtkyfrS atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xkwfjyvdkygonf/
qmtmomz,f&mESifh
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
NAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &onf atmufjrefrmjynfukd odr;f ,lNy;D aemuf
jrefrmou&mZf(1225-26)ckEpS f r[m0ef&iS af wmf rif;Bu;D jzpf
aom qmtmomz,f & monf bk e f ; awmf B uD ; ausmif ; rsm;
ausmif;0dik ;f us,jf yefyY Hk taqmuftOD;aumif;ykw
H u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;
q&mbke;f awmfBu;D rsm;\ MoZm&Syd u
Hk v
kd nf;aumif; bke;f awmfBu;D
64
bmomaoG;
bkef;awmfBud; pmoifausmif;rsm;
xk
d eT Mf um;csut
f wkid ;f tpk;d &trIxrf;wk\
Yd avQmufxm;csuf
aMumifh jrefrm ou&Zf(1229) ckEpS w
f iG f tpk&d todtrSwf jyKtyf
aom bkef;awmfBud;ausmif; (31)ausmif;pwnfrd (19)ESpf
65
avmufMmaomf (1248) ckEpS f bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;aygif; (3975)
ausmif;txd atmufEkdifiH wnf&SdcJhavonf/ txufjrefrm
Ekid if u
H kd odr;f ,ljy;D aemufvnf; xk
d eG Mf um;csuf twkid ;f MuK;d pm;
aqmif&GufMumav&m (1258) ckESpf tpkd& tod trSwfjyK
tyfaom bkef;awmfBud;ausmif;aygif; txufEkdifiH (2898)
ausmif; &Sad vonf? txufatmufEpS &f yfaygif;vQif (6873)
ausmif;jzpf\ok&Yd mwGif xkEd pS rf sm;\ aemufum; toft
d rSwjf yK
tyfaom bke;f awmfBu;d pmoifausmif;rsm; ,kwaf vsm
h vmcJh
av&m (1278) ckEpS f txufatmuf ESp&f yfaygif;rS bke;f awmfBu;d
pmoifausmif; (3091) ausmif;om&Sad wmhonf/
tdrfpmoifausmif;rsm;
jrefrmjynf tpk;d &rif;wko
dY nf wkid ;f &if;bmom ynma&;twGuf
bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;rsm;ukd tm;uk;d aomfvnf; rSe;f wkid ;f rayguf
c&D;ra&mufaomtcg bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;rsm;ukd tm;ay;rI vuf
rvGwaf pbJ tdraf usmif;rsm;ukv
d nf; tm;ay;cJ&h avawmhonf?
xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmou&Zf (1230) ckEpS t
f wGi;f tdraf usmif;tvsOf
r&Scd ahJ omfvnf; ESpaf ygif; (40)cefaY vmuf ausmv
f eG &f m (1278)
ckEpS rf mS tdraf usmif;aygif; (3670) txd &Sv
d mavonf? xkEd pS f
bke;f awmfBu;d ausmif;xuf tdraf usmif;u tenf;i,fyv
dk eG v
f mav
on?f ausmif;ta&twGut
f m;jzifh tdraf usmif;utenf;i,fom
yk d v G e f a omf v nf ; ausmif ; ta&twG u f r S m td r f a usmif ;
66
bmomaoG;
ausmif;om;aygif; ESpo
f ed ;f cJcG efY &S
d bke;f awmfBu;d pmoifausmif;
rsm; ausmif;om;aygif; wpfoed ;f ausmrf Qom &S&d awmhum; ausmif;
om;ta&twGucf si;f rsm;pGmxl;jcm;avonf/
um; bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif; ynmoifMum;a&;
armfueG ;f pmtkyrf S xkw,
f al zmfjycsuw
f nf;/
pOf;pm;zG,f
jrefrmEdik if 0H ,f txufatmuf a'oESp&f yf tpk;d & todrw
S f
jyKtyf a om bk e f ; awmf B uD ; pmoif a usmif ; (6873)ausmif ;
&Scd zhJ ;l ygvQuf ,ft
k cg xkad usmif;trsm;tjym;yif uG,af ysmufomG ;
&m rsm;pGm pOf;pm;zG,&f o
dS nfum;(1) bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;onf ausmif;tkyftjzpfjzifh
ausmif;udk tkycf sKyf o
Hk m tkycf sKy
f oifjyaomq&mwdu
Yk
vl0wfaMumifrsm; jzpfaomaMumifh tawmfMumvQif
bke;f Bu;D MoZm r&So
d jzifh ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
(2) bke;f awmfBu;D onf ausmif;tkycf udk ,lxm;aomfvnf;
tpk;d &\ pnf;urf; Oya'twkid ;f vku
d ef mzd&Yk ef cJ,Of;
aomaMumifh ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
(3) bke;f awmfBu;D ESihf ynmtkyrf sm; qufq&H m0,f obm0
tm;jzifh bke;f Bu;D u txufu ae&aomfvnf; Oya't&
67
ynmtky\
f atmuf usaeojzifh qufqaH &; tqifrajy
aomaMumifh ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
(4) wpfcgwpf&H Ak'bmomr[kwfaom ynmtkyfonf
bke;f Bu;D ausmif;odYk a&mufaomtcg oGm;vm aexkid f
ajymqdk avQmufxm;rIrS p tqifrajyzG,f udpa wG
&SdEkdif&um; xdktaMumif;vnf; ausmif;ysuf&jcif;\
taMumif;wpfyg; jzpfavoavm/
(5) tpk;d &vcudk ,l tkycf sKyaf om ausmif;tkyb
f ek ;f awmfBu;dD
rsm;ukd rsm;pGmaom tjcm;bke;f Bu;D rsm;ESihf tcsKUd aom
vlBuD;wdkYu txifao; tjrifao;jzpfjcif;aMumifh
wpfpwpfpESihf ausmif;ysu&f avoavm/
odYk paomtm;jzifh pOf;pm;zG,af wG rsm;pGm &Sad eygonf?
xdkYjyif-bkef;awmfBuD;u ausmif;udk tkyfcsKyfkHom tkyfcsKyf
vl0wfaMumifq&mu twef;pBukd oifjyvQif ]]xkad usmif;om;rsm;
onf bke;f Bu;D xuf twef;q&Bukd yk
d rav;pm;aybl;vm;}}[k
pOf;pm;zG,f &Sjd yef\? ,cktcg omoembuf pmrydcYk sEikd af om
oHCmrsm;udk qGr;f ouFe;f a0iSEikd af vmufatmif bke;f uHvnf;r&Sd
&Sad pumrl a0iSavhr&Sad om ausmif;xkid w
f u
dk t
f yk f wku
d Mf uyfy*k Kd vf
rsm;onf xdak usmif;rSm xkw
d u
kd rf mS pmcsaeaom bke;f Bu;D rsm;avmuf
MoZmr&Syd g? pmoifom;wdu
Yk pmrykcYd saom xkw
d u
kd t
f yk pf onfudk
]]q&m}}[k todrw
S f rjyKMuyg/
68
bmomaoG;
xk d t jyif
bk e f ; BuD ; u
ausmif ; tk y f j zpf
vl 0 wf a Mumif q &mwd k Y u twef ; pBud k jyvQuf BuD ; yG m ;a
e&pfao;aom useo
f rQausmif;rsm; omoemh tGet
Yf wuf
&[ef;i,f rnfrQxu
G o
f enf;[k jyem wpfcak y:xku
d yf gonf?
tu,f omoemhtGefYtwuf rxGufbJ vl0wfaMumif
tquf q uf o m xG u f a eygvQif xk d a Mumif ; onf
avBuv
d 0l wfaMumifrsm; tkycf sKyaf omausmif;xuf bmoma&;
buf tMum;tjrifrsm;krH S wpfyg; xl;jcm;aomtusK;d rxifyg?
vl0wfaMumifwynfh tqufquf Ak'b
mom0ifawG jzpfaom
aMumifh tusK;d rsm;wefoavmuf rsm;aomfvnf; ausmif;ukd quf
tkycsKyEf idk af om omoemh tGet
Yf wuf &[ef;rsm; ray:xGuv
f m
vQif xkad usmif;onf bke;f Bu;D ausmif;tjzpfrS a&GUavQmaysmufu,
G f
&rnf r[kwyf gavm? ,cktcg bke;f Bu;D rsm;\ ausmif;twGi;f
vl0wfaMumif q&mrsm; oifjyrnfh rlvwef;ausmif;udk vkv
d m;aom
yk*Kd vrf sm;onf tpk;d &todrw
S jf yKtyfaom ausmif;aygif;ajcmuf
axmifausmf ysucf &hJ yku
H kd pOf;pm;oifMh uygonf/
a&S;kd;ausmif;rsm;
rdrw
d Ydk rarG;cif a&S;,cifu tpk;d &taxmuftyHt
h cHaom
a&S;k;d bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;vnf; &S\
d ? xkad usmif;rsm;0,f
rsm;pGmaom bke;f awmfBu;D wko
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hf uG xdt
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69
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ac: qk;H raomtcg trsm;tm;jzifh em;axmifMuonf? xkad cwfu
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vnf;jzpf &Gmol&mG om;wk\
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70
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wcsKUd rSm &[ef;b0txd qufvufaeMuonf? ausmif;om; (50)
cefrY S av;ig;a,mufavmufu &[ef;jzpf omoemh0efuk d xrf;aqmif
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avmu\ jzpfwwfaomoabm
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oabm wpfrsK;d ukd awGU&\? xko
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ckid Nf rw
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71
tpm;rxk d ; rd a tmif tNrJ B ud K ;pm; ae&\? rBud K ;pm;vQif
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72
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wkid ;f jynfrsm;
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hf nf; oufqidk yf gonf/
73
tyrawm yrawok okawok A[kZm*a&m
tAvH0 oDCaom [dwmG ,mwd okar"aom/
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75
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k o
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pmajcmufcikd ;f Muav\/
76
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oif&aompm
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MunfMh uygOD; ...oifyek ;f Bu;D r*Fvokwf y&dwBf u;D avmueDwd
paom oif;kd pmrsm; jzpf\? r*Fvokwf avmueDwrd mS vlb
Y 0
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jrifv
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kd f oifavh&adS om pmrsm;udk oif pmar;yGJ
rsm;udk atmifjrifMuyg\? pmar;yGaJ tmifNy;D tcg wcsKd U vlxu
G f
77
wcsdKU ysHawmfrlMu\? rdrdausmif;odkY jyef uav;oli,frsm;
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78
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f ;dk wufaeaom bmomjcm; ausmif;rsm;\
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80
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ygawmhrnf/
81
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82
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83
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d f aornfh udp yif tok;H csaeouJo
h Ydk arQmv
f ifch suu
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NrifraNymif;aomfvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifhvnf;aumif;
vlUabmifoYdk aNymif;\? xko
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'um 'umrwko
Yd nf t*Fvyd f [dEL ouw[laombmoE&
(bmomtrsK;d rsK;d ) oif,Nl cif;ukd tm;ray;0HMh uay/
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bmoE& oifMu&m rdru
d kd qdq
k ;kH rrnfh q&morm;ESihf uif;uGm
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oif,&l ygonf? t*Fvyd pf aom bmomrsm; bk&m;a[mawmfrl
tyfaom yd#uw&m;awmfrsm;uJo
h Ykd o'gw&m; wd;k yGm;apEkid af om
84
bmomaoG;
85
omoEukd oifolrSm awmfawmfwefwef o'gtajccH&SdkHjzifh
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pmawGU ,ckacwf vufawGUtm;jzifh aumif;aumif;Bu;D oabm
aygufxm;oifMh uygonf/
tajccHaumif;vQif rysuf
bmomtrsKd ; rsKd ; uk d oif , l w wf a jrmuf a omf v nf ;
ysufpD;roGm;bJ omoemhwm0efukd ykd xrf;aqmifEdkifaom
yk*Kd vrf sm;udv
k nf; awGUEdik af yonf? (1) yxr a&Tusiq
f &mawmf
ysHvGefawmfrl 'kwd,a&Tusifomoemykdif jzpfawmfrlaom
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kd ;f Bu;D udv
k nf; txuf atmuf
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(2) bkef;BuD;\ aus;Zl;awmf&Sif jzpfawmfrlaom a&Tusif
ed u m,Ou | r[mem,u t* r [my@d w ousoD [
"rmp&d, tb,m&mra&T*q
l &mawmfonf xdk r[m0do'k g kH
q&mawmfBuD; txH ouwbmoBudk avhvmawmfrl\?
86
bmomaoG;
87
(5) a&Tusief u
d m,Ou| r[mem,u t*r[my@dw
ousoD["rmp&d, jzpfawmfrlaom pnf&Sifq&mawmfonf
jrefrmEdik if H vnf;aumif; tdE,
d vnf;aumif; [dEL ouw
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vnf; Am&mPoDoYdk apvTw
f [dEL ouw t*Fvyd pf mwku
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oif,al pawmfryl gonf/
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wm0efudk aqmifaeaom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udk Mum;zl;yg\/
88
bmomaoG;
q&maumif;xH enf;cHyg
q&muif; bmoE&oif,jl cif; ysupf ;D zG,rf sm;aMumif;udk
jy q&maumif ; rsm;\ Mo0g'ruif ; aom bmoE & oif
yk*Kd vrf sm;rysupf ;D aMumif;udk jycJyh gNy?D xdaYk Mumif]h ]*Pef;ocsmF ESihf
bmoE&wdkYudk (omoemxdef;odrf;rnf[laom ormqEjzifh)
oif,lMuaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf tav;jyKavmufaom q&m
orm;rsm; txH enf;cH oif,rl o
S m &nf&,
G cf suf txajrmuf
p&m&Sdonf}}[k rSwfcsufwpfck &aeygonf? xkdrSwfcsufonf
rSev
f aS y\?
89
rdro
d nfyif tav;jyKavmufaom q&mtqufquftxH
enf;cHoif,l qHk;rMo0g'ESifh tkyfcsKyfenf;udkyg vufawGU
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k w
f mtkycf sKyrf w
I m0efukd
q&mrsm;\ enf;udrk ;DS odyo
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rdr\
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kH kd tusO;f rQ jyygOD;rnf?
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rdro
d nf i,fpOfup taetxdik af umif;aom q&morm;
rsm;ESifh tqifhqifh BuD;yGm;cJh&\? a&Tusif*dkPf;BuD;\ 'kwd,
omoemydik o
f nf ab;awmf awmfpyf\? jycJah om Ou| r[m
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l
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k kd ud,
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d u
kd m; ti,fq;kH jzpf
tm;vH;k uyif ta&;ay;Muygonf/
90
bmomaoG;
r[m*EmHk q&mawmftxH
(14)ES p f o m;avmuf u p ppf u d k i f ; awmif d k ; yxr
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J m;aom wH;k uav;udk oH;k csuaf cguf wHcg;udak omhcwfNy;D
jyefc&hJ ygonf/
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k csed f ywf0ef;usiEf iS w
hf uG r[m*EmHk acsmifBu;D onf
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91
wifyviaf cG pm;&\? qGr;f vkwjf yifyu
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r[m*E m H k q &mawmf b k & m;onf
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tawmf M umayNyD ? xd k t cg rd r d \ &[ef ; jzpf a &;ud k
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bk&m;onf rdrdtm; aemufqHk; OyZm,fjyK xdkESpfrSmyif
ysv
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bk&m;BuD;\ a,m*DoHCmawmfrsm;rSvnf;aumif; ajrmif;jr
92
bmomaoG;
93
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qGr;f avmif;jcif; aeYBu;D &ufBu;D rsm; txl;qufuyf vSL'gef;jcif;
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omoema&; txifao; tjrifao;yif jzpfaeygonf/
94
bmomaoG;
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qkvmbf&jcif;[laom tusK;d rsm;onf rsm;pGmaom pmoifom;wkYd
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95
tvrm,fq&m\ a>ruku
d cf &H aomenf;wnf;? ,cktcg pmcswef;
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pmukd oifaeMu\? okYd jzpfjcif;vnf; ysupf ;D zd&Yk m eD;uyfvmaom
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96
bmomaoG;
97
q&mbkef;BuD;rsm;wm0ef
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98
bmomaoG;
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l u
Ydk
aq;ukay; Mu\? bkef;Bud;od&aom oDv&Sifq&mrBud;\
aq;ukyrHk mS tvGeaf rwmukPm yg\? wcsKUd um; uk|a&m*g
onfrsm;ukdyif uko NyKpkMu\? olwkdY\ arwm ukPm
touf0ifaeaom aq;ukrI aMumifh olwu
Ydk dk tm;uk;d Mu\?
arwm ukPm twkNYH yefMu\? ol wku
Yd m; rBu;d yGm;bJ rae
{uef Bu;d yGm;cGi&hf ydS gayonf? oDv&Sif q&mrBu;d wkYd tkycf sKyaf om
rEav;uGeAf ifah usmif;um; ausmif; oltrsK;d orD;uav;rsm;
(ae&mr&avmufatmif) Nynfv
h Q
H ae ygawmhonf/
99
oDv&Sirf sm;\0efaqmifausmif;wku
d f
Ak'b
mom0if oDv&Sirf sm;vnf; acwfEiS hf avsmn
f pD mG trsK;d
orD;uav;rsm;ukd ynmoifay;rI tusiphf m&dw jyKjyifrrI sm;ukd
jyKapvkdygonf? xkdokdY jyKjyifzkdY&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf
0efaqmif ausmif;wku
d f vkyd gouJo
h Ykd oDv&Sirf sm;twGuv
f nf;
trSeyf if 0ef aqmifausmif;wku
d f vkyd gvdrrhf nf? xko
d Ydk 0efaqmif
ausmif;wku
d 0f ,f pepfusaom ynmukd oif,Ml uNy;D aemuf rdrw
d Ydk
NrKUd &Gme,fy,foYdk jyef trsK;d orD;rsm;\ tm;uk;d &mrsm; jzpfEidk rf S
om wpfenf;wpfvrf;tm;Nzifh a&S;bduK eD ax&Drwk\
Yd ae&m
0if Ak'o
m oemh0efudk xrf;aqmif&m a&mufMuygvdrrhf nf/
usef;rma&;ynmoifyg
Ak'b
mom0if oDv&Sirf sm;ukd bmomNcm; oDv&Sirf sm; uJo
h Ykd
olem NyKq&mr vkyyf g[k rwku
d w
f eG ;f vkyd g? ok&Yd mwGif rdrd ad usmif;
twGif;&Sd oDv&Sifrsm;ESifh wynfhruav;wkdY\ usef;rma&;
apmifha&Smuf EkdifzkdY&ef usef;rma&;ynmukdum; oifMum;zkdY
vkyd gonf? oDv&Sif omru &[efawmfrsm;vnf; &[ef;oHCm
tcsif;csif; apmifha&SmufzkdY&efESifhausmif;om;oli,frsm;ukd
apmifah &Smufz&Ydk ef ausmif; wGi;f use;f rma&;ynmukd wwfoifh
ygonf? Ak'N rwfpmG onf aboZcEu[k ac:aom ygVdawmf
wpf&yfvkH; aq;enf;rsm;ukd a[mawmfrlyg\? ]]q&monf
wynfh ruse;f rmvQif NyKpv
k yk af uR;& rnf}}[k ynwfawmfr\
l ?
yOut*Fw
k K &d f *dvme0*fum; ]]*dvme twGuf aq;pDrw
H wf
100
bmomaoG;
wm0efaqmif&jcif;tusKd;
rdrdwdkY ,ckawGY&aom Ak'omoemawmfukd 0denf;vrf;
okwe v
f rf; tbd"rmvrf;ESihf tnD xrf;aqmifMuygrl xkx
d rf;
aqmifol q&m 'um tm;vkH;yif omoemawmfESifh pyf
odxu
dk &f xku
d af om r*f zkv
d f edAm ef\ taMumif;yg&rDudk uk,
d pf D
uk,
d if &Ny;D jzpfMuygvdrrhf nf? edAm efudk rsuaf rSmuf rjyKEidk af o;
oHo&mc&D;ukd oGm;ae&pOfvnf; Ak'jrwfpGm\ t,l0g'ESifh
qefu
Y siaf om rdpm t,lrsm;ukkd ,lrmS ;Ekid pf &m r&Sad wmhyg? awGU&m
MuK&H m b0wkid ;f 'kpku
d t
f rIuv
dk nf; trsm;tm;jzifh a&Smif&mS ;
Edik pf &m &Syd gonf? ok0PoQrZf mwfawmf t&Sirf [muy
tavmif; r,fb'g tavmif;wkdYonf jrpfurf;ESpfzuf&Sd
wHig&GmolBu;d rsm;\ om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf; ig;ukd tvGef
oem; rowfrdMuyg? olwkdYESpfOD; vufxyfNyD;aomtcg
aqGrsK;d tm;vk;H ESihf pdwcf si;f rwl awmxGuo
f mG ;Muygonf? okYd
'kpku
d f owfjzwfru
I dk rjyKEidk jf cif; onf a&S;b0a[mif;wku
Yd
txkH 0goemaumif; ygvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
101
BuKcH aJ omomoem
Ak'j rwfpmG wpfql wpfq\
l omoemonf tvGef ay:vmzkYd
cJ ,Of;\? bke;f Bu;d wk\
Yd bk&m;tavmif;awmf yg&rDNznf&h m0,f
av; toacsEF iS hf urmwpfoed ;f \twGi;f rSm (bk&m;&Siaf ygif;
ESpu
f syd f av;qlomyGichf ahJ omaMumif)h omoemrsK;d rSm ESpq
f ,fh
av;Burd o
f m MuKcH &hJ zl;onf? xkrd Qavmuff cJ,Of;aom omoem
awmfBu;d xGe;f ay:csed 0f ,f rdrd u
d vlb
Y 0ukd &aezkv
Yd nf; wpfqifh
cJ,Of;jyef \? vlb
Y 0 &jyefygvnf; Ak'o
moemukd ,kMH unfaom
vlb
Y 0&zku
Yd m; xyfr
H cJ,Of;Nyef\? Ak'o
moemukd ,kMH unfaom
vlYb0 ukd &jyefygvnf; omoemawmfudk jyKpkaom o'g
qEEiS o
hf v
D orm"d ynm Opm"e jynfph o
Hk l jzpfz&Ydk ef xyfr
H
c,Of;jyef\? xkdYaMumifh awGYzkdY MuKHzkdY cJ,Of;orQ tvkH;pkH
jynfph aHk eaom q&m 'um [lorQwo
Ydk nf obm0ususEiS hf
tm;&zG,f omoemawmfukd rjzpfrae tm;oGef;BudK;yrf;
tpGr;f ukex
f rf;Muapvkyd gonf? ae&m0,f bmomjcm;
yk*KdvfwkdY\ olwdkY omoem wkd;yGm;a&; tm;pkdufMuykHukd
owdjyKapvkyd gonf/
102
bmomaoG;
bmomudkvnf; txifrao;ESifh
bk & m;yG i f h a wmf r l v mjcif ; onf ed A m ef j rif a tmif usif h E d k i f
olrsm;twGuf edAm efa&mufaMumif; vrf;aumif; vrf;rSeu
f kd
a[mjyzdo
Yk mruyg? avBud Bu;D yGm; csr;f omaMumif; enf;vrf;
103
aumif;udkvnf; nTefjyzdkYjzpfygonf? xdkodkY nTefjy&mvnf;
aemufb0a&mufrS csr;f oma&;udo
k m nTejf yonf r[kwyf g?
vuf&b
dS 0rSmyif csr;f omzdYk enf;vrf;udv
k nf; nTejf yygonf?
Oyrm-vlrdkufESifhraygif;& vlvdrmESifhom aygif;ygpaom
nTefjyjcif;rsdK; or'gav;yg;paom w&m;rsdK;wnf;? toif
acwfynmwwf wdo
Yk nf Edik if t
H ESt
YH jym; bk&m;apwD qif;wk
awmfrsm; vdo
k avmufxufyakd tmif wnfxm;MuyHk taysmt
f yg;
bk&m;yGJ ausmif;yGJ vkyMf uyHk bk&m;twGi;f roefrY &Si;f wnf&ydS u
kH kd
Munfh vnf;aumif; &[ef; omraP wcsdKU\ oGm;vm
0wfpm;yHkudk Munfhvnf;aumif; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;Mu
aomufMuESihf Oykoaf pmifyh u
kH kd Munf
h vnf;aumif; a<u;,l
om;&Sijf yKpaom 'gejyKMuyHk &[ef;awmfrsm;u 'getusKd ;a[m
ud,
k w
f ikd u
f rvSLbJ ,lo
kH m,lMuyHu
k kd Munf
h vnf;aumif;
Ak'j rwfpmG \ r[mukPm Bu;D rm;pGmjzifh wnfxm; awmfrt
l yf
aom bmomESifh omoemawmfudk txiftjrifao;Muay
vdrrhf nf? odaYk omf xdt
k vkyrf sm;onf bk&m;&Si\
f tvdak wmfus
r[kwMf uyg? tvdu
k d r[kwaf Mumif; udv
k nf; tem*wfomoem
a&;pmtkyf &Si;f jyxm;ygNy/D
vufawGUr[kwfvQif r,Hkbl;vm;
toifacwfynmwwfwo
Ykd nf wd;k wufaeaom avmu
"mwf ynmaMumifhvnf; Ak'bmomudk txifao;Hkru
Ak'w&m;awmfawG vGJrSm;aeNyD[k wcsdKUu ,lqygvdrfhrnf?
104
bmomaoG;
ae&m0,f tawmfus,u
f s,f a&;zdv
Yk akd omfvnf; tenf;
i,frQ a&;jyygrnf? Ak'w
&m;awmf0,f ]]0denf; tbd"rm
okwe }f }[k oH;k rsKd ;&S\
d ? 0denf;onf &[ef;awmf\ taetxdik f
tajymtqdk ,Ofaus;zd&Yk ef nTejf yaom w&m;awmfjzpf\? wcsKd U
yk*Kd vaf wG r,Ofaus;jcif;rSm 0denf;awmftwdik ;f rvdu
k ef mvdo
Yk m
jzpfygonf? tbd"rmonf kyo
f abm emrfoabmudt
k ppftrSef
a[mjyaom w&m;awmf jzpf\? xdw
k &m;um; y|mef;w&m;awmf
wdkifatmif em;vnfav omoem bmomudk av;pm;av
jzpfap\? xdw
k &m;ESprf sKd ; rauseyfz,
G rf &S?d avmu"mwfEiS hf
ppfav tbd"rmu auseyf apav jzpfygvdrrhf nf? ow0gwdYk
w&m;txl;udk &apEdkifaom w&m;awmfonf xdk0denf;
xdt
k bd"rmr[kwf okwe w
f &m;awmfom jzpf\? ckb0 aemuf
b0wdkY csrf;omokc&atmif nTefjyaom w&m;awmfvnf;
okwefw&m;awmfyif jzpf\? xdkokwefw&m;awmfrsm;wGif
Zmwfawmfrsm;vn;f yg0if\? ae vwdYk vSnyhf wf oGm;vmyHrk sm;
vnf; yg0if\? xdaYk Mumifh xdo
k w
k e rf S w&m;wcsKd Uudk acwfynm
wwfwu
Ykd vufawGUr[kw
f r,HEk ikd b
f J &SMd uayvdrrhf nf/
tppftrSefonf y,fp&mr[kwf
acwfynmwwfrsm;udk ar;vdyk gonf? opfyifBu;D udk ckwv
f SJ
ewfzrf;pm;jcif; wapo&l J ajcmufjcif; pke;f yl;jcif; tpdr;f
aou yl;ajymjcif; vl0ifpm;u a&S;jzpfa[mif;udk ajymjcif;
porsm; wpf&w
H pfcg &Sw
d wfonf r[kwaf vm? xdek wf wap
105
polwo
Ykd nf rsujf rif r[kwMf uyg? avmu"mwfenf;jzifv
h nf;
rodEikd yf g? Ak'b
momurl vlEiS rhf wlaom ewfb0 Nyw
d m b0
wpfrsKd ;[k qdx
k m;av&m avmu"mwfEiS hf wdu
k q
f ikd
f r&vQi^f
vufawGU rjrif&vQif r[kwEf ikd f r&SEd idk [
f k ,lqoifyh grnfavm?
trTmyl;arG;vmaom uav;ESpaf ,mufonf rdb\ aoG;om;ESihf
ywf0ef;usirf sm;u wpfxyfwnf; wlygvsuf pdwcf si;f rwlykH
Pfcsi;f rwlykH tusKd ;ay;jcif; rwlyu
kH kd awGU&\? avmu"mwf
ynmjzifh tb,foYkd qH;k jzwfrnfenf;? Ak'w
&m;awmfurl a&S;a&S;
b0u uHcsi;f rwlaomaMumifh xdu
k o
hJ Ykd rwlbJ uGjJ ym; &onf[k
qdx
k m;ygonf? vufawGU r[kw
f r,Hv
k Qif tjcm;pOf;pm;zG,u
f kd
jyMuygavm/
bke;f Bu;D um; ]]avmu"mwfq&mwd\
Yk vufawGU prf;oyf
orQ jrefjref txajrmufygap}}[k qkawmif;ygonf? taMumif;
um; vufawGUvdkufav Ak'w&m;awmfESifhudkufav jzpf&
rnfom jzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;? wcsKd Ut&m0,f vufawGUESihf
pmawGUrwlrQbJ vufawGUu rSew
f maocsmvQif ]]usr;f pmxJ
ygaompum;onf a&S;oH*g,emoH;k wefwiG f yg0ifcahJ omw&m;
r[kw}f }[k y,fxw
k v
f u
kd f ykH if jzpf\? bk&m;&Sio
f nf y,fp&m
r[kw?f w&m;rSev
f nf; y,fp&mr[kwyf g? w&m;usi
hf t&d,m
jzpfaom oHCmvnf; y,fp&mr[kwyf g/ ae&m0,f ,HMk unf
avmufol vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfa,muf\ udk,fawGU0wKudk
azmfjyvdyk gonf
106
bmomaoG;
107
]]0efaxmufrif; 'DtdrfrSm raeygESifY? uRefawmf 'Dtdrfukd
0ifvmawmY tdr&f iS rf ol&u
J dk awGU&ygonf? olu rqkid w
f o
YJ rl sm;
'Dtrd af ewm rBuKu
d yf g}} [k ajymavonf/
]]tu,f 'Dtrd rf mS aecsiv
f Qif tdr&f iS rf ol&u
J Ed k iS af y;rnf}}
[kajymaomfvnf; ukdifcsif;pmaomtm;jzifh ]]olu raeap
csiv
f Qif rae&kaH ygh ESiaf wmhrESiyf gESi}hf } ajym wpfjcm;tdro
f Ydk
rdom;wpfpk ajymif;a&TUMu&onf? xkad emuf 0efrif; &k;H wwfEidk f
aomtcg &k;H pma&;wkt
Yd m; xkt
d rd Bf u;D \ taBumif;ukd ar;&m
xkt
d rd &f iS rf onf olu Ak'b
mom jzpfaomfvnf; bmomrwl
aom t*Fvdyfujym;ESifh taMumif;yg vifut&ifaoNyD;
aemuf olaocgeD;0,f vSL'gef;vk
d bPfuaiGudk xkwaf y;&ef
ajymaomfvnf; xkwrf ay;Muojzifh pdwrf aumif;jzpfNy;D aooGm;
&m xkt
d rd rf mS (ol&jJ zpfaMumif;) ajymMu\? ol\t&yfvnf;
ykyk jywfjywfyif[k ajyjyMuavonf/
EkdifiHjcm;rSm aemufykdif;rcsrf;om
toifacwfynmwwfwo
Ydk nf ,cktcg xdyw
f ef;a&muf
aeaom EkdifiHrsm;0,f avmuedAmef &aeMuNyD;[k awG;um
oGm;&nf,adk umif; ,kMd uygvdrrYf nf? Ekid if jH cm;rS jyefvmaom
Akv
d rf LS ;wpfa,muf tajymrSm xkx
d ifovkd r[kwyf g? touf
t&G,f i,forl sm;onf tvkyu
f dk rem;rae vkyMf u tm;vyf
csed u
f dk r&-t&,lum aysmEf idk o
f rQ aysmMf uESihf i,f&,
G af om
toufwrf; tcsed u
f dk ausmv
f eG af pMu\? touf(60)ausmf
108
bmomaoG;
w&m;awmf\ okc
jrefrmEkdifiHum; xkdt&G,fwkdifatmif touf&Sifae
olwUdk twGuf (w&m;vku
d pf m;zk&Yd m ) tvGeaf umif;aom tcsed f
tcg jzpf\? ig;yg;oDv ponfudk rusK;d raygufatmif xde;f
rdrd0goemygaom bm0emwpfrsLd;rsKd;ukd yGm;rsm;aeEkdifvQif
b0 pdwcf sr;f omrIudk vufawGU&Ekid \
f ? vltrsm;u w&m;
jzifah eNcif; ukd ysi;f p&m[k xifMu\? trSet
f m;Nzifu
h m; w&m;Nzifh
aejcif;onf ysi;f p&mr[kwyf g? oDvukd tajccH w&m;tmkH
,laeaomtcg ukokdvfpdwf jzpf\? xkdukokdvfpdwf yDwd
aomrewdkY (trsm;tm;jzifh) yg0if\? yDwd-ESpfoufjcif;
aomre-0rf;ajrmufjcif;wku
Yd m; Munfvif&iG yf saomw&m;rsm;
jzpf xku
d o
k v
dk jf zpfcsed rf mS trSeaf ysmaf rGUMu&ygonf? okcrsK;d ukd
109
Edik if jH cm; tbk;d tbGm;wkYd vkcd siMf uaomfvnf; a'ouku
d xkd
okcrsK;d ukd nTejf yEkid af om y#d lya'o (oifah wmfaomt&yf)
r[kwyf g? jrefrmEkid if u
H m; xkd w&m;rsK;d ukd rsm;pGm nTejf yEdik af om
y#d l y a'o jzpf y gonf ? xk d Y
aMumif h toif
acwfynmwwfwo
Ydk nf Ekid if aH usm
f tjcm;
Ekid if u
H dk
arQmf r nf h t pm; Ed d k i f i H obm0twk d i f ; &&S d a eaom
taumif;rsm;udo
k m wu,faumif;^raumif; jrnf;prf;apvkyd g
onf/
aemuf b 0r&S d [ k , l o l ES p f z uf I H ;
b,fupd r sK;d rqkd rdrd pd w
d rf mS ESpcf jk zpfaevQif rrSm;Ekid af om
vrf;ukd vku
d &f ygonf? bmomjcm;wpfcsKUd u ]]aemufb0r&S}d }[k
qk\
d ? Ak'b
momu ]]aemufb0&S\
d }}[kq\
dk ? ]]aemufb0r&S}d }[k
,l o l w k d Y o nf rd r d u k d , f u k d a pmif h p nf ; xd e f ; od r f ; xm;zk d Y
ta&;rMuD ; awmh yg? vl c sif ; quf q H & m0,f
tqifrajyrnfpkd;aomaMumifhom apmifh pnf;zkdY vkdygonf?
okjYd zpfvQif xko
d rYl mS Ak'w
&m;awmft& 'kpku
d f raumif;rIrsm;ukd
a&SmifzkdYvnf; ta&;rMuD;awmhyg? ,ckb0rSm vnf;
vlwpfyg;u ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom vlaumif;wpfa,muf
jzpfaumif;rS jzpfawmhrnf? xko
d Ydk t,l&o
dS al wG vlrsm;pk jzpfaeygrl
xko
d w
l Ydk rsm;aomae&monf pdwcf svufcs aecGi&hf awmhrnf
rxif
yg?
wpf z ef
ol w k d Y , l q onf h t wd k d i f ;
aemuf b 0r&S d w mrS e f v Qif cH o m ygao;\? tu,f
110
bmomaoG;
111
tdrfaxmifjyKvkdaom pdwf qEum; enf;yg;ygvdrfhrnf?
xku
d o
hJ aYdk om trsK;d om;aumif;rsm; &Sv
d Qif omoemabmifoYkd
0if trsKd ; bmomtusKd ; uk d aqmif vS n f h y gavm?
bk&m;vufxufawmfrS p omoemawmfudk rsm; pGmaom
rif;nDrif;om;ESifh trsKd;aumif;om;wkdY aqmifvmcJhaMumif;
odz&Ydk m omoem0if tpOftqufudk a&;om;cJyh gonf? jyef
MunhMf uyg? acwfynmwwfjy;D olonf bk&m;w&m;awmf (yd#u)
oufoufuo
dk m q&maumif;ESihf oifygrl ESprf sm;pGm rMumbJ
tbd " r m ES i f h w uG wwf a jrmuf E k d i f y gonf ? xk d o k d Y
yd#uoif,al epOf bmoE& oifvadk om pmcsy*k K v
d rf sm;ukv
d nf;
ajE&&ESifh rdrdu oifjyEkdifygao;onf? rdrdwpfa,mufu
omoemh u suf o a& aqmif aewm jrif v Qif tvm;wl
trsKd ; aumif ; om;vl i ,f r sm;vnf ;
]]om
oemhwm0efuadk qmifvsuf yg&rD jznfu
h m wpfoufwm t
csdeftcgukd aumif;aom vGefjcif;jzifh vGefoGm;Edkifonf}}[k
oabm aygufMuygvdrrhf nf? enf;tm;jzifh omoemawmfonf
acwf ynmwwf trsK;d om;wk\
Yd yg&rDjznf
h aysmaf rGU&mvnf;
jzpf Ak' bmom0ifw\
Ydk tm;uk;d &mvnf; jzpfEidk yf gonf/
ynmwwf xuf j ruf o l r sm;
,ck t cg
acwf y nmvnf ;
wwf
pd w f v nf ; xuf j ruf M uaom tcsKd U vl i ,f r sm;onf
Ekid if aH umif;pm;a&;twGuf pGepYf m;vkakd om qEjyif;jyonfudk
112
bmomaoG;
113
jzpf aus;vuf &Gmaygif;rsm; \ tm;ud;k &m jzpfEikd Mf uygonf?
xd k Y a Mumif h ]]&[ef ; b0onf vl 0 wf aMumif b0xuf
avmutusK;d udk yd
k aqmifEikd af omb0}}[k pOf;pm;rd MuygvQif
omoemawmf a bmif
0if
qif ; &J o m;rsm;ud k
jri w
hf ifvn
S Mhf uygavm/
trsKd ; orD ; ol a wmf a umif ; rsm;
uybk & m;&S i f v uf x uf a wmf ud u D & S i f b k & if r S m
orDawmf ckEpS af ,muf &S\
d ? olwo
Ykd nf bduK eD jyKvyk cf iG hf r&ojzifh
vl U abmif yif Oyk o f o D v xd e f ; tES p f E S p f a omif ; rQ
aumif ; rI j yKcJ h M u\?
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,ck a cwf trsKd ; orD ; rsm;vnf ; rd r d \ a&S ; a&S ; b0u
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rsm;onf ynmay;aom q&mrtjzpf q&m0efrtjzpfjzifh
olwb
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bke;f Bu;D wdYk Ak'b
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114
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115
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tok H ; aqmif w k d Y u d k
awG U &\?
wpf E S p f r S w pf c g
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omoemjyKausmif;wku
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onf tNrJ *kpu
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d w
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tok;H 0ifaom ypn;f udo
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rtyf a omaiG
rudkifaumif; rokH;pGJaumif; rpDrHaumif;aomaMumifh
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ajymprSwfjyKMuonf? xkdodkY rtyfjcif;rSmvnf; bk&m;&Sifu
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f Qif
116
bmomaoG;
117
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118
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ukd Munf
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120
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121
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122
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125
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126
bmomaoG;
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128
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138
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140
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