Luminary 3

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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9
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tjiif;ryGm;bl; ‘ol ’vdk ol&aJ umif;
wnf=unfjywfom;pGm ig uAsmorm;
tvkyef @J oufaojy uavmifaomhum uAsmzG@J vd@k
ud,
k ohf rdik ;f udk OD;!Gwf *k%jf yKw,fav; —?
‘&J&ifah jymifajrmufpmG ’ armfueG ;f xd;k
acgi;f aqmifaumif; yDocJo h —
l ? Myu Tsaw
13 Feb 2009

Volume 3, No.5 11
tvif;tdrf
atmf— b0 b0 'ef;bk&k ay:rS cHpm;csufrsm;
wc%yif jzwfoef;&
toufw&m rae&
tr_w&mawmh ayG=u& ?
ckvyJ J =unfah v
uAsmq&m usaemfw@kd b0
tvkyv f yk &f if;eJ@ pOf;pm;
pOf;pm;&if;eJ@ tvkyv f yk af e=u& ?
'ef;bk&(k uyfxpl uULjym;) tpkwaf y:rSm

awG;qvd@k t[kwrf eS &f m
a&;csv@kd o&kyaf z: jyefwm
jynfo@l b0 tjzpfreS af wGyg ?
wcgwcg jyefvnf awG;=unfh ckrsm;rawmh 'd@k jrefrmjynf

ajy;p&m jrefrmjynfol tcsi;f csi;f
ajr(wdik ;f jynf)r&Sd wAdv k w
f uf wAdv k q f if;
aqG;p&m tar(rdcif) r&Sd Edik x
hf ufp;D eif; tkycf sKyf&if;eJ@
aw;uAsmawG a&;aerdayg@ ? ESpaf ygi;f awmif (60)ausmcf ahJ yg@ ?
a&;rdjyefawmh tcgcg ESpaf wGb,favmuf=um=um

awG;rdjyefawmh &ifemp&m tjzpfawG b,favmufemem
tqif;&Sw d mu jrefrmjynf &[ef;&Siv f l ausmif;om;jynfol
owif;r&Sw
d mvJ jrefrmjynfayg@ ? wlwn l n
D vD ufcsi;f ,Suv f @kd
taocHwu kd yf 0JG if=uygp@kd
bmrxDwhJ jrefrmjynfrmS awmfveS af &; &Jabmftaygi;f wd@k ?
tmZmenfawG ay:xGe;f cJh
e,fcs@J eJ@ zufqpfuykd if av;av;tdk(O\majr)
olrwlatmif wdu k x
f w
k Ef ikd cf ?hJ azaz:0g&D v -20 -2009
12
tvif;tdrf
ycH;k csif;quf vufcsif;,Supf kd h
wd@k wawG tcsi;f csi;f

tifwmeuf owif;
twif;tzsi;f awGe@J
AHv
k wkH vSnhf iysw
H vSnhf
xd;k ESuaf e=u&ifawmhjzifh
2010 ta&; &ifav;rdw,f?

nD!w G f &if;eJ@
jynfwiG ;f jynfy
pnf;vH;k r_ tiftm;
aqmufwnfxm;rS
2010 ta&;rSm wd@k tav;omr,f?
ycH;k csi;f quf
vufcsi;f ,SuI f
&J&ifw h u kd yf JG
qifumE$rJ S
2010 ta&;rSm atmifycJG rH ,f?
jr0if;pd;k
2-2-2009

13
tvif;tdrf
ouf&adS ehrsm;
onfae@ vnf; —
cgwikd ;f ae@awG vdyk gyJ
bmwpfcrk S rxl;jcm;
=um;aeus em&DE;_d pufoeH @J twl
tmZmenfrsKd ;qufrmefw@kd
qlyuG v f @kd Ed;k xcJw
h ,f/
rsuaf phEpS v
f ;kH zGiw
hf meJ@
awmfveS af &;wHcg; yGiahf wmhwmyJ/
pm;vnf; 'Dpw d — f
oGm;vnf; 'Dpw d — f
vmr,fh pufwifbmrSm
tdyv f nf; 'Dpw d — f
(tJonf raumif;qd;k 0g;aumifawG)
[dw— f
oufq;kd wpfcg &Snjf yefrayg@/
tdyrf ufxaJ wmif
emusn;f wJph wd ef @J
a,mifwahJ umif/
twdwu f &kd efvkd
wpfae@ukd t}udro f ;kH q,favmuf
wpfae@ukd
awmufracgu&f &if
enf;enf; enf;enf;pD
aeraumif;csib f ;l /
aoaecJw h ,f/
b,favmuftxd
ae@wikd ;f —
&Sio f efciG &hf rdS vJ
rSww f ikd w
f pfwikd f
odcsiaf o;&J@/
ordik ;f opfwpfck
onfvekd @J —
jyKpkxq k pf
(wpfae@ +yD;wpfae@)
jrefrmjynfopfukd igcspof vdk
ae@awGukd paw;
ae@awGukd igcsp&f @J ? ?
&Sio
f efjcif;awGukd ay;&if;
pD;csi;f xd;k cJw
h m
ausmfxeG ;f Edik f
20-02-2009
14
tvif;tdrf
tem*wfuzkd efw;D juygpdk h
ol@ac|;wpuf
ud,
k ahf c|;wpuf
ac|;pufcsi;f aygi;f
ac|;acsmif;ork'&N mjzpfvmr,f?
ol@aoG;wpuf
ud,
k ahf oG;wpuf
aoG;wpufcsi;f aygi;f
aoG;acsmif;ork'&N mjzpfvmr,f?
pnf;vH;k jcif;onftm;
nD!w G jf cif;tm;
ESv;kH om;xJrmS
t+rJo0kd u S f
xufjrufwv hJ ufawGe@J
tem*wfukd zefw;D =uygp@kd / ?
8888 aoG;opf&aJ bmfrsm;

15
tvif;tdrf
qufvuf&iS o
f efaejupdk h
Ed;k =um;wJh igw@kd wawGtwGuf

tarSmifqw kd mudk rr_b;l /
nawGu qufcg qufcg
tvif;wef;u aysmufvv k k
jrif&vkvek @J pGe@f pm;cJ=h u&wJh
igw@kd wawG&@J b0 ?
tarSmifqw kd mvnf; r&Sv d @kd rjzpf

tvif;qdw k mvnf; rvmvd@k rjzpf/
tvif;qdw k m aysmuf&;kd xH;k pHr&So
d vdk
tarSmifawGu, G af ysmufv@kd
tvif;a&mufwhJ tcsed x f d
igw@kd wawG xm0&Ed;k =um;v#uf
qufvuf&iS o f ef ae=upd@k ?
jrwfjrwfausmf

16
tvif;tdrf
tarSmifxu
J a'gif;ppfonf
ta&;}uD;jyD wd@k naD emifw@kd
[efaqmifru _ if;vd@k
ausmcsi;f uyf=upd@k -
ordik ;f a=umif;ajymif;zd@k
ab;uaetm;ray;eJ@
"g;aoG;omxm; ?
awGa0raeeJ@awmh
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f mbm&Sv
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ykid q
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pifay:uae=unfah ewJh
awmfveS o f l rsKd ;ysuw f @kd a&-
ol&aJ umif;awG xGe;f wJah jrrSm

jynfo@l wu kd yf JG atmifyq JG ifz@kd
tarSmifxu J
a'gi;f ppfonf
wdu
k yf 0JG ifz@kd wd@k vm+yD ?
jynfol w
h u
kd yf jJG rSiw
hf ifa&;aumfrwD (CPPA)
17
tvif;tdrf
yef;oD;uav;wvH;k (4)
rdbarwWmwJh orD;r&cJyh gb;l

azvd@k ac:bd@k rsuv
f ;kH eJ@=unfh
OD;aESmufuav;eJ@od E_wu f rxGucf if
qdik u
f ,fow H wd af wmh azaxmifx0J ifomG ;&ayg@—?
arh&@J tm[m&prf;acsmif;vdk
at;jr tm;jynfw h hJ &ifEpS Ef @kd &nf
aomufo;kH pav;rSmbJ rdpm> aumiftE &W ,fukd
ajy;v$m;wdr;f a&Smif tkwef &H aH vSmiftrd x f J
tdraf jrSmifwaumifvkd ar0ifomG ;&ayg@—?
tcgvnfrjynfw h hJ orD;t&G,ef @J
vlwumvufay: pkwo f yf&if;}uD;jyif;
b,foal wG azeJ@arvJ
Eke,fwOhJ ;D aESmufu a0cGrJ &jzpfaeayg@—?
rdbarwWmwJh orD;av;udw k u,fcsp&f mS rSmyg

Eke,fw&hJ ifrmS wu,fcpH m;&ayrJh
&ife@J v,
G af rG;ovdk rm;rm;rwf&yfwnf
jrefrmjynfoal wGtwGuf rdbpdwx f m;vd@k
&ifaoG;i,ftm;vH;k xJrmS orD;wa,mufvyJ grmS bJayg@—?

18
tvif;tdrf
vl@tusKd ;o,fy;kd wJh azeJ@arwd@k &,f

tm;i,fwphJ w d f qmavmifrw G o
f yd rf a_ wGe@J
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d f idak e&ayrJh
oHr%dEv S ;kH om; ao;ao;av;
orD;&ifrmS arG;zGm;aeayg@—?
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orD;vlvm;ajrmufc&hJ if
azeJ@ar ajc&meif; cGmoHjyif;jyif;eJ@
tm%m&Siv f &l ikd ;f wpkukd tHwv k @kd awmfveS f
ESv;kH aoG;v#aH tmifcw G vf u
kd rf ,fv@kd
&nf&, G u f m"dXmefcswhJ
orD;cGyaf 'gi;f aygupf av;bJayg@—?
xGef;jidrf; (abmufaxmfom;)

19
tvif;tdrf
tvif;tdr0f wWKwdk cHpm;rSK&o
“urBmph ;D yGg;a&;ysuu f yfa=umif”h [k qdu k m
usaemf eif;aeonfh qdkufum;udk ydkif&Sifjzpfolu
jyefodrf;oGm;avonf// usaemfhrSm tvkyfvufrJ h
AvmyGJ b0jzifh a&S b h mqufvyk &f rnfukd rod// pOf;pm;&if;

ajcaxmuf wpfzufeJ@ aeonfh yufvufukvm;
xkid af y:od@k tomxdr;f xdik v f u kd pf Of oufjyif; wcsuf
aumhom; u olbmomol tvdv k kd yg;pyfu xGuo f mG ; rdav
onf/ /
,dkifeJ haeonfhcHkeab;wGif tenf;i,f
a=ur$weG @f vrd af eonfh 12 &ufae@xw k f jrefrmh tvif;
owif;pm tydik ;f av;udk aumufuikd =f unhf rdvu kd f
awmh aooyfcef jh im;onfh ppf0wfpjkH zifh Adv k cf sKyf rSL;}u;D
oef;a&$. yHak b;wGif atmufyg pmom; udk awG@&
avonf/
“ tpOfvmaumif;rsm;udk zefwD; azmf
aqmif cJo h nfh tusKd ;&v'faumif; rsm;a=umifh ,Of
aus;r_ tqift h wef;jrifrh m;+yD; trsKd ;*k%f Zmwd*% k f
xGe;f ajymifjrifrh m;aom “jrefrm” [lonf”h usaemf
qufrzwfjzpfawmh//
aus;Zl;&Si}f uD; use;f rm ygap/ csr;f omygap/
qufvuf I wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyfrif; vkyEf ikd yf gap [k
arwWmydk &h if; rsuaf phEpS v f ;kH pHrk w Sd u
f m hh
urBmhpD;yGg;a&;ysufuyfa=umifh EdkifiHwum
enf;wl AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tpdk;&rSvnf; tm;usrcH
pD;ygGa&;usm;uefonfh tpDtpOfrsm;tjzpf jynfol
vlxk tm;vH;k udk tcrJh ,mOfp;D cGi/f tcrJh ynmoifciG @f
tcrJh aq;ukocGihf ponft h pDtpOfrsm;a=umihf us
aemf aysmo f mG ;onf//

20
tvif;tdrf
xd k @ a=umif h usaemf w d k h r d o m;pk a v;. arG ; &yf a jr

“rD;rvif;+rdK @” odk h tvnf oGm;jzpfonf// &xm;ay:wGif ,cifvkd
acgi;f &GuAf swx f ;kd aps;onfrsm;rawG@&awmhay// &xm; wGw J ikd ;f wGif
tpm;taomufrsm;pDpOfxm;onf//usaemf wdk@vdk c&D;oGm;
onfrh o d m;pkrsm;rSm vnf; w+yKH ;+yKH ;jzifh a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk
ajym rqH;k Edik af tmif&v dS o
S nf//
“a&rvm+rdK@” blwmudk0ifawmh &xm;0ef xrf;
rsm;onf c&D;onfrsm;udk vufjyE_wq f uf um &xm;&yfonfEiS hf
a&oef@b;l rsm;udu k rf;onf//
“0g;&if;'kwf+rdK@” blwmta&mufwGifawmh usaemf
tenf;i,f vef o h mG ;onf//xdb k wl mwGif &xm;u r&yf aom “ tpOfvm
a=umifh tqifoifah pmifah eonfh +rdK ch rH sm;u &xm;tjzwfwiG f aumif;rsm;udk
aumufniS ;f xkyrf sm;/ rkef zh ufxyk rf sm;/ aumufniS ;f usnaf xmuf
zefw;D
rsm;jzifh ypfayguu f m }udKavonf/
usaemfw@kd wpfcakH usmw f iG x
f ikd af eonfh ta': }u;D uo@l azmfaqmifco hJ nfh
ezl;udk vufjzifh tomyGwf&if;“olwdk h+rdK hu aumufnSif;u tusKd ;&v'faumif;
tawmfp;D (ap;)oa[@”ajymawmh olEiS @f twl xdik af eol trsKd ; rsm;a=umifh
orD;u “aumufnSif;uawmfawmf qef=urf;u pD;(ap;) ,Of aus;r_
aewmyg”[k ajzvdu k af vonf//
aemufq;kH jzwf&rnfh “zGwaf usmjympk+rdK ”h blwmudk tqift h wef;
a&mufawmh ae@vnf jzpfaeyg+yD// jynfaxmifpk }uH@cikd af &; ESihf zGhH jrifrh m;+yD;
+zdK;a&;toif;}uD;rS }uD;r_;I c&D;onf rsm;udk &xm; &yfonfEiS hf trsKd ;*k%f
uHprf;rJrsm;udk vdkufa0ygonf// rJjym;ay:wGif vufrSwfxdk; Zmwd*% k f
vdkuf&HkjzifhaygufrJudktqifoifhxkwfay;ojzifhc&D;onfrsm;
olxufigtvk t,uf jzpfomG ;onf/
xGe;f ajymif
trsd K orD ; i,f w pf O D ; rS “Avmrygbl ; wJ h tm;vH k ; jrifrh m;aom
aygurf aJ wG csnyhf ”J [k 0rf;omtm;&jzifh vSr;f atmfvu kd of nf// “jrefrm”
ab;wG i f x d k i f a eonf h zcif j zpf [ ef wl a om tbd k ; }uD ; u [lonf”h

21
tvif;tdrf
rsufarSmifusHK@v#uf“at; h h h at; =unhf vnf; aysmfOD;

aygurf aJ wGuae aorJ h h ah orJ awGjzpfuek &f if eifwkd t h ukev f ;kH
uk v m;emwd k u f u k e f r,f od v m;” ab;rS m xd k i f a eonf h
trsKd ;orD;}uD;u ESmacgi;f &_@H vdu k +f yD; rJuh m &GJ u
h mjzihf “jynfyu
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ysuw f ,fav; bmav;eJ@ tckawmh=unhyf gO;D wvrf;vH;k wcgrS
awmif }uHKbl; ygb;l awmf”
xd k t rsd K ;orD ; . tqd k u d k aemuf t rsd K ;orD ; }uD ; u
“tJ'gawG ajymwmaygh ath// rd;k vH;k rdi_ ;f rkom0g' qdv k m; bmqdv k m;
tJ'gawGudk em;raxmif&bl;wJh// usKyfuawmh [efusoat//h
toHxu G wf [ hJ m bmvJ aeprf;ygt;kH awmf tJ'g r&Sad wmh em;udk
at;vdk h”&xm;ay:wGif wpfa,mufwpfaygufjzifh rJudpPrS
pvdu k o f nfh aygurf J aps;uGuo f nf usaemf qif;&rnfh blwm
a&mufonfh txd rwnf+idraf o;ay//
usaemfwkd q h if;&rnfh “rD;rvif;+rdK@” blwmudk &xm;
qduk af wmh rd;k pke;f pke;f csKyfaeyg+yD// ydu
k v f ;kH xdywf iG f rD;Zm wyfxm;+yD
aus;Zl;&Si}f u;D wpfvHavmuf tuGmwGifwpfwdkifxGef;xm;ojzifh blwm}uD;
use;f rmygap/ wckv;kH vif;xdeaf eonf// xdrk ;D wdik af tmufwiG f t&d;k acgi;f yHEk iS hf
csr;f omygap/ owday;wm;jrpfpm csw d xf m;ojzifh usaemf zwf=unfv h ukd o
f nf//
“ owd / rnforl S / rydik &f / rqdik &f / rudik &f / rwdk &h / rxd&/
qufvuf I
aooGm;rnf/ obm0"gwfaiG h rD;wdkifjzpfonf” xkdwm;
wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyf jrpfpmvdv k kd used pf mvdv k kd zwf+y;D usaemfvef o h mG ;onf/c&D;onfawG
rif; touf tE W&m,fjzpfrSmpdk;vdk hxifyg&Jh vdk@ awG; &if; blwmrS
vkyEf ikd yf gap [k usaemfwkd @ro d m;pkav;xGuv f mcJo h nf//
arwWmydk &h if; bl w mtjyif b uf w G i f vl o G m ;vl v menf ; ojzif h
teD;tem;rS vlwpfa,mufukd ar;&if; +rKd t h ajctaeudk tuJcwf
rsuaf phEpS v f ;kH vd k u f o nf / / xd k o l u “+rd K h u vl a wG vd k w & bk & m;yG J ud k
pHrk w
Sd uf m hhh a&mufae=uw,fav” [k wdkwdkwkwfwkwfajz+yD; vSnfhoGm;

22
tvif;tdrf
awmhrnftjyKwGif usaemfu h h h
“ aeygt;kH aemif}uD;&Jh h h bh &k m;yGuJ b,fwek ;f upvd@k
b,fawmhavmuf+yD;rSmvJ h h ”h
xdkolu acgif;ukdukwfv#uf “ vGefcJhwJh tESpf
ESpfq,favmuf uwnf;u pcJhwm tckxdyJ h h hvdkw&
bk&m;eHab;rSm &Hk}uD;aqmuf+yD; a&$a&$arwWm qdkwJh Zmwf
vmuaewm tJ'u D wnf;uyJ h h t h ckxad wmh uvdk ah umif;
aewke;f yJ h h rh +yD;ao;bl; h h v h mrnfEh pS u f akd wmh ZmwferH nf
ajymif;r,fvkd h vlysuaf wGu ysuv f ;kH xkwaf ew,f”
“'DavmufEpS &f n
S vf rsm; b,fou l iSm;xm;vd@k olw@kd
Zmwfu 'Davmuft=um}uD; uae&wmvJ h h h ” usaemf u
ar;vdu k rf o d nf//
“ olwkd Zh mwfukd b,fou l rS iSm;wmr[kwb f ;l / olw@kd
bmomolwkd h vdw k & bk&m; }u;D udk ylaZmfcsiv f kd qh +kd y;D tvum;
(AvmZmwf) qdk+yD;uaewm h h hcifAsm;vnf; a&mufwkef;
a&mufcu dk f oGm;=unfyh gvm;// rif;om;}uD; uawmh tdak eyg+yD
'gayr,fh rif;om;topf vnf; oluvufrcHb;l vdk ah jymoHawmh
=um;w,f” “at; h h h at;
vlo/H uav;oH rsm;qlnaH eonfh “vdw k &” bk&m; =unhf vnf;
yGo
J kd h usaemfa&muf oGm;avonf// yGv J monfh vltrsm; rSm aysmOf ;D
vlp&kH vdS oS nf/ 0wfaumif;wefqm rsm;jzifh zdwzf w d f awmufum/
vufxw J iG v f nf; tpm;taomufrsKd ;pHu k kd csKd if}h uD; csKd ifih ,f
aygurf aJ wGuae
toG,f oG,jf zifh yGcJ if;xJwiG f pm;aomuf&ef ,lvm=u[ef aorJ h h h
wlonf// Zmwf&t kH 0ift0&Sd ydwu f m;}uD;wGif a&aq;yefcsjD zifh aorJ awGjzpfuek &f if
a&;xm;onf h “a&$ a &$ a rwW m Zmwf o bif ” qd k o nf h eifwkd t h ukevf ;kH
qdik ;f bkw}f u;D u avtwdu k wf iG f ,dr;f um,dik u f mjzifh wcgwcg
avtwd;k wGif azmif;azmif;um;um; jzpfomG ; avonf//
ukvm;emwdu k uf ek f r,f
odvm;”

23
tvif;tdrf
Zmwf&x kH u J kd usaemfrnfokd rh nfyakH &mufomG ; onfukd

rrSwfrday// usaemfa&muf awmh rif;om;a&$a&$ uaeyg+yD//
“a&$arwWm yd@k =uxm0pOf tusKd ;tm;jzifh 12 yg; yGg;rsm; arwWm
trSeyf gb&J iS ”f rif;om;aemufu 0dik ;f xm;onfh rif;orD;rsm;.
oDcsif;oHyifjzpfonf//oDcsif;tqHk; rif;om;vSnfhuvdkufawmh
rif;om; awmif&n S yf q k ;kd u a&S ah v;wGio f mzH;k xm;+y;D aemufwiG f
zifajymifjzpfaeawmhonf// rif;om;uawmh yHrk ysu/f [efrysu/f
turysu/f /y&dwo f wfuawmh 0g;ceJ 0g;ceJ jzifyh u JG somG ;onf//
teD;uyf=unf&h wm tm;r&ojzifh Zmwfpifem; wd;k I
wd;k I=unh&f m aemufq;kH Zmwfpifa&S o h kd ah &mufomG ; avonf//
“ref; pdef pwif;” qdik ;f tzGJ u h ywfr}uD;xkav rif;om; rSm
ckev f u kd /f *|r;f xd;k vdu k Ef iS hf ac|rsm;yifjyefaeonf// nm bufwiG &f dS
onfh Edik if jH cm;oHpw kH ;D 0dik ;f “rmrGwf avsmifu;D ” acwfay:aw;
*DwESihf jrefrmqdik ;f tzGJ w h kd h olwjyef uk,d w f jyef t+ydKifw;D cwf
aeonf ud k trS D v d k u f u aeonf h rif ; om;rS m ynmom;
ygvo S nf//
jrefrmrl jrefrm[ef jrefrmZmwfyGJudk }udKufaom
“ owd usaemfrmS aemufq;kH awmh a&Sh uae=unh&f w kH ifruyJ ZmwfcaHk y:
rnforl S vdu k u f m=um;rS aeI =unhaf vonf//
rydik &f Zmwf'g&dkufwmjzpf[efwlaom vlu vufxJwGif
Zmwfne$ ;f jzpf[efwal om pmtkyf wpftyk u f kd udik x
f m;onf//
rqdik &f
pmtkyftzHk; ay:wGif a&;xm;onfu “a0omvDjynf bDvl;
rudik &f uscef; 2010” usaemf pdwf0ifpm; oGm;onf// xdkaemuf
rwdk &h xdZk mwfq&mESihf rdwq f ufI tqifajyojzifh usaemf txJokd h
rxd& [d[k kd 'D'D vdu k =f unhf rdonf/ rifom;. r,m; rif;orD;}u;D ESiv hf nf;
aooGm;rnf rdwaf qG jzpf oGm;onf//
Zmwf&t kH wGi;f buf wGif bk&m;pifav;wpfck vkyx f m;
obm0"gwaf iG h onf// xdb k &k m;pifwiG f za,mif;wdik f ESpw f ikd xf eG ;f xmonfukd awG
rD;wdik jf zpfonf” &h onf/ atmufwiG f bk&m;/ w&m;[lIom a&;xm;onf/ / oHCm

24
tvif;tdrf
bmha=umihf rygonfudk usaemfrod// bk&m;pifa&S hwGif ydwftjzL
0wfxm;onfh vlwOD; xdkifaeonfudkvnf; awG h&onf// rif;om;
ESpfyg;oGm;u+yD;aemuf Zmwfpifay:rS qif;vm+yD; bk&m;pifudk
aemufausmay;xdik af eonfh xdk ydwjf zL0wfxm;onfh vla&S w h iG f }uHK@
}uHK ah v;xdik u f m xdjcif; ig;yg; jzifh &d&k akd oao uef ah wm@ vdu k of nf//
“atmifap/ ydik af p/ Edik af p”[k xdyk *k Kd~ vfu us,u f s,f avmif avmif
qkay;vdu k o f nf//
xdk ah emuf rif;orD;arwWmvdi_ u f tvSjyifcef;udk ac:ojzifh
usaemfvu kd o f mG ;onf// arwWmv_id . f qHx;kH ay:wGif pdu k x
f m;onfh
pderf sm;u t&G,t f vGe}f uD;rm;aoma=umifh usaemfu ar;rdonf//
'g “ pdet f ppfawGvm;”
usaemft h ar;udk 0rf;omtm;&jzifh h h h
“'gawGu tif;,m;vrf; ig;avmif;+ydKif”
[k tpxGuu f m uref; uwef; b&dwt f yk vf udk +f yD;
“tif; tppfawGaygh rd;k ukwo f mG ; u wke;f u qkcswmav”
rsuEf mS ay; av;jzifh ajymonf//
“vl=urf;awG c%vmtH;k a[h”
'g&dkufwm. toHa=umifh rif;om; rif;orD;rsm; tm;vHk;
'g&u kd w f mtem;odk h tajy; oGm;=uonf//
'g&u kd w f mu ZmwfwiG u f &rnfh Zmwfne$ ;f tcsKd @ udk zwfjy+y;D
zrf;yHzk rf;enf;/ &du k yf kH &du
k ef nf;/ vufxw d f cwfykH cwfenf;rsm;udk oifay;
avonf/
ab;rS &yf=unhaf eaomusaemht f m;“c%avmuf” qd+k yD;
vufxyd cf wfvu kd &f m h h h
“tm; tm; tm; h h u h saemfrygb;l h h u h saemfrygb;l ”
vef@atmfo/H cku H sKd ;usoH wd@k EiS t
hf wl usaemf =urf;jyifay:
jyKwfusoGm;avonf//usaemf rsufaphzGifh=unhfvdkufawmh usaemhf
&ifbwfay:wGif jref@rmtvif;owif;pmpkwf tydik ;f av;u arSmuf
vsuo f m; jzpfaeawmhonf//
a=omf h h u h saemf “AvmyG”J udt k rd rf uf rufae aewmygvm;// aumhom;
25
tvif;tdr&mjynf
f h *g&0jyK pmrsufEmS rsm;
trsKd ; om; pmayynm&S i f / acwf p rf ; uAsmq&m=uD ;
“q&mrif ; ok 0 %f ” (1909-2009) &mjynf h txd r f ; trS w f / /
B
ysOf;rikww
f kd
zkxpf &Gww f G / iSuVf if;wodk h
ysO;f rikww f kd / ouf=um;tdo k nf
uke;f rdx
k ufwiG f wpfyifwnf;//
cGqt
kH auG; / opfacgi;f aqG;vnf;
taz;wufvmS / tdik ;f trmodk h
us,pf mG [ufyuf jctdryf su/f /
uke;f rdu
k rf;yg; / ajrywf=um;wGif
ppfom;carmuf / ydeaf jcmufajcmufvnf;
ppfa&mufpcef; / vufjyn$e;f //
xdyk if ikww f kd / ysO;f rtdo k nf

ppfuvkd nf; }uHK / jctHv k nf;jzpf
"g;xpfvnf;cH / aev#v H nf;wdu k f
a&
avjyif;cduk vf suf / riku d Of ;D acgi;f
aEGopfavmif;aomf
&Guaf [mif; nSma=uG &Guo f pfa0I
avjynfxw J iG f i,f&yk q f ifonf
toifa,mufsm;aumif;wum;//
rif;ok0%f
11-1-49
wm&mr*~Zif;

26
&mjynfh *g&0jyK pmrsufEmS rsm;
tvif;tdrf
oajyndk
ol ah cgi;f rSmwJh oajyndK
igah cgi;f rSmwJh oajyndK//
wdk ah jyrSm wdk ah r urf;ygwhJ

oajyndK a&$bykd ef;[mu
vef;vsuyf gu/kd /
bmrav#mah veJ h
vmawmhruGJ h a&$y[d&k f
avcsKd utaoG;//
vif;=uuftaqmf
uGi;f xufrmS wlaysmaf ysmef J h
pnfawmfukd &nfar#mrf eS ;f umy
a&miferD mS atmifpnf&rG ;f &atmif
oajyndK a&$bykd ef;&,feJ h
vSr;f =updk ah v;//
rif;ok0%f
4/ 1 / 1938

27
tvif;tdrf
wdk hv,fawmrSm yGi f h=uw,f

rl v wef ; jyausmif ; q&mrav;tjzpf
u|erf wm0efxrf;aqmifpu +rdK@awmf ausmif;}uD;awGrmS
cifcifxl; r[kwyf g? rE aW v;-rwW&m &xm;vrf;ab;wpfae&muaus;
vuf rlvwef;ausmif; uav;wpfausmif;rSmyJ jzpfonf?
&xm; vrf ; ab; wpf av#muf &G m rsm;wG i f wm0ef
xrf;aqmif&aom u|erf wd@k q&mrrsm; tm;vH;k rE aW v;
ol&aJ ps;blwmrS eHeufapmapm xGuo f nfh rwW&m&xm;ESihf
vduk of mG ; =u&um oufqikd &f mblwmrSm qif;=u&onf?
&xm;vrf;pOfwpf av#muf tdk; bdk/ uydkif/ awmif+yHK;/
vGeaf wmif; ponfb h w
l mrsm;udak usm+f yD;rS vrf;blwmjzpf
onf&Gmuav;rSm onfh uHbb hJ wl mrSm u|erf qif;&ygonf? uHbrhJ x S u
G v f #if
=umyef;a&mifpykH iG af eonf@ 0g;&if;wkwb f wl mudak &muf+yD;rSrwW&m +rdK@rmS vrf;qH;k onf?
=umtif; }uD;&So d nf? u|erf uawmh uHbb hJ wl mrSm qif;+yD; blwm uGi;f .
qGr;f tkyu
f kd taemuf z uf v,f urf ; oif ; &k d ; rsm;/ v,f = um;
acgif;ay:&GufI acsmif;=um;uav;rsm;ESifh v,f+udkv,f=um; &GH@rsm;
AGurf sm;udek if;I em&D0ufe;D yg; ZGaJ umif;aumif;av#muf+y;D rS
Oykovf jynfh vuG,f u|efrpmoif&rnfh rlvwef; ausmif;&Sd&m &Gmuav;udk
bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk a&muf y gonf ? vG e f c J h o nf h q,f h a v; ig;ES p f
qGr;f yd@k ae=uonfh ausmif;q&mrjzpfp u|efrrSm onfvdkoGm;&wmudkyJ
rd}uD; z}uD;rsm;&So d nf? aysmfovdkvdkcHpm;cJh&onf? onf&Gmuav;u teD;0ef;

28
tvif;tdrf
usi&f dS &Gmrsm;ESiphf mv#if pnfpnf yifyif r&Sad o;onfh &Gmuav; wpf&mG om jzpfonf?
tdraf jcwpf&myif jynfah tmifr&Sad om onf&mG uav;rSm bke}f uD;ausmif; wpfausmif;ESihf
rlvwef;ausmif; uav;&Sad e jcif;u awmh tjcm;aus;&Gm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESihf rxl;vSyg?
&Gm =uufoa&aqmif y nm&dyo f mrsm;jzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh awmifot l vkyu f kd
wpf&GmvHk; vdkvdk toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyK=uonf? wcsdK@uvnf; arG;jrKa&;tvkyf
jzpfonfh bJ awG arG;=uonf? bJtyk }f u;D awGu &Gm&d;k acsmif;pyfwpfav#muf azG;azG;v_yv f y_ f
&SdvSonf?
&Gmausmif;uav;udka&mufpu u|efrrSm tawmfuav;pdwfysuftm;i,f
oGm;rdcJhygao;onf? &Gmu udk;uG,fonfh &GmOD; q&mawmfausmif;ESifh wpfquf
wnf;wGzJ iG x hf m;onfh pmoifausmif;uav;rSm av;yifo;kH cef; 0g;uyfr;kd x&Hum ajrpdu k f
ausmif;uav;yJ jzpfonf? ausmif;uav;rSm cyfuyk u f yk f wif;uky}f u;D ESiw hf +l y;D tcef;&,fv@kd
zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sd? ausmif;y&dabm*qdkI pmtkyfrsm; xnfhonfh AD&dkESpfvHk;ESifh
pm;yGw
J ef;vsm;wpfpo kH mv#if &Sod nf? onfpm;yGuJ {nfo h nf{nfch &H m/ tpnf;ta0;usi;f y&m/
trSwjf cpfp&m/ wpfcgwpfav xrifpm; p&m bHpk m;yGJ jzpfonf? pmoifcu kH av;awG uawmh
avmufavmuf ii &Syd g onf? wcsK@d uav;rsm;uawmh pma&;cHyk u k av;rsm;ESihf tdru f
,lvm=u onfh qmvmtdwcf rHG sm;udk cif;umxdikd =f uonf? u|erf pdwyf sut f m;i,fomG ;
rdonf rSm pmoifausmif; uav;. rjynfph jkH cif;/ csL@id ifjh cif;rsm;a=umifrh [kwyf pJ moif
ausmif;uav;xJ&Sd u|efrpmoifay;&rnfh uav;rsm;udk jrifvdkuf&vdk@jzpfonf?
u|erf wm0ef,o l if=um;&rnfh ausmif;om; OD;a&u u|erf twGuf v#mxm;ay; onfh
pmoifcef;usO;f usO;f uav;xJrmS yif rjynfch sijf ynfch si?f
+rdK@ausmif;awGrSmvdk tjzLtpdrf; wlnD0wfpHkudk wpfajy;nD tm;vHk; 0wfr
xm;jcif;udkvnf; u|efrem;vnfEkdifyg.? odk@aomf&Sdae=uonfhuav;rsm;u pm
oifvm=uonfh ausmif;om; uav;rsm;ESihf rwl=ubJ / EGm;ausmif;&if; / bJ ausmif;&if;
vrf;}uHKvd@k c%vm&yf=uonfh uav;rsm;ESif w h al e =uonf? ausmif;uav;0efusiu f kd
u|erf av#u=f unfah wmhvnf; ausmif;pnf;&d;k &,f vd@k owfowf rSwrf w S rf &Sd ? pdr;f pdr;f
vef;vef; zm;zm;tkyt f yk f opfyif}uD;rsm; r&S?d ausmif;a&S@&dS xaemif;yift}kd uD;uawmh
ausmif;uav;. wpfyifwnf;aomt &dyf&yif}uD;jzpf&Hkru ausmif;uav;ukyfukyf
v,fuiG ;f pdr;f pdr;f ESihf vdu
k zf ufom; yJ[k atmufarhro d nf?
u|erf pmoif=um;a&; wm0ef pwif,&l onf t h wef;rSm yxrwef; jzpfonf?

29
tvif;tdrf
oli,fwefudk jzwfoef;cJh+yD;om; ausmif;ESifhrpdrf;awmhonfh onfvdk t wef;rsLd;udk
pud k i f & wm u|ef r uH a umif ; ygonf ? od k @ aomf w u,f w ef ; vuf a wG @ pmoif &
onf h t cgrS m awmh ausmif ; om; av;q,f a vmuf &S d & rnf h t wef ; rS m uav;
ES p f q ,f a vmuf o m&S d o nf r d k @ u|ef r pd w f x J [ mwmwm jzpf & onf ? ausmif ;
vmwufonf qdak om uav;awG uvnf; wpfae@ ESihf wpfae@ wl=uonf r [kw?f
onfuae@ ausmif;vmwufaomausmif;om;rSm rae@uausmif; wufchJ aom ausmif;om;
r[kww f mudk u|erf owdxm;rdyg.? u|erf tzd@k oifcef;pm rsm; oif=um;&onft h cg
a&S@vnf;wd;k r& aemufvnf;qkwrf & qdo k vdk tawmf uav; tcufawG@c&hJ ygonf?
twef;t&om yxrwef;ausmif;om; qdkaomfvnf; uav;awGu q,fESpf
q,fEh pS Ef pS t
f &G,jf uD;awG? cdik ;f avmuf apavmuft&G,af wGqakd wmh rdbawG u v,fxJ
udik ;f xJual zmfavmifzuf &atmif cdik ;f ae=uwmyJ q&mr&J@v@kd rdb wpfO;D uajymawmhrS
u|efroabmayguf&onf? bmawGvkyfju&vdk@vJ qdkawmhEGm;ausmif;/ bJausmif;/
tr_u d af umuf/ bJOaumuf/ aemufacs;aumuf/ v,f xJx h rif;yd@k / uav;xde;f ponfjzifh
tvkyaf wGuvnf; pHv k o
S wJ?h ausmif;awmh OD;pm;ay;v$w&f rSmaygv h @kd u|erf uqdak wmh
v$wfwmbJ q&mr&J@/ v,fxJ udkif; xJjyefawmh vm=uvdrfhrayghvdk@ ajymolu
ajymao;onf? u|erf rSm &,f&cuf idk &cuf?
pmoifcef;xJukd ta=umif; trsL;d rsL;d a=umifh a&mufrvmEkid =f uaom u av;awGukd
pmoifcef;xJu h kd ta&mufvmatmif rjzpfrae em;&Guf qJaG c: csif pdwaf wGom u|erf &ifxrJ mS
jynfw h if;aecJo
h nf? aemufawmh&mG uav;xJut kd csed , f jl yD; tusK;d ta=umif;od&atmif
wul;wu u|erf oGm;vnf jzpfcyhJ gonf? u|erf wynfh ausmif;om;uav;rsm;udk vufqjJG y;D
u|efr wul;wu tvnf oGm;&onfh ae&mu wu,fawmh olwdk@uav;awG&J@
tdrfawGqDudk r[kwfyg? uav;rsm;&Sdavmuf&m rdbrsm; vkyfcif;udkifcif; qif;ju&m
v,fuiG ;f awG=um; udk jzpfonf? xrDww kd kd a&pdpk kd ESihf aumufpu kd af e=uaom u|erf w
ynfu h av; rsm;. ratawG/ ajcovH;k rmrm =urf;=urf}uD; awGrmS &G@H awG A&Aspf xatmif
xGeaf &; iifae=uonfh zatawGuawmh v,fxt hJ xd r&l;raumif; vdu k v f m aom
+rdK@olausmif;q&mrav;udk em;rvnfEdkif=uovdk wtHhw=o&Sd=uyHkvnf; &onf/?
v,furf;oif;&d;k ay: y,fy,fe,fe,f xdik cf sum pum;vmajym ae onfh ausmif;q&mr
av;udk tm;em=uyHak wmh vnf;&.? u|erf uawmh u|erf wm0efjzpfonfh u|erf wynfh
ausmif;om;awGausmif;rwuf=uonfhta=umif; udkyJ rsufESmylylxm;um ajymjzpf
cJhonf?
30
tvif;tdrf
“q&mra& usKyfwdk@rSm udk,fcGJur&Sdawmh iatmifhudkbJ cdkif;ae&wm
ausmif;udk v$wcf siyf gw,f rjzpfveG ;f vd@k omyg”
rjzpfveG ;f vd@k omygqakd wmh u|erf yif bmajym&rSe;f rod? tav#mah y; vdu k vf #if
ydq
k ;kd awmhrnf?
“[kwjf yD;av uav;udk wpfaeukef tvkycf idk ;f ae&w,fv@kd ajym wm vm;&Si”hf
“tJovdak wmh r[kwyf gb;l q&mr&,f reufyikd ;f uav;wifyg? ausmif;
ESiwhf u kd af eawmh “
“udik ;f tJovdq k kd tvkycf ikd ;f jyD;wJh tcsed o
f m ausmif;udk v$waf y;/
&w,fr[kwv f m;”
onfvkd tvkyEf iS hf tcsed u f kd !S,
d wl mrsL;d &So d vd/k uav;xde;f ae&vd@k ausmif;r
wuf Edik w f myg qdo k nfh ausmif;om;udv k nf; uav;xde;f &if; ausmif;wuf&if vnf;&wmyJ
uav;ygac:cJv h yk &f awmhonf? pmoifcef;rSm ausmif;om;r&Sw d m ud&k adS tmif vljznfw h m
r[kwaf =umif;/ uav;rsm;. ynma&;twGuf &nfreS ;f csujf rifjh rifh rm;rm; r&So d nfw h ikd f
ausmif;ae&cdkuf pma&;pmzwf twGuftcsuf vnfvnf0,f0,f&SdygrS aemif}uD;jyif;
vmonft h cg tqifwajyjzpfEikd af =umif; awG u|erf }uHKoavmuf awG@ oavmuf
&Sif;jyonf? wcsKd@ausmif;om; awGuawmhvnf; ausmif;ysif;=uovdk/ wcsKd@uvnf;
pmar; vd@k rrS &&if tcufqo kd nfh pdwt f cHjzifh ausmif;a=umuf=uwmvnf; awG@&onf?
aemufawmh tcsed u f av;&or# qif;cJo h nfh u|erf .pnf;&H;k a&;rSm wpfp wpfp
tusK;d &Sv d mcJh ygonf? reufwikd v f #if u|erf pmoifcefuav;xJ ausmif;om;awG yHrk eS f
oH;k q,f ausmaf usmf &Sv d mcJjh yD ? onfuav;awGukd av#mrh oGm; atmif/ ausmif;aysmf
atmifxyfpnf;&H;k Edik zf @kd u|erf }udK;pm;&OD;rnf? tyifajcu wpfyiG phf D aumufvmcJo h nfh
ca&yGiu hf av;awGukd wpfu;kH wnf;jzpfatmif oDz@kd u u|erf wm0efr[kwv f m;? uav;
awmfawmf rsm;rsm;rSm pmudk a=umufae =uwmvm; / tysi;f awGyJ zufaewmvm;?
onf u av;awG pmra=umuf a tmif pmoif c ef ; rS m aysmf a tmif u s$ e f r
b,fvdkvkyf&yg h?rlvwef;jyq&mrvufopfuav; u|efrtzdk htawG@t}uHKuvnf;
aumif;aumif; r&Sdao;?u|efrbmvkyfEdkifovJ pOf;pm;=unfhaomtcg us$efri,fpOf
rlvwef;ausmif;ol uav;b0udzk swcf eJ owd&vdu k rf yd gonf?
u|efri,fpOf jrif;+cHrSm ausmif;aecJhpOfu uef hulvufvSnfh q&mawGxJu
wpfO;D jzpfonfh q&mOD;rmpde. f oli,fwef;tcef;uav;xJ u|erf pdwjf zifjh yefa&mufomG ;

31
tvif;tdrf
ygonf ? q&mu ausmif ; a=umuf a omausmif ; ysif ; aomuav; awG u d k y H k j yif a wG
ajymvdkufuAsm awGoifay;vdkufvkyf&if; oif=um;cJholjzpfonf? ol hcE<mudk,f}uD;udk
,dr;f um,dr;f um ud, k af e[efxm;jzifh oifjy&if; u|erf wdk u h u kd AsmawG&wG q
f akd pcJo
h nf?
q&mua&S u h wdik &f if; ud, k uf , kd rd ;f umEGJ u h m/ vufacsmif;uav;rsm; auG;umaumufum
uav;uAsmrsm;ud k o&k y f a zmf o if = um;ay;cJ h o nf ? onf w k e f ; u q&mOD ; rmpd e f .
uAsmuav;awGukd u|erf tckq&mrjzpfonftxd pGv J rf;aeqJjzpfovdk u|erf ud, k wf ikd f
u cJo h nfu
h Asmo&kyaf zmfuuGuu f av;rsm;udv k nf; trSww f & &Sad eqJjzpfygonf?
“=umjzL =umeD =umndKaESmvdk h
wdk vh ,fawmrSm yGi=f uw,f?
aumufpu kd t f jyef a&uef}uD;
=umwpfpnf;avmuf csK;d cJu h , G f
=umyGihf =umiHk xHx k akH r$;udk
rav; b,fokd h oH;k yg rh ,f?
=um&d;k =umEG,f b,fnmqpfvkd h
a&$=umqpf}udK; qGyJ grh ,f?
qGyJ grh ,f qGyJ grh ,f?”
u|efrwdk h vufacsmif;uav;rsm;udk =umyGifh=umcdkifav;rsm;ozG,f zl;=u
iHk=uyHko&kyfazmf&if; wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf wdk;umwdkufum uAsmqdkcJh&wm
aysmpf &maumif;vSonf?=um&d;k awGuq kd pf=uonf? =umqpf}udK;udk vnfrmS qG=J uonf?
wu,f=h umyef;cdik af wGawmhu|erf wdk v h ufxw J iG rf &S?d uAsm&Gwq f &kd if; u=u&wm/ o&kyaf z:
=u&wmudyk u J |erf wdk ph w
d x f J =unfE;l rd=uonf?
“qGr;f tkyef eD D tar&Guv f kd h
eufjzefreuf ausmif;xGurf ,f?
armifvnf;vdu k rf ,f cserf xm;eJ h
taroGm;awmh ysi;f vSw,f?
ausmif;}uD;ay: rSm armifi,faqmhawmh
bke;f }uD;atmfvkd h &du k v f rd rhf ,f?
armifraqmhaygif pdyyf w k ;D eJ h
bke;f awmf}uD;vdk aeygrh ,f?

32
tvif;tdrf
vdu k rf ,f vdu k rf ,f?”

u|ef r wd k h a cgif ; ay: vuf u av;rsm;jzif h yif h u mqG r f ; tk y f & G u f = uonf ?
ausmif;}uD;ay: rSm armifi,faqmhawmh” rSm u|erf wdk ah jcaxmufawG w0ke;f 0ke;f cke=f u
onf?rsupf u d rkd w
dS u
f m vufacsmif;uav;rsm;jzifh pdyyf w k ;D pdy=f uonf? vdu k rf ,f vdu k rf ,f”
rSm ae&mra&G;ajy;vdu k =f uonf?aysmpf &maumif;ygb?d
“qGr;f tkyq f w kd m rif;wdk o
h =d uw,faemf rif;wdk t h rd rf mS qGr;f tky&f =dS uvm;a[h”
“&Syd gw,f q&m}uD;”
trsm;atmfovdk &Syd gw,fatmf&aomfvnf; u|erf wdk jh rif;+cHtrd rf mS qGr;f tkyrf
&Syd g?odk ah omf &Gmu u|erf tzd;k tzGm;rsm;vufxufuwnf;u oH;k pGcJ =hJ uaom qGr;f tky}f u;D udk
u|erf jrifz;l onf? xrif;OD;aygi;f udk cl;cyf/ qGr;f [if;awGpu D mpOfumxnf+h yD; &Gmubke;f }uD;
ausmif;av;ausmif;tESH t h ar}u;D qGr;f ydk &h m u|erf vdu
k cf zhJ ;l onf?aus;vufEiS hf ES;D EG,af eaom
u|erf tzdk h uAsmxJu jrefrmrlawGEiS hf rpdr;f vSbJ cHpm;p&mjzpfc&hJ onf?
“0gqkd 0gacgif a&awG}uD;vdk h
oajyoD;rSnhf aumufpkd u h , G ?f
c&m ql;csKH [dt k xJu
ar#meh ufrnf;}u;D wG,w f wfw,f?
ar#meh ufqw kd m csKed J v
h m;uGJ h
ajrGe*g;awmif a=umufb;l uG,?f
wdk v h nf;a=umufaygif twlomG ;pdk h
tke;f vufEmG ;av; xm;cJrh ,f?
oGm;uG,f oGm;uG,?f ”
jrpfa&awG}uD;csdef oajyoD;ndKndKtvHk;}uD;awG arsmygvmwwfyHkudk u|efrwdkh
jrif a ,mif v mrd o nf ? ca&yif r sm;=um;rS ar#mh e uf } uD ; awG u aum?wu,f w rf ;
ar#m}h uD;awGua=umufp&maumif;ayr,fh ajrGe*g;awmifra=umufb;l qdu k m acgi;f ay:rSm
vuf0g;jzift h armufyg;jyif;axmifum aygujf yvdu k =f uygao;onf? tke;f vufEmG ;uav;
udv k nf; u|erf pD;zl;onf?
q&m OD;rmpdef oifay;onfh uAsmawGu renf;yg?a&$O=o/ awmufw/hJ yd;k pke;f =uL;/
obufaq;/ xkyfqD;wrf; pojzifh awmfawmfrsm; ygonf? onfuAsmuav;awGu
pmoifausmif;cef;xJrmS yif +y;D +y;D aysmufaysurf [kwb f J u|erf wdk t h rd t
f xdygvmwwfonf?

33
tvif;tdr&mjynf
nwdkif ua=u;ckefa=u; upm;=uonfhtcgwdkif; tm;&yg;& atmf[pfcJh=uonf?
aemufwae hausmif;rSm q&mu bmuAsmawGoifay;rSmygvdrfhqdkonfh pdwfaZmjzifh
reufrdk;rvif; cifuwnf;uausmif;udka&mufcsifvS+yD?
u|efr. rlvwef;ausmif;olb0u jzwfoef;=unfel;ausmif;aysmfcJh&onfh
uAsmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm “q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f” a&;pyfoDuHk;aom uAsmuav;
awG j zpf a =umif ; aemif t wef ; uav;&vmawmh r S u|ef r od v m&onf ? u|ef r wd k h
jzwfoef;cJ&h aom rlvwef;/tv,fwef;/ txufwef;rSonf wuUov kd af usmif;awmf}uD;
a&mufonftxd ynma&;c&D;wpfav#mufvHk; q&m}uD;.uAsmrsm;/ pum;ajyrsm;
aomufpkd &h if; &ifu h sucf &hJ onf?
q&m}uD;.aus;Zl;*k%&f nfuakd wG;awm&if; u|erf rSmav;pm;=unfnKd pdwrf sm;
tcgcgjzpf&onf?jrefrmpdwfudk zl;yGifhapcJhaom onfaus;Zl;*k%f&nfjzifhu|efrvlvm;
ajrmufc&hJ ovdk u|erf q&mrjzpfvmonft h cgrmS vnf; u|erf wynfrh sm;udk jrefrmpdwjf zifoh m
vlvm;ajrmufapcsio f nf?
onfpw d u f ;l &+y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh v,fcif; udik ;f cif;/bJausmif;uGi;f awGxt J xd
uav;awGukd aumufoif;aumufovdk u|erf apmifah umuf+yD; pmoifcef;uav;&S&d m
ra&mufa&mufatmif ac:&onf?u|efr.pmoifcef;uav;onf ajrpdkufausmif;
uav;xJrSmr[kwfbJ ausmif;ESifh cJwpfypfpmavmufa0;onfh bkef;}uD;ausmif;&dyf
refusn;f yifcyftyk t f yk }f uD;atmufukd a&$ , h cl yhJ gonf?
refusnf;yifpnfudk ausmufoifykef;axmifum uav;rsm;tm; yHkjyifESifh
uAsmrsm;oifay;cJo h nf?refusn;f yifatmufrmS oif&jcif;rSm vGwv f yfyiG v
hf if; aompdwjf zifh
oif,El ikd =f u&efEiS hf wpfajy;wnf;jzpfaeaom tjcm;twef;rsm;tm; taESmuft,Surf
jzpfap&eftwGujf zpfonf?
ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm a&mifpHkajrjzLawmifhrsm;um =umyef;rsm;/ qGrf;tkyf
eD e D u av; ES i f h iS u f u av;awG u|ef r a&;qG J y gonf ? uav;awG u awmh oif y k e f ;
ay:xifvmaom t&kyfuav;rsm;udk pdwf0ifwpm;=unfhae=uonf?ausmufoifykef;
a&S@ rSm&yf&if; u|efrudk,fwdkifo&kyfaqmifaumif;aumif;jzifh uav;rsm;udk uAsm
awG&w G jf ycJo
h nf?onftcsed rf mS u|erf ud, k wf ikd f q&mr r[kwaf wmhbJ olwkd Eh iS w hf pfom;
wnf;jzpfaeyg+yD? ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm u|efra&;qGJxm;onfh q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f.
apoem =umjzLyef;uav;awGukd u|erf .ESv;kH om;rSwqifu h av;rsm;.&ifxt J a&muf

34
tvif;tdrf
u|efrxnfhay;ae&ovdkcHpm;rdonf? aemuf&uf aemuf&ufawGrSm u|efrpmoifcef;
refusnf;yifatmufrSm yxrwef;ausmif;om;pm&if;tjynfh a&mufvmwwf=uwm
u|efrowdjyKrdcJhonf?u|efrblwm&Hkuqif;vm+yD; ausmif;odk hav#mufvmaomtcg
ausmif;ujyefvmonfhtcg pyg;yifysKdrsm;=um;rSm/ bJausmif;uGif; acsmif;&dk;awGxJrSm
uAsm&Gwo f u H av;awGukd u|erf =um;vm&+yD?
aus;vufuav;oli,frsm;twGuf q&m}uD;.uAsmav;awGuvufawG@
qefaeojzifh xda&mufvo S nf? onf&mG uav;rSm =umyef;a&mifpykH iG af eonfh =umtif;
}uD;&So d nf? qGr;f tkyu f akd cgi;f ay:&GuI f Oykov f jynfh vuG,f bke;f }uD;ausmif;udk qGr;f yd@k
ae=uonfh rd}uD; z}uD;rsm;&Sdonf?tif;pyfrSmoajyyif}uD;&Sdonf?reufcif;pdk;pDpdk;pD
nH a ewwf = uaom iS u f j rnf o H / pmacsmuf & k y f } uD ; awG / ql ; csKH y k w f r sm;=um;rS
wwfwwfwlcg;cg; toHawGukd aus;vufuuav;awGrpdrf;onfhtwGuf u|efrtxl;
&Sif;jyrae&yg?
jrefrmh"avh taiG t h oufawG ,Suo f ef;aeaom q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f. uav;
uAsm uav;rsm;tm; jrefrmhrsKd;qufopfvlrr,frsm;udk vufqif@urf;&if; xm0&
&Sio f efaeOD;rSmygvm;vdk h u|erf ,H=k unfaerdygonf?onf&xm;vrf;ab;u &Gmuav;rSm
rwW&m &xm;udpk ek pf ek q f efqefp;D &if;oH;k ESpaf usmf av;ESp0f wW&m;rysu/f u|erf wm0efxrf;
aqmifco hJ r# wpfav#mufv;kH vdv k rkd mS vnf; oli,fwef;udyk g tjcm;twef;wpfwef;jzifh
wGu J ikd uf m oif=um;ay;cJ&h onf? oli,fwef;uav;rsm; ausmif;aeaysmzf kd u h Asmuav;
rsm;jzifh pnf;&Hk;&if;uAsmcspfpdwf/uAsmjrwfEdk;pdwf&Sdatmif u|efrtwwfEdkifqHk;}udK;pm;
cJhygonf?onfav;ESpfwmumvtwGif; q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f oDuHk;cJhaomuav;
uAsmrsm;omru u|erf vufvrS ;f rD&m uav;yHjk yif/ uav;uAsmrsm;udk &SmazGoif=um;ay;
jzpfco hJ nf?onft h wGuf trdtzawGuvnf; 0rf;om=unfE;l =uonf?
onf&mG uav;uae +rdK ah usmif;udk u|erf ajymif;a&$ ch &hJ aomfvnf; u|erf
tdrrf ufawGxrJ mS v,fuiG ;f =um;u uAsm&Gwo f aH wGppD aD 0aeqJ?+rKd ah usmif;odk ah &mufonfh
tcgrmS awmh oif&;kd udOk ;D pm;ay;ae&ojzifo h nfuAsmuav;awG qufroifjzpfawmhovdk
&Gmuav;udyk ifv#if wpfacguw f pfusi;f jyefra&mufjzpfawmh?wul;wuoGm;zdk yh if u|erf rSm
tcsed rf &awmh?pdwu f awmh tjrJvv kd akd &mufaecJo h nf?
+yD;cJhonfhaEG&moDuawmh &Gmausmif;q&mawmf. usrf;rma&;raumif;[k
=um;ojzifh &Gmuav;udk u|efra&mufjzpfcJhygonf?at;at;jrjr vwfvwfqwfqwf

35
tvif;tdrf
v,f u G i f ; rsm;=um;rS uG i f ; avud k u |ef r t=um}uD ; &yf u m

&SL&d_ufaecJhrdonf? u|efr. ausmif;q&mrb0 tp&ufawG
udyk gowd&aerdonf?u|erf &yfaeqJrmS yif aumufyif awG=um;u
uAsm&Gwo f aH wG u|erf em;xJa&mufvm onf?u|erf wynfah wGawmh
r[kwfEdkifyg? olwdk hudk,fwdkifu i,fi,fuvdk ykqdk;pvG,fodkif;/
pyfxbDww kd ukd av;awGEiS hf r[kwEf ikd =f u awmh?t&G,af wGa&muf=u
a&maygh?v,fcif; udkif;cif; bJausmif;uGif;awGxJrSm onfuAsm
uav; awG&adS ewke;f ygvm;?em;axmifprf;ygO;D ?
“=umjzL =umeD =umndK aESmvdk h
wdk vh ,fawmrSm yGi=hf uw,f”
“qGr;f tkyef eD D tar&Guv f kd h
jrefrmh"avh eufzefreuf ausmif;xGurf ,f”
taiG h u|erf &GmutjyefrmS awmhwynfah [mif;awGu wpftyk f
toufawG wpfr}uD; blwm&Hkudk vdkufydk h=uonf?wcsK@dvnf; vGefawmif;
tv,fwef;ausmif;udk qufwuf=u ovdk wcsKd v h nf;ausmif;
,Sufoef;aeaom uxGu+f yD; v,fxeG af ,musmf ;awG v,forl }uD; awGjzpfae=u+yD?
q&m}uD; u|efrawmh refusnf;&dyfatmuf pmoifcef;xJu uAsmuav;
awGukd atmufarhowd&&Sv d yS gonf?
rif;ok0%f. “q&mroifay;wJh uAsmuav;awG &=uao;&J v h m;”
uav;uAsm “&wmaygh q&mr&,f nqdk&if tdrfuti,fawGudk
uav;rsm;tm; u|efrwdk huoifay; ae=uwmav olwdk hvnf; q&mruAsm
uav;awG &=uw,f&,f”
jrefrmhrsKd; v,fuiG ;f awGukd jzwfwu kd v f maom &Si;f &Si;f oef o
h ef@
qufopf avawGudk wpf0}uD; &SLoGif;vdkuf&if;u u|efr&ifrSmyDwdawG
pdrfhueJjzpfoGm;onf? u|efr.oifq&mjrifq&m rsm;ESifhwuG
vlrr,frsm;udk q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f. *k%af us;Zl;awGukd u|erf Edik o f I qyfciG &hf yg
vufqif@urf;&if; ap[k qkawmif;vdu k rf yd gonf?
cifcifxl;
a&$v0kd if;onfh rif;ok0%f pmtkyrf u
S ;l ,lazmfjyygonf//
36
tvif;tdrf
tdyfaysmfaeaomrif;orD;
ri
riff;ok0%f
a&S;vGeaf v+yD;aomtcg/ wdik ;f jynfwpfcYk tvGe}f uD;us,cf rf;em;aom eef;awmf
wpfc&k adS vonf//
xdek ef;awmf}uD;um; used pf moifah e.//eef;raqmif}uD;twGi;f vSywifw h ,faom
a&$ovGex f ufYtdyaf ysmv f #u&f o dS nfh rif;orD;onfvnf; used pf mESihf ruif;acs//
vSy,Ofaus; jrifolwdk hai;&aom xdkrif;orD;uav;rSm/ a&$ovGefxufY
tdyaf ysmf aeonfum; ESpaf ygi;f rsm;vSav+yD//
eef;awmf}uD;rSm uke;f jrifah y:wGiw f nf&I
dS wdu k w f m/ tdraf jcrsm;aom +rdK ah wmfukd
eef;awmf}uD;rS xif&mS ;pGm awG jh rifEikd . f //
wpf&cH gY +rdK o h +l rdK o
h m;taygi;f wdk o h nf uk,d pf wd cf sr;f om/aysm&f i$ pf mG rSw
D if;aexdik f
Edik =f uay.
,cktcgYr_ used pf moifah eI rcsad om ud, k pf wd w f kd jh zifo
h m aexdik =f u&&Smav.
udsepf monf ryaysmufEikd af wmhacs// rif;orD; Ed;k vmrSom yaysmufEikd rf nf//
used pf monf yaysmuf&ef rif;orD; ovGeOf ;D Y tpOfxeG ;f awmufaeaom rD;cGuf
udk r_w+f idrS ;f &efv. kd //
od@k &mwGif rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,mufr# r_w+f idrS ;f jcif;udk rjyK&Jacs// tb,fa=umifh
qdak omf xdrk ;D cGuu f kd r_w+f idr;f olrmS touf 21 ESpx f uf}uD;ol rjzpfEikd /f / rD;cGu+f idr;f oGm;v#if
vnf; r_wf+idrf;ol. OD;acgif;onftvGefpufqkyf &GH&Sm/ a=umufrufzG,faumif;aom
bDv;l . OD;acgi;f odk ah jymif;oGm;ayvdrf rh nf?
rnfolwpfa,mufr#/ tjcm;oltrsm;csrf;omaysmf&GifpGmaexdkif=uap&ef/
rdru d ,
kd uf kd 'kurQ &Smvk?d
rif;orD;tdyaf ysmaf eaom ESpaf ygi;f wpf&maphaomf / wdik ;f jcm;rSrif;om;i,fwpfyg;
xd+k rdK o h kd ah &mufvm.?
used pf mta=umif;udk rif;om;=um;avaomf/ rif;orD;tm;tdy, f mrSE;d_ jcif;jzifh
vltrsm;csr;f omaysm&f i$ af ponfrmS jrifjh rwfaomtvkyjf zpfonfuo kd .
d ? rdr'd u k aQ &muf
rnfudkum; *&krxm;?“aESmifhaES;ae&ef roifh/ aemufwpfae htoufESpfq,fhwpfESpf
aphawmhrnf?”[kpOfpm;umeefawmfokd o h mG ;av.?

37
tvif;tdrf
xdktcsdefum; naeapmif;jzpf.? eef;awmfaqmifudkaea&mif[yfojzifh/ ausmufpD/
a&$jym;cyfxm;aom toHk;taqmifwdk hudk rSefjyKwif; a&mif&dkufvsuf+ydK; +ydK;jyufjyuf
ta&mifxGufaeonfrSmwifhw,fom,mvSay.?taqmifwGif;odk ha&mufaomtcg
=unfvifat;jr oef h&Sif; oyf&yfvS
ojzif/h tdyaf ysmaf e aomrif;orD;tjyif/
tjcm;rnf o l w pf O D ; wpf a ,muf r #/
xdkeef;awmfwGifaexdkifolr&Sda=umif;
r,H=k unfEikd f atmifyifjzpf.? rif;om;
vmv#if y if eef ; awmf w H c g;}uD ; onf
tvdktavsmufyGifh.?tdyfaysmfaeaom
rif;orD;. rsufESmum;/ u,fq,fol
rif ; om; vmonf u d k / od b d o nf h
tvm;+yHK;&$i=f unfvifvsuf ae.?
&J 0 H h p G e f h p m;aomrif ; om;
onfvnf; rif;orD;udk c%r#pl;pdkuf
=unf h + yD ; v#if &k w f w &uf r D ; cG u f u d k
r_wfowfvdkufonf? xdktcg rif;om;
.rsuEf mS / OD;acgi;f wpfcv k ;kH udk avat;
wdkufcwf/ rdk;}udK;xdrSefouJhodk hjzpf.?
eef;awmf}uD;wpfckvHk;onf rD;a&mifwdk@
jzifhxdefxdefvif;.?om,memaysmfzG,f
aumif ; vS a om wl & d , mwd k h o nf
tvdkvdkrnf.? udk,fvHk;ay:rSef}uD;wGif
rif;om;=unfv h u kd af omtcg rdr. d Eke,f
oef r maom ud k , f a y:wG i f tvG e f
pufqyk f &G&H mS / a=umufrufz, G &f maumif;vSaom bDv;l .OD;acgi;f ayguaf e onfujkd rifI
wkev f y_ af csmufcsm;.?rif;orD;uvSyaom rsuv f ;kH rsm;udzk iG v
hf suf rif;om;tm;=unfah e.
?tenf;i,fr#rxdwv f ef @ +yHK;vsuyf if&.dS ? rif;om;xGuo f mG ;rnfjyK.?

38
tvif;tdrf
rif;orD;u“armifawmf/ armifawmf b,fuo kd mG ;rvdk v h ”J [kqu kd m&GpH &maumif;

vSaom rif;om;.rsuEf mS ukad yG zh uf.? xdck %Y bDv;l .OD;acgi;f aysmufIwifw h ,faom
rif;om;i,f.rsuEf mS jyefay:.?“&J0phH eG f ph m;aom aus;Zl;&Si/f armifawmft&Sit hf m; u|Eykf af yG@
zufv#i/f e*d&k yk jf yefay:rnf udt k &Sif
rod/ u|Efkyfodonf” [k rif;orD;
u=uif e mpG m ajym.? xd k c %Y
rdk;csKef;ouJhodk htoH wpfck=um;
&.? wjznf ; jznf ; eD ; eD ; vm.?
xdt k oHum;tjcm;r[kw/f +rdK o h l +rdK@
om;wdk . h toHyifwnf;?
+rdK o
h +l rdK o
h m;wdk o h nf wl&, d m
oH r sm;ud k = um;&onf h t jyif /
eef;awmfrx S eG ;f vif; awmufajymif
aeaom rD;a&mifwdk hudkvnf;awG@
jrif=u&ojzifh uckefjrL;wl;/ [pf
atmf a =uG ; a=umf I vm=ujcif ;
jzpfonf? xdak e rh pS I+rdK o h +l rdKom;
wd@k onf ud, k pf wd Ef pS jf zmcsr;f ompGm
aexdik Ef ikd =f uavonf? rif;orD;ESihf
rif ; om;wd k h v nf ; }uD ; us,f c ef ;
em;pG m pk v sm;&pf y wf vuf x yf
xdr;f jrm; =uavownf;?
ri
riff;ok0%f
yef;csD -aevif;xGe;f
,cktcgYr_ used pf moifah eI rcsad om ud,k pf w
d w f kd jh zifo
h m aexdik =f u&&Smav.
udsepf monf ryaysmufEikd af wmhacs// rif;orD; Ed;k vmrSom yaysmufEikd rf nf//
used pf monf yaysmuf&ef rif;orD; ovGeOf ;D Y tpOfxeG ;f awmufaeaom rD;cGuf udk
r_w+f idrS ;f &efv.
kd //
(tydjk refrmzwfpm/ pmtkyf 5/ 1938 ckEpS /f / 2007 Zlvikd v
f xkwf ydawmufyiG o
hf pfr*~Zif;rS jyefvnfu,
l al zmfjyygonf//

39
tvif;tdrf
tarSmifciG ;f I tvif;aqmifol
q&m}uD;odk h h h h
rif;rif;odef;
vGecf o hJ nfh vavmufu jzpfrnfxifonf// jrefrm
jynfrS a&mufvmonfrSm r=umao;aom trsdK;orD;av;
wa,muf ESihf oli,fcsi;f tcef;wGif qHrk =d uonf// oli,fcsi;f u
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; udk vufaqmiftjzpfay;&if; rsuEf mS zH;k &Siu f
b,fov l J vdk h olrudk aumufcg iifcg ar;vdu k o f nf/ csucf si;f jyef
rajzEdik af o;yJ yHu k akd oao csmcsm=unfo h nf// xdk ah emuf acgi;f cg
jyum rodb;l [k qdak vonf//
usaemf rtHh=oawmhyg h h h wae hwcsdef 'Dvdkjzpf
awmhrnf// 'Dvjkd zpfatmifvnf; ywf0ef;usiu f zefw;D cJo h nf//
xdok kd zh ef;wD;cJo h nft h wdik ;f aexdik cf jhJ cif;uyif usaemfwkd t h jypf
vdk q
h &kd rvdyk ifjzpfonf//
rsuEf mS zH;k yg "gwyf okH nf tjcm;olr[kwf // jrefrmpmay
avmutusKd ;/ trsm; tusKd ;udk xrf;yd;k aqmif&u G o
f mG ;cJo
h nfh
trsKd ;om;pmqdk q&m}u;D rif;ok0%f. yHyk ifjzpfonf/ usaemfwhkd
i,fpOfausmifom;b0u q&m}uD;. uAsmrsm;jzifh vlvm;
ajrmufc&hJ onf// ,ae@ wdik f rar Eh ikd af o;onfh q&m}u;D . uAsm
awGu usaemfwdk@. &ifudk&dkufcwfqJ h h hqGJiif aeqJ
yifjzpfonf/

40
tvif;tdrf
xdo
k kd h vGr;f armzG,f uav;b0 ausmif;aepOfu
yH&k yd wf csK@d ukd jyefvnfcpH m;cGihf ay;cJw h muawmh rwfv 1
&ufaeh u *syefjynf wdu k sKd +rdK w
h iG f usi;f ycJoh nfh q&m}uD;.
&mjynf h y G J tcrf ; tem;Yyif j zpf o nf / / aemuf c H y d w f
teD&J&Jay:wGif “acwfprf;uAsm q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f
&mjynfhyGJ” qdkonfh pmvHk;u a&$0ga&mifjzifh a&;cs,f
xm;onf// q&m}uD;. "gwf yHu k kd wzufwiG f csw d qf xJG m;+yD;
usefwzufwGif yef;csDum;wcsyfudk csdwfxm;jyefonf//
xdkyef;csDum; onfum; tjcm;r[kwfay// q&m}uD;.
xif&mS ;ausm=f um;aom ysO;f rikww f kd uAsmudk o&kyaf zmf
xm;onf h yef ; csD u m; yif j zpf o nf / / Tonf u yif
jrefrmpmayavmu wGif rSwfwdkifwcktjzpfqdkufxlEdkif
cJo
h nfh q&m}u;D . ynm*k%/f u0d*% k wf kd .
h aemufcu H m;csyf
rsm;yifjzpfonf//
xd k h a emuf q &m}uD ; . aeuf c H o rd k i f ; rsm;/
&mjynfyh u JG si;f ya&;aumfrwD. yGu J si;f y &onfh &nf&, G cf suf
rsm;udk zwf=um;cJ=h u+yD; jynfwiG ;f rS ay;ydk v h monfh pma&;
q&m}uD; yg&*l/ [Hom0wDowif;pmq&m}uD; OD;0if;wifw@kd
h. Message rsm;jzifh tcrf;tem;udk pwifavonf// xdk@
aemufq&m}uD;rif;ok0%f a&;om; cJo h nfh uAsmrsm;jzifh
&Gwq f ykd al Zmf cJ=h u+yD; *syefjynfzmG ; jrefrmuav;i,frsm;.
uAsmo&kyf azmfjyuGufu wufa&mufvm=u onfh
usaemfwdk htm;vHk;twGuf yDwdjzpfp&m pdwf0ifpm;p&m
aumif;vGe;f aeonf//
“ar#meh ufqw kd m csKed J v h m;uGJ h ”qdak wmh acgi;f
ay:wGif vufuav;ESpzf ufwifum b,f,rd ;f nm,dr;f jzifh
rsufvHk;av;rsm;vnfum uae honfh usaemfwdk htrsdK;/
usaemfwdk@ taoG;/ usaemfwdk hrsdK;qufav;awGtwGuf
pdwrf aumif;jzpf&jyefonf// rdom;pk odu k o f u
dk f 0ef;0ef;jzifh

41
tvif;tdrf
ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf/ ud, k Zhf mwd/ ud, k ,fh Ofaus;r_ qdo k nfh trdajr. &ifaiG@
udk cdv k cH_ iG hf uif;rJ@ aeygvm;qdo k nfh todjzifh cg;oD;pGmcHpm;rdonf//
xdk haemuf q&m}uD;armifpGrf;&nf. “rif;ok0%f&J@
uav;uAsm;rsm;”pmwrf;udk q&mra': pENm0if;. wifjyr_ rSmawmh
usaemfw h kd t h m;vH;k ausmif;om; rsm;jzpfomG ;avonf// q&mr.
tajymtqdk trlt&m wifjyr_ toH=unfvifjywfom;r_awGu
usaemfwkd t h m;vH;k . tm&Hu k kd wae&m wnf;odk h pkpnf;xm;Edik cf o hJ nf/
/ cef;r}uD;wckv;kH toHww d uf m tm;vH;k +idro f ufpmG jzifh pifjrifah y:rS
toHwpfck wnf;udo k m pl;pl;pduk pf udk &f adS eyHrk mS vnf; tvGeyf if auseyf
p&maumif;aeawmhonf//
vuf[efuav;rsm;jzifh q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f. “u}uD;
cauG;”vuFmudk tJ'v D kd a=umifh toHaygh tJ'v D akd =umifh toHav;
q&m}uD;. uAsmawGrSm um&H,lyHk um&H,lenf; 'gu av;csdK;
'gutwGif;um&H ponfjzihf tao;pdwfcs,fr_H; wifjyaeyHku
pmwrf;zwfaeonf [kyif rxif&ay// vGrf;armcJh&bl;onfh
i,fpOfb0 pmoifcef;xJucHpm;r_ yHkpHrsdK;udk tcsdefwdkwdkav;
twGif;rSmyif usaemfwdk h. pdwfudkjyefvnfqGJac:oGm;onf//
wc%av; twGi;f rSmyif usaemfwkd Eh yk sKd oGm;=uonf//
xd@k aemuf q&mOD;a&$b (*syefvrl sKd ;)u q&m}u;D rif;ok0%f
tkq d mum wuUov kd f od@k a&mufvmyHu k kd ajymawmh usaemfph w d x
f J
0rf;enf;ovdk cHpm;rdonf// wuUov kd t f wGuf {nfyh garmuQ tjzpf
tjcm;tjcm;aom jrefrmpm ygarmuQrsm;&Sdygv#uf q&m}uD;
a&mufvm cJ&h onfrmS trdjynftwGuf ESajrmp&mjzpfchJ &onf//
usaemfph w d x f J *k%, f l zdk x
h uf q&m}u;D tm; oem; rdonfh pdwu f om
ydrk sm;aerdonf// pmayynm&Si}f u;D awGukd wdik ;f jynfrmS ae&m rSerf ay;/
trsKd ;rsKd ;apmfum;aeonfh 'g%rf S acwWvw G af jruf&m vGwaf jrmuf
a=umif; tjzpf q&m}uD; tkdqmumwuUodkvf udk a&mufvmcJh
[efwlonf// odk haomfynm&Sif qdkonfhtwdkif; aq;pufcs&m
t&kyx f ifayonf// *syefvrl sKd ; jrefrmpmay oif,v l okd rl sm;twGuf

42
tvif;tdrf
*syef-jrefrm tbd"geu f kd *syefygarmuQ rsm;jzifh twl jyKpEk ikd cf o hJ nf/
q&m}uD;. aus;Zl;a=umifh [kqu kd m q&mOD;a&$bu tbd"gef
}u;D udk ajrmS ufjyawmh owif;pm q&m}u;D OD;0ifwif tkq d mumwGif
q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f ESifhawG hqHkpOfu ajymcJhonfh pum;udk
trSw&f rdonf//
“q&mwdk hvdk yk*~dKvfawG wdkif;jynfuae ta0;rSm
a&mufaewm raumif;awmh ygb;l / wdik ;f jynf uvnf; ysucf ref;
jzpfae+yD / wdik ;f jynfrmS 'kuQ okuaQ wG odyu f akd &mufaew,f/rw&m;
r_awGvnf; tvGeu f kd v$r;f rd;k aeyg+yD / tvGeu f kd }uD;pd;k aeyg+yD//
wdik ;f jynfysucf ref; jzpfaewmudk q&mvnf;0dik ;f +y;D =unh=f uygawmh
qdak wmh ” h h “h OD;0if;wif usKyfuvnf; jyefrmS ygyw J ”hJ wu,f
vnf; q&m}uD;jyefco hJ nf// odk ah omf h h h
xdk haemuf tcsdefwpfem&Dcef homusefawmhojzifh
t,f'Dwm OD;0if;cufrS q&m OD;apmxGef;twGuf tcsdefay;
vdu k o f nf// usaemfw@kd “tbd"geq f &mOD;0ef” qdo k nfh pmwrf; udk
em;axmifciG &hf vdu k o f nf//
ynm&SifyDyD q&mOD;apmxGef;. toHu aysmhaysmh
ajymif;jymif; &Sv d o S nf// pum;vH;k toH;k tE_;H ,Ofaus;oavmuf
okaooevky&f mwGif yk*Kd~ vf. cspjf cif; rke;f jcif; ESpcf pk vH;k udk cGg+yD;
yuwdtwdik ;f =unf&h ygw,fvkd h tpcs+D yD; q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f.
tbd"gefq&mb0udk a0zefydkif;jcm;wifjyxm;yHk[m tifrwef
pdw0f if;pm;p&m aumif;vSonf///
“vl hb0xHk;pHtwdkif; avmu"Hu avajyaoG;wJh
tcgaoG;/ rkew f ikd ;f uswt hJ cgus wwfawmh q&mhtbd"geq f &m
b0u twuftus tedrt hf jrifh rsm;vSygw,f// 'Davmu"H udk
&ifqikd w f t
hJ cg q&m&J Eh v S ;kH oGi;f q&m&J h jzwfoef;ausmv f m$ ;
yHak wG[m enf;,lp&m/ w&m; usp&m aumif;w,fvkd ”h ygarmuQ
q&mOD;apmxGe;f u ol.pmwrf;tpwGif qdx k m;onf/
q&m}uD;rif;ok0%fjzwfoef;cJ&h onfh b0 wavsmuf

43
tvif;tdrf
wGif ynm&Siaf wGukd tm%m&Siaf wGu trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH xduyg; ,duyg; ajymqdk wwfykH
tav;rxm;yHw k @kd uq kd &muokaowe ynm &Siyf yD D &ufpt JG ud;k tum; ae&m wdk jh zifh
jynfjh ynfh pHpk w kH ifjyonf// usaemfwkd h em;axmifae&if; q&m}uD;twGuf 0rf;enf;rdonf//
,lusKH ;r&jzpfro d nf// ESajrmrdavonf//
ed*;kH csKyftaejzifu h saemf aumufcsucf sro d nfrmS h h h
1974 ckEpS w f iG f tdq
k mumwuUov kd o f kd h jrefrmpm{nf@ygarmuQtjzpf q&m}uD;
a&mufvmawmh *syefq&mrsm;tH=ooif&h yHk udak xmuf&_ jh cif;tm;jzifh q&m}uD;. 1971
ckEpS f b0 wpdwf wydik ;f udk ygarmuQq&mOD;apmxGe;f . wifjyxm;yHEk iS hf qufpyf=unhyf gu
*syefq&mrsm; tH@=oawmhrnf rxifyg// q&mwifjyxm;yHu k hhh
“tbd"gejf yKpka&;vkyif ef;rSmyg q&mae&mudk rSed yf pfvu kd yf gw,f// ygwn D vD mcH
rde@f ceG ;f ajymt+yD;rSm jrefrmpmayjyKpka&;ESihf bmomjyefaumfr&Sif udzk suo f rd ;f vduk yf gw,f/
1971 pufwifbm 15 &ufpeJG J h awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUX}uD;u jrefrmpmaumfr&Siu f kd
zG@J ay;jyefygw,f// ynma&;0ef}u;D u OuUX / wuUov dk b
f momjyefEiS phf mtkyx f w k af 0a&;Xme
u OD;wifat;udk 'kw, d OuUX/ pm=unfw h u kd rf LS ; OD;aomfaumif;udk twGi;f a&;rSL; cef yh gw,f
&efuek w f uUov kd f bmomjyefEiS hf pmtkyx f w k af 0a&;Xmeu q&mOD;0ef (rif;ok0%f) vkyf
aqmifaewJh tbd"gejf yKpka&;vkyif ef;udk v$aJ jymif;,lvu kd yf gw,f// q&mwdk zh wfrw S pf ak qmif;
+yD; pmtkypf mwrf;awG tnGe;f pmcsyaf wGtygt0ifyg”
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmtbd"gex f w
J iG f b0udk ESpjf rKyfvmonfq h &m}uD; tckvkd {nfyh g
armuQ b0jzifh 1974 wGif *syefukd a&mufvmcJo h nfrmS rnfoal =umihf qdo k nft h ajzudk
usaemfw@kd awG;p=unhpf &myifrvdak wmhyg// odk ah omf q&m}u;D .jrefrmpmaytwGuf }uKd ;pm;
tm;xkwfr_ / ZGJvHk;v&Sdr_awGudk q&m}uD; 1983 ckESpfu a&;cJhonfh “avmuGwf
v#yaf &mif”uAsmav;wGif Todk ah wGjrifo&d EdS ikd yf gawmhonf//
“avmu0wfonf / avmuGwb f 0/ a&muf&ygvnf;
rd;k 0vufajymif;/ v#ppf pfa&mifokd h / tarSmifciG ;f Edik yf gao;onf//
jyufavmhv#yaf &mif / avmifavmhv#ypf pf/ ypfavmhr;kd }udK;
tarSmifp;kd Y / arSmifrsKd ;ru / arSmif}uD;usI
c%vufv#if / c%yifwnfh / igjrifyg&
ig b
h 00,f / vrf;p&SmEdik yf gao;onf//
rif;rif;odef;

44
tvif;tdrf
q&m}uD;rsm;ESi hf trSwfw&
&mjynfyh JG odk wh ufa&mufvmonfh {nfyh &dwof wfrsm;
&mjynfyh oJG kd h
wufa&mufvmolrsm;
rSwwf rf;a&;aepOf//

45
tvif;tdr&mjynf
wwd,ajrmufurBmhukvor*~
vGwf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
“OD;oef h” (1909-1974)
&mjynfh txdrf;trSwf//
jrefrmEdik if aH wmf vGwvf yfa&;atmifyJG
vyf tcrf;tem;wGif yg0ifqifE&JG ef twGuf eHeuf
4em&Dtcsed w f iG f wdik ;f jynfjyKvGwaf wmfrsuEf mS
pm&dS tvHwdkif. &ifjyifjrufcif;Y EdkifiHawmf
a&; ,m,DorRw}u;D apma&$ou

Adv
k rf sm; jzpf=uaom ume,f jrifo
kd o
f nf ud, k &f aH wmf
h ed ;f / ume,f
xifp/D xd@k jyif twGi;f 0ef OD;a&$abmf/ tdraf wmf0ef
atmifyJG OD;pHazwd@k EiS hf twl =uGa&mufvm+yD;onfah emuf

,m,Dtpd;k &0ef}u;D csKy/f ,m,D ygvrD ef/(wdik ;f jynf
jyKv$waf wmf)OuUX/ ,m,Dtpd;k & 0ef}u;D rsm;ESihf
tcrf;tem; [d k u f u k w f v $ w f a wmf w&m; 0ef } uD ; csKyf /

r[mrif;}uD;rsm;/ Edik if jH cm; txl; oHwref rsm;/
zqyv tr_aqmifv}l uD;rsm;/ ,m,D ygvrD ef
(wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmf)trwf rsm;/ Edik if aH wmf
umuG , f a &;tzG J @ t}uD ; tuJ r sm;/ ,m,D
ygvDref(wdkif;jynfjyKv$wf awmf)t&m &dSrsm;/
OD;oef h wdkif;rif;}uD;rsm; &mxl;0eftzGJ@ OuUX ESifh

&mxl;0efrsm;/ tpdk;&Xme t}uD;tuJrsm;/
twGi;f 0efrsm;/ a'oE &W tzG@J ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/
a&S @ aea&S @ &yf qd k i f & m ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;/
uk e f o nf } uD ; toif ; av;oif ; rS ud k , f p m;
vS,rf sm;/ aejynfawmf &mZ0wfw&m;ol}u;D rsm;/
ausmfapmudwdW&dSaom tjcm;{nfhonfrsm;
1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf a&muf&pSd &k ;kH vsu&f =Sd uavonf?

46
&mjynfh *g&0jyK pmrsufEmS tvif
rsm; ;tdrf
v$waf wmf.rsuEf mS pm ta&S@buf wGif ,m,Dyg vDref(wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmf)

trwf rsm;/ v$ w f a wmf q if 0 if a &S @ wG i f ,m,D t pd k ; &0ef } uD ; csKyf E S i f h 0ef } uD ; rsm;/
v$wfawmfqif0ifatmufwGif ykÀm;jzL/ ykÀm;ndKrsm;/ qif0if. 0J,mwGif EdkifiHjcm;
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&dS }uD;i,frsm;ESifh vlrsKd;aygif;pHk udk,fpm;vS,f
{nfo
h nfawmfrsm;tm; toD;oD;ae&mcsxm;.?
xdt k csed w
f iG f pnfawmf&rG ;f vsu&f . Sd ?
v$waf wmfrsuEf mS pm. ta&S@bufaxmifw h iG f Armhwyfrawmf/ rsuEf mS pm a&S@wiG f
Armh a&wyf/ Armhavwyf/ aomif;use;f r_ErSd ef if;a&;wyf/ ArmhEikd if aH wmf vufeufuikd f
ykvyd tf zG@J rsm;udk toD;oD;ae&mcsay;xm;avonf?
Edik if aH wmf ,m,DorRw}uD;onf taqmifta,mifEiS hf v$waf wmfqif0if a&S@o@kd
xGuv f monfwiG f pnfawmfo&H yfpo J mG ;avonf?
orRw}uD;onf yd;k tjzLa&mif a&$csnx f ;kd abmif;udk qif,ifvsuf yd;k od&k if;jzLESihf
pum;0gEka&mif a&$csnfxdk;ykqdk;awmif&Snfwdk@udk oyfoyf&yf&yf cef@cef@ nm;nm;
qifjref;xm;.?
,m,Dtpd;k &0ef}u;D csKyo f cifErk mS um; acgi;f aygi;f yef;a&mif/ rE aW v; awmif&n S yf ef;
a&mif/ yd;k &ifz;Hk tuFs t D jzLudk 0wfqifxm;avonf?
a&wyf/ uke;f wyfrS ppfAv kd }f u;D rsm;u a&S@aqmifI orRw}u;D onf Armh wyfrawmf/
Armha&wyf/ Armhavwyf/ aomif;use;f r_ ESrd ef if;a&;wyfEiS hf Armhvuf eufuikd f ykvyd t f zG@J rsm;udk
wwyf+yD;wwyf vSnfhvnf &_pm;avonf? xdktcsdefwGif u&iftrsKd;om;wyfu
bifc&mwD;r_waf vonf?
ygvrD efvw $ af wmfa&S@&Sd tvHwikd af y:rS +Adwo d #w@kd . ,le*D sut
f vHrmS eHeufcif;
tcsdef woHkoHkwdkufcwfvsuf&dSaom aqmif;avat;a=umifh wzswfzswf v_yf&Sm;
vsu&f aSd eavonf?
eHeuf 4em&D 19rdepftcsed w f iG f =uaG &mufvmaom y&dwo f wftm;vH;k +ird o
f ufpmG
ae=u&ef rD;a&mifjyI tcsuaf y;vdu k . f ?
tvHwdkifta&S@zufESifh taemufzufwGif toD;oD;&yfae=uaom Amrif[rf
ppfoabFmrS t&m&dSESpfOD;ESifh Armha&wyfrS ArmhtrsKd;om;a&wyft&m&dS ESpfOD;wdk@onf
tcgawmf=um; tajrmufou H kd em;pGiv hf su&f =Sd u.?

47
tvif;tdrf
eHeuf 4em&D/rdepf20 wdwdtcsdefwGif &efukefjrpf
qdyu f rf; Y qdu k uf yfae aom Amrif[rfppfoabFm}uD;rS tcg
awmf=um; tajrmufrsm; ypfazmufvu kd o f nf ESihf w+ydKifeuf
u&ifbifc&mtzGJ@u xHk;pHtwdkif;wD;r_wfI +Adwdo#a&wyf
Ad k v f w OD ; u +Ad w d o #,l e D , H * suf t vH u d k wjznf ; jznf ;
qGcJ savonf? xdt k csed w
f iG f t*Fvyd f bk&m;&dcS ;kd ausmif;rsm;rS
acgi;f avmif;oHrsm;/ oabFmO=oqGo J rH sm;/ aoewfazmufoH
rD;td;k aAsmuft;kd oHrsm; w+rKd @v;kH +crd +hf crd t
hf ;kH r# qlno H mG ;avonf?
rD;usnrf ;D yef;rsm; vnf; aumif;uifwiG f &_rnD;atmifxed v f if;
aeayawmhonf?
+Adwo d #,el ,
D *H sut f vHukd cs+yD;onfEiS hf w+ydKifeuf
Armha&wyfrS t&m&dS apmcsppf ed . f vufwiG ;f rS jynfaxmifpk
ArmhtvHawmf}u;D onf wd;k xGuv f suw f ikd f xdyo
f @kd wjznf;jznf;
wufoGm;avonf? xdktcsdefwGif ppfwD;0dkif;rS trsKd;om;
oD;csi;f oHonf r*Fvmtaygi;f ESihf +idr+hf idrahf v;av; ay:xGuv f m
avonf? tvHawmf }uD;onf wdkifxdyfodk@a&mufonfESifh
igw@kd onf
w+ydKifeuf ykÀm;awmfrsm;onf c&koif;rsm;udk wD;r_wfum
Tae@Ttcsed rf pS I qdkif&mwyfzGJ@toD;oD;ESifh rif;y&dwfowftaygif;wdk@onf
igw@kd tm; tvHawmfukd tav;jyK=u.? pnfawmfonfvnf; &Gr;f vsu&f . Sd ?
vGwv f yfaomvrf;od@k xd k @ aemuf eH e uf 4em&D / rd e pf 40 tcsd e f w G i f
yd@k aqmif cJah om txufazmfjyyg y&dwo f wf taygi;f wd@k onf tpDtpOftwdik ;f
,m,D y gvD r ef ( wd k i f ; jynf j yKv$ w f a wmf ) cef ; r}uD ; xJ w G i f
igw@kd . acgi;f aqmif}u;D pk&;kH =uavonf?
Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; y&dwfowfpHknD a&muf&dSvm+yD;onfhaemuf 4em&D
csrwS cf o hJ nfh 45rdepftcsdefwGif EdkifiHawmf orRw}uD; apma&$odkufonf
vrf;pOf twdik ;f EdkifiHawmf 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk/ ,m,DygvDref (wdkif;jynfjyK
v$waf wmf)OuUX}uD; aysmb f , G Of ;D jrwd@k EiS thf wl v$waf wmfcef;r
waoGrwdr;f }uD;odk@ 0ifvm&m y&dwfowftaygif;wdk@u rwfwwf&yfI
cswD ufrnf? tav;jyK=u.?

48
tvif;tdrf
v$waf wmfcef;r}uD;wGif csw d qf x

JG m;aom
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw hf uG usq;kH aom acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;.
"gwfyHk}uD;rsm;rSmvnf;“igwdk@csxm;aom vrf;pOftwdkif;
vdkufemaqmif&GufavpG”[lI aumif;csD;axmremjyKvsuf
y&dwfowfrsm;tm; =unfhaeouJhodk@&dS.? v$wfawmfcef;
r}uD;twGif;Y jrefrm&kyf&Sif ukr`%Drsm;u‚if;/ EdkifiHjcm;
&ky&f iS u
f rk %
` rD sm;u‚if; v#ypf pfvufouJo h @kd wzswzf swf ESihf
&du
k u f ;l =u.?
orRw}uD;onf pifjrifhay:wGif ae&m,l+yD;aemuf
orRw&mxl;udk vufco H rd ;f ydu
k af =umif; ausnmvdu k o
f nf?
xdkaemuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'twnfjzpfa=umif; ausnmvdkuf&m wcJeuf
=obm ay;=uavonf?
xdkaemuf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;=u&mwGif
toufpGef@v$wfoGm; =u&&Smaom olwdk@tm; owd&aom
txdr;f trSwjf zifh 2rdepf+idro f ufae=u.?
xd@k aemuf Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf ocifEo k nf atmifap
igw@kd onf
ownf ; tpcsD aom vG w f v yf a &;ausnmpmwrf ; ud k
zwf=um;+y;D OD;ausmjf rifu h av; wdik af y;aom Edik if aH wmfo;D csi;f udk Tae@Ttcsed rf pS I
pk&;kH a&muf&Sd vm=uaom y&dwo f wftaygi;f wd@k u oDq=kd uav olwyg;udv k nf;
onf? rw&m;rjyK/
Edik if aH wmfo;D csi;f oDqt kd +yD;wGif Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf igw@kd tm;
onf &mxl;qdkif&m usrf;opPmESifh v#dK@0Sufusrf;opPmrsm;udk
usdefqdk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf orRw}uD;u rw&m;
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk tm; Xmeqdkif&m wHqdyfawmfudk tyfESif; jyKrjl cif;udv
k nf;
avonf? rcH
0ef}u;D csKyfocifEu k vGwv f yfa&;ae@ rde@f ceG ;f pum;udk toufEiS v hf I
J
jrGu=f um;.?
umuG,rf nf?

49
tvif;tdr&mjynf
opPmt"dÏmefu;kd csuf
xd@k aeYyif usi;f yaom vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f ausmufwikd f tkwjf rpfcs tcrf;
tem;wGif zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;AaqGu atmufyg twdkif;
opPmt"dÏmefu;kd csuu f kd wdik af y;I vlx}k uD;u pdwt f m;xufoefpmG vduk qf ckd ahJ vonf?
1? ? igw@kd onf Tae@Ttcsed rf pS I igw@kd tm; vGwv f yfaomvrf;od@k yd@k aqmif
cJhaom igwdk@. acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwfcJhonfh vrf;pOf twdkif;
waoGrwdr;f csw D ufrnf?
2? ? igwdk@onf Tae@TtcsdefrSpI igwdk@. jynfaxmifpk orRwjrefrm
Edik if aH wmf}uD;. opPmudk raoGrznf apmifx h ed ;f rnf?
3? ? igwdk@onf Tae@TtcsdefrSpI vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfom;wdk@.
rGefjrwfaom tcGifhta&;udk cH,lonfhenf;wl vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfom;wkd@.
wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udv k nf; rwdr;f riJx h rf;aqmifrnf?
4? ? igw@kd onf Tae@Ttcsed rf pS I igw@kd acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmif qef;.
vHk@vO\[jzifh &&dS+yD;jzpfaom trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk ausmufpdkif ausmufcJuJodk@
cdik +f rJatmif xde;f odr;f &rnf?
5? ? igwdk@onf Tae@TtcsdefrSpI igwdk@EdkifiHawmfom;[loa&G@udk }uD;
i,fe;D a0;rjcm; waoG;wom;wnf;jyKI enf;rsm; edrjhf rifrh &daS p& nDwn l rD #jyKrnf?
6? ? igwdk@onf Tae@TtcsdefrSpI olwyg;udkvnf; rw&m;rjyK/igwdk@tm;
rw&m;jyKrljcif;udv k nf;rcH toufEiS v hf I J umuG,rf nf?
7? ? igw@kd onf Tae@Ttcsed rf pS I igw@kd Edik if aH wmf}uD;. w&m;Oya'rsm; udk
&dak opGm vdu k ef musio hf ;kH rnf?
8? ? igwdk@onf Tae@TtcsdefrSpI igwdk@EdkifiHESifh igwdk@vGwfvyfa&;udk
toufEiS v hf I J umuG,af pmifah &Smufrnf?
9? ? vHk;0 vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD; urBm
t&Snfwnf+rJa&;wm0efonf igwdk@ESifhwuG igwdk@om;ajr; aemifvm tqufquf
wd@k tay: Ywnfaprnf?
Tigwdk@. opPmt"dÏmef rSefonfhtwdkif; igwdk@jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrm
Edik if aH wmf}u;D onf urBmt&Snw f nfapownf;?
(jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;xkwf OD;oef@ a&;/ jynfawmfomc&D; pmtkyfrS aumufE_wf
OD;oef h
azmfjyonf?) jrefrmopf&opHkr*~Zif; trSwf(4)Zefe0g&Dv 2009rS ul;,laz: jyonf?
50
tvif;tdrf
a&S h wcef;wGif rmhupf f . 'dik ,f m
vuf w pf ud k tpysKd ; xm; cJ h + yD ; jzpf
onf?Ttcef;wGif rmhufpf. udk,fa&;
&mZ0if tusO;f csKyfukd t"duxm;I azmfjy
vdok nf? rmhupf . f rsm;jym;vGe;f vSonfh ol.
p}uFm0VmxJu pGrf;aqmif}udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk +yD;jynfhpGm
Ttcef; wGif azmfjyEdik rf mS r[kwaf =umif;
}udKwifyef=um; xm;vdyk gonf?
'dki ,f mvufwpf(4) um;vf r mh u f p f ( Karl MarX)ud k
y&yfo#m;EdkifiH/x&D,m;+rdK@wGif 1818/arv
5&uf w G i f zG m ;jrif o nf ? zcif r S m
a&S@aejzpfonf? *smrefe&[l'v D rl sK;d jzpfojzifh
touf 6 ES p f (1824)t&G , f r S pI
y&dkwufpwifh c&pf*dk%f;odk@ 0ifa&mufcJhol
jzpfonf? rmhupf w f @kd rdom;pkrmS vluw kH ef
rdom;pkjzpfonf? odk@aomf ol.rdom;pk
xJwiG f rmhupf w f OD;wnf;om awmfveS af &;
tjrif & d S c J h o nf ? ol o nf arG ; zG m ;&m
x&D;,m;+rKd @rmS yJ yxrbG@J &onf? xd@k aemuf
bGef;+rdK@ wuUodkvfwGif qufvuf ynm
oif=um;onf?
um;vfrmhupf f xdrk w S zefbmvifwuUov kd f wGif
qufvufynmoif,l onf? ordik ;f ynmESihf
'\eduaA'udk tywfwukwf }uKd ;pm;tm;
xkwfcJhonf? touf 23ESpf(1841)wGif
rd;k ajropf '\ed u aA'bmomjzif h a'guf w m
bJG@&&dSonf? xdk@aemuf bGef;wuUodkvfodk@
jyefomG ;onf? ygarmuQ&mxl;&&dS zd@k twGuf
jzpfonf? od@k aomf *smr%Dtpd;k &. wd;k wuf

51
tvif;tdrf
aom tjrif&dSolrsm;udk wuUodkvfrS xkwfy,f +yD; acwfaemufjyefqGJ a&S;t,l0g'

udik pf o
JG rl sm;udo k m OD;pm;ay;aeonfh umvjzpf ojzifh rmhupf o f nf ol. &nfreS ;f csuu f kd
vufvw $ f vdu k &f onf?
xd@k aemufoo l nf tjrifcsi;f wlaom vuf0aJ emufvu kd f awmfveS af &; orm;rsm;ESihf
aygif;qHk+yD; udkvHk;+rdK@wGif owif;pm wapmifwnfaxmifum 1842 ZEM0g&D 1&ufwGif
pwifxkwfa0cJhonf? atmufwdkbmvwGif rmhufpfonf t,f'DwmcsKyf jzpfvmonf?
rmhufpfonf ol@vufxufwGif ydkIjyif;xefvm/ydkI v_yf&Sm;vmonfhtwGuf tpdk;&u
pDppfcsKyfuikd rf r_ sm;jyKvkyv f mcJo
h nf? 1843ZEM0g&D wGif rmhupf o f nf t,f'w D mcsKyfb0rS
E_wx f u G vf ukd &f avawmhonf?
1843wGif ol. i,f&nf;pm; *sifeDAGef0ufpzJvif ESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;
vdkufonf?*sifeDu rSL;rwfrsKd;&dk;rS qif;oufvmcJhol? xdkESpfrSmyif r*~Zif;wapmif
xkwaf 0&eftwGuf yJ&pf+rdK@o@kd xu G cf gG omG ;onf? xdrk *~Zif;rSm wapmifom xkwf a0cJ+h yD;
ta=umif ; trsKd ; rsKd ; a=umif h &yf e m;vd k u f & avonf ? 1844wG i f td e f * s,f v f p f
yJ&pf+rdK@odk@a&muf&dSvmcJ@&m xdktcsdefrSpI rmhufpf ESifh u|rf;0ifcifrifcJh+yD; &moufyef
rdwaf qG&aJ bmf jzpfco hJ nf?
1845wGif tpd;k &. zdEySd rf a_ =umifh yJ&pf+rKd @rS xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifc&hJ +y;D b&yfq+J rKd @wiG f
oGm;a&mufaexdik &f onf? 1847wGif rmhupf f ESihf tde*f s,v f pf w f @kd aygi;f +y;D v#K@d 0uS q
f &kd ,
S v
f pf
tzG J @ tpnf ; wck u d k wnf a xmif = uonf ? ,if ; tzG J @ tpnf ; ud k uG e f j rLepf
vli,frsm;tpnf;t&Hk;[kac:onf? xdkvli,frsm;tpnf; t&Hk;. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf
uGe*f &ufwiG f rmhupf o f nf ol. tvGet f a&;ygaom uGejf rLepfygwaD =unm pmwrf;udk
a&;om;wifoiG ;f avonf? xdpk mwrf;onf 1848 azaz:0g&v D wGif xGuaf y:vmonf?
xdka=unmpmwrf;onf rmhufpf wnfaqmufvdkonfh uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;.
tajccHtw k jf rpfjzpfonf?
1848wGif awmfvSefa&;jzpfyGm;cJh&m rmhufpfonf b,f*sD,efrS xGufajy;
wdrf;a&Smif&onf? b,fvf*sD,efrS yJ&pf/ yJ&pfrS *smr%D udkvHk; ponfh +rdK@rsm;odk@
tqifq h ifah &G@ajymif; aexdik &f onf? udv k ;kH wGif owif;pm topfwapmifxw k af 0 jyefonf?
ol. awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh pnf;&Hk;vH_@aqmfr_rsm;a=umifh 1849wGif
owif;pmaum ol@uykd g w&m;pGq J ckd &H jyef&m rmhupf o f nf udv k ;kH rS yJ&pf od@k xGuaf jy;&jyefonf?
yJ&pfwiG f wvcef@omaexdik +f yD; 1849ckEpS f ZGev f 13&uf wGif vef'efo@kd xGuaf jy;cJ&h onf?

52
tvif;tdrf
rmhupf o f nf vef'efwiG f toufxufq;kH aexdik cf o hJ nf?

rmhufpfwdk@ rdom;pkonf ynmwwfvluHkwef rsKd;&dk;rS qif;oufcJh=uyg vsuf
tvGet f rifqif;&J'u k aQ &mufc=hJ uonf? awmfveS af &;xJwiG f pGe@f vw $ af y;qyf cJo
h r# xdu k o hJ @kd
qif;&J'u k uQ kd &&dcS ohJ nf? xku d ohJ @kd wEdik if rH S wEdik if o
H @kd u;l ajymif;ajy; v$m;&if;uyif rmhupf o f nf
ypPn;f rJh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;. awmfveS af &;wGif ud, k w f ikd u f ,
kd u f s epfjrKyyf g0ifcahJ vonf?
rmhupf f ESihf tde*f s,v f pf wf @kd tjyeftvSeaf y;pmrsm;xJwiG f rmhupf . f awmfveS af &;
orm;b0/ awmfveS af omtawG;tac:ynm&Sib f 0udk awG@&&Sd rSm jzpfonf? ol@b0avmuf
=urf;wrf;cufxefaom b0rsK;d um; r&dES ikd af wmhay? Edik if aH &;abm*aA' ESihf t&if;usr;f udk
rmhupf o f nf +Adwo d #jywdu k xf w J iG f em&Daygi;f rsm;pGm jyKpkcahJ vonf? ol. use;f rma&;
rSmvnf; xdcu kd v f mavawmhonf? vef'efwiG f aexdik pf OftwGi;f tde*f s,v f pf uf 'dik cf +H yD;
tepfemcH axmufyahH ejcif; r&dcS v hJ #if rmhupf o f nf ol.xif&mS ;vSaom t&if;usr;f udk jyKpkEikd f
cJrh nf r[kwaf y?
1881 'DZifbmF 2wGif ZeD;jzpfol *sief D uG,v f eG cf +hJ y;D onfah emufyikd ;f pdwx f cd u
kd o f nf
uwa=umif ; /t&if ; usrf ; . }uD ; av;aomvk y f i ef ; rsm;zd p D ; onf u wa=umif ;
usef;rma&;tvGeftrif;csKd@wJhvm+yD; 1883 rwfv 14(65)wGif uG,fvGef cJhonf?
ol j yKpk a &;om;aeonf h t&if ; usrf ; ud k quf v uf a &;om;vsuf u yif ol .
pm;yGu J v k m;xdik af y:wGif uG,v f eG cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf?
ol. ud, k af &;&mZ0iftusO;f csKyfukd azmfjy&mY ordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;cJo h nf?h ol.
v_y&f mS ;rl/pGr;f aqmifrr_ sm;udyk g tESpx f wk af zmfjyrSom a'giahf phrnf[k ,lq onf?xdak =umifh
jznfhpGufxkwfE_wf wifjyoGm;ygrnf?(yxr wcsufrSm) ody`Henf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk
tdef*s,fvpf ESifh twlxlaxmifjcif;/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;rsm;. vuf0,fodk@a&muf&dS&ef
jzef @ jzL;jcif ; / ypP n f ; rJ h y gwD r sm;xl a xmif & ef t wG u f wd k u f y G J 0 if & ef aowyef
oufwqH;k v_y&f mS ;cJjh cif;yifjzpfonf? *smr%DwiG f uGejf rLepftzG@J csKyf(Communist League)udk
xlaxmifvu kd o f nf? xd@k aemuf Edik if w H um ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;ygwrD sm; ESihf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
waygif ; wpnf ; wnf ; jzpf v map&ef t wG u f “yxrtzG J @ csKyf } uD ; ”( The First
International)xlaxmif&m wGif olonf pGr;f pGr;f wref OD;aqmifco hJ nf?“,if;tzG@J csKy}f u;D wGif
rmhupf . f pGr;f aqmifjyKvkycf ahJ om vkyif ef;rsm;onf ol. Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif txGwf
txdyyf if jzpfavonfwum;”[k tde*f s,v f pf u f rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf?
yxrtzGJ@csKyf}uD;udk 1864ck pufwifbm21&ufae@ +AdwdefEdkifiH vef'ef+rdK@

53
tvif;tdrf
pd e f @ rmwif c ef ; raqmif Y usif ; yaomtpnf ; ta0;}uD ; wG i f xl a xmif v d k u f j cif ;
jzpfonf?('kw, d tcsurf mS ) yxrtzG@J csKyf}uD;. ordik ;f umvwGif ay:xGuv f mcJh =uonfh
pdwu f ;l ,Of qd&k , S v f pf0g'/ "e&Siaf ygupf qd&k , S v f pf0g'trsK;d rsK;d / rif;rJ0h g' trsK;d rsK;d wd@k ukd
t"duxm;I wdkufcdkufcJh+yD; ody`Henf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk xlaxmif &jcif;jzpfonf?
tzG@J csKyf}uD;. ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;tajccHEiS hf vuQ%mudrk u l m; tenf;i,fr#yif aoGzjD cif;
rjzpf&avatmif rmhupf o f nf pGr;f pGr;f wref xdr;f odr;f umuG,cf o hJ nf? xdo k @kd umuG,jf cif;jzifh
tzG@J csKyftwGi;f pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf u_ kd xlaxmifc&hJ avonf?
yxrtzG@J csKyf}uD; xlaxmifonfh 12ESpu f mtwGi;f Oa&my t&if;&Sipf epf onf
taxGaxGtusyt f wnf; qdu k af &mufaeaom tcsed u f mvjzpfonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif
Oa&myvl @ or*~ r sm;wG i f v nf ; ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;ygwD ES i f h toif ; /tzG J @ rsm;.
jzpfay:wdk;wufrlonf wajy;nDpGm r&dS=uao;? xdk@tjyif qdk&S,fvpf0g' trsKd;rsKd;
tpm;pm;onf Oa&mywv$m;wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; &Sifoef
tm;aumif; aeqJvnf;jzpfonf?=oZmv$r;f aecJo h nf?
yxrtzG@J csKyf twGi;f yg0ifvmcJ=h uonfh bwfuel if. rif;rJh qd&k , S v f pf *d%
k ;f ESihf
/ y&dk'if ESifh vufqav; wdk@. pdwful;,Ofqdk&S,fvpfwdk@onf rmhufpf ESifh tzGJ@csKyfudk
wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? oabmw&m;t& wdu k cf u
kd cf o hJ nf? tzG@J csKyf}uD; twGi;f olw@kd . ygwrD sm;
tm;aumif; a&;/ v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd af &;udk tm;xkwcf =hJ uonf?
xd@k a=umifh rmhupf o f nf ypPn;f rJt h vkyo f rm;xk}u;D . tajccHay:rS&yfum wke@f jyef
wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? xdo k @kd jyif;jyif;xefxefwu kd cf u kd jf cif;ESihf twl rmhupf o f nf Oa&my ESihf
tar&duefrS ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;rsm;twGuf odyeH` nf;us qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk Edik if aH &;t&‚if;
tbd"rRma&;t&‚if; pnf;&H;k a&;t&‚if; cdik cf ikd cf ef@cef@ tajcpdu k f xlaxmifjcif;jyKcJah vonf?
xk@d twl y&d'k if. pdwu f ;l ,Ofq&kd , S vf pf0g'ESihf bwfuel if. rif;rJq h &kd ,
S v f pf*% kd ;f onfvnf;
upOf@uvsm;jzpfum 1877wGif oabmw&m;wdu k yf xJG wJ iG f aysmufu, G o f mG ;avonf?
rmhupf . f 'dik , f mvufpf udk qef;ppfEikd &f eftwGuf rmhupf . f ud, k af &;&m Z0iftusO;f /
ol.v_y&f mS ;rl/ owWcd eG t f m;jzifh pGr;f aqmifvy_ &f mS ;rlw@kd uykd g a=umaxmufaemufct H jzpf
azmfjy&jcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@ urBmwGif t&if;&Sipf epf udk yHo k ¾eftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh zmax;ae=u
/vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;onfvnf; yHko¾ef trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jyif;xefae=uojzifh rmhufpf.
tawG;tac: wdu k yf o JG abmw&m;ESihf 'dik , f mvufwpfw@kd onfvnf; &Sio f eftm;aumif;
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54
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oli,fcsi;f a&...
2008 ckEpS f 11 v ydik ;f xJrmS etz
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oli,fcsif;odk@ h h h jypf'%fawGp+k yD; axmif 65 ESpf csvu

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b0awG&if;+yD; ay;qyfra_ ygi;f rsm;pGmeJ@om awmufav#muf awmif;qdck @J / awmif;qdak eqJ
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S f usio hf ;kH aewJ@ rSm;,Gi;f aewJ@
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f @J vli,fb0awGukd ydik q f ikd x f m;wJ@ udrk if;udEk ikd ef @J
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olw@kd awG[m rif;wd@k igw@kd tusKd ;twGuf trsKd ;pHk ay;qyf+yD;&if; ay;qyfae=uw,fumG ?
'g[molwdk@ tusdK;twGufvkyfcJ@wmvm;/ jynfol@tusdK;twGuf vkyfcJ@wmvm;qdkwm
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udrk if;udEk ikd ef @J ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG 'kw, d t}udrf rw&m;xyf+yD; zrf;qD;
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tcuftcJ awG=um;uae udrk if;udEk ikd w f @kd vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf awmif;qdw k @J Sign Cam-
paign vkyfcJ@ =uwmawG/ jynfolawG[mvnf; tm%mydkifawG/ &J/ rD;owf/ }uH@zGwf/

56
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jynfoal wG&@J todtrSwjf yKjcif; wckayg@ oli,fcsi;f ?
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ajymjy&OD;r,f oli,fcsi;f ? tJ'guawm@ udrk if;udEk ikd ef @J 88 rsKd ;quf ausmif;omawG[m
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igcpH m;em;vnfw,f oli,fcsi;f ?
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vkyaf qmifra_ wG[m igw@kd vkd vli,f rsKd ;qufopfawGtwGuf pHerlemxm;+yD; }udK;pm;twk
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ra=umuf & wJ @ acwf u d k a&muf o G m ;vd r f @ r, r,f ” wJ @ ? 'ga=umif h r d k @ vd k @ igwd k @ vJ
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vkyo f ifv h yk xf ukd w
f mawGukd qufvyk &f vdr@f r,f oli,fcsi;f ?
rSm;,Gi;f pGm usio hf ;kH aewJ@ Edik if aH &;pepfe@J tvkyrf jzpfawm@w@J tkycf sKyaf &; ,E , W m;
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60
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0ifvm+yD;rS ol@om;udk &uf&ufpufpuf owfxm;wJ@vufukd erf;&_@H Edik af vmufatmifukd
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ouf r J @ &if c G i f u d k acgif ; wif + yD ; [D ; ...cs/ tm;&atmif i d k + yD ; ...&ef o l @ tavmif ; ud k
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tausmrcHvw kd @J rmefrmepum;udk bmjzpfv@kd rsm; qd&k jyefw,frod? wu,fqkd t"dym` ,f
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wa,muftwGuf ud, k @f jynfol trsm;}u;D udk xyf+y;D aocdik ;f zd@k jyifaewJ@o.l ..? jynfoal wG&@J
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61
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ol[m ol@toufudk ay;qyf &awm@r,f qdkwmudkvnf; odaecJ@w,f? vkyf&J&if
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ud,k @f tm;enf;csuu f akd wm@ qifjcifz@kd pdwrf ul;bJ rSm;wdu k rf w
d @J wzufvu l kd tck rif;
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dS ,f?
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qifjcifo;kH oyf&if;eJ@ ud, k @f toufukd t&ifq;kH umuG,o f ifw h ,fv@kd xifygw,f?
tm%m&l ; / r,m;w&l ; awG & J @ touf / td k ; / td r f / pnf ; pd r f a wG u d k
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62
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63
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64
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aumufuspfpOf;vJwmawG/ remvdk0efwdkjzpfwmawG/oabmxm;jy!fh0wm awG/
cspf c if = uif e mwmawG / &uf p uf , k w f r mwmawG / ajzmif h r wf w nf = unf w mawG /
vdrfvnfvS!fhjzm;wmawGudk azmfusK;xif[yfaeapw,f? tJ'gtjyif eufeufeJeJ
JawG;,l&r,fh tbd"rRmawGvnf;ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifhom 'gavmufatmifjrifcJhwm
vd@k ,ql rdygw,f?
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pmtkyrf &l if;udk jrifz;l yHak wmifr&ygb;l / uav;awGtwGu/f pmoifom;awGt wGut f ESpcf sKy/f
tusO;f +cHK;+yD; a&;xkwx f m;wJh pmtkyu f av;awGavmufzwf+yD; aumif;w,f/ qd;k w,f/
a0zefcsuaf wG a&;om;/ ajymqdak ewmrsKd ;awG tawmfrsm; rsm;awG@ae&vd@k yg// uGejf rLepf0g'&J@
a&aomuf j rpf j zpf w J h um;vf r wf & J @ ‘t&if ; usrf ; ’ (Das Capital) qd k w J h
pmtky}f u;D udw k pfcgrrS jrifz;l bJe@J taemufEikd if u
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aumif;w,f/ raumif;bl; atmf}u;D [pfus,f ajymqdk jiif;cHak e=uwmawGvnf; trsm;}u;D
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t,ltqawGvdk@rqdkEdkifygbl;/ um;vfrwf&J@t,ltq/ um;vfrwf&J@tawG;tac: udk
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65
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b,fta=umif; vkyfjyaewmawGudkom =u!fh+yD; tuJjzwfvdk@r&ygbl;// t&ifwkef;u

udpjP zpfjzpf ol @ vk y f & yf a wG ud k v nf ; jyef = u!f h z d k @ vd k y gw,f ? tck o l a jymaewJ h
pum;awG[mvnf; tvdrftnm [kwfr[kwf/ tck olvkyfjyaewm
tay:,Hav; awGuvnf; trSefwu,f ol@pdwf&if;[kwfr[kwf ‘tusdK;vdkvdk@
&Sy=f u!f/h anmifa&avmif;’ jyaewmrsKd ;[kwrf [kwf qdw k mawGukd aoaocsm csm
omrefum apmif h = u!f h tuJ c wf = u!f h z d k @ vd k y gw,f ? tay:,H a v;&S y f = u!f h /
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roifyh gb;l // ta&mifajymif; ovdk c%c%ajymif;vJwwfygw,f? wcsKd @u yJjym;yifvkd
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tuJ c wf v d k @ vnf ; r&bl ; ? ol w d k @ &J @ ord k i f ; a=umif ; wpf c k v H k ; ud k
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66
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aiGtrsm;}u;D om;rsm;”vd/k ocifp;kd 0g'D “trsKd ;om; jyefvnf
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tcktcg etz ppftpd;k &&J@ 0ef}uD; tzG@J twGi;f ±Sew f ed f vkyaf ewmawGG p+yD;awG@
ae&+y?D aemuftpd;k &rSm 0ef}u;D vkyrf ,fh vlawG/ a±G;aumufyrJG mS ta±G;cHr,f h vlawG pojzifh
olwdk@wGif;pDpOfwm jyifqifwmawG udkjrifae&+yD? }uHhzGwf/wpn pol awGvnf;
tvkyf±_yfae=u+yD; pD;yGm;a&; orm;awG/ ppftkyfpk tquftE$,fa[mif;awGvnf;
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jyefxGufvmwm[m pdwf0ifpm;p&myJ? jynfyrSmawmifrS etz&J@ a±G;aumufyGJudk0ifzdk@
jyifqifaewm/ pnf;±H;k aewmawG awG@ae/ =um;ae &wm[m tH=h oukeEf ikd zf , G f vd@k q&kd rSmyJ?
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urBmeh yH gww f pfae&muae tar&duefz,fay;&zd@k twGuf ta&;ygwo hJ rdik ;f wauG@jzpfr,f
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armufarmufrmrmajymcJ=h uwJh Edik if t H rsm;tjym;u {&mrvlcsr;f omvkyif ef;±Si}f uD;awGe@J
olw@kd &@J abm*aA'ynm±Siaf wG[m tckawmhow l @kd vyk if ef;}u;D awGukd u,fwifay; ygtek ;f vd@k
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75
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pl;tufwl;ajrmif;twGuf tapmifh oabmarG;xm;cJhwmyg? 'gayrJh tJ'Da'ou
trsd K ;om;awG [ m ol w d k @ xif w mxuf a pm+yD ; Ed k ; =um;/ pnf ; ±H k ; rd v m=uygw,f ?
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tar&duefw@kd [m rsuv f ;kH jyL; rsuq f jH yL;jzpfuek yf gw,f? 'Dvekd @J tar&duef[m tJ'aD 'oudk
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76
tvif;tdrf
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r=umcifurS tar&dueftpdk;&b%fOuUÏtjzpfu tem;,loGm;wJh t,fvif*&if;
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77
tvif;tdrf
urB m oH k ; aiG a =u;jzpf v mcJ h y gw,f ? tar&d u ef w a':vmud k

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b&ufwif0k'fpfuGefz&ifh[m tar&duefudktiftm; t}uD;qHk;Adkvf}uD;jzpfvmatmif
tajctaeawG zefwD;ay;cJhwmygyJ? wcsdefxJrSm 'Db&ufwif0k'fpfucsrSwfvdkufwJh
taqmufttHk[m tar&duefEdkifiHplyg yg0gvkyfEdkifa&; twGuf b¾ma&;tmrcHcsuf
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vkyfief;awG/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyf ief;awGudk aiGa=u;axmufyHhwm/ tJ'DtwGuf
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aZmuf c s+yD ; vk y f c J h y gw,f ? tar&d u ef & J @ pl y g yg0gtjzpf &yf w nf r _ [ m
ol@a':vmuplygaiGa=u;jzpfaewmeJ@cGJr&ygbl;? tJ'Dvdkplygb0&J@txGwftxdyf[m
tar&duef&J@ a±$acwfvdk@ac:=uwJh 50pkESpfrsm;eJ@60pkESpfrsm;twGif;rSmygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u
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tar&duefa':vmudk urBmoH;k aiGozG,v f ufcx H m;avawmh tar&duefEikd if yH ikd w f hJ aiGta&
twG u f [ mvnf ; wd k ; +yD ; &if ; wd k ; &if ; omjzpf a ecJ h w myg? ausmaxmuf a emuf
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'D t xJ r S m ol w d k @ &J @ aemuf v d k u f a cG ; tpd k ; &awG u d k axmuf y H h & wm/ ppf t ajccH p cef ;
awGux kd ed ;f odr;f au|;arG;&wm/ ±kyaf o;ppfwyfawGuakd iGa=u;axmufy&hH wm/ ppfwu kd &f wm/
wjcm;Edik if t H wGi;f a&;awGukd 0ifpu G zf uf&wm pwmawGyg0ifygw,f? 1967ckEpS rf mS qd&k if
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78
tvif;tdrf
t&Ha±$awG&J@wefbdk;[m 1955ckESpfESpfukefrSm 21²8bDvsH±Sd&muae 1968ckESpfarvrSm

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Edik if aH wGu&p&m±Sw d hJ a':vmtcsKd ;tpm;u olw@kd tzd@k b,favmufvyk Ef ikd w f ,fqw kd mudk
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trsm;oHk;aiGtjzpfoabmxm;wm[m ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfoxufjzpfvmygw,f?
1971ck E S p f / =o*k w f v 15&uf a e@rS m orwepf u qif u tar&d u ef a ':vmeJ @
a±$eJ@vJvS,fE_ef;taoowfrSwfxm;r_udk olwdk@zufu w&m;0ifzsufodrf;a=umif;
ausnmcJhygw,f? 'g[m aiGa=u;ay:vpD/ 'grSr[kwfpepfawGeJ@ t&if;±Sifpepfudkxdef;
xm;Ed k i f r ,f q d k w J h t jrif w d r f ; apmif ; r_ u d k wcgwnf ; aysmuf u G , f o G m ; apcJ h y gw,f ?
'kwd,urBmppfaemufydkif;aiGa=u;pepfeJ@ EdkifiHa&;ppfa&;r[mrdwfawGvnf; wkefv_yf
ukefcJh&ygw,f?
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awGtzdk@tHh rcef;jzpfrSmyg? 2007ckESpf wkef;u tar&duefEdkifiH&J@ppfa&;toHk;p&dwf[m
553bD v sH a ':vmjzpf y gw,f ? 'g[m 6ES p f t wG i f ; 60µwd k ; vmwmjzpf y gw,f ?
'g[mwurBmvH;k u ppftoH;k p&dwpf pk ak ygi;f &J@45µjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh wjcm;ppfa&;qHwhJ
toH;k p&dwaf wGygxnfah ygi;f vdu k &f if 2007ckEpS rf mS tar&duefu ppfa&;twGuo f ;kH wm[m
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'kw, d urBmppft+yD;uae 1960pkEpS rf sm;txd urBmph ;D yGm;a&;[m 4µeJ@7µt=um;±Sd
E_ef;eJ@ t[kef}uD;pGm wdk;wuf aewmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh 1970pkESpfrsm;aemufydkif;up+yD;
wdk;wufr_E_ef;[m2µeJ@4µt=um;om±Sd+yD; tifrwefrSaES;auG;vS ygw,f? 2001ckESpfeJ@
2002ck E S p f w d k @ rS m awmh urB m h p D ; yG m ;a&;[m t=uyf q d k u f c J h y gw,f ? tJ ' D p D ; yG m ;a&;
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rsm;vmr_u qGJac:oGm;w,fvdk@qdk&if rrSm; ygbl;? 'DoHk;pGJr_[mtcktcg tar&duef
EdkifiH*sD'DyD&J@70µawmif±Sdygw,f? 'gayrJhtdrfaxmifpkawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;raumif;wm/
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oH;k pGEJ ikd w
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79
tvif;tdrf
14µavmuf±Sd+yD; 'g[mordkif;pHcsdefopfjzpfygw,f? wzufrSmusawmh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;

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tJ'DtdrfaxmifpkawG&J@vufxJrSm±SdaewJh pawmh wefbdk;awG/ tdrf-+cHawG&J@wefbdk;
pwmawGe@J qufaeygw,f? vlawG[m 'Dt,iftv D ufx±Ge;f epfaps;uGuf ta=umif;ðy+yD;
pD;yGm;a&;aumif;wJh umvqDwkef;u 0,fvdkuf=uwJhpawmhawGudkif+yD; taºuG;&wJh
tdrf,mawGudk t&rf;0,f=uwm uae tJ'Davylazmif;awGaygufawmh 'kuQt}uD;
tus,af &mufuek =f uwmjzpfygw,f? omrmefjynfoal wGuawmh 'g[m b%f}uD;awGu
avmb&ruf}uD;+yD; t&rf;xkwfacs;vdk@jzpfw,fvdk@ qdk=uygw,f? 'ga=umihfvnf;
urBmrSmt}uD;qHk; aiGacs;ay;wJh a*syDarmf*ifacs@pf (JP Morgan Chase)
wd@k vb kd %f}uD;awGe@J av;ref;b&m;om; (Lehman Brothers)vdk &if;ES;D ðr‡yEf aHS &;
b%f}uD;awGxyd q f ;kH u òydvo J mG ;wm jzpfygw,f?
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wzuf r S m awmh v nf ; tar&d u ef E d k i f i H t zd k @ uk e f y pP n f ; eJ @ 0ef a qmif r _ a wG u d k
jynf y od k @ wif y d k @ wmxuf wif o G i f ; wmu yd k r sm;vmygw,f ? 'D t aetxm;awG e J @
ppfoHk;p&dwfjrifhwufvmr_wdk@a=umifh tar&duefEdkifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&;[m aiGay;aiG,l
±Sif;wrf;uGm[r_awG qufwdkufjyvmwmjzpfygw,f? 2006ckESpfu aiGay;aiG,l±Sif;
wrf;uGm[r_[m a':vmbDvsH800 ausmf+yD; olwdk@*sD'DyD&J@6µ±Sdygw,f? 'DuGm[csufudk

80
tvif;tdrf
jynf y Ed k i f i H a wG u 0if a iG a wG e J @ jyef x d e f ; nd ‡ y gw,f ? Oyrmwck j y&&if tJ J ' D E S p f r S m

tar&duef&@J aiGa=u;±Si;f wrf;u a':vm6²5oef;t±H;_ jyae+y;D *syefe@J w±kww f @kd uawmh a':vm
3²9oef;eJ@ 9²1oef;ydkaeygw,f? olwdk@u'DydkaewJhaiGawGudk tar&duefEdkifiHxJrSmyJ
t&if;tES;D awG0,f,v l u
kd yf gw,f? tckq&kd if urBmah iGa=u;aps;uGuu f pm&if;rnDr#ra_ wGukd
xde;f ndz‡ @kd twGuf wae@uakd ':vm 2bDvsaH vmuftar&duefEikd if x H uJ kd pD;qif;ae&ygw,f?
'DtwGufawG;awmylyifae=uolawGuawmh tckvdkar;cGef;xkwfygw,f? woufvHk;
'Dtwdik ;f yJomG ;ae &awmhrmS vm;wJ?h
'Dwcgtar&duefEikd if &H @J b¾ma&;t=uyfqu kd rf }_ uD;rSm odood momay:xGuv f mwJh
udpw P ckuawmh tar&duefu acgi;f aqmifawGe@J abm*aA'ynm±Siaf wGajym-ajymaewJh
ol w d k @ Ed k i f i H & J @ aps;uG u f b ¾ma&;/ vG w f v yf p G m pD ; qif ; wJ h b ¾m a&;pepf q d k w m
tvd r f t nmomjzpf w ,f q d k w mygyJ ? xd y f w ef ; b%f } uD ; awG ' k u Q a &muf = uawmh
orwud, k w f ikd af ±S@uxGuf vm+yD; jynfo@l b¾mbDvsaH ygi;f 700eJ@jyefu,fwifwmygy?J
wu,fu tar&duefEdkifiH&J@ xdyfqHk;vkyf}uD; 500pm&if;xJrSm ygwJhvkyfief;awGxJrSm
7µavmuf[mEdkifiHawmfu “u,fwif”xm;&wmawGyg?'ghtjyifoD;ESHvkyfief;awGudk
Edik if aH wmfu yHyh ;kd w,fqw kd mrsKd ;awGvnf; ±Syd gao;w,f?
wu,fvdk@om tar&duefa':vmudk pD;yGm;a&;t&tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawGu
EdkifiHwumaiGtjzpfvufcHxm;r,f/ udk,hf t&HaiGawGudk a':vmtjzpfxm;r,fqdk&if
a':vm[ma±$eJ@wwef;wnf; toHk;0ifwJhaiGa=u;jkzpfaerSmyg? 'gayrJh 'Dvkdjzpfzdk@ qdk&if
tar&d u ef [ m tpOf y J Ed k i f i H a &;-ppf a &;t&a&m pD ; yG m ;a&;t&ygurB m h x d y f w ef ;
'ifuarmfjzpfaezd@k vykd gw,f? 'gq&kd if ol@rmS ”rsKd ;csp”f awGvnf;ayg/ “r[mrdw”f awGvnf;
0dik ;f +yD; vuf!;_d !$e&f ma&jzpfv@kd xdor#a±$jzpfaerSmyg? 'gayrJh txuf rSmajymcJo h vdyk J
tar&duefEdkifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&;[m ocF g&w&m;udkrvGefqefEdkifavawmh opPmt±SdqHk;vdk@
xif&olawGuawmif zJusOfwmudkawG@vm&ygw,f? wavmuyJ jyifopf/ *smr%Dp
wJEh ikd if aH wG[m ±k±mS ;/ w±kwv f Ekd ikd if rH sm;eJ@ urBmah iGa=um;pepf topfw&yf xlaxmifz@kd
wdik yf if=uw,fqw kd hJ owif;xGuaf y:vmygao;w,f?
a':vm&J@wefbdk;[m ig;ESpfr#qufwdkufxdk;us+yD; ,cktcgwjcm;EdkifiHawGu
aiGa=u;rsdK;pHkeJ@ vJvS,fE_ef;[mt&ifxuf 25µawmifedrfhusoGm;ygw,f? 2008ckESpfZef
e0g&D v rS m ,l ± d k e J @ vJ E _ e f ; [m 100;148awmif j zpf o G m ;ygw,f ? 'g[m a':vm&J @
,l±dkeJ@vJvS,fE_ef;tjrifhqHk;jzpfwJh 2000ckESpfxuf 40µawmifusoGm;wmjzpfygw,f?

81
tvif;tdrf
'D t ajctaeawG a =umih f a&eH w if y d k @ wJ h Ed k i f i H a wG [ m a&eH w ef b d k ; ud k a':vmeJ @

rowfrw S af wmhyJ wjcm;wckc(k Oyrm,l±)kd eJ@ owfrw S zf @kd toHawGay;ae=uwmjzpf ygw,f?
'gudktD&wfuqm'rf[lpdefu 2000ckESpfrSmvufawG@taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f?
ol u ol @ &J @ t&H a iG a ':vm 10bD v sH u d k ,l ± d k a wG t jzpf a jymif ; vJ y pf v d k u f y gw,f ?
tJ'Dvkyf&yfa=umihf qm'rf[lpdefao' %fusoGm;wmyg? qm'rfudktar &duefu 911
tjzpftysurf wdik rf u D wnf;u qH;k rzd@k q;kH jzwf+yD;jzpfygw,f?
'D a e@acwf t &if ; ±S i f p epf & J @ xl ; jcm;csuf w ck u t&if v d k t &if ; tES D ;
awGwify@kd wmr[kwyf J pky, f al ewmjzpfygw,f? tar&duefEikd if &H @J b¾ma&;±Si;f wrf;rSm
jynfyudkoluay;p&m±SdaewJhtaºuG;[m ol@*sD'DyD&J@25µawmif±Sdaeygw,f? ol[m
urBmt&if;tES;D awG&@J 60µavmufupkd yk , f al ew,fv@kd vnf; ajym=uygw,f? tJ't D xJu
37µ[mqd&k if zG@H òz;d qJEikd if aH wG qDuvmwmyg? 'ga=umift h ckumvrSm ydik q
f ikd rf [
_ mEdik if w
H ck/
'grS r [k w f Ed k i f i H w pk v uf x J r S m yJ pk a ewmr[k w f a wmh y J Ed k i f i H trsm;tjym;
vufxJrSmjyef@aew,fvdk@ qdk&rvdkjzpfaeygw,f? +yD;cJhwJhq,fpkESpf ESpfckavmufup+yD;
urBmay:±Sdwdkif;jynf tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm r,HkEdkifavmufwJhpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_E_ef;awG
ay:aygufaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? 'g[m±Sd&if;pGJt&if;±Sif EdkifiH}uD;awGudktHwkw,f/
pdraf c:w,fv@kd rqdEk ikd af wmifrS tJ'ED ikd if }H uD;awGu&kd wufrat; jzpfapwmuawmhtrSeyf gy?J
owdðy&rSmu tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSm tar&duefvdk tD&wfeJ@tmz*ef rSmppfEGHepf
aewmrsKd ;r±Syd gb;l ?
tck a vmavmq,f q ,f r S m tar&d u ef & J @ urB m h e H y wf w pf a e&meJ @
tar&duefa':vm&J@tpGrf;udk b,fEdkifiH/ b,faiG a=u;u tpm;xdk;r,fqdkwmudk
ajymzd@k oyd cf ufygao;w,f? tajctaeawGu apmwke;f ygy?J 'gayrJh 0g±iS w f ef&@J wefc;kd tmEk
abmf a &m a':vm&J @ =oZmyg od o d o mom}uD ; usqif ; vmw,f q d k w mud k a wmh
b,folrSrjiif;Edkifygbl;? tar&dueftdyfruf (American Dream)qdkwmudk
qufxed ;f zd@k [m p&dwpf }uD;vGe;f vSv@kd pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeyg+yD?
tcktcgrSm a':vmwefbdk;usvdk@ tar&duef&J@tqifhae&mav#muswmvm;/
tar&d u ef & J @ tqih f a e&mav#mus wmvm;qd k + yD ; =uuf e J @ =uuf O b,f [ mu
tpvJqdkwJhar;cGef;xkwfae&r,fhtcsdefr[kwfygbl;? rkcsjzpfay:vmawmhr,fh Edkifif
wumh t cif ; tusif ; topf t wG u f pOf ; pm;jyif q if = u&r,f h t csd e f j zpf y gw,f ?
'gtar&duefEdkifiHudk,fwdkiftygjzpfygw,f? &Jabmfz;kd oHacsmif;
(tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;u &ygw,f?)
82
tvif;tdrf
twGi ;f tjyif
tydik ;f (4)
wmwD;
'kw,d urBmppfaemufyikd ;f &efuek f
+rdK hudk+Adwo#wyfrsm; odrf;xm;+yD; ESpfv
avmuf =umaomtcg trsdK;om;acgif;
aqmif}u;D Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf zwyv
tzG J h t pnf ; ta0;ud k
wufa&muf&eftwGuf
q&m}uD ; OD ; &mZwf E S i f h
vlxkOD;vSwdk@tm; rE W
av;rS &ef u k e f u d k q if ;
vm&ef zd w f a c:vd k u f
ygonf//tpnf;ta0;+yD;
aomtcg Akv d cf sKyfatmif
qef; uq&m}uD; OD;&m
Zwfwdk hudk wm0gvdrf;
vrf ; &S d ol h a etd r f o d k @
zdwI
f xrif; auGs;onf/
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pmay ta=umif ; rsm;
ajym=u&if; AdkvfcsKyfu
“vGwf vyfa&;&+yD;vdk h
wdkif;jynfrSm pdwfcs&,if ol pm;a&q&mvkyfr,f”vdk@ajyma=umif; vlxk OD;vSu
owif;pmrsm;ajymjywJh ppfwGif;Arm jynfpmtkyf('kwGJ)rSmrSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf// wzef
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u Adv
k x
f eG ;f vS(w uUov
kd af e0if;)tm; “vGwvf yfa&; &+yD;&if igawmh

83
tvif;tdrf
EdkifiHa&;uxGuf+yD; pmawGa&;r,f/ EdkifiH iHa&;orm;b0tjzpf ,SOu f m rD;uke, f rf; ukef

a&;awG/ &mZ0ifawGtjyif tdraf xmif a&;eJ@ aqmif & G u f v k y f u d k i f a eyH k u d k ZeD ; jzpf o l
om;orD ; apmif h a &S m uf j yKjyif a &;awG e J @ a':rrav; (aemif*sme,fausmfrrav;)u
ywfoufvdk h ight,ltq babmxm;awG olvdkvl pmtkyfwGif Todk hrSwfwrf;wifcJh
udyk g pmtkyaf &;rSmbJ” [k 1947 ckEpS f {+yDv avonf// “owif;pme,fy,f tjyifbuf&Sd
twGi;f ar+rdK Yh ajym=um;cJh onf[k zwfro d d rd;k arSmifusaeonfh Edik if aH &;e,fy,f}uD;qD od@k
&SdcJh&ygonf// v#yf w jyuf vuf c eJ 0 if ; oG m ;onh f tck d u f
xdk htjyif 1947 ckESpfarv (30) twef@Y ol htm;EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,muf
&ufae w h iG f uk,
d rhf if;ud, k cf si;f vrf;&Sd zqyv tjzpf E S i f h x if ; ceJ j rif v d k u f & ay+yD / / ol o nf
XmecsKyfY jyKvkyfaom owif;pmq&mrsm; pmay0goemygvGef;I t,f'Dwmvkyfaejcif;
tpnf ; ta0;wG i f Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; u r[kwaf y// pma&;jcif;tvkyu f kd vd&k mc&D;wpf
“vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcsdeftxdawmhusKyfEdkifiH ckodk ha&mufatmifoGm;aepOf toHk;jyKaom
a&;vkyf&tHk;rSmbJ//vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;vdk@ygwD ,Of a vmuf o m oabmxm;avonf / /
wdu k yf aJG wGjzpfwhJ tcsed rf mS usKyfu rygcsib f ;l / EdkifiHa&;pdwf"gwf}uD;rm;xufoufvGef;aom
ab;z,f a er,f / vl r sm;awG v k y f wmxd k i f a=umifo h m t,f'w D mvkyaf ejcif;jzpf a=umif;
=unf+h yD; pmtkyaf &;r,f” [kajym=um;cJo h nf/ trSefudk jrif&ay+yD” EdkifiHa&;wGif EdkifiHa&;
TonfrSm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk orm;wpfa,muftjzpfjzifh ajcpHk ypfI0if
pGr;f pGr;f wrH OD;pD;aqmif&u G af ecsed f trsKd ;om; a&mufrvkyfEdkif&Smao;ay//
acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. pmay olvv kd wl pfa,mufowif;pmbufwiG f
tay:wGif xm;&Sdaom ordkif; 0if &ifwGif; ,cktcg &Sdzdk hvdkavonfudk olaumif;pGm
pum;rsm;yifjzpfonf// odonfjzpfI t,f'w D m b0udk vufrvGwEf ikd f
2// ao;rSef; uGsefrtjrifwGif&Sif;Iaeonf//odk
xdk htwljrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf ah omfEikd if H a&;wGio f u l ,kd w
f ikd 0f ifa&mufvu kd u
f
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wGif jrefrmpmayavmuwGif txifu&jzpf onf// rdrEd ikd if EH iS w
hf uG urBmw0Sr;f &Sd Edik if rH sm;
aeaom jref hrmhtvif;owif;pm wm0efcH . twdwf/ypPKy`ef/tem*wfawGudk aumif;
t,f'Dwm OD;cspfarmif (aemif*sme,fausmf pGmod&SdEdkifatmif pmtkyfvufurcs qnf;yl;
OD;cspfarmif) onf 'dk hArmtpnf;t&Hk;ocif +yD;v#if ae &h ufrjywfowif;pmrSwqifh Edik if H
rsm;ESifh vufwGJum t,f'DwmtvkyfESifhEdkif ol EdkifiHom;wdk htm; t}uHay;I vrf;jyae

84
tvif;tdrf
onfh wu,ft h vky}f uD;vkyaf ecku

d f Edik if aH &; orm;wpfa,mufjzpfroGm;apcsiaf o;aomf
vnf; wpfae ah e w h iG f Tvrf;odk h ola&muf oGm;atmif wdu k w f eG ;f I ay;rnf[k pGpJ +JG rJ+rJ
}uD; oEMXd mef csxm;vdu k o
f nf”
xdk twl OD;cspfarmif(aemif*sm e,fausmfOD;cspfarmif) onf uavmif wpf
acsmif;ESifh xufxufjrwfjrwf 0g'jzef hvsuf 'dk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;odk hpdwfnGwfvmatmif
odr;f oGi;f aecsed “f owif;pm[m wu,fwef ck;kd }uD;vm&if tpd;k &udk jzKwfcsEikd w f ,f// tpd;k
&[m owif;pmvufatmufua e&w,f” [k qdkrdef hcJha=umif; olvdkvl pmtkyfwGif
azmfjycJhonf/
xdk t h jyif“'DEikd if rH mS Edik if aH &;acgi;f
aqmifjzpfcsifwJh vlawGursm;+yD;/
t,f ' D w m vk y f c sif w J h vl a wG
uenf ; w,f // Ed k i f i H a &;acgif ;
aqmif j zpf z d k @ &m tvG , f u av;
&,f/t,f'Dwmwpfa,muf
atmif atmifjrifjrifjzpfzdk@ &mu
rvG,b f /l / Edik if rH mS wu,fEh ikd if aH &;
acgif ; aqmif w pf a ,muf & S d z d k
h v d k t yf o vd k t,f ' D w maumif ;
wpfa,muf&zdS kd u h vnf; ta&;}uD;
w,f// tpd;k &aumif;aumi;fvckd sif
&if t,f ' D w maumif ; aumif ;
&S d & w,f ”[k rd e f h q d k a =umif ;
ZeD;jzpfol a':rrav;u olvkd vl
pmtkyfwGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
Tonfum; trsdK;om;acgif; aqmif}uD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk hESifh acwf
+ydKiftrdajrvGwfvyfa&;ESihftrsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhaomjrefrmh
tvif;owif;pmwm0efct H ,f'wD m OD;cspf armif . &d;k om;jyif;xefvaS om twGi;f pdwf
oE mW ef udk ZeD;jzpfol a':rrav;rS olvv kd l pmtkyw
f iG f armfueG ;f xd;k rSww
f rf;wifcjhJ cif;
rsm;jzpfonf//

85
tvif;tdrf
3//
ol w pf y g;vuf a tmuf uG s ef ajymor# rdef hcGef;rSefor#udk OD;oef ha&;ay;cJh
oabmuf b0rS bd;k bGm;bDbif wd@k t ouf onf[k tqdk&SdcJhonf// ol. EdkifiHa&;tjrif
aoG ; acG s ; b0awG ay;qyf + yD ; trsd K ;om; onf “'Drdkua&pDvl habmiftwGif; qdk&S,f
vGwv f yfa&; twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifawmfveS cf hJ =u vpfpepfwnfaqmufwJh 'Drdku&ufwpfqdk
&mrSm 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&D (4)&ufae hwGif &S,v f pf0g'udk ESpo f ufa=umif;” azmfjywwf
vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkif onf// OD;oef h ukvor*~a&muf&cdS sed f taxG
iH}uD;ay:xGe;f cJah vonf// xdak emuf 1957 ckEpS f axGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyfonf qDG'ifEdkifiHom;
wG i f uk v or*~ q d k i f & mjref r moH t rwf 'uf[rRm;&d;_ vfjzpfonf// ukvor*~twGi;f t
}uD;tjzpf OD;oef htm; jrefrmtpdk;&u cef@ pnf ; ta0;rsm;wG i f ormorwf u sjcif ; /
tyfvdkufavonf// jrefrmEdkifiHa&;/ urBmh pum;ajymaumif;jcif;/wnf=unf&ifu h suf jcif;/
EdkifiHa&; paom EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif;rsm; tajrmftjrif&o dS jl zpfjcif;rsm;ESihf tm0 Z…e;f &$if
&_waf xG;vsuf yVdyuQvKSd if;vH;k rsm; *,ufx um Oy"d & k y f a umif ; jcif ; rsm;a=umif h
jyif;xefaecsdef ukvor*~qdkif&m t+rJwrf; Edifk if w H umud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;=um;wGif pef;yGihf
oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef htyfapvGwfcH&aom umxif a y:ausmf = um;cJ h o nf / / xd k t csd e f
OD;oef u h m; rnfokd ah omyk*Kd~ vfenf;// 1961ckESpf pufwifbmwGif 'uf[rRm;&d_;vf
Ak ' < g 0g' rZÇd r yVd y 'g vrf ; pOf u d k av,Ofysufus uG,fvGefav&m vHk+cHKa&;
avhvmvdkufpm;}udKpm;vdkufemusifh}uHvdkuf aumif p D axmuf c H c suf E S i f h taxG a xG n D
em aqmif&Gufaomol/EknHhodrfarG haomtrl vmcH}u;D rS uef u h u G o f rl &Sd wnDwnGwf wnf;
t,m/ pum;ajymnifomol/ wnf+idro f nf; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf OD;oef@tm;
cH yGifhvif;ol/ t*wdrvdkufpm; trSefw&m; cef t h yfvu kd af vonf//
twGuf owWd&Sdol paom *k%fyk'frsm;ESifh odk hjzifhurBmhtv,fwGifOD;oef h.
pma&; q&m/owif;pmq&m/ausmif;q&m/ *k % f o d u Q m wnf = unf r _ / orm"d / opP m /
ord k i f ; ynm&S i f / vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; acwf &d k ; om;ajzmif h r wf r _ r sm;jzif h vG w f v yf + yD ; p
jyef=um;a&; t&m&Sd/jyef=um;a&; twGif;0ef/ jrefrmEdik if o H nf urBmt h v,fwiG f *k%w f ifch hJ
ukvor*~nDvmcH jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &avonf// Ak'0< g'w D OD;jzpfaom OD;oef o h nf
acgif;aqmif/0ef}uD;csKyftwGif;0ef/ yxr}udrf vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;qufqHr_udk qef husifum“vl
bufrvdu k n f v D mcH(befa'gi;f ) twGi;f a&; rSL; rsKd ;a&;cGjJ cm;wJh tmCmwpdw[ f m pdwaf &m*g
ponf h w d k @ rS m ol h v k y f c J h a om wm0ef r sm; wpfrsKd ;yJ” pum;onf urBmausm+f y;D vlrsKd ; a&;
jzpfonf// jynfwGif;jynfyrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek jy\emud k a&S h w ef ; wif + yD ; vuf p m;acs

86
tvif;tdrf
t=urf;zuf uk, d u f sKd ;&Smr_ukd roifah =umif; rSw, f cl o
hJ nf//
OD;oef o h nf Ak"b < momw&m;t& +idr;f csr;f pGm ajz&Si;f a&; oabmxm;&yfwnf
csufay:wGifrlwnf+yD; arwWmxm;um“ppfyGJ awG[m vlawG&J hpdwfxJrSm pwifcJhwmrdk@
pdwfxJrSmyJ+idrf;csrf;a&; tumtuG,fudk wnfaqmuf+u&r,f” v@dk +idrf;csrf;a&;trSm
pum;xm;cJhygonf// ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfb0 ppfat;wdkufyGJjyif;xefaecsdefwGif
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jywfjywfom;om; xkwfazmfajym qdkcJhonf// tem*wfurBmwGif 0g'a&;&mtajccH+yD;
uGaJ ejcif; xuf qif;&Jcsr;f omtqift h wef; uGjJ cif;u ydrk jkd yif;xefq;kd 0g; vmzG,f &Swd ,fv@kd
}udKwiferdwzf wfchJ jcif;jzpfonf//
OD ; oef @ vuf x uf w G i f
ukvor*~. *k%foduQm twuf
qH;k umvjzpf+yD;/ OD;oef@ udu k rBmh
EdkifiH}uD;i,f b,fol urS rax
rJjh rif rjyK0Hah y// tm;vH;k . av;pm;
r_ udkcH,l&wJh taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL; csKyfjzpfcyhJ gw,f//
odk ah yrJh 0rf;enf;p&m &Supf &m
jref rmawGtwGuf jzpfcJh&wmu
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ayrJh jrefrmEdkifiH&J hppftm%m&Sif
Adkvfae0if; ppftkyfpkuawmh uef@
uGufcJhjcif;ygyJ// remvdk 0efwdkr_/
rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfuif;rJhr_/ rw&m;r_/
t%m&S i f y D y D tm%mjyr_ r sm;
a=umifh uef@ uGufcJhayrJh OD;oe@f
[m Edik if EH iS hf vlrsKd ;*k%o f d uQmudk iJ +h yD; wm0efrsm;udk &yfem;cJyh gonf//
xdk@aemufoludk,fwdkif twGif;us usyg0ifjzwfoef;cJh&wJh q,fESpfwm urBmh
ordkif; (1961-1971)udkjyKpka&;ae&if; vufp rowfEdkifcif Edk0ifbm 25 &uf 1974
ckEpS w
f iG f uG,v f eG t f edpaP &mufc&hJ avonf//
87
tvif;tdrf
OD;oef . h pdwEf v S ;kH tpOf0,f ude;f aumif;/ *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmifonfvnf
atmif;aeaom yuwd ESv;kH om;onf 1957 aumif;/urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;Adokum OD;oef
ckEpS f urBmu h vk or*~tzGJ ch sKyf}u;D wGif jrefrm o
h nf vnfaumif; olwkd . h twGi;f oE mW ef
jynfqikd &f m t+rJwrf;ud, k pf vS,t f jzpfcef@ pdwt f pOfonf pmayudk tajccHum &yfwnf
tyfc&H pOfu yef;waemf+rdK eh ,f toif;}uD; v_y&f mS ;azmfaqmifc=hJ uaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;yif
rS *k%jf yKyJG usi;f ypOf ajym=um;cJah om pum; jzpf=uavonf/ vlru _ pd t
P 00udk azmfaqmif
udk =unhu f mjrifEikd yf gonf// vkyaf qmifr_ Edik if aH &;[k trnfwiG +f yD; Edik if H
“rdro d nf rvGrJ a&Smifom ojzifh a&;udk b0&yfwnfcsuf ay:wGif cdik cf ikd rf mrm
tpd;k & tvkyu f kd vkyaf e&aomfvnf; owif; tajccHvsut f rdajrvGwaf jrmufzkd ah y;qyf
pmq&m wOD;omjzpfcsiyf gonf/ wdik ;f jynf. }udK;pm;aqmif&GufoGm;=uaomtxufyg
wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk tpd;k &tr_;xrf;tjzpf yk*Kd~ vrf sm;um; vlomaornf// emrnfrao/
jzifh xrf;aqmif&mrS tem;,lcv hJ #if owif; xm0& ordkif;wGif usef&pf=uukefaom
pm q&mwOD;tjzpfjzifh qufvufxrf; tmZmenfrsm;yifwnf;/ vlwkd o h nf qEN ESi@f
aqmifygrnf”[lIownf;// b0 wxyfwnf;uszkd &h m rjzpfEikd af y// t
4// xufyg yk*~dKvfausmfrsm;um; qENESifh b0
txufygordik ;f yH&k yd w f kd o
h nfum; wom;wnf; usEikd zf kd &h nfreS ;f csut f jynf&h dS
uGsEyfk wf kd h trdjrefrmEdik if . H trsKd ;om;aumif; onfum; olwkd . h ordik ;f 0if vky&f yfrsm;udk
rsm;jzpfaom vGwv f yfa&;zcif trsKd ;om; =unhu f m txif;t&Sm; jrifEikd af yonf// ol
acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifq f ef;/pma&; wdk o h nf um; vufawG b h 0ESihf Edik if aH &;
q&m/owif;pmq&m}uD; *sme,fausmf OD; rnfodk hyif &Sdapumr_ pdwfESvHk;twGif;
cspfarmif ESifh wwd,t}udrfajrmufukv eufeuf wGif jrwfE;kd pGmcH,x l m;aom pmay
or*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf OD;oef@ orm;yifjzpf=uavonf//
wd@k . Zmwdb0 pdwt f wGi;f oE mW efrsm;yif pmayjrifu h m; trsKd ;*k%jf rif.
h
wnf;/ trdajrvGwaf jrmuf&ef twGuf ynm wmwD ;
orm"d/ opPm udk t&if;cH+yD; razmufrjyef rSDjirf;// //
&d;k om;pGmjzifh b0udk &if;ES;D jrKyfEu HS mvuf 1-AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. pmay
awG t h aumiftxnfazmf oGm;=uukeaf om vuf&m// (jr[efa&;)
uGsEykf w f kd .h jrefrmtrsKd ;aumif;om; tppf 2-AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdef hcGef;rsm;/
trSefacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uavonf// 3-olvdkvl(*sme,fausmfrrav;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvnf; 4-jrefrmopf&opHkr*~Zif;//trSwf4

88
tvif;tdrf
+yd; cJ h w J h vxk w f r *~ Z if ; xJ r S m usaemf w d k h
vl o m;awG jzwf o ef ; cJ h = u/ jzwf o ef ; aeqJ j zpf w J h
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tusO;f csKyfwifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f/tJ'v D id_ ;f awGuawmh h h h
1// pdu k yf sKd ;awmfveS af &;v_id ;f
2// pufr, _ Ofaus;r_vi_d ;f
3// tmumoeJ h tDvufxa&mepf ,Ofaus;r_
vdi_ ;f wdk jh zpfygw,f//
tem*wfudk tckqufvuf+y;D awmh pufr,
oabmobm0awGukd avh vm=unf&h atmifyg//
_ Ofaus;r_vid_ ;f &J@
yHkazmf uspv f pfwhJ rdom;pkvrl a_ &;rSmvnf; 'kw,

enf;ynmywf0ef;usifeJ hvdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfapr,fh
d v_id ;f
awmf v S e f a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG ay:vmapcJ h w,f v d k h

=unfjh cif; pma&;oltv J Af ifawmhzm; ( Aelvin Toffler) qdyk gw,f//
pufra_ wmfveS af &;rwdik rf u DS rdom;pkypkH aH wGu
tydkif;(2) OD;awG/ a':awG/ ol hbuf / udk,fhbuf wpfEG,fiif
rif;rif;odef; wpfpifygawG rd}uD; z}uD;awG bdk;bGm;awG rsdK;qufpkH
wpf r d k ; atmuf r S m pk a e=uw,f / pD ; yG g a&;uvnf ;
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rjywfvnfywfaewJh
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vluvnf; “rdom;pkvkyfief;}uD;awG xdoGm;ovdk rdom;pkt}uD;
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jzpfr,f// o
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'g qufuawmh v,fuiG ;f awGqu D ae pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;u
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pnf;urf;yJ” pkc+J y;D aevd@k r& awmhb;l // rdom;pkawG cGaJ erS jzpfawmhr,f/

89
tvif;tdrf
/ puf&Hkvkyfom;b0udkcH,l=u&w,f// uav;awG &J h ynma&;udk ausmif;awGu

wm0ef,lvm=uw,f// puf&Hk&Sd&m vdkufvkyfr,fh tvkyform; udkom 'kwd,v_dif;u
vdv k mawmh rdom;pkawG wpfae&mwnf;rSm tajccsvkd rh &awmhb;l // a&$ &h ajymif;&vdk h
rdom;pkawGuv JG mygw,f// pm;0wfaea&; usyw f nf;vmvdk h rdom;pk0ifO;D a&u wd;k vmvdk
rh jzpfawmhb;l / 'gro
S m enf;ynm0ef;usio f pfeJ h vdu
k af vsmnDaxG&adS wmhr,f/ 'ga=umifv
h nf;
rdom;pk0ifenf;wJh uspv f pfwhJ rdom;pkawG (Nuclear Family) ay:ayguf vm w,fvkd h
qdyk gw,f//
uG,f0Sufxm;wJhoif&dk;
vufrv _ yk if ef;eJ }h uD;jyif;cJ&h wJh vlawGeJ h 'kw, d v_id ;f &J ph uf&akH wGeJ uh tvkyrf jzpf
ygb;l // rjywfvnfywf+yD; rsm;rsm;xkwaf ewJh puf&akH wGtwGuf rsKd ;qufopf vkuo f m;awG
vkv d mw,f// 'ga=umifh puf&ykH ikd &f iS af wGu uav;awGbufvn S v hf mw,f// vlrsm;rsm; oif,l
Edik wf hJ vlxyk nma&;udpk w,f// tajccHzwfwwfzkd ph mawG/ ordik ;f / tjcm;bmom&yfawGenf;
enf;pDoifay;w,f// 'guawmh odomwJh oif&;kd vdk q h ykd gw,f//'gq&kd if uG,0f u S x f m;wJh oif&;kd
u bmawGv/J /
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'gawG[m tckxad tmify”J vdk q h ydk gw,f//
“pOfqufrjywf vnfywf xkwv f yk af ewJh pufawGrmS a&S v h x l uG f aemufv0l if
wdwu d sustcsed af v;xm;rSjzpfr,f// pDro H &l J n h eG =f um;csuu f kd jyefrar;yJ emcHrjS zpfr,f//
+yD;awmh rjywfvnfywfaewJh pufawGvykd J vluvnf; rjywfvy_ &f mS ;aerS jzpfr,f// 'g pufr_
pnf;urf;yJ” vdk pma&;olu ol t h jrifukd yGiyhf iG vhf if;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f//
'gayrJh }uD;jrwfwJh ynmtcGifhta&;udk vlom;awG&wm[m pufr_vlabmifh
a=umifjh zpfygw,f// ckewifjycJw h hJ uspv f pfwrhJ o d m;pk&,f/ pufrp_ nf;urf;&,f/ ynma&;&,f
wdk [ h m 'kw, d v_id v
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wwd,tydik ;f wpfyikd ;f jzpfvmcJyh u kH kd tckvkd &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f//
t&ifwek ;fu aumfyakd &;&Si;f qdw k hJ pD;yg;G a&; vkyif ef;}uD;awG &Sm;vSygw,f// pD;yGg;

90
tvif;tdrf
a&;udk ud, k tfh &if;eJ u

h ,kd f wpfyikd f wpfEikd af vmufomvky=f uw,f// 'gayr,fh 'kw, d v_id ;f enf;
ynmawGeJ h wnfaxmifvyk u f ikd =f u&r,fh pD;yGg;a&; vkyif ef;awGu aiGyifaiG&if; tawmfvkd
ygw,f// 'Dawmhenf;vrf;&Sm&if; tpkpyfvyk if ef;awGay:vmw,f// tusKd ;tjrwfukd xnf0h if
xm;wJh twdik ;f &r,f/ qH;k &Hv _ #iv
f nf; xnf0h ifxm;wJah iG&if; yJ qH;k &H;_ r,f vdk u h efo h wf (Limit)
vkyx f m;wJh Limited awGwnfaxmifzkd eh nf;vrf;&vmw,f/ aiGyifaiG&if; tm;}u;D vmovdk
enf;ynmaumif;awGeJ h aumfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;awGaygvm+yD; ukex f w
k vf yk rf r_ mS tqift h wef;/
t&Sed /f trsKd ;tpm;uvnf; ydrk akd umif;rGev f mygw,f//
1901 ckEpS wf iG f urBmrSmyxrqH;k bDv, D aH ':vm aumfyakd &;&Si;f }u;D jzpfwhJ “tar&d
ueforH %d” vkyif ef;}uD;ay:vmw,f// 1919 ckEpS af vmufrmS awmh tJ'v D {kd &mrvkyif ef;}uD;
rsKd ; 'gZif 0ufausmv f mygjyD// t&ifwek ;f u pOf;awmifrpOf;pm;rdc=hJ ubl;wJh aiGyifaiG&if;}uD;
awGeJ v h yk u
f ikd v
f m=uygw,f//
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d m;pk&,f/puf&jkH znfw h if;a&;
ausmif;&,f/ aumfyakd &;&Si;f awG&,f[m 'kw, d v_id ;f vl ah bmif&J h t"du vuQ%mawGjzpf
vmygw,f//
*Dwpuf&kH
'kw, d v_id ;f &J h vl ah bmiftzGJ t h pnf;rSm tzGJ t h pnf;awG bufaygi;f pHrk mS toD;
toD;ay:vmygw,f// tJ't D zGJ t
h pnf;awG[m &_yaf xG;wJh vlry_ wf0ef;usiaf wGukd zefw;D
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xde;f =uygw,f//
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tzGJ t h pnf;tjzpf cH,=l umwmudk awG &h ygw,f// acwftrDq;kH vdk h qdw k muvnf; puf&kH udk
pHjyKtwk,=l uw,f// ausmif;awG aq;&Hak wGrpS vdk t h pd;k &jAL&du k a&pD,E &W m;awG[m puf&kH
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0ifvmwmawG =h u&yHu k kd vnf; pma&;olutckvkd wifjyxm;ygw,f//
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vmcJ=h u&uae aps;uGu0f ifatmif oDu;kH wD;r_wv f m=uwmawG v h m&ygw,f//ud, k rf odwhJ
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91
tvif;tdrf
Zwf&}kH uD;awGay:vmw,f// aiG&if;pdu k x f w k pf pD Ofou l vufrw S af &mif;csygw,f//

'Dawmh Zmwf&t kH }u;D }u;D awGvv kd mw,f// toHvnf;'Dxufus,zf kd v h vdk mw,f//toHcsJ w h hJ
enf;ynmrxGe;f um;ao;awmh pifuckd sJ +h y;D wD;r_wo f el J h wl&, d mypPn;f ta&twGuu f o kd m
xyfxyfw;kd ay;vmcJ&h ygw,f// 'grS &H}k uD;xJ vlwikd ;f =um;Edik rf ,f//
'DuaeacwfrmS "gwjf ym;awGyg xkwv f mawmh wu,f*h w D puf&jkH zpfomG ;awmhwm
ygy/J /'guawmh 'kw, d v_id ;f &J h vlra_ &; t0ef;t0kid ;f ay:vmyHu k kd *Dwordik ;f eJ , h OS +f yD; jywmvd@k
qdyk gw,f// pufre_ nf;ynm t0ef;t0dik ;f &J t h vdu k s vdu k jf zpfay:cJ&h wmawGu rsm;vSygw,f
vdk h pma&;ol u aumufcsucf sygw,f//
wu,fawmh vl , h Ofaus;r_ qdw k m enf;ynme,fy,fxuf us,0f ef;w,fvkd q h kd
ygw,f/ aemuf+y;D 'Denf;ynme,fy,feJ v h u kd af vsmnDaxGjzpfaewJh vlra_ &; t0ef;t0kid ;f xuf
vnf; us,w f ,fvkd @ qdjk cif;tm;jzifh enfynmawG b,favmufyw J ;kd wuf wd;k wuf vl@,Of
aus;r_ qdw k muvnf; avylaygi;f vdk avrsm;rsm;r_wx f nfah v us,v f mavjzpfr,f vd@k
usaemf xifjrif,q l rdygw,f//
'Dae&mrSm pmzwfou l kd awmif;yefp&m wpfc&k v dS mygw,f/ tem*wfukd yHak zmf=unhf
jcif; vdk ah cgi;f pOfay;xm;ayr,f@ tckxd tJ't D xdurkd a&mufEikd af o;ygb;l // bmjzpfvkd v h q J kd
awmh twdw&f J jh zpfpOfawGukd jyefvnfo;kH oyf+y;D tem*wfukd yHak zmf=unh&f rSmjzpfvkd yh g// wpf
udk rodao;yJ ESpu f kd oGm;vdk rh jzpfao;bl;vdk yh J qdyk g&ap//
vl , h Ofaus;r_u qufo, G af &;t0ef;t0kid ;f vnf vkyd gw,f/ xkwo f r#awG vkyo f r#
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w,f// 'gayr,f h 'Dvkd r}uHKwJt h cg ajymcsif qdck siw f mawGukd ydk Eh ikd =f uzdk eh nf;vrf; vdv k myg+yD/
a&S;u yg&eS v f rl sKd ;awGuawmh atmfajymvdk =h um;&avmufwhJ tuGmta0;awGrmS
pifjrif}h u;D awG aqmuf+y;D toHp;l pl;eJ ah tmfum wpif+y;D wpif owif;ay;av &h o dS vdk a&mr
vlrsKd ;awGuawmh jrif;eJ h Oa&mywcGif owif;qufo, G v f kd h qdyk gw,f// 'gayrJ h olwkd t h ck
vdk owif;qufo, G af y;wm vlxk r[kwyf gb;l // rif;om;awG/ ppfo}l u;D awG/ ukeo f nfawGe@J
aiGacs;pm;olawG jzpfw,fvkd h qdyk gw,f//
'ga=umifh yxrv_id ;f &J q h ufo, G af &;[m tm%m&Sw d o hJ el J h vlcsr;f omawG twGuf
yJ jzpfcyhJ gw,f// 'gayrJ h 'kw, d v_id ;f uawmh qufo, G af &;vuf0g;}uD; tkyx f m;r_ukd &du k cf sKd ;
zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd yf gw,f// tJ'v D jkd zpf&wm tcGix hf ;l cHawGu tjrifreS &f vmvdk h r[kwyf gb;l //

92
tvif;tdrf
'kwd,v_dif;enf;ynmawGeJ h ypPnf;trsm;tjym;xkwfvkyfEdkifwJh pufre_ nf;ynm

tajctaeawG a =umif h quf o G , f a &;u vl x k v uf x J t0ef;t0dik ;f &J h
a&mufomG ;&wmvdk h qdyk gw,f//
15 &mpkrmS wDxiG Ef ikd cf w hJ hJ w,fvzD ek ;f awG wDxiG w f ,f// tvdu k s
wpfae&mwnf;uae vl trsm;qD owif;jzef w h hJ pepfawGvnf; vduk jf zpfay:cJh
xGe;f umvmw,f// rD', D m [m 'Dae v h w l @kd &J b h 0rSm r&Srd jzpf &wmawGu
yg&adS eyg+y/D / yHEk ydS pf ufawGay:vmw,f// em&Dyikd ;f twGif oef;cs+D y;D awmh rsm;vSygw,f
owifpmawG vnf;xGuv f mw,f/
'D v d k p D ; yG g ;a&;vk y f i ef ; awG vd k t yf c suf t & vl w d k i f ;
vdk h
pmwwfrSvnf; jzpfawmhr,fh roif rae& ynma&;eJ h vlxk pma&;ol u
ynma&;udv k nf; vkyv f m=u&w,fvkd q h ykd gw,f//'ga=umifh vl@b0 aumufcsuf
rSm 'kw, d v_id ;f u vlawGukd }uD;rm;wJh ar#mv f ifch suaf wGay;w,f// csygw,f//
qif;&Jjcif;/ iwfrGwfacgif; yg;jcif;/ a&m*gxlajymjcif;eJ h rif;rJ h
pd;k rd;k jcif;wdk u h kd vlom;awGtaeeJ@ wGe;f vSeEf ikd pf rG ;f &Sw d ,f qdw k hJ
toduykd g wygwnf;ay; w,fvkd h pma&;oluqdyk gw,f//
+idr;f csr;f r,f/ om,mr,f/ tvkyt f udik &f r,f/r#wr,f/
rsdK;&dk;qufcH pdkpHwJhacwf ukefr,f//ESpfaxmifcsD+yD; &yfwnfcJhwJh
pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;v_rb _ 0 ukeq f ;kH awmhr,f qdw k hJ todawGukd 'kw, d v_id ;f u
ay;w,f v d k h q d k y gw,f / / 'D p uf r _ vl h a bmif [ m pd w f u l ;
,Ofoufoufom r[kwf ygb;l // tzdEydS cf EH ikd w f ,f// urBmph pf'g%f
udck EH ikd wf ,f// pdw"f ga&;&mt& cHEikd pf rG ;f u aumif;w,f/
[kwyf g+y/D / bma=umifh 'Dvkd cHEikd pf rG ;f &Sv d /J pma&;oluawmh
'kw, d v_id ;f pdw"f gwu f kd ESpyf ikd ;f uGt
J ufomG ; atmif xd;k oGi;f vdu k w f hJ
oyf}uD; &Sw d ,fvkd q h ykd gw,f//usaemfwkd h aemuf vtJ'D oyf}uD;
awGukd qufvufavhvm=u&atmifyg//
usrf;udk;// Aelvin Toffler Third Wave & Future Shork

bmomjyef// // rdk;[def;udk (tem*wfv_dif;) rif;rif;odef;

93
tvif;tdrf
vl[mvl@tzG@J tpnf;wcktwGi;f rSmta&;

ppfrSefaom tygqHk; t&if;tjrpf wck jzpfw,fvdk@ trsm;u
,Hk=unfvufcH xm;=u+yD;jzpfw,f? xdkvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;&J@ &nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnfaz:
vlom; vkyaf qmifr,f@ olrsm; [mvnf; vlyifjzpfw,f?
vl[m tjcm;owW0g awGxuf ydkI todOm%f
&if;jrpf &Sdw,fvdk@ qdkwJ@twdkif; xdktodOm%fudk toHk;

jyKum vl@tzG@J tpnf;tm; wd;k wufaom ajymif;
vJru _ kd tpOfaz:aqmifr_ jyKav@&w dS ,f?
vl@ordik ;f tprS ,ae@umv wdik af tmif
wifjrifah rmf vk@ordik ;f &J@ wd;k wufajymif;vJr[ _ m vl&@J pGr;f aqmif
Edik pf rG ;f ay:rSm t"du wnfraDS ew,f?
od@k jzpfIvnf; ,ae@acwf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f [m 4if;wd@k &@J &nf
rSe;f csurf sm;udk owfrw S f jyXmef;&mrSm
vlrsm;[m u|Ekfyfwkd@&J@ t}uD;jrwf
wifjrifharmf qH;k aom ydik q f ikd rf _ t&if;tjrpf (Pe
ople are our greatest asset)[lI
cef@jim;pGm az: jyxm;jcif;jzpfw,f?
qd k v d k & if ; rS m tzG J @ tpnf ; wck & J @
atmifjrifr_[m 4if;tzGJ@tpnf;&J@
atmif jrifr_ twGuf t&nftcsi;f ESihf
u|r;f usirf w _ @kd ukd tjynf@t0 toHck s
vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh &Sdaeonf@ vlrsm;
tay: wnfraDS ew,fqw kd mudk vufcH
odjrif vmjcif;yifjzpfw,f?
wenf;qd&k &if atmifjrifr_
qdwk m [m vlw@kd&@J yifu, kd pf rG ;f &nfrsm;

94
tvif;tdrf
( Full potential) ESihf tzG@J tpnf;twGuf tjrifrh m;qH;k yHyh ;kd vkyaf qmif Edik jf cif; (Optimal
Contribution) jziho f m &&SEd ikd rf mS jzpfayw,f?
'ga=umifh ,ae@acwfopfumvrSm vlom;&if;tjrpfz@HG +zKd ;a&; ( Human Resource
Development) [m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;twGuf tav;xm; vkyfaqmifae=u&wJ@
udpPwck&yf wckjzpfouJ@odk@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck&J@ pOfqufrjywf zGH@+zdK;wdk; wufa&;
twGuv f nf; rvkyrf jzpf vkyaf qmif=u&jcif;jzpfw,f?
usaemfw@kd jrefrmEdik if rH mS vnf; etz tpd;k &[m vl@prG ;f tm;t&if;tjrpf zG@+H zdK;a&;
vkyif ef;w&yftaeeJ@ “jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &; ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;” [k trnfwyfum
vl@pGrf;tm; zGH@+zdK;a&wdk;wufa&;udk vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdygw,f? odk@&mwGif
tESpfom&rSm rwl uGJjymjcm;em;v#uf&Sdw,f? jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unf@r_t& 4if;wdk@&J@
tm%mwnf+rJa&; twGuf tiftm;pkpnf;r_ wckjzpfovdk xdv k w
l @kd &@J pGy;f aqmifEikd &f nf
wd@k uv kd nf; ppfwyfu, kd pf m;jyKa&; wckwnf;oufouf twGuo f m &nf&, G v f yk u
f ikd cf @J jcif;
jzpfaew,f?
xd k o d k @ ppf t m%m&S i f & J @ vd k & myH k o G i f ; xm;wJ @ oabmw&m;rsm;&J @
avmif;&dyaf tmufrmS “jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &; ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;” &J@ odjrifra_ wG[m
trSm;t,Gi;f awGe@J jynf@Eu S f aerSm aocsmaeygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm olvdk/ udk,fvdk omrefvlawGtwGuf odjrifr_vGJrSm;aejcif;[m
odyt f a&;r}uD;vSayr,f@v@kd vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk OD;aqmifr,f@ olrsm;twGuaf wm@ odjrifr_
vGrJ mS ;jcif; jy\em[m aoa&;&Siaf &;wr# ta&;}uD;vSygw,f?
'Dvkd a&S@aqmifO;D pD;jyKrJ@ tiftm;pkawG[m b,fvpkd Of;pm;rSmvJ/ b,fvo kd jd rif
,Hk=unfr_rsdK;udk udkifpGJrSmvJ/ bmudkvufcH+yD; bmudkjiif;y,frSmvJ/ bmudkemcH+yD;
bmudt k mcHrmS vJ qdw k mawGe@J ywfouf+yD; usaemfw@kd jrefrmEdik if eH @J jynfo/l jynfom;awG&@J
uH=urRm[m &ifav;p&mawGcsn;f ygy?J
vlrmS todOm%fqw kd m[m &Sad ewmygy?J b,ft&mrqdk tofOd m%fe@J ajz&Si;f &if
&Edik wf mygy?J b,fvo kd jd rifrr_ sKd ;awG vdt
k yfaevJqw kd mudk etz eJ@ tiftm;pkawG &SmazG=u&zd@k
awm@ vdt k yfygw,f?
vl[m vl@b0udk a,bl,s todOm%f (Common Sense) &J@ a&S@aqmifr_eJ@
jzwfoef;ae=u&wmyg? 'gayr,f@ vlrmS &Sw d @J a,bl,s todOm%fqw kd m[m vl&@J edp"P 0l
udpP&yfawGudk ajz&Sif;&Hk twGufuawm@ vHkavmufaumif; vHkavmufEdkifygw,f?

95
tvif;tdrf
odk@aomfvnf; us,f0ef;euf&_dif;vSwJ@ edkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHcsif; qufqHa&;vdk

udp&P yfrsm;rSmawm@ 'Da,bl,s todOm%fqw kd meJ@ ajz&Si;f vd@k r&edik af wm@ygb;l ? cdik cf ikd rf mrm
rS D c d k t m;xm;avmuf w J @ oD 0 &D / oabmw&m; pwJ @ od j rif r _ r sm; &S d z d k @ vd k t yf o vd k /
todOm%fa&csed v f nf;jrifzh @kd vdt k yfygvrd @f r,f?
Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&; qdw k m[m rdryd wf0efusi/f todik ;f t0dik ;f e,fy,fwck&@J
tusdK;pD;yGmudk azmfaqmifaejcif;r[kwfovdk EdkifiHwGif;rSm rDSwif;aexdkif=uwJ@ jynfol/
jynf o m; tm;vH k ; &J @ tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;ud k az:aqmif j cif ; jzpf w ,f q d k w J @ od j rif r _ r d s K;
&Sad e&rSmjzpfw,f?
Edik if aH wmf&@J Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; eJ@ vlra_ &; OD;wnfcsuaf wG[mvnf; jynfov l x l &k @J
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf OD;wnf&rSmjzpfovdk xdkOD;wnfcsufodk@ jynf@jynf@00 a&muf&Sd
cHpm;Edik af pzd@k twGuf wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifr,f@ vl/ yk*K~d vf/ tzG@J tpnf;&J@ pGr;f aqmifEikd rf _
pGr;f &nf ( Creative ability) udk jyo&rSmyJjzpfw,f?
EdkifiHawmfudk a&S@aqmifOD;pD;r,f@ vl/ yk*d~Kvf/ tzGJ@tpnf; [m b,fzufu
&yfwnfrj_ yKrSm vJ/ rdred @J rdrt d iftm;pk bufrmS vm;/ jynfov l x l k bufrmS vm;qdw k m
rSefuefpGm odjrifzdk@ vdkygw,f? &yfwnfr_ vGJrSm;ae&if yuwd tajctae w&yf&yfudk
=unf@jrifw@J tcgrmS rwlw@J em;vnfra_ wG/ rwlw@J oabmxm;awG pwJ@ odjrifra_ wG
vGJrSm;aeOD;rSmygyJ? 'Dvdk odjrifr_ vGJrSm;jcif;[m vleJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk emusifr_/
qHl;&_H;r_awGeJ@twl z&dkz&J jzpfr_awG udkyJ jzpfay: vmapEdkif+yD; odjrifr_trSm;&J@
e,fy,ftusO;f tus,[ f m qH;k &_;H epfemr_ e,fy,f tusO;f tus,u f kd jzpfapawm@wmygy?J
'Dawm@ atmifjrifw;kd wufvw kd @J vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;[m vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;
&&Szd @kd }uKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmif&mrSm pepfwus enf;vrf;rSeu f efpmG eJ@ tawG;tac:/ todtjrifrsm;
rSeu f ef zd@k vdt k yfygw,f? od@k ro S m wOD;csi;f twGuYf omru vl@tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH
twGuyf g zG@H +zdK; wd;k wufr_ jzpfap+yD; *k%o f u d mQ &Sw
d @J vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmrSm
jzpfygawm@w,f?
Ref; odjrifre_ @J ywfoufw@J ar;cGe;d wcsKd @ (atmif!eG @f om)

pHy,fjzLr*~Zif;/ trSwf (2)/ rwf/2008 wifjrifah rmf

96
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trS m pm
Tpmtk y f o nf pma&;q&mr karen
connelly . rl&if;pmtkyfwtkyfjzpfjyD; pmzwfol rsm;
tm; tvGet f rif; zwfapcsiaf om qENa=umifh =uKd;pm;
wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm; zwfapjcif;jzifh jref
rmEkid if t
H wGi;f tkycf sKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpk;d &. vuf
xufwiG f jrefrmEkid if oH m;wk@d rnfa&G rh nfr#xv d lt h cGihf
ta&; qkH;&SKH;aejyD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmif
rsm;twGi;f rnfuo hJ hdk zdp;D ESyd pf uf/ rnfuohJ dk qif;&J'u k Q
cH&I ppftpk;d &. vlrqefrr_ sm;ukd uGuu f u G uf iG ;f uGi;f
odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf? tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;
ygrnf?
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;
bmomjyefqdkol-Roland Hardy(c) armifarmifvwf
,cifvrS tquf
tdrf reufxrif;vmykd hcsdefrSm ukdpdef,kH awZem;ukd

uyfvmjyD; wk;d wk;d av; ar;vku d wf ,f?
ajrSmif ukpd ed ,f ?Hk ? awZ rif;pma&;wJh puUL&w,f r
[kwv f m;? awZvnf; “[kwu f ”hJ qkjd yD; wk;d wk;d av; jyef
avSmif ajzvku d rf w
d ,f? ukpd ed , f qHk u D teHq;dk awG[m awZ ESm
tdrf acgi;f xJ 0ifvmw,f? axmifxrJ mS 'kp&ku
ESp=f uD;orm;awG[m uk, d zhf momuk,
d rf e_ J h axmifuswhJ
d cf supf m;=u w,f?
tcef; 'ga=umifh qDprd ;f eJ h =uufoeG jf zLeJ h rmqmvmeH h awGa&mjyD;
aewJh teH q h ;dk awG &wmyJav?
(17) ukpd ed ,f ?Hk ? a':pkvw G af jrmufvmwJh ta=umif;
rif;a&;Ekid &f if rif;&J t h aygi;f toif;awG ody0f rf;omr,f?
rif;[m a':pk&J h vli,ftoif;om;jzpfjyD; wuUov dk rf mS vl
odrsm;wJh tqkad wmf r[kwv f m;?

97
tvif;tdrf
taqmif(3)u Ekid if aH &;orm;awGvnf; 'Dtif;pdeaf xmif=uD; raumif;a=umif;

qk;d &Gm;a=umif; pkjyD;a&;ae=ujyD? olwdk u h vnf; a':pkeJ yh gwo f ufjyD; rif;eJ ch ifwt hJ wGuf
a':pkta=umif;ukd rif;a&;ygvdk ah wmif;qdak e=uw,f? olwdk u h 'Daxmifxu J Ekid if aH &;orm;
a&;wJph mukd ukvor*~uydk dk zh dk h =ux H m;w,f? 'grS Armjynf&J h axmifxrJ mS Ekid if aH &;orm;awG
cHpm;&wJh b0ukd urBmuodvmr,f? at;uGm a':pkvw G af jrmufvmjy;D uwnf;u taqmif
(3)Ekid if aH &;orm;awG igu h adk e w h idk ;f tyluyfae=uw,f? igvnf;jy\emwufrmS a=umuf
vkd h cifAsm;wkd h &l;aeovm;? usaemf 'Dvdk tvkyrf sK;d rvky&f b J ;l ? usaemf[m &k;d &k;d axmifusqdk
awmh wckcrk mS ;oGm;&if DawG trsm;=uD; 'DaxmifxrJ mS xyf&aevdrrhf ,f? a=umufw,f?
rjzpfEidk b f ;l qkjd yD; ajymxm;w,f? 'gayrJh olwdk u h ZGrJ avsmb h J igrufavmufwhJ aiGudk ay;
awmh igvnf; 'Dtvkyu f dk ulnzD dk h qk;H jzwfjyD; rif;ukyd g pma&;puULawG&atmif ykd ah y;wm
ayghuGm?
rif;axmif0ifpm atmufq;Hk rSm pma&;puULzGuaf y;&wm/ ihgu, dk rf mS 'Dpma&;
puULawG o h mG ;&if igu
h o dk w l kd h ESyd pf uf=urSm? ig[m Ekid if aH &;orm; axmifusawGudk rulnb D J
axmifxrJ mS bde;f jzLa&mi;f;wawmif axmifrLS ;awG bmrS rajymbl;? jy\emrjzpfb;l ?
axmifrLS ;awGvnf; 'Dtvkyv f yk af e=uwm rif;&J ah xmif0ifpmvnf; rif;ukcd spcf ifwhJ rif;rdwf
aqGwa,mufu tjrw J rf;pkaqmif;odr;f xm;ay;vkd h rif;tckvdk axmif0ifpmawG trsm;=u;D
&wmayg?h
awZ? ? oli,fcsi;f [kwv f m;? 'DaxmifxrJ mS usaemfwu dk yf w d cf x
H m;&wm b,frmS vmjy;D
oli,fcsi;f &S&d rSmvnf;? b,frmS aygi;f vkd h &rSmvnf;? cifAsm;rSm;aejyD xifw,f?
ukpd ed , f ?Hk ?rif;odygw,fumG ? bmukid gq h vdk o
dk vJqw
dk m? awZ pOfpm;rdw,f? igo h il ,fcsi;f
axmif0ifpmawmif pkord ;f ay;xm;Ekid w f ,fqadk wmh/ axmifrLS ;ukcd spEf idk w f a,mufbJ jzpfEidk f
w,f? 'gqadk xmifrLS ; ukcd spEf idk q f jdk yD; emrnfwcgwnf;wyjfy;D rajymwmvJ rodb;l ? awZ
rsuv f ;Hk ukd yGwo f yfaew,f? pdwx f rJ mS vnf; Za0Z0g jzpfaew,f? wckcak wmh vGaJ ejyDxif
w,f? ukcd spEf idk f bmvkd ih gu h dk 'Dta=umif; ajymrxm;wmvnf;?
ukpd ed , f ?Hk ?rif;pdwx f rJ mS awGa0aejyDvm;? tckq&dk if axmifxrJ mS &Sw d hJ tr_xrf;awGawmif
uk, d v hf nfyif; uk, d =f uKd;uGi;f pGyjf y;D ulnaD y;ae=uw,f? tckq&dk if axmifxu J 0efxrf;awG
awmif ygvm=ujy?D [kwv f m;? b,foal wGvnf;? rif;odxm;wJh vlwcsKd v h dk b
h J rif;odxm;yg?
'DaxmifxrJ mS rif;uku d n l aD y;aewhJ rdwaf qGaumif;awG &Sad ew,fqw dk myJ?

98
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wjcm;axmifuswa,muf[m axmifrLS ;awGeJ ch ifw,f? ol[m r=umcifrmS vGwf

awmhr,f? olu 'DpmawGudk tjyifu vlawGqaD &mufatmif xkwaf y;r,fvdk h uwday;xm;
w,f? axmifuswv hJ w l idk ;f raumif;=uwm r[kwyf gb;l uGm? olwdk ah wGvnf; Ekid if aH &;orm;
awGudk oabmusae=uw,f? olwdk h 'ga=umihf ulncD siw f hJ pdwaf wG &Sad ewmaygu h mG ? tJ'D
vl[m aemuf 4 &uftwGi;f vGwaf wmhrmS ? olvw G rf ahJ e rh mS &SmrJh axmifrLS ;[m tJ'v D l
axmifxrJ mS &Sad eor# umvwav#mufv;Hk aiGvufcjH yD; tJ'v D u l dk ulnaD y;aewJv h bl ?J 'g
a=umifh olvw G rf ahJ e rh mS bmrS&mS azGc&H rSm r[kwb f ;l ? ukpd ed , f u Hk tm;&yg;& vufcyk w f csuf
wD;vku d w f ,f? xjyD;&yfvu dk &f if; 'ga=umifrh if;vnf; taqmif(3)u Ekid if aH &;orm;awGehJ
twlwpl ma&;jy;D xkw=f uwmayg?h awZbmrSjyefrajymEkid af o;bJ awGa0aewke;f jzpfygw,f?
ukpd ed ,
f ?Hk ? [dwaf umif igtck ajymwmawGudk rif;odyt f =hH oaew,f r[kwv f m;?
'grS r[kw&f ifvnf; rif;a=umufaew,f r[kwv f m;? awZ bmrS jyefrajzyg? ukpd ed , f Hk
uGr;f ,mw&m yg;pyfxJ ypfxv hJ udk &f if;? “rif;jrefjrefa&;yg? rjy;D Ekid &f ifvnf; apmifah eay;r,f?
'gayrJh odyt f csed rf &awmhb;l qkw d m rif;odygw,f? igwdk v h nf; taqmif (3)u pmawG
vku d pf k vkud Of ;D r,f?”
igwdk h qkw d phJ um;t& ukpd ed , f t Hk jyif b,foal wG rsm;ygao;vJ? ukrd sK;d rsK;d oef; qkd
wm awZ&J h oli,fcsi;f wa,mufjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif wa,mufvnf;
jzpfygw,f? awZxufapmjy;D zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cHxm;&wJh oljzpfygw,f? ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm
wke;f u ukrd sK;d rsK;d oef;eJ h awZ2 ygwf avmuf wcef;xJ twlwl aebl;ygw,f? tJ'pD cef;rSm
wke;f u awZ udrk sK;d rsK;d oef &h J h a[m=um;wmawG nwkid ;f pdw0f ifpm;pGm em;axmifae=ujzpf
ygw,f? ukrd sK;d rsK;d oef;[m awZ odyt f m;uswhJ Ekid if aH &; ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif wa,muf
jzpfygw,f?
awZ? ? usaemfu h dk 'Dupd eP J h ygwof ufjyD; enf;enf; tcsed af y;yg?
ukpd ed ,
f ?Hk ? at; aw;qkid u S f rif;tcsed q f jJG yD; aemufusomG ;&if igrwwfEidk b f ;l ?
ukpd ed ,
f Hk awZ&J ah o;tk;d / acs;tk;d awG o,fomG ;w,f? awZ ar;vku d wf ,f? cifAsm; 'DpmawG
ukd b,fawmhavmuf vdck siv f nf;? ukpd ed , f [
Hk m awZukd aoaocsmcsm pku d =f unf&h if; reuf
jzefaemufq;Hk xm;jy;D ay;Ekid &f ifaumif;r,f? awZ reufjzef[w k vf m;? cifAsm; ajym xm;wJh
udpP uav; upm;p&mr[kwb f ;l ?
&ifxrJ mS &Sw d chJ pH m;csuaf wG OD;aESmufxrJ mS odr;f xm;wJt h awG;awG tm;vk;H ukd

99
tvif;tdrf
aygi;f jyD;rS a&;&r,fh ta&;=uD;wJh Ekid if aH &;pmjzpfw,f?

ukpd ed ,f ?Hk ? reufjzef[m rif;twGut f aumif;qk;H bJ r[kwv f m;? rif; 'Dpma&;p
&m ypPn;f awGudk rif;tcef;xJrmS rodr;f xm;csib f ;l r[kwv f m;? odyjf y\em=uD;oGm;r,f?
rif;twGuf pOf;pm;yg?
awZ? ? ukpd ed , f Hk cifAsm; 'Dupd u P dk bmvkd 'h aD vmuf=uKd;pm;yrf;pm; vkyaf ewm
vnf;? cifAsm; t&ifwek ;f u Ekid if aH &;orm;awGudk vk;H 0 r=uKdub f ;l r[kwv f m;?
udpk ed ,f ?Hk ? igvnf; rif;ajymrS owd&rdw,f? igxifwmuawmh igvnf; ol wkd h
ukd ae w h idk ;f awG ah e&awmh oem;wJph w d f 0ifvmw,fxifw,f? aiGvnf; &xm;wm r[kwf
vm;? wcgwav vlaumif;jzpfvdk h r&bl;? tckvdk ta&;=uD;wJh tcef;rSm igyg0if o&kyf
aqmif &wm ihguidk gawmif *k%, f rl ad eao;w,f? [J[J rif;odzdk u h ig[m 'Dupd u P dk acgi;f
&if;jyD; vky&f wm? rdvdk ah wmh igb h 0 oGm;jyD? axmif'%f tenf;qk;H 10 ESpw f ;dk oGm;jyD? ae
&mvnf; ajymif;oGm;jyD; ausmufxpk cef;ukd a&mufomG ;Ekid w f ,f? tckvnf; axmif'%f
13ESpf useaf o;w,f? vGwjf idr;f csr;f omcGi[ hf mvnf; rused ;f aowJh udpb P ?J igvnf; usef
ao;wJh axmifusEpS f awGudk tjrJwrf; pOf;pm;ygw,fumG ?
ukpd ed , f u Hk awZukpd w d yf suo f vkd =unfv h u
dk w f ,f? “awZ 'Dnae naepmvm
ykd w
h thJ cg rif;bmvky&f rvJ odw,fr[kwv f m;? igvnf; olwdk w h awGudk jyefta=umif;jyef&OD;
r,f? rif;&J h pmrlupd t P a&;=uD;w,f? 'Dupd x P rJ mS rif;vnf;yg0ifvmwm rif;oli,fcsi;f
taqmif (3) Ekid if aH &;orm;awGo&d if odyaf ysm=f urSmbJ? rif;u rif;uk, d rf if; arhxm;wmyg?
rif;[m 'DaxmifxrJ mS emrnfausm=f um;aewJh wuUov kd af usmif;om; Ekid if aH &;orm; wku d f
ydwo f rm;qkw d m olwdk o h =d uw,f? wHcg;ydwo f mG ;jyD?
eH&u H dk rSxD m;jyD; rsuaf phudk rSw d xf m;rdw,f? bmrS rvkyb f J jidro f ufaerdw,f?
aoaocsmcsm tjyeftvSef pOf;pm;aerdw,f? puULeJ ah bmfvyf ifxm;wJah e&mukd r=unfb h J
aevku d w f ,f? axmif0ifpmxJudk pma&;puULeJ ah bmfvyf if b,forl sm; xJah y;vku d of vJ qkd
wm pOf;pm;aew,f?
wu,fvkd h axmifr;l udck spEf idk f r[kwcf &hJ if b,faxmifrLS ; axmifusu 'Dvv dk yk f
ay;Ekid o f vJqw dk m pOf;pm;aerdw,f? av0ifayguu f yifu h tl rd u
f dk aocsmpku d =f unfrh wd ,f?
txD;useaf evkd h uk, d zhf mom uk, d thf wGuaf qmufvyk x f m;wJh uk, d &hf J t
h usO;f pcef;r[kwf
vm;? vlawG[m vlawGudk ydwaf vSmifxm;zkd h axmifawGudk aqmufvyk x f m;=uw,f? Arm

100
tvif;tdrf
jynf=uD; aumif;pm;pOftcguwnf;u aqmufvyk x f m;wJh ckid cf w

hH hJ axmif=uD;awG r[kwyf g
vm;?
pmukd ra&;cifuwnf;u acgi;f xJrmS a&;jcifwhJ pma=umif;awG[m toif&h adS ejyD;
om; jzpfygw,f? bmrSawGa0aep&m rvkyd gb;l ? vufxrJ mS pma&;puUL&,f/ abmfvyf if&,f
toif&h adS ejyD r[kwv f m;? aumufjyD;a&;csvu dk zf dk w
h ckbv
J w dk mbJ r[kwv f m;? arar&,f
om;tckvdk pma&;zkd ah wGa0aewmukd od&ifpw d q f ;dk rSmvm;? azaza&m awZ awGa0aewm
od&if ody&f u S af erSmbJaemf? rdrad r;cGe;f ukd rdrd b,fvrdk S rajzEkid af o;yg? axmife&H =H uD;ukd
t"dyg` ,rf phJ mG pku
d =f unfah ew,f? pdwx f rJ mS pma&;puUL/ abmfvyf if txD;usew f hJ tdrt f =u;D
=uD;xJrmS &Sad e&wJh acgi;f aqmif trsK;d orD;=uD; acgi;f ay:u qHyifrmS yef;awGyefxm;jyD; ppf
wyf=uD;ukd tay:u ikH =h unfah ewJh awZ&J h acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf? w&m;a[m
ajymyGt J wGuf e,fvn S o hf mG ;aewJ/h ppfom;awG 'l;axmufcsjyD; aoaocsmcsm aoewfeJ h
csed x f m;wm cHc&hJ bl;wJh owW&d iS ?f tJ't D csed af wGwek ;f uawmh awZ axmifxrJ mS a&mufae
cJjh y;D om; jzpfygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awGudk axmif0g'gawG ajymjyvkd ah wZ od&cdS jhJ y;D jzpfygw,f?
a':pk[m rdred J t h wlygvmwJh tzGJ 0h ifausmif;om;awGudk aemufqw k cf idk ;f cJjh yD; rdrd
wa,mufwnf; aoewfajymif;&S&d mukd wvSr;f csi;f av#mufomG ;w,f? rD;yk=H uD;&S&d mukd
ra=umufr&GH h wvSr;f csi;f av#mufomG ;wJh trsK;d orD;=uD;/ owWt d jynf?h ppfwyf&J w h yfpyd rf LS ;
vnf; OD;aESmufawGajcmufcsm;jy;D bmvky&f rSe;f rodawmhb;l ? tJ'geJ h ppfom;awGudk aoewf
jyefcszdk h ua&mifajcmufcsm;eJ h trdef ah y;vku d &f w,f?
ae v h nfreG ;f wJw h hJ tcsed f oHacsmif;acguo f H =um;&w,f? aemufxyf 5 em&Dbu J sef
awmhw,f? ukpd ed , f Hk pma&;xm;wmukd vm,lawmhr,f? 'Dae [ h m wjcm;ae ah wGxuf ykjd y;D
&Snv f sm;w,fvdk h xifrw d ,f?
ol uh adk pmifah erJh pma&;puUL&,f/ abmfvyf if&,f t0wfyx Hk rJ mS txD;useaf ea&mh
r,f? 'gayrJh awZ olwdk u h dk rxd&ao;bl;? 'Dtwkid ;f xm;xm;vku d w f ,f? ausmuke;f ,m;vm
vkd h vufeJ ah usmuke;f ukd ukyaf evku d wf ,f? em;xJrmS vnf; abmfvyf ifudk oGi;f vku d /f xw k v f udk f
vkyaf ewJh “uvpf/ uvpf”eJ h toHudk =um;ae&w,f?
vufeJ h rxd&aJ o;bl;? vufxrJ mS vnf; bmrSr&Sad o;bl;? pdwx f rJ mS vnf; [mvm
[if;vif;=uD; jzpfaew,fvdk h cHpm;rdw,f?
armif a rmif v wf
qufvufazmfjyay;oGm;ygrnf?

101
tvif;tdrf
Ed k i f i H a &; tawG ; tjrif tcef ; quf
'Da&jrifoh pf jroef;wif h
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/ ppfwyftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rS xkwfa0cG i f h j yK+yD ; aemuf yd w f y if
wm;jrpf j cif ; cH & aom q&mjroef ; wif h . 'D a &jrif h o pf (armf p D w k e f ; ES i f h w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;/
tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG b h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h
avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvkud yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco
J jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd cGiv hf w $ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygon)f
,cifvrStquf -
“v,form;/ tvkyo f rm;awGukd pnf;&H;k aewke;f u|eaf wmfukd ulrifwefe@J qufwhJ

ajr&Sipf pfwyfawGu zrf;oGm;cJw h ,f/ owfz@kd ow
l @kd XmecsKyu f akd c:oGm;w,f/ 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfu
&J a bmf w a,muf q D u aiG a cs;+yD ; tapmif h u d k v bf a y;w,f / 'D aumif a wG u
a=u;pm;ppfom;awG r[kwv f m;/ ydu
k q
f &H awmhvw $ cf siwf mayg/h 'gay rJh Adv
k u
f rv$wcf sib f ;l /
'gah =umifxh u
G af jy;zd@k }udK;pm;jyefw,f/ XmecsKyfe@J udu k f 200 avmuftuGmvJa&mufa&m
vufxyd cf |w+f yD; v,fuiG ;f xJ wtm;pGyaf jy;cJw h mbJ” [k armfu Zmwfa=umif;jyefonf?
armfonf arSmifonftxd udkif;awmawG=um;xJykef;aeonf? ol@udkvdkuf
&Smaeolrsm;u ol@tem;od@k a&mufvm=uonf?
touf u d k r # jyif ; jyif ; r&_ 0 H h ? od k @ &m wG i f
uHtm;avsmpf mG armfvw G v
f mcJo h nf? armfwiG f
bd e yf r &S d a wmh / wnvk H ; +cH K EG , f rsm;/
ausmuf w H k ; rsm;ud k jzwf a usmf c J h & onf ?
ol@ajcaxmufrsm; ayguf+yJae+yD? armf onf
v,form;wa,muf.wJwGif 0iftdyfonf?
ol@wGifaiG 7 a':vmusefao; onf? xdk 7
a':vmjzifh xD;/ bdeyfEiS hf pm;p&mrsm;0,fonf?
v,f o rm;jynf o l @ ppf rsm;ES i f h jyef a wG @
o!f h t cgY ol @ wG i f y d k u f q H t enf ; i,f o m
useaf wmhonf?

102
tvif;tdrf
f
armfonfol@wyfrsm;ESifhjyefqHkonf/ aqmif;OD;aumuf&dwfcsdefykefuefr_ESifh
ywfoufo!fhtcsuf 10 csufudkxkwfjyefonf? ,if;wdk@rSm a=uG;a=umfoH oabm
r#omjzpfonf?
(1) wef&Sefcsdudk jzKwfcs=u/ (2) 0rfcsdefa0;udkjzKwfcs=u/ (3) [leefjynfe,f
tpdk;&udkjzKwfcs=u/ (4) ulrifweftpdk;&udkjzKwfcs=u/ (5) ajr&Sifqdk;rsm;ESifh ya'o
&mZfqdk;rsm;udk okwfoif=u/ (6) tvkyform;/ v,form;ESifhppfom;rsm;.tm%m
udkxlaxmif=u/ (7) v,form;tzGJ@rsm;.tm%m&Sifpepfudkxlaxmif=u/ (8) awmf
vSeaf &;aumfrwDrsm; zG@J pnf;=u/ (9)ppfreS w f ahJ wmfveS af &;/ v,form;awmfveS af &; (10)
ykeuf efx=uGr_ t"Ge@f &n S yf gap---ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
armfppfwyfxJwGif tef,GrfESifhydkif&Sef;u ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;wl; tvkyfo
rm;rsm;ygonf? xd@k a=umifah rmf.wyfonf wu,ft h vkyo f rm;/ v,form;ppfwyf jzpfonf?
pufwifbmv 12 &ufae@Y armf.ppfwyfonf vDvif;c&dik u f okd rd ;f +yD; 15 &ufae@wiG f
xdck &dik +f rdK@uokd rd ;f onf?
odk@&mwGifarmf. ppfwyftzdk@ A[dk!$ef=um;bmr#r&Sd/ A[dkucsef&Sm;udkodrf;
&rnf[o k m !$e=f um;xm;onf? ppfuv l nf;r&S/d armfph pfwyfwiG , f cktcsed Yf vl aygi;f 4000
avmuf&Sdvm+yD? aumuf&dwf+yD;csdefjzpfI v,fuGif;xJujzwfI csDwuf jcif;rjyKEdkif?
v,fuGif;awGxJjzwfv#if olwdk@udk,folwdk@ ypfuGif;vkyfay;ouJodk@&Sd rnf? xdk@a=umifh
awmif=um;rsm;/ v#dKrsm;xJucsDwuf&onf? vsL,ef;+rdK@udk ulrif wefwyfrsm;u
0dkif;ywfIwdkufojzifh armfwdk@ tustqHk;rsm;pGmjzifh qkwfcJh&onf? xdktxJwGif
olw@kd bufo@kd u;l vmaom ulrifwefwyfr;_ wa,mufuvnf; vl&m aygi;f rsm;pGmudak c:um
ul r if w ef b uf o d k @ jyef u l ; oG m ;onf ? armf h w yf w G i f pnf ; urf ; r &S d a wmh ?
EdkifiHa&;ynmay;r_uvnf; edrfhusonf? iwfjywfo!fhtcgwGif vk,ufcGifh ray;ojzifh
tcsd K @wyf o m;rsm;uvnf ; yk e f u ef = uonf ? puf w if b mvxJ w G i f ul r if wef u
ajrmufydkif;[leef&Sdv,form; 330000 udk owfypfcJhonf? aus;vufuvl rsm;
xGuaf jy;uke=f uonf? &GmawG us;D ESizhf w k zf w
k jf zpfum pm;p&m&Smr&awmh? armf .wyfom;awG
iwfuek +f yD? '%f&m&olukd &Gmrsm;xJwiG x f m;ypfc&hJ onf? od@k &mwGif v,form;rsm;u
rjyKpk&J=u? uGefjrLepfwkd@udk tultnDay;olrsm;[kqdkum ulrif wefwdk@u r=umc%
acgif;jzwfowfojzifh a=umufae=uonf? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ul rifwefolv#dKawG/
owif;ay;olawGjzifh wif;=urf;jy!fah eonf?

103
tvif;tdrf
armfph pfwyfxw J iG f w&kww f @kd. or&d;k us ppfb&k if0g'xGe;f um;vmonf? Akv d af wGu
wyfom;awGuq kd o
J nf? &du k o f nf? [leefjynfe,faumfrwDu !$e=f um; csuw f rsKd ;ay;I/
aygvpfAsL&du k !$e=f um;csuw f rsKd ;ay;aeonf? Tr#uaomif;u eif;jzpfaeo!ft h xJwiG f
armf o nf ol @ wyf . a&S @ a&;ud k p Of ; pm;&onf ? ol @ wyf u d k z suf ypf r nf a vm/
+rdK@ord ;f wdu
k yf rJG sm;wduk &f ef wmplaeo!fw h yfrsm;ESiahf ygi;f rnfavm/ armf bmvkyrf nfenf;?
armf o nf xd k t &mrsm;ud k wck r #rvk y f / wnf + id r f p G m pOf ; pm;+yD ; aemuf
qH;k jzwfcsuw f ckuckd sonf? TonfrmS tjcm;r[kw/f wyfeaD wmfukd wnf aqmuf&efjzpfonf?
yxrqHk; teDpcef;wnfaqmufa&;udk armf bma=umifh qHk;jzwfoenf;?
tjcm;olrsm;u +rdK@rsm;udo k rd ;f &ef }udK;yrf;aecsed Yf armfonf tb,fah =umifh aus; vufwiG f
tajccHpcef;wnfaqmuf&oenf;? Tar;cGe;f rsm;udk ajzvdv k #if armf. tawG;tac:udk
pOf ; pm;&vd r h f r nf ? armf u a&S ; tpOf t vm&S d c J h o !f h v,f o rm;yk e f uef r _ r sm;ud k
jyefIoHk;oyfonf? v,form;olykef ta=umif;a&;xm;o!fh a&S;0wÎK rsm;xJwGif
armfzwfz;l onf? Tonfuwcsujf zpfonf?
aemufwcsufrSm ol@e,fta=umif;udk armf aumif;aumif;odonf? ajc
vsifav#mufzl;ojzifh e,fu|rf;onf? oli,fi,fu oGm;bl;o!fhawmif&dk;rsm;udk t
rSw&f onf? atmufajc&_wo f nf/ awmxlonf/ urBm;apmuf}u;D awG v#Kd }u;D awG aygonf?
Tod@k aomae&mrsKd ;onf aemufu vdu k wf ukd &f aomppfwyfrsm;tzd@k ao wGi;f jzpfonf?
arSmifcdkukefonfrsm;/ qm;csufolrsm;/ oGm;avh&Sdo!fh awmif=um; vrf;rsm;udkvnf;
armf a umif ; aumif ; od o nf ? usif u ef ; awmif w ef ; onf v ,f o rm; ol y k e f r sm;
cd k a tmif & mjzpf o nf [ k a rmf = um;bl ; onf ? Tae&mw0d k u f w G i f ppf b k & if rsm;.
ppfwyfrsm;vnf;vmEdik o f nfr[kw/f Tr#jrifrh m;I vlaea0;o!fh awm awmifrsm;xJo@kd
ppf b k & if r sm;. bd e f ; pm;ppf o m;rsm;vmEd k i f o nf r [k w f ? od k @ jzif h armf onf
w&kwaf wmfveS af &;twGuf ta&;}u;D aomajcvSr;f wckuv kd rS ;f cJo
h nf?
pufwifbm 20 &ufae@wGif vdusif; tv,fwef;ausmif;uGufvyfY armf
.wyfom;rsm; tpnf;ta0;udkusif;yonf? ,cktcsdefY armf.wyfom;rsm;rSm w
axmifausmfausmfr#omusefawmhonf? awmfvSefa&;udk qufvufqifE$J&ef usif
uefawmif&dk;odk@wufI tajccHpcef;vkyf&ef xdktpnf;a0;u qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? xdk
tpnf;ta0;wGiaf rmfajymo!fh rde@f ceG ;f onf ta&;}uD;aomrde@f ceG ;f jzpfonf? od@k &m wGif
xdkrdef@cGef;. rSwfwrf;udk&SmrawG@? armfrdef@cGef;tqHk;Y “awmfvSefa&;vkyf&Jo vm;/

104
tvif;tdrf
rvky&f b J ;l vm;” [laomar;cGe;f jzifh tqH;k oyfonf[o k m od&onf? ol@wyf om;rsm;u

“vky&f w J ,f vky&f w J ,f” [katmf=uonf?
armf E S i f h o l w yf o m;rsm;onf puf w if b mv 23 &uf a e@wG i f u sif u ef ;
awmif&;kd bufo@kd pwifqw k cf mG =uonf? “vky&f w J ,f” [k atmfco hJ wl @kd teuf t csKd @onf
awmfveS af &;udk oHo,&Sv d m=u+yD// od@k jzifh vl 200 aemufa=umif;jyefv! S hf =ujyefonf?
armf u td r f j yef v k d o l j yef E d k i f a =umif ; / jyef v k d v #if c &D ; p&d w f y if ay;vd k u f O D ;
rnfjzpfa=umif;jzifhajymjyonf? armf.pum;onfqef;aeonf? tcsdK@awmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;u tdrfjyefcsifolrsm;udk “opPmazmufolrsm;” tjzpfowfypfvdk=uonf?
aemufqHk;Y !GefAGufrsm;/ csHKEG,fydwfaygif;rsm;/ rwfapmufo!fh awmifurBm;rsm;udk
ausmfjzwfI wufvdkufvmolaygif; 800 cef@r#om usefawmhonf? xrif;csuf&ef/
tcsrf;'%frSumuG,f&ef rD;rzdk&J=u? olwdk@tm;vHk; qmavmifrGwfodyfae=u+yD// cdkuf
ckdufwkefae+yD/ armf.wyfrsm;onf vl&SD;qdko!fh +rdK@uav;w+rdK@odk@ a&muf=uonf?
tiftm;}uD;aom ulrifwefrsm;.wdkufcdkufr_a=umifh wyfaemufzsm;ESifhtqufjywf
oGm;onf? od@k &mwGif olw@kd onf ulrifwefwyfrsm;udk azmufxu G u f m vde[ f mG qdk o!fh
c&dik +f rdK@uav;w+rdK@o@kd a&mufI tpmpm;&onf? “awmfveS af &;p+yD” [kaus nmcJo h nf?
xdrk w S qifh usiu f ef;awmifwef;ay:&Sd pef0rfqo kd !fh &Gmuav;w&Gmod@k csw D uf=uonf?
pef0rf&mG teD;wGif acsmif;wacsmif;&So d nf? TrSpI usiu f ef;awmif&;kd od@k pwuf+y?D
awmif&dk;wav#mufwGif vloGm;vrf;uav;&Sdonf? armfonf pef0rf&GmY em;um
Edik if aH &;oifwef;ay;onf? TonfrmS armfu ol@wyfrsm;udk Edik if aH &;ppf wyfjzpfvm&ef
yxrqH;k }uKd ;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf?
armf. rdef@cGef;u&Snfonf? ol@wyfom;rsm;u csrf;csrf;jzifh wa,mufudk
wa,mufy;l uyfxikd u f m armf.rde@f ceG ;f udek m;axmif=uonf? tjyifbufwiG af qmif; OD;ayguf
rd k ; zG J u av;rsm; wzG J z G J u saeonf ? &moD O wk u at;onf ? xd k @ a=umif h bk & m;
wefaqmif;ysuu f av; wckxw J iG f olw@kd wawG ,m,Dpcef;cs=uonf? csr;f vnf; csr;f vS+y/D
qmvnf;qmvS+yD/ odk@&mwGif wyfom;awG pdwfrysuf=u/ armfrdef@cGef;udk xufoefpGm
em;axmif=uonf? tm;wufvm=uonf? a&S@odk@c&Dquf&ef ydkif;jzwf =uonf?
awmfveS af &;udq k ufvyk &f awmhrnf? vkyrf v d #iaf emufqw k I
f rjzpf?
armfonf Tae&mrS usifuef;awmifxdyf tajccHpcef;wnfaqmufo!fh
ae&modk@a&mufo!fhtxd wyfem;wdkif; w&m;a[monf? ulcsif;qdko!fhpcef;odk@

105
tvif;tdrf
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108
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aZmfaZmfEkdif/ rif;rif;odef; Web Site
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jynf+zKd;&J/ aZmfrsK;d Tokyoto shinjyuku-ku
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kannekosou 101
jynfwiG ;f / jynfy jzef ch sad &; goushithu
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Tel - 03 - 3950-4787
Japan.
pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfa&;ESifh b¾ma&; TEL
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tvif;tdrf

Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

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Volume 3, No.5 Luminary Magazine

Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.5

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