႐ွမ္းျပည္ဘယ္လဲ ဦးထြန္းျမင့္ (ေတာင္ႀကီး) PDF

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EkdifiHa&;orm;jzpfcJh\/ vGwfawmftwGif;0efvnf; jzpfcJhbl;\/ &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;tzGJY
\ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf urÇmudv k nf; vSnchf b hJ ;l \/ Ekid if aH &;wGif wk;d wufaomtjrif&\ dS /
vufawGYvnf; taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Gufwwfoljzpfonf/ 1960-61 wGif jynf
axmifppk pfppfjzpfay:ap&ef pkid ;f jyif;BudK;yrf;&mü a&SUwef;rSyg0ifco hJ nf/ jrefrmrIwiG f uRrf;
usifoEl idk if aH &; pma&;q&mjzpf\/ vGwv f yfaom tawG;tac:&SNd yD; vGwv f yfpmG aESmif
BudK;rJah evko d jl zpfojzifh 1962-ckEpS f ppfwyftmPmodr;f csderf pS í q,fEpS w f idk f ae0if;ppf
tkypf \ k zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;cH&olvnf;jzpf\/ OD;usKd;atmif þrQMumMum rw&m;t
zrf;tqD;cH&ol? pdw'f u k t
© ay;cH&qk;H oljzpfco hJ nf/ (jynfaxmifpw k 0Sr;f vk;H wGif þodu Yk s
cH&olrsm; &Sr;f jynfrS trsm;qk;H jzpfonf/)
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)\pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&INyD; tESpfcsKyfokH;oyfMunfhaomf-
(1) qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; uREkfyfwkdY &Srf;jynfonf tqifhjriftaetxm;wGif &SdaecJhaomf
vnf;t*Fvyd f uRefjrefrmwkt Yd ay: waoG;wom;wnf;uJo h Ykd pdwo f abmxm;BuD;cJNh yD; cif
rifn§mwmudk,fcsif;pmcJhonf/
(2) rdrdwkdYuom wbufowf jynfaxmifpkBuD; rjzpfraeay:aygufvmap&ef vkdvkdvm;
vm; vIy&f mS ;tepfemcH aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/
(3) rdrw d o Ydk nf rdom;pktoGif yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; oefo Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f jzifh jynfaxmifpBk uD;ukd BudK;
yrf;wnfaqmufcJhMuaomfvnf; wbufom;(r[m)ArmwkdYu uREkfyfwkdYuJhodkY trsm;\t
usKd;? tm;vk;H \tusKd;udk vkv d m;vkyaf qmifay;vkjd cif; r&S?d uk, d u f sKd;twGuo f m wbuf
owfaqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;? tMuHorm;omjzpfcjhJ cif;wku Yd kd txift&Sm; awGjY rifo;Hk oyfEidk o f nf/
(4) xkdr[mwkdYonf apwemroefY? ,kwfnHhaomajracG;ÓPfudk ay:vGifaponfomru
vufawGw Y iG v f nf; uREkyf w
f Ydk awmifay:om;rsm; pOf;pm;awG;0Hjh cif;r&Sad om vky&f yfrsm;
usL;vGejf cif;rsm; taomrwwfEidk af tmif &Scd o hJ nf/ xkt
d ed|m&krH sm;taMumif;um; ajym
í rukeEf idk af tmif&adS eonfrmS vlwidk ;f todyif/
&Sr;f jynfom;rsm;ESijhf ynfaxmifpo k m;rsm; tESpf 40 ausmf cHpm;odjrifvm&rIrmS
aemufaemif jynfaxmifpBk uD;wnfaqmuf&mü 1947-ckEpS u f uJo
h Ykd ayghayghwefwefEiS v hf yk f
í r&awmhay/ wyg;olukd rdrv d o
dk abmxm;NyD; tMuHorm; a>rayG;ukd cg;ydu k rf aqmifrd
ap&ef? ykid ;f jcm;qk;H jzwfwwfonfyh nmÓPftajrmftjrifjzifh pnf;vk;H rI? nDnw T rf ?I owå?d
Aswådjynfh0pGm vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufaomvkyfief;rsm;udk owdrvpfapbJ tcgrvyf vkyfudkif
pGr;f aqmifEidk Mf uap&eftwGuu f m; - þpmtkyo f nf wzufwvrf;rSaeí rD;&SL;wefaqmif

BuD;ozG,f vrf;nTefaeayonf/
vGwv f yfa&;acwf? ygvDref'rD udk a&pDacwf - &Sr;f jynf\Ekid if aH &;orkid ;f ocFP;f
pmrsm;wkjYd zifh - þpmtkyrf sm; jyefvnfajymjyEkid af om wefb;dk avmuf rnfonft h &murQ
aus;Zl;rBuD;[kqkdvQif rSm;tHhrxif/
]]vkef;cGefMumOD;}}
21-3-91

&Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

trSm
þpmtkyu f kd a&;ol OD;xGe;f jrif(h awmifBuD;)rSm &Sr;f trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;

jzpfí &Sr;f jynfjynfov Yl wG v
f yfa&;tzG(YJ &-y-v)ukd wnfaxmif&mrSpí acgif;aqmifcef;
rS yg0ifcahJ vonf/ z-q-y-vtpd;k &u vli,fu, dk pf m;vS,tf zGu YJ kd urÇmt&yf&yfoaYkd p
vTwaf omtcg udx k eG ;f jrifrh mS &Sr;f vli,frsm; uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpfjzifh vku d cf ahJ vonf/
1947-ckEpS wf iG f wkid ;f jyKjynfjyK vTwaf wmftrwftjzpfjzifh ta&G;cH&NyD; ygvDref
twGi;f 0eftjzpfjzifh twefMumaqmif&u G cf ohJ nf/ xkaYd emuf xk&d mxl;rS EIwx f u G Nf yD; ygvD
refwiG f twku d t
f cHtrwftjzpfjzifh aqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf/ ygvDrefwiG f jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ
a&;-tqkrd sm;udk wifoiG ;f cJb h ;l onf/ jrefrmjynfEidk if aH &;üum; jynfoNYl idr;f csrf;a&;tzGYJ
aygif;pkHwGif¤if; jynfolYnDnTwfa&;ygwDwGif¤if; acgif;aqmifwa,muftjzpfjzifh yg0ifcJh
avonf/
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf w&kyjf ynfoo Yl rwEkid if o
H Ykd yxrqk;H tBudrf apvTwf
aomocifukd,fawmfrIdif;acgif;aqmifonfhudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwGif yg0ifvkdufygoGm;&av
onf/ urÇmNh idr;f csrf;a&; uGe*f &uf tvkyt f rIaqmif vlBuD;wa,mufvnf; jzpfco hJ nf/
,cktcg OD;xGe;f jrifh &Sr;f jynfoYkd jyefa&mufaeonf/
þpmtkyrf mS 0g'-ygwD-toD;oD; uGjJ ym;aeMuaomfvnf; &Sr;f jynfwiG f ya'o
&mZfpHepfudk NzdKzsufí 'Drkdua&pD&Srf;jynfwnfaqmufvkdonfh&Srf;jynfcspf tiftm;pkrsm;
\tawGYtMuKHzvS,faqG;aEG;yGJ(qrDem)odkY aqG;aEG;EkdifMu&ef wifjyvkdufaom pmwrf;
jzpfayonf/
]]xkwfa0ol}}
1 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
ed'gef;
&Srf;jynf\aemufcHum;csyf
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if wH iG f &Sr;f jynfe,fonf yx0D0iftaetxm;t&¤if;? ayg

rsm;<u,f0aom o,HZmw-obm0ypön;f rsm;t&¤if;? tvGet f a&;BuD;aom tcPf;odYk
a&muf&Sdaeavonf/
,aeY &Srf;jynfe,fwGif tajccHt,l0g' trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom ygwDtzGJYtpnf;rsm;
onf ¤if;wk\ Yd tajccHt,l0g'toD;oD;t& Ekid if aH &;aqmif&u G af eonfudk awG&Y ayonf/

wbufwGif ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;ESifhtaygif;ygr[mrdwfwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ya'
o&mZfEkdifiHa&;tmPm qufvufckdifNrJa&;ç ya'o&mZfpD;yGg;a&;-cs,fvS,frI qufvuf
vTr;f rk;d a&;ç ya'o&mZf-vlaY bmif qufvufwnfNrJa&;wkt Yd wGuf tMurf;enf;-tEkenf;
-ajAmifwrsKd;-vQKdU0SufíwoG,f-EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,fpkHvifpGmjzifh tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;vsuf
&Sdavonf/
tjcm;wbufwGif ya'o&mZfqefYusifa&;-tiftm;pkrsm;onf vlwef;pm;t
ajccHt& 0g'oabmw&m; trsKd;rsKd;uGjJ ym;um ]]ya'o&mZfpeH pf zsuford ;f a&;ç jynfoYl
tpkd;xlaxmifa&;}} &;}}twGuf olwrsKd; igwzkH enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdae
Muonf/
xkdrSwzef ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;ESifhya'o&mZfqefYusifa&;tiftm;pkrsm; t
Mum;wGif ArmjynfrS Ekid if aH &;MoZmvTr;f rk;d rIonf waeYwjcm; 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufvmonf
udk awG&Y jyefayonf/
,if;odYk &Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;wGif ArmjynfrS Ekid if aH &;MoZm0ifa&muf pGuzf ufvm
onfudk taMumif;jyKí &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;oabmw&m;wck
onf aygufzmG ;vmcJah vonf/
Armjynfr\Ekid if aH &;MoZmvTr;f rk;d rIç Ekid if aH &;pGuzf ufru I kd tcsKdUu ]]Arme,fcsJU
pHepf}}}[lí¤if;? tcsKdUu ]]ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'}} 0g'}}[lí¤if;? trsKd;rsKd; trnfemray;um vl
rsKd;a&;vIaYH qmfrrI sm; jyKvkyv f suf&MdS uavonf/
usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;oabmw&m;udk tajcjyKvsuf ]]Arme,fcsJUpHepf}}
]]ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'}}udk &Srf;jynfe,fwrsKd;om;vkH; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfpGm wkdufzsuf&rnf[l
í¤if;? ,if;odkY ]]Arme,fcsJUpHepf}} ]]ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'}}ukd wkdufzsuf&mwGif ya'o&mZf
qefu Y sifa&;u@ (0g) 'Dru dk a&pDawmfveS af &;udk vk;H 0pGeyYf pfí ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;ESihf
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;) 2
t<uif;rJyh ;l aygif;&rnf[í l ¤if;? ya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;tcsKdU]]aps;qpfa&;}}tuGuo f mjzpf

aom &Sr;f jynfe,fcx JG u G af &;\avoHukd tm;ay;um oD;jcm;ya'o&mZfEidk if H xlaxmif&
rnf[í l ¤if;? &Sr;f -Arm tem*wfqufqaH &;twGuf pd;k &drpf &maumif;aom t,ltqBuD;
onf waeYwjcm; tpdik t f cJtjzpf wnf&v dS mavonf/
ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;onf ysufp;D ,k, d iG ;f vsuf&adS om ya'o&mZfpeH pf qufvuf
xde;f odr;f &ef taMumuftuefBudK;pm;rnfrmS "r®wmyifjzpfonf/
ok&Yd mwGif ya'o&mZfqefu Y sifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tcsif;csif;wGif ya'o&mZfpeH pf
zsufodrf;a&;ç jynfolYtpkd;&xlaxmifa&;ç[laom a<u;aMumfoHcsif; wlnDaevifhupm;
tajccHvrf;pOfcsif; uGjJ ym;aeMuonf/ ya'o&mZfpeH pfukd OD;wnfwu dk Mf u&rnft h pm; t
csif;csif; wOD;udw k OD; NzdKcG&J ef tm;xkwaf eMuonf/

xkrd Qru ya'o&mZfqefu Y sifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f wGif vuf0-J vufusfm[l
í uGjJ ym;jyefum vuf0o J rm;rsm;tcsif;csif; txJüyif tuGu J jJG zpfcg *dP k ;f *Ppdwo f nf
o&zlaqmif;vsuf&adS vonf/ vuf0o J rm;tcsKdUonf vusfmtpGe;f odu Yk ;l ajymif;um usOf;
ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;w&m;udk vufcv H monfudk awG&Y onf/
,if;odYk ya'o&mZfqefu Y sifa&;orm;tcsif;csif;\uGjJ ym;rIukd qef;ppfMunfah omf
ya'o&mZfqefYusifa&;orm;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;onf &Srf;jynf
e,fvlYabmifzGJYpnf;rI\vu©Pmrsm;udk okH;oyf&mwGif¤if;? &Srf;jynfe,f vlYabmiftajc
taeay:rlwnfí &Srf;jynfe,fawmfvSefa&;tqifhowfrSwf&mwGif¤if;? wlnDrIr&SdMubJ
&Sr;f jynfe,fawmfveS af &;\vkyif ef;pOfrsm;a&;qG&J mwGi¤f if;? awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;
udk wGucf suf&mwGi¤f if;? awmfveS af &;\vu©Pmrsm;ESiahf &SUtvm;tvmukd odjrif&mwGif
¤if;? wlnrD rI &SMd uaomaMumifo h m jzpfayonf/
pma&;olonf 1948-ck vGwfvyfa&; rausnmrDtxd &Srf;jynfe,fonf Arm
jynfEiS w hf ygwnf; e,fcsJUxrf;yk;d atmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf &Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;
vkyif ef;rsm;wGif acgif;aqmifyidk ;f rS yg0ifaqmif&u G cf ahJ omfvnf; 1948-cktv,fyidk ;f &Sr;f
jynfjynfov Yl wG vf yfa&;tzGcYJ sKyf(&-y-v)ESijhf ynfo&Yl aJ bmftzGw YJ t dYk m; ya'o&mZfrsm;u
&ufpufpmG ajcrIe;f vku d o f nft h csderf pS í ArmjynfrwGif aomifwifum &Sr;f jynfEidk if aH &;
ESiuhf ,kd x f vd ufa&muf uif;uGmaecJah yonf/ 1953-ckEpS t f xd ArmjynfrEkid if aH &;ESiu hf rÇmh
Nidr;f csrf;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G af ecJah omfvnf; xkpd Oftcgu rdrv d uf
0,f &&Sx d m;aomwkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmf(ygvDref)ESi&hf rS ;f jynfe,faumifpyD vufazmif;rsm;
udk tpGr;f uket f ok;H jyKum &Sr;f jynfe,fta&;twGuf wwfEidk o f rQ aqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf/
1953-ckEpS w f iG f rdr\ d aeYpOf0rf;a&;jyóem tcuftcJaMumifh ArmjynfrS &Sr;f
3 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
jynfe,fojYkd yefvmcJ&h ayonf/ rdr&d rS ;f jynfoYkd jyefvmaomtcsdeo f nf &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f Ekid f

iHa&;aqmif&u G &f ef tcsdet
f cgaumif; r[kwcf ahJ y/ taMumif;qk;d pGm &Sr;f jynfe,fppftyk f
csKyfa&;umvESifhMuKHawGYaecJh&ayonf/
&Srf;jynfe,fodkY rjyefvmrD pma&;olESifhtvGef&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGvnf;jzpf qkd
&S,v f pfacgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfí ppf&;Hk tmPmykid w f OD;vnf;jzpfaom ume,fatmif
BuD;ESiahf wGq Y aHk qG;aEG;&mwGif &Sr;f jynfppftyk cf sKyfa&;onf trnftm;jzifh qk;d aomfvnf;
ppftyk cf sKyfa&;\&nfreS ;f csufrsm;onf &Sr;f jynfe,fvx l t
k wGuf tusKd;&So d a,mifa,mif
em;vnfc&hJ ayonf/ pma&;ol &Sr;f jynfe,fojYkd yefa&mufu &Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;wGif 0if
a&mufaqmif&u G &f ef ume,fatmifBuD;u wku d wf eG ;f cJo
h nf/ &Sr;f jynfe,f ppftyk cf sKyfa&;

ausnmrI tufOya'ukd pma&;olonf rltm;jzifh vufcEH idk o f rl [kw&f um; &Sr;f jynfe,f
odjYk yefa&mufu Edik if aH &;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G rf nf-raqmif&u G rf nfudk xkpd Ofu ume,f
atmifBuD;tm; rajymMum;cJah y/ &Sr;f jynfe,fojYkd yefa&mufNyD; tajctaeudk avhvmMunfh
rnf/ tajctaeavhvmNyD; 0rf;a&;u tcGifhay;vQif EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhu vkyfrnf[lí
om pdwq f ;Hk jzwfco hJ nf/
&Sr;f jynfe,foYkd jyefa&mufonht f cg ppftyk cf sKyfa&;umv\&Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;
onf pma&;oltm; bdwaf c:vufurf;rjyKonfomru pma&;ol &Sr;f jynfe,fojYkd yefa&muf
vQifa&mufcsif; &ifbwfukd qD;wGe;f vku d af yonf/ xkrd Qru ArmjynfrokYd jyefvnfxu G cf gG
oGm;&ef Budrzf efrsm;pGm BudK;pm;cJah vonf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;umvwGif pma&;oltm; zrf;
qD;awmhrnf[al om avoHudk q,fBudrx f ufreJ wqifMh um;cJ&h onf/
BuD;rm;pGm &ifqidk af e&aom 0rf;a&;jyóemaMumif¤h if;? 'Dru dk a&pDuif;rJah eaom
EkdifiHa&;tajctaeu cGifhrjyKojzifh¤if;? wwfEkdiforQ vufawGYEkdifiHa&;ESifhuif;a0;pGm
aexkid cf íhJ om pma&;olonf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ab;rS vGwu f if;cJ&h ayonf/
pma&;olonf &Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;ESiv hf ufawGu Y if;a0;Ekid o f rQ uif;a0;pGmae
xkdifcJhvifhupm; &Srf;jynfe,fEkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;udk a&Smif&Sm;ír&cJhyg/ aeYpOfESifhtrQ
jrifae&onfç Mum;ae&onfç awGYae&onfç odae&onfç EkdifiHa&;]]0goemtkd;}}rsm;ESifh
awGMY uKHqpHk nf;wkid ;f rvGrJ a&Smifom aqG;aEG;a0zefc&hJ onf/
ppftyk cf sKyfa&;ukd &Sr;f jynfe,fvx l Bk uD;u vufrcH? axmufct H m;ay;jcif;vnf;
rjyKcJah y/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&; tmPmykid rf sm;tbkYd t&I;H ESit hf jrwf Z,m;raxrdcyhJ g/ xkaYd Mumifh
1954-ckwGif ppftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd t&IH;pm&if;ESifh&kyfodrf;vkduf&ayonf/
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; &Srf;jynfe,fEkdifiHa&;u pma&;oltm; z,f&Sm;cJh
onft h aMumif;&if;rSm Ekid if aH &;t,l0g' jcm;em;rIaMumifh r[kwo f nfukd awGcY &hJ onf/ pm
a&;olEiS Ehf idk if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm; aqG;aEG;onft h cgwkid ;f ya'o&mZfpeH pf zsuford ;f a&;ç

jynfot Yl pk;d &xlaxmifa&;wGif oabmxm;csif; uGv J rJG rI &dcS ahJ cs/ pma&;olwifjyaom t
,ltqESifhjcm;em;onfht,ltqrsm; jyefvnfwifjyonhftcgvnf; r&SdcJhyg/
pma&;ol &Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;xJ 0ifa&mufvmrnfukd ]]aMumuf}}aeMuonf[l
íom wqifhpum;Mum;cJh&onf/ pma&;oltm; tb,ftwGufaMumifh ]]aMumuf}}Muyg
oenf;/
oabmw&m;t,l0g'ta&;aMumif]h ]aMumuf}}onf[q k ydk gvQif ¤if;rSm Ekid if aH &;
ryDoaom taMumufw&m;omjzpfayvdrfrnf/ EkdifiHa&;wGif ]]t,l0g'}}onf aMumuf
vefpY &mr[kwaf y/ ]]t,l0g'}}udk ]]t,l0g'}}ESijhf yefvnfwu dk Mf u&ayrnf/ rSeu f efaom
]]t,l0g'}}onfom aemufq;Hk vTr;f rk;d ayvdrrhf nf/ wBudru f ]]aMumufp&maumif;aom

tawG;tac:[lí tESrd cf &H aom]]t,l0g'}}onf ,aeYqAdk , D ufEidk if H w&kwjf ynfEiS jhf ynf
ol'Y rD u
dk a&pDEidk if rH sm;wGif jrwfE;dk p&maumif;aomt,l0g'tjzpf vTr;f rk;d vsuf&adS eavNyD/
yk*K¾ vd af &; vTr;f rk;d rIonf ckacwfEidk if aH &;wGif t"dygÜ ,fr&SEd idk af wmhay/
(&-y-v)acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sr;f jynfe,fEidk if aH &;twGi;f odYk jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm
vQif rdrw d \Ydk acgif;aqmifrq I ;Hk &I;H &acs&JU[laom taMumufw&m;omvQif¤if;wk]Yd ]aMumuf}}
jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;cHjzpfaMumif; aemufq;Hk wGif em;vnfc&hJ ayonf/
xko d rl sm;onf acgif;aqmifru I kd vky,
f vl &Ydk onf[k ,kMH unfMu[efwo l nf/ &Sr;f
jynfe,f ya'o&mZfqefu Y sifa&;twGuf us,fjyefaY om wyfaygif;pkz&YJG rnfupdk eG v Yf wT x f m;
rnfwlonf/
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q&mrsm; ¤if;pmtkyu f kd xkw, f u l ;dk um;ae&ayonf/
tif'cdk sKdi;f em;uRef;qG,af e&mtESt YH jym;wGif &Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;Ä rSm oef;aygif; 20
-xufreJ aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf[k 'AvsLaumhu&def;u &kdrif;uufovpf bkef;BuD;rsm;\
wGufqcsufudk udk;um;í az:jyxm;avonf/ ,if;udk;um;csufonf ,kwåd&Sdayonf/
tmoHjynf&dS t[kr&f rS ;f rsm;onf¤if;? ,k;d ',m;? uarÁm'D;,m;ESiAhf , D uferfEidk if rH sm;&Sd avm
vlrsKd; ,Gef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf¤if;? &Srf;vlrsKd;tppftrSefrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,kd;',m;vlrsKd;
ukd,fwkdifyif &Srf;rsKd;qufjzpfayonf/
w&kyjf ynfawmifyikd ;f ae&mtESt YH jym;wGiv f nf; &Sr;f vlrsKd; odrYk [kwf &Sr;f rsKd;quf
rsm; oef;aygif; 20-xufreJ &So d nf[í l a'gufwma'ghEiS rhf pöwmz&D;rif;wk\ Yd pmtkyrf sm;
udk ud;k um;í aumhu&de;f u az:jyxm;ayonf/ ¤if;rSmvnf; ,kwrdå &S[ d k rqkEd idk af y/ w
&kyjf ynfawmifyikd ;f (,ck ,leef)wGif c&pfray:rD ESpaf ygif; 500-ausmufcefu Y &Sr;f vlrsKd;
rsm;on ef efcsKdEidk if aH wmfBuD;udk wnfaxmifcahJ yonf/ ,aeY uGr;f wkeef ,f&dS ]][wfum}}
vlrsKd;rsm;onf rsufESmykHyef;oP²mefESifhtavhtxrsm;rSm &Srf;vlrsKd;ESifhtvGefeD;pyfae
onfukd awG&Y onf/ ,aeY,el efe,f&dS ]],D}}]]xkid ;f }}tp&Sad om vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf &Sr;f jynf
Ä 'AvsLaumhu&de;f \&Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;pmtkyu
f kd &efuek Nf rdKUü 1915-ckEpS w
f iG f xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/ ud;k um;csufrsm;rSm 1915-ck
rwkdifrDu awGY&Sdcsufrsm;yifjzpf\/
11 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
e,f&dS &Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;]ajrmif}ESichf jJG cm;í r&Ekid af tmif wlvaS yonf/

þpmwrf;wGif &Sr;f vlrsKd; qif;oufaygufzmG ;yku H kd tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;&ef qE´
r&Syd g/ od&Yk mwGif ,aeY &Sr;f jynfe,f[k ac:wGiaf om &Sr;f jynfa'o pwifjzpfay:vmyku H kd
tenf;i,f az:jy&efvadk yrnf/
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;twGi;f tdE, d´ jynf]]qif;rvm;NrdKU}}a&muf Armjynf ppfajy;
tpk;d &u xkwaf 0aom]]Armjynfvufp}JG }pmtkyw f iG f &Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm; ArmjynftwGi;f odYk 13
-&mpktwGi;f u 0ifa&mufvmonf[í l a&;om;onf/ ¤if;rSm ,kwt då axmuftxm;ESihf
tvGefuif;a0;aeayonf/
xked nf;twl ]]&Sr;f &mZ0if}}rsm;jzpfaom rk;d eJ&mZ0ifç uke;f abmif(oDayg)&mZ0ifç

odE&Dé mZ0ifrsm;wGif rk;d eJNrdKUudk c&pfray:rD 519-ESpw f iG ¤f if;? oDaygNrdKUudk c&pfray:rD 423
-ESpw f iG ¤f if;? odENDé rdKUudk c&pfray:rD 441-ESpw f iG ¤f if; wnfaxmifcMhJ uonf[í l az:jy
xm;onf/ ¤if;rSmvnf; ,kwt då axmuftxm;rsm;ESiu hf if;rJah eonf/ tqkyd gNrdKUwnfouú
&mZfrsm;onf eefcsKdjynfxal xmifaom ouú&mZfEiS ahf &maxG;aeMu[efwal yonf/
,ck&rS ;f jynfe,fac:wGiaf oma'owGif &Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;]]urÇmOD;tp}}uwnf;u
aexkid v f mMuonfr[kwaf y/ urÇmOD;ya'omyifacwfEiS ahf us;ydik u f Refyidk af cwfrsm;udk &Sr;f
vlrsKd;rsm;onf &mZ0ifq&mç vlrsKd;a&;orkid ;f q&mwkYd &SmazGavhvmí rawG&Y adS o;aom
a'owGif a&S;a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu ausmfveG cf NhJ yD;jzpfayonf/
&Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;onf [kv d rl sKd; 'Dvrl sKd;ESiahf &mpyfNyD; umva&GUavsmrS &Sr;f vlrsKd;
jzpfvmonfr[kw/f tvGeaf &S;usaomvlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; jzpfonf[al omtcsufonf ,aeY
&Sr;f vlrsKd;tbdYk txl;*kP, f pl &mw&yf jzpfaeayonf/
vlrsKd;a&;orkid ;f q&mwkYd wwfEidk o f rQ ajc&mcHí vku d vf &H mS azGMu&mwGif &Sr;f vl
rsKd;wk\Yd Zpfjrpfukd w&kyjf ynftv,fyikd ;f wae&mwGif oGm;awGMY uonf/ od&Yk mwGif orkid ;f
q&mwku Yd xkad e&monf &Sr;f vlrsKd;wk\ Yd rlvZmwd[k r,lqEkid Mf uao;ay/ xkad e&mwGif ajc
&maysmufomG ;íom vufavQmhxm;Mu&avonf/
rSeyf gonf/ urÇm]h ]vl,Ofacwf}}OD;avmufrpS í &Sr;f vlrsKd;onf w&kyjf ynftv,f
ydkif;wGif aexkdifcJhMuonf/ &Srf;vlrsKd;wkdY\]]vlMurf;acwf}}]]vl&kdif;acwf}}rsm;onf vlwkdY
rodao;aom a&S;orkid ;f twGi;f yif wdrjf r§Kyfaeonf/
taemufajrmufyikd ;f rS w&kyv f rl sKd;wkYd qif;oufvmrIaMumifh &Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm; w&kyf
jynfawmifyidk ;f odYk a&GUqif;vmcJMh u&onf/ c&pfray:rD ESpaf ygif; 500-ausmfcefw Y iG f w&kyf
jynfawmifykdif;ü eefcsKdwkdif;jynfBuD; wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ eefcsKdwkdif;jynfonf &Srf;vl
rsKd;rsm;tbkYd txifu& &mZ0ifrw S w f idk Bf uD;yifjzpfayonf/
eefcsKdwidk ;f jynfrmS w&kyjf ynf&mZ0ifrw S w f rfrsm;t&¤if;? taemufwidk ;f c&D;onf

rsm;\rSwfwrf;rsm;t&¤if;? xkdacwfu tvGefcrf;em;BuD;us,faom ya'o&mZfwefckd;
BuD;EkdifiHwck jzpfcJhayonf/ w&kyfjynf yDuif;bk&if\]]yPÖmqufEkdifiH}}jzpfcJhaomfvnf;?
w&kyjf ynfEiS yhf ck;H csif; ,SOEf idk af vmufatmif wBudru f wefc;dk BuD;cJah vonf/
eefcsKdEidk if aH wmfukd wnfaxmifNyD;rS &Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;onf Armjynfajrmufyidk ;f od¤Yk if;?
tmoHjynfbufo¤Ykd if;? tif'cdk sKdi;f em;bufo¤Ykd if;? wpdrphf rd hf qif;oufvmcJMh uonf/ tif
'kcd sKdi;f em;wGif uarÁm'D;,m;jynfukd wnfaxmifNyD;? Armjynfajrmufyikd ;f armjrpf(a&Tv)D
0Sr;f wGif armEkid if u H kd wnfaxmifcMhJ uonf/
c&pfouú&mZf 10-&mpkEpS f 'DbufwiG f eefcsKdEidk if EH iS w hf &kyEf idk if w H Ydk rMumcPppfruf
jzpfymG ;um eefcsKdEidk if BH uD; ysufp;D ;,k, d iG ;f cJ&h onf/ eefcsKdEidk if BH uD; wefc;dk MoZm arS;rdeS v f m
onfukd csufaumif;,lí uarÁm'D;,m;jynfonf eefcsKdEidk if \ H yPÖmqufEidk if jH zpfaom arm
wkid ;f jynfoYkd tmPmpuf csJUxGiv f mcJo h nf/
uarÁm'D;,m;&Sr;f rif;rsm; armwkid ;f jynfwiG f Mum&Snpf mG tkypf ;kd vmcJo h nfudk t
aMumif;jyKí &Sr;f jynftm; ,aeYwidk f ]]uarÁmZ-&Sr;f jynf}}[k ac:a0:avh&MdS uonf/
vlrsKd;a&;orkid ;f udk þrQ&Snv f sm;pGm aumufEw k af z:jyae&jcif;rSm &mZ0iftuk;d
tum;rsm;udk tjiif;yGm;vkí d r[kwyf g/ armwkid ;f jynf pwifwnfaxmifonft h csderf pS í
&Sr;f jynfa'owGif ya'o&mZfpeH pfonf xGe;f um;vmcJo h nht f aMumif; az:jyvkí d omjzpf
ygonf/
Armbk&if taemf&xmrif;vufxufrS oDaygrif;ygawmfro l nftxd Arm&mZ0if
udk avhvmvQif &Sr;f jynfonf Armbk&if\]]yPÖmqufEidk if }H }jzpfonft h cgvnf; jzpfco hJ nf/
&Sr;f rif;u ESpaf ygif;tawmfMum Armjynfukd tkypf ;kd cJo h nft h cgvnf; &Scd o hJ nf/ 'DtMum;
xJ wcgwcg w&kyjf ynf\yPÖmqufEidk if v H nf; jzpfvu dk &f ao;onf/
ya'o&mZfacwf yPÖmqufEidk if EH iS t hf &if;&Siaf cwf udv k edk ED idk if oH nf tajccHtm;
jzifh jcm;em;ayonf/
yPÖmqufEkdifiHonf bk&ifh{u&mZfxH o®D;unmESifhvufaqmifyPÖmavmufom
qufo&onf/ ukv d edk ED idk if u
H kd e,fcsJUEkid if uH Ekid if aH &;ç pD;yGg;a&;ç ,Ofaus;rIç tppt&m
&mwGif 0ifa&mufaoG;pkycf s,fv, S o
f nf/
armwkdifjynf pwifwnfaxmifonfhumvrSpí &Srf;jynfwGif wnf&SdvmcJhaom
ya'o&mZfpeH pfonf t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm;rsm; &Sr;f jynftm; txufArmjynfEiS ahf &SUqifh
aemufqifh odr;f ydu k v f u dk o f nft h csdetf xd ajymif;vJrrI &Scd ahJ y/
a&S;ya'o&mZfpeH pfonf a&S;ya'o&mZfpeH pftjzpfom wnfNrJvmcJah vonf/
13 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
a&S;ya'o&mZf&rS ;f jynf\Ekid if aH &; pD;yGg;a&;pHepfwiG f atmufygt*Fgvu©Pmrsm;

udk awGjY rif&avonf/
&Sr;f jynfya'o&mZfe,fy,frsm;onf pkppk nf;pnf; nDnn D w T n f w T rf &Scd /hJ &Sr;f 99-
NrdKUudk pk;d ykid cf ahJ om ya'o&mZfe,f&iS rf sm;onf olwe,f-igwrif; rif;rltyk pf ;kd cJMh uonf/
rMumcP we,fEiS w hf e,f ppfrufcif;í tmPmvkyJG usif;ycJMh uonf/
acwfrv D rf;yef;qufo, G af &; vk;H 0r&Scd ahJ y/ vSn;f vrf;ç jrif;vrf;ç vm;vrf;rsm;
yif aumif;pGmr&Scd ahJ y/ we,fEiS w hf e,f wwkid ;f wjynfpt D aejzifh ul;vl;qufqaH &; t
vGeef nf;yg;avonf/ &Sr;f wrsKd;om;xJ[í l r&S?d rk;d eJom; anmifa&Tom; odEo Dé m; ponf
jzifoh m e,fy,fa'oom;rsm; jzpfaecJMh uonf/

ya'o&mZf pD;yGg;a&;\t"dut*Fg&yfrSm udk,fhudk,fwkdif zlvkH;a&;yifjzpfonf/
awmifov l ,form;rsm;onf rdrw d 0Ydk rf;pmtwGuf rdrw d uYdk , kd w f idk f pku d yf sKd;Muonf/ t0wf
twGuf ud, k w f idk Af idk ;f iifí ud, k wf idk , f ufvyk Mf uonf/ aetdrt f wGuf uk, d w f idk o f pf0g;ckwf
í uk, d w f idk af qmufvyk Mf uonf/ awmif,mv,fvyk Bf ud,mtwGuf ud, k w f idk yf if vkyMf u&
onf/
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tcsKdUa'owGio f m aiGw;Hk udk uGr;f oD;n§yjf zifh n§yí f ok;H pGMJ uonf/
awmifov l ,form;rsm;\v,f,mxGuu f ek rf S q,fbw Ydk bku Yd kd ya'o&mZftcGef
twkyt f jzpf qufo&onf/ tcGet f wkyrf sm;ukd ya'o&mZfrsm;onf jynfojl ynfom;rsm;
twGuf jyefvnftok;H rjyKMu/ ya'o&mZfrsm;onf ukex f w k v f yk af &;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Scd ?hJ
awmifov l ,form; qif;&Jom;rsm; tay:om acgif;ykjH zwf aoG;pkyí f omaecJo h nf/ ]a&
ajrhocifaus;Zl;&SifoufOD;qHydkif}rsm;tjzpfom tkyfpkd;cJhMuonf/
ya'o&mZfrsm;onf v,fajrtajrmuftrsm; ykid q f idk íf awmifov l ,form;rsm;
tm; oD;pm;csxm;onfvnf; &So d nf/ ]bufpm;}ay;onfvnf; &So d nf/
awmifolv,form;rsm;onf ya'o&mZfv,f&Sifrsm;\oD;pm;tjzpfaomf¤if;?
bufpm;tjzpfaomf¤if; vky&f onf/ ud, k yf ikd af jruGuu f av;wGif ud, k w f idk vf yk í f tcGeaf y;
&onfvnf; &So d nf/ v,fawmfç ,mawmfç jcHawmfrsm;udk tcrJu h , dk yf idk v f ,fvyk Bf ud,mESihf
vkyaf y;&onfvnf; &So d nf/ ya'o&mZf e,f&iS f y,f&iS Ef iS yhf a'o&mZf rSL;BuD;rwf&mrsm;
xH tcrJt h vSnu hf s uk, d wf idk t
f vkyt f auR;jyK&onfvnf;&So d nf/ ya'o&mZfrsm; ppfxu G f
vQif ppfonfawmftjzpfvnf; vku d &f ao;onf/
&Sr;f jynfe,f awmifov l ,form;rsm;onf ya'o&mZfe,fpm; y,fpm;rsm;\w
u,fhaus;awmfrsKd; uRefawmfrsKd;yifjzpfayonf/
yao&mZfw\ Ydk zdEydS af oG;pkyrf aI tmufwiG f awmifov l ,form;rsm;onf vk;H 0vGwf

vyfrrI &S/d ya'o&mZfrsm;\qE´tavsmuf zrf;Ekid o f nf qD;Ekid o f nf &ku d Ef u
S Ef idk of nf ao
'Pfyif tjypfay;Ekid o f nf/
ya'o&mZfw\ Ydk ESpaf ygif; 2000-eD;yg; &ufpufpmG Murf;MuKwfpmG zdEydS af oG;pkyf
vmcJo h nfah tmufwiG f jynfov l x
l ok nf Ekid if aH &; pD;yGg;a&; ,Ofaus;rIww Ydk iG f wk;d wufrI
wpkw H &m r&Scd ahJ y/ vlO;D a& enf;yg;í ul;oef;oGm;vm&ef cufcaJ om &Sr;f uke;f jrifah 'o
wGif jynfolvlxkonf pkpkpnf;pnf; r&Sd? olwe,f igwrif; tkyfpdk;aom]]oufOD;qHydkif}}
ya'o&mZfrsm;\"g;vGwaf tmufwiG f wkww f w k rf Q rvIyEf idk jf zpfc&hJ &Smonf/
BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom eefcsKdEidk if BH uD;udk wnfaxmifvmcJah om&Sr;f vlrsKd;rsm;onf
ESpfaygif; 2000-ausmftwGif; tjcm;vlrsKd;toD;oD; wkd;wufBuD;yGm;ygaomfvnf; t

b,faMumifh rBuD;yGg;rwk;d wuf jzpfcyhJ goenf;/
ya'o&mZfpeH pfonfom t"dutaMumif;&if;cHjzpfayonf/
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15 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
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6-194
886-194
1885-ck Ek0d ifbmv 28-&ufaeYwiG f t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm;onf oDaygbk&ifukd
zrf;qD;cJhavonf/
Armjynfov l xl Bk uD; t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm;xH tnHrh cH tiftm;&So d rQESichf ck w H eG ;f
vSefcJhonfhenf;wl &Srf;jynfvlxkonfvnf;]]ukvm;jzL}}wkdY\tkyfpkd;rIudk tvG,fwul t
nHhrcHcJhay/ ArmrsKd;cspftiftm;pkrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;í &Srf;jynfa'orS pGrf;tm;&SdorQ ckcH
wGef;vSefcJhayao;onf/

txufArmjynftm; t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm;u odr;f ydu k af Mumif; trdejYf yefwrf;udk
1886-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwiG f xkwjf yefEidk cf ahJ omfvnf; &Sr;f jynfe,fa'o\ckcw H eG ;f
vSerf aI Mumifh 1886-ck? arv(4)&ufaeYwiG rf S &Sr;f jynfa'otm; NAdwo d Q-tdE, d´ jynfe,f
we,ftjzpf ausnmEkid cf ahJ yonf/
,if;uJo h Ydk ausnmEkid jf cif;rSmvnf; a&S;OD;pGm &Sr;f apmfbmG ;ESpOf ;D u e,fcsJUorm;
tm; rEÅav;odYk oGm;a&mufum ac:aqmifcahJ vonf/ ¤if;opömazmuf &Sr;f apmfbmG ;ESpf
OD;u a&SUaqmifaom]]ukvm;jzL}}wyfcw JG ckonf &Sr;f jynfa'ow0Sr;f vk;H udk vku d v f modr;f
ydkufcJhavonf/
ukvm;jzLe,fodrf;wyfcGJESifh&Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;\wkdufyGJrsm;taMumif;ESifhywf
oufí pma&;olonf i,fpOftcgu a&S;rSv D Bl uD;olrrsm;\ajymjycsufukd oli,fwb Ydk m0
'@m&Drsm;tjzpf em;axmifcahJ omfvnf; trSepf ifppf xdw k u dk yf rJG sm;onf &Sr;f jynfov l x l k
u e,fcsJUqefu Y sifa&;twGuf a&S;OD;pGm aoG;ajruscJo h nfeh ,fcsJUqefu Y sifa&; wku d yf rJG sm;
yif jzpfayonf/
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;onf txufArmjynfESifh&Srf;jynfa'otm; odrf;ydkufNyD;
aemuf ArmjynfwiG f bk&iftyk pf ;dk rIpeH pfukd zsuford ;f cJah omfvnf; &Sr;f jynfa'owGif ya'
o&mZfe,f&iS t f yk pf ;kd rIpeH pfukd zsuford ;f &ef rMuH&, G cf ahJ y/ xku d o hJ Ykd rMuH&, G af Mumif; xkpd Of
u rEÅav;wGif &kH;pkdufcJhaom ajrmufydkif;ta&;ydkifu &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;xHodkY ay;ydkYaom
trSmpmwGif atmufygtwkid ;f az:jyxm;avonf/
]]...&Sr;f e,frsm;okYd t&m&Sw d OD;tm; apvTw&f onf&h nf&, G cf sufrmS jzpfay:rnfh
jyóemudk &Si;f vif;&ef? awGMY uKHrnft h cuftcJukd y,f&mS ;&efEiS &hf rS ;f apmfbmG ;rsm;a&m ¤if;
wk\Yd e,foel ,fom;rsm;ukyd g a&S;u ydik q f idk cf ahJ om tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk qufvufcpH m;cGihf
&ap&ef jzpfygonf/}}
rnfonfh udv k edk eD ,fcsJUorm;wkid ;f rqkd vufuikd x f m;&Sad omay:vpDw&yfrmS rdrd

wko Yd rd ;f ydu
k tf yk pf ;kd aom atmufusaemufus]]t&kid ;f tpkid ;f }}a'owkid ;f &Sd ya'o&mZfe,f
&Sify,f&Sif(tBuD;tuJ)wkdY\tkyfcsKyfykHpHepfudk rysufrpD; xdef;odrf;ay;&ef jzpfavonf/
tdE, d´ ]]&mZm}}rsm;ud¤k if;? rmvm,kEiS t hf if'ekd ;D &Sm;&Sd ]]plvwef}}rsm;ud¤k if;? tmz&duwku d f
&Sd tBuD;tuJrsm;ud¤k if;? &Sr;f ]]apmfbmG ;}}rsm;enf;wl e,fcsJUtkypf ;dk rI umvwavQmufv;Hk
wGif ¤if;wk\ Yd tkycf sKyfrpI eH pfukd axmufct H m;ay;í rysufrpD; qufvufxed ;f odr;f ay;cJh
onf/
&Sr;f jynftm; e,fcsJUorm;u odr;f ydu k v
f u dk Nf yD;onfah emuf &Sr;f apmfbmG ;pHepfukd
rzsuford ;f &bJ qufvufxm;&Sad y;&onft h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaMumif; 1886-
ck? atmufwb dk mv (19)&ufaeYpjJG zifh tdE, d´ tpk;d &u bdvyf&dS tdE, d´ qkid &f m twGi;f 0ef
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ta&mifrsm;onf vlrsKd;BuD;0g'avm? ygvDrefr&J a&;avm[laom 0d0g'twGuf a&SUquf
tjiif;yGg;vkdu yGg;Ekdifygonf/
EkdifiHa&;pGufzufrIrsm;
,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,fwiG f zqyvESiq hf &dk ,
S v
f pfygwDonf ajAmifjzpfapç vQKdU0Suí f
jzpfapç Ekid if aH &;pGuzf ufrrI sm; vkyaf eonfrmS jiif;uG,í f r&ay/
zqyvESiq hf &dk ,
S v f pfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf Ekid if aH &;pGuzf ufrnft h pm; &Sr;f
jynfe,fwGif qkd&S,fvpfygwDESifhzqyvtzGJYrsm;udk ajAmifxlaxmifoifhayonf/ ,if;okdY
ajAmifxal xmifygvQif ¤if;wk\ Yd vkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk &Sr;f vlxu k pGuzf ufr[ I í
l rjrif? zq
yvESiq hf &dk ,
S vf pfygwDw\ Ydk Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;[líom jrifMuayrnf/ zqyvESiq hf &dk ,
S v
f pf
ygwDwkdYrSm Armcsnf; oD;oefYtzGJYtpnf;rsm; r[kwfMuojzifh &Srf;jynfe,fwGif ajAmifxl
axmifygu atmifjrifoifo h avmuf atmifjrifayvdrrhf nf/
od&Yk mwGif qk&d , S v f pfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf zqyvESiq hf &dk ,
S v
f pfygwDwt Ydk m; &Sr;f
vlxu k ArmtzGt YJ pnf;taeESijhf rifum vlrsKd;a&;*,ufay:aygufvmrnfukd pk;d &GUH í t
a&jcKHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh &Sr;f jynfEidk if aH &;twGi;f 0ifa&mufvmMuavonf/ ,if;odYk ta&jcKH
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh 0ifa&mufjcif;onfyif vlrsKd;a&;*,ufudk ydrk í dk &ku d cf wfapNyD; usOf;ajrmif;
aom vlrsKd;a&;pdw"f mwfukd ydrk adk ygufzmG ;apcJah vonf/
apwemt&if;cH aumif;onfjzpfap qk;d onfjzpfap 1952-ck? &Sr;f jynfe,fppf
tkycf sKyfa&;onf Ekid if aH &;pGuzf ufrBI uD;yifjzpfayonf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;umv\aqmif&u G f
23 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
csufrsm;onf wbufowfusNyD; wm0efcrH sm;\ruRrf;usif rvdrm® rIaMumifh &Sr;f jynfe,f

aumif;usKd;twGuf bmwuGufrS t&mrxif? vlxkuvnf; rkef; apmfbGm;uvnf; rkef;
aemufq;Hk wGif t&I;H ESi&hf w k o f rd ;f cJ&h ayonf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;umvtwGi;f ppfppHk rf;axmuf
vSr;f a&;Xmewm0efcrH sm;\ajc&Iyrf I cavmufqrH u I dk jynfov l xl o k nf atmhEv S ;kH emrqk;H
jzpfco hJ nf/
qk&d , S v f pfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf &Sr;f jynfvx l \ k b0ESiu hf if;a0;aom ]]tzGcYJ sKyf}}
vrf;pOfudk a&;qGí J (w-p-n-z)ESi(hf y-v-&)tm; yl;aygif;apcJo h nfrmS vnf; Ekid if aH &;
pGuzf ufrBI uD;yif jzpfayonf/ ¤if;]]tzGcYJ sKyf}}rSm zqyv\]]a&SUajy;&kyaf zsmuftzGcYJ sKyf}}
yifjzpfayonf/ ]]tzGJYcsKyf}}vrf;pOfudk &Srf;jynfolvlxku vufcHap&ef t"r®BudK;yrf;cJh

Muonf/ vufrcHEidk o f nft h pdwt f ykid ;f u
f dk ESyd u
f yG cf ohJ nf/
]]tzGJYcsKyf}]vrf;pOfrSmvnf; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;uJhodkYyif &nfrSef;csufrsm; ratmif
jrif vlxak tmhEv S ;Hk emrIom tzwfwifcahJ vonf/
Ekid if aH &;pGuzf ufrt I wGuf wyfrawmf\tpdwt f ydik ;f tcsKdUudk vufuidk 'f w k jf yKjcif;
onf omvGeí f roifjh rwfay/
wyfrawmftm; Ekid if aH wmf\tcsKyftcsmtmPmudk usL;ausmfapmfum;vmolrsm;
tm; wGe;f vSew f u dk x f wk &f efEiS jhf ynfow l \ Ydk touft;dk tdrEf iS phf nf;pdrw f u Ydk kd umuG,af pmifh
a&Smuf&eftwGuf[laom rGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsufESifhzGJYpnf;xm;avonf/
wyfrawmfonf &Srf;jynfe,fajr\ta&SUydkif;wjcrf;vkH;ukd 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf
apmfum;vmaom w&kyjf zLwyfrsm;udk pGr;f pGr;f wrH armif;ESiw f u dk xf w k cf o hJ nf/ &Sr;f vlxk
BuD;onf wyfrawmftm; csD;vnf; csD;usL;cJhonf/ aus;Zl;Oyum&vnf; txl;wifcJh
onf/ w&kyfjzLwyf<uif;rsm; wa,mufrusef &Srf;jynfe,fajrrS wkdufxkwfay;bdkY wyfr
awmftay: tm;xm;arQmfu;kd vsufyif &Sad vonf/
w&kyjf zLwyfrsm; ESpv f tawmfMum tajcpdu k f usL;ausmfcahJ omrkid ;f wkH rkid ;f [ef
rkid ;f qyfa'owkw Yd iG f &Sr;f vlxw k ;dk wufa&; oufomacsmifcsda&;ç ynma&;wkt Yd wGuf wyf
rawmfrS udk,fusKd;ryg aqmif&Gufay;csufrsm;udk &Srf;jynfvlxkBuD; w&yfvkH;u csD;usL;
Muonf aus;Zl;wifMuonf/
wyfrawmftm; jynfow Yl yfrawmftjzpfoYdk a&muf&ef BudK;pm;onht f ykid ;f u BudK;
pm;aeMuonf/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm; ]]ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;rJhb0}}rS ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;&Sd
]]jynfolYwyfrawmfom;rsm;}} jzpfvmap&ef wyfrawmf pkdufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;ç wyfrawmf
uRJEmG ;wd&pämefarG;jrLa&;pDru H ed ;f ç wyfrawmfpufrv I yk if ef;ponfwu Ydk kd pDrpH idk ;f jyif;aeonf
[k od&ayonf/ ,if;pDrHudef;rsm;om taumiftxnfay:vmvQif ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;rJh
wyfrawmfonf ud, k u hf ,kd zf v

l aHI om wyfrawmfjzpfvmayvdrrhf nf/
w&kyjf zL usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;tm; armif;xkwcf í hJ ¤if;? vlxjk yKjyifa&;vkyf
ief;aqmif&u G af y;í¤if;? wyfrawmf\*kPo f wif;rsm; arG;BudKifco hJ avmuf &Sr;f jynfe,f
tcsKdUa'owkw Yd iG f wyfrawmf]]tajr§mif}}wku Yd wyfrawmfudk tok;H jyKum Ekid if aH &;vkyaf e
Muí wyfrawmfukd rke;f aeMuonf/ ]]Armwyf}}]]Armppfom;}}[laom tok;H tEIe;f onf
ar;aighrkef;wD;aom tokH;tEIef;jzpfvmonf/
qifjzLawmfrSDí MuHpkyfaeMuaomwyfrawmf]]tajr§mif}}wkdY tcsKdUa'owkdYwGif
vmrnfah &G;aumufyt JG wGuf wyfrawmf\trnfukd a&mif;pm;í tjrwfxw k af eMuonf/
txufaz:jyyg EkdifiHa&;pGufzufrIrsm;aMumifh ]]Arme,fcsJUpHepf}}[laomt,l
0g'wckyif ay:vmcJah vonf/

zqyvqk&d , S v f pfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ,if;taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk a&SUta&;
awG;jrifum tcsderf D jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;rjyKygu ra0;vSaom tem*wfumvwGif t
usKd;w&m;onf &Sr;f -ArmqufqaH &;twGuf BuD;rm;pGm tEÅ&m,fjyKvmvdrrhf nfrmS rvGJ
aywnf;/
apmfbmG ;rsm;onf wbufwiG f qk&d , S v f pfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESio hf yÜg,oifah tmif
aygif;zufaeNyD; tjcm;wbufwiG f &Sr;f vlxt k m; tpGr;f ukef zdEydS af oG;pkyaf eonf/ (wç
pç nç z)onf &Sr;f jynftm; ]]jynfawmfomqk&d , S v f pf}}vrf;pOft& xlaxmifrnf[í l ¤if;?
a<u;aMumfNyD; wjcm;wbufwGif ya'o&mZfaoG;pkyfrIpHepfwnfNrJa&;twGuf xdef;odrf;
&ef BudK;yrf;aeMuavonf/
apmfbmG ;rsm;onf rdrw d \Ydk tdwaf xmifx h J a&mufaeMuonf[k qk&d , S v
f pfacgif;
aqmifrsm;u ,lqaeaomfvnf; trSerf mS qk&d , S vf pfacgif;aqmifrsm;om ya'o&mZfwYdk
\tdwaf xmifx h oJ Ykd a&mufaeayonf/
]]jynfawmfom ya'o&mZf qk&d , S vf pf&rS ;f jynf}}[laomtrnfemronf ,aeY&rS ;f
jynfEidk if aH &;o&kyt f wGuf trSeq f aD vsmfaom trnfemryif jzpfayonf/
õõõõõõõõõõ
25 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tcPf;(4)
&Srf;jynf-awmfvSefa&;
&Sr;f jynfov l x l o k nf t&if;&Sief ,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; 3-Budrw f idk w

f idk f wku d yf q JG if
ETcJ o
hJ nf/ 1886-ck? NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u &Sr;f jynfa'otm; vma&muford ;f ydu k pf Of
&Sr;f rsKd;cspfrsm;onf ArmrsKd;cspfrsm;ESiyhf ;l aygif;um e,fcsJUorm;tm; ckcH w H eG ;f vSecf ahJ v
onf/ 1945-ckwiG f &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; Armjynfow l &yfv;Hk
ESiv hf ufwuJG m awmfveS cf o hJ nf/ 1945-ckrS 1947-cktxd ArmvlxEk iS yhf ;l aygif;um NAdwd
oQe,fcsJUtkyfpkd;rIatmufrS &kef;xGufcJhonf/

,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,f\ukex f wk vf yk rf pI eH pfrmS ukvd edk yD a'o&mZf pHepfyifjzpfaeao;
aMumif;ç &Srf;jynfe,fvlYabmifzGJYpnf;ykHrSm tajccHtm;jzifh ya'o&mZfvlYabmifyif jzpf
aMumif;ç ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g't&dyt f a&mifrsm;&Sad eaMumif;ç ukv d edk b D 0rS vGwaf jrmufcahJ omf
vnf; t&if;&Sife,fcsJUpHepf\tEÅ&m,frsm;&SdaeaMumif;ç tcPf;(3)wGif az:jychJNyD;jzpf
ayonf/
,if;odkYjzpfvQif ,aeY&Srf;jynfawmfvSefa&;u OD;wnfwkduf&rnfh&efolrsm;um;
tb,folrsm; jzpfoenf;¿
e,fcsJUpHepf-ya'o&mZfpeH pfEiS v hf rl sKd;BuD;0g't&dyt f a&mifwo Ydk nf ,aeY&rS ;f jynf
awmfveS af &;\&eforl sm; jzpfayonf/
tar&duefacgif;aqmifaom t&if;&Sief ,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf rEkóvlom;rsm;
tm;vk;H ysufjyKef;aprnfw h wd,urÇmppfBuD;zefw;D a&;ç tm&Swu dk o f 0Ydk ifa&mufusL;ausmf
a&;wkt Yd wGuf tm;xkwBf udK;yrf;vsuf&o dS nf/ wwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfygG ;vmvQif &Sr;f jynf
e,f trSerf ck s ppfwvif;jzpf&acsrnf/ &Sr;f jynfov l x
l \ k touft;dk tdrpf nf;pdrw f o Ydk nf
ysufp;D cH&ayrnf/ tar&duefvufuidk w f w k jf zpfaom w&kwjf zLwyfrsm;onf w&kyjf ynfoYl
orwEkid if t H m; wku d cf udk af &;twGuf ppftajccHpcef;tjzpf &Sr;f jynfe,fv;Hk vkd odr;f ydu k f
&ef BudK;pm;ayvdrrhf nf/
xkdYaMumifh &Srf;jynfolvlxkonf e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,f[lorQudk rsufajcrjywfapmifh
Munfah e&ayrnf/ e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,f[o l rQudk pGr;f pGr;f wrH ckcu H muG,af e&ayrnf/
ya'o&mZfpeH pfonf &Sr;f jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk tm; zdEydS af oG;pkyaf eonfomru
&Sr;f jynfvaYl bmifw;dk wufa&;twGuf BuD;rm;aom twm;tqD;BuD; jzpfaMumif; az:jy
cJoh nf/ e,f&iS yf a'o&mZfrsm;onf Ekid if aH &;tmPmESit hf yk cf sKyfa&;tmPmrsm;udk pkaygif;
vuf0g;BuD;tkyu f m &Sr;f jynfe,ftcGeaf wmf\BuD;rm;aomtpdwt f ydik ;f udk rdrw d uYdk , kd u f sKd;
twGuf tokH;jyKvsuf&Sdavonf/ bk&m;apwDykxdk;rsm;udk bef;jyum]]oGm;&nfpmbkd;}}

odef;aomif;csDí&&Sdaom avmif;upm;yGJrsm; trsm;tjym;usif;yaeavonf/ wbuf
wGif apmfbmG ;rsm;onf waeYwjcm; ode;f aygif;rsm;pGm csrf;omvmMuoavmuf tjcm;w
bufwiG f jynfov l xl o k nf aiG;aMu;Muyfwnf; rGaJ wum tiwfjyóemESi&hf ifqidk w f ;dk ae
&ayonf/ ya'o&mZfaoG;pkyrf t I ay: xyfqifí h ukeaf ps;EIe;f wufí aexkid rf pI &dwBf uD;
av;vmjcif;\'Pfç urÇmph ;D yGg;a&;uyf\tpG,t f yGg;u &ku d cf wfvmjcif;\'Pfwu Ydk v kd nf;
cHae&ayonf/
ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'onfvnf; ya'o&mZfpeH pfuo hJ yYkd if &Sr;f jynfovl x l t
k ay: zd
ESdyfonf? &Srf;jynfe,fvlYabmifwkd;wufa&;twGuf twm;tqD;BuD;yif jzpfavonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfzpYJG nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya't& wkid ;f jynftwGuf

ta&;BuD;aom vkyif ef;rSeo f rQ A[kt d pk;d &vufwiG ;f üom &Sad vonf/ jynfe,frsm; ud, k f
ykid tf yk cf sKyfa&;&&So d nfqadk omfvnf; Oya'jyKtmPmESit hf cGeaf wmfaumufcrH I tmPmrsm;
rSm a'oEÅ&tpk;d &tmPmomomavmufom &&Sx d m;ayonf/ jynfe,frsm;\t"dub@m
awmfaiGukd A[kt d pk;d &u cGaJ 0ay;aom jynfe,faxmufyahH iGrsm;tay: rScD t dk m;xm;ae&
avonf/ jynfe,frsm;axmufyahH iG cGaJ 0ykpH eH pfrmS vnf; wduspGm csrSwx f m;jcif;r&S?d jynf
axmifpt k pk;d &\pdwq f E´t& cGaJ 0ay;aom bwf*sufa0ykrH S jynfe,frsm;tBuD;ti,ft
vku d f tcsKd;us jyefvnfcaJG 0,lMu&onf/ usm;BuD;pdwaf umif;ygrS EGm;uav;awG csrf;
om&m &Muayawmhrnf/ Ä
t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUtpk;d &vufxuftcgwGif &Sr;f jynfya'o&mZfe,fajrpkonf Arm
jynfrS axmufyahH iGrsm;udk 1940-41-ESprf sm;wGif atmufygtwkid ;f &cJah vonf/
(1) qdyu f rf; taumufawmfceG f pkpak ygif;\ 7-&mckid Ef eI ;f
(2) oMum;qm;aiGom;ESiphf ;D u&ufrsm;tay:rS &&Sad omtcGeaf wmf pkpak ygif;\7. 6 &m
ckdifEIef;/
(3) &Sr;f jynfow Ydk ifyaYkd om "mwfqD a&eHqD rD;jcpfrsm;rS &&Sad omtcGeaf wmftm;vk;H
(4) er®wal bmfwiG ;f rkid ;f ukrP Ü rD &S &Sad om tjrwfawmfceG \ f 99-&mckid Ef eI ;f
(5) &Sr;f jynftwGi;f &Sd tpk;d &trIxrf;rsm;ESirhf ;D &xm;XmetrIxrf;rsm;rS &&Sad omtjrwf
awmfcGeftm;vkH;
(6) &Sr;f jynfü a&mif;&aom tpk;d &ode;f xD0ifaiG\ 40-&mckid Ef eI ;f
(7) &Sr;f jynfoYkd wifyaYdk om wkid ;f &if;jzpf ao&nfao&ufrsm;rS&&Sad om,pfrsKd;cGet f m;vk;H
(8) Ekid if jH cm;odw Yk ifyaYkd om csdytf ay:rS&&Sad om xGuu f ek t f aumufawmf\93. 1&mckid Ef eI ;f
Ä aemufqufwZJG ,m;wGif Munfyh g/
27 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
(9) Ekid if jH cm;odw Yk ifyaYdk om &Sm;tay:rS &&Sad omxGuu f ek t f aumufawmf\ 2-&mckid Ef eI ;f

(10) jrefrmjynfr;D &xm;tjrwfaiG\ 7-&mckid Ef eI ;f
(11) jrefrmjynfpmwku d f aMu;eef;XmetjrwfaiG\ 7-&mckid Ef eI ;f
(12) aiG'*Fg;XmerS jrefrmjynftpk;d &u tdE, d´ tpk;d &xHrS tjrwfaiG&onft h cg 5-&mcdik f
EIef;/
&Sr;f jynfya'o&mZfe,fajrpkrS jrefrmjynfoYkd 1939-40 ESihf 1940-41-ckEpS rf sm;
wGif jyefvnfay;oGi;f &aom aiGrsm; atmufygtcsKd;twkid ;f jzpfayonf/
(1) qdyu f rf; taumufawmfXme ukeu f sp&dwaf iG pkpak ygif;\6. 2-&mckid Ef eI ;f /
(2) qm;oMum;ESifhrD;jcpftay: taumufawmf aumuf&mwGif ukefusaomp&dwfaiG\

6. 2 &mckid Ef eI ;f /
(3) jrefrmjynf rD;&xm;Xme &I;H aiG\ 7-&mckid Ef eI ;f /
(4) pmwku d af Mu;eef;Xme &I;H aiG\ 7-&mcdik Ef eI ;f /
(5) rD;&xm;pmwku d af Mu;eef;twGuf jrefrmjynfu tdE, d´ okaYd y;qyf&aom taMu;aiG\
7-&mckdifEIef;
(6) tdE, d´ jynfoYkd jrefrmjynfu ay;qyf&aom ta<u;aiG\ 6. 8 &mcdik Ef eI ;f /
(7) oef;acgifpm&if; aumuf,al &;twGuf ukeu f sp&dwu f kd vlO;D a& tcsKd;twkid ;f &mcdik f
EIef;/
(8) aiG'*Fg;oGe;f vkyaf &;ü tdE, d´ tpk;d okYd jrefrmjynftpk;d &u ay;&aomaiG\ 5-&mcdik f
EIef;/
(9) yifpifvpmaiGrsm;twGuf tdE, d´ tpk;d &odYk jrefrmjynftpk;d &u ay;oGi;f &aom aiG\
6. 8 &mckid Ef eI ;f /
(10) umuG,af &;XmeESichf &pf,mefbmoma&;Xme ukeu f sp&dwaf iG\ 6. 8 &mcdik Ef eI ;f /
(11) jrefrmjynftpk;d &\Ekid if jH cm;a&;&mudpt ö wGuf ukeu f saiG\6. 8 &mckid Ef eI ;f /
txufyg EIe;f csKd;twkid ;f 1940-41-ckEpS w f iG f &Sr;f jynfEiS Ahf rmjynf tjyeftvSef
ay;oGi;f aiGrmS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfu &Sr;f jynfoYkd aiG 58ç81ç000d
&Sr;f jynfu jrefrmjynfoYkd aiG 23ç82ç000d
35ç06ç000d
(OD;tke;f jrifah &; - wk&Yd rS ;f jynfpmtkyrf )S
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ukd vk;H vk;H raumif;
[k rqkdvkday/ ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g' vkH0uif;pifaom A[kdtpkd;&vufatmufwGif tqkdyg
tajccHOya't&yif jynfe,frsm; BuD;yGg;wk;d wufEidk yf gonf/ jynfe,frsm;twGi;f aumuf

cH&&Sad om tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;ESiAhf [dt k pk;d &\axmufyahH iGrsm;tay:wGio f m trSjD yKí jynf
e,fBuD;yGg;wk;d wuf&rnfqv dk Qif jynfe,frsm; b,faomtcgrS BuD;yGg;wk;d wufvmawmhrnf
r[kwfay/
jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;ü wnf&adS om obm0xkwu f ek yf pön;f rsm;ay: tajcwnf
í aiGvkH;aiG&if; okH;pGJaiGrsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;BuD;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif;ç aumvdyf
ausmif;ç txufwef;pufryI nmoifausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifay;jcif;jzifo h m jynfe,frsm;
BuD;yGg;wkd;wufvmayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;vkyfief;rsm;rSm zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'A[kd
tpk;d &u aqmif&u G &f rnfv
h yk if ef;rsm; jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh atmufusaemufus jzpfaeaom &Srf;jynfolvlxk\EkdifiHa&;ç pD;yGg;

a&;ç ,Ofaus;rItqift h wef;wk;d wufBuD;yGg;a&;twGuf e,fcsJUya'o&mZfEiS v hf rl sKd;BuD;
0g't&dyt f a&mifrsm; vk;H 0uif;pifatmif NzdKzsufMurnfom jzpfayownf;/
29 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tcPf;(5)
&Srf;jynfe,fawmfvSefa&;\vkyfief;rsm;
e,fcsJU - ya'o&mZfEiS v hf rl sKd;BuD;0g'onf ,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;\OD;

wnfwkduf&rnfh&efolrsm;tjzpf awGYjrif&vQif ¤if;wdkYtm; wkdufzsuf&ef tb,fvkyfief;
rsm; vkyaf qmifMu&rnfenf;/
e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,fukd &Sr;f wrsKd;om;vk;H omru ArmwrsKd;om;vk;H ESiyhf ;l wGu J m pk&;Hk
umuG,fMu&rnfjzpfayonf/
(1) <uif;usef&pfaeao;aom w&kyjf zLrsm;tm; wa,mufrusef wku d x
f wk yf pf&rnf/

(2) wwd,urÇmppfr;D BuD; rawmufygG ;vmEkid af p&ef wm;qD;Mu&rnf/
(3) urÇmBh uD;Nidr;f csrf;a&;ukd r&rae umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f &ef urÇmjh ynfovl xl Ek iS yhf ;l aygif;
í aqmif&u G Mf u&ayrnf/
ya'o&mZfpHepf zsufodrf;a&;ESifhywfoufí tcsKdUu apmfbGm;rsm; tmPmpGefY
vTwaf &; taumiftxnfay:vQif NyD;qk;H NyD[k ,lqaeMuonf/ apmfbmG ;rsm; tkycf sKyfrI
tmPmpGeo Yf nfq&dk rHk Qjzifh ya'o&mZfpeH pfBuD; ysufp;D roGm;ay/ ESpaf ygif;ESpaf xmifcefY &Sr;f
jynfvaYl bmifwiG f tjrpfwiG v f maom ya'o&mZfEidk if aH &;? ya'o&mZfp;D yGg;a&; ,Ofaus;
rIrsm;udk tjrpfupí NzdKzsufypf&rnfjzpfayonf/
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHa&;
ya'o&mZfEidk if aH &;udk NzdKzsufí 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH &; wnfaqmuf&ef atmufyg
vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G &f rnf/
(1) jynfov Yl w
G vf yfciG hf tajccH'rD u dk a&pD tcGit hf a&;rsm; jynf0h pGm cHpm;cGi&hf &Sad &;/
(2) zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frOI ya'rsm; &kyo f rd ;f a&;/
(3) Ekid if aH &; tusOf;orm;rsm;tm;vk;H >cif;csufr&Sd vTwyf pfa&;/
(4) rw&m; toif;tjzpf ausnmxm;aom toif;tzGrYJ sm;tm; w&m;0iftoif;tjzpf
ausnma&;/
(5) ya'o&mZfjAL&ku d &uftyk cf sKyfa&;,EÅ&m;rsm;udk zsuford ;f í a'oEÅ&aumifpt D qifh
qifjh zifh tkycf sKyfaom 'Dru dk a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;pHepfwnfaxmifa&;/
(6) vlrsKd;pkvw T af wmfoYkd apmfbmG ; 25-OD; a&G;aumufyJG r0ifbJ wufa&mufaejcif;udk &yf
pJapa&;/
(7) vlrsKd;pkrsm; &oif&h xku d af om tcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Scd pH m;apa&;/
(8) jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpaJ &;/
jynfolYpD;yGg;a&;
ya'o&mZfpD;yGg;a&;udk zsufodrf;í jynfolYpD;yGg;a&;wnfaxmif&mwGif-
(1) ya'o&mZfe,f&iS rf sm;ESit hf jcm;ajr&SiBf uD;rsm; ydik q f idk af omv,f,mjcHajrrsm;udk ]]v,f
,mvkyo f l v,f,mykid af &;}}pHepft& jcH,mv,form;rsm;odYk cGaJ 0ay;&rnf/
(2) jcH,mv,form;rsm;tay: rw&m;wif&adS om a<u;NrDrsm; avQmfypf&rnf/
(3) twkd;BuD;pm;pHepf zsufodrf;ypf&rnf/
(4) oóar"tcGefudk vkH;0zsufodrf;&rnf/
(5) ajrcGe-f jcHceG f ,mcGef v,fceG rf sm; avQmhaygh&rnf/

(6) acwfrrDaom pkdufysKd;a&;pHepftpm; acwfrDavmu"mwfenf; puf,EÅ&m;enf;jzifh
xGef,ufpkdufysKd;a&;pHepfudk wDxGiftm;ay;&rnf/
(7) &Sr;f jynfw0Sr;f vk;H &Sd obm0xGuu f ek yf pön;f rsm;udk xkwv f yk &f rnf/
(8) &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f yifrt&if;cHpufrv I yk if ef;BuD;rsm;ESiahf eYpOfo;Hk ukepf ufrv
I yk if ef;rsm;
obm0ypön;f &Sad om a'otvku d w
f nfaxmifay;&ef A[kt d pk;d &okYd ta&;qk&d rnf/ &Sr;f
jynfe,ftwGuf pufrv I ufrv I yk if ef;xGe;f um;a&; pDru H ed ;f oD;jcm;a&;qGaJ pí vkt d yfaom
aiG&if;pufBud,mESiyhf nm&Sirf sm; tultnDukd Ekid if jH cm;rS Ekid if aH &;taESmiftzGu YJ if;aom
tultnDrsm; &,lap&ef A[kdtpkd;&odkYta&;qkd&rnf/
(9) acwfrv D rf;yef;qufo, G af &; wk;d csJU&rnf/ (rD;&xm;vrf; armfawmfum; pmwku d af Mu;
eef; w,fvzD ek ;f )
,Ofaus;rI
atmufygvkyif ef;rsm;t&omvQif ya'o&mZf ,Ofaus;rIukd tjrpfuyg okwo f if
NzdKzsufEkdifayrnf/
(1) pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;/
(2) aus;&Gmwkdif; rlvwef;ausmif;&Sda&;/
(3) tv,fwef;ausmif;ESifhtxufwef;ausmif;rsm; wkd;csJUa&;/
(4) wuúov dk Ef iS t
hf xufwef; pufryI nmausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifa&;/
(5) vlrsKd;toD;oD;\bmompmay wkd;wufjyefYyGm;a&;/
(6) avmif;upm;yGrJ sm; zsuford ;f a&;/
(7) pke;f ua0 wapä rEÅ&m; tif;tkid f rSiaf Mumif vufzYJG t,l0g'tpGrJ sm;udk (tpk;d &tm
31 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
Pmok;H jcif; tMuyfuidk jf cif; rjyKbJ ynmay;jcif; tEl;tnTwf odr;f oGi;f jcif;jzif)h yaysmuf
apa&;/
ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'wm;qD;a&;
ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'udk wm;qD;&mwGif uRrf;usifrIr&SdvQif ]]Armtvkdr&Sd}}]]&Srf;rS
wk&Yd rS ;f }}[laom usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsKd;a&;w&m;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmwwfayonf/ usOf;
ajrmif;aomvlrsKd;a&;oabmw&m;onf t"du&kP;f udk jzpfapwwfonf/ vlrsKd;a&;pdwf
emvQif awmfawmfEiS u hf rk &/
Armvlxok nf &Sr;f vlx\ k &eforl [kwaf y/ ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g' t&dyt f a&mifrsm;

om &Sr;f vlx\ k &eforl sm;jzpfayonf/ vlrsKd;BuD;t&dytf a&mifrsm;udk yGiv
hf if;pGm az:xkwf
í ta&;qkMd u&rnfomjzpfayonf/
ááááááá
tcPf;(6)
&Srf;jynfe,fawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;
&Sr;f jynfe,f vlaY bmifwiG f vlwef;pm;(5)&yfwnf&adS eayonf/

(1) ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;/
(2) "e&Sivf w l ef;pm;/
(3) vlvwfwef;pm;/
(4) awmifolv,form;vlwef;pm;/
(5) ypönf;rJhtvkyform;vlwef;pm;/
¤if;vlwef;pm; (5)&yfteuf rnfonfv h w

l ef;pm;onf &Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;udk
tusKd;jyKonf tusKd;,kwaf ponf ponfwu Ydk dk tMurf;tm;jzifh qef;ppfMunfMh upk/Yd
(1) ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;

þvlwef;pm;wGif ya'o&mZfe,f&iS yf ,f&iS rf sm;tm;vk;H ESiv hf ,f,mjcHyidk &f iS Bf uD;
rsm; yg0ifavonf/
ya'o&mZfe,f&iS rf sm;wGif e,f&iS Bf uD; e,f&iS af v;[lí jcm;em;rI&NdS yD; 0ifaiGteJ
trsm;ESiw hf efc;dk tmPmcGaJ 0rIwiG f wlnrD rI &Sí d tcsif;csif;y#dyu©&o dS nfum; rSeaf yonf/
e,fcsJUqefu Y sifa&;tcPf;wGif tcsKdUe,f&iS u f av;rsm;onf rdrw d cYkd pH m;ae&aom tcGihf
ta&;rsm;tay: rlwnfí ygvmEdik af omfvnf; 'Dru dk a&pDwnfaqmufa&;wGif e,f&iS Bf uD;
i,fruGJ wpkw&k;H wnf; qefu Y sifaeMuonf/
]]jynfawmfomya'o&mZfq&dk , S v f pf}}acwfwiG f apmfbmG ;rsm;onf apmfbmG ;t&
omwGif qdrt hf í D aeMuonf/ enf;rsKd;pkjH zifh pD;yGg;tjzpfBuD;jzpfaeMuonf/ e,fcsJUvuf
eufatmufwiG f zGwu f m;pkwyf if rwwfEidk af om apmfbmG ;i,frsm;rSm ]]jynfawmfomya'
o&mZfq&dk , S v f pf}}acwfwiG f rSeu f m;opfBuD;awG w0D0pD ;D um ig;aomif;txuf wefb;kd &Sd
aom wku d t f rd rf sm; wnfaqmufaeMuonf/ þrQpnf;pdr, f pfaeMu&aom apmfbmG ;rsm;
tvkt d avsmuf pdwaf pwemaumif;ESit hf mPmpGeMYf uvdrrhf nf[k arQmfvifah eolrsm;rSm &Sw d f
pyD;,m;ykjH yifxu J uJo
h Ykd ]]aEGvtv,f oef;acgif,t H yd rf ufqef;}}rufaeolrsm;aomf¤if;?
&Srf;jynf\]]aqmif;wGiftdyfruf uawmufuwuf}}rufaeolaomf¤if;? jzpfayonf/
tjcm;v,f,mjcHyidk &f iS Bf uD;rsm;rSmvnf; 'Dru dk a&pDawmfveS af &;\&eforl sm;jzpf
ayonf/
33 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
(2) "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;

&Sr;f jynfe,fwidk ;f &if;om; pufrv I yk if ef;rsm; rxGe;f um;cJo h jzifh pufrt I &if;&Sif
BuD;rsm; ray:aygufcJhay/ odkY&mwGif qefpuf qDpuf *sKHpuf opfpufydkif&Sifuav;rsm;
ae&mtESt YH jym;wGif awGEY idk af yonf/ owåKvkyif ef;ykid &f iS rf sm;ESiahf Mu;&nfwufuek o f nf
BuD;rsm;yg xnfhwGufvQif &Srf;jynfe,fwGif pD;yGg;a&;jzpfay:rI twkdif;txGmtavsmuf
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;toifhtwifh &Sdonf[kqkd&ayrnf/
urÇm&h mZ0ifukd avhvmvQif 1917-ckrwkid rf D ya'o&mZfpeH pfukd "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;
u acgif;aqmifí NzdKzsufvmcJo h nf/
&Sr;f jynfe,f "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;teuf ya'o&mZfp;D yGg;a&;jzifh tnrnqufpyf

aeolrsm; ya'o&mZfpeH pfukd tvkyt f auR;jyKaeolrsm;(Oyrm - upm;'kid t f yk rf sm; vuf
0g;BuD;tkyfyGJpm;BuD;rsm;)rSty usefpufrIvkyfief;ykdif&Sifrsm;rSm &mZ0ifb0ay;t& ya'
o&mZfqefYusifa&;tcPf;wGif yg0ifaeMuayonf/
&kyyf ikd ;f &mZ0ift& "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;ESiyhf a'o&mZfpeH pfonf BuD;pGmy#dyu©jyKae
Muonf/ "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;onf "e&Si'f rD u dk a&pDjzpfay:rIukd a&S;&Ií ya'o&mZfpeH pfonf
"e&Sipf eH pfjzpfay:rIukd wm;qD;aeonf/
Oyrm - pufyikd &f iS rf sm;onf rdrw d pYdk ufxu G yf pön;f rsm;udk a&mif;&ef jynfov l rl sm;
pkjzpfaom awmifov l ,form;wd\ Yk 0,ftm;ay: rScD adk e&\/ awmifov l ,form;\0,f
tm;aumif;rS rdrw d uYdk ek yf pön;f udk rsm;rsm;a&mif;&onf/ ypön;f rsm;rsm;a&mif;í tjrwf
tpGe;f rsm;rsm;&rS "e&Sipf eH pf xGe;f um;onf/ ya'o&mZfpeH pfaMumifh &Sr;f jynfawmifol
v,form;rsm; qif;&JraJG waeMuonf/ ukeyf pön;f rsm;udk vko d avmuf zlvaHI tmif 0,f
,l&ef 0,ftm;r&Sad y/ awmifov l ,form;rsm; ya'o&mZfaoG;pkyrf rI S vGwaf jrmufro S m
pufrIvkyfief;&Sifrsm; BuD;yGg;Ekdifayrnf/ ya'o&mZf\e,fy,ftrsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;NyD; xkH;pH
"avhtrsKd;rsKd;jzpfaejcif;rSmvnf; acwfrDul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhpufrIvkyfief;xGef;
um;a&;udk wm;qD;aeayonf/ pD;yGg;a&;avmuwGif rdrw d yYdk g0ifae&aomb0t&yif "e
&Sivf w
l ef;pm;onf ya'o&mZfqefu Y sifa&;oabm &Sad yonf/
(3) vlvwfwef;pm;
vlvwfwef;pm;onf us,fajymí vlwef;pm;tvTmtrsKd;rsKd; uGjJ ym;aeavonf?
vlvwfwef;pm;wGif ynmwwfrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; NrdKUaeqif;&Jom;rsm; vcpm;rsm;
vufrIynmonfrsm; q&m0efESifha&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; ukefonfuav;rsm;yg0ifayonf/
awmifov
l ,form;rsm; pD;yGg;a&;b0t& vlvwfwef;pm;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ya'o&mZf
Ekid if w
H iG f awmifov l ,form;OD;a&onf 80-&mcdik Ef eI ;f rS 90-&mcdik Ef eI ;f txd &SMd uay&m
¤if;vlwef;pm;twGuf oD;jcm;avhvm&ayonf/
vlvwfwef;pm;tvTmrsm;udk wvTmpD qef;ppfMunfMupk/Yd
(u) ynmwwfESifhausmif;om;\vTmwGif ausmif;om;xkESifhtxufwef;ausmif;xGuf
aumvdyx f u
G rf sm; yg0ifayonf/ ¤if;wkt Yd euf ya'o&mZfvufyg;aprsm;rSty? useftm;
vkH;rSm ya'o&mZfpHepf\zdESdyfrIudk cHae&onf/ wkdif;jynfrwkd;wufí tvkyfvufrJhrsm;
onf þvlwef;pm;tvTmtwGuf tem*wfta&;onf pdwfrat;p&mjzpfonf/ b0vkH
jcKHrrI &Sd ausmif;uxGuv f Qif tvkyv f ufrjhJ yóemESi&hf ifqidk w f ;dk &onf/ tvkyt f ukid uf ,
dk f
wkdif&onf xm;OD;? ¤if;wkdYonf ya'o&mZfavmif;&dyfrdaeaom&Srf;jynfESifhjynfolvlxk
atmufusaemufus jzpfaejcif;udo k m awGjY rifNyD; rausreyf jzpfaeMuonf/ acwfynm

wwfNyD; Ekid if aH &;Ek;d Mum;rI&í dS &Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;twGuf tok;H 0ifaom tiftm;pkjzpf
ayonf/
(c) NrdKUaeqif;&Jom;tvTmwGif Aswfx;dk acgif;&GuEf iS v hf rf;avQmufaps;onfrsm; wGe;f vSn;f
EGm;vSn;f rsm; uk, d yf idk u
f ,dk v f yk rf sm;ESit
hf vkyv f ufrrhJ sm; yg0ifayonf/ þvlwef;pm;t
vTmonf tvGeq f if;&JraJG wayonf/ &if;ES;D p&m vSn;f EGm;ponfw&Ydk í dS om vlvwfwef;
pm;wGif yg0ifaeonf/ trSerf mS ypön;f rJw h ykid ;f jzpfonf/ tcsKdUNrdKUaeqif;&Jom;rsm;onf
puf&yHk pön;f rJt h vkyo f rm;rsm;xufyif qif;&JraJG wMuonf/ awmfveS af &;twGuf ,kMH unf
tm;udk;&aom tiftm;pkyifjzpfonf/
(*) vcpm;tvTmwGif tpd;k &rIxrf;&mxrf; vcpm;rsm;ESit hf jcm;ukew f u dk f yG&J v
Hk cpm;rsm;
yg0ifayonf/ þvlwef;pm;onf rnfou l rdk Q aoG;rpky?f rdrw d w Ydk wfuRrf;aom ynmjzifh
toufarG;aeMuonf/ b,fawmhtvkyjf yKwfNyD; tvkyv f ufrjhJ zpfrvJ[al om pk;d &drrf o I nf
þvlwef;pm;tvTmudk vTrf;rkd;aeonf/ awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifEdkifaom tiftm;pkjzpf
onf/
(C) vufrIynmonfrsm;wGif yef;wdrfç yef;ykç oHjzLq&mç vuform;tp&Sdaom woD;
yk*¾vvufrIynmonfrsm;yg0ifonf/ xkdolwkdYvnf; ya'o&mZfpHepfaMumifh rBuD;yGg;Ekdif
tvkyfvufrJh tiwfjyóemESifhawGYMuKHaeMu&onf/ awmfvSefa&;\tiftm;pkyifjzpf
onf/
(i) q&m0efEiS ahf &SUaea&SU&yfrsm;rSm ynmukd trSjD yKí toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKaeolrsm;
jzpfonf/ þvlwef;pm;onf 0ifaiGaumif;í "e&Sipf w d af ygufwwfaomfvnf; awmfveS f
a&;wGif yg0ifEidk af om tiftm;pkyifjzpfayonf/
(p) ukeo f nfuav;rsm;onf vufryI nm&Sirf sm;enf;wl ya'o&mZfaoG;pkyrf aI tmufwiG f
35 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
vl;vSrd ahf eonf/ tvkyv

f ufrt
hJ iwfjyóem\Ncdr;f acsmufru
I dk cHae&onf/ awmfveS af &;
wGif yg0ifEidk o
f nf/
(4) awmifolv,form;vlwef;pm;
&Sr;f jynfe,fawmifov l ,form;onf &Sr;f jynfe,fvOl ;D a&&mckid Ef eI ;f 80-ausmf
yg0ifonf/ awmifolv,form;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;ESifhukefvkyfBud,m
(v,f,mjcHç uRJç EGm;ESiv hf ,fvyk Bf ud,m)rsm; tenf;trsm;ykid q f idk Mf uonf/ odaYk omf rsm;
aomtm;jzifh qif;&JraJG waom tajctaerSmyif &So d nf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fonf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sKd;Ekid af om ajr{&d,maygrsm;NyD;vlO;D a&enf;yg;

onfth wGuf v,f,mvufrjhJ yóemonf tvGeef nf;yg;onf/ e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm;\t
&mawmfv,f,majrrsm;ESiv hf ,f,mjcHyidk &f iS Bf uD;rsm;wk\ Yd v,f,mwkw Yd iG f oD;pm;vkyu f ikd &f
aom awmifov l ,form;rsm;rSty awmifov l ,form;trsm;pkonf uk, d yf idk jf cH,mv,f
uav;rsm;udk ud, k 0hf rf;pm uk, d zf v l aHI &;twGuf tdro f m;wpk 0kid ;f 0ef;vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf
Mu&onf/ uk, d 0hf rf;pm ud, k rf zlvaHI omtdraf xmifpak wmifov l ,form;rsm;onf tjcm;
v,f,mjcHrsm;okYd ]]tm;c}}vku d í f aomf¤if;? rde;f rrsm; aq;vdycf w Hk iG f aq;vdyv f yd cf ,lí
aomf¤if;? a,musfm;rsm; NrdKUwufusbrf; ulvv D yk í
f aomf¤if; vkt d yfaom0rf;pmudk jznfh
wif;ay;&onf/
ud, k 0hf rf;pm ud, k zf v l oHI nfqadk om awmifov l ,form;rSm vlaerI tvGeef rd u hf s
aom rdrwd \ Ydk b0twGuf xrif;ESi[ hf if;qkí d yJyw k f jiKwfo;D jzifo
h m tm[m&jznfw h if;ae
&&Smonf/ vlrpI nf;pdrcf pH m;cGiu hf kd &Sr;f jynfawmifov l ,form;rsm; em;rvnfMu&Smay/
aumufyo J ;D ESH ysufp;D onft h cg tiwfjyóemESi&hf ifqidk af eMu&onf/
awmifolv,form;rsm;onf &Srf;jynfya'o&mZfqefYusifa&;twGuf rygrNyD;
t"dutiftm;pkyif jzpfayonf/
(5) ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;
&Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f e,fcsJUya'o&mZfwYdk jyif;xefpmG zdEydS af oG;pkyv f mcJrh aI Mumifh puf
rIvyk if ef;BuD;rsm; rjzpfxeG ;f Ekid cf ahJ y/ xkaYd Mumifh acwfrpD ufrv
I yk if ef; tvkyof rm;vlwef;
pm;w&yftaeESifhrm;rm;rwfrwf ray:aygufEkdifcJhyg/ qefpufç qDpufç *sKHpufç opfpuf
rsm;rSmvnf; tao;pm;puf&rHk sm;jzpfNyD; tvkyo f rm; 2-a,muf 3-a,mufrS 10-a,muf
15-a,mufcefo Y m vkyuf ikd Mf u&onf/ puf&rHk sm; jyefBY uJaeí tvkyo f rm;rsm; pkpnf;rI
r&SMd uay/
ypön;f rJt
h vkyo
f rm;tpkta0;ESi[ hf í
l &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f er®wal bmfwiG ;f om
&Sad eao;onf/ ypön;f rJvh w
l ef;pm;onf OD;a&tm;jzifh enf;yg;ç tawGt Y MuKHtm;jzifh Ek
e,fç ,Ofaus;rItm;jzifh edru hf saeao;aomfvnf; &Sr;f jynfe,fawmfveS af &;twGuf t"d
uvnf;jzpf awmfveS af &;vnf; tusqk;H aom acgif;aqmifvw l ef;pm;yif jzpfayonf/
37 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tcPf;(7)
bmawmfvSefa&;rsKd;vJ
&Sr;f jynfe,fvaYl bmif tajctaersm;udk orkid ;f pOfEiS w hf bJG ufí ok;H oyfcNhJ yD;av
NyD/ &Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;\&efoçl awmfveS af &;\vkyif ef;ç awmfveS af &;\tiftm;
pkrsm;udv k nf; ppfí owfrw S cf ahJ vNyD/
a&SUqufí ,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,fwiG f usa&mufaeaom awmfveS af &;onf rnfonfh
awmfveS af &;trsKd;tpm; jzpfonfukd qef;ppfMu&ayrnf/
,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,f\t"du&eforl mS e,fcsJUpHepfEiS yhf a'o&mZfpeH pfjzpf&m &Sr;f jynf

e,f\awmfvSefa&;rSm e,fcsJUpHepfqefYusifa&; ya'o&mZfpHepfzsufodrf;a&;yifjzpfay
onf/ e,fcsJUpHepfqefYusifa&;rSm trsKd;om;toGif&Sdí ya'o&mZfpHepfzsufodrf;a&;rSm
'Drkdua&pDtoGif&Sdayonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fonf ,aeYuv dk edk ED idk if bH 0r[kwaf wmhí e,fcsJUpHepfqefu Y sifa&;vkyf
ief;onf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vkyfief;toGif r[kwfawmhay/ e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,fckcH
a&;ç wwd,urÇmppfwm;qD;a&;ç urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fvkyfief;rsm;om
e,fcsJUpHepf qefu Y sifa&;vkyif ef;rsm; jzpfayonf/
jynfwiG ;f ü ya'o&mZfpeH pf zsuford ;f í 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if w
H nfaxmif&rnfyifjzpf
ayonf/ awmfvSefa&;tqifhonf ya'o&mZfpHepfzsufodrf;í qkd&S,fvpfavmuodkY csD
wuf&ef r[kwaf o;yg/ atmufusaemufus ya'o&mZf&rS ;f jynftm; acwfrw D ;dk wufaom
'Dru dk a&pD&rS ;f jynftjzpfoYkd wnfaqmuf&rnft h qifw h iG o
f m &Sad o;onf/
xkaYd Mumifh ,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,fwiG f qifE&JT rnfah wmfveS af &;trsKd;tpm;onf 'Dru dk
a&pDawmfveS af &;trsKd;tpm;yif jzpfayonf/ od&Yk mwGif 1900-ckrwkid rf D Oa&mywku d w
f iG f
ay:aygufcahJ om "e&Si'f rD u dk a&pDawmfveS af &;trsKd;tpm;rsKd; r[kwb f J 1917-ckEpS f 'D
buf &k&Sm;jynf atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&;tNyD; xl;jcm;opfvGifpGm ay:aygufvmaom
jynfolY'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;trsKd;tpm;om jzpfayonf/
1900-ckEpS rf wkid rf \ D "e&Sif 'Dru dk a&pDawmfveS af &;ESi1hf 917-ckEpS f 'Dbuf jynf
ol'Y rD u dk a&pDawmfveS af &;wko Yd nf rnfojYkd cm;em;avoenf;/ awmfveS af &;umvonf t
ajccHtm;jzifh jcm;em;ayonf/ 1900-ck rwkid rf w D iG f t&if;&Sipf eH pfonf wk;d wufonft h
ydik ;f wGif &Sad ecJoh nf/ 1917-ck atmufwb dk mqk&d , S v
f pfawmfveS af &;BuD;tNyD; 'DbufwiG f
t&if;&Sipf eH pfonf waeYwjcm; usqk;H aeí wbufwiG f qk&d , S v f pfpeH pf wk;d wufaeav
onf/ yXrurÇmppfBuD;tNyD;wGif qk&d , S v f pfEidk if t H jzpf qkAd ,
D uf,el , D w H Ekid if wH nf; ay:
aygufcahJ omfvnf; 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;wGif w&kyjf ynfoo Yl rwEkid if BH uD;ESit

hf jcm;jynf
ol'Y rD udk a&pDEidk if rH sm; ay:aygufvmavonf/ urÇmv h Ol ;D a&oef;aygif; 900-enf;yg;onf?
qk&d , S v f pfpeH pfwnfaqmufaeMuavonf/ qkAd , D ufEidk if rH mS qk&d ,
S vf pfacwfxuf wqifh
jrifah om uGejf rLepfpeH pfoyYkd if csDwufaeavNyD/
xkadY Mumifh ,ckumv (0g) t&if;&Sipf eH pfusqk;H aeNyD; qk&d , S vf pfpeH pf wk;d wufae
onfhumvwGif ay:aygufaom 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;udk t&if;&SifESifhvlwef;pm;onf
acgif;aqmifrI ray;Ekid af y/ acgif;aqmifyguvnf; awmfveS af &;ukd atmifjrifonftxd
qifEEJT idk rf nf r[kwaf y/ ypön;f rJv h wl ef;pm;omvQif acgif;aqmif&ayrnf/ 1945-ck? &Sr;f
jynfe,fzufqpfawmfveS af &;wGi¤f if;? 1945-1948-e,fcsJUawmfveS af &;wGi¤f if;? ypön;f
rJh odkYr[kwf ypönf;rJhoabmw&m;acgif;aqmifrIr&SdcJhí 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;onf r

atmifjrifcahJ y/ ya'o&mZfpeH pfom qufvufwnfNrJcahJ yonf/
ÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕÕ
39 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tcPf;(8)
awmfvSefa&;\tvm;tvm
&Srf;jynfe,fawmfvSefa&;onf jynfolY'Drkdua&pD awmfvSefa&;tqifhjzpfí þ

awmfveS af &;udk ypön;f rJv h w l ef;pm;omvQif acgif;aqmif&rnf[k a&SUtcPf;wGif az:jy
cJah vNyD/
&Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f ypön;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;onf BuD;rm;onft h iftm;pkrjzpfvmao;?
pnf;&k;H aomvlwef;pm;vnf; r[kwaf o;? xkjYd yif ypön;f rJv h w
l ef;pm;\a&SUaqmifEikd if aH &;
ygwDonf ray:aygufao;onfrmS rSeyf gonf/ odaYk omfvnf; &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f ypön;f rJv h l

wef;pm;onf BuD;xGm;vsuf &SNd yD; ypön;f rJo h abmw&m; 0g rmhupf v f eD if0g'onf jyefyY mG ;
vsuf &Sad yonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fjynfo'Yl rD u dk a&pD awmfveS af &;BuD;atmifjrifonftxd qifE&JT ef &Sr;f
jynfe,fypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf acgif;aqmifí odkYr[kwf ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;\rmhufpf
vDeif0g'onf ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifhawmifolv,form;vlwef;pm;wkdYonf cdkifrmaom
r[mrdwftjzpf zGJYpnf;um vlvwfwef;pm;ESifhwkdif;&if;"e&Sifrsm;yg0ifaom ya'o&mZf
qefYusifa&;wyfaygif;pkBuD; zGJYpnf;&rnfjzpfayonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,f ypön;f rJrh sm;onf aoG;aMumiftm;i,fp&m r&S?d jrefrmjynfrESiw hf uG
urÇmw0Srf;vkH;&Sd ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifhwkd;wufaomtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;onf &Srf;jynfe,f
ypön;f rJrh sm;\ckid rf maomr[mrdwrf sm;yif jzpfayonf/ urÇmw0Sr;f vk;H &Sd ypön;f rJrh sm;ESihf
wk;d wufaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf azmufjyefaomajr&Siyf a'o&mZfpeH pfEiS u hf rÇmt
h &if;&Sif
e,fcsJUpHepfBuD;wckv;Hk udk ajrjr§KyfoN*ØK[f&ef atmufajcrS wGe;f vSeNf zdKvSv J suf &Sad vonf/
&Sr;f trsKd;wko Yd nf jrefrmtrsKd;om;ESijhf cm;em;aom vlrsKd;wrsKd;jzpf\/ od&Yk mwGif
&mZ0ifjzpfpOfaMumif¤h if;? wrsKd;wnf;aom e,fcsJUorm;atmufwiG f Ekid if w H Ekid if üH twl
ae&ojzif¤h if;? &Sr;f jrefrmEkid if aH &;uHMur®monf qufaecJah yonf/ pD;yGg;a&;ESi, hf Ofaus;
rIrsm;t&vnf; &if;ES;D pGm qufaecJah yonf/ xkaYd Mumifh &Sr;f jynfvx l Ek iS jhf refrmvlxo k nf
EdkifiHa&;ç pD;yGg;a&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIrsm; wkd;wufatmif yl;wGJaqmif&GufcJhMu&avonf/
NAdwdoQwkdYum; &Srf;vlxkESifhArmvlxktm; vGwfvyfa&;wkd;wufa&;wkdYwGif yl;
aygif;aqmif&u G Ef idk jf cif;r&Sad tmif tNrJwap BudK;pm;cJo h nf/ &Sr;f jynfrmS ya'o&mZfpeH pf
udk usm;uefay;xm;jcif;rSmvnf; xk&d nf&, G cf sufaMumifyh if jzpfonf/ 0kid t f rfbaD t *sDpD
bDat 0HomEkrsm; Ekid if o H rm;rsm;u Ekid if aH &;wk;d wufrI awmif;qkw d idk ;f &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;
tm; uysuf,zsuf vkyfapcJhonfrSmvnf; þ&nf&G,fcsufaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ wkdYArm
tpnf;t&k;H 0if ocifrsm; &Sr;f jynfov Ykd mvQif csufcsif; e,fEiS yf pfjcif;udv k nf; awGcY MhJ u
&onf/ odaYk omf &Sr;f vlxo k nf jrefrmvlxEk iS t hf wl NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUvufatmifrS &k;H xGu&f ef
BudK;pm;cJ\ h / zufqpf*syefuv kd nf; jrefrmvlxEk iS t hf wlyif awmfveS cf \ hJ / ppftNyD; vGwf
vyfaom tcsKyftcsmtmPmydik f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H nfaxmifEikd &f ef vlrsKd;pktm;
vkH; aemifawmfArmESifhpnf;vkH;nDatmif &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;uyif ur®uxjyKvkyfcJhay
onf/ þwGif jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;\tkwjf rpfjzpfaom yifvn Hk vD mcHü &Sr;f jynf
e,fcsJUya'o&mZf tiftm;pk\&-y-v-u xrf;aqmifcahJ omtcef;rSm wefb;kd BuD;rm;
vSayonf/
Arm-u&if-ucsif-csif;paom jynfaxmifpo k m;wkoYd nf vGwv f yfaom tcsKyf
tcsmtmPmykdif jynfaxmifpkBuD;udk acwfrDaom pufrIvufrIxGef;um;aom'Drkdua&pD

jynf0h aom Nidr;f csrf;om,maom <u,f0aom jynfaxmifpjk zpfatmif wnfaqmufaeMu
&m &Sr;f jynfjynfov l x
l o k nfvnf; &Sr;f jynfEiS yhf wfoufaom ud, k bhf Ydk usoifah omwm0ef
udk &Sr;f jynf\tajctaersm;t& &Sr;f jynfvx l t k rsm;qk;H tusKd;&Sad tmif vufnw D uf
nD xrf;aqmifomG ;Murnfjzpfayonf/
&Sr;f jynf\tem*wfukd jynfov l x
l rk sm;uom ykid o f nf/
&Srf;jynfolvlxktaygif;wkdY? &mZ0ifbD;udk aemufjyefqGJvSnfh&ef BudK;pm;aeMu
aom azmufjyefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;aemufov Ykd u dk Mf urnfavm---/
okrdY [kwf xGe;f vif;awmufajymifpmG jrifawGaY e&NyDjzpfaom tem*wf&rS ;f jynfopf
odYk vufwcJG sDwufMurnfavm/
41 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
&Sr;f jynf b,fvJ

aemufqufwGJ
usm;oem;rS EGm;csrf;omwJh axmufyahH &;
þpmwrf; pmrsufEmS (45)wGif ca&yGijhf yxm;aom usm;BuD;pdwaf umif;ygrS EGm;

uav;awG csrf;om&m &Muayawmhrnf}}qkad ompum;\rSeu f efjcif;udk atmufyg*Pef;
rsm;u om"uxif&mS ;jyvsuf &Sad eygonf/
jynfaxmifpEk idk if aH wmf tpk;d &0ifaiG

ckEpS f taumufawmfXmerS ,pfrsKd;rS xDrS
1951-52 193ç124ç000 14ç639ç000 7ç330ç000
52-53 199ç788ç465 15ç065ç303 8ç265ç303
53-54 254ç455ç737 189ç59ç462 9ç173ç485
54-55 241ç900ç000 21ç309ç000 8ç600ç000
55-56 238ç200ç000 32ç406ç000 9ç000ç000
txufyg jynfaxmifpk A[kt d pk;d &0ifaiG*Pef;t& 1914-ckEpS u

f pHjyKxm;onfh
pepf 7. 6 &mckid Ef eI ;f ESiw
hf u
G v
f Qif taumufawmfwXmexJuyif atmufygtcsKd;twkid ;f
&Sr;f jynfe,fu &oifah Mumif; txift&Sm; jzpfaeygonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
ckEpS f taumufawmfXmerSaiG &Sr;f jynfu &oifah iG 7. 6 &mcdik Ef eI ;f

1951-52 193ç124ç000 14ç677ç424
52-53 199ç788ç465 15ç183ç923
53-54 254ç455ç737 19ç339ç636
54-55 241ç900ç000 18ç384ç400
55-56 238ç200ç000 18ç103ç000
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
txufyg *Pef;jyt& &Sr;f jynfe,frS &oifah iGud od&NyD;aemuf ,ck&rS ;f jynfe,f

u wu,f&&Sad eaom*Pef;udk qufvufí avhvmaomf jynfaxmifpAk [kt d pk;d &u jynf
e,frsm;odYk axmufyahH iG*Pef;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpf\/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;odYk cGaJ 0ay;
ykrH mS &Sr;f ç ucsifç u,m;ç u&ifjynfe,frsm;twGuf tcsKd;wGuu f ed ;f 5;3;1;1 twkid ;f ay;
xm;onfph eH pft& &Sr;f jynfe,fu &&So d nfah 0yku
H sukd þodaYk wG&Y ygvdrrhf nf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
ckEpS f jynfe,frsm;okdYaxmufyHhaiGpkpkaygif; &Sr;f jynfu a0yku

H s&aiG
1950-51 9ç722ç235
51-52 18ç500ç000 10ç277ç780

52-53 22ç950ç000 11ç910ç390
53-54 31ç500ç000 14ç460ç500
54-55 31ç500ç000 14ç460ç000
55-56 26ç200ç000 12ç500ç000
txufygpm&if;Z,m;jy *Pef;o&kyrf sm;ukd tjyefjyeftvSev f eS f a0befaqG;aEG;

MuygvQif usm;BuD;oem;rS EGm;uav;awG csrf;omrnfah xmufyahH &; jzpfaeonfukd awGY
&rnfomjzpfaMumif;om"u wifjyygownf;/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
43 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jyóem

&Srf;jynfe,f
cGJa&;wGJa&;jyóem
wifjyol
OD;xGef;jrihf(awmifBuD;)
&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;a[mif;
(&-y-v)tzGJY0ifa[mif;rsm;
pkaygif;xkwfa0onf/
45 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
✰ tEl;tnTwfawmif;yeftyfygonf/
&Sr;f jynfvil ,fu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;u z-q-y-vtvkyo f rm;tzGo YJ dYk 20^2^46
aeYpjJG zifh ay;ykcYd ahJ om trSmpmudk þpmtky\ f aemufqufwt JG jzpf xnfo
h iG ;f az:jy&ef MuH
&G,cf ahJ omfvnf; 'kw, d ESyd jf cif;xGu&f ef tvGetf rif;aESmifah ES;MuefMY umvmcJo h nfth wGuf
¤if;trSmpmudk 0rf;enf;pGm csefvyS cf yhJ gonf/
wwd,ESyd jf cif;wGif rysufruGuf xnfo h iG ;f ykEH ydS rf nfjzpfygaMumif;/
xkwfa0ol
✰✰ ✰ ✰✰

1957-ck ZGev f
'kw,d ESyd jf cif; apmifa& (10000)
✰
arwåm&yfcHcsuf/
þpmapmifukd wqif&h u dk Ef ydS af 0iSawmfrMl uyg/ jynfaxmifpw k &Sr;f vk;H okYd
apmifa&wodef;(100000)txd/
a0iS&ef pDpOfvsuf&ydS gonf/
jynfe,fzNYHG zdK;a&;ukd axmufco H w l idk ;f wu,fjh ynfaxmifpBk uD; wnfNrJa&;udk
vkv d m;olwidk ;f ? &HyaHk iGun l aD wmfrMl uyg/
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)
a&at;uGif;&yf
awmifBuD;NrdKU? &Sr;f jynfe,f/
&Sr;f jynfe,f\&kyyf ikd ;f &mZ0ifEiS Ehf idk if aH &;vrf;pOfukd az:jyxm;aom
&Sr;f jynfb,fvJ
pmtkyuf dk zwfMuyg/
atmufygXmersm;wGif tenf;i,f&Ekdifao;onf/
ukef;jrifhpmayjzefYcsda&;Xme/ a&TjynfwefykHESdyfwkduf/
vrf;rawmf-awmifBuD;NrdKU/ ESi;f yef;vrf;? a&ausmf-
&efuek Nf rdKU/
'kw, d ESyd jf cif;twGuf - trSm/

cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jyóemonf &mZ0wfrrI [kwyf g/
jynfe,fcGJa&;-wGJa&;udpöonf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'u jynfe,frsm;
tm;ukd,fykdifjy|mef;cGifhjyKxm;onhfudpöjzpfygonf/ vlrsKd;pk-vlrsKd;i,frsm;-udk,fhtrsKd;
om; tcGit hf a&;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef r&Srd jzpfonfv h ufeufvnf;jzpfyg
onf/
tjcm;jynfe,frsm;wGif rnfojYdk zpfaeonfukd rod&aomfvnf; cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jyó
emonf &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f trSeyf ifay:aygufaeygonf/ Ncdr;f ajcmufrjI zif¤h if;? txifao;
rIjzif¤h if;? zk;H uG,x f m;ír&Ekid yf g/ cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jyóemonf twGi;f Budwjf rKHpm;aeonfh
aoG;pkemBuD;ESit hf vGew f yl gonf/ OD;Ek-p0fceG cf sKdw\ Ydk ukpm;enf;onf tay:,Haq;vdr;f

enf;omjzpfaeygonf/ tajctjrpfupí rukpm;ygvQif þaoG;pkemBuD;onf taES;ESihf
tjref &ifrh maygufuJG vmayvdrrhf nf/
cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jyóemudk yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; aqG;aEG;a0zefMu&ef aMumuf&UHG aeMu
onfudk awG&Y ygonf/
cGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; aMumufaeMuygonf/
wGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; aMumufaeMuygonf/
olwYdk bmudk aMumufaeMuoenf;/
cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jyóemonf trSepf ifppf trsKd;om;a&;jyóemjzpfygonf/ cGaJ &;
orm;rsm;u cGaJ &;twGuf vIaYH qmfvQif &mZ0wfro I ifrh nf[k xifMuonf/ tajccHOya'
u cGijhf yKxm;aomudpö rdrw d t
Ykd rsKd;om;a&;udpjö zpfonfukd oabmraygufMuao;/
wGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; wGJa&;twGuf rvIHYaqmf0HhMuyg/ trsKd;om;a&;epfem
csuf tcGit hf a&; qk;H &I;H csufawGukd b,foq Ykd ,fwif&rnf/ ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'ukd b,foYkd
wku d zf suf&rnfponfwu Ydk kd az:rjybJ wGaJ &;udk vIaYH qmfvQif wGaJ &;orm;rsm;onf trsKd;
om;a&;tcPf;ESifhuif;vGwfaeayvdrfhrnf/ trsKd;om;a&;tcPf;ESifhuif;vGwfaeaom
vIaYH qmfcsufonf trsKd;om;rsm;\axmufcrH u I kd &Ekid rf nfr[kwyf g/
,aeY &Sr;f jynfe,fvx l \
k qE´tppftrSeu f kd csdecf iG v
f Qmay:wif csdepf ufMunfv h Qif
cGaJ &;bufu aZmufx;dk BuD; tav;omaeonfudk awG&Y rnfrmS rvGyJ g/
xkaYd Mumifh &Sr;f jynfe,f cGaJ &;avoHonf vlwpk\avoHr[kwaf Mumif; em;vnf
xm;&ygrnf/ cGaJ &;orm;aygif;rsm;pGmwko Yd nf trsKd;om;pdw"f mwf jyif;xefNyD; cGx J uG cf sif
aeMuonf/ trsKd;om;udpö trsKd;om;tcGit hf a&; b,fox Ykd cd u
dk ef pfemaeonfukd rodol
awGu rsm;aeygonf/ cGJxGufNyD; wGJcJhonfxufomatmif b,fvkdvkyfMurnfqkdonfudk
47 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
&mxm;csuf r&SMd uyg/ cGx J u

G Nf yD; ay:aygufvmrnft h EÅ&m,frsm;udv k nf; BudKwifwu G cf suf
xm;jcif; r&SMd uyg/ þolrsm;onf tqk;H pGecf aJG &;orm;rsm; (0g) bmbJjzpfjzpf cGx J u G cf sif
olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
&Srf;jynfe,fcGJxGufa&;onf tyya,m*aMumifh ay:vmonfr[kwfyg/ trsKd;
om;a&;epfemcsufrS ay:aygufvmygonf/ tn§&D &dS m ,iftw Hk wfouJo h Ykd cGaJ &;udpo ö nf
yxrjzpfNyD; ya,m*&Sv d Qif ya,m*onf 'kw, d jzpfayvdrrhf nf/
&Srf;jynfe,fcGJxGufa&;onf wpkHwckaomtqifhtxd rSefuefaom trsKd;om;
a&;udpjö zpfaeaomfvnf; t&rf;uma&m cGx J uG jf cif;rsKd; (0g) bmbJjzpfjzpf cGx J u
G jf cif;rsKd;
onf rrSefuefyg/ xkdodkYcGJxGufjcif;rsKd;onf &Srf;jynfe,ftm; tm&SNidrf;csrf;a&;omru

urÇmNh idr;f csrf;a&;udyk g xdcu dk yf sufp;D Ekid o
f nfu
h rÇmppfr;D avmifpmtjzpfoYkd usa&mufomG ;
apEkdifygonf/
qk;H &I;H epfemaeaom &Sr;f trsKd;om;rsm;\tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cGx J u G jf cif;enf;w
enf;jzifhom q,fwifEkdifonfr[kwfyg/ qkH;&IH;epfemcsuf\taMumif;&if;cHjzpfaom z-
q-y-v\vlrsKd;BuD;0g'ukd tusKd;wltjcm;vlrsKd;pk? vlrsKd;BuD;0g'udk raxmufcaH om Arm
tiftm;pkrsm;ESiyhf ;l aygif;um Ekid if aH &;t& wku d yf qJG ifjcif;jzifvh nf; trsKd;om;a&;\epf
emcsufrsm;udk &,lEidk o f nf[k uRefawmf,MHk unfygonf/
z-q-y-vonf rdr\ d vlrsKd;BuD;0g'trSm;udk rjyKjyif? vlrsKd;pkrsm;\qEúkd r
av;pm;? vdycf w J if;vif; qufvufwif;rmaernfqu dk mrS cGx
J u G af &;vufeufukd aemuf
qk;H taeESit hf ok;H jyKMu&ygrnf/ cGx J u G af &;vufeufudk tok;H rjyKrD cGx J u G Nf yD;aemufawGY
&rnft h EÅ&m,frsm;rS wm;qD;Ekid &f ef BudKwifjyifqifrrI sm; vkyx f m;&ygrnf/
z-q-y-vESifhvlrsKd;BuD;0g'
z-q-y-vtzGcYJ sKyf\zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk Oya'&nf&, G cf sufrsm;wGif vlrsKd;BuD;0g'
t&dyt f a&mifrsm; ryg&Sad omfvnf; z-q-y-vacgif;aqmifyikd ;f \vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: usifh
ok;H yko
H abmxm;onf Great Nation Chauvinism ac:vlrsKd;BuD;0g' &kyv f ;Hk ay:aygufae
onfukd awG&Y ygonf/
vGecf o
hJ nfrh wfv(7)&ufaeYu jynfov Yl w
T af wmfnv
D mcHwiG f ajymMum;cJah om z-
q-y-vtzGcYJ sKyfOuú|Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek\atmufygpum;&yfrsm;onf z-q-y-
v\vlrsKd;BuD;0g'udk txG#t f xdyaf &mufatmif o&zlaqmif;ay;vku d o
f nfEiS w hf yl gonf/
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trSeaf jym&vQif jynfe,fonf aumif;aompHepf r[kwaf Mumif; jynfe,frsm;ay;cJph Ofu
pHepfaumif;onf[k ,kMH unfoabmusaomaMumifh ay;cJjh cif;r[kwaf Mumif;....ZD;aph

avmufEkdifiHwGif jynfe,ftuGJuGJtjym;jym; rvkdvm;tyfaMumif;? vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;
pOfu t*Fvdyf\aoG;cGJpHepftkyfpkd;xm;rIaMumifh jyóemudk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef jynfe,fudk
oabmwlc&hJ aMumif;/ .....jynfe,fpeH pfonf jynfaxmifpt k wGuf tusKd;&Sq d ;Hk jzpfonf
[k ,kMH unfí ay;&jcif;r[kwaf Mumif;? tajctaet& ay;cJ&h aMumif;.....}}
(10-3-57)aeYpyJG g &efuek af eYpOfowif;pm e,fxw k f pmrsufEmS (2)rS aumufEw I f
az:jyygonf/
vlrsKd;i,frsm;ta&;udk vlrsKd;BuD;u 0ifa&mufcs,fv, S pf ;kd rk;d jcif;zdEydS jf cif;onf
vlrsKd;BuD;0g' (Great Nation Chauvinism) jzpfygonf/ Ekid if w H Ekid if o
H nf ZD;aphavmufom
r[kwf ESrf;aphavmufbJ&Sd&Sd? vlrsKd;pktrsm;tjym; pkaygif;aexkdifvQif vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;

twGuf vlO;D a&tvku d f Autonomy ac: uk, d yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;jynfe,ftqift h wef;trsKd;
rsKd;ay;&ygonf/ Autonomy udk tusKd;rJah wmif;qkMd uonfr[kwyf g/ vlrsKd;BuD;\0ifa&muf
cs,fv, S pf ;dk rk;d rIzEd ydS rf uI kd pk;d &drí
f rdru d ,
dk uf kd umuG,&f ef trsKd;udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf
&eftwGufjzpfygonf/
pdww f u l , kd w f l yl;aygif;Muaom jynfaxmifpk oabmw&m;tppftrSew f iG f uk,
d f
ydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhcGJxGufvkdu cGJxGufa&;onf rygrjzpfonfht*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfygonf/ vl
rsKd;i,fonf þt*FgESp&f yfukd vkcd sifMuonf/ vlrsKd;BuD;uray;vQif vlrsKd;BuD;vTr;f rk;d rI
0g'yifjzpfonf/ vlrsKd;BuD;pkd;rkd;cs,fvS,frIudk Autonomy jzifhyxrumuG,fMuygonf/
Autonomy jzifr h vkaH vmufonft h cgrS cGx J uG af &;vufeufukd tok;H jyKMu&ygonf/
vlrsKd;pk vlrsKd;i,frsm;&SdaeNyD; jynfe,fESifhcGJxGufcGifhudk ray;vQif wusDusDESifh
awmif;aeMurnfrmS rvGyJ g/ (Oyrm - a&S;u tdik , f mvef? ,ck &ckid )f vlrsKd;pk\qEúdk
vkdufavsmjcif;rSwyg; wm;qD;íum; r&Ekdif? trsKd;jyKef;roGm;jcif; wusDusDwpmwpm
awmif;qkdaeMuygrnf/
z-q-y-vacgif;aqmifykdif;onf vlrsKd;toD;oD;\qEÉSifhtnD rSefuefaom
vlrsKd;a&;oabmxm; rxm;&SEd idk v f Qif rMumjrifrh t D wGi;f BuD;rm;onft h EÅ&m,fEiS &hf ifqikd f
&rnfrmS rvG[ J k uRefawmfxifygonf/
OD;Ek\jynfov Yl wT af wmfnv D mcHwiG f ajymMum;aompum;&yfrsm;onf z-q-y-
v pnf;rsOf;Oya'&nf&, G cf sufoabmxm;rsm;ESiq hf efuY sif rqefu Y sifukd z-q-y-vt
zG0YJ ifrsm; jyefvnfo;Hk oyfoifo h nf[k uRefawmf,q l ygonf/
z-q-y-v\vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom oabmxm;udk z-q-y-vzGpJY nf;
tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'tcPf;(1) tykd'f(3)&nf&G,fcsufrsm;wGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;
49 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
qGJxm;onf/
(u) vlwrsKd;onf rdrw d \Ykd uHMur®mudk rdrw d o Ydk mvQif zefw;D Ekid cf iG &hf o
dS nftm;avsmfpmG t
rsKd;om;tm;vk;H \vk;H 0vGwv f yfa&;&&Sad p&eftvkidY mS ? ArmEkid if t H wGi;f &Sd wkid ;f &if;vlrsKd;
tm;vk;H ¤if;wkrYd S qif;oufaygufzmG ;aomolrsm;? wkid ;f om;rsm;tjzpf cH,&l &So d t l aygif;
udk nDnTwfpnf;&kH;ap&ef/
(c) Armjynfukd Armjynf&w dS idk ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;toD;oD;wkt Yd m;vk;H oabmwlvw G v f yfpmG
zGpJY nf;xm;aomwkid ;f jynfBuD;wnfaxmif&ef? þokw Yd nfaxmif&mü yg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;
oD;tm; rdrw d u Ydk MH ur®mudk rdrw d b Ydk mom zefw;D Ekid af omtcGit hf a&;ay;xm;&ef/
(*) ]]ArmEkid if u H kd wkid ;f oljynfom;vltrsm;\qE´twkid ;f jyefvnfxal xmif&ef}}

OD;Ek\ajymMum;csufpum;&yfrsm;onf þpnf;rsOf;oabmxm;rsm;ESiq hf efu
Y sif
aeonf[k uRefawmf,lqygonf/
]]vlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwkdYuHMur®mudk rdrdwkdYuom zefwD;EkdifaomtcGifhta&;
ay;xm;&ef? (Right of Self determination) t& jynfe,fupd u ö dk oufqidk &f m vlrsKd;pktrsm;
pkuom qk;H jzwf&ygrnf/ ArmvlrsKd;BuD;u ay;oifh ray;oifh pOf;pm;qk;H jzwfaep&mrvkd
yg/ (Oyrm - &ckid -f ytk0d -hf oD;jcm;jynfe,fupd )ö ,aeY z-q-y-vacgif;aqmifyidk ;f \wkid ;f
&if;om; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;rlrSm rSefuefaom jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;t& wkdif;&if;
om;vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;\wu,fhapwempdwfqE´t& pnf;vkH;nDnTwfaeaomrlr[kwfyJ &m
xl;tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;jzifh¤if;? vlrsKd;pktiftm; 2-ck uGJapí tv,fu tav;wif;
onfph eH pfjzif¤h if;? aqmif&u G af eonfukd awG&Y ygonf/
&Srf;jynfe,fwGif
(1) bmyJjzpfjzpf cGrJ nf/
(2) bmyJjzpfjzpf wGJrnf[laomt,ltq 2-&yf jzpfaeonfwGif tusKd;&SdvQif wGJrnf?
tusKd;r&SdvQif cGJrnf[laom t,ltqopfw&yfudk &Srf;jynfe,f cGJa&;-wGJa&;jyóem
pmtkyif ,fwiG f az:jyxm;ygonf/
þpmtkyif ,f yxrtBudrf &ku d Ef ydS af 0iSpOf aMumufpw d t f awmfvrT ;f aeMuygonf/
odaYk omf ,cktcgonf aMumufpw d rf mS uG,af ysmufoavmuf jzpfomG ;onfukd 0rf;ajrmuf
bG,&f m awG&Y ygonf/ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm; wvSr;f wufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/
,aeY cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jyóemudk ajAmifaqG;aEG;&JvmMuNyD? a0zefvmMuNyD/
uRefawmfwifjyxm;aom t,ltqudk &Sr;f jynfe,fvBl uD;ydik ;f vli,fyikd ;f u t
ajrmuftrsm; axmufct H m;ay;vmMuygonf/ tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;jzpfaom csif;? ucsif?
u,m;? &ckid rf sm;rS axmufct H m;ay;qufo, G rf rI sm; a&mufvmygonf/ txl;ojzifh &Sr;f
jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tqkH;pGef cGJa&;orm;aygif;rsm;pGmwkdYonf uRefawmf\wifjycsufudk

vufcv H mí 0rf;ajrmufryd gonf/ xyfryH EHk ydS x f w k af 0&ef awmif;qkv d mMuonf/ &HyaHk iGrsm;
ulnDvmMuonf/
,if;odkYt&yf&yfrS axmufcHtm;ay;rIaMumifhom 'kwd,tBudrfykHESdyfxkwfa0Ekdif
jcif;jzpfygonf/ 'kw, d tBudryf EHk ydS jf cif;rjyKrD &if;ES;D onfrh wd af qGrsm;xHrS a0zefjznfph u G f
csuftMuHay;csufrsm; awmif;cHc&hJ m trsm;pku k rlvtwkid ;f yif xkwaf 0&ef tMuHay;onfh
twkdif; tcsuftvuf tcsKdUtenf;i,f jznfhpGufjyifqifonfrSty rlvpmtkyftwkdif;
tajccHoabmxm;rysuf xkwfa0vkdufygonf/
rdwaf qGtrsm;tjym;u &Sr;f bmom-ytk0d b hf momjzifv h nf; xkwaf 0&ef tMuHay;
Muygonf/ &Sr;f bmom-ytk0d b hf momokYd jyefqv dk suf&&dS m NyD;pD;vke;D ygNyD/ &Sr;f bmomjzifh
apmifa& 10000-waomif;twGuf &HykHaiG 5000d-cefYvkdygonf/ ytkd0fhbmomtwGuf
1000-cefv Y ydk gonf/ &Sr;f bmom-ytk0d b hf momjzifh xkwaf 0Ekid &f ef &HyaHk iG 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnv
D rd hf
[k arQmfvif, h MHk unfygonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifv h nf; rlv&nfreS ;f xm;onft h wkid ;f apmif
a&wodef;txd qufvuf&kdufESdyfa0iSoGm;ygrnf/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(& y v)tzGYJcsKyfBuD;tm; a&SUaqmifzGJYpnf;Murnfh&Srf;jynfvli,fukd,fpm;vS,f

9-OD;onf? 1946-ck? Zefe0g&DvtwGi;f wGif usif;yonfzh -q-y-vtv,fypö,n H vD m
cHokdY wufa&mufcJhygonf/ z-q-y-vnDvmcHNyD;pD;onfhaemufwGif &Srf;vli,fukd,fpm;
vS,rf sm;ESizhf -q-y-vtvkyt f rIaqmiftzGw
YJ o Ydk nf z-q-y-vXmecsKyfwiG f awGq Y íHk
&Srf;jynfa&;&mjyóemrsm; aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ xkdaqG;aEG;yGJESifhywfoufí &Srf;jynfvl
i,frsm;\a0zefcsuf oabmxm;pmwrf; 20-2-46-aeYpGJjzifh z-q-y-vtzGJYcsKyfokdY
ay;ydcYk yhJ gonf/ taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh xkpd mwrf;udk vQKdU0Sux f m;cJ&h m ,aeY 10-ESpf
ausmfveG v f maomumv tajctaet&(& y v)acgif;aqmifrsm;\oabmxm;udk &Sr;f
jynfvlxkBuD; odoifhodxkdufonfomru xkdpmwrf;yg tcsuftvufrsm;pGmonf ,aeY
&Sr;f jynftajctaeESiq hf aD vsmfonf[k ,lqMuNyD; ykEH ydS x f w
k af 0&ef (& y v)vkyaf z:ukid f
zufa[mif;rsm;u wku d w f eG ;f Muonft h wGuf &Sr;f jynfe,f cGa&;-wGaJ &;pmwrf;\aemuf
qufwGJtaejzifh ykHESdyfxkwfa0vkdufygonf/
]]&Srf;jynfe,fcGJa&;-wGJa&;jyóem}}wifjycsufonf uRefawmfwOD;wnf;\o
abmxm;wifjycsufr[kwfyg/
(&-y-v)tzGcYJ sKyf\oabmxm;vrf;pOfrsm;udk rSjD irf;jyKíwifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/
51 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
(&-y-v)tzGcYJ sKyfBuD;\aqmify'k rf mS ]]&Sr;f jynfonf &Sr;f wkid ;f om;rsm;tbd}Yk } jzpf

NyD;/
(u) &Sr;f jynf\uHMur®mudk &Sr;f wkid ;f om;rsm;uom zefw;D Ekid cf iG &hf &dS ef/
(c) &Sr;f jynftm; e,fcsJUvufatmufrS Ekid if aH &;-pD;yGm;a&;-vlrq I ufqaH &;wGif vk;H 0vGwf
vyfa&;&&Sdatmif vkH;yef;aqmif&Guf&ef/
(*) txufyg (u) (c) atmifjrifjzpfajrmuf&eftwGuf &Sr;f jynftwGi;f &S?d wkid ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd;tm;vk;H ¤if;wkrYd S qif;oufaygufzmG ;aomolrsm;? wkid ;f &if;om;tjzpf cH,&l &So d rl sm;
taygif;udk pHepfwuspnf;&kH;oGm;&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;csrSwfcJhygonf/
,aeY&Srf;jynfe,f\tajctaeonf (& y v)\aqmifyk'f&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh

omvGeí f pyf[yfaeonf[k ,lqygonf/
(& y v)\tvHawmfukd iGm;iGm;pGiphf iG hf jyefvnfviT whf ifEidk af tmif BudK;pm;Muyg
pd/Yk
xGef;jrifh
awmifBuD;NrdKU? 1957-ckEpS ?f {NyDv-4 &ufaeYp/JG
&Sr;f jynfe,fcaJG &;-wGaJ &; jyóem
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt

Hk ajccHOya'yk'rf (201)ESi(hf 202)
wkt
Yd & jynfaxmifpw k iG f yg0ifzpYJG nf;xm;aom jynfe,frsm;onf tajccHOya'twnfjyK
onfhaeYrS q,fESpfausmfvmonfhtcg cGJxGufvkdu cGJxGufEkdifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;&SdMu
onf/
q,fEpS u
f mvonf trSwrf xif csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmavNyD/ tajccHOya't
wnfjyKcJo
h nfrmS 1957-ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 24-&ufaeYwiG f q,fEpS w f if;wif;jynfah y
awmhrnf/
jynfe,frsm;cGxJ uG af &; odrYk [kwf qufvufy;l wGaJ &;jyóemonf obm0vnf;

us? tcsdet f cgvnf; rSeo f nf[k ,lqygonf/
0 0 0 0 0 0
,aeYjynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfwiG f ArmjynfrESiw hf uG atmufygvlrsKd;pka'o

rsm; yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;onf/
1/ &Sr;f jynfe,f
2/ ucsifjynfe,f
3/ u,m;jynfe,f
4/ u&ifjynfe,f
5/ csif;0daoowkid ;f
txufyg vlrsKd;pka'orsm;teuf ucsifjynfe,f-u&ifjynfe,fEiS chf sif;0daoo
wkid ;f wkrYd mS tajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;t& cGx J uG Ef idk af om tcGit hf a&;rsm;r&SMd uyg/
&Srf;jynfe,fESifhu,m;jynfe,frsm;om cGJxGufEkdifcGifh&SdMuygonf/
xkjd ynfe,frsm;wGif jynfaxmifpEk iS q hf ufvufwb JG ufí aevko d rl sm;vnf; &SMd u
rnf/ cGx J u G í f oD;jcm;Ekid if x
H al xmif&ef qE´&o dS rl sm;vnf; &SMd uayrnf/
qufvufwGJbufí aevkdolrsm;wGif-
1/ ukd,fusKd;tcGifhta&;aMumifh qufvufwGJbufaevkdolrsm;
2/ qufvufwí JG aejcif;jzifh rdrw d \
Ydk jynfe,fvx l t k wGuf wu,ftusKd;&Srd nf[k &k;d om;
pGm ,kMH unforl sm;[lí ESprf sKd;ESppf m;awGEY idk af yonf/
xkdenf;wl cGJa&;orm;rsm;wGifvnf;
1/ uk, d u f sKd;tcGit hf a&; r&&Sí d odrYk [kwf xdcu dk í f cGx J u G &f ef qE´&o
dS rl sm;
53 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
2/ cGx J u G í f oD;jcm;Ekid if x H al xmifjcif;jzifo h m rdrw d jYdk ynfe,frsm; wk;d wufBuD;yGm;Ekifd o f nf

[k &k;d om;pGm ,kMH unforl sm;[lí ESprf sKd;ESppf m;&SMd uavonf/
qufvufí wGb J ufaevdo k nf[q k wdk idk ;f ud, k u f sKd;&Smolrsm; tcGix hf ;l cH-&mxl;
rufolrsm;-trsKd;udk rcspfolrsm;[lí wbufowf&IHUcsykwfcwfjcif;rjyKoifhovkd cGJxGuf
&efqE´&o dS wl idk ;f tm;vnf; jynfaxmifpNk zdKcG&J efMuHaqmiforl sm;? Ekid if aH wmfopömazmufrsm;?
e,fcsJUyOörrH sm;[lí wbufowfErdS chf spGypf jJG cif;rsm; rjyKoifah y/
udk,fusKd;twGuf wGJbufaevkdolrsm;ESifhudk,fusKd;tcGifhta&;r&&Sdí cGJxGuf&ef
vIaYH qmforl sm;ty &k;d om;pGm wGaJ &;udk ,kMH unforl sm;ESi&hf ;dk om;pGm cGaJ &;udk ,kMH unforl sm;
\rdrw d b Ydk maMumifh wGb J ufaevkMd uonf? odrYk [kwf bmaMumifh cGx J uG af evkMd uonfqadk om

tusKd;taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk oabmxm;BuD;BuD;xm;í av;av;pm;pm;avhvmem,l
oifhMuayonf/
oufqidk &f m jynfe,fvx l t
k m; vGwv f w G v f yfvyfEiS u hf s,fus,fjyefjY yefY wifjyaqG;
aEG;cGihf jyKMu&rnf/
jynfe,fvlxktrsm;pk\qkH;jzwfcsufonfom tqkH;owfjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmft h aeESi, hf aeY&rS ;f jynfe,fwiG f cGaJ &;-wGaJ &; jyóemBuD;ay:aygufvm
jcif;onf &Sr;f jynfe,f vlxBk uD;tm; rsufaphziG ahf y;onft h vGet f bd;k wefaom Ekid if aH &;
vIy&f mS ;rIBuD;[k jrifygonf/
þcGJa&;-wGJa&;jyóemonfyif &Srf;jynfe,f\'Drkdua&pD a&csdefudk az:jyay
vdrfhrnf/
xdaYk Mumifh &Sr;f jynfe,fcaJG &;wGaJ &;twGuf qE´&o dS rl sm;udk csKd;ESrd jf cif;rjyKoifo h
vkd wGb J ufaevko d rl sm;udv k nf; wbufowf ykwo f wfpyG pf jJG cif;rsm; rjyKoif[ h k uRefawmf
,lqygonf/
vGecf o hJ nfh 28-12-56 aeY? awmifoEd rDé idk ;f &,fNrdKUwGif usif;yaom&Sr;f jynfe,f
nDnw T af &;ygwD«jynfon Yl n D w T af &;ygwD(Armjynf)ESirhf nforYdk Q roufqidk yf g»nDvmcHq;Hk jzwf
csufrsm;wGif &Srf;jynfe,f jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGuf&efqkdaomqkH;jzwfcsufw&yfyg&Sdonfukd
owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&Ivkduf&ygonf/
,if;uJo h Ydk jynfaxmifprk S cGx J u
G &f efqadk om qk;H jzwfcsufrmS Ekid if aH &;tzGt YJ pnf;
w&yftaeESifh 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;t& csrSwfEkdifcGifh&Sdayonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfht
aMumif;rsm;aMumifh cGx J u G v f o dk nf[í l um; az:jyxm;jcif; r&Sad y/
xknd v D mcH\tjcm;aom qk;H jzwfcsufrsm;ESiq hf ufpyfí avhvmMunfv h Qif cGx J u G f
vkdaomtaMumif;&if;rsm;ukd &dyfrdEkdifygonf/
cGJxGufa&;ESifhqufpyfEdkifonfhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ &Sr;f jynfe,fya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;rsm; tmPmpGerYf u I kd oabmrwl? Akv d af eNrJ usm;aeNrJ
olwe,f igwrif; qufvuftyk pf ;dk vkjd cif;/
2/ jynfaxmifprk S &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGuf &oif&h xku d af om tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;tcsKd;usr&&Sd
jcif;/
3/ &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sv d yk if ef;rsm;«Oyrm - er®wal bmfwiG ;f »&Sr;f jynfe,fu (t"duouf
qkdif&mapmfbGm;rsm;)tcsKd;ustusKd;cHpm;cGifh r&Sdjcif;/
4/ tjrwfawmfceG f tufOya'&Sr;f jynfe,foYkd ysHUESv YH mí apmfbmG ;e,frsm;wGif oóar"
tcGeaf wmfraumufcEH idk af wmhjcif;? apmfbmG ;e,frsm; 0ifaiGavsmhyg;jcif;/
xkd&Srf;jynfe,f nDnTwfa&;ygwD(&ynz)\qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;owif;pmrsm;wGif
ygvmNyD;onfhaemuf p0fcGefcsKdacgif;aqmifonfh&Srf;jynfe,f awmifwef;om;pnf;vkH;nD
nTwfa&;tzGJY(&wpnz)u &Sif;vif;csufwapmif xkwfjyefvkdufavonf/
xkd&Sif;vif;csuf\oabmrSm (&ynz)\qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf (&wpnz)ESifh
rnforYdk Q roufqidk ?f (&wpnz)wGif wm0efr&S?d cGx J u G af &;udp(ö &wpnz)wGif raygif;zuf
[líyifjzpfonf/
(&wpnz)onf cGaJ &;wGaJ &;udpu ö kd wdwv d if;vif; raz:jyxm;ay/
(&wnz)\&Si;f vif;csufEiS rhf a&S;raESmif; wGaJ &;bufawmfom;rsm;jzpfaom &Sr;f
jynfe,fv;Hk qkid &f mtzG?YJ (&ynz)tm; wkejYf yefaom ausnmcsufwapmif owif;pmrsm;
wGif xGuaf y:vmonf/
xk&d rS ;f jynfe,fv;Hk qkid &f mtzGcYJ sKyf\ausnmcsufonf (&ynz)tm; jynfaxmifpk
NzdKcG&J efMuHpnfol Ekid if o H pömazmufe,fcsJUyOörrH sm;[k jypfwif&UHI csNyD; wm0ef&adS om &Sr;f jynf
e,f0efBuD;wOD;jzpfol OD;bk;d rIet f m; &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fypf&ef awmif;qkx d m;ayonf/
þonfvnf; tajccHrrl eS af om wkejYf yefcsufr[kwyf g/ jynfe,f0efBuD;wOD;onf
cGx
J u G af &;udpö rajymqk&d [laomuefo Y wfcsuf r&Sad y/
&Sr;f jynfe,faumifpED iS &hf rS ;f jynfe,ftpk;d &tzGo YJ nf jynfe,fta&;twGuf ud, k f
ydik jf y|mef;cGi&hf dS oD;jcm;uif;vGwcf iG v hf nf; &Sad vonf/
xkjYd yif jynfe,faumifpOD uú|rsm;ESijhf ynfe,f0efBuD;rsm;onf tpd;k &trIxrf;rsm;
r[kwfMu? EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm cGJa&;wGJa&;udpöwGif rdrdwkdYBudKufESpf
ouf&mukd qk;H jzwfEidk o f nf axmufcEH idk o f nf[k uRefawmf,q l ygonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fv;Hk qkid &f m tzGcYJ sKyfu wGaJ &;orm;rsm;jzpfonft h wkid ;f cGx
J u G jf cif;
onf bmaMumifrh mS ;onf? rnfuo hJ Ykd tusKd;,kwrf nf? wGb J ufaejcif;jzifh rnfot Ykd usKd;&Sd
55 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
onf ponfjzifh "r®"|d mefusus az:jyoifah yonf/

xku
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uvnf; bmaMumifh wGb J ufoifo h nfqadk om jiif;ckjH cif;onfyif &Sr;f jynfvxl t
k wGuf aqG;
aEG;pOf;pm;&ef tajccHtcsufrsm;jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
uRefawmfonf &Srf;ç Armyl;aygif;a&;wGif tBuD;rm;qkH;ESifhwm0eftBuD;qkH;t

pdwt f ydik ;f uxrf;aqmifcahJ om &Sr;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;tzGcYJ sKyfBuD;\taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;jzpfco hJ nft h m;avsmfpmG ,aeY&rS ;f jynfe,fwiG f ay:aygufvmaom cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jyóem

ukd "r®"|d mefususESi, hf xmblwusus aqG;aEG;wifjyygrnf/ oabmxm;BuD;rI av;pm;rI
wkjYd zifh aqG;aEG;Muyguke/f a0zefMuyguke/f
&Sr;f jynfe,fonf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Ekid if x
H al xmifEidk af omtajctae&Syd go
vm;/
1/ &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf txufxufu ckdifrmwnfNrJpGm wpkwa0;wnf;jzpfaom
vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfjcif;?
2/ trsm;ok;H wlnaD ombmompum;&Sjd cif;?
3/ waygif;wpnf;wnf;aom yx0D a& ajr a'o&Sjd cif;?
4/ o,HZmw obm0ypön;f aygrsm;<u,f0í pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh zlvcHI idk rf maomtajct
ae&Sjd cif;?
5/ wlnaD om bmom,Ofaus;rIx;Hk pH"avh&jdS cif;?
paom vlrsKd;t*Fg 5-&yfEiS jhf ynfph í Hk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Ekid if xH al xmifEidk af om
tajctaersm;&Sdygonf/
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Ekid if x
H al xmifí b,fenf;ESirhf qkd cGx J u
G íf oD;jcm;Ekid if xH l
axmif&rnf[k rqkv d ydk g/
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifhr&/
&Sr;f jynfe,fonf &mZ0ifwavQmufv;Hk wBudrw f cgrS oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaomEkid if H
tjzpf r&yfwnfc&hJ bl;ay/
a&S;]]arm}]wkdif;jynfwnfaxmifcJhpOfrS oDaygrif;ygawmfrlonftxd yPÖmquf
ya'o&mZfEidk if jH zpfc&hJ onf? 1247-ckEpS w
f iG f Armjynfw0Sr;f vk;H ESit
hf wl NAdwo
d Qe,fcsJUpH
epfvufatmufoYkd usa&mufc&hJ onf/
1921-ckESpf? 'kdiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;rStpjyKí Armjynfrtm; tkyfcsKyfa&; wp

wpwk;d wufay;cJah omfvnf; &Sr;f jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'orsm;tm; aoG;cGt J yk cf sKyf
a&;wnf;[laom e,fcsJUay:vpDt& ArmjynfEiS chf jJG cm;um ukv d edk yD a'o&mZfpeH pfjzifh tkyf
csKyfcJhonf/
e,fcsJUtkypf ;dk rI tESpf 60-umvtwGi;f &Sr;f jynftm; Ekid if aH &;ç pD;yGm;a&;ç ,Of
aus;rItbufbufwiG f rnfonfb h ufwiG rf S wk;d wufatmif aqmif&u G rf ay;cJah y/
EkdifiHa&;t& wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;udk rqkdxm;bd? omref'Drkdua&pDtcGifht
a&;rsm;udyk if qefcsnfwrQifavmuf cHpm;cGirhf jyKcJay/
pD;yGm;a&;bufwiG v f nf; &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifah 'oonf ajray:ajratmuf o,HZm
wypön;f ok;H í rukeaf tmif aygrsm;<u,f0vifu h pm; e,fcsJUorm;onf &Sr;f wkid ;f &if;om;
rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;qkí d r,fr,f&& bmwckrQ aqmif&u G af y;jcif;rjyKcJah y/
0g;wJuw k f pkwcf smcsm/

&Srf;vlxkonf ]]0g;wJukwf pkwfcsmcsmESifhxrif;&ufcsef a&&ufrSefESifh uyfusef
rGaJ w zGwbf ;dk atrsm;jzpfcMhJ u&\/ yJywk Ef iS rhf n
Hk if;ukd wGiw
f iG pf m;NyD; yifeyD ifjymudo k mt
NrJwrf; qifjref;ae&&Sm\/
usef;rma&;bufwiG v f nf; ]]vlO;D a&woef;cGaJ usmf pwk&ef;rkid f ig;aomif;ajcmuf
axmifausmfus,f0ef;aom &Sr;f jynfwiG f q&m0efBuD;'gZif0ufrjynf?h q&m0efuav;w'g
Zifrjynf?h wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;rSm arG;uwnf;u iSuzf sm;a&m*gpGu J yfvmum Aku d yf el u
H m;jzifh
oufwrf;raphrD aocJMh u&onf}h }zsrf;rQjcif;oufwrf; 24-ESpo f m&Sod nf[k tqk&d o dS nf/
cav; waxmifarG;wkid ;f wESpf rjynfrh D 480-aoqk;H cJ&h onf/
pmwwfol 12-&mckid Ef eI ;f /
ynma&;wGif Munfyh gOD;]]uBuD; cacG;avmufom a&;wwforl sm;yg xnhaf &wGuf
ygrS pma&;pmzwfwwfoOl ;D a& vlw&mvQif 12-a,mufom&Scd o hJ nf/ wuúov dk rf qkxd m;
ESifhaumvdyfausmif;uav;yif r&SdcJhay}}/
e,fcsJUorm;onf &Sr;f jynfvx l Bk uD;tm; wrifwum zdEydS af oG;pkyvf mcJNh yD; &Sr;f
jynftm; t&Suu f if;rJph mG atmufusaemufusa'o[k ac:qkv d u dk af o;onf/
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NAdwo
d Qe,fcsJUtkypf ;kd rI tESpf 60-umvtwGi;f rnfonfyh *k K¾ v
d w
f OD;wa,mufrQ
57 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
&Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&; vGwv

f yfa&;wkt
Yd wGuf awmif;qkjd cif; BudK;yrf;jcif;rsm; rjyKcJah y/
&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf/
1947-ck? &Sr;f jynf&mZ0ifwiG f yXrOD;qk;H vlxEk idk if aH &;tzGBYJ uD;jzpfaom &Sr;f jynf
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfBuD; ay:aygufvmaomtcgrS &Srf;jynfonf &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
tbdYk &Sr;f jynfv;Hk 0vGwv f yfa&;ay;[laom a<u;aMumforH sm;onf &Sr;f jynfw0Sr;f vk;H odYk
jyefEY cYHS &hJ onf/
&Sr;f jynfv;Hk 0vGwvf yfa&; t&,l&mwGif &Sr;f jynfonf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfa&;t&
,lrnfavm? ArmjynfESifhyl;wGJí vGwfvyfa&;t&,lrnfavm [laomjyóemonf &Srf;

jynfwiG f ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/
xkdtcg &Srf;jynfe,fvlxkwOD;jzpfaom &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfBuD;onf
]]e,fcsJUpHepfudk tjyKwfwkdufxkwfypf&ef &Srf;Armyl;aygif;MupdkY}}[laomaqmifyk'fudk a&SU
wef;odkYxkwfcg vlxktm;pnf;&kH;cJhonf/
ykwfcwfMuao;onf/
xkpd Oftcgu &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;onf &Sr;f jynfvw G v
f yfa&;tzGcYJ sKyfBuD;tm; Arm
udk a&mif;pm;aomtzG[ YJ k orkwcf MhJ uonf/ Armrke;f wD;a&;0g' jzefcY MhJ uonf/
&Sr;f Armyl;aygif;í vGwv f yfa&;t&,ljcif;om rSeu f efaomenf;jzpfonf[k &Sr;f
jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfBuD;u ,kHMunfonfhtwkdif; &Srf;-Armyl;aygif;a&;ESifhywfouf
aom oabmxm;udk &Sr;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;tzGcYJ sKyf Ouú|BuD;OD;wifat;onf (6-2-47)
aeY txl;xkwf z-q-y-vowif;pmwGi-f
tusKd;wlr[mrdwf/
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atmif b,fvkdvkyf&rvJ/ uREkfyfwkdYonf txD;wnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk r&Ekdif/ tusKd;wl
aom r[mrdwu f kd &Sm&ayrnf/}}[lí¤if;
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rsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tjcm;tcsuftvufawG tyxm;NyD; aemify;l aygif;a&; cGcJ gG
a&;udk tyxm;NyD; e,fcsJUpHepfukd wku d zf sufNyD; vGwv f yfa&;t&,l&mürl ArmESix hf xd ad &muf
a&muf yl;aygif;Mu&rnf/ þtcsufü uREkyf w f aYdk wmifay:om;rsm;onf awGa0,dr;f ,kid f
aep&m oHo,yGm;aep&m r&S/d uREkyf w f o Ydk nf ArmjynfEiS w hf ygwnf;wef;wl vGwv f yfa&;

udk &vko d nf[k woHxJ wNydKifxJ jyif;jyif;xefxef a<u;aMumf&rnf/ qE´jy awmif;qkMd u
&rnf/ qk;H jzwfcsufcsrSwMf u&rnf/ þtcsufukd jrefjrefxufxuf wjynfv;Hk NrdKw Y idk ;f e,f
wkid ;f wGif aqmif&u G Mf u&rnf/ þtcsufukd rlwnfvsuf vlxu k kd pnf;&k;H Mu&rnf}}[líyif
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paom wk;d wufaomEkid if aH &;ygwDrsm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf uREkyf w f t
Ydk m; ud, k yf ikd jf y|mef;
cGiuhf kd ay;xm;ayonf/
1/ ,ck ,m,Dy;l aygif;a&;onf aemify;l aygif;a&; cGx J u G af &;udk rxdcu dk af p&/
2/ aemify;l aygif;cJah omfvnf; cGx J uG v
f jdk yefu cGx J u
G cf iG &hf &dS rnf/
3/ wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmf ac:NyD;aemuf ryl;aygif;Ekid af o;vQif yl;aygif;vkad omtcg yl;

aygif;Ekdif&ef vrf;zGifhay;xm;rnf/
4/ uREkyf w f \ Ydk jynfwiG ;f tkycf sKyfrrI mS vk;H 0vGwv f yfciG hf &Srd nf/
5/ uREkyf w f \Ydk pmay,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk rapmfum; rxdcu dk &f /
þxufum; rnfolrQ oabmxm;rBuD;Ekdifyg/ þwkd;wufacwfrDaomoabm
xm;rsKd;udk uREkyf w f uYdk m; vIu
d v f pJS mG axmufcMH u&rnf/
awmifwef;a'o rygbJ/
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awmfawmfEiS rhf &Ekid yf g/ uREkyf w f Ydk awmifwef;a'orygbJEiS v hf nf; Armjynf\vGwv f yfa&;
onf ppfreS rf nf? wnfNrJrnf? ckid cf rhH nf[k uREkyf w f Ydk r,kMH unf/ xkaYd Mumifh e,fcsJUpHepfukd yl;
aygif;í wkdufbdkYuREkfyfwkdYwkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;\wm0efESifhvkyfief;BuD;jzpfayonf}}[lí
¤if; aemufq;Hk pum;ukef ajymvku d rf nf/ t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUpHepf xGuo f mG ;NyD;aemuf Armu
vlrsm;pkqNdk yD; uREkyf wf &Ydk rS ;f jynftm; e,fcsJUaoG;pky&f ef r[kww f &kwf tm;xkwyf gu csif;?
*sif;azg? u&if? &ckid pf aomuREkyf w f wYdk idk ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;i,frsm; aygif;pnf;í Arme,fcsJU
pHepfukd atmifjrifpmG wGe;f vSeNf zdKzsufypfvu kd Ef ikd yf gonf/ pd;k &drpf &m r&Syd gu oD;jcm;cGxJ u G f
NyD; aevkud vnf; aeEdik Mf uygonf ylp&mr&Syd g/
[dpk Ofu avmavmq,f/

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acgif;pOfjzifh xkwjf yefaom &Sr;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;tzGcYJ sKyfBuD;\aMujimpmwrf;trSw(f 4)
wGifvnf;/
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jzpfaom uREkyf w f \
Ydk &Sr;f jynf\uHMur®mudk uREkyf w f pYdk rD zH efw;D &ef tifrwef ta&;BuD;vm
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wkid ;f yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; az:jyxm;avonf/
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cHrJh ytkd;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfwJhygvDreftrwfOD;atmifomESifhwuG taygif;yg 4-OD;wkdY
udk ]]Advk Bf uD; ac:w,f}}qkNd yD;ac:oGm;um &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfvu dk Mf uygw,f/ ,aeY
xufxd vlowform;w&m;cHrsm;udk wm0ef&w dS t hJ pk;d &[m raz:xkwcf ahJ o;ygbl;/ tJ'v D dk
vlowfyaJG wGvyk Nf yD; t"r®0g'qefqef 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufwt hJ jyKtrl[m &Sr;f jynfvx l w k
&yfv;Hk &JUESv;Hk oJyw G x f rJ mS oHredI EYJ u S x f m;ovkd pGNJ rJaeygw,f/ tJ'v D dk z-q-y-vwk&Yd UJ vl
owft"r®awGukd &Sr;f jynfvx l Bk uD;[m b,fawmhrS tcJaMurSmr[kwb f ;l qdw k m ajymvkyd g
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'gaMumifhrkdYvJ at;csrf;om,mpGm aexkdifMuwJh&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk olykefeJYquf
oG,w f ,fvYdk txif&&dS eHk n YJ O§ ;f qJcMhJ uw,f/ ESyd u f yG cf MhJ uw,f/ owfjzwfcMhJ uw,f/ twif;
tMuyfajymif;a&TUapcJw h ,f/ Oyrm - jy&&if vJcsm;e,fawmifaemuf&mG ? [dw k idk &f mG rsm;rSm
&Gmol&mG om;rsm;udk vG,v f ifoYkd ajymif;a&TUapcJw h ,f/ rajymif;ra&TUwJ&h mG awGuakd wmh rD;&IUd
ypfr,fqNdk yD; Ncdr;f ajcmufcw hJ ,f/ NyD;awmh ta&SUykid ;f &Sr;f jynfaf us;vufawm&Gmav;awGrmS
vJ &Gmol&mG om;qif;&Jom;awGukd a&SUwef;ppfrsufEmS rSm ulvt D jzpfeYJ tok;H jyKbkYd zufqpf
*syefuo hJ Ykd acR;wyfawGqcJG yhJ gao;w,f/ acR;wyfqcJG &H wJ&h mG ol&mG om;awG[m rdrw d &Ydk UJ tdrf
rS pm;eyf&u d m© rsm;udk wygwnf; ,laqmifomG ;Mu&w,f/ tJ'&D mG om;awG[m a&SUwef;ppf
rsufEmS rSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &efoal wG&UJ wku d yf u JG snfqMH um;rSm toufqzH sm;pGeNYf yD; wyfr
awmf&JUckdfif;apcsufudk waoGrwdrf; vkdufemvkyfaqmifay;&ygw,f/ tJovdk aMumuf
aMumuf&GHU&GHUeJY vkyfaqmifay;ae&wJhMum;u &kdufESufn§Of;qJuefaMumufrIawG tqpfu
av;tjzpfeYJ cHMu&&Smao;w,f/ &Sr;f jynfta&SUydik ;f erfah vGjrpf]]wmyde;f }}ul;wkrYd mS wyfr
awmfom;rsm;udk ul;wkyYd aYkd y;wJt h cg oabmcsif;rwku d qf idk wf u
hJ ;l wko
Yd rm;rsm;udk a&xJuef
cscJbh ;l ygao;w,f/ wyfrawmf tok;H jyKbkt Yd wGuf jrif;rsm;udk tcaMu;aiG ray;bJ t"r®
qG,J t l ok;H jyKcJyh gw,f/ tcaMu;aiGr&wJt h jyif jrif;&Siu f jrif;xde;f orm;iSm;&rf;NyD;xnfh
ay;Mu&ao;w,f/ ppfa&;ppf&mawGrmS tok;H jyKbkq Yd Ndk yD; armfawmfum;awGukd tcsdet f cg
ra&G; txyfxyftcgcg acsmqGjJ cif;cHae&wmudk ,ckwavm owif;pmawGrmS zwf&rI Md u
ayvdrrhf ,f/ ,aeY&rS ;f jynfarmfawmfum;orm;avmurSm rauseyfraI wG *,uf&u dk af ewm
udk b,fvrdk S jiif;uG,v f rYdk &ygbl;/
&Srf;jynfvlxkw&yfvkH; ,lMuKH;r&jzpf&wJhtjzpfuawmh &Srf;jynfta&SUydkif;rSm
aomif;usef;aewJrh 'k ed ;f rIygbJ? 'DxrJ mS olawmfpifov D &Siw f yg;? rk'ed ;f usifch &H vkYd aoqk;H
oGm;wJt h jzpftysufav;[m jynfaxmifpo k rkid ;f rSm tBuD;qk;H aom trJuu G w f ckygbJ/ NyD;
awmh &Sr;f trsKd;orD;av;rsm;udk wyfrawmfom;rsm;u NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;awGukd ac:aqmifvm
NyD; a&mif;pm;MuykHawGudk em;rcsrf;omp&m? ESvkH;rcsrf;ajrhp&m awGYjrifcHpm;aeMu&yg
w,f/
NyD;awmh tifrwefrS yufpufvw S t hJ jyKtrlwckuawmh &Sr;f trsKd;orD;av;rsm;
udk t&,lEkdifwJhArmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;udk qkaiGrsm;ay;r,fvkdY ajr§mufyifhNyD; vlrsKd;a&;
t& apmfum;jyKrlaeMujcif;yif jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dvkd &Srf;jynfolvlxkawG[m tkyfcsKyfa&;t&¤if;? EkdifiHa&;t&¤if;? vlrsKd;
a&;t&¤if;? trsKd;rsKd; zdEydS n f O§ ;f yef; 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufraI wGukd tvl;tvJcaH e&ygw,f/
79 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
'gawGaMumifh &Sr;f jynfe,f[m Ekid if aH &;t& udv k edk ED idk if t H oGif vu©Pmudk tjynft h 0BuD;
aqmifaeaMumif; wifjyvkyd gw,f/
pD;yGm;a&;ydkif;/
obmywdESifhb0wlwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;cifAsm;/
&Sr;f trsKd;om;awG[m Ekid if aH &;t& b,fvb dk 0rsKd;rSm usa&mufcpH m;ae&w,f
qkwd mudw k ifjyNyD;cJw h ahJ emuf pD;yGm;a&;t& b,fvq dk ;Hk &I;H epfemae&w,f? b,fvadk oG;pkyf
cHae&w,fqw dk t hJ csufukd qufvufNyD; wifjyyg&ap/
jynfaxmifpx k rJ mS yg0ifaeMuwJjh ynfe,frsm;teuf &Sr;f jynfe,f[m pD;yGm;a&;
tm;jzifh tawmifw h if;qk;H ? o,HZmwypön;f OpömawG taygrsm;qk;H t<u,f0qk;H jynfe,f

jzpfw,fqw dk m wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; tm;vk;H u od&MdS uNyD;jzpfygw,f/ NyD;awmh &Sr;f
jynf&JUt"dutoufaoG;aMum pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG[m
(1) owåKvkyif ef;
(2) opfawmvkyif ef;ESihf
(3) v,f,mjcHajrpku d yf sKd;a&;vkyif ef;awG jzpfw,fqw dk mudv
k J wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;
vk;H od&MdS uNyD;jzpfygw,f/
tJ'pD ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGrmS ]]&Sr;f jynfoal wG[mvJ cHpm;&ygw,f}}qkw d ehJ mrnf
uav;cHEkdif&kH t&kd;t&if;avmufom cHpm;&NyD; tqDtESpfawGudkawmh vkH;0rcHpm;&wJh
taMumif;udk uRefawmf wckpD &Si;f vif;wifjyoGm;ygr,f/
owåKwGif;vkyfief;/
yxrqk;H taeeJY owåKwGi;f vkyif ef;udk wifjyygr,f/ &Sr;f jynf&UJ ajrwGi;f &Sd rukef
crf;Ekid w
f &hJ wemtqDtESpaf wG[m rcefrY eS ;f Ekid af vmufatmif b,favmuftxd aygrsm;
<u,f0w,fqw dk mukd OD;pGmaz:jyvdyk gw,f/ &Sr;f jynfe,f t"dutygt0if oD;jcm;a'o
rsm;rS 1935-1940-ckEpS t f wGi;f ESppf Ofzsrf;rQxGuw f "hJ mwfowåKwefcsdeef w YJ efb;dk aiG[m
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygw,f/
trSwfpOf owåKtrsKd;trnf xGufonfhyrmP wefbdk;aiG
1 aiG atmifp 6-oef;
2 cJ wefaygif; 77000 pwmvifaygif
3 oGyf wefaygif; 60000 4. 3-oef; jref
4 tNzdKufoH urÇmuvkdoavmuf\ rmaiG 6-uka#
10%ESifhtifykdif,mu cefY
vkod avmuf\ 35%
'gawG[m e,fcsJUacwfu xGufcJhwJhowåKtrsKd;tpm;eJYta&twGufom jzpfyg

ao;w,f/ rwl;az:&ao;wJhwGif;xGuftqDtESpf&wemawG[mvJ rcefYrSef;Ekdifavmuf
atmif t f ajrmuftjrm; &Syd gao;w,f/
1933-ckEpS f a'gufwmaumh*sifeq YJ eG 'f D (Dr.Coggin and Sondhi) wk&Yd UJ tdE, d´ jynf
yx0DaA'qkid &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk avhvm,if &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f &JUwGi;f xGut f qDt
ESp&f wemawG[m r,kMH unfEidk af vmufatmif rsm;jym;<u,f0aMumif; od&ygr,f/
NyD;awmh *sDAaDG [mhAqGef (G.V. Hovson) &JUyx0DaA'tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk zwf&aI vh
vm,ifvJ &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f &JUwGi;f xGuo f wåKrsm;[m tHzh , G jf zpfavmufatmif awG&Y w dS ;l
az:Ekid af Mumif; awG&Y ygvdrrhf ,f/
'DtcsuftvufawG tpD&ifcpH mawGukd avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh &Sr;f jynf&UJ ajrwGi;f

tqDtESp&f wemypön;f awG[m rukeEf idk ?f rcef;Ekid af tmif aygrsm;<u,f0vsuf&adS Mumif;
xifxif&mS ;&Sm;BuD; od&&dS ygw,f/
'gayrJh 'Davmufaygrsm;<u,f0vSww hJ iG ;f xGut f qDtESp&f wemypön;f awGukd &Sr;f
jynfe,ftpkd;&taeeJY wl;az:xkwfvkyfEkdifwJhtcGifhtmPmawG r&&SdcJhygbl;/ vuf&Sdjynf
axmifpzk pYJG nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'&JUwwd,Z,m;pm&if;(1)eJ(Y 2)t& jynfe,fawG[m
'D&wemawGukd wl;az:cGihf wk;d wufatmif jyKvkyEf idk cf iG ahf wG r&Syd gbl;/ A[kt d pk;d &rSmom
'DtmPmawG &Sw d ,f/ vkyaf qmifEidk w f ,fvq Ydk x dk m;ygw,f/
'g[m vuf&t dS ajccHOya't& jynfe,fawGrmS pD;yGm;a&;tmPmrJyh u Hk kd az:jyjcif;
w&yfygbJ/
vufawGt Y m;jzifv h J jynfe,frsm; tusKd;rJah eyku H kd txl;xkwaf z:wifjyvkyd gao;
w,f/ vuf&t dS usKd;rJyh u Hk kd wifjywJah e&mrSm ukv d edk aD cwfu pD;yGm;a&;t& &Sr;f jynf&UJ cHpm;
&csufawGudk jyefvnfpOf;pm;bdkYvkdygw,f/
Oyrmtm;jzifh udkvkdeDacwfu er®wlbm;rm;aumfykda&;&Sif;[m wESpf wESpfrSm
ode;f aygif; w&mausmf tjrwfaiG &&Scd ahJ Mumif;udk atmufygpm&if;t& od&&dS ygw,f/
av;ESpt f wGi;f 19-Budraf jrmuf tpD&ifcpH mt&/
trSwfpOf ouú&mZf tjrwfaiG
1/ 1936 105-odef;
2/ 1937 165-odef;
3/ 1938 87-odef;
4/ 1939 69-odef;
pkpkaygif;- 426-odef;
81 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tJ'Dvkd wESpfvQif odef;w&mausmf&wJhtjrwfaiGawGudk e,fcsJUacwfukdvkdeDb0

wk;H u b,foal wG cHpm;&ovJq, dk if Ekid if jH cm;t&if;&Siu f rk P
Ü BD uD;awGu &&Scd pH m;&ygw,f/
&Sr;f jynfoal wGtbkYd tJ't D usKd;tjrwfukd wjym;wcsyfrQ rcHpm;&ygbl;/
tckvw G v f yfygNyDqwdk hJ jynfaxmifpak cwf usjyefawmhvJ tJ'eD r®wo l wåKwGi;f u
&wJt h usKd;tjrwfawGukd &Sr;f jynfoal wG cHpm;&ovm;qkad wmh rcHpm;&ygbl;/ e,fcsJUt
&if;&Siuf rk P
Ü BD uD;eJzY -q-y-vtpd;k &wk&Yd UJ zufpyfvyk if ef;BuD;jzpfwt hJ wGuf ESppf OfEpS wf idk ;f
&wJhtjrwfaiGawGudk tpktpyf 0ifolESpfOD;om tusKd;cHpm;ae&ygw,f/ ydkNyD;qkd;wmu
e,fcsJUacwf ukv d edk bD 0wk;H uqk, d if tJ't D usKd;tjrwfaiGawGudk &Sr;f jynfoal wG rcHpm;&
ayrJh er®wo l wåKwGi;f rS aumufc&H &Sw d t hJ cGeaf wmfaiG&UJ 99-&mcdik Ef eI ;f ukad wmh &Sr;f tpk;d &

u &&Scd pH m;&ygao;w,f/ vGwv f yfNyDqw dk 'hJ jD ynfaxmifpak cwfusrS er®wo l wåKwGi;f &JUt
usKd;tjrwfawGa&m tcGeaf wmfaiGawGuykd g &Sr;f jynfoel &YJ rS ;f tpk;d &wku Yd vk;H 0rcHpm;&bJ
jzpfoGm;&ygw,f/
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awmfaiGawGuykd g &Sr;f jynfoal wG rcHpm;&ygbl;/ tusKd;tjrwfawGudk (M.R.D.C) ac:wJh
"gwfowåKyif&if;tajctjrpfw;dk wufa&;aumfyadk &;&Si;f eJjY refrmvlrsKd;t&if;&Sit f csKdUwku
Yd
om cHpm;Mu&ygw,f/ tcGeaf wmfaiGawGukd A[kt d pk;d &u aumuf,cl pH m;cJyh gw,f/
'gawGaMumifh &Sr;f jynfe,fu wGi;f xGut f qDtESp&f wemypön;f awG b,favmuf
yif aygrsm;<u,f0aeaomfvJ &Sr;f jynfoal wGuawmh qif;&JraJG wvsufyif jzpfaMumif; t
xl;xkwfaz:wifjyvkdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm apm'uwufEkdifwJhtcsufwckuawmh &Sdygw,f/ ]]jynfe,faxmufyHh
aMu;}}udk b,fae&mrSm oGm;NyD;xm;vku d o f vJvYdk ar;csif,ifvJ ar;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'gudak wmh
oufqidk &f m tcPf;usrSbJ tus,fw0ifh &Si;f vif;wifjyyg&ap/
opfawmvkyfief;
owåKvkyif ef;NyD;wJah emuf 'kw, d vkyif ef;jzpfwo
hJ pfawmvkyif ef;udk wifjya0zef
&r,fq,dk ifvJ &Sr;f jynfe,frmS opfawmawG[m b,favmuftxd aygrsm;<u,f0w,fqdk
wmudk yxrqkH;wifjyyg&ap/ 1938-39-ckESpfpm&if;t&qkd,if opfawm&JUtus,ft
0ef;[m pwk&ef;rkid af ygif; 19036-jzpfNyD; opfvyk if ef;rS &Sr;f tpk;d &u &&Scd w hJ t
hJ cGeaf wmf
aiGuawmh 11-ode;f ausmfjzpfygw,f/
tJ'aD vmuf aygrsm;<u,f0wJo h pfawmawG[m &Sr;f jynfrmS &Sad yrJv
h J opfxw k v f yk f
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f Ykd tcGit
hf mPmukad wmh owåKvkyif ef;enf;wlyif zGpYJ nf;csKyf
ykt
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kd xf w
k vf yk yf idk f
cGifh&Sdygw,f/
NyD;awmh opfawmawGu xGuw f t
hJ usKd;tjrwfawGeYJ tcGeaf iGawGukd e,fcsJUacwf
ukvd edk bD 0wk;H u b,foal wG cHpm;Mu&ovJq, dk if tusKd;tjrwfawGukd e,fcsJUt&if;&Sif
ukrP Ü aD wGu cHpm;&NyD; tcGeaf iGrsm;udk &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &u &ygw,f/ vGwv f yfygNyDqw dk hJ
jynfaxmifpak cwfusawmh tusKd;tjrwfawGukd "S.T.B" ac:wJEh idk if aH wmfopfvyk if ef;tzGYJ
u&&SNd yD; tcGeaf iGawGuakd wmh A[kt d pk;d &u &&Sw d thJ wGuf &Sr;f jynfoel &YJ rS ;f tpk;d &[m t
usKd;tjrwfa&m tcGeaf iGuydk g wjym;wcsyfrQyif r&&Sb d J jzpfc&hJ ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &Sr;f jynf
e,f[m obm0tm;jzifh opfawmawGepYJ rd ;f vef;pdak jyaeayrJv h J &Sr;f jynfoal wG[m vlpif
rrSD vlwef;raphjzpfae&w,fqw dk mudk txl;xkwaf z:wifjyvkyfd gw,f/

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ygw,f/ 'gudv k J oufqidk w
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v,f,mjcHajrvkyfief;/
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vkyfief;udk qufvufwifjyyg&ap/
pduk yf sKd;a&;vkyif ef;udk aemufq;Hk rS wifjyayrJv h J 'Dvyk if ef;[m owåKvkyif ef;opf
vkyif ef;awGerYJ jcm; ta&;BuD;wJv h yk if ef;BuD;jzpfaMumif;udk owdjyKapvkyd gw,f/
'Dpu kd yf sKd;a&;vkyif ef;rSm bmawGyg0ifovJq, dk if qefpyg;? *sKH? ukvm;yJ? ajryJ?
tmvl;? MuufoeG ?f aumfz?D vbufajcmuf? oeyfzuf? emewfo;D ? vdar®mt f p&Swd jhJ cH,mv,f
ajrvkyif ef;awGu ajrmufrsm;pGmyg0ifygw,f/ &Sr;f jynfef ,fvOl ;D a&&JU 80-&mcdkifEIef;[m
'DpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;tay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh rSDckdvkyfudkifpm;aomufae&ygw,f/
'DjcH,mv,fajrpku d yf sKd;a&;vkyif ef;udak wmh zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya't& &Sr;f
jynfoEl iS &hf rS ;f tpk;d &[m vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f idk af qmif&u
G Ef idk af Mumif; od&&dS ygw,f/ 'gayrJh
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t& tZÆa&;vft&if;&SifawGxH 0uGufvkdYtyfjcif;cHcJh&ygw,f/
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jzpfygw,f/ &Sr;f jynfoal wGtwGuf 'Davmufawmif ta&;BuD;wJu h pd Bö uD;rSmawmif z-q-
y-vA[kt d pk;d &[m &Sr;f jynfoal wGe&YJ rS ;f tpk;d &udk w&m;0ifwifBudKaqG;aEG;jcif;? qEúdk
&,ljcif; vk;H 0rjyKbJ olw Y OD;wnf;oabmt& pdwx f ifovkd cs,fv, S vf yk u
f ikd o
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'g[m Ekid if aH wmf&UJ ajr,mudk Ekid if o H m;awGuom pku d yf sKd;vkyu
f ikd &f r,fqw dk t
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jynfu ausmif;om;awG? tvkyo f rm;awG? v,form;awGtp&Sw d rhJ sKd;cspfy*k K¾ vd af wGu wcJ
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awGukd Armjynf vmra&mif;&bl;/ vma&mif;&if usKyfwYdk tcGeaf umuf&r,f}}[kajymonfh
twGuf xkpd rD u H ed ;f ysufomG ;onf[k Mum;od&onf/
vuf&zdS pYJG nf;ykt H ajccHOya't& &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &onf puf&-Hk tvky&f ?Hk owåK
wGi;f vkyif ef;rsm; vkyEf idk cf iG rhf &S[ d k od-em;vnfcMhJ uonf/ ,ck y-x-p tpk;d &acwfusrS
a'gufwmOD;at;armifu vkyEf idk cf iG &hf adS Mumif; ajymonf[k od&onf/
odaYk omf puf&?Hk tvky&f ?Hk owåKwGi;f rsm; vkyu f ikd &f ef aiG&if;&SmazGciG Ehf iS x
hf u G u f ek f
ypön;f rsm; Armjynfov Ykd w G v f yfpmG a&mif;cGirhf &Sv d Qif OD;at;armif\vkyEf idk cf iG &hf o dS nf qkd
jcif;onf rnfokdYt"dyÜg,f&Sdygawmhrnfenf;/
&Sr;f jynfwiG f pufrv I yk if ef;rsm; rxGe;f um;ao;í ukeu f sp&dwf umrdrnfr[kwf
ojzifh avmydwvQyfppf"mwftm;udk &Sr;f jynfoYkd vTwaf y;Ekid rf nfr[kwaf Mumif; 0efBuD;OD;
&m&Spu f ajymonf[q k o kd nf/ þtwkid ;f omqkv d Qif &Sr;f jynftif;av;a&udk taMumif;jyK
NyD; jzpfay:vmaom avmydwvQyfppf"mwftm;udk &Sr;f jynfwiG f pufrv I yk if ef;rsm; xGe;f
um;vmonfu h mvrS tok;H jyKEkid af yawmhrnf/
þonfwkdYum; vuf&SdzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ESifhArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'wkdY
aMumifh &Sr;f jynftwGuf epfemaeonft h csufwjYdk zpfonf/
tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfppD pfí jyifqif&ef tcGit hf a&;&vmonft h cg 'Dru dk a&
pDukd av;pm;aomtm;jzifh &Sr;f jynftrsKd;om;taygif;wko Yd nf tajccHOya'udk oJorJ rJ J
jyifqif&ef BudK;yrf;MuonfrmS obm0vnf;usonf? w&m;vnf; w&m;onf[k uRefawmf
xifygonf/
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;(0g)wef;wlnrD Qí wajy;nDpmG wk;d wuf
aom jynfaxmifpjk zpfay:a&;tay:wGif &Sr;f jynftrsKd;om;taygif;wko Yd nf trsKd;om;
97 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
nDnTwfa&;udk wvkH;wpnf;wnf; wnfaqmufvkdufMuayNyD/

þtrsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;BuD;onf ckdifrmBuD;xGm;vsuf &Sdavonf/
ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'\vufyg;aprsm;onf þtrsKd;om;nDnw T af &;BuD;udk NzdKcG&J ef
BudK;yrf;Muayvdrfhrnf/
Armjynfov l x l t k aygif;onf jynfaxmifpw k nfNrJa&;ukd BuD;pGmtEÅ&m,fjyKaom
ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'udk 0dik ;f 0ef;wku d zf sufum wef;wlnrD Qí wajy;nDpmG wk;d wufaomjynf
axmifpBk uD;ay:aygufa&;twGuf &k;d om;pGm BudK;yrf;aeaom uRefawmfw&Ydk rS ;f jynftrsKd;
om;rsm;tm; az;rulnv D rd rhf nf[k ajr§mv
f ifyh gonf/
uRefawmfhtaejzifh wef;wlnDrQí wajy;nDpGm wkd;wufaom jynfaxmifpkBuD;

ay:aygufa&;udk taxmuftuljyKpdrahf omiSg Ekid if aH ygif; 20-ausmf\zGpYJ nf;ykpH eH pfEiS u hf rÇmh
Oya'ynm&SiBf uD;rsm;\pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk rSjD irf;jyKum &Sr;f jynfwrsKd;om;vk;H vkv d m;
aom ]]jynfaxmifppk eH pf}}aqmif;yg;udk qufvufí a&;om;az:jyvku d yf gonf/
uRefawmfonf Oya'ynm wwfuRrf;em;vnfol r[kwo f nfth m;avsmfpmG uRef
awmf\aqmif;yg;wGif t"dyÜg,faz:jycsufESifhOya'ukd;um;csufrsm; rSm;,Gif;aeygvQif
Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;onf uRefawmftm; cGiv hf w
T Mf uyg&ef av;pm;pGm BudKwifí awmif;yef
xm;tyfygonf/
]]uRefawmfwYdk vkv
d m;aom jynfaxmifppk epf}}
(1)
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'udk jyifqifMu&mü ]]rl}}ukd rysufp;D apbJ jyifqif
Mu&rnf[k tpk;d &u pnf;urf;owfrw S x
f m;onft h wGuf xk]d ]rl}}ESiyhf wfoufí jyóem
ay:cJo
h nf/ tajccHOya'\]]rl}}qkw d m bmvJ[k ar;Mujref;Muonf/
Oya'yg&*lwOD;u jrefrmEkid if aH wmfzpYJG nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'\]]rl}}[m qkd
&S,v
f pfEidk if w
H nfaqmufa&;bJ jzpfonf[k tajzay;onf/
tcsKdUu tajccHOya'\ed'gef;onf tajccHOya'\]]rl}}yif jzpfonf[k ajymMu
onf/
txufygwkrYd mS jyóem\tajz tjynft h pkH r[kw?f tpdwt f ydik ;f om jzpfonf[k
uRefawmf,lqonf/
1947-ckEpS ?f ZGev f (16)&ufaeY wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmfnv D mcHwiG f Akv d cf sKyfatmif
qef; wifoiG ;f onfv h rf;nTejf y|mef;csuftqkw d iG yf g&Sad om tcsuf(7)csufonfom tajccH
Oya'\]]rl}}rsm;jzpfygonf/
vrf;nTefjy|mef;csuftqkd
]]awmifwef;om;rsm;ESiu hf &iferD sm;tygt0if jzpfaom jrefrmEkid if aH wmfo-l Ekid if H
awmfom;wk\ Yd uk,d pf m;vS,rf sm;onf wkid ;f oljynfom;wk\ Yd tmoDoqEÉiS ahf vsmfnpD mG Ekid if H
awmfzpYJG nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qG&J eftvkiYd gS pkn H pD ak 0;Muvsuf atmufyg
jy|mef;csufrsm;udk csrSwMf uaMumif;/
(1) EkdifiHawmfzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'onf ]]jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf}}[kac:
wGiaf paom vGwv f yfonft h csKyftjcmtmPmydik f orwEkid if \ H zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH
Oya'jzpfap&rnf/ xkjYd yif-
(2) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfwiG f zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'u owfrw S af z:jyonfh
woD;yk*v ¾ jynfe,frsm; yg0ifapvsuf? odo Yk wfrw

S af z:jyonfw h oD;yk*v ¾ jynfe,frsm;onf
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGifowfrSwfaz:jyxm;onfESifhtrQ ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPm&&Sad p&rnf/ xkjYd yif-
(3) tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaomorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifhwuG tygt0ifjzpf
onfhjynfe,frsm;ESifhtpkd;&tzGJYtpnf;tm;vkH;wkdY\tcGifhtmPm[lorQwkdYonf wkdif;ol
jynfom;wkx Yd rH S oufqif;ap&rnf/ xkjYd yif-
(4) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf\wkid ;f oljynfom;rSeo f rQonf vlraI &;&mü¤if;? pD;yGm;
a&;&mü¤if;? Ekid if aH &;&mü¤if;? w&m;rQwrI&adS pvsuf tqift h wef; tcGit hf a&;ESiOhf y
a'oufa&mufrIwkdYwGif qlMuKHedrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwdwlnDap&rnfhtjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomf
¤if;? trsm;jynfow l Ydk apmifph nf;tyfaom tusifo h u d m© ESiahf omf¤if; rqefu Y siforQ vGwf
vyfpmG MuHpnfyikd cf iG ?hf xkwaf z:ajymqkyd ikd cf iG ?hf ,kMH unfyidk cf iG ?hf bmomw&m;ud;k uG,yf ikd cf iG ?hf
0wfjyKykid cf iG ?hf y&da,oe&SmrS;D ydik cf iG ?hf pnf;&k;H ykid cf iG ?hf jyKrlaqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG w
hf Ydk &&Swd nfNrJap
&eftwGuf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'wGif tckid t f vko H wfrw S xf m;&Sad p&rnf/ xkjdY yif-
(5) þzGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tbdYk vkaH vmufaom umuG,cf suf
rsm; xnfo h iG ;f jy|mef;xm;&Sad p&rnf/ xkjYd yif-
(6) vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmykid f orwjrefrf mEkid if \ H e,fajrwkYd waygif;wpnf;
wnf; wnfwchH idk Nf rJa&;ud¤k if;? Ekid if aH wmf\Munf;? a&? avwku Yd kd tcsKyftjcmpk;d rk;d tkycf sKyf
ydik cf iG u
hf ¤kd if;? w&m;"r®EiS w hf uG jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; Oya't& xde;f apmifx h m;&Sad p&
rnf/ xkjYd yif-
(7) &mZ0ifwiG f xif&mS ;cJah om jrefrmEdik if aH wmfonf urÇmwGif rdr\ d *kPMf uufoa&ESiahf vsmf
nDpmG &oif&h xku d af om tqift h wef;odYk a&muf&adS p&rnft h jyif vlowå0gwk\ Yd wk;d wufa&;
ESiahf umif;usKd;csrf;omjynf0h a&;wku Yd kd wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGr;f ukejf znfph u G f
99 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
xrf;&Guu f m jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; qkid &f mw&m;"r®EiS u hf sif0h wfou d m© udk tajcjyKí urÇmh
Nidrf;csrf;a&; a&SU&Ivsuf EkdifiHwumwkdYESifhrdwf0wfrysuf wGJbuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIukd
ckid Nf rJaom t"d|mefjzifh apmifx h ed ;f awmht/hH
vuf&SdzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk xkdrl(7)csufESifhtnDtnTwf a&;qGJxm;
aMumif; OD;Eku wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmfnv D mcHwiG f &Si;f vif;cJNh yD; jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh tajccHOya'rlEiS yhf wfoufí uRefawmfwo Ydk nf tjiif;yGm;aep&m? pdwf
wGif pEk;d paemifjh zpfaep&m rvkad wmhay/
vuf&SdtajccHOya'udk uRefawmfwkdYvkdvm;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfokdY jyifqif
ajymif;vJ&mü Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;csay;cJah om tajccH]]rl}}rsm;ESiq hf efu Y sifph &m xdcudk pf

&mr&SEd idk [ f k uRefawmf,q l ygonf/
(Constitution) udk jrefrmbmomjzif(h Eki d if aH wmfzpYJG nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya')[k
ac:a0:xm;&m t"dygÜ ,ftjynft h 0 az:jyxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
Ekid if aH wmftm; b,fvydk pHk jH zifh zGpYJ nf;í b,fv(dk rl) b,fv(dk pnf;rsOf;)jzifh tkycf sKyf
rnfponfwu Ydk kd a&;qGx J m;aomtajccHOya'onf (Constitution) yifjzpfonf/
rpöwmatmfpwifu tajccHOya'onf tpkd;&taqmufttkHudk wnfaqmuf
ay;onf[k qko d nf/ rpöwm'Dap;url Ekid if \ H tcsKyftjcmtmPmrsm;udk cGaJ 0&mwGi¤f if;?
vufawGu Y sifo h ;Hk &mwGi¤f if;? wkud &f ukd f odw
Yk nf;r[kwf oG,0f u dk í f oufqidk af paom pnf;
urf;Oya'tm;vk;H udk tajccHOya'[kac:aMumif; t"dygÜ ,faz:jyxm;\/
urÇmOh ya'ynm&Sirf sm;\t"dygÜ ,faz:jycsufrmS uRefawmfwv Ydk dk vlNyde;f rsm;tbkYd
odem;vnf&ef cufcyJ gonf/ jrefrmtac:ta0:onfom bwfvu dk &f jHk zifh t"dygÜ ,ftvk;H
pku H kd ikrH o
d mG ;onf/ odem;vnfomG ;aponf[k uRefawmf,q l ygonf/
a&S; acgrynm&Sirf sm;onf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfypHk eH pfukd pd;k rk;d tkycf sKyfol ta&twGuf
ay:rlwnfí cGjJ cm;Muonf/
tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf vlwOD;wa,mufxw H iG f xm;&Sv d Qif {u&mZfpepf (Mon-
archy) [kac:wGiMf uNyD; vlwpkxw H iG f xm;&Sv d Qif t&pöwu kd a&pD (Aristocracy) [kac:wGif
Muonf/ vlrsm;pkwiG f tcsKyftjcmtmPmtyfEx HS m;aompHepfudk ay:vDwD odrYk [kwf 'Drdk
ua&pD[k ac:wGiMf uonf/
{u&mZfpepfESifht&pöwkdua&pDwkdYonf urÇmajrjyifrS wjznf;jznf;wdrfaumy
aysmufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
rsufarSmufacwf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfypHk eH pfrsm;wGif 'Dru dk a&pDEiS t hf mPm&Sipf eH pf 2-
rsKd;om awGEY idk af yawmhonf/
'Dru
dk a&pDpeH pfonfvnf; wkid ;f jynfwjynfEiS w hf jynf rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;Muonf/
'Dru
dk a&pDtrsKd;rsKd; trnfemrtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ac:wGiMf uonf/ (Oyrm - qkAd , D uf'rD u
dk
a&pD? jynfo'Yl rD u dk a&pD? 'Dru
dk a&pDopf? qk&d ,
S v
f pf'rD u
dk a&pD? taemufyikd ;f 'Dru dk a&pD)rsm;
rMumrDu tif'edk ;D &Sm;orwqku d mEkd u (Guided Democracy) yJu h idk 'f rD u
dk a&pD[k xGivf u dk f
jyefonf/
tmPm&Sipf eH pfwiG v f nf; vlwef;pm;ay:wGif tajccHí zufqpftmPm&Sipf eH pf?
ypön;f rJt
h mPm&Sipf eH pf? jynfo'Yl rD u
dk a&pDtmPm&Sipf eH pf[í l uGjJ ym;avonf/ rMumao;
rDu tcsKdUEkid if rH sm;wGif ppftmPm&Sipf eH pfonf acwfpm;vmonf/
'Drkdua&pDqkdwm
tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf jynfojl ynfom;rsm;xHwiG f wnf&v dS Qif omreftm;jzifh
'Dru dk a&pD[í l em;vnfMuonf/ od&Yk mwGif t&G,af &mufow l idk ;f rJqEáy;í tpk;d &tzGYJ
tm; a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcGifh&jcif;jzifh 'Drkdua&pDonf jynfh0NyD[k r,lqEkdifao;ay/
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufxm;aom tpk;d &tzGt YJ m; jynfo-l jynfom;rsm;u wenf;enf;jzifh
jyefvnfcsKyfuikd x f m;Ekid rf S 'Dru dk a&pDonf jynfph NHk yD;[k qkEd idk af vonf/
'Drudk a&pDukd vufawGu Y sifo
h ;Hk &mü 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if [
H íl ac:wGiaf omEkid if rH sm;wGif
wEkid if EH iS whf Ekid if H wlnrD rI &SMd uacs/
t*FvefwiG f usifo h ;Hk aom'Dru dk a&pDonf tar&duefwiG u f sifoh ;Hk aom 'Dru dk a&
pDEiS jhf cm;em;onf/ xked nf;wlpmG urÇmay:wGif 'Dru dk a&pDtjynft h 0qk;H qko d nfrmS qGZZf m
vefEidk if w H iG f usifo h ;kH onf'h rD udk a&pDrmS t*Fvef? tar&duefww Ydk iG f usifo h ;Hk onf'h rD u dk a&
pDEiS t hf wl jcm;em;jyefonf/
wzef t*Fvef? jyifopf? tar&duef? qGpfZmveftp&Sdonfhtaemuf'Drkdua&pD
Ekid if rH sm;wGif usifo h ;Hk onf'h rD u dk a&pDonf ta&SU'Dru dk a&pD[ak c:onfq h Adk ,D uf,el , D EH iS hf
jynfolY'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;onfh'Drkdua&pDESifhtajccHtm;jzifh jcm;em;jyefyg
onf/
'Dru
dk a&pD zGpYJ nf;ykpH eH pf
'Drudk a&pDay: tajccHí zGpYJ nf;xm;aom tkycf sKyfypHk eH pfrsm;wGif (Federal) ac:
jynfaxmifppk eH pfEiS hf (Unitary) ac: wjynfaxmifpeH pf (0g) wrsKd;wpm;wnf;tkycf sKyfonfh
pHepf (0g) tpk;d &wzGw YJ nf;[lí 2-rsKd; 2-pm; &SMd uonf/
qkAd ,D uf,el , D ?H tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k qGZd mvef? uae'g? ,l*pdk av;AD;,m;?
101 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
Mopaw;&D;,m;? tp&So d nfEh idk if rH sm;rSm jynfaxmifppk epfjzifh zGpYJ nf;xm;Muonf/

NAdwed ?f jyifopf? b,fv*sD,?H csufuq kd vkad A;uD;,m;? tDwvD? w&kyjf ynfponf
wkrYd mS wjynfaxmifpeH pf (0g) tpk;d &wzGpYJ eH pfjzifh zGpYJ nf;xm;Muonf/
jynfaxmifppk eH pf
jynfaxmifppk eH pfqo dk nfrmS tcsKyftjcmtmPmykid f vGwv f yfaomEkid if rH sm;? wef;
wl&nfwl qE´tavsmuf yl;aygif;zGpYJ nf;um A[kjd ynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,frsm;tMum; tm
PmESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; twdtus cGJa0ay;xm;aompHepfyifjzpfonf/
yx0D0iftaetxm; jcm;em;rIaMumifh¤if;? EkdifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;rwlnDrI

aMumif¤h if;? vlrsKd;a&; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIaMumif¤h if;? jynfaxmifppk eH pfukd a&G;cs,fzpYJG nf;Mu
onf/
jynfaxmifppk eH pfwiG yf g0ifzpYJG nf;aom jynfe,frsm;\vlO;D a&tenf;trsm; e,f
tus,ft0ef; ponfwo Ydk nf wef;wlnrD QrItwGuf twm;tqD; jzpfp&m taMumif;r&Sd
acs/
uRefawmfw&Ydk rS ;f jynfwiG f Armonf vlO;D a&rsm;jym;í ArmESiahf ygif;vQif tpOf
tNrJ epfemaernf[k ,lqolrsm; &Sb d o d uJo h Ydk jrefrmjynfwiG v
f nf; e,fpyfa'ojynfe,f
rsm;wGif vlO;D a&tvGeef nf;ojzifh ArmESiw hf ef;wl tcGit hf a&;ray;xku d [f k ,lqolrsm;
&SdMuonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f eDAm;'g;jynfe,fonf vlO;D a&woef;ydyk o dk m&So d nf/
0kid ,
f rdk if;ESi'hf vm;0J,m;wGif ESpo f ed ;f cGpJ oD m &SMd uonf/ e,l;a,mufjynfe,frmS 13-oef;
cGJ&Sdonf/
qGdZmvefjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf; (Cahton) ac: jynfe,f 22-e,f&Sdonfhteuf
Zl;&pfEiS b hf ef;jynfe,frsm;rSm e,fBuD;rsm;jzpfNyD; aA;av;rSm e,fi,fuav;jzpfonf/
qkAd ,D ufjynfaxmifpw k iG vf nf; &k&mS ;jynfe,fpo k rwEkid if oH nf tvGeBf uD;rm;NyD;
tufpwkd;eD;,m;orwEkdifiHrSm tvGefao;i,fygonf/
jynfe,ftBuD;ti,f vlO;D a&tenf;trsm;rSm jynfaxmifppk eH pfzpYJG nf;a&;wGif
ta&;rBuD;yg/ A[kjd ynfaxmifpt k pk;d &ESijhf ynfe,ftpk;d &tMum; tmPmESit hf cGit hf a&;
rsm; rQrQww cGaJ 0rIomvQif ta&;BuD;ygonf/
tmPmcGJa0enf;
jynfaxmifppk eH pfwiG f tmPmESit
hf cGit
hf a&; cGaJ 0ykH cGaJ 0enf;rSm 3-rsKd; 3-pm;
&Sdonf/
(1) jynfaxmifppk pfppfEidk if rH sm;wGif (Extreme type of federal system) A[kjd ynfaxmifpt k m;
trsm;ESiq hf idk af om tmPmESit hf cGit hf a&;rsm;om ay;xm;NyD; useftmPmESit hf cGit hf a&;
rsm;tm;vk;H (Residuary Powers) udk jynfe,frsm;wGif tyfEiS ;f xm;onf/ Oyrm - qGZd m
vef? tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k Mopaw;vD;,m;/
(2) jynfaxmifprk ppfwppfEidk if rH sm;? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpt k aysmhpm;Ekid if rH sm;wGif
(Weak type of federal system) jynfe,frsm;tm; toift h wifh tmPmESit hf cGit hf a&;rsm;
cGaJ 0ay;NyD; useftmPmESit hf cGit hf a&;tm;vk;H ukd A[kjd ynfaxmifpu k odr;f ydu k x f m;onf/
Oyrm - uae'g? awmiftmz&dujynfaxmifp?k jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if /H
(3) A[kdjynfaxmifpktwGuf oD;oefYtmPmrsm;ESifhjynfe,frsm;twGuf oD;oefYtmPm

rsm;[lí cGjJ cm;owfrw S x f m;onfomru A[kjd ynfaxmifpak &m jynfe,fygaqmif&u G Ef idk f
onft h mPmrsm; (Concurrent powers) [lí owfrw S x
f m;onf/
Oyrm - qkAd , D uf,el , D ?H ,l*pdk av;AD;,m;/
,if;odYk 3-rsKd; 3-pm; tmPmESit hf cGit
hf a&;rsm; cGaJ 0Muaomfvnf; rnfonfh
trsKd;tpm;jynfaxmifpkbJjzpfjzpf jynfe,frsm;twGuf cGJa0xm;aom tmPmESifhtcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk A[kdjynfaxmifpkrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sdacs/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,f
rsm;\jynfwGif;a&;udpörsm;udk 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fcGifhr&Sdacs/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,f
rsm;onf vk;H 0uk, d yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&; &&SMd uonf/
oabm&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk eH pfwiG f jynfe,frsm;onf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
(Complete Autonomy) &&SdMuonfqkdaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpk rppfwppfpHepf (0g) jynf
axmifpktaysmhpm;pHepfwGif jynfe,frsm;onf tcGifhtmPmrsm; tvGefenf;yg;NyD; tif
tm;enf;vGe;f onft h wGuf jynfe,ftqifrh S yPÖmqufEidk if H (Vassal State) tjzpfo¤Ydk if;?
vufatmufceH ,fy,f (Province) tqifo h ¤Ykd if;? usa&mufuek Mf uonf/ Oyrm - uae'g?
jrefrm? awmiftmz&du/
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqkdonfhtwkdif; oD;jcm;jynfaxmifrsm; pkaygif;xm;&m jynf
axmifpt k pd;k &[lí¤if;? jynfe,ftpk;d &[lí¤if;? jynfaxmifpyk gvDref[í l ¤if;? jynfe,f
ygvDref[í l ¤if;? jynfaxmifpw k &m;&k;H [lí¤if;? jynfe,fw&m;&k;H [lí¤if; oD;jcm;pD&MdS u
&avonf/
jynfe,frsm;onf ,if;uJo h o Ydk ;D jcm;tpk;d &(tkycf sKyfa&;)? oD;jcm;ygvDref(Oya'
jyKa&;)? oD;jcm;w&m;&k;H (w&m;pD&ifa&;)rsm;xm;&SNd yD; vk;H 0ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;&Sjd cif;onf
yif jynfaxmifppk eH pf\t"dutESpo f m&jzpfayonf/
103 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
jynfaxmifpkygvDref
jynfaxmifpyk gvDrefrsm;wGif vTwaf wmf 2-&yfyg0ifMupNrJjzpfonf/ xdv k wT af wmf
2-&yfukd wkid ;f jynftrsKd;rsKd;wGif trnfemrtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ac:wGiMf uonf/ vG,u f al p&ef
txufvw T af wmfEiS ahf tmufvw T af wmf[í l yif ac:a0:Muygpk/Yd
atmufvw T af wmfukd vlO;D a&ay: tajcwnfí a&G;aumufwifajr§mufMuonf/
(Proportional Representation) jynfe,frsm;onf vlOD;a&trsKd;tpm;vkduf trwfOD;a&
apvTwfcGifh&Muonf/ txufvTwfawmfonf jynfe,frsm; BuD;onf i,fonfr[l wlnD
aom trwfO;D a& apvTwMf uonf/ txufvw T af wmfonf jynfe,fBuD;u jynfe,fi,f
om;rsm;tm; BuD;Ekid if ,fnO§ ;f qJrsKd;r&Sad p&ef atmufvw T af wmftm; rJwif;ay;&eftwGuf

zGJYpnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;tm; umuG,f&ef zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpf
onf/
xkaYd Mumifh vTwaf wmf 2-&yfukd oabmw&m;tm;jzifh wef;wl-&nfwt l cGit hf mPm
wlxm;Muonf/ od&Yk mwGif vufawGt Y m;jzifh vTwaf wmf 2-&yfonf tcGit hf mPmcsif; rwl
Muay/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f txufvw T af wmfonf atmufvw T af wmfxuf ykí d
tcGit hf mPm&So d nf/ ykí d *kP&f o dS nf/ atmufvw T af wmftrwfrsm;onf waeYwiG f txuf
vTwaf wmftrwfjzpf&ef arQmfreS ;f Muonf/
qkAd ,D uf,el , D EH iS qhf ZdG mvefwiG f oabmw&m;a&m vufawGw Y iG yf g vTwaf wmf 2
-&yfonf wef;wl&nfwl &dMS uonf/ wlnaD om tcGit hf mPm&SMd uonf/
usef&aSd omjynfaxmifprk sm;(uae'g? Mopaw;vD;,m;? awmiftmz&du? jrefrm
Ekid if )H wGif atmufvw T af wmfonf txufvw T af wmfxuf tmPmykí d &So
d nf/ tajccHOya'
wGif aiGOya'Murf;rsm; atmufvw T af wmfwiG o
f m pwifwifoiG ;f &rnf[k jy|mef;xm;onf/
jrefrmEkid if t H ajccHOya'wGif xkx d ufuí J jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &onf atmufvw T af wmfuo dk m
wm0efcaH Mumif; jy|mef;xm;onf/
txufvw T af wmfoYkd tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f jynfe,fwe,fvQif trwf 2-
OD;pD¤if;? uae'gjynfaxmifpw k iG f 24-OD;pD¤if;? qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpw k iG f 2-OD;pD¤if;? Mo
paw;vD;,m;jynfaxmifpw k iG f 6-OD;pD¤if;? awmiftmz&dujynfaxmifpw k iG f 8-OD;pD¤if;?
toD;oD; apvTwfcGifh&SdMuonf/
jrefrmjynfwiG f (rl)ESit hf csKd;tpm; r&Sad y/
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&
jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &wkw Yd iG f orwtm; tmPmtvk;H pkt H yfEiS ;f aom tpk;d &ESiyhf g
vDreftm; tmPmtyfEiS ;f aomtpk;d &[lí 2-rsKd; 2-pm; &So d nf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k pk;d &onf orwtm; tmPmtyfEiS ;f aomtpk;d &trsKd;
tpm;jzpfNyD; tjcm;jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &rsm;onf ygvDreftm; tmPmtyfEiS ;f aomtpk;d &
trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k rwa&G;aumufyaHk &G;aumufenf;rSm urÇmay:wGif rnf
onfhEkdifiHESifhrSrwl wrljcm;ayonf/ tar&dueforwa&G;aumufykH a&G;aumufenf;udk
a&SUwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k aMumif; avhvmonft h cg tus,faz:jyygOD;rnf/
tar&dueforwonf jynfaxmifpkygvDref vTwfawmfw&yf&yf\trwfjzpf&ef

rvk?d wkid ;f oljynfom;u wku d &f u dk af &G;aumufwifajr§mufonf/ orwonf rdr\ d tpk;d &
tzGu YJ dk rdrpd w
d Bf udKuftwkid ;f trwfr[kwo f rl sm;xJrS ceft
Y yfxm;onf/ orwtpd;k &onf
ygvDreftm; wm0efrcHay/ ygvDref\Oya'Murf;ESijhf y|mef;csufrsm;udk y,fcs&ef orw
wGif ADwt dk mPm&Sad vonf/ orwu ADwt kd mPmjzifh y,fcsvku d af omOya'Murf;rsm;ukd
vTwaf wmf 2-&yfu 3-ykH 2-ykH rJjzifh jyefí qk;H jzwfvQif orwu oabmrwlaomfvnf;
twnfjzpfavonf/ þenf;jzifh orwtmPmudk ygvDrefu odr;f uGyx f m;onf/
tjcm;jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &rsm;onf ygvDreftm; tmPmtyfEiS ;f aomtpk&d rsm;
jzpfonf/ tpk;d &tzGo YJ nf ygvDreftm; wm0efc&H onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh tpk;d &tzGo YJ nf
ygvDref\tmPmatmufwiG f &So d nf/
0efBuD;csKyfEiS 0hf efBuD;rsm;onf ygvDreftrwfrsm;jzpf&onf/ ygvDrefwiG f rJqE´
trsm;pk\axmufcrH &I rSom tpk;d &tzGo YJ nf wnfwcH idk Nf rJEidk af vonf/
jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifrI
urÇmay:&Sd jynfaxmifpEk idk if rH sm;wGif (jrefrmjynfrt
S y)A[kjd ynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynf
e,frsm;twGuf w&m;&k;H rsm; oD;jcm;&SMd uonf/ A[kjd ynfaxmifpt k wGuf tjrifq h ;Hk w&m;
&kH;(w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqkH;w&m;&kH;txd wpifwzGJY&SdouJhodkY jynfe,frsm;wGif
vnf; tjrifhqkH;w&m;&kH;(w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqkH;w&m;&kH;txd wpifwzGJY oD;
jcm;pD&MdS uonf/ jynfaxmifpw k &m;&k;H rsm;onf jynfaxmifpEk iS o hf ufqidk af om trIupd rö sm;
udo k m w&m;pD&ifMuNyD; jynfe,fw&m;&k;H rsm;odYk 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;rjyKMuay/ jynfe,f
twGi;f w&m;pD&ifro I nf jynfe,fw&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyfrsm;wGif tqk;H owfMuonf/
105 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tajccHOya'jyifqifenf;
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOay'jyifqifjcif;ESiyhf wfoufí tajccHOya'udk 2-rsKd;
2-pm; cGjJ cm;Muonf/ tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm; jyKouJo h Ykd ygvDrefrS tvG,w f ul
jyifqifEidk v f Qif ¤if;tajccHOya'udk jyifqifv, G af paom tajccHOya' (Flexible Consti-
tution) [kac:onf/ NAdwe d jf ynfEiS t
hf w
D vDjynfwiG f tajccHOya'udk omrefOya'rsm;t
wnfjyKjyifqifouJo h Ykd ygvDrefu jyifEidk af omtmPm&SMd uonf/
tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;wGif (Oyrm - tar&duef? jyifopf? qkAd , D uf,el , D ?H qGZd mvef?
jrefrmEkid if )H tajccHOya'ukd tjcm;Oya'rsm;enf;wl jyifqifEidk cf iG hf r&Sad cs/
tajccHOya'jyifqifEkdifaomenf;udk tajccHOya'wGif txl;owfrSwfjy|mef;

xm;avonf/ xkt d ajccHOya'rsKd;udk Muyfwnf;aom tajccHOya' (Rigid Constitution)
[kac:wGifMuonf/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtajccHOya'rsm;udk txl;ojzifh tvG,fwul jyifqif
jcif;rjyKEkid &f ef jy|mef;xm;Muonf/ xkaYd Mumifh jynfaxmifpyk gvDref tajccHOya'rsm;onf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh Muyfwnf;aom tajccHOya'rsm;jzpfMuonf/
cGJxGufcGifh
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHqkdonfrSm vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkrsm;qE´tavsmuf yl;
aygif;zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfay&m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh qE´tavsmuf jyefvnfcGJxGufEkdif
cGiv
hf nf; &S&d ayrnf/ odaYk omf ,ckrsufarSmufumvwGif qkAd ,D uf,el ,
D ?H ,l*pdk av;AD;,m;
jynfaxmifpEk iS jhf refrmjynfaxmifpw k \Ydk tajccHOya'rsm;wGio
f m jynfe,frsm; cGx J u G v
f dk
u cGx J u
G Ef idk af omtcGithf a&;rsm; jy|mef;az:jyxm;avonf/
wjynfaxmifpepf
uRefawmfwv Ydk vdk m;aom jynfaxmifppk pfppfrsKd;rS r&vQif vuf&jdS ynfaxmifprk ppf
wppftwkid ;f qufaernft h pm; cGx
J u
G Nf yD; oD;jcm;orwEkid if x H al xmifvQif xlaxmif? odYk
r[kwf (Unitary) ac:wjynfaxmifpeH pfvyk yf pfvu dk [
f íl pdwv f udk rf mefyg ajymqkad omyk*K¾ v
d f
tcsKdU &Sr;f jynfwiG f &SMd uonf/
(Unitary) ac:wjynfaxmifpepf(0g)tpkd;&wzGJYpHepfqkdonfrSm tmPmESifhtcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk A[kt d pk;d &onf wOD;wnf;tmPmykid t f jzpfjzifh tok;H jyKonf/ rdro d abm
tavsmuf a'oEÅ&tkycf sKyfa&; tzGrYJ sm; zGpYJ nf;NyD; tmPmtyfEiS ;f vku d tyfEiS ;f Ekid o
f nf/
a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrsm;okdY tyfESif;xm;aom tmPmrsm;udkvnf; tcsdefra&G;jyef
vnf&yk o f rd ;f Ekid af vonf/ a'oEÅ&tkycf sKyfa&;rxm;bJ wkid ;f rif;BuD; - c&dik 0f efrsm;rSw

qifh tkycf sKyfapvku d vnf; tkycf sKyfapEkid af vonf/ wenf;tm;jzifq h v dk Qif wjynfaxmif
pHepfwiG f a'oEÅ&tpk;d &rsm;onf A[kt d pk;d &\vufcyk w f iG ;f rS a&uJo
h Ykd oGev f o
dk eG f arSmuf
vkad rSmufEidk af omb0wGif usa&mufaeonf/ ]]usm;oem;rS EGm;csrf;om}}b0rsKd;yif jzpf
onf/ wjynfaxmifpHepfrSm oabmw&m;a&;tm;jzifh ,if;odkYjzpfaomfvnf; vufawGY
tkycf sKyfMu&mwGif NAdwed ?f jyifopf? b,fv*f sD,EH ikd if rH sm;&Sd a'oEÅ&tpk;d &rsm;onf tar
&duefjynfaxmifp&k dS jynfe,frsm;enf;wl ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tmPmrsm;&&Sad eMuonf[k
qkdMuonf/
wjynfaxmifpeH pfonf vuf&jdS refrmjynfaxmifpt k wGuf b,fenf;ESirhf Q roifh
avsmfay/ ArmjynfrwGif vlrsKd;BuD;0g' vTr;f rk;d aeorQumvywfv;Hk jynfe,frsm;wGif Arm

tay: rouFmrIESifhpkd;&drfrIvTrf;rkd;aeorQ umvywfvkH; wjynfaxmifpepfonf atmif
jrifvrd rhf nf r[kwaf y/ tajctaeykí d qk;d oGr;f apvdrrhf nf/
(3)
jynfaxmifpkpepfudk avhvmMunfhonfhtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkç qGdZmvef
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&udk pHerlemtjzpfxm;NyD; avhvmavh&Sdonf/ uae'gESifhMopaw;vD;
,m;wku Yd kd t&Hjynfaxmifprk sm;tjzpfxm;NyD; avhvmMuonf/
tb,faMumifq h adk omf tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS q hf ZdG mvefjynfaxmifpw k rYkd mS jynf
axmifppk pfwyfBuD;rsm;jzpfMuí¤if;? uae'gESiMhf opaw;vD;,m;wkrYd mS jynfaxmifpq k adk omf
vnf; tmPmcGaJ 0yHk cGaJ 0enf;rSm wjynfEiS w hf jynf ajzmifah jzmifq h efu
Y sifaeí¤if;? om"u
wifjy&ef vG,u f al omaMumifh jzpfonf/
qkAd ,D uf,el , D o H nf urÇmay:wGif tjrifrh m;qk;H jynfaxmifppk eH pfjzpfonf[k qkd
&ayrnf/ qkAd , D uf,el , D o H nf tar&duef? qdZG mvefwu Ydk o hJ Ykd vGwv f yfí tcsKyftjcmtm
Pmydik af om(jynfe,frsm;)pkaygif;xm;onfomr[kw?f xkx d ufru vGwv f yfí tcsKyft
jcmtmPmydik af om (Federal Republics) (jynfaxmifprk sm;)pkaygif;xm;avonf/
qkAd ,
D uf,el , D o H nf jynfaxmifpk 3-qifjh zpfonf[k qk&d ayrnf/ Oyrm - qkAd D
,uf,leD,HwGif yg0ifaom &k&Sm;jynfaxmifpkwGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm; aygif;
pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkorwEkdifiH(12)EkdifiHyg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ ,lu&def;? tZmbkdif
*sH? wm*spf? cgZwf? bkv d &dk &k mS ;? wyfcrif;? cgZpforwEkid if rH sm;onfvnf; tvm;wl jynf
axmifprk sm; jzpfMuonf/
qkdAD,uf,leD,HwGifyg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkorwEkdifiHrsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm cGJ
107 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
xGuEf idk af om tcGit hf a&;;&SMd uonfomru Ekid if jH cm;rsm;ESiw hf u

dk &f u dk q f ufo, G cf iG hf oHw
refvv J ,S cf iG rhf sm; &&SMd uNyD; ud, k yf ikd pf pfwyfrsm; zGpYJ nf;cGiyhf if &&Sx d m;Muavonf/
uRefawmfwYdk jrefrmjynfaxmifpo k nf vuf&t dS ajctaet& qkAd , D uf,el , D u H o
hJ Ydk
jrifrh m;wk;d wufaom tqifo h w
Ykd ufveS ;f a&; rarQmfreS ;f Edik af o;yg/ tar&duefEiS q hf ZdG mvef
jynfaxmifpyk pHk rH sKd; &&SEd idk &f ef txl;BudK;yrf;Mu&ayOD;rnf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS q hf ZdG mvefjynfaxmifpw k \ Ydk ykpH EH iS phf eH pfrsm;udk tMurf;
tm;jzifh avhvmMunfyh gpk/Yd
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf tar&duefvGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJrS aygufzGm;vmcJh
onf/ vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyrJG wkid rf u D qkvd Qif aemifwiG f tar&duef jynfaxmifp[ k k ac:
wGiaf om jynfe,f(13)e,frmS NAdwo d Q\oD;jcm;udv k edk rD sm;jzpfMuonf/ udv k edk w
D ckvQif oD;
jcm;bk&ifcHESifhoD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJY&SdMuonf/
1776-ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v f 4-&ufaeYwiG f ukv d edk (D 13)e,fonf pkaygif;í ]]vGwv f yf
a&; ausnmpmwrf;BuD;}}udk wnDwnTww f nf; xkwjf yefausnmvku d Mf uonf/
odjYk zifh NAdwed uf v
dk edk (D 13)e,frmS tcsKyftjcmtmPmydik f vGwv f yfaomEkid if t H oD;
oD;jzpfvmMuonf/ od&Yk mwGif vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyJG qk;H cef;wkid af tmif qufvufqifE&JT ef
ESi&hf NyD;aomvGwv f yfa&;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,&f eftwGuf (13)Ekid if o H nf yl;wGaJ qmif&u G f
&ef vkdtyfonfhtwkdif; 1777-ckESpf? Ekd0bFmv 15-&ufaeYwGif rwfo[m,y#dnmOfpm
csKyfw&yfukd a&;qGcJ sKyfqMdk uonf/
pmcsKyftyd'k (f 1)wGif þrdwo f [mtzGt YJ m; tar&duefjynfaxmifp[ k k ac:wGif
ap&rnf[k az:jyxm;onf/
odkY&mwGif xkdtcsdeftxd tar&duefjynfaxmmifpkrSm ]]jynfaxmifpk}} (Federa-
tion) r[kwa f o;ay/ rdwo f [mtzGYJ (Confederation) omjzpfao;onf/
pmcsKyftyk'd (f 2)wGif jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf rdrw d \Ydk tcsKyftjcmtmPmESiv hf w G f
vyfa&;ukd rdrw d \ Ydk vuf0,fwiG f xm;&Sad Mumif;/ xkjYd yif jynfaxmifpu k eG *f &ufvw T af wmf
odkY twdtus vTJtyfxm;aom tmPmESifhtcGifhta&;tm;vkH;ukd odrf;ydkufxm;aMumif;
az:jyxm;onf/
wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf tcsKyftjcmtmPmykid f vGwv f yf
aom EkdifiHrsm;tjzpf qufvufwnf&SdNyD; tm;vkH;ESifhoufqkdifaom udpörsm;avmufom
uGef*&ufvTwfawmfodkY vTJtyfxm;Muavonf/
rnfonfu h pd rö sm;udk vTt J yfxm;onfukd az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sb d J uGe*f &ufvw T af wmf

wGif pka0;MuonfhtcgwGifrS rnfonfhudpörsm;udk twlwuG aqmif&GufMurnf[líom
oabmwlxm;Muonf/
pmcsKyftykd'f(3)wGif tusKd;wlyl;wGJumuG,fa&;? vGwfvyfa&;? ckdifNrJa&;ESifht
jyeftvSef odrYk [kwf trsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;wkt Yd wGuf ckid rf maom r[mrdwt f zGt
YJ jzpfzpYJG nf;
aMumif;? usL;ausmfapmfum;rI - wku d cf u
dk rf t I EÅ&m,frsm; ay:aygufvmvQif wOD;udw k OD;
,kid ;f yif;uln&D ef oabmwlnaD Mumif; az:jyxm;onf/
vGwaf jrmufa&; ppfyBJG uD;NyD;qk;H oGm;onfah emufyikd ;f wGif ppfab;ppf'PfEiS jhf yó
emt&yf&yfwu Ydk kd ajz&Si;f onft h cg uGe*f &ufoYkd vTt J yfxm;aomtmPmrsm; rvkaH vmuf
jzpfvmavonf/
odaYk omf NAdwo d Qukvd edk bD 0rS vGwv f yfcgp jynfe,frsm;onf woD;yk*v ¾ pdw"f mwf
jyif;xefaeqJjzpfonf/ wcsKdUjynfe,frsm;onf uGe*f &uftm; vTt J yfxm;onfx h rdk Qavmuf
aom tmPmukyd if rsm;ao;onf[k ,lqMuonf/
jyóemESit hf cuftcJrsm;onf BuD;rm;onfxuf BuD;rm;vm&m 1787-ckEpS ?f az
az:0g&DvwGif usif;yaom uGe*f &ufvw T af wmfu rwfo[mtzGo YJ nf jynfaxmifpw k nf
NrJa&;ESit hf yk cf sKyfa&; udpt ö &yf&yftwGuf tjynft h 0jznfph rG ;f Ekid jf cif;r&Sod nfukd awG&Y &dS
aMumif;/ xkaYd Mumifh rdwo f [mtzGyYJ #dnmOfpmcsKyfukd jyefvnfppD Ofo;Hk oyfNyD; jynfaxmifpk
wnfwchH ikd Nf rJa&;ESit hf yk cf sKyfa&;udpt ö &yf&yftwGuf vkaH vmufaom jy|mef;csufrsm;yg0if
onfjh ynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'w&yfukd a&;qG&J ef vmrnfah rvwGif zD;av;'fz;D ,m;NrdKUü
nDvmcHobif usif;y&ef qk;H jzwfaMumif; ausnmavonf/
xkn d v D mcHobifwiG f a*smh0g&Siw f eftm; nDvmcHobif\Ouú|tjzpf a&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufMuonf/ rdwo f [mtzGyYJ #dnmOfpmcsKyfukd jyefvnfrpDpOfawmhbJ zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyf
ykHtajccHOya'topfwckudk a&;qGJvkdufMuonf/ vuf&Sdtar&duefjynfaxmifpkzGJYpnf;
tkycf sKyftajccHOya'onf xkt d cgupí aygufzmG ;vmcJo h nf/
,ckjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if w H iG f tcsif;csif;pk;d &drrf I r,kMH unfrrI sm;&So d vkd xkpd Of
u tar&duefjynfaxmifp(k 13)jynfe,fwiG v f nf; &Scd MhJ uonf/ Oya'jyKtzGt YJ yk cf sKyfrt I
zGJYESifhw&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJYrsm; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfrI&SdMuaomfvnf; tqkH;pGeftmPmrsm; ay;
rxm;bJ wXmeESiw hf Xme tjyeftvSef csKyfxed ;f Muonfukd tar&dueftajccHOya'wGif
awGYjrifEkdifayonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGMJ uonfyh *k K¾ v d rf sm;onf atmuf
ygrlBuD; 4-csufukd pGpJ NJG rJNrJ ESv;Hk oGi;f xm;cJMh uonf/
109 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
1/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk jynfojl ynfom;rsm;u ykid q f ikd af &;/

2/ jynfojl ynfom;wkid ;f vk;H 0wef;wlnrD QrI&&Sad &;/
3/ tkycf sKyfa&;tzGuYJ tmPmudk rw&m;aomenf;jzifh odr;f ydu k jf cif;? tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;
wkrYd S umuG,af &;/
4/ jynfe,frsm;\tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk A[djk ynfaxmifprk S 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;rS umuG,f
a&;/
uGef*&ufvTwfawmf
tar&duefueG *f &ufukd vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyt JG wGi;f u zGpYJ nf;cJo h nf/ rlvu zGYJ

pnf;cJph Ofu ,ckacwf ygvDrefuo hJ Ykd aqmif&u G &f ef &nf&, G í
f zGpJY nf;jcif; r[kwaf cs/ ygvD
refuo hJ Ykd aqmif&uG &f ef &nf&, G cf vhJ Qif ygvDref[í l yif trnfay;aumif;ay;cJah yrnf/ t
ar&duefacgif;aqmifrsm;onf uGe*f &uf[al omtrnfukd w*Fvma&G;cs,fcMhJ uonf/ t
xufwiG f az:jyouJo h Ykd (13)jynfe,frsm;onf jynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;&ef rMuH&, G cf yhJ g/ rdwf
o[mtzGrYJ sKd;om zGpYJ nf;cJo h nf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,ckacwfEidk if aH &;tzGt YJ pnf;rsm; wyfaygif;
pkzo YJG nfeh nf;wl wlnaD omvkyif ef;rsm; yl;wGaJ qmif&u G &f ef uGe*f &ufzMYJG ujcif;jzpfonf/
txufwGif az:jyonfhtwkdif; vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJNyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif t
ajctaet& ydrk w dk ud saom jynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;wnfaxmif&ef vkt d yfco hJ nf/ xkaYd Mumifh
wdusaom tajccHOya'udk a&;qGMJ uonf/
uGe*f &ufonf rlv&nf&, G cf o hJ nfrS vTaJ jymif;cg ygvDreftoGio f Ykd jzpfvmcJo h nf/
tar&duefueG *f &ufwiG f txufvw T af wmf (Senate) ESiahf tmufvw T af wmf (House
of Representatives) [lí vTwa f wmf 2-&yf yg0ifonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pwifwnfaxmifpOfu jynfe,f (13)e,fom yg0ifcahJ omf
vnf; ,cktcg jynfe,faygif;(50)jynfo h mG ;avNyD/ atmufvw T af wmftwGuf vlO;D a&t
csKd;tpm;t& trwfrsm; a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&&m trwfO;D a& pkpak ygif; 437-a,muf
&Sdonf/ txufvTwfawmftwGuf jynfe,fwe,fvQiff trwfOD;a& 2-a,mufpD a&G;
aumufMu&ojzifh txufvw T af wmf trwfppk ak ygif; 100-&So d nf/
txufvw T af wmftrwf\oifwef;onf 6-ESpjf zpfaomfvnf; txufvw T af wmf
onf tpOftNrJ wnf&adS eonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf txufvw T af wmftrwfo;Hk ykH w
yko
H nf 2-ESpw f Budrf tvSnu hf sEIwx f u G af y;&NyD; topfjyefvnf a&G;aumuf&aomaMumifh
jzpfavonf/ þenf;jzifh tar&dueftxufvTwfawmfwGif tawGYtMuKH&ifhusufaom
yk*K¾ v d rf sm; tpOftNrJwnf&adS eonf/
atmufvw T af wmftrwf\oifwef;rSm 2-ESpo f m &So

d nf/ atmufvw T af wmfw&yf
vk;H \a&G;aumufyu JG kd 2-ESpw f Budrf a&G;aumuf&onf/ tar&dueforwudk 4-ESpw f Budrf
a&G;aumuf&&m atmufvTwfawmftrwftm;vkH;ESifhtxufvTwfawmftrwfokH;ykHwykHukd
orwESiw hf csdew f nf; wBudraf &G;aumufMuNyD; orw\oufwef;w0ufww d w d iG f wBudrf
a&G;aumuf&onf/
tar&duefvTwfawmf 2-&yfpvkH;onf Oya'jyK&ef tmPmwef;wl&&SdMuonf/
odkYaomf aiGOya'Murf;rsm;udk atmufvTwfawmfwGifom pwifwifoGif;Ekdifonf/ Oya'
Murf;rsm;udk vTwaf wmf 2-&yfpvk;H rS twnfjyKNyD;onfah emuf orwxHov Ykd ufrw S af &;xk;d
&ef ay;yk&Yd onf/ orwonf AGw D t dk mPmok;H NyD; Oya'Murf;udk y,fcsEkid cf iG &hf o dS nf/ wenf;
tm;jzifh vufrw S rf xd;k bJ aeEkid o f nf/ od&Yk mwGif vTwaf wmf 2-&yfonf ok;H ykEH pS yf Hk rJjzifjh yef
í twnfjyKvQif xkdOya'Murf;rsm;onf orwvufrSwfrxkd;aomfvnf; tvkdavsmuf
Oya'tjzpf twnfjzpfavonf/
tar&duef'kwd,orwonf &mxl;tavsmuf txufvTwfawmf\Ouú|jzpf
onf/ tar&dueftxufvw T af wmf\xl;jcm;csufrmS txufvw T af wmfonf Oya'jyKa&;
udpw ö ckwnf;omru w&m;pD&ifa&;ESit hf yk cf sKyfa&;tmPmrsm;vnf; &&Sx d m;onf/ w&m;
pD&ifEidk cf iG hf qk&d mü omrefw&m;pD&ifa&;ukd qkv d jdk cif; r[kwyf g/ orw - 'kw, d orwESihf
tjcm;yk*K¾ v d Bf uD;rsm;wkt Yd ay: jypfwifpyG pf cJG sufrsm; ay:aygufvmaomf txufvw T af wmf
onf w&m;pD&if&onf/ txufvw T af wmfwiG f pDrcH efcY aJG &;aumfrwDç b@ma&;aumfrwDç
Ekid if jH cm;a&;qufo, G af &;ç aumfrwD ppfa&;aumfrwDponfjzifh tmPmtjynft h pk&H adS om
aumfrwDrsm; zGpYJ nf;xm;&ojzifh tkycf sKyfa&;Xmersm;tay: BuD;rm;pGm MoZmoufa&muf
rI&adS vonf/ xkjYd yif tar&duef txufvw T af wmfuom orwceft Y yfaom 0efBuD;tp&Sd
onf&h mxl;BuD;rsm;ESiEhf idk if jH cm;ESichf sKyfqadk om pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk twnfjyK&avonf/
xkaYd Mumifh tar&dueftxufvw T af wmfonf vufawGüY atmufvw T af wmfxufyí kd tmPm
&SNd yD; ydík *kP&f o dS nf[k qkMd uonf/ atmufvw T af wmfrmS txufvw T af wmf\oabmwlnD
rIr&Sv d Qif bmrQrvkyEf idk af cs/
tar&dueftpkd;&
tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k nf jynfaxmifppk pfppfjzpfonft
h wkid ;f A[dt
k pk;d &onf
trsm;ESiq hf idk af om tmPmESit hf cGit
hf a&; tueft Y owf tenf;i,fom ,lNyD; useftm
Pmrsm;tm;vkH;udk jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;odkY tyfESif;xm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh tar&duefA[kd
tpk;d &wGif Xme(10)ckEiS 0hf efBuD; 10-OD;om xm;&Sad vonf/ ¤if;Xme10-ckrmS 1-aiGwu dk f
111 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
Xme/ 2-ppfXme/ 3-pmwku d Xf me/ 4-a&wyfXme/ 5-jynfxaJ &;Xme/ 6-pku d yf sKd;a&;Xme/

7-tvkyo f rm;Xme/ 8-ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;Xme/ 9-w&m;a&;Xme/ 10-Ekid if jH cm;a&;
XmewkjYd zpfonf/
xkXd metBuD;tuJrsm;ukd tjcm;Ekid if t H yk cf sKyfa&;rsm;ESiEhf idI ;f ,SOí f jzpfap? jrefrm
tac:ta0:ESijhf zpfap? tpk;d &tzG0YJ if0efBuD;rsm; ac:a0:aomfvnf; trSepf ifppf tar
&dueforw\twGi;f a&; twGi;f 0efrsm;omjzpfonf/ xk0d efBuD;rsm;onf uGe*f &ufvw T f
awmftrwfrsm;vnf; r[kw?f uGe*f &ufvw T af wmfuv kd nf; wm0efrcH? orwudo k m wm0ef
cHMuonf/
xk0d efBuD;rsm;onf tar&dueforwu txufvw T af wmf\]]oabmwlncD suf}}

jzifh ceft
Y yfxm;olrsm;jzpfonf/ txufvw T af wmf\oabmwlncD sufqo dk nfrmS trSepf if
ppf vlMum;aumif;&kHrQom jzpfonf/ orw\oabmtwkdif; cefYtyfolrsm;ukd txuf
vTwaf wmfu vku d Nf yD; oabmwlay;&jcif;omjzpfonf/
txufvTwfawmfonf trwfrsm; yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;aomaumfrDwDtoD;oD;rSw
qifh þtpk;d &Xmersm;ukd MoZmay;Ekid af vonf/ 'kw, d orwonf &mxl;tavsmuf t
xufvw T af wmf\Ouú|jzpfav&m orwr&So d nft h cgMurSom wm0ef0wå&m;aqmif&u G &f
onf r[kwb f ?J tkycf sKyfa&;Xmersm;tm; wku d &f udk Bf udK;ukid Ef idk cf iG &hf o
dS nf/
tar&dueforw
tar&dueforwjzpfEidk &f ef touf 35-ESpjf ynfjh zpf&rnft h jyif tar&duefjynf
axmifpw k iG f 14-ESpw f idk f aexkid of v l nf;jzpf&avonf/ xkjYd yif tar&duefEifdk if o H m;tjzpf
cH,x l m;olr[kw&f bJ arG;uwnf;u Ekid if o H m;jzpfoo l m orw-tjzpf ta&G;cHEidk cf iG &hf dS
avonf/
tar&dueforwESi'hf w k , d orwwkt Yd m; 4-ESpw f Budrf a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&
onf/ a&G;aumufykH a&G;aumufenf;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/
tar&dueforwESi'hf w k , d orwudk jynfojl ynfom;rsm;u wku d &f ukd af &G;aumuf
onfqadk omfvnf;? trSet f m;jzifh 2-qifah &G;aumuf&onf/ yXrtqifw h iG f jynfe,frsm;
onf rdrw d jdYk ynfe,f\uGe*f &ufvw T af wmf 2-&yfoYkd apvTwcf iG &hf adS om trwfO;D a&ESit hf nD
trQa&G;cs,fol (Electors) rsm;tm; trsm;jynforYl q J E´jzifh a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&onf/
Oyrm - jynfe,fwe,fonf uGe*f &ufatmufvw T af wmfoYkd trwf 30? txufvw T af wmf
odkY trwf 2-OD;apvTwfcGifh&SdvQif xkdjynfe,fwGif a&G;cs,fol 32-OD; a&G;aumufwif&
onf/
a&G;cs,forl sm;onf uGe*f &ufvw T af wmfw&yf&yf\trwf odw Yk nf;r[kwf tusKd;

tjrwf&mxl;wckcük xrf;&Guaf eolrsm; r[kwaf p&yg/
'kw, d tqifth aejzifh xkad &G;cs,forl sm;u wzef rdrw d BYdk udKufEpS o f ufaom orw
ESi'hf w
k ,
d orwukd rJqEáy;Mu&onf/
,cktcg tar&duefueG *f &ufwiG f txufvw T af wmftrwf(100)ESiahf tmufvw T f
awmftrwf(437)OD;&Sd&m vGefcJhonfhEkd0ifbmv(7)&ufaeYwGif tar&duefrJqE´&Sif(67)
oef;ausmfwo Ydk nf jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif a&G;cs,foal ygif; 537-OD;ukd vQKdU0Surf aJ y;pepf
jzifh a&G;aumufwifajr§mufMuonf/
'Drkdu&ufwpforwavmif;uae'Donf rdrdudk rJay;rnfha&G;cs,folokH;&mausmf
&xm;onft h wGuf orwjzpfrnfo h [l íl urÇmu todtrSwjf yKxm;Muonf/

tajccHOya't&qkv d Qif orwa&G;cs,f&ef a&G;cs,forl sm;onf vmrnfZh efe0g
&Dv 'kw, d weif;vmaeYwiG f oufqidk &f mjynfe,frsm;ü pka0;í rJqEáy;Mu&ygrnf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ygwDpepfEiS 'hf rD udk a&pDusifo h ;Hk rI tvGe&f ifu h sufae
íom þpepfonf atmifjrifNyD; ,ckuyif uae'Dtm; orwjzpfrnfo h [l í
l ausnmEkid f
jcif;jzpfavonf/
Armjynfvdk ae&mrsKd;rSmomqkv d Qif Ek0d bFmv(7)&ufaeY 'Dbufyidk ;f wGif ta&G;cH
&aom a&G;cs,forl sm;tm; wnfNrJ? oef&Y iS ;f uGpJ Ofu trwfrsm;uJo h Ykd wHwidk ;f txyfxyf
umxm;NyD; txl;apmifah &Smufxm;&ayvdrrhf nf/
tar&dueforw&mxl;onf ,cktcg urÇmhuHMur®mudk zefwD;EkdifpGrf;&Sdavmuf
atmif wefc;dk xufjrufaeayonf/ 4-ESpo f ufwrf;twGi;f tar&duefjynfow l tYdk ay:
tmPm&Siw f rQ wefc;kd MoZmBuD;rm;ayonf/
tar&duef w&m;pD&ifa&;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f jynfaxmifpw k &m;&k;H rsm; wpifwzGYJ oD;jcm;jynfe,f
w&m;&krH sm; wpifwzGYJ oD;jcm;xm;&Sad vonf/
jynfaxmifpv k w
T af wmfcsKyfonf tcGit hf mPm 3-&yfom ,lxm;onf/
(1) tajccHOya'w&m;Oya'rsm;ESiphf mcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;rS ay:aygufvmaomudprö sm;/
(2) oHwrHrsm;ESiyhf ifv,fa&aMumif; pD&ifyidk cf iG t hf mPmESio hf ufqidk af omudprö sm;/
(3) jynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,ftjiif;yGm;rI odrYk [kwf jynfe,ftcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;rI? odYk
r[kwf jynfaxmifpEk iS Ehf idk if jH cm;rsm; tjiif;yGm;rIupd rö sm;/
tajccHOya'tm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;onf tar&duefw&m;vTwfawmf
113 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
csKyf\t"duwm0efjzpfayonf/
tar&duefjynfe,frsm;
tar&duefjynfe,f 50 rSm vk;H 0uk,
d yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;&Sad om orwEkid if rH sm;jzpf
Muonf/
jynfe,forwrsm;udk ,cifuv kd edk t
D pOftvmwkid ;f a*:0gem (Governor) [kac:
a0:Muonf/
jynfe,forwrsm;onf trsm;jynfoq l E´rjJ zifh a&G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H NyD; jynf
e,ftwGi;f wGif jynfaxmifpo k rwuJo h yYkd if wefc;dk tmPm tvGeBf uD;rm;ayonf/

jynfe,fwidk ;f onf olt Y ajccHOya'ESio hf l twdtus&SMd uonf/ Oya'jyKvTwaf wmf
rsm;vnf; txufvw T af wmf atmufvw T af wmf[í l &SMd uonf/ w&m;&k;H rsm;vnf; w&m;
vTwaf wmfcsKyfrS atmuf&;Hk txd wpifwzGYJ &SMd uonf/ jynfe,frsm;onf ud, k yf ikd u
f muG,f
a&;tzGrYJ sm; (Militia) xm;Ekid cf iG &hf o dS nf/ odaYk omf tar&duefjynfe,frsm;onf qkAd , D uf
,le,D rH mS uJoh Ykd Ekid if jH cm;ESiw
hf udk &f udk f oHwrefqufo, G cf iG Ehf iS chf x
JG u
G Ef idk af om tcGit hf a&;
rsm; cHpm;cGihf r&SMd uacs/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f A[kEd iS jhf ynfe,frsm; tmPmcGaJ 0a&;ESiyhf wfoufí
rpöwmb&ku d (f p)u jynfe,frsm;onf trsm;qk;H &NyD; A[ko d nf tjrifq h ;Hk udk ,lxm;onf/
þenf;tm;jzifh Xme 3-cktMum; csdecf iG n f m§ udk xde;f odr;f xm;onf[k ajymqkad vonf/
The state gets the most but the nation the hightest so that the balance between
the two is preserved.
(5)
qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpk
qGZd mvefjynfaxmifp\ k tajccHOya'onf urÇmay:wGif 'Dru dk a&pDtjynf0h qk;H
jzpfonf[k qkMd uonf/
tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf qGZd mvefjynfwiG f jynfojl ynfom;rsm;onf 'Dru dk a&pDtm
Pmudk wku d &f udk t
f ok;H jyKEkid cf iG fh &Sjd cif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ (Direct Democracy.) /
'Drudk a&pDtmPmukd (3)enf; (3)rsKd;udk wku d &f u
dk t
f ok;H jyKMuonf/
(1) (Landsgemeide) ac:vlxt k pnf;ta0; usif;yí qk;H jzwfenf;/
(2) (Initiative) rJqE´&iS rf sm; vufrw S af &;xd;k í awmif;qked nf;/
(3) (Referendum) jynfoq Yl Eáy;yGJ usif;yí qk;H jzwfenf;/
eHygwf 1 ESihf 2 rSm urÇmay:wGif qGZd mvefwjynfxnf;üom usifo h ;Hk onf/ jynfoYl
qEáy;yGJrSm tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif oD;jcm;udpötwGuf usif;yay;avh&Sdonf/ jrefrmjynf

axmifpt k ajccHOya'wGif jynfe,fcx JG uG af &; udpu ö kd qk;H jzwfonft h cg jynfoq Yl Eáy; qk;H
jzwfap&ef jy|mef;xm;onf/
jynfov l x
l u
k 'Drudk a&pDtmPmudk wku d &f udk t f ok;H jyKEkid jf cif;onf qdZG mvefjynf
axmifpk\txl;jcm;qkH;vu©Pmjzpfonf/
jynfe,f 6-e,fwiG f ESppf OfEpS w f idk ;f {NyDvaemufq;Hk ywf we*FaEGaeYwiG f uGi;f jyif
ü vlxpk nf;a0;í (Landsgemeide) usif;yavh&MdS uonf/ xkv d x l pk nf;a0;yGw J iG f t
f rsm;
jynfolESifhoufqkdifaomudpörsm;udk aqG;aEG;avh&SdMuonf/ ta&;BuD;aomqkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm;onf csrSwfMuonf/ vkdtyfvQif jynfe,f\tajccHOya'udkyif xkdtpnf;ta0;u
jyifqifMuonf/ w&m;Oya'rsm;udk jy|mef;onf/ tcGeftwkwfudk pnf;MuyfcefYcGJonf/

jynfe,ftpk;d &tay: xdxad &mufa&muf BudK;ukid Mf uonf/
xkdvlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;udkvnf; pnf;urf;usus £aÈ´&& odu©morm"d&Sd&Sdjzifh
usif;yMuavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ygarmu©b&Gwf (Prof. Brooks) u xkpd nf;a0;yGrJ sm;ESiyhf wf
oufí ]]'Dru dk a&pD\tvGeo f bm0usaomç tvGet f a&;ygt&ma&mufaomç tvGeEf pS f
vkzd ,G af umif;aom vu©Pmjzpfygayonf}}[k xkwaf z:ajymMum;avonf/
useftjcm;jynfe,frsm;wGif vlxpk nf;a0;yGJ usif;yrIrsKd;r&Sad omfvnf; vufrw S f
a&;xkd;awmif;qkdenf;ESifhjynfolYqEáy;yGJ usif;yenf;wkdYudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY tokH;jyK
Muavonf/
jynfe,f (11)e,fwiG f w&m;Oya'rsm; twnfjyK&ef jynfoq Yl Eáy;yGJ rvkyrf ae
&ay/ jynfe,ftm;vk;H onf w&m;Oya'jyKay;&ef vufrw S af &;xk;d awmif;qkEd idk cf iG &hf MdS u
onf/ omrefw&m;Oya'twGuf rJqE´&iS o f ;Hk aomif; vufrw S af &;xk;d awmif;qk&d NyD; t
ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf ig;aomif;u vufrw S af &;xk;d awmif;qd&k avonf/ jynf
axmifpt k ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;wGif jynfoq Yl Eáy;yGJ rusif;ybJ twnfrjyKEkid af cs/
qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpo k nf 1848-ckEpS ?f rwkid rf D jynfaxmifprk [kwaf o;yg/ a&S;
wkH;uqkdvQif tJvfyfpf (Alps) awmifwef;wavQmufwiG f wnf&adS om jynfaxmifuav;
rsm;onf tusKd;wlvkyfief;rsm;twGuf ]]wyfaygif;pk}}oabmzGJYpnf;aexkdifMuonf/
jyifopfb&k if eykv
d , D oH nf qGZd mveftm; 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k Nf yD;aemuf &S&d if;jynf
axmifrsm;udk zsuford ;f um e,ferd w d t f opf owfrw S af y;NyD;? (18)c&kifd zf pYJG nf;vku d of nf/
xkaYd emuf wjynfaxmifpeH pf (Unitary) tajccHOya' a&;qGaJ y;vku d o f nf/
qGZd mveftrsKd;om;rsm;u vufrcH jiif;y,fMuonf/ eydv k , D b H &k ifonf xkt d ajc
cHOya'ukd jyKjyifNyD; twif;t"r®vufcaH 0jyefygonf/ odaYk omf ratmifjrifacs/
115 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
wzef eykv d , D b H &k ifonf jynfaxmifrsm;tm; cGNJ yD; tajccHOya'wckpjD zifh tkyf
csKyfjyefonf/ eykv d , D b H &k ifusqk;H onfEiS w hf NydKifwnf; ol\pHepfvnf; ysufoOk ;f oGm;av
awmhonf/
eykv d ,D \ H pk;d rk;d rIatmufwiG f qGZd mvefjynfaxmiftcsif;csif; vufwaJG qmif&u G f
csufrsm;onf aemifjynfaxmifpk zGpYJ nf;&ef rsKd;aphcsay;cJo h nf/
qGZd mvefjynfaxmifrsm;onf wyfaygif;pktzGu YJ kd jyefvnfzpYJG nf;Muonf/ tar
&duefjynfaxmifpk tpOD;ykid ;f uJo h Ykd tusKd;wlvjHk cKHa&;? Ekid if jH cm;usL;ausmfapmfum;rIrsm;
rS umuG,fa&;? vGwfvyfa&;? xdef;odrf;a&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;wkdYtwGuf yl;wGJ
vkyaf qmifMuonf/ jynfaxmiftoD;oD;um; ud, k yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&;? uk, d yf ikd t
f ajccHOya'

jzifh tkycf sKyfMuonf/
(Federal Diet) ac: wyfaygif;pkvw T af wmfoYkd jynfou Yl , dk pf m;vS,rf sm; apvTwjf cif;
rjyKbJ jynfaxmifrsm;\oHwrefrsm;qefqef awGq Y MHk uonf/
xku d mvtwGi;f tcsKdUjynfaxmifrsm;onf vk;H 0cGx J u G íf oD;jcm;aevkMd uonf/
tcsKdUu wyfaygif;pkoabmukd zsuford ;f NyD; ydí k pkpnf;aom 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if H xlaxmifvdk
Muonf/
1846-ckESpfwGif? cGJa&;orm;ESifhwGJa&;orm;rsm; jynfwGif;ppfcif;Muonf/ wGJ
a&;orm;u Ekid Nf yD; qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpu k kd 1848-ckEpS w f iG f zGpYJ nf;vku d Mf uonf/ tar
&duefjynfaxmifp\ k erlemtwkid ;f jynfaxmifpyk gvDrefwiG f txufvw T af wmf (Council of
States) ESia hf tmufvw T af wmf (National Council) [lízGpYJ nf;vku d of nf/ atmufvw T af wmf
udk vlO;D a&tvku d f a&G;aumufwifajr§mufNyD; txufvw T af wmfudk tar&dueftxufvw T f
awmftwkid ;f (Canton) ac:wjynfaxmifvQif (2)OD;us a&G;aumufMuonf/ 0efBuD;(7)
OD;yg0ifaom A[kt d pk;d &tzGjYJ zifh tkycf sKyfMuonf/
1848-ckESpf? tajccHOya'onf tajccHOya'xuf r[mrdwfpmcsKyfESifhydkíwl
onf[k qkMd uonf/ jynfaxmifrsm;onf jynfaxmifp0k ifoabmxuf tcsKyftjcmykid f vGwf
vyfaomEkid if t H jzpf aeMuonf/ A[dt k pk;d &onf jynfaxmifpyk gvDrefukd wm0efrcH ygvD
refESifhqufoG,fvkdrS qufoG,fonf/ tpdk;&tzGJY0if0efBuD;rsm;onfvnf; trsm;tusKd;
xuf uk, d uf ;dk uG,af ombmom? ud, k ahf e&if;a'otusKd;udk ykí d onfy;kd aqmif&u G Mf uonf/
26-ESpw f idk f cGaJ &; wGaJ &; y#dyu©onf qufvufjyif;xefco hJ nf/ aemufq;Hk wGif
jynfaxmifpo k rm;rsm;u atmifjrifNyD; 1874-ckEpS w f iG f vuf&q dS ZdG mvefjynfaxmifpt k
ajccHOya'ukd jyifqifa&;qGv J u
dk Mf uonf/
qGdpfjynfaxmifpkygvDref
qGpd jf ynfaxmifpw k iG f uefwaHk c: jynfe,f(19)e,fEiS u hf efw0Hk uf(6)e,f wenf;
tm;jzifh uefwkH(22)e,fyg0ifMuonf/
(National Assembly) ac: jynfaxmifpy k gvDrefwiG f txufvw T af wmfEiS ahf tmuf
vTwfawmfyg0ifonf/ txufvTwfawmfodkY uefwkHwe,fvQif udk,fpm;vS,f 2-OD;pD uef
wk0H uf we,fvQif(1)OD;pD apvTwEf idk o f nf/ xku
d , dk pf m;vS,rf sm;\vpmESiphf &dwu f kd ouf
qkid &f mjynfe,fu uscH&onf/ atmufvw T af wmfoYkd vlO;D a&tvku d f a&G;aumuf&mvlO;D
a&(22000)vQif ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;us a&G;aumufEidk o f nf/ odaYk omf vlO;D a& (11000)
xufydkvQif wOD;a&G;EkdifcGifh&Sdonf/
tmPmcGJa0enf;
jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm; tmPmESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0ykHenf;rSm tar&duef
jynfaxmifpEk iS Mhf opaw;vD;,m;jynfaxmifpw k u Ydk ohJ yYkd if jynfaxmifpt k m; tmPmrsm;uefY
owfay;NyD; jynfe,frsm;u useftmPmtm;vkH;udk ,lxm;Muonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jynf
axmifpktpkd;&ESifhjynfe,frsm; yl;wGJvkyfaqmifEkdifaom tmPmrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ (Con-
current Powers) /
jynfaxmifpyk gvDrefonf tpk;d &tzG?YJ Ekid if aH wmforw 'kw, d orw ppfaoem
ywdcsKyfESifhw&m;0efBuD;csKyfwkdYtm; a&G;aumufwifajr§mufonf/
jynfe,frsm;wGif &mxl;xrf;&Guv f suf&adS om yk*K¾ v d rf sm;tm;vnf; jynfaxmifpk
ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta&G;cHEidk f cGijhf yKxm;onf/
qGdZmvefjynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif xl;jcm;csuf(2)csuf&Sdonf/
1/ rdrw d aYdk &G;aumuf wifajr§mufvu dk af om tpk;d &tzG0YJ if 0efBuD;rsm;tm; jyefvnfjzKwfcs
Ekid cf iG hf r&Sjd cif;/
2/ rw&m;Oya'rsm;tm; tNyD;owf twnfjyKEkid jf cif;/
jynfov l x
l t
k m; 'Dru
dk a&pDtmPmudk wku d &f u dk uf sifo
h ;Hk Ekid cf iG hf jyKxm;ojzifh ygvD
refu w&m;Oya'rsm;udk tNyD;owftwnfjyKí r&Ekid jf cif; jzpfonf/
qGdpfjynfaxmifpktpkd;&
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzGJYudk vTwfawmf 2-&yfaygif;xm;onf/ jynfaxmifpkygvD
refu a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&onf/ tpk;d &tzGw YJ iG f 0efBuD; 7-OD;yg0ifí 0efBuD;rsm;onf
vTwaf wmfw&yf&yf\trwfrsm; rjzpfap&bJ trwftjzpf ta&G;cHEidk cf iG hf t&nftcsif;
117 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
ESijhf ynfph aHk omf wkid ;f oljynfom;xJrS jzpf&onf/

jynfe,fBuD;u jynfe,fi,ftm; tEkdifusifhrI vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI oabmrsKd;r&Sd
apjcif;iSm qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'wGif tpk;d &tzG0YJ if 0efBuD;tjzpf jynfe,f
we,fwnf;rS wOD;xufyí kd wifajr§mufciG hf r&Sad Mumif; jy|mef;xm;avonf/
jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &Xme(7)Xmeom &So d nf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS (1)Ekid if jH cm;a&; (2)jynfxJ
a&; (3)w&m;a&;ESiyhf v k yd Xf me (4)ppfa&; (5)b@ma&;ESit hf aumufawmfceG Xf me (6)pku d f
ysKd;a&;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhpufrIvkyfief;Xme (7)pmwkdufESifhrD;&xm;Xme/
tpk;d &tzG0YJ if0efBuD;(7)OD;onf wOD;vQif wXmepDuidk Mf u&onf/ tpk;d &tzGw JY iG f
Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf[í l r&Sad y/

ygvDrefu 0efBuD;(7)OD;teufrS Ekid if aH wmforwESi'hf w k ,
d orwudk a&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufonf/ orwESi'hf w k ,d orwwk\ Yd oufwrf;rSm 12-vom&SNd yD; 'kw, d tBudrf
wqufwnf; jyefvnfta&G;cHciG rhf &Sad cs/ Ekid if aH wmforwonfyif tpk;d &tzGw YJ iG f obm
ywdtjzpf aqmif&u G &f onf/ obmywdqadk omfvnf; Ekid if aH wmforwtm; txl;tmPm
rsm; ay;tyfrxm;ay/ (7)Xmeteuf ¤if;ESiq hf idk af om XmewcktwGuo f m tmPm&So d nf/
wenf;tm;jzifh EkdifiHawmforwonf wESpfwmtwGuf tpkd;&tzGJY\obmywdtjzpf
aqmif&u G jf cif;omjzpfonf/
]]tNrJwrf;ppfwyfr&Sd}}
qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpw k iG f tNrJwrf; ppfwyf[í l xm;cGirhf &Sad y/ tajccHOya'
yk'rf (13)wGif twdtvif; jy|mef;xm;onf/ yk'rf (18)t& qGpd t f rsKd;om;tm;vk;H onf
ppfrx I rf;&Gu&f onf/ A[kjd ynfaxmifpt k aejzifh tNrJwrf;ppfwyfrxm;&Sad omfvnf; jynf
e,frsm;onf vkjH cKHa&;twGuf ppfom;tiftm;(300)xufrydak om? ppfwyfrsm; xm;Ekid f
cGifhjyKxm;avonf/
qGZd mvefjynfaxmifpo k nf Oa&mytv,fyikd ;f wGif xl;jcm;pGm wnfaerI? xl;jcm;
aomzGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'? ckid Nf rJaomMum;aea&;0g'? xl;jcm;aom qGpd v f rl sKd;
wk\Yd pdw"f mwfwaYdk Mumifh eydv
k sH\usL;ausmfraI emufyikd ;f wGif ppfab;ppf'PfEiS u hf if;vGwf
um Nidr;f csrf;om,maom jynfaxmifpt k jzpf wnfwv hH mcJah vonf/
qGpd Zf mvefjynf\'Drudk a&pDwu dk &f u
dk u
f sifo
h ;Hk rIrmS t"Ge&Yf n
S pf mG wnfwahH yvdrrhf nf/
jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
(6)
urÇmt&yf&yfjynfaxmifpkzGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'erlemrsm;udk tMurf;tm;jzifh
avhvmNyD;onfah emuf uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfzpYJG nf;csKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'
ukd qufvufavhvmMunfyh gpk/Yd
zm;wykdif; ig;wykdif;
uRefawmfwkdY jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'ukd tmPmESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;(3)
enf;jzifh pHcsdeu f kd Munfvh Qif jynfaxmifpk rppfwppf trsKd;tpm;(0g)jynfaxmifpt k aysmh
pm;jzpfaMumif; txufwiG f az:jycJNh yD;jzpfygonf/

od&Yk mwGif xyfavmif;í zGpYJ nf;yk?H ykpH EH iS chf sdex
f ;dk Munfyh grl jynfaxmifpt
k aysmhpm;
yif r[kwaf wmhbJ zm;wydik ;f ig;wydik ;f pepftjzpf awGjY rif&ayrnf/
uRefawmfwkdYwGif usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;0g'w&m;zkH;vTrf;aeí ,if;uJhokdY
awGYjrifMuonfr[kwfyg/
1947-ckEpS f wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmfwiG f tajccHOya'ukd a&;qGMJ upOftcg tajc
cHtMuHay;t&m&St d jzpf aqmif&u G cf ahJ om(0g)tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif t"duwm0efukd
xrf;aqmifcahJ om ,ckEidk if aH wmfw&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyfw&m;0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&u G vf suf
&Sdol ]]owdk;r[moa&pnfol}}OD;csefxGef;u-
]]uRefawmfw&Ydk UJ tajccHOya'[m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk eH pfjzpfay
r,fh vufawGw Y iG f wjynfaxmifpeH pfjzpfygw,f}}[k ajymjyaMumif;/ &efuek w f uúov dk &f m
Z0ifygarmu©a[mif; wifu h m; ((Hugh Tinker) u ol\jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf (The
Union of Burma) pmtkyw f iG f xkwaf z:a&;om;xm;onf/
(The Constitutional Advisor, Chan Htoon observed much later that "Our Con-
stitution though in theory federal, is in practice Unitary")
xkaYd Mumifh zm;wykid ;f ig;wykid ;f pHepfrmS uRefawmfw\
Ydk tjrifoufouf r[kw?f OD;
csefxGef;vdkyk*¾Kdvfuvnf; xkwfaz:0efcHxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
,if;uJo h jYkd zpf&jcif;rSm rawmfwqaMumifv h nf; r[kw?f uRefawmfwv
Ydk rl sKd;pkrsm;
u vkvd m;aomaMumifv h nf; r[kwaf y/
EkdifiHa&;tawGYtMuKH enf;yg;NyD; Oya'ynmem;rvnfaom uRefawmfwkdYtm;
Armacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhOya'ynm&Sifrsm;u ]]vSnfhpm;vkdufwmbJ}}[k uRefawmfwkdYxif
jrifvmMuygonf/
119 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aeMupOfw;Hk u vGwv f yfNyD;onfah emuf rnfonfyh Hk

pHrsKd;jzifh wkid ;f jynfukd wnfaxmifMurnfenf;[k awG;awmMuHqMuonft h cg ArmtrsKd;
om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Armjynfvkd wkdif;jynfi,fav;tzkdY vlrsKd;pkrsm; tcGJcGJtjcrf;
jcrf; tkycf sKyfonfrh u l dk rBudKufMuyg/ wpnf;wvk;H wnf; ykpH w H rsKd;wnf;aomtkycf sKyfa&;
rsKd;? wenf;tm;jzifh wjynfaxmifpHepftpdk;& wrsKd;wpm;pHepf (Unitary) ukdvkdvm;Mu
onf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u uRefawmfwkdYtm; wpnf;wvkH;xnf;om 5-ESpfpDrHudef;
2-Budraf jrmuf aqmif&u G vf udk &f vQif tm;vk;H wk;d wufrnf? Armjynfrxuf wqifeh rd u hf s
aeaome,fpyfa'o&Sd vlrsKd;pkrsm;onfvnf; ArmESiw hf ef;wl wk;d wufvmrnf[k ,kMH unf

aMumif; ajymjybl;ygonf/
uRefawmfwYdk (& y v)acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;\&k;d om;aom
apwemudk ,kMH unfMuonf? av;pm;Muonf/
odaYk omf &Sr;f trsKd;om;rsm;taeESihf tajctaeu wrsKd;jzpfaeMuygonf/
&Sr;f vlrsKd;ESiAhf rmvlrsKd;onf vlrsKd;jcif;rwl jcm;em;onf? &Sr;f jynfa'oESiAhf rm
jynfa'oonf uke;f jyifjrifEh iS ahf jrjyefjY cm;em;onf/ &mZ0ift& &Sr;f rsm;onf Armrsm;t
ay:pd;k &drMf uonf/ ouFmruif;&SMd uonf/ tESp(f 60)ausmfe,fcsJUorm;\aoG;cGrJ aI Mumifh
aoG;uGaJ eMuonf/ vGwv f yfa&; BudK;yrf;aeMupOf e,fcsJUjAL&ku d &ufrsm;\aoG;cGrJ -I ajc
xk;d rI-tEÅ&m,fuvnf; BuD;rm;aeonf/ uRefawmfwYdk (& y v)acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Arm
olvQKdawG Armudk a&mif;pm;olawG[í l apmfbmG ;tcsKdUu pGypf aJG ecsdev f nf; jzpfonf/
uRefawmfwYdk Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;\apwemudv k nf;aumif;? jynfaxmifppk eH pfrl
udv k nf;aumif;? oHo,r&SMd uyg? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom ArmjynfEiS u hf Refawmf
wkYd &Sr;f jynftm; wjynfaxmifpeH pft& yl;aygif;apumrl uRefawmfwt Ydk zkYd pk;d &dryf yl efp&m
r&S[ d k uRefawmfwYdk ,lqonf/
vlyk*¾Kdvfykdif;tajct& xkdodkYjzpfaomfvnf; wuJhjzpf&yftajctaet&qkdvQif
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;uvGJí tjcm;rjzpfEkdif[k uRefawmfwkdY (& y v)uqkH;jzwfMu
onf/
uRefawmfw(Ydk & y v)u atmufygjynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk a[majymyGrJ sm;
jzif¤h if;? pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;jzif¤h if; &Sr;f jynftESt YH jym;odYk csjyvku d of nf/
jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;
(1) ArmjynfrESijhf ynfaxmifppk eH pft& yl;aygif;rnf/
(2) ,if;odkYyl;aygif;onfhtcg-
(u) tcGifhta&;ESifhtqifhtwef;wljzpf&rnf/
(c) &Sr;f jynftm; vk;H 0uk, d yf idk tf yk cf sKyfa&;ay;&rnf/
(*) cGx J u G v f udk tcsderf a&G; cGx J u G cf iG ahf y;&rnf/
(3) A[kt d pk;d &tm; atmufygXmersm; vTt J yfay;rnf/
(u) Ekid if jH cm;a&;/
(c) umuG,af &;/
(*) pmwku d Ef iS ahf Mu;eef;/
(C) vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/
(i) aiGpuúLESiahf iG'*Fg;xkwv f yk af &;/

(p) qdyu f rf;taumufawmfceG /f
(& y v)\jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;onf &Sr;f jynfvx l t
k wGi;f euf&idI ;f pGm 0if
oGm;onf/ Armqkv d Qif tvGerf ek ;f NyD; ArmjynfEiS rhf aygif;vkad omyk*K¾ v d rf sm;yifvQif þjynf
axmifpo k abmw&m;ukd vufcv H mMuonf/
(& y v)\jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;onf &Sr;f jynfe,ferd w d rf S ausmfveG uf m e,f
pyfa'owavQmufvkH;odkY jyefYESHYoGm;cJhonf/ &Srf;-ucsif-csif;-acgif;aqmifrsm;yl;aygif;
zGpJY nf;xm;aom awmifwef;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw T af &;OD;pD;tzGcYJ sKyf (Scouhp) uvnf; jynf
axmifpo k abmw&m;udk vufcv H mMuonf/
jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;\tESpo f m&onf emrnfausmfyifvpHk mcsKyfwiG f ygvm
&onf/ NAdwo d Qavbmtrwf &dp0f v D sHacgif;aqmifaom e,fpyfa'opkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Sif
\tpD&ifcpH mwGiv f nf; jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk a&SUwef;xkwí f az:jyxm;&onf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tp OD;Ektv,f OD;csefxGef;tqkH; ArmtrsKd;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm;uawmh jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk tBudKufMuyg/
OD;baz-a'gufwmAarmf-ocifApdew f v Ydk dk vusfm*kP
d ;f om;rsm;uvnf; rBudKuf
Muyg/
okadY omf OD;atmifqef;-OD;EkwEYdk iS Ohf ;D baz-OD;barmfw\ Ydk tajccHapwemcsif;rSm
jcm;em;Muygonf/
vlrsKd;pkrsm;\jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk y,fzsufí r&Ekid af wmhyg/
wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmfwiG f Akv d cf sKyfO;D atmifqef;u tajccHOya'vrf;nTejf y|mef;
csuf tqkw d ifoiG ;f onft h cg tyk'd (f 2)wGif jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk xnfo h iG ;f xm;&
avonf/
121 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
odaYk omf Akv d cf sKyfwu Ydk sqk;H oGm;NyD;aemuf tajccHOya'udk tNyD;owfa&;qGMJ uonfh
tcg uRefawmfwt Ydk m; rvdrw hf ywfEyS v f u dk o f nf[k uRefawmfawmh pGpJ NJG rJNrJ ,lqaeqJjzpf
onf/
toGit f m;jzifh uRefawmfwYdk e,fpyfa'otm; ESpo f rd ahf p&ef jynfaxmifpt k oGif
ay;xm;NyD; tESpo f m&tm;jzifh wwfEidk o f rQ wjynfaxmifpeH pfjzpfap&ef zefw;D xm;onf
[k uRefawmfxifonf/
OD;csefxGef;onf jynfe,frsm; tcPf;cGJxGufcGifh tcPf;rsm; tajccHOya'wGif
yg0ifxnfo h iG ;f xm;jcif;taMumif;ESiyhf wfoufNyD; Ekid if aH &; tkycf sKyfa&;t& trSev f t dk yf
í r[kwfaMumif;? e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;\oHo,pdwfudk avsmhyg;ap&eftwGuf

omjzpfaMumif;? Armrsm;tay: ESpyf &dapä'Mum&Snpf mG pGpJ NJG rJNrJxm;&Sv d maom t,ko H uFm
pdwrf sm;udk awmifay:om;rsm;onf &kww f &uf pGev Yf wT Ef idk jf cif;r&Sad Mumif;? xkrd ouFmpdwf
rsm;ukd ukpm;aom enf;wenf;omjzpfaMumif;[lí ajymMum;aMumif;jzifh ygarmu©wifu h m
u ol\pmtkyw f iG f qufvuf az:jyxm;avonf/
xdkrQru OD;csefxGef;onf wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif ]]uRefawmfwkdY ,ckvuf&Sd
tajctaersm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh tpkd;&wzGJYwnf;u tkyfcsKyfwm[m b,f
avmufbJ aumif;w,fqw kd m uRefawmfwt Ydk m;vk;H ,kMH unfMuapumrl ,cktcsderf mS jzpfvQif
jynfaxmifpEk idk if u H o kd m zGpYJ nf;zk&Yd mjzpfaeygw,f}}[lí¤if;/ wzefqufvufNyD; ]]uRefawmf
wkYd tm;vk;H u odyNf yD;rESpNf cdKufaomfvnf; ,ckvuf&dS tajctaet& jynfaxmifpEk idk if H
wnfc&hJ wJt h wGuf aemifukd tajctaet& wOD;wnf;tpk;d &wzGw YJ nf;u tkycf sKyfwEhJ idk if H
rsKd;[m ydNk yD;vkv d m;tyfw,f Armjynfukd Munfv h u dk v f Qif urÇmESiphf mvQif tifrwef i,fvYdk
aemifukd tpk;d &wzGw YJ nf;ESijhf zpfEikd w f hJ (Unitary) Ekid if rH sKd;udk jzpfcsifygw,fqv dk Qif jynfe,f
awGu oabmwlvQif uRefawmfwkdY zefwD;oGm;zkdY&efonf Oya'rSmyg&Sdygw,f}}[lí¤if;?
&Sif;vif;ajymjyoGm;cJhygonf/
tajccHOya'tMuHay;t&m&SdjzpfNyD; tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif t"duwm0ef
xrf;aqmifcahJ om OD;csefxeG ;f onf jynfaxmifppk eH pfudk tb,frQ rvkv d m; rESpNf cdKufonf
udk ol\pum;rsm;jzifh ay:vGiaf pygonf/
e,fpyfa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm; qE´jyif;jyí¤if;? rvTrJ a&Smifomí¤if;? wenf;tm;
jzifh e,fpyfa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm; oHo,uif;ap&ef &aohpw d af jzjyKEkid &f eftwGuf jynfaxmif
pkypHk u
H kd xnfo h iG ;f ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ odaYk omf Armacgif;aqmifrsm;\vkt d ifqE´twkid ;f
wjynfaxmifoabm a&mufEidk o f rQ a&mufap&ef zefw;D ay;cJjh cif;yif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ,if;uJo h Ykd zm;
wykid ;f ig;wykid ;f jzpfro

I nf e,fpyfa'ovlrsKd;rsm;wGif ude;f atmif;aeaom oHo,ruif;
rIukd rajyaysmufaponft h jyif wk;d íyif BuD;rm;vmapcJyh gonf/
wjcrf;yJh jynfaxmifpk
uRefawmfw\ Ydk tajccHOya'onf oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifp[ k k ac:qkd
Ekid jf cif;rSm-
(1) &Srf;-ucsif-u&if-u,m;jynfe,frsm; zGJYpnf;ay;xm;jcif;/
(2) jynfe,frsm;wGif ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&; toift h wifch iG jhf yKxm;jcif;/
(3) jynfe,faumifpaD c: Oya'jyKtzGt YJ pnf;ay;xm;jcif;/
(4) &Sr;f ESiu hf ,m;jynfe,frsm;tm; jynfaxmifp\ k tjrifq h ;Hk tqifjh zpfonfch x JG u G Ef ikd cf iG hf
ay;xm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/
þrQavmufom uGuu f uG u f av;Munfv h Qif urÇmay:&Sd tjcm;jynfaxmifprk sm;
ESihf toGit f m;jzifh wloa,mifa,mif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpq k o dk nfrmS jynfaxmifac: jynfe,frsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,frsm; zGJYpnf;xm;aomfvnf; vlrsm;pkjzpfaom
Armrsm;tzkYd jynfe,f[í l oD;jcm;r&Sad cs/ oD;jcm;ygvDrefEiS o hf ;D jcm;tpk;d &vnf; r&Sad cs/
&kww f &ufqv dk Qif Armrsm;u tepfemcH&oa,mif oabmaygufayrnf/ eufeuf
eJeJ pOf;pm;Munfyh gu Armrsm;onf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tmPmudk vk;H axG;,lvu dk Nf yD; vl
rsKd;pkrsm;tay: tkypf v D u dk jf cif;omjzpfygonf/ þonfukd axmuf&í I OD;csefxeG ;f u ]]vuf
awGw Y iG f wjynfaxmifpeH pfjzpfonf}}[kqv dk udk jf cif;jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh uRefawmfu jynfe,frsm;onf Armjynf\yPÖmqufEidk if rH sm;tqifo h Ykd
usa&mufuek o f nf[k qkv d udk jf cif;jzpfonf/
yPÖmqufEidk if aH c: (Vassal State) ESiyhf wfoufNyD; uRefawmftaeESihf txl;t"d
yÜg,fziG jhf yp&m rvkyd g/ Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; ruG,v f eG rf D wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmfwiG f t"dygÜ ,f
zGifhjycJhonfu ydkít"dyÜg,fav;eufygonf/
(Vassal State) qkdwmu wynfh-uRefEkdifiHvkdoabmrsKd;bJ? uRefqkdayr,fhvkdY
(Colony) ukv d ek v
D nf; r[kwb f ;l ? olb Y momol olrY if;ESio hf cl sif;ESio hf t
Yl pk;d &ESib hf ?J tjyif
brf;tm;jzifah wmh vGwv f yfw,f? odaYk omfvnf; Ekid if BH uD;wEkid if &H UJ MoZmvTr;f rd;k rI csKyfcs,f
rIudk txl;wvnf cHae&wJEh idk if jH zpfvYdk (Vassal State) vkaYd c:w,f/ (wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmf
nDvmcHrw S w f rf;pmwG-J 1/ tpnf;ta0;trSwf 4? pmrsufEmS - 77)/
ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'ESiyhf PÖmqufEidk if [ H al om pum;rsm;udk uRefawmfu wrifxiG f
123 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
vku d o
f nf[k uRefawmfrh w d af qGrsm;u qkMd uonf/ trSerf mS þpum;vk;H rsm;udk uRefawmf
u xGiv f u dk of nf r[kwyf g/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf\ 10-ESpaf usmfb0rS aygufzmG ;
vmaom pum;vk;H rsm;om jzpfygonf/
Armrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,f-oD;jcm;tpkd;&-oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJY[lí oD;
jcm;rxm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí OD;csefxGef;uyifArmacgif;aqmifrsm;\ukd,fpm; wkdif;jynf
jyKvTwaf wmfwiG f &Si;f vif;jycJyh gonf/
]]ArmjynfrBuD;u tifrwefBuD;NyD; yg0ifrnfjh ynfe,fawGu tifrwef tus,f
t0ef;rSm i,faewmudk awG&Y ygw,f/ Armjynfrtus,ft0ef;[m &Sr;f jynf ucsifjynf
e,f? u&ifejD ynfe,f/ onfjynfe,f ok;H jynfaygif;vQifawmifrS ArmjynfrmS usefwehJ ,f

awG&JUtus,ft0ef;eJYqkdvQif okH;ykHwykH av;ykHwykHavmufyJ &Sdw,f/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifhqkd
vQif omNyD;uGmjcm;ao;w,f/ vlO;D a&(17)oef; &Sw d t hJ euf Armjynfru (15)oef;&Sw d ,f?
&Sr;f jynf? ucsifjynf? u&ifejD ynfe,fu&Sv d Qif (2)oef;avmufbJ &Sw d ,f/ NyD;awmh b@m
a&;udpt ö ajctaerSmvnf; ,ckvuf&dS tajctaeudk Munfrh nfqv dk Qif b@ma&;tajc
taerSm trsm;BuD;csKdUiJhaeygw,f/ EkdifiHa&;A[kokwudkMunfhjyefawmhvnf; tawmfbJ
uGmjcm;aewm&Sw d ,f}}[lí OD;csefxeG ;f u ArmjynfrESijhf ynfe,frsm; uGmjcm;rIudk &Si;f jyNyD;?
tu,fí Armjynfrt f wGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fxm;&vQif Oya'jyKrItwGuf trwfrsm;? tkyf
csKyfrItwGuf trIxrf;rsm;? w&m;pD&ifrItwGuf w&m;olBuD;rsm;? trsm;tjym;vkdrnf
jzpfonft h wGuf vlrvkaH vmufaMumif;? A[djk ynfaxmifpEk iS Ahf rmjynfrtwGuf xkd 3-Xme
cGx J m;&vQif b@ma&;ESpq f ydík ukeu f srnfjzpfaMumif; qufvuf&iS ;f jyonf/
xkaYd Mumifh ]]usefonfjh ynfe,fawGrmS vkd ArmjynfrtwGuu f kd oD;oefjY ynfe,fwck
tjzpf rxm;bJEiS hf A[kt d pk;d &u A[kOd ya'jyKtzGu YJ aeNyD;awmh tkycf sKyfwAhJ [ktd pk;d &ESihf
aygif;xm;wJh waygif;wpnf;wnf; EkdifiHjynfrjzpf&rnf}}[k OD;csefxGef;u &Sif;vif;cJhyg
onf/
[kpd Ofu uRefawmfvnf; [kwEf ;dk a,mifa,mif vufccH yhJ gonf/ Armrsm; wu,f
tepfemcHygwum;[k txifBuD;cJhygonf/ eufeufeJeJ ezl;ay: vufwifpOf;pm;MunfhrS
jynfe,frsm; arsmufavmif;jzpfuek o f nfukd awGjY rif&ygonf/
trSerf mS Armrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fzpYJG nf;NyD; Armjynfe,f-&Sr;f jynfe,f-
usifjynfe,f-u&ifjynfe,f-u,m;jynfe,fponfjh ynfe,frsm; yl;aygif;um jynfaxmifpk
zGyYJ grS wu,fjh ynfaxmifp\ k t*FgESinhf n D w
T af yrnf/ ,ckru l m; Armjynfe,f[í l ryg&So d nfh
twGuf uRefawmfw\ Ydk tajccHOya'onf toGit f m;jzifyh if t*FgrpHk wjcrf;yJh jynfaxmif
pkBuD;jzpfaeavonf/
þum; yxrOD;pGm awG&Y &dS onfh csKdU,Gi;f csufBuD;jzpfygonf/
wkdYygvDref
uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefzpYJG nf;ykrH mS vnf; obm0rusay/ tjcm;jynf
axmifpyk gvDrefrsm;wGif vTwaf wmf 2-&yfxm;&Sjd cif;rSm atmufvw T af wmfonf 'Dru dk a&pD
oabmt& tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf jynfov l x
l xk rH S qif;ouf&rnfqo dk nft
h wkid ;f jynf
olvx l w k &yfv;Hk tm; ud, k pf m;jyK&efjzpfNyD; txufvw T af wmfrmS jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;
t& jynfe,frsm;tm; ud, k pf m;jyK&ef jzpfayonf/
jynfe,fBuD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; tEkid u f sifrh I r&Sad p&ef txufvw T af wmfoYkd
udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtrQapvTwfMuonf/
vTwaf wmfw&yf&yfonf tmPmudk tvGet f uJtok;H rjyKEkid &f eftwGuf vTwaf wmf
w&yfu tjcm;vTwaf wmfw&yftm; xde;f uGyEf ikd &f ef tcGit hf mPmwl ay;xm;Muonf/
uRefawmfwkdY\txufvTwfawmfodkY jynfe,frsm;onf trwfOD;a&tnDtrQap
vTwEf idk cf iG hf r&SMd uyg/ Armjynfe,f[í l oD;jcm;r&Sjd cif;onfyif jynfaxmifpt k xufvw T f
awmfzpYJG nf;rIukd BuD;pGm&kyq f if;ysufapavonf/ wjynfe,fvQif trwfO;D a& tb,frQ
pD apvTw&f rnf[k tajccHOya'wGif jy|mef;vku d vf Qif Armjynfe,fr&Sí d jynfaxmifpt k
xufvw T af wmfwiG f Armuk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifEidk af wmhrnf r[kwaf cs/
uRefawmfwkdY\txufvTwfawmfonf atmufvTwfawmftm; xdef;uGyfEkdifaom
tmPmvnf; r&S?d jynfe,f jynfe,frsm;tusKd;udk umuG,Ef idk pf rG ;f vnf;r&Sjd zpfaeav&m
,cktwkid ;f omqkv d Qif Ekid if aH wmforwuJo h Ykd wefqmqifxm;,ko H m &Sad eayrnf/
þum; 'kwd,csKdU,Gif;csufwnf;/
tmPmESifhtcGifhta&;
jynfaxmifppk pfppfEikd if rH sm;wGif A[kjd ynfaxmifptk m; trsm;ESiq hf idk af om tcGihf
tmPmrsm;om ay;NyD; useftmPmrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u odr;f ydu k x
f m;Muonf/ uae'g
jynfaxmifpw k iG o
f m A[djk ynfaxmifptk m;vnf; tmPmuefo Y wfay;NyD; useftmPmrsm;
tm;vk;H ukd A[du k odr;f yduk x
f m;onf/
uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpOk ya'jyKpm&if;? jynf
e,fOya'jyKpm&if;[lí cGJjcm;NyD; useftmPmrsm;tm;vkH;udk A[kdjynfaxmifpktpkd;&odkY
ay;tyfxm;&mu uae'gjynfaxmifpEk iS t hf mPmcGaJ 0enf;wGif twlwyl ifjzpfonf/ tajc
cHOya'rlEiS yhf wfoufí &Si;f jypOf OD;csefxeG ;f u uae'gjynfaxmifpv k rf;pOfukd vku d x
f m;
125 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
aMumif; 0efccH ahJ vonf/

xkv d rf;pOfukd rvku
d íf rjzpfay/ Armjynfe,f[í l oD;jcm;zGpYJ nf;xm;jcif;r&Sd jzpf
av&m jynfaxmifppk pfppfrt l wkid ;f A[du
k kd tmPmvk;H 0 uefo
Y wfay;vku d Nf yD; useftmPm
rsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfe,frsm;tm; ay;vdu k vf Qif ArmjynfrtwGuf tkycf sKyfí jzpfEidk af wmh
rnf r[kwaf cs/
þum; uRefawmfwYdk tajccHOya'\wwd,csKdU,Gi;f csufyif jzpfayonf/
uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &

uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tzGrYJ sKd;udk tjcm;rnfonfjh ynfaxmifpEk idk if w H iG f

rS rawG&Y yg/
jynfaxmifppk pfppfjzpfonft h ar&duef-qGZd mvef-qkAd , D uf,el , D -H Mopaw;vD;
,m;wkw Yd iG ¤f if;? jynfaxmifpt k aysmhpm;jzpfonfu h ae'gwGi¤f if;? jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzGYJ
wGif uRefawmfwt Ydk pk;d &tzGuYJ o hJ Ykd jynfe,f0efBuD;Xmersm; yg0ifzpYJG nf;xm;jcif; r&SMd uyg/
uRefawmfwjYdk ynfe,fOuú|rsm;onf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tzGw YJ iG f jynfe,f0efBuD;
rsm;tjzpf yg0ifaeMuonf/
uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpw k iG f Ekid if aH wmforwonf jy&kyrf QomjzpfNyD; tmPmt
&Sq
d ;Hk yk*K¾ v
d rf mS Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf jzpfonf/
yk'rf 56(2)t& Ekid if aH wmforwonf 0efBuD;csKyfu trnfwifoiG ;f aomyk*K¾ v d f
wkuYd kd jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tzG0YJ if tjcm;0efBuD;rsm;tjzpf cefx Y m;&rnf/
yk'fr 56(3)t& ]]EkdifiHawmforwonf 0efBuD;csKyf\tMuHay;csuft& jynf
axmifpktpkd;&0efBuD;wOD;OD;\&mxl;EIwfxGufpmukd vufcH&rnf/ odkYwnff;r[kwf &mxl;
rS &yfpaJ p&rnf/
uRefawmfw\ Ydk t&yfom; pum;qkv d Qif 0efBuD;csKyfu BudKufEpS o f ufí a&G;cs,f
olrsm;om 0efBuD;rsm;jzpf&NyD; 0efBuD;csKyfu tvkrd &So d nfw h aeYwiG f 0efBuD;&mxl;rS EIwf
xGufay;&rnf/
uRefawmfwYdk jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm;vnf; 0efBuD;csKyfu oabmwlrS 0efBuD;jzpfEidk f
onf/ 0efBuD;csKyfu oabmrwlonft h cg 0efBuD;rjzpfEidk af cs/
xkaYd Mumifh jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm;onf 0efBuD;csKyf\oabmqE´twkid ;f aqmif&u G f
Mu&onf/ jynfe,ftpk;d &rsm;onf uk, d yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;&Sí
d jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &onf jynf
e,ftwGif;a&;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sd[kqkdaomfvnf; jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;\
tBuD;tuJjzpfol jynfe,fOuú|rsm;rSm 0efBuD;csKyf\qEÉiS q hf efuY sifaomudprö sm; bmrS
rvkyEf idk jf zpfMu&m jynfe,frsm;\uk, d yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;rSm t"dygÜ ,fuif;rJah eayonf/

wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifp0k efBuD;csKyfonf jynfe,ftwGi;f a&;udprö sm;udk wku d f
&ku
d 0f ifa&mufpu G zf ufaep&m rvk?d rdrw d t Ydk pk;d &tzGw YJ iG f yg0ifaeaom jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm;
rSwqifh MoZmvTr;f rk;d Ekid o f nf/ oG,0f u dk af omenf;jzifh 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufEidk af vonf/
þonfyif wjynfaxmifpeH pfukd xif&mS ;pGm az:jyaeavonf/
xkaYd Mumifh OD;csefxeG ;f u vufawGw Y iG f wjynfaxmifpeH pf (Unitary) jzpfaeygonf
[k ygarmu©wifu h mtm; ajymjycJah yonf/
þum; uRefawmfwkdYtajccHOya'\pwkw¬csKdU,Gif;csufjzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpkb@ma&;
tmPmESifhtcGifhta&; cGJa0enf;uJhodkYyif b@ma&;cGJa0rIonfvnf; jynfe,f
rsm;tm; jynfe,ftcGeaf wmfpm&if;[lí uefo Y wfay;NyD; useftm;vk;H udk A[ku d ,lxm;
vkdufavonf/
Armjynfe,f[í l oD;jcm;zGpYJ nf;xm;jcif;r&Sb d J jynfaxmifp[ k íl a&maxG;zGpYJ nf;
xm;av&m A[kXd mersm;[lí oefo Y efcY jJG cm;&ef cufcaJ yonf/ xkaYd Mumifh A[kjd ynfaxmifpk
ESio hf ufqidk af om tcGeaf wmf0ifaiGrsm;udk b,focYkd aJG 0í A[kjd ynfaxmifpEk iS o hf ufqidk af om
Xmersm;twGuf b,fou Ykd scH&rnfukd wdwu d sus owfrw S &f ef rvG,u f al wmhay/
tajccHOya'yk'rf 96 >cif;csufwiG o f m jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &onf ]]axmufy&hH ef
vkt d yfonf[k qk;H jzwfowfrw S af omtaxmuftyHah iGrsm;uk}d }jynfe,ftpk;d &rsm;tm; ay;
Ekid o f nf[k az:jyxm;onf/
¤if;jy|mef;csuft& &Sad om taxmuftyHah iGrsm;jzifo h m jynfe,frsm; touf
&SLaeMu&onf/ þaxmufyahH iGrsm;udk A[kt d pd;k &u ay;vku d ay;Ekid o f nf/ ray;bJ ae
vkduvnf; aeEkdifonf/ þenf;jzifh A[kdtpkd;&onf jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;\toufaoG;
aMumudk xde;f csKyfxm;vku d o
f nf/ þonfukd axmuf&í I vnf; OD;csefxeG ;f u vufawGw Y iG f
wjynfaxmifpeH pfjzpfonf[k ajym[efwal vonf/
jynfe,frsm; txl;ojzifh uRefawmfw&Ydk rS ;f jynf\rauseyfcsufrsm;onf b@m
a&;cGaJ 0rIpeH pfay:wGif jrpfzsm;cHco hJ nf/
tjcm;jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'rsm;wGif b@ma&;cGJa0rIESifhywfoufí twd
tus jy|mef;xm;jcif; r&SMd uacs/ jrefrmjynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'wGio f m twdtusjy
|mef;xm;NyD; twdtusvkdufemaeMuonf
þum; tajccHOya'\yOörcsKdU,Gi;f csuf jzpfonf/
127 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
jynfaxmifpb
k @ma&;ESiyhf wfoufí¤if;? jynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,fb@ma&;cGaJ 0
rIESifhywfoufí¤if;? oD;oefYaqmif;yg;a&;ygOD;rnf/
tajccHOya' jyifMupkYd
&Sr;f jynfe,f\epfemcsuf rauseyfcsufrsm; ajyvnfap&ef vuf&t dS ajccHOya'
udk jyefvnfpDppfí jyifqifMu&ayrnf/ ,if;odkYjyifqifonfhtcg txufwGif uRefawmf
avhvmqef;ppfxm;aom csKdU,Gi;f csufBuD; 5-csufukd OD;wnfNyD; jyifqifMu&ayvdrrhf nf/
,if;csKdU,Gi;f csuf 5-csufwiG f tusKH;0ifaom tcPf;u@rsm;? yk'rf rsm;? Z,m;
rsm;tm;vk;H udk jyifqifjcif;? jznfph u G jf cif; EIwyf ,fjcif;rsm; jyK&ygvdrrhf nf/

qGZd mvefjynfaxmifp\ k 1848-ckEpS t f ajccHOya'ukd 1874-ckEpS w f iG f tajct
aet& jyefvnfjyifqifouJo h yYkd if jzpfayvdrrhf nf/
,if;uJo h Ykd jyifqifjznfph u G f EIwyf ,fvu dk vf Qif uRefawmfwvYdk v
dk m;aom jynfaxmif
pkBuD;onf tMurf;tm;jzifh atmufygyko H P²meftwkid ;f ay:vGiv f mygvdrrhf nf/
(7)
]]uRefawmfwv Ydk v
dk m;aom jynfaxmifp}k }
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfwiG -f
(1) jrefrmjynfe,f/
(2) &Sr;f jynfe,f/
(3) ucsifjynfe,f/
(4) u&ifjynfe,f/
(5) u,m;jynfe,f/
(6) csif;jynfe,f/
(7) &ckid jf ynfe,f/
(8) rGejf ynfe,frsm; yg0ifMurnf/
(2) þjynfe,frsm;onf wef;wl&nfwjl zpfMuNyD; A[djk ynfaxmifpo k Ykd vTt

J yfxm;aomtm
Pmrsm;rSty vk;H 0tcsKyftjcmtmPmykid o
f rwEkid if rH sm;jzpfMurnf/ (qdZG mvefEiS t
hf ar
&duefjynfaxmifpkrsm;uJhodkY)
(3) jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif oD;jcm;tajccHOya'rsm;? oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGrYJ sm;? oD;jcm;t

pk;d &tzGrYJ sm; &SMd urnf/
(4) jynfaxmifpyk gvDrefwiG f jynfov Yl w

T af wmfEiS v
hf rl sKd;pkvw
T af wmf[í
l vTwaf wmf2-&yf
yg0ifrnf/ jynfov Yl w
T af wmfukd vlO;D a&tvku d f a&G;aumufwifajr§mufí vlrsKd;pkvw T af wmf
odjYk ynfe,frsm;onf uk, d pf m;vS,Of ;D a& tnDtrQ apvTwMf urnf/
(5) vTwaf wmf 2-&yfy;l wGu

J sif;yaom tpnf;ta0;rS jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tzGEYJ iS Ehf idk if aH wmf
orwudk a&G;aumufwifajr§mufrnf/ tpk;d &tzGyYJ pHk rH mS qGZd mveftpd;k &ESichf yfqifqifjzpf
rnf/ odkYaomf jrefrmjynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzGJYonf ygvDrefudk wm0efcH&rnf/ tpkd;&tzGJY

0efBuD;rsm;onf ygvDreftrwfrsm;om jzpf&rnf/
(6) atmufygXmersm;udk jynfaxmifpXk mersm;tjzpf owfrw S x f m;rnf/

(1) Ekid if jH cm;qufo,
G af &;/
(2) umuG,af &;/
(3) aiGpuúLESifhaiG'*Fg;xkwfvkyfa&;/
(4) pmwkdufESifhaMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
(5) rD;&xm;ESifhavaMumif;qufoG,fa&;/
(6) qdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&;/
(7) jynfaxmifpb k @ma&;/
(8) jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzGJYonf jynfaxmifpkppfppftpdk;&tzGJYjzpfav&m jynfe,f
0efBuD;Xmersm; yg0ifvrd rhf nfr[kwaf y/
(7) jynfe,frsm;tm;vk;H onf (Complete Autonomy) vk;H 0ud, k yf ikd t

f yk cf sKyfa&;&dMS urnf/
jynfe,ftcsif;csif;uaomf¤if;? jynfaxmifpu k aomf¤if;? jynfe,ftwGi;f a&;udprö sm;wGif
0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufEidk cf iG hf r&Sad p&/ jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfa&;tBuD;trSL;rsm;udk jynfe,forw
rsm;[k ac:wGiaf p&rnf/
(8) jynfe,fwidk ;f onf jynfaxmifprk S cGx

J u
G Ef idk af om tcGit
hf a&;&SMd urnf/
129 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
(9) qGZd mvefjynfaxmifprk mS uJo

h Ykd jynfaxmifpt
k NrJwrf;ppfwyf xm;&Sad &; r&Sad &;udk jynf
axmifpkygvDrefu tav;teufxm;pOf;pm;rnf/
þum; uRefawmfwYdk jyifqifvadk om jynfaxmifpyk pHk t

H Murf; jzpfygonf/
ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESiOhf ya'ynm&SiBf uD;rsm;u tacsmudik Nf yD; &kyv
f ;Hk az:ay;Mu
vdrfhrnf[k uRefawmftxl;arQmfvifhygonf/
wef;wlnrD Qí wajy;nDpmG wk;d wufaom jynfaxmifpBk uD;tjrefay:aygufygap
ownf;/
&Sr;f trsKd;om;taygif;wkYd pnf;vk;H nDnw
T Mf uavmh-

(xGe;f jrif)h
0d"& l ocifcspfarmif
\
&Sr;f rlejYJ ynfaxmifpak emifa&;
131 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
yxrESyd jf cif; tkyaf & (5000)

1962-ck rwfv
xkwfa0ol
aAghpaf wmhpmayjzefcY sda&; (0359)
trSwf 21-ta&SU'D&Hk Akv d cf sKyfaps;?
&efuek Nf rdKU/

ykHESdyfol
aMu;rk-H ykEH ydS w
f udk f (0609)
trSwf 169? Akv d cf sKyfaps;? (ta&SUbufwef;)
&efuek Nf rdKU/
ocifcspfarmif\trSmpum;
yxptpk;d &acwf\aemufq;Hk aeY aemufq;Hk n jzpfygonf/
xkad eY xkn
d rSm 1962-ck? rwfv 1-&ufaeY nae 6-em&Djzpfygonf/
xkad eY xdtk csdew
f iG f &efuek Nf rdKU jynfvrf;rBuD;&Sd toHviT &hf o
Hk pfBuD;wGif tm;vk;H
aom jynfe,fvrl sKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESijhf ynfr&Sd yxp? yrnw? zqyvpaomEkid if aH &;
ygwDBuD;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifwkdYonf pka0;a&mufvmMuygonf/ udpörSm aemifaomtcg
]]cg;usKd;oGm;aomvlrsKd;aygif;pkH ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;}}[lí &mZ0ifwiG f wGi&f pfrnft h pnf;
ta0;BuD;okYd wufa&mufMu&efjzpfygonf/ þaemufq;Hk nwGif yrnwuk, d pf m;vS,t f
jzpf uRefawmfu wifjyajymqk&d efEiS zhf qyvud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf OD;AaqGu wifjyajymqkd
&ef jzpfygonf/
cef;rBuD;twGi;f &Sd pifjrifah y:wGif obmywdEidk if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek? Ekid if aH wmf
tpk;d &tMuHay;tzG0YJ if a'gufwmbOD;? a'gufwmode;f armif? OD;tke;f az? OD;cspfaomif;?
tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfBuD;OD;baqGESifhwuG tcrf;tem;rSL;? ygvDreftwGif;0efOD;oef;pdefwkdY
yg pkn
H pD mG a&muf&adS e&m,lMuygNyD/
cef;r\trk;d rsufEmS usuftwGi;f rS azmufxiG ;f í vif;vsuf&adS eaomMu,fyv Hk ykH
rD;vk;H rsm;rSm ta&miftm;jzifh rvif;vGe;f rarSmifveG ;f rIid ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f &Dww D D &Sad eMuyg
onf/ cef;wGi;f &moDOwkrmS t{"mwfay;xm;ojzifv h nf; cyfprd phf rd {hf vsuf &Sad e\/ pDpD
&D&ED iS w
hf oDwwef;BuD; ae&m,lvsuf&adS eMuaom vlrsKd;aygif;pkaH cgif;aqmifwidk ;f rSm rdrw d Ydk
qkid &f mtrsKd;om;0wfprHk sm;udk 0wfqifvsuf ta&mifrsKd;pkyH pHk rH sKd;jzifh wifw h ,fvyS Muufo
a&&Sad eMu\/ ab;wbufwcsuf&dS toHzrf;qkid &f m tcef;rsm;twGi;f üvnf; qkid &f mt
&m&Srd sm;ESit hf rIxrf;wko Yd nf rdecYf eG ;f rsm;udk toHzrf;,l&ef toifjh yifqifvsuf &Sad eMu\/
Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ekonf rdrt d m; jcH&vH suf&adS eaomtpk;d &tMuHay;tzG0YJ if
vlBuD;rsm;ESijhf yKH;jyKH;&Ti&f iT f wkid yf ifE;DS aESmvsuf aqG;aEG;yGt J zGiphf um; ajymMum;&ef pDpOf
aeonfukd jrifae&ayonf/ ol\Munfvifcsrf;ajrhz, G &f mtjyKH;onf ]]0efBuD;csKyfb0}}
\aemufq;Hk tjyKH; aemufq;Hk aeY aemufq;Hk nESiþ hf ndE§ idI ;f zvS,yf BJG uD;\aemufq;Hk tBudrf
tjzpf olvnf; rod? uRefawmfwv Ydk nf; rodbv J suf-

]],aeY aqG;aEG;yGBJ uD;[m 'kw, d tBudrjf zpfygw,f? yXrtBudru f jynfe,facgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;&JUwifjycsufrsm;udk Mum;emcJMh uNyD;aemuf tck'w k , d tBudrrf mS jynfr&Sd Ekid if H
a&;ygwDacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u wifjyajymqdkMuygvdrfhr,f/ yXr yrnwudk,fpm;vS,f?
'kw, d zqyvuk, d pf m;vS,w f u Ydk rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;ygvdrrhf ,f/ 'DuaeYnawmh 'DrQeJyY J t
csdeuf ek v f eG yf gvdrrhf ,f? 'Daemuf &yfem;MuNyD; rwfv 7-&ufaeYrmS wzef wwd,tBudrjf yef
pMuygOD;r,f}}ponfjzifh csKdaomav;eufaomtoH? Munfvif&TifysaomrsufESmay;jzifh
obmywdBuD;OD;Ekonf aqG;aEG;yGJtzGifhrdefYcGef;udk cGef;[avawmhonf/
tm;vk;H Nidro f ufpmG em;axmifaeMuonf/ jynfracgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u rnfoYdk
wifjyajymqkMd urnfukd txl;tm&kaH pmaeMu[efjzifh vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;bufwiG f ykd
í Nidro f ufMuvsuf rsufEmS rsm;rSmvnf; wpkw H ckukd tylwjyif; apmifph m;pl;pku d af eMu[ef
&SdaeMuavonf/
xkaYd emuf tcrf;tem;rSL; OD;oef;pdeu f yrnwobmywdtzG0YJ if ocifcspfarmif
u yrnwtzGBYJ uD;&JUuk, d pf m; rdecYf eG ;f pum; ajymMum;ygvdrrhf ,f/ ocifcspfarmif<uyg}}[k
aMujimvkdufygonf/
uRefawmfonf obmywdxidk af e&m vuf0b J uf&dS toHcsJUpufwyfqifxm;aom
pum;ajymckw H iG f ae&m,lí þpmtkyyf g]]yrnwtzGBYJ uD;\oabmxm;udk pwifajymMum;
cJhygonf/ uRefawmf\rdefYcGef;rSm wem&DwdwdMumí obmywdESifhwuG tm;vkH;aomy&d
owfrsm; awmfawmfBuD; tm&kjH yKpl;pku d ef m;axmifaeMuonfukd owdjyKrdygonf/ 0efBuD;
csKyfO;D Ek? a'gufwmbOD;ESiahf 'gufwmode;f armifwrYdk mS txl;bJ pdw0f ifpm;pGm tm&kjH yKae
Muonfukd rsufreS ;f wef;rdygonf/ uRefawmfrmS usef;rma&;twGuf toHreS jf zifh zwfMum;
ajymqkad e&mrSm rdr\ d rdecYf eG ;f wGif rdrt d &Sed &f í pdw0f ifpm;vmygawmhonf/ em&D0ufceft Y
133 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
Mum a&wusKduaf omufNyD;aemuf toHrmS yku d s,fyjkd ywfom;vmNyD;aemuf rdecYf eG ;f udk ed*;Hk
csKyfonftxd rdrv d odk vkd <uwufvmapaomavvIid ;f jzifh tqkid ;f twGr&S}d }*k;d oGi;f Ekid cf hJ
ygawmhonf/
xkdYaemuf zqyvtzGJYacgif;aqmifBuD; OD;AaqGu qufvufajymMum;jyefav
onf/ em&D0ufcefY Mumayonf/ OD;AaqGonf ol\rdecYf eG ;f udk av;eufwnfNidraf omtoH
jzifh vd&k mokYd ykaYd qmifcahJ yonf/
rdefYcGef; 2-&yfajymMum;NyD;aemuf obmywd0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf 0rf;om&Tifjy
tm;&aom avoHjzifh ed*kH;csKyfpum;ajymMum;cg aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk rwfv 7-&ufaeYodkY
a&TUqkid ;f vku d af Mumif; aMujimavonf/

tm;vkH;rwfwyftxwGif tpkd&a&SUaecsKyfBuD; OD;AaqGonf pifjrifhay:rS uRef
awmhx f oH Ykd tjrefuav;qif;vmNyD; tvGeaf umif;wJrh ed cYf eG ;f bJAsm...csD;usL;ygw,f}}[k
ajymqkdcg vufqGJEIwfqufavonf/ xkdYaemuf 0efBuD;a'gufwmOD;{armif? OD;AaqG? OD;
ausmfNidfrf;? ocifomcif? Akdvfcifarmifuav;ponfwkdYuvnf; 0dkif;vmMujyefavonf/
]]cifAsm;rdef;cGef;uvJAsm wykdif; xkdifNyD; nd§xm;ovkd uRefawmfwkdYeJYrS wlwwfyav}}[k
zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;u woHxJ 0dkif;ajymMuavonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;url ]]cifAsm;wkdY
uGejf rLepfawGrmS vJ vlrsKd;BuD;0g'&So d uk;d As}}[k ajymifavSmifavonf/ OD;AaqGurl ]]cif
Asm;ajymaewJrh ed cYf eG ;f ukd uRefawmfem;axmif&if; uRefawmftwGuf ajymp&m usefrS usef
ygawmhrvm;vkaYd wmf pk;d &drrf ad o;w,f? tao;pdwu f pNyD; wlaeovkd jzpfaew,f}}[k 0if
NyD;aumufcsufcsvku d jf yefavonf/ þwGif Akv d cf ifarmifuav;ESiOhf ;D ausmfNidr;f wku Yd ]]rdeYf
cGe;f uawmh aumif;ygw,fAsm? 'gayr,fh xk;H pHtwkid ;f uRefawmfwu Ydk kd aqmf'g ESu'f gawmh
ygao;wmbJAs[ktjypfwifjyef&m uRefawmfu]atmf...'guawmhAsm...'Dvjdk zpfMu&'g
uRefawmfwYdk jynfrbufu ajcmufjypfuif; vkyv f b Ydk ,fjzpfrvJ trSm;&S&d if 0efcv H u dk w
f m
taumif;qk;H ayghAsm}}[k uRefawmfu acsyvku d &f m OD;AaqGu axmufcaH vonf/
þodkY a&mufwwf&m&m 0kdif;zGJYajymqkdMu&if; vlpkcGJcg {nfhaqmifodkYul;vmMuyg
onf/ acgufqeJG aYJ umfzrD sm; ok;H aqmifMuNyD;aemuf tjyifoYdk xGuv f mMuygonf/ tjyif
wHcg;0wGif &Sr;f jynfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;xGe;f at;(,ck&rS ;f jynfawmfveS af &;aumif
pDO;D pD;tzGcYJ s,f,mrif)ESiahf wGcY g ]]uRefawmfwYdk awmfawmfbJ oabmaygufomG ;NyDAsm aus;
Zl;wifygw,fAsm}}[k ajymajymqkq d dk vufqEJG w
I q f ufNyD; jymjymovJ xGuo f mG ;onfukd awGY
vkduf&ygonf/
þodjYk zifh yxptpk;d &acwf rif;aygif;pkn H D vlrsKd;aygif;pkn
H w D \Ydk aemufq;Hk n arh
Ekid zf ,
G &f mr&Sad om &Icif;BuD;onf þwGif ed*;Hk wygwftqk;H owfcyhJ gonf/
xkdnwGif uRefawmfonf tdrfodkY 9-em&DcefYwGif jyefa&mufygonf/ em&D0ufcefY

tem;,lNyD;aemuf txl;taMumif;r&Sv d Qif 9-em&Dcw JG iG f tdyf &f m0ifavh&o
dS nftwkid ;f tdyf
&m0ifcyhJ gonf/ 9-em&DcJG tdy&f m0if&onfrmS 10-em&Dxuf aemufrusapbJ tdyaf ysmfap
&efjzpfygonf/ 1960-ckEpS f a&G;aumufyt JG wGi;f rSpí BuD;pGm rusr®mjzpfNyD;aemuf tdyf
csdef pm;csdef vrf;avQmufcsdef ponfrsm;udk pepfwus avhusifah e&aomaMumifjh zpfygonf/
&kyu f dk avhusif&h &ko H mru pdwaf vhusifch Pf;rsm;pGmudv k nf; avhusifch &hJ ygonf/ pdwaf vh
usifch Pf;rsm;onf rdrt d yd vf adk om tcsdeüf ESpEf pS Nf cdKufNcdKuf tdyaf ysmfap&efEiS hf 15-rdepf
(odrYk [kw)f rdepf 20-em&D0uftwGi;f tdyaf ysmfap&efvnf; avhusifch &hJ ygonf/ tawmfbJ
atmifjrifrI&cJhygonf/
okdYaomfvJ xkd&mZ0ifausmfonfh rwfv(1)&ufaeYnwGifum; taMumif;&Smr&

atmif tdyrf aysmfEidk jf zpfc&hJ ygonf/ rarhEidk af om naywnf;/ b,fvadk vhusifch Pf;rsKd;
awGukd vkyv f rYdk rS &awmhay/ rdru d ,dk uf kd rdr0d rf;omaeíavm - 0rf;eJaeíavm rnfonfh
0dwuf 0dpm&rsm; pGJuyfaeoenf; ponfjzifh pdwfppfaq;csufawGudk jyefjyefvSefvSefppf
aq;tajzxkwMf unfah omfvnf; bmwckrS taMumif;&Smír&ovkd [mwmwmBuD;jzpfNyD;
tdyrf &Ekid of mjzpfaeygawmhonf/ aMumifawmifawmifjzpfae&if;uyif rwfv 2-&ufaeY
tul; eHeuf(3)em&Dcefw Y iG f ukwu f idk ;f *Gwv å pfbufrS aoewforH sm; Mum;&ygawmhonf/
odaYk omfvnf; uRefawmftbkYd bmrQrodí bmrStrIrxm;acs/ tdyaf ysmf&efom BudK;pm;
aeygonf/ tenf;i,fredS ;f í tdyaf ysmfovkv d jdk zpfaepOf w,fvzD ;Hk oHvmygawmhonf/ t
csderf mS eHeuf 4-em&Dcef&Y adS eNyD? quforl mS Akv d jf raoG;jzpfí ]]ocifcspfarmifvm;? tajc
taeawG raumif;bl;jzpfaew,f/owif;&NyDvm;}}[k uRefawmfar;ygonf/ uRefawmfu
]]uk, d af wmh bmowif;rS r&bl;? bmawGjzpfaeowJv h J ajymprf;ygtk;H }}xkt d cg Akvd jf raoG;
u ]]apma&Tou dk t
f rd ef 0YJ efBuD;csKyftrd u f kd ppfwyfawG 0dik ;f xm;w,fvYdk owif;oefo Y efMY um;
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ygonf/
uRefawmhrf sufv;Hk rsm;rSm ]]aMumif}}ae&ko H mruawmhbJ jyL;xGuo f mG ;ygawmhonf?
apmapmu Mum;aom aoewforH sm;eJq Y ufMunf&h m wkid ;f jynfwiG f wckcak wmh jzpfaeNyD[k
tuJjzwfvkdufrdygonf/
eHeuf 5-em&Dcefw Y iG f 0efBuD;csKyfEiS w hf uG 0efBuD;rsm;tm;vk;H ppfwyfu zrf;oGm;
NyDjzpfaMumif; AkdvfjraoG;xHrS twnfjyKcsufowif;udk uRefawmfhxHodkY xyfrHay;ykdYjyefyg
onf/ a&TawmifMum;&yfuu G w f ckv;Hk apmifjzLBuD;jcKHxm;ovkd ESi;f awGu wcJeufa0ae
ygonf/ 5-em&DccJG efw Y iG f uRefawmfonf ESi;f Mum;xJcí JG tdref m;eD;csif;jzpfaom tpk;d &
135 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tMuHay;tzGOYJ uú|BuD;a'gufwmbOD;tdrb f ufoYkd avQmufomG ;avonf/ Ouú|BuD;OD;bOD;

onf uRefawmftm; eHeufapmapmBuD; awGv Y QifawGcY sif; tHt h m;oifo h nft h rlt&m rjybJ
]]atmf...OD;cspfarmifvm;...vmyg...vmyg raeYnu ajymwJrh ed cYf eG ;f uawmh tm;
BuD;aumif;'gygbJ 0efBuD;csKyfvJ awmfawmftm;&auseyfomG ;w,f}}[k rqDrqkid f qD;ajym
avawmhonf? uRefawmfrh mS bmjyefajym&rSe;f rodbJ ]]OD;...cP<uygtk;H }}[k ol\{nfh
cef;xJoYkd yifah c:oGm;NyD; wkid ;f jynftajctae bmoHrsm;Mum;rdovJ...OD;...bmvdv k dk
nmvdv k kd owif;awG&aevk}Yd }[k ar;vku d af wmhrS Ouú|BuD;onf rsufEmS ysufomG ;cg ]][kwf
w,f usKyfvMJ um;aew,f wyfrawmf tmPmodr;f NyDqb dk }J }[k at;aq;vSaom toHBuD;
ESijhf yefajymygawmhonf/

þokdYjzifh uRefawmfrSm raeYnu wufa&mufcJhaomvlrsKd;aygif;pkH rif;aygif;pkH
aqG;aEG;yGJobifBuD;rS jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf wa&;rQyif aumif;aumif;rtdyf&ao;rD
aemufwaeYeeH uf 6-em&Dtxd em&Daygif; (12)em&DtwGi;f wGiyf if awmifBuD;rsm; &kww f
&ufNydKí jrpfBuD;rsm; vrf;aMumif;ajymif;oGm;ouJo h Ydk tajctaewko Yd nf ajymif;vJomG ;
jyefNyDwum;[k wqufwpyfwnf; oabmaygufem;vnfvkduf&ygawmhonf/ uRefawmhf
xuf uRefawmf\rsufv;Hk tpkw H u Ydk wcsufrQ rrSw d cf &hJ onft h wGuf rnfrQavmuf vsifjref
pGm ajymif;vJomG ;onfukd olwu Ydk omvkydY if oabmaygufcpH m;vku d &f ygawmhonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H iG f tajctaet&yf&yfEiS t hf pk;d &tajymif;tvTw J o
Ydk nf
b,fESpfqufyifqufí ajymif;Muap? vlrsKd;pka&;&m jyóemBuD;udk NyD;jywfatmifjrif
atmifajz&Si;f &ef wm0efum; qufvufusef&adS ernfomwnf;/ þjyóemBuD;udk rajz
&Si;f Ekid b
f v J suf rnfonft h pk;d &qif;qif;wufwuf Ekid if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;c&D;udk rnf
onfeh nf;ESirhf Q acsmarmajyjypfpmG csDwufEidk rf nfr[kwaf y? þum; uRefawmfw\ Ydk ckid rf m
aom aumufcsufwnf;/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf-
tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf jrefrmjynfonf &mZ0ifaMumif;t& vlrsKd;aygif;pkaH exkid f
aom Ekid if BH uD; (Multi National State) jzpfaomaMumifah ywnf;/ (The Ethnological Sur-
vey of Burma 1917) ac: 1917-ck? Armjynfvr l sKd;pka&;&mppfwrf;ESib hf mompum;pkt&
vlrsKd;pkBuD; aygif;(11)rsKd; bmompum;i,faygif;(131)ck&NdS yD; vlrsKd;tEG,t f m;jzifh (55)
rsKd;&Sad Mumif; jyqkcd ahJ yonf/ ¤if;ESiyhf wfoufí pm&if;wcsyfrmS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfay
onf/
trSwf bmompum;t& vlrsKd;pkBuD; bmompum;i,faygif; vlOD;a&

1 jrefrmpk 16 9862. 694
2 u&if 17 1341. 066
3 wkdif;(&Srf;) 10 1021. 917
4 uluD-csif; 45 343864
5 rGef 1 305294
6 yavmif 11 176124
7 ucsif 9 153897
8 vkdvdk-rlqkd 12 93052
9 quf(K) 6 35237
10 r&kd 1 14049
11 rav; 2 6368
aygif; 11 aygif; 131
¤if;jyif ArmjynftwGi;f okYd qifoufvmMuaomvlrsKd;tEG,Bf uD; 3-&yfrmS (1)

wdbufbmwkrd if? (2) rGecf rm? (3) wkid w f &kyf [lí&daS Mumif; rSwo
f m;&ygonf? wdbufbm
wkrd ifrS tEG,f 3-rsKd; xyfymG ;í (1) jrefrmESijhf refrmrsKd;wlp?k (2) csif; ucsifvrl sKd;pkEiS hf
(3) vkv d v
kd rl sKd;pk[í
l jzpfay:vmaMumif; rSwo f m;&jyefygonf/ xdw k b
d ufbmwkrd iftEG,f
BuD;rS qif;oufaygufzmG ;vmaom tqkyd gtEG,f 3-&yfrS qif;oufvmaomvlrsKd;pki,f
rsm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfaMumif; awG&Y &dS ygonf/
1/ jrefrmESijhf refrmhrsKd;wlprk S aygufzmG ;vmaomvlrsKd;i,frsm;/
(1) jrefrmjynfrvlrsKd;? (11) awmif&;dk
(2) &ckid f (12) wref;
(3) ,rf;NyJ (13) a,m
(4) u'l; (14) r&kd
(5) zkef (15) acsmif;om;
(6) r&l; (16) xm;0,fom;
(7) vm&SD (17) Nrdwo f m;
(8) tufpD (18) rkdif;om;
(9) erf; (19) tif;om;
(10) '&l; (20) "Ek
137 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
2/ csif;? ucsifvrl sKd;pkrS aygufzmG ;vmaom vlrsKd;i,frsm;/

(1) csif;
(2) ucsif
(3) em*
(4) a*g&D
(5) 'l;vif
3/ vkv d vkd rl sKd;pkrS aygufzmG ;vmaom vlrsKd;i,frsm;/

(1) vkv d dk

(2) vDpl (okrYd [kw)f a,m,if
(3) v[l
(4) rlqdk
(5) uGD
(6) aum
(7) tmudk
þodkYjzifh wdbufbmwkdriftEG,fBuD;rS qif;oufvmaomvlrsKd;pkaygif;rSm(32)
rsKd;&Sad Mumif; rSwo f m;awG&Y &dS ygonf/ ¤if;jyif rGecf rmESiw
hf idk w
f &kww
f rdYk mS vnf; vlrsKd;i,f
aygif; (12)rsKd;ESi(hf 10)rsKd;pD toD;oD; qif;oufaygufzmG ;vmaMumif; awG&Y &dS jyefygonf/
rGecf rmtEG,Bf uD;rS qif;oufvmykrH mS

(1) rGef odrYk [kwf wvkid ;f (7) ,mtkd
(2) 0 (8) &Dtef
(3) vm (9) ya'gif;
(4) yavmif (10) A&J
(5) yvJ (11) ,if;abmf
(6) rDtdk (12) Z&de;f
wkdif(&Srf;)w&kwftEG,fBuD;rS qif;oufvmykHrSm
(1) &Sr;f (2) u&if (3) ,k;d ',m; (4) cGe;f (5) vl (6) vmtkd
(7) &Sr;f w&kyf (8) &Sr;f Arm (9) awmifol (10) vrf; (11) vmtkd
þokdYjzifh wdbufbmwkdriftEG,fBuD;rS (32)rsKd;? rGefcrmtEG,fBuD;rS (12)rsKd;?
wkid ;f w&kyt f EG,Bf uD;rS (11)rsKd;? aygif; vlrsKd;pkaygif;(55)rsKd;ESib hf mompum;aygif;(131)

rsKd;wkYd aexkid af jymMum;aom jrefrmjynfaxmifpBk uD;jzpfayonf/ 1931-ckEpS ?f oef;acgif
pm&if;t& udk;uG,faombmomrsm;t&qkdygvQifvnf; Ak'¨bmom 84-&mckdifEIef;? ewf
5. 2 %? [dEL´ 3. 9 %? rlpvif 4 %? c&pf,H 2. 3 %? uGejf zL;pD;,mh(pf) 0. 2 %? a&0wD
0. 008 %? qpf 0. 07 %ESi*hf sde;f bmom 0. 005 %[lí awG&Y &Sd ygonf/ xko d aYkd omwkid ;f
&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;? bmompum;rsm; ud;k uG,af ombmomrsm;tjyif e,fcsJUacwfArm
jynfaemufyikd ;f umvwGiu f m; Ekid if jH cm;om; w&ky?f ukvm;? Oa&mywku d of m;rsm;ESiahf &m
aESmaexkdifMu&onfhtwGuf w&kyfujym;? ukvm;ujym;? Oa&myujym;paom wkdif;&if;
om;ujym; jyóemrSmvnf; jyóemw&yftjzpf ay:aygufvmcJah yonf/ ]Armrlqvif}
ujym;jyóemrSm xdyw f ef;ta&mufq;Hk jzpfaeaom ujym;jyóemw&yfjzpfvmayonf/

Ekid if jH cm;om; vlenf;pk tcGit hf a&;[lívnf; uRefacwfrS onf,aeYtxd Edik if aH &;? tkyf
csKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;wkw Yd iG f cs,fv, S v f rT ;f rk;d vmcJ&h m þjyóemonfvnf; ,aeYwidk f ]],wd
jywf}}rajz&Si;f &ao;aom jyóemBuD; jzpfayonf/
xdakY Mumifh uRefawmfwYdk jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if o H nf vlrsKd;aygif;pkH <u,f<u,f00
pkpH v Hk ifvifBuD; rSw D if;aexkid &f mEkid if BH uD; jzpfayonf/ &mZ0ifwavQmufaexkid cf MhJ uykrH mS
vnf; ajrjyefo Y m;? awmifwef;om;[lí tydik ;f BuD; 2-ydik ;f obm0t& jcm;em;NyD; rsm;
aomvlrsKd;pkrSeforQwkdYonf awmifwef;om;rsm; tjzpfjzifhom &mZ0ifobm0t& ykdif;
jcm;xm;aom a'orsm;wGif uk, d pf uD , dk if S aysmfarGpY mG aexkid Mf uonfudk awG&Y &dS ayvdrrhf nf/
tcsKdUaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;jzpfonfu h &if? rGepf onfwrYdk mS ArmjynfrtwGi;f wGio f m ae&mtESYH
tjym;a&maESmaexdik v f mMuonfudk awG&Y &dS ayvdrrhf nf/ awmifay:om;trsm;pk vlrsKd;pk
wkrYd mS ,aeYjrefrmjynfaxmifpk tus,ft0ef;{&d,m\ 43-&mcdik Ef eI ;f aom awmifwef;
a'orsm;wGif aexkid Mf uNyD; vlO;D a&rSmrl 14-&mckid Ef eI ;f rQom &Sad yonf/
vlrsKd;pkrsm;teuf &Sr;f vlrsKd;pkrmS &mZ0ifajymifcahJ om vlrsKd;pkBuD;wckjzpfí ouú
&mZf 1287-rS 1531-txd umvonf ]]&Srf;acwfBuD;}}[líyif jrefrmEkdifiH&mZ0ifwGif
pmwifc&hJ ayonf/ tvm;wlyif rGev f rl sKd; rGepf may&mZ0if &ckid v f rl sKd; &ckid &f mZ0if[í l
vnf; oD;jcm;ausmfMum;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESi&hf mZ0ifrsm;vnf; &Scd ahJ yonf/
NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUorm;atmuf uRefoabmufjzpfMu&aom tcgwGiv f nf; awmif
wef;om;vlrsKd;pka'orsm;udk tykdif;(1)ESifhtydkif;(2)[lí cGJjcm;NyD; ]]oD oD;jcm;a'o-oD;
jcm;tkycf sKyfa&;pHeppf}}[lí e,fcsJUbk&ifcu H wku d &f udk pf rD t
H yk cf sKyfcahJ vonf/ þodjYk zifh tkyf
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csKyfcJhavonf/ qkdvkd&if;rSmum; e,fcsJUpHepfESifhya'o&mZfpHepf yl;aygif;í awmifwef;
139 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
om;vlrsKd;pkjynforl sm;udk BuD;pGmESyd pf ufnO§ ;f qJcjhJ cif;yif jzpfayonf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;pkjynfr

ESiv hf nf; trke;f BuD;rke;f wD;í vk;H 0,kMH unfru I if;rJah eap&ef trsKd;rsKd;vkyMf uHzefw;D cJah y
onf/
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wkw Yd iG v f nf; ]]BuD;pGmaombufrnDrBI uD;}}udk &ufpufpmG zefw;D xm;cJMh uayonf/
xktYd wl ud;k uG,&f m bmomwkw Yd iG v
f nf; vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG u hf kd ydwq f w Ydk m;qD;
í aoG;cGaJ &;udo k m epfempGm tajccHcahJ yonf/
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cdkufMu&if; Armjynfonf EkdifiHa&;tcsKyftcsmtmPmudk jyefvnfpkdufxlvmEkdifcJhMuay
onf/
xko d nfEiS w
hf NydKifeuf vGwv f yfaomjrefrmjynfukd rnfuo hJ pYkd pk nf;tkycf sKyfMurnf
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vlrsKd;ud, k pf D a'ojcm;em;rIEiS b hf 0oD;jcm;&yfwnfrrI sm;udk wzufu tav;teuftod
trSwfjyKí wzufuvnf; vlrsKd;aygif;pkH pkpnf;nDnTwfaomEkdifiHawmf xlaxmifa&;ukd
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&mZ0ift& jrefrmjynfrudk A[dak cgif;aqmifrEI iS n hf nD w T af &;pkpnf;csuftjzpf (Centre of
Leadership and Unity) tajccHí tnDtnTwf a&;qGjJ y|mef;cJMh ujcif; jzpfayonf/ vlrsKd;
aygif;pkH acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\&mZ0ifwiG f wGi&f pfcahJ om ajr§mjf rifcsufBuD;wck[k qkx d u dk f
ayonf/
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a'orsm;yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ ¤if;wk\Yd tjcif;t&mudk od&EdS idk &f ef tusOf;csKyf az:jycsufZ,m;

wcsyfudk uyfí xnfv h udk yf gonf/
trnf tus,ft0ef; vlOD;a& a&ajrobm0ESifht"duo,HZmwypön;f rsm;

1 &Sr;f jynf (1)apmfbmG ;e,f 1ç483ç027 aiGwGif;-cJwGif;rsm;ESifhopfawmrsm;
aygif;(17)
(2)NrdKUpm;e,f
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(3) aiGceG rf LS ;
e,f(4)
2 u&ifjynfe,f pwk&ef;rkdifaygif; 577563 tzk;d wefuRef;opfEiS o

hf pf&idk ;f awmBuD;rsm; oH
11600? &Gmaygif; &kdif;-cJ-xkH;ausmufESifha&ylprf;rsm;/
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aygif; csdy-f paomopfawmxGuyf pön;f rsm;? tNrdKuf
oH-cJrjzL-caemufpdrf;ESifhausmufrD;aoG;rsm;
a&wHceG ;f rsm;/
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ESit
hf aemufbuf wd&pämeftrsKd;rsKd;/
tmoHjynfe,fMum;&Sd
awmifwef;a'orsm;
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Yf w
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onf/
vGwv f yfa&;aMujimNyD;aemuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t H m; Nidr;f csrf;aomnDnw T f

aom 'Dru dk a&pDjynf0h aom trsKd;om;pD;yGm;xlaxmifEidk af om Edik if w H Ekid if t
H jzpfjzifo h m
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l m;? yxpacwfaemuf
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141 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
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a&;0g'tm;jzifh wlnDrIESifhcGJa0vkyfaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; te,fxkdifrI&Sd&ay
vdrrhf ,f/ jynfru wnfrh wfwahJ cgif;aqmifreI YJ uk, d u
f sKd;pGew Yf thJ ultnDrsm; ay;&ayvdrhf
rnf/ acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;xlaxmifrIrsm;rSm rdrd&JUajcaxmufay:rSm rdrdvkH;0 &yfwnfNyD;
rdr&d UJ tpGr;f owåed cYJ sDwufvYdk rjzpfEidk af o;wJb h 0rSm &Sad eMuao;wJu h csif? u&if? u,m;?
csif;? rGe?f &ckid pf wJjh ynfe,frsm;udk jynfrESit hf wl (On mutual development basis) vkaYd c:wJh
twlwuGw;dk wufBuD;yGm;a&;tajccHay:rSm rsm;pGmBudK;yrf;aqmif&u G &f ef vkt d yfygao;
w,f/ tcktcg zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'u &nfneT ;f wJph ;D yGm;a&;0g'eJq Y u dk af &muf
ae&wJph ;D yGm;a&;b0[m rsm;pGm uGmjcm;vsuf&NdS yD; b,fvrdk S zrf;vkq Yd yk v

f rYkd &atmif rwnf
rNidrjf zpfaeygao;w,f/ vkyif ef;tm;jzifv h J te,fxidk rf [ I m bmwckrS rjyEkid af o;ygbl;/
tJ'DvkdtajctaersKd;rSm usOf;ajrmif;wJhvlrsKd;i,f0g'eJYtay:pD;vlrsKd;BuD;0g'tajccHwkdY
eJY jynfaxmifpktwGif; udk,fpDudk,fiS jcHcwfNydKifqkdifMu[Jhqkd&if A[dkpkpnf;csufESifhacgif;
aqmifrI (centre of unity and leadership) [m uG,af ysmufavsmh&NJ yD; pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh ykd
rkNd ydKuGzJ &Ydk mjzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'v D t
dk rmcH tkwjf rpfupNyD; NydKuGjJ cm;em;ukeMf u&if jynfaxmif
pkBuD;[m ywfww k v
f rYdk &atmif NydKuGzJ yYdk gwJ/h t&if;&Sipf eH pf? qk&d , S v f pfpeH pf? ya'o&mZf
pepfponfjzifh wjynfe,fEiS w hf jynfe,f? acGMY ucwfMu ty ya,m*rsm;udk zdwaf c:Mu&
onfb h 0odw Yk idk af tmif qku fd af &mufuek Ef idk yf gw,f/ twlwuG wk;d wufBuD;yGm;a&;tajccH
ay:rSm uRefawmfwt Ydk m;vk;H [m 5-ESppf rD u H ed ;f ok;H Budrrf QeJt

Y pGr;f ukef nDnw T pf mG BudK;yrf;
xlaxmifEidk Mf uygrS jynfe,fjynfr nDrQwJt h ajccHet YJ em*wfudk aumif;pGm csDwufEidk rf nf
jzpfygw,f/
(7) ¤if;aemuf taMumif;jycsifwmuawmh usaemfwkdY nDtpfudkvlrsKd;pkrsm;&JUpmaytEk

ynm odyyHÜ nmpwJ, h Ofaus;rI tqift h wef;[m aMuuG0J rf;enf;zG,&f mBuD; edru
hf saeao;
jcif;bJjzpfygw,f/ 'gawGukd jr§iw hf ifap&mrSm jynfe,fjynfrtwlwuG wk;d wufjr§iw hf ifa&;
vrf;pOfawGukd jynfrubJ acgif;aqmifraI y;NyD; ud, k uf sKd;pGew
Yf t
hJ ultnDawGeq YJ aJG c:jr§ihf
wifay;&ef rsm;pGmvkad yvdrrhf ,f/ 'De,fy,frmS jynfru jynfe,fawGukd wu,fwrf; tm;
jznfhay;zdkYvkdygvdrfhr,f/ jynfru jynfe,fawG&JUvlrIa&;eJY,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&;vkyfief;
awGudk pDrHudef;t&yf&yfeJY wu,fhoabmxm;BuD;BuD;xm; tepfemcHum tultnDawG
ay;Mu&ygvdrfhr,f/ qkdAD,uf,leD,Hjynfe,f orwEkdifiHBuD;awGu awmifydkif;tm&Sjynf
e,fuav;awGukd tjrefq;Hk wk;d wufvm&ef tm;ay;cJyh aHk wGukd om"uxm;&ef rsm;pGmt
a&;BuD;vSygw,f/ 'Dvdk tajccHoabmxm;awGukd axmufxm;NyD;awmhvJ jynfrudk jcHcwf
NyD; jynfe,fawGet YJ vSr;f ra0;uGmapoifah o;vkYd ,lqygw,f/ epfemp&m&Sv d Qif jynfe,f
awGuom ydí k epfemukeyf gvdrrhf ,f/
(8) ta&;tBuD;qk;H taMumif;jycsufw&yfukd xyfrw H ifjyvdyk gao;w,f/ 'guawmh t

jcm;r[kwyf gbl;? ,aeY uRefawmfwjYdk ynfaxmifp&k UJ trsKd;om;umuG,af &;jyóemBuD;bJ
jzpfygw,f/ urÇmNh idr;f csrf;a&; vkjH cKHa&;[m vk;H 0pdwcf s&NyDvYdk b,fEikd if BH uD;awGurS {uEÅ
tmrcHcsuf ray;Ekid af o;ygbl;/ Nidr;f csrf;a&;tvm;tvmrQomjyqkMd uygao;w,f/ t
aumiftxnf jzpfay:vm&ef urÇmjh ynforl sm;tm;vk;H 0dik ;f tkBH udK;yrf;aeMu&qJumvbJ
153 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
&SdMuygao;w,f/ tjcm;a'orsm;wGif pdwfrcs&onfxuf ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oEkdifiH

rsm;[m e,fcsJUorm;rsm;&JUpm;usufa[mif;eJq Y ;D wk;d pwJph pftajccHpcef;rsm; tckid t
f rm
wyfp&JG ma'ojzpfwt hJ wGuf usL;ausmfa&;ppfrsm;ukd tcsderf a&G; arQmfvifu h muG,&f rJh t
ajctaea&mufaeygw,f/ tdrfem;eD;csif;awGjzpfwJh ,kd;',m;? AD,uferf? vmtkd? uef
abm'D;,m;Ekid if rH sm;&JUtajcudk Munfyh g/ NyD;awmh tar&duefurl ifwefwyfrsm; ok;H Ekid if H
cGNyD; usL;ausmfxm;yku H vdk J Munfyh g/ tJ'v D t
dk ajctaersKd;rSm jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &;
twGuf EkdifiHa&; ppfa&; nDnTwfrI[m b,favmufta&;BuD;w,fqkdwm cefYrSef;Ekdifyg
w,f/ ud, k thf csif;csif; owfvjYdk zwfvfYdk tm;r&Ekid af o;ovkd jzpfae&wJb h 0rkoYd maygh/ okYd
r[kwyf gu tar&duefurl ifwef usL;ausmfa&;ppft<uif;tusefawGukd csufcsif;bJ &Si;f

vif;oGm;atmif 0dik ;f tkw H u dk cf u dk t f yfct
hJ ajctaeBuD; jzpfygw,f/ trsKd;om;umuG,af &;
ukd awmifw h if;atmif vkyzf v Ydk w dk u
hJ mvBuD;bJ jzpfygw,f/
(9) aemuftaMumif;jycsufw&yfuawmh rnfonfw h jynfaxmifEidk if rH mS jzpfjzpf? rnfonfh

jynfaxmifpEk idk if rH mS bJjzpfjzpf vlrsKd;pkrsm; trsm;tjym;&S&d mrSm ta&twGut f m;jzif¤h if;?
t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh¤if; wkd;wufjrifhrm;wJhvlrsKd;pkBuD;wck[m tjcm;aomvlrsKd;pkrsm;
&JUtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf acgif;aqmifraI y;&pNrJbjJ zpfygw,f/ w&kyjf ynfrmS ]]aemifawmf?
[efvlrsKd;pk}}qkdAD,ufrSm]]aemifawmf&k&SmvlrsKd;pk}}ponfjzifh ta&;awmfykHtqufquf
awmfveS af &;t00rSm acgif;aqmifrI ay;cJMh u&k;d &Syd gw,f/ 'gaMumifv h J e,fcsJUorm;awG
[m EkdifiHwEkdifiHudk wkdufckdufodrf;ydkufr,fMuH&if acgif;aqmifvlrsKd;pkBuD;eJYtjcm;vlrsKd;pk
rsm;tm;vkH; tjyif;txef &efwkdufaoG;cGJypfavh&Sdygw,f/ 'Denf;eJYacgif;aqmifrI uif;
jywfqw d of Ok ;f apNyD; e,fcsJUbufawmfom;vlrsKd;pkjzpfatmif a&mufatmif odr;f oGi;f avh
&Syd gw,f/ ¤if;twGuf vlrsKd;BuD;0g'? vlrsKd;i,f0g'rsm;udv k J xd;k oGi;f avh&MdS uygw,f/ ,ck
vkt d ajctaersKd;rSm jynfaxmifppk pfppfuo dk m zG&YJ vQif Ekid if aH &;wnfNidrrf u
I vJ enf;enf;
rSvJr&Sdao;wJhumvrSm jynfe,fjynfr EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrI tqufjzwfa&;bJjzpfyg
vdrrhf nf/ ykc;Hk csif;wkud ?f vlcsif;&ku
d q
f wdk EhJ idk if aH &;tajctaersKd;udk e,fcsJUwku dY rkcsajr§muf
yifzh efw;D ay;rnfom jzpfygw,f/
(10) usaemfw&dYk UJ aemufq;Hk taMumif;jycsufuawmh Ekid if w H um &mZ0ifocFP;f pmt&? zGYJ

pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'w&yfukd trsKd;om;nDnw T af &;twuf<uqk;H tcsderf mS acwf
ajymif;csdet f oD;tyGit hf jzpfeYJ a&;qGjJ y|mef;&k;d &SMd uygw,f/ b,fawmhrS olwvl igwrif;
eJY z&kzd &JtrsKd;om;nDnw T af &;awG NydKuGNJ yD; tcsif;csif;tmCmwawGerYJ ;D awmufaewJt h
csderf mS a&;qG&J ;dk vJ r&Sb d ;l / tajccHoabmudk ajymif;vJjyifqif&;dk vJ r&Syd gbl;/ 'g[m urÇmh
usifph OfBuD;ygbJ/ tJ'v D tdk csdet f cgrsKd;rSm a&;qGjJ yifqifcsifvJ ratmifjrifwt hJ jyif]]rif;
NydKif pkd;NydKif}}rsm;yif jzpfavh&SdMuygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tckvJ usaemfwkdY&JUtajccHOya'ukd
tckvkd jynfaxmifpkrSm rD;avmifa&arQmjzpfaeao;wJhumvrSm tajccHupNyD; jyifqif
ajymif;vJMu&r,fq&dk if b,fenf;eJrY S oifah wmfvrd rhf nfr[kwaf Mumif; xyfavmif;wifjy
jcif;bJ jzpfygw,f/
obmywdBuD;cifAsm; - jynfaxmifpkppfppfqkdwJhrl[m tckvdktajctaersKd;rSm
b,fenf;eJrY S roifah wmfao;aMumif;? Ekid if w H uma&;&m jynfwiG ;f a&;&m &Ia'gifrh sm;uae
NyD; taMumif;(10)csufrQ jycJNh yD;ygNyD/
azaz:0g&Dv 24-&ufaeY 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;&JUtzGiahf eYrmS zD'&,frel yYJ wfouf
NyD; 0efBuD;apmcGecf sKdew YJ uG jynfe,facgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;&JUajymqkw d ifjycsufawGukd usaemf
wkYd jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk Mum;emcJ&h ygNyD/ yGiv hf if;wJth oJEv S ;Hk eJv
Y J ,k, H MHk unfMunf jyefvnfo;Hk oyf
Muygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd okH;oyfppfaq;csufrsm;t&]]zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'}}&Ia'gifh
ubJ jyefvnfacsycGijhf yK&ef awmif;yefvydk gw,f/
tajccHOya'&Ijrifyh t Hk & usaemfweYdk jYJ ynfe,facgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;[m z,f'&,f
rleyYJ wfoufvYdk oabmuGv J cJG suf[m ae&mok;H ae&mrSm &Sad ew,fqw dk m aumif;pGm&dypf m;
rdvmygw,f/
yxrae&mu usaemfw&Ydk UJ jynfaxmifp[ k m jynfrukd tajccHNyD; jynfe,frsm;udk
pkaygif;zGJYpnf;xm;wJhz,f'&,frljzpfygw,f/ 'DvkdzJYGpnf;cJhjcif;[m usaemfwkdY wkdif;jynf&JU
Ekid if aH &;? vlrsKd;a&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIpwJw h ;dk wufjzpfay:rI &mZ0ifjzpfpOfrsm;twGi;f
rS b0ESi[ hf yfí obm0ususxlaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfw,fvYdk usaemfwYdk av;eufpmG ,kMH unf
w,f/ jynfrudk tajccHí jynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;jcif;[m jynfaxmifpw k ckv;Hk twGuf (Cen-
tre of unity and leadership) vka Yd c:wJA[k
hA[kad cgif;aqmifreI n YJ n D w T af &;pkpnf;csuftjzpfeo YJ m
xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfygw,f/ vufawGMY unfyh g? jynfe,frsm;teuf tcsKdUu &mZ0ift& jynf
e,foabmaqmifcJhaomfvJ tcsKdUu ,ckrS jynfe,fb0odkY ul;ajymif;zefwD;ae&qJjzpf
w,f/ tcsKdUu ,ckrS jynfe,fb0okYd xlaxmif&efjyifqifawmif;qdak e&qJ &Sad o;w,f/
tcsKdUvlrsKd;pkrsm;rSmawmh tjcm;vlrsm;pkrsm;ESifha&maxG;,Sufwif aexkdif&qJb0rSm &Sd
w,f/ Ekid if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;jzpfpOfw[ Ydk m ,ckrS pwifoaE¨,al e&qJ ajymif;vJae
&qJjzpfw,f/ &mZ0ift& trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf wJG avQmufrmS jynfrArmvlrsKd;pk
u ta&twGut f m;jzif¤h if;? t&nftaoG;tm;jzif¤h if;? acgif;aqmifNyD; yef;0ifcyJh gw,f/
wnfaeqJp;D yGm;a&;? vlraI &;pHepft&uvJ acgif;aqmifcsDwuf&rJt h aetxm;rSm&Sw d ,f/
155 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tem*wfEidk if aH &;vrf;aMumif;udk xde;f aMumif;csDwuf&rJw h m0efuvJ jynfrrSm &mZ0ift&

wm0efy&kd w dS ,f/ tJ'v D dk taetxm;rsm;t& zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk a&;qGw J hJ
tcgrSm jynfrudk A[kad cgif;aqmifreI n YJ nD w T af &;pkpnf;csuftjzpf tajccHNyD; tjcm;jynf
e,frsm;? a'orsm;udk pkaygif;um zGpYJ nf;cJjh cif;jzpfw,f/
'gudk usaemfwkdYu &mZ0ift& b0jzpfpOfeJYukdufnDwJhjynfaxmifpkrljzpfw,fvkdY
jywfjywfom;om; ,kMH unfvufcw H ,f/
usaemfw&Ydk UJ jynfe,fnt D pfuakd cgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u jynfr[m jynfaxmifpt k m
Pmudk vuf0g;BuD;tkyNf yD; jynfe,frsm;? vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk vTr;f rk;d cs,fv, S w f ,f]yPÖmquf}
e,fawGtjzpfeYJ tEkid u f sifw
h ,fv, Ydk q l w,f/ 'gaMumifh jynfr? jynfe,fawGtm;vk;H toD;

oD;uk, d t hf csKyftjcmtmPmeJu Y , dk w f ef;wl&nfw&l MdS uNyD; A[kjd ynfaxmifpu k kd pkaygif;zGpYJ nf;
&rnf? oabmqE´t&om tmPmrsm; cGaJ 0ay;r,f/ 'Dvjdk ynfaxmifppk pfppfrf rl sKd;uko d m
tvk&d w dS ,f/ tar&duef? qGZd mvef? qdAk , D uf,el , D u
H o
hJ aYkd omtajccHoabmrsKd;jzpfap&
r,fvYdk &Si;f vif;ajymMum;oGm;ygw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh uGezf 'D a&;&Si;f qefqefzpYJG nf;&r,f
vkYd qkv d ydk gw,f/ tJ'v D dk uGvJ aJG ecsuf[m yxrae&mjzpfygw,f/ tar&duef? qGZd mvef?
qdAk ,D uf,el , D wH Ydk jynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;vmykH &mZ0ifjzpfpOfb0eJY usaemfwjYdk refrmjynfaxmif
pkouf0ifvyI &f mS ;vmyk?H oaE¨wnfvmykjH zpfpOferYJ sm;pGmjcm;em;rI &Sad eygw,f/ ynm&Sd owd
jzpfcq J o dk vkd usaemf tenf;i,f ZmwfaMumif;jyefyg&ap/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'[m trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyBJG uD;u
aygufzmG ;ay;cJyh gw,f/ xkpd pfyBJG uD;rwkid rf D NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUwkaYd tmufrmS NAdwo d Qukv
d edk jD ynf
e,frsm;tjzpfeYJ ol&Y mZ0ifjzpfpOfeo YJ o l ;D jcm;wnf&cdS yhJ gw,f/ olb Y &k ifceH o
YJ l Oya'jyKvTwf
awmfeYJ oD;jcm;wnf&cdS yhJ gw,f 1776-ck? Zlvidk v f 4-&ufaeY trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;
ppfyaJG usnmpmwrf;BuD;xkwjf yefwt Jh cgrSmvJ ppfausnmykid cf iG ?hf Nidr;f csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyf
qkEd idk cf iG hf rdrBd udKufEpS o f ufovkd r[mrdwzf pYJG nf;ydik cf iG hf pwJt h cGithf a&;rsm;udk vk;H 0ykid w f hJ
tcsKyftjcmtmPmykid jf ynfe,fEidk if rH sm;tjzpfeYJ ausnmNyD; vGwaf jrmufa&; ppfyBJG uD;ETcJ hJ
Mujcif;jzpfygw,f/
puwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifEkdifiHrsm;tjzpfeJYoD;jcm;xlaxmifí wkdufyGJ
0ifcjhJ cif;jzpfygw,f/ ¤if;aemuf trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfBuD;udk ydrk x dk ad &mufpmG ckcH
wku
d cf u dk Ef idk Mf u&eftwGuf 1777-ck? Ek0d ifbmv 15-&ufaeYrmS (Article of Confederation)
vkaYd c:wJjh ynfe,faygif;csKyfpnf;rsOf;Oya'w&yfukd a&;qGjJ y|mef;MuNyD; 13-jynfe,f[m
jynfe,ftvku d f oD;jcm;vufct H wnfjyKcJw h ,f/ 1878-ck? rwfv 1-&ufaeYrmS ar&Dvef
jynfe,fu aemufqkH;vufcHtwnfjyKw,f/ tJ'DtajccHpnf;rsOf;yxryk'frokH;ckrSmbJ
tar&duefjynfaxmifpBk uD;[m uGezf 'D a&;&Si;f jzpfwt hJ aMumif; jynfe,fwidk ;f tcsKyft

jcmtmPmESiv hf ;Hk 0vGwv f yfciG &hf adS Mumif; bk&H efou l kd pkaygif;wku d cf u dk af &;twGuf ckid rf maom
r[mrdwzf pYJG nf;rI (A firm league of Friendship) tjzpfeYJ yk'rf 3-t& zGpYJ nf;xm;aMumif;
ponfjzifh txift&Sm; yg&Syd gw,f/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m uGefzD'a&;&Sif;u paMumif; txift&Sm;jyw,f/
aemufrS 1787-ck? azaz:0g&Dv 21-&ufaeY uGe*f &ufusrS uGezf 'D a&;&Si;f zGpYJ nf;ykrH QESihf
jynfaxmifpt k iftm;[m rvkaH vmufaMumif; jyefvnfjyifqif&efxu dk af Mumif; ausnmcJh
w,f/ 'geJY 1787-ck? arv 25-&ufaeYrmS a*smh0g&Siw f efudk Ouú|wifNyD; uGeAf if;&Si;f BuD;
wckv k yk Nf yD; zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'topfukd a&;qGcJ MhJ uw,f/ xkOd ya'opfukd jynf
e,ftvku d f toD;oD;u jyefvnfvufct H wnfjyKMuNyD; 1789-ck? rwfv 4-&ufaeYupNyD;

toufoGif;cJhMuw,f/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifu bmocFPf;pmrsm; ay;ygovJ
qkdvQif (1) rlvuxJu tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifjynfe,frsm;tjzpf pwifcJhw,f? (2) xkdY
aemuf uGefzD'a&;&Sif;zGJYcJhw,f? (3) okdYaomfvJ xkdb0ESifhrvkHavmuf rudkufnDwJhtcg
wqifah vQmhNyD; zuf'a&;&Si;f qkw d m zGcYJ &hJ w,f? (4) &mZ0ifjzpfpOftwGi;f rSmbJ ]]'Dpifx&,f
vku d af Z;&Si;f }}u ]]pifx&,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f }}udk (avsmh&aJ omA[kcd sKyfuikd rf rI S wif;Muyfaom
A[dck sKyfuidk rf o I )Ykd wjznf;jznf; OD;wnfvm'gudk awG&Y r,f/ (5) tmPmydik o f rwpepf[m
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JUA[dkacgif;aqmifrIeJYnDnTwfa&;pkpnf;csufjzpfvmw,f? jynf
axmifpkwkdif;rSm A[kdacgif;aqmifrIeJYnDnTwfa&;pkpnf;csuftwGuf wpkHwckaom trmcH
tESpo f m&[m wyfqifyg&S&d pNrJqw dk m tav;teuf vufc, H MHk unfbv Ydk ydk gvdrrhf ,f/
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&Snv f sm;aom jzpfpOfeaYJ ygufzmG ;vm&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ &mZ0ifpyku H vJ tuf(yf)awmifwef;
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arG;zGm;apchMJ uw,f/ z,f'&,f';dk ,ufqw dk m zGNYJ yD; jynfe,fu, kd pf u D tnDtrQ ud, k pf m;
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157 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
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e,frS igqkdwJhpdwf"mwfawGudk jyifopfppfbk&ifBuD; eykdvD,Hbkdeywf[m tmPmeJY&kdufcsKd;
zsufq;D ypfNyD; e,fopfawG owfrw S Nf yD; (Prefectures) qkw d jhJ ynfe,faygif; 18-ckudk owf
rSwfw,f/ ukd,fpm;jyKtrsKd;om;tpkd;&eJYA[kdtmPmykdiftpkd;&tzGJYw&yfudk zGJYay;cJhw,f/
'gudk &mZ0ifrmS [,fvb f ufwpforwEkid if t H ajccHOya'vkYd ac:wGiaf pcJw h ,f/ 1798-
ck? {NyDv(12)&ufaeYrmS jy|mef;ay;cJw h ,f/
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jcif;[m &mZ0ifecYJ sDNyD; jyif;xefavawmh ratmifjrifcyhJ gbl;/ rsm;pGmaomjiif;ckyH #dyu©rI
BuD;awGjzpfc&hJ NyD;aemuf jynfoal wGukd yxrqk;H ADwt dk mPmpwiftyfwhJ 1802-ck? arv

uGefpwDusL;&Sif;udk a&;qGJjy|mef;cJhMujyefygw,f/ 'DADwkdOya't& touf(20)jynfwJh
wkdif;oljynfom;wkdif; tajccHOya'twnfjyKa&;twGuf rJay;apcJhygw,f/ rJqE´&Sif
aygif;(72453)u oabmwlraJ y;? (92432)u oabmrwlay;? (167172)u Mum;ae
cJhygw,f/ tJ'gudk Mum;aerJrsm;[m oabmwlrJrsm;jzpfw,fqkdNyD; tJ'DtajccHOya'ukd
twnfjyKaMumif; ausnmcJhjyefw,f/ rlvtajccHOya'eJYpmvQif ckjyifqifwJhOya'[m
tenf;i,fatmifjrifvmw,f/ 'gayr,fh eydv k , D [ H m oloabmeJo Y l ]]uifweG }f }qkw d jhJ ynf
e,fwkdif;udk oD;jcm;tajccHOya'udk,fpD a&;qGJjy|mef;ay;jyefw,f/ tJ'gudk zsefajza&;
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qk;H eykv d , D v H J tmPmus olOY ya'awGvJ ysufcw hJ mygbJ/
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wkid ;f 'kid ;f ,ufudk jyefvnfxal xmifMuNyD; 22-ckaom uifweG f (Cantons) wk[ Yd mjynfaxmif
pkoabmwl
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(pf)trsKd;om;wkdY\*kPfusufoa&ESifhwuG nDnTwfa&;tiftm;awmif;wif;a&;udk xdef;
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qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifjzpfpOfudkawmh ajymp&m rvkdawmhygbl;/ r[m
atmufwb dk mqk&d ,S vf pfawmfveS af &;BuD;u pwifaygufzmG ;ay;cJjh cif;ygbJ/ 1918-ckEpS ?f
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vkyof rm;vlwef;pm;? Ekid if aH &;tmPmykid pf epfeq YJ &dk ,
S v f pfp;D yGm;a&; vlrt I aqmufttkH
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jzpfygw,f/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;orwEkdifiHawG? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oawG? vlrsKd;pk
a'oawGponfjzifh vlrsKd;BuD;i,faygif;(181)rsKd;? bmompum;BuD;aygif;(55)rsKd;? ukd;
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a&t& jynfrudk tajccHwAhJ [kt d pk;d &udo k m xlaxmif&rnft h vm;tvm&So d nfukd owdjyK

oifyh gw,f/ (2) vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vk;H \ndE§ idI ;f oabmwlcsuft& vlrsKd;pkvw T af wmfudk a&G;
aumufzf pYJG nf;jcif;? (3) urÇm'h rD u dk a&pDx;Hk wrf;tpOftvmt& aiGOya'Murf;rsKd;rSwyg;
jynfov Yl wT af wmfEiS v hf rl sKd;pkvw T af wmfwo Ydk nf Oya'jyKa&;wGif tmPmwef;wljzpfjcif;? (4)
urÇmhjynfaxmifpktpkd;&wkdif; jynfaxmifpknDnTwfa&;twGuf ta&;wBuD;umuG,f&rJh
jy|mef;csuf 6-&yfteuf w&yfjzpfonfv h rl sKd;pkBuD;u vlrsKd;pki,frsm;udk rxdyg;Ekid &f ef jynf
axmifpjk ynfov Yl w T af wmfu a&G;cs,faom A[dt k pd;k &rSm jynfe,faumifprD S uk, d pf m;vS,f
rsm;tm; jynfaxmifp0k efBuD;rsm;tjzpfeYJ yl;aygif;zGpYJ nf;apjcif;? nDwn l rD Qwm0ef&adS pjcif;?
(5) jynfe,fjynfrESifhjynfe,frsm;tcsif;csif; y#dyu©rsm; rausvnfcsufrsm;udk Oya'
aMumif;t& vk;H 0vGwv f yfpmG ajz&Si;f t f qk;H tjzwf jyKEkid &f eftwGuf w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf
odYk tmPmay;tyfxm;jcif;? (6) jynfaxmifpyk gvDrefrS ok;H ykEH pS yf Hk oabmwlncD suf&rSom
tajccHOya'udk jyifqifEidk jf cif;? (7) &mZ0iftpOftvmt& &Sr;f jynfuo hJ aYkd om jynfe,f
tm; cGx J uG cf iG u hf kd rltm;jzifh tyfEiS ;f xm;jcif;[lí jzpfygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfw&Ydk UJ jynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;yk[ H m ]]rl}}t& ]]ykpH }H }t& urÇm'h rD dk
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f , G u f sifo h ;Hk aeMuwJyh *k K¾ v
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wm0efrcHEidk yf gbl;/ 'gu (Subjective Factor) vkq kYd wdk u hJ wåm;ykid ;f qkid &f m jyóemjzpfygw,f/
'grsKd;usawmh Ekid if aH &;t& &J&w J if;wif; pm&if;&Si;f ypf&rnfjzpfygw,f/
om"utm;jzifh yxptpkd;&wufNyD;aemuf rvkHavmufwJhtaMumif;wckjyNyD;
jynfruufbdeuf jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkuufbdeuf&,fvkdY cGJpdwfypfcJhjcif;[m um,uHajrmuf
tm;jzifh A[dkjynfaxmifpktmPmeJY A[dkjynfaxmifpknDnTwfa&;udk cGJpdwfypfvkdufjcif;yif
jzpfwt hJ wGuf uRefawmfwrdYk sm;pGm pdwef mcJyh gw,f/ odaYk omfvJ Budwrf w Sd Nf yD;cHvu dk &f ygw,f/
tJ'aD wmhrS yXruGv J cJG sufae&mu jynfrukd tajccHNyD; jynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;jcif;[m
&mZ0ifjzpfpOfeJYb0tajctaet& rSefuefukdufnDw,fvkdY uRefawmfwkdYu &dk;om;pGm ,kH
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tcsdeftcgrSm tvGeftzkd;wefwJhpDrHcsufw&yf jzpfw,fvkdY uRefawmfwkdYu tav;teuf
cH,w l ,f/ uRefawmfwrYdk mS jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;&JUzD'&,fppfppftqkjd yKcsufawGukd em;
axmif&if; avhvm&if;eJY tar&duefqZdG mvefjynfaxmifpw k &Ykd UJ &mZ0iftpu tvGeaf vsmh
&Jwu hJ eG zf 'D a&;&Si;f ykpH aH wGukd jrifa,mif Mum;a,mifcpH m;rdygw,f/
jynfe,fnDaemifacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u vuf&Sd'DykHzGJYpnf;xm;jcif;[m jynfru
jynfe,fvrl sKd;pkawGukd csKyfjc,fvrT ;f rk;d xm;w,fvYdk ,kMH unfw,f? 'Dvjdk zpfaeygw,f/
'kw,
d uGv J cJG sufae&mu &yfwnfrI jcm;em;aecsufbJ jzpfygw,f/ (Stand point)
vkq Yd v dk ydk gw,f/ qkv d &dk if;uawmh uRefawmfwu Ydk jynfaxmifpt fk wGi;f vlrsKd;pka&;&meJyY wf
oufvYdk 'DuaeY vufiif;jyóem (Order of the day) [m jynfrukd jynfe,fz&YJG ef r[kwaf o;
jynfe,f&xkdufaom vlrsKd;pkrsm; jynfe,f&a&;eJY jynfe,f&&SdNyD; vlrsKd;pkrsm; vkH;0udk,f
ydik jf y|mef;cGi&hf &Srd I jr§iw hf ifa&;bJvYdk ,lqw,f/ jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh rdrw d b Ydk 0
&yfwnfraI y:rSm tajcrcHbJ tm;vk;H aom jyóemawG[m jynfrukd jynfe,fwck vkyv f u dk f
&if udpaö t;ukerf ,fv, Ydk q l w,f/ tJ'v D dk &yfwnfrrI mS vJ jcm;em;aeygw,f/
wwd,uGv J cJG sufuawmh ]]jyóemcsOf;uyfy}Hk }jcm;em;csufbJ jzpfygw,f/ (Ques-
tion of Approach) vkq Yd v dk ydk gw,f/ uRefawmfwu Ydk v
f rl sKd;pkjyórsm;ESiw hf uG jynfaxmifpk
wckv;Hk aomifrwif a&ruseJY Ekid if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? b@ma&;? ppfa&;rSpí tMuyftwnf;
qku d af e&wmawG rajyvnfraI wG[m e,fcsJUya,m*awGeYJ jynfwiG ;f ppfy#dyu©awGukd r&Si;f
rvif;Ekid o f rQ qufvufcpH m;ae&OD;r,fvYdk ,kMH unfw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DjyóemawG ajz&Si;f
a&;[m vufiif;yXr? jyóemt00 Nidr;f csrf;nDnw T pf mG ajz&Si;f a&;[m 'kw, d vkYd uRef
awmfwkdYu csOf;uyfygw,f/ jynfe,fnDaemif&JabmfBuD;rsm;u jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlt&
ukd,fhjcHukd,fcwfMua&;onf yXr? jyóemt00 aemufusrSf wef;wl&nfwl ajz&Sif;a&;
onf 'kw, d vkYd ,lqMuygw,f/ tJ'v D dk csOf;uyfyrHk mS vJ jcm;em;aeygw,f/
tJ'v D jdk cm;em;uGv J cJG sufrsm;[m (3)ae&mrSm awG&Y cdS pH m;vm&ygw,f/ 'gawGuv kd J
uRefawmfweYdk jYJ ynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;[m tjyeftvSef wOD;eJw Y OD; nD&if;tpfukd rdom;
pkpdwf"mwfeJY qE´wl oabmaygufMuap&ef ulnDBudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf
wku Yd v dk J ulnBD udK;yrf;MuygvkYd arwåm&yfcyH gw,f/
obmywdBuD;cifAsm; - jynfaxmifppk pfppfqw dk rhJ [l m tckvdk tajctaersKd;rSm
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161 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
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jynfaxmifp&k UJ tem*wf&mZ0ifwauGrY mS jynfrjynfe,f tm;vk;H wu,fwef;wlnrD Qtjynfh
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rmjynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpforwEkdifiHawmfudk xlaxmifEdkifMuwJhumvbJ jzpfygw,f/ vl
wOD;eJw Y OD; wwef;pm;eJw Y wef;pm; vlrsKd;pkwckew YJ ck jynfe,fwckew YJ ck Ekid if aH &;? pD;yGm;
a&;? vlraI &;tm;jzifh vk;H 0acgif;ykjH zwfaoG;pkyrf u I if;wJq h &dk ,
S v f pfvrl t I aqmufttku H dk
xlaxmifEidk Mf uwJt h cgrSm ,aeYqAdk , D ufjynfaxmifpo k rwEkid if rH mS uJo h Ykd jynfe,ftm;vk;H

vlrsKd;pktm;vk;H wk[ Yd m wu,fw h ef;wlnrD Q tajccHay:rSm tpGr;f ukev f wG v f yfpmG wk;d wuf
rI&rdS nfrmS rkcsygbJ/ qk&d , S v
f pfjynfaxmifppk epf twGi;f rSm vlrsKd;pktm;vk;H wkYd b,fuo hJ Ykd
wef;wlnrD Qtjynft h 0&Sw d ,fqw dk m qkAd , D uf,el , D [H m b,f&efol b,frw d af qGurS t
jiif;rwGufEkdifawmhbJ urÇmhvufawGY oufaojycsufBuD;tjzpfeJY&yfwnfvsuf&Sdygw,f/
tJ'v D dk xlaxmif&r,fh jynfaxmifppk pfppfq&dk if uRefawmfwdYk bmrStjiif;yGm;p&mvJ rvkd
awmhb;l / wrsKd;om;vk;H &JUvlraI wmfveS af &; wk;d wufrjI zpfpOftwGi;f u obm0ususay:
xGuv f mrJh qk&d , S v f pf jynfaxmifpjk zpfwt hJ wGuaf Mumifh &mZ0ifuu kd ay;tyfvmwJjh ynf
axmifppk pfppfBuD; jzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ qkv d &dk if;u ,aeY uRefawmfwjYdk ynfaxmifp&k UJ zGpYJ nf;ykH
[m trsKd;om;awmfveS af &;BuD;u obm0ususnDnw T pf mG oD;yGiahf ygufzmG ;ay;cJo h uJo h Ykd
tem*wfq&dk , S v f pfawmfveS af &;BuD;uvJ tem*wfq&dk , S vf pfjynfaxmifppk epfukd obm0
usus aygufzGm;oD;yGifhay;ygvdrfhr,f/
qkdcJhwJhqkd&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkpepfudk Nidrf;csrf;pGmyif ul;ajymif;xlaxmifEkdif&ef
jynfwGif;jynfy tvm;tvmrsm;uae jyygojzifh xkdumvonf ra0;awmhNyDvkdY,lq,Hk
Munfvsuf &Syd gw,f/ ,aeYjynfaxmifpv k il ,fw&Ydk UJ vlom;tquf tqufwqufrmS bJ jrefrmjynf
axmifpq k &dk ,S vf pforwEkid if aH wmf[m rkcsjzpfay:&awmhr,fvYdk uRefawmfwYdk ,kMH unfarQmf
vifv h suf&adS eygw,f/ ,aeY uRefawmfwkYd jynfr-jynfe,f&jdS ynfot l m;vk;H wk[ Yd m qk&d ,S f
vpfjynfaxmifpu k kd OD;wnfcsDwuf&if; t f rsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDxal xmifaf &; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
udk vufnw D ufneD YJ tpGr;f ukeBf udK;yrf;wnfaqmuf&efom vufiif;ta&;BuD;jzpfygw,f
vkYd av;pm;pGm wifjyvkyd gw,f/
obmywdBuD;cifAsm; - uRefawmfwu Ydk kd apm'uwufp&mwckusefygvdrrhf ,f/ xkd
tcsufuawmh vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd vuf&SdtajctaeeJY
tawGt Y MuKHrsm;t& bmrQjyifp&mrvkad wmhb;l vm;vkYd ar;p&m&Syd gw,f/ tajzuawmh
vuf&Sdt"dutaetxm;eJYykHpHtwGif;rSm jyifqifp&mawG tawmfbJ&Sdygvdrhfr,f/ 'gawG

eJYywfoufvkdY &mZ0ifaMumif;eJYwuG vkdufemjyKjyiftyfwJhtajccHrlrsm;udk uRefawmfwkdY&JU
vlrsKd;a&;&mtMuHay;pmwrf;rSm xnfo h iG ;f az:jyxm;ygw,f/ xkt d us,fpmwrf;udk obm
ywdBuD;eJYwuG vlrsKd;pkukd,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;tm;vkH;udk uRefawmfcspfcif&if;ESD;pGm a0iS
urf;vSrf;r,fjzpfygw,f/
okaYd omfvnf; 'Dae&mrSm ta&;BuD;wJt h csuftcsKdUukd az:xkww f ifjyvdyk gw,f/
,aeYjyóem[m jynfr{&d,mukd jynfe,fwckzGJYa&;awmif;qkd&ef r[kwfao;?
jynfe,f&xdkufaomvlrsKd;pkrsm; jynfe,f&&Sda&;eJY &&SdxlaxmifNyD; jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH;
wef;wlnrD Q tajcwGif &yfwnfapNyD; ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfrI tcGit
hf a&;rsm; tjynft h 0&&Sd
apa&;om t"dujzpfygw,f/
¤if;twGuf-
(1) jynfaxmifpAk [ktd pk;d &wGif jynfe,fu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; jynfaxmifpw k m0efcrH sm;
tjzpf tmPmtjynft h pkH &&Sx
d rf;&Guaf pa&;?
(2) jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm; tmPmcGJa0a&;ü jynfe,frsm;\vkH;0ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf

cGi&hf &Sad &;rltay:wGif wdusjywfom;rI &&Sad pa&;?
(3) jynfaxmifpkeJYjynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd obm0o,HZmwypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;wGif

jynfaxmifpktajccHjynfe,ftajccH[lí cGJjcm;NyD; pDrHudef;rsm;ESifhpepfwusqufpyfvkyf
aqmifap&ef ¤if;twGuf jynfaxmifppk rD u H ed ;f aumfr&Sif jynfe,ftvdu
k f pDru
H ed ;f aumfr
&Sirf sm;udk Oya't& tckid t
f rmzGpYJ nf;í qufpyfvyk af qmifomG ;a&;?
(4) jynfaxmifpw k ;dk wufBuD;yGm;rI &HyaHk iGw&yfziG v

hf pS í
f w&m;0ifxnf0h ifjcif; - w&m;0if
xkw, f o
l ;Hk jcif;wkjYd yKvkyaf p&efeYJ ¤if;tjyif jynfaxmifpu k jynfe,frsm;odYk jynfr\txl;
axmufyHhaiGrsm;? oD;jcm;ay;tyfa&;/
(5) jynfaxmifp0k efxrf;tzGYJ jynfe,f0efxrf;tzG[

YJ í
l oD;jcm;xm;&Sad &;eJx
Y ed ;f csKyfjyKjyif
a&;?
(6) *syefppfavsmfaMu;ESiw hf uG Ekid if jH cm; tultnDtaxmuftyHrh sm;udk jynfe,frsm;t

jrefq;Hk wk;d wufBuD;yGm;a&;twGuf jynfrxuf txl;tcGit hf a&; ykrd cdk pH m;cGiahf y;a&;?
163 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
(7) jynfe,faumifprD sm;udk jynfe,fOya'jyKvGwaf wmftqift h wef;odYk jr§iw

hf ifay;í jynf
e,fOuú|rsm;ukd vGwv f yfpmG a&G;aumufwifajr§muf cGijhf yKa&;?
(8) jynfe,fqidk &f m bwf*sufrsm;oD;oefv

Y yk af qmifjy|mef;cGi&hf &Sad pa&;ESijhf ynfaxmifpEk iS hf
jynfe,ftcGefawmfcGJa0a&;wGif twdtusnd§EIdif;owfrSwfapa&;?
(9) vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKpm&if;ü ajr,m? opfawm? owåKwGi;f ? a&eHwiG ;f rsm; puf
rIvufrIxlaxmifa&;rsm;ESifhtjcm;nd§EIdif;&&Sdaom bmom&yfrsm;ukd jynfe,f-jynfrpk
aygif;oufqidk af om wwd,pm&if;wGif xnfo h iG ;f &efEiS jhf ynfe,fwidk ;f onf txufygvkyf

ief;rsm;wGif A[djk ynfaxmifpt
k pk;d &\0g'ESirhf qefu Y sifv
h Qif vGwv f yfpmG vkyaf qmifciG hf t
usKd;cHpm;cGifh&&Sdapa&;?
(10) tvkyo f rm; tcGit hf a&;? ajr,mpHepfjyKjyifa&;? 'Dru dk a&pDa'oEÅ&tkycf sKyfa&;pH

epfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif jynfe,fwidk ;f onf A[kjd ynfaxmifpt k pk;d &\pD;yGm;a&;?
vlraI &;paombkwEf iS ahf umfyadk &;&Si;f rsm;wGif jynfe,fu,
dk pf m;vS,rf sm;onf wef;wl&nf
wlyg0ifcGifh&&Sdapa&;?
(11) jynfe,frsm;wGif A[djk ynfaxmifpt

k pk;d &\0g'ESithf nD todynmwk;d wufa&;twGuf
vlrsKd;pkbmomtvkud f oD;jcm;toHviT &hf rHk sm; xlaxmifciG &hf &Sad pa&;?
(12) jynfe,fwidk ;f ya'o&mZfzEd ydS cf sKyfcs,frI vlrsKd;BuD;0g'zdEydS cf sKyfrI ppf0g'zdEydS cf sKyfcs,f

rIrsm;udk z,f&mS ;í 'Dru
dk a&pDb0udk jynf0h pGm jznfw h if;ay;a&;ESi?hf
(13) ta&;tBuD;qk;H ndE§ idI ;f &rnft

h ajccHtcsufw&yfrmS tem*wfwiG f jrefrmjynfaxmif
pkq&dk ,
S v
f pforwEkid if x
H al xmifa&;twGuf vuf&tdS ajccHOya'ESijhf ynfe,fqidk &f m tajccH
Oya'rsm;wGif wdusjywfom;aom&nfnTef;csufrsm;udk tjynfhtpkHxnfhoGif;jy|mef;ay;
a&;[lí jzpfygw,f/
obmywdBuD;cifAsm; - vuf&zdS pYJG nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif jyifqif&efvdk

tyfaom tcsuftcsKdUudk uRefawmfwifjycJNh yD;ygNyD/ usef<uif;aom tcsufrsm; rlrsm;rSm
uRefawmfwYdk a0iSxm;aom pmwrf;tus,fwiG f awG&Y EdS idk yf gw,f/
xkt Yd jyif A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pk;d &u jynfe,frsm;\tpk;d &tmPmudk ta&;wBuD;

tajctaersm;wGif odr;f ,lEidk cf iG Ehf iS yhf wfoufí ,cktpk;d &u jyifqif&ef MuH&, G xf m;csuf
rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí uRefawmfwYdk vk;H 0oabmrwlEidk yf g? txifrmS ; tjrifrmS ; jzpfp&mawG
jzpfvmygvdrrhf ,f? vuf&t dS ajccHOya'rSm&Sw d yhJ 'k rf 94-t&twkid ;f yif qufvufxm;&So d ifh
onf[k ,lqygw,f/
xkdYtjyif jynfe,frsm;cGJxGufcGifh&&Sda&;rlESifhywfoufí rltm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk
t*FgeJtY nD todtrSwjf yKygw,f/ urÇmrSmawmh qkAd , D uf,el ,
D eH jJY refrmjynfrmS bJ &Syd gw,f?
odaYk omfvJ ,aeYjynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaersm;t& xkt d cGithf a&;ukd vufawGt Y ok;H jyK
&ef rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ravsmfuHao;aMumif; tm;vkH;oabmaygufvufcHEkdifNyD;jzpfyg
vdrrhf ,f/ 'gaMumifh xkjd yóemeJyY wfoufNyD; jynfaxmifpek jYJ ynfe,frsm; tajytvnfaqG;
aEG;ndE§ idI ;f MuNyD; jynfaxmifpw k ckv;Hk tckid t
f rm pkpnf;nDnw T Ef idk af &;twGuf tpGr;f ukef
umuG,af pmifah &SmufMu&ef txl;bJ arwåm&yfct H yfygw,f/
obmywdBuD;cifAsm; - ed*;Hk csKyftm;jzifh uRefawmfwYdk y-r-n-w\oabmxm;
rsm;udk atmufygtwkid ;f vk&d if;ukd 'J'h ;dk xyfrH wifjyyg&ap/
(1) ,aeYjynfwiG ;f jynfy tajctaersm;t& jynfaxmifppk pfppfqo dk nfrh u

l kd xlaxmifvQif
uGezf 'D a&;&Si;f qefqefjzpfvmNyD; jynfaxmifpn
k n
D w
T af &;xuf wpwptm;jzifh jynfaxmif
pkNydKuGaJ &;uko
d m tm;ay;&ma&mufvrd rhf ,f 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwYdk oabmrwlyg/
(2) ,aeYjynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;cJo

h nfh (14)ESpof ufwrf;twGi;f rSm e,fcsJUorm;wk\ Yd ya,m*
tkypf ;dk olw\Ydk oabmxm;rSm;? vkycf sufrmS ;wkaYd Mumifh jynfe,fvrl sKd;pkrsm;wGif jynfotl m;
vk;H ESit hf wl rsm;pGmepfemae&onfukd txl;vIu d v
f pJS mG todtrSwjf yKygonf/ tav;t
euf em;Munf;ygonf/ ¤if;twGuf ,ckjynfaxmifpzk pYJG nf;ykH ykpH t H wGi;f rSmyif tpGr;f ukef
vkdufavsmnd§EIdif;jyifqifay;&ef vkH;0oabmwlygonf/
(3) ,aeYurÇmay:wGif qk&d , S v

f pfpeH pftajccHjynfaxmifppk pfppfeYJ t&if;&Sipf eH pftajccH
jynfaxmifppk pfppf[í l &Syd gonf/ ¤if;wGif vlwOD;ESiw hf OD; vlwef;pm;w&yfEiS w hf &yf vl
rsKd;pkwckEiS w
hf ck jynfe,fwckEiS whf ck zdEydS af oG;pkyrf &I adS eaom t&if;&Sipf eH pfukd tajccHonfh
jynfaxmifpkppfppfqkdonfrSm ykHpHtm;jzifhomppfí tESpfom&tm;jzifhum; twkomjzpf
aMumif; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifESifhwuG tjcm;t&if;&Sifjynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifu
urÇmwGif aumif;pGm oufaocHaeNyD;jzpfygonf/ 'gaMumifh jynfaxmifppk pfppfukd ykpH aH &m
165 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
tESpo f m&yg wu,ftvk&d ydS gvQif jrefrmjynfaxmifpq

k &dk ,
S v
f pforwEkid if x H al xmifa&;
qDokdYom OD;wnfcsDwufMuyg[k tav;teuf wkdufwGef;ygonf/ vomwkef; Akdif;iifqkd
onfph um;t& jynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaersm;uvJ xkyd ef;wkid o f Ykd ykaYd qmifvsuf&adS eonf
ukd wnDwnTwpf ak ygif;tok;H cs&ef jzpfygonf/
(4) ,ckusif;yvsuf&w dS v
hJ rl sKd;aygif;pkH ndE§ idI ;f zvS,af &;yGBJ uD;udk tjyeftvSef vGwv f yfpmG
nd§EIdif;zvS,fa&;yGJtjzpfeJYom todtrSwfjyKygonf/ wOD;eJYwOD; tMuyfudkifí wpkHwck
aom tqk;H tjzwfudk a&mufatmif vky&f rnf? vkyEf idk rf nf[í l r,kMH unfyg? vufrcHyg/
1947-ck? yifvpHk mcsKyfnv D mcHBud;D NyD;aemuf ,ckwBudro f m rsufEmS csif;jyefqidk &f onfukd

wcgqufqH q,fcgvSef rjzpfapbJ tajytvnf txyfxyf tjyefjyef ndE§ idI ;f a&;wGio f m
tqk;H owfoifyh gonf/ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,af &;yGBJ uD;udv k J tzufzuf rQwwJt h pDtrHawGeYJ o
abmxm;BuD;BuD;xm;NyD; usif;yMu&ef jzpfygw,f/
(5) xkad qG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f csufrsm;udk qkid &f mqkid &f mwkw
Yd iG f jyefveS o
f ;Hk oyfMuNyD;aemuf 1963
-ckEpS Of ;D wGif jynfaxmifpn k nD w
T af &;nDvmcHobifBuD;wck xyfru H sif;y? xyfrn
H E§d idI ;f Mu
NyD;aemuf tpkt H nD wufa&mufMuapcg qk;H jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwo f ifygonf/ 'g[m uRef
awmfw&Ydk UJ vk&d if;oabmxm; 5-&yf jzpfygw,f/
obmywdBuD;cifAsm; - ,ckvdk wkid ;f &if;om;aygif;pkaH oG;csif;om;csif;rsm;pkn H D

aqG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f a&;obifBuD;rSm y-r-n-wtzGBYJ uD;&JUuk, d pf m; aqG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f cGi&hf &Syd g
ojzifh obmywdBuD;ESiw hf uG tm;vk;H aomnDawmfaemifawmf taygif;wkt Yd m; txl;vIu d f
vSpJ mG aus;Zl;wif&ydS gaMumif; tpD&ifc&H if; ed*;Hk csKyfygonfcifAsm;/
wkid ;f &if;om;aygif;pkH aoG;pnf;nDnw

T Mf updYk
qkd&S,fvpfpHepf jynfaxmifpkppfppfodkY csDwufMupdkY
y-r-n-w XmecsKyf
aemufqufwGJ 1
167 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
jynfe,frsm; nDnw
T af &;tzGcYJ sKyf

\
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'
jynfe,frsm;nDnTwfa&;tzGJYcsKyf\
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfypHk nf;rsOf;Oya'

]]ed'gef;}}
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd uREkfyfwkdYjynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;wkdY
onf vGwv f yfaom uREkyf w f \ Ydk Edik if aH wmfukd t"Ge&Yf n
S pf mG wnfwchH idk Nf rJ&efaomf¤if;? jynf
axmifpkol jynfaxmifpkom;taygif;wkdYrSm nD&if;tpfudk cspfcif&if;ESD;rIudk tpOfxm0&
&&Sad p&efaomf¤if;? w&m;rQwjcif; vGwv f yfjcif; nDrQjcif;wnf;[laom avmuygvw&m;

rsm;wkdYudk tajcjyKí Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&;udk ckdifNrJwnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;&efaomf¤if;?
tqift h wef; nDrQrI tcGit hf vrf;nDrQrI w&m;Oya'wGif nDrQrIwu Ydk kd Ekid if aH wmfom;rsm;
omwlnDrQcHpm;rI &&Sd&efaomf¤if;? 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;ukdaomf¤if; oEéd|mefcsvsuf
(1947)-ckEpS u f tpjyKí ay:aygufvmaom awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nDnw T af &;t
zGBYJ uD;udk uREkyf w
f Ydk &Sr;f ? ucsif? u&if? u,m;? csif;? rGe?f &ckid ?f jynfe,faygif;pku H ,dk pf m;
vS,rf sm;wko Yd nf jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGt YJ jzpfjzifh 1961-ckEpS ?f ZGev f 16-&ufaeY
(1323-ckEpS f yXr0gqkv d qef; 4-&uf)aomMumaeYü t f wnfjyKjy|mef;vdu k yf gaMumif;/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
169 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
jynfe,frsm; nDnTwfa&;tzGJY
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'
tcPf;(1)
(trnf wnf&mXmeESifh&nf&G,fcsuf)
1/ tzGt YJ rnf
]]jynfe,frsm; nDnTwfa&;tzGJY}}[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
jynfe,frsm;/ /t"dyÜg,fykdif;jcm;az:jycsuf/
jynfe,frsm;qkod nfrmS jynfaxmifpo k rwjrefrmEdik if aH wmfwiG ;f &Sd &Sr;f ? u,m;?
u&if? ucsif paom jynfe,frsm;tjyif jynfe,f&&Sx d u dk af om *kPt f *Fgt&nftcsif;ESihf

jynfph o
Hk nfjh ynfe,f&&Sqd J &&Sv
d wåUH aom rGeaf 'o? &ckid af 'oESichf sif;0daoowkid ;f wkv Yd nf;
yg0ifonf/ ¤if;tjyif tem*wfumvwGif ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfaom jynfe,frsm;wkv Yd nf;
yg0ifEkdifonf/
2/ wnf&mXme
þtzGXYJ mecsKyf&;Hk udk ]]&efuek Nf rdKU}}wGif xm;&S&d rnf? odaYk omf vkyif ef;aqmif&u
G f
&ef vG,fulapjcif;iSm trIaqmiftzGJY\oabmqE´t& tzGJY0ifjynfe,fNrdKUawmfwckckü
xm;&SEd idk o
f nf/ jynfe,fwidk ;f ü jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzG(YJ XmecG)J wckpD xm;&rnf/
3/ jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGw YJ q

H yd f
wHqyd rf mS atmufygtwkid ;f a&;qG&J rnf/ puf0ikd ;f ESpx f yfü tjyifpuf0idk ;f ESi'hf w
k d
,puf0idk ;f wk\
Yd Mum;wGif jynfe,frsm;nDnw T af &;tzJ(GY XmecsKyf)[k pmjzifh a&;om;xm;&
rnf/ 'kw, d puf0idk ;f \twGi;f wGif ig;a'gif&h adS omMu,fjzLckepfyiG u hf kd a&;om;xm;&rnf/
oufqidk &f mjynfe,frsm;\wHqyd rf mS rl XmecsKyf[al om pmwrf;tpm; (XmecG)J ESio hf ufqidk f
&mjynfe,ftrnfxnfo h iG ;f &rnf/ Oyrm - u&ifjynfe,ftwGujf zpfvQif (XmecGJ - u&if
jynfe,f)[kxnfhoGif;&rnf/
4/ jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzG\ YJ tvHawmf

tvH\ykoH P²mefrmS a'gifrh eS f pwk*jH zpfonf/ ta&mifrmS rkC d ;f jyma&mifatmufcH
jzpfí tv,fwiG f ig;a'gif&h MdS u,fcek pfyiG 0hf idk ;f vsuf xm;&S&d rnf/ Mu,frsm;rSm tjzLa&mif
jzpf&rnf/ tvH\tcsKd;tpm; tvsm; 9-ay? teH 5-ay&Sv d Qif Mu,fyiG \hf tcsKd;tpm;
rSm Mu,ftv,fA[kEd iS Mhf u,f\a'gifw h a'gift h uGmta0;rSm 6-vufr&S&d rnf/ tvH\t
v,fA[kEd iS Mhf u,f\tv,fA[kwd rYdk mS (1)ayESi(hf 9)vufr&S&d rnf/ Mu,fcek pfv;Hk wko
Yd nf w
vk;H ESiw
hf vk;H nDrQaom tuGmta0; xm;&S&d rnf/
]]t"dyÜg,faz:jycsuf}}
tvHawmf\ta&mifukd rk;d jyma&mifatmufcx H m;&jcif;rSm jrLwdruf if;pifMunf
vifaom tmumoaumif;uifuJhodkY jynfe,frsm; nDnTwfa&;tzGJYonf jzLpifMunfvif
aom 0g'&nf&, G cf sufEiS v
hf yk if ef;pOfrsm;&So
d nft
h aMumif;udk az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/
Mu,fcek pfv;Hk xm;&Sjd cif;rSm tzG0YJ ifjynfe,f(7)jynfe,fwo Ydk nf pnf;pnf;vk;H vk;H
nDnnD w
T nf w
T f cspfcspfcifcif &SMd uvsuf jynfaxmifpBk uD;ukd pkaygif;umuG,&f efjzpfonf/
5/ &nf&, G cf suf/
1/ jynfaxmifpk wnfwchH idk Nf rJa&;twGuf tpGr;f ukeaf qmif&u G &f ef/
2/ jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f yg0ifaom jynfe,frsm;onf rdrw d \Ydk uHMur®mudk rdrw d zYdk ef
wD;Ekid cf iG hf &So d nft h m;avsmfpmG xkt d cGithf a&;t& vGwv f yfpmG zefw;D Ekid &f ef/
3/ jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f wOD;ESiw hf OD; cGjJ cm;jcif;rjyKbJ vlrsKd;ra&G; bmomra&G;
jynfaxmifpw k idk ;f &if;om;rSeo f rQ cspfMunfpmG aygif;oif;qufqjH cif;udk tm;ay;uln&D ef/
4/ ygvDrefx&D'rD u dk a&pD0g't& &oif&h xku d af om vlt Y cGit hf a&;rSeo f rQudk jynf
axmifpw k idk ;f &if;om;wkid ;f wef;wlnrD QrI rqk;H &I;H apa&;twGuf tpGr;f ukeu f muG,af pmifh
a&Smuf&ef/
5/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;&Sd vlrsKd;wkid ;f wk\ Yd zGNHY zdK;wk;d wufa&;udk a&SU&Iaqmif&u G &f ef/
6/ þtzGw YJ iG f yg0ifaom jynfe,frsm;onf jynfe,frsm;ESio hf ufqidk v f mrnfu h pd ö
t00wkw Yd iG f wnDwnTww f nf; pkaygif;í jyóemrsm;udk wpnf;wvk;H wnf; aqmif&u G f
&ef/
tcPf;(2)
6/ jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzG\ YJ vkyif ef;pOf/
«u» EkdifiHa&;tykdif;/
1/ jynfaxmifpo k rwEkid if aH wmf\vGwv f yfa&;udk xdcu dk yf sufp;D aprnfu
h sL;ausmfr[
I o
l í
ukd trsm;jynfow l EYdk iS t
hf wl jynfaxmifpw k nfNrJa&;twGuf umuG,af pmifah &SmufomG ;&ef/
2/ Nidr;f csrf;pGm twl,OS w f aJG exkid af &;rl(5)csufEiS Ehf idk if aH wmf Mum;aea&;0g'udk xde;f odr;f
oGm;&ef/
171 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
3/ jynfe,fwidk ;f ESiv hf rl sKd;pkwidk ;f \uk,d yf ikd jf y|mef;cGihf wif;jynfu h syfjynfh &&Sad p&efukd aESmifh
,Sufxdyg;aprnfhtEÅ&m,frSeforQudk pkaygif;umuG,f&ef/
4/ r[mvlrsKd;BuD;0g'ESifhusOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&;0g'wkdYukd qefYusifNyD; vlrsKd;pkH
cspfMunfaoG;pnf;a&;udk tpGrf;ukefwnfaqmufoGm;&ef/
5/ jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; ygvDrefx&D'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; wif;jynfhusyf
jynfh cHpm;cGi&hf &Sad p&efEiS t hf cGit hf a&;wef;wlnrD QrItwGuf tpGr;f ukepf ak ygif;aqmif&u G f
&ef/
6/ jynfe,fwidk ;f &Sd vlrsKd;pkrsm;\Ekid if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;ESiv hf rl aI &;t00wku Yd kd wk;d wufzNYHG zdK;
atmif tpGr;f ukef aqmif&u G af y;&ef/

7/ jynfe,fwkdif;ESifhvlrsKd;pkwkdif;wkdY\&oifh&xkdufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhepfemqkH;&IH;rI
rsm;udk ta&;qk&d mü ygvDrefjyifyrSjzpfap? twGi;f rSjzpfap? jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGYJ
rS wnDwnTww f nf; pkaygif;aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef/
«c» pD;yGm;a&;tykdif;/
1/ EkdifiHjcm;vuf0g;BuD;tkyf? csKyfcs,frIrS uif;vGwfaomftrsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;udk wnf
aqmuf&ef/
2/ acwfrv D ,f,mpku d yf sKd;a&;pHepfukd wnfaqmuf&ef/
3/ jynfe,frsm;twGi;f ü trsKd;om;ykid pf ufrv I ufrv I yk if ef;rsm; wnfaqmuf&ef/
4/ or0g,rpHepfjzifh pkaygif;xkwv f yk af &;ESiphf ak ygif;a&mif;0,fa&;ukd tm;ay;&ef/
5/ jynfe,fwidk ;f &Sd ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmwypön;f rsm;udk wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; vkyu f ikd f
Ekid af &;twGuf rdrw d qYdk idk &f m jynfe,fwidk ;f ü ud, k yf ikd jf y|mef;Ekid cf iG hf &S&d ef/
6/ jynfe,ftcsif;csif; pD;yGm;a&;udp&ö yfrsm;wGif wOD;ESiw hf OD; tjyeftvSef ulnyD ;l aygif;
aqmif&Guf&ef/
«*» vlrIa&;tydkif;/
1/ jynfe,frsm;&Sd jynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;\pm;0wfaea&; tqift h wef;udk jr§iw hf if
ay;&ef/
2/ vlrsKd;pkrsm\pmay,Ofaus;rI "avhx;Hk pHrsm;udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufjr§iw hf ifaz:xkwf
ay;&ef/
3/ jynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;\jynfou Yl sef;rma&;ESiu hf ,
kd v
f ufMuHch ikd af &;udk tpGr;f ukef
jr§ifhwifay;&ef/
4/ toufarG;rI ynmoifausmif;rsm;ESiw hf uúov

dk af usmif;rsm; az:xkwaf y;&ef/
5/ acwfrw
D ;dk wufru
I kd rydwyf ifaomjynfe,frsm;&Sd vlrsKd;pkrsm;\a&S;a[mif;"avhx;Hk pH
t& w&m;pD&ifqkH;jzwfrIxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;&ef/
tcPf;(3)
jynfe,fwe,ftwGif;&Sd tzGJY0ifrsm;
7/ jynfe,frsm;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY\&nf&G,fcsuf
1/ 0g'vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifhtcgumvtm;avsmfpGm owfrSwfjy|mef;csufrsm;ukd
vufcv H u
kd ef maomjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd tm;vk;H aom Ekid if aH &;tzGrYJ sm;onf tzGt YJ pnf;t
vkud f 0ifciG &hf o
dS nf/
2/ tzG0YJ ifrsm;\tjcm;t&nftcsif; owfrw S cf sufrsm;udk tcgumvtm;avsmf
pGm XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGu YJ jy|mef;Ekid o
f nf/
3/ tzGt YJ pnf;tvku d f tzG0YJ ifavQmufvmT rsm;udk XmecGt J vkytf rIaqmiftzGuYJ
omvQif vufcEH idk o f nf/
4/ vufco H ifh rcHoifh tjiif;yGm;vmvQif tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufaom XmecGJ
OD;pD;tzG\ YJ ok;H ykEH pS yf u
Hk qk;H jzwfvQif xkq d ;Hk jzwfcsufonf twnfjzpfap&rnf/
XmecsKyftzGJY0ifrsm;
8/ XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJY
þtzGJYudk jynfe,faygif;pkHrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaomOD;pD;tzGJYjzifh BuD;rSL;
a&SUaqmifoGm;&rnf/
(u) OD;pD;tzGoYJ Ydk jynfe,fwe,fvQif ud,
k pf m;vS,(f 6)OD;uspD wifajr§muf&rnf/
(c) OD;pD;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd EkdifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS t
csKd;usuk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaom jynfe,fqidk &f mXmecGOJ ;D pD;tzGrYJ S XmecsKyfO;D pD;okYd uk,
d f
pm;vS,fa&G;cs,fapvTwf&rnf/
9/ XmecsKyf tvkyt f rIaqmiftzG/YJ

XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzG0YJ ifrsm;teufrS (14)OD;xufrenf; yg0ifaom tvkytf rIaqmif
tzGw
YJ zGu
YJ dk zGpYJ nf;&rnf/
tvkyt f rIaqmif tzG0YJ ifrsm;tm; atmufygtwkid ;f wm0efa0cGx
J rf;aqmifap
173 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
&rnf/
(1) Ouú|/
(2) 'k-Ouú|/
(3) 'k-Ouú|/
(4) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/
(5) wGJbuf-twGif;a&;rSL;(tkyfcsKyfa&;)/
(6) wGJbuf-twGif;a&;rSL;(pnf;&Hk;a&;)/
(7) b@ma&;rSL;/
(8) jyefMum;a&;rSL;/

(9) pm&if;ppfrSL;/
(10) trIaqmif/
(11) ¤if;
(12) ¤if;
(13) ¤if;
(14) ¤if;
jynfe,frsm;nDnTwfa&;tzGYJ (XmecGJ)\tzGJY0ifrsm;
10/ XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzG/YJ
þtzGu YJ kd jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd Ekid if aH &;tzGt YJ pnf;aygif;pkrH S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg
0ifaom OD;pD;tzGjYJ zifh BuD;rSL;a&SUaqmifomG ;&rnf/
(u) OD;pD;tzGw YJ iG f tzG0YJ ifO;D a&(35)xuf rrsm;aomOD;a& yg&Sad p&rnf/
(c) OD;pD;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf jynfe,frsm;nDnw T af &;tzG\ YJ &nf&, G cf sufvyk f
ief;pOfEiS phf nf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;wku Yd kd ,kMH unfvufcaH om jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd Ekid if aH &;tzGt YJ
pnf;rsm;rS tcsKd;usudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf&rnf/
cRif;csuf jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd Ekid if aH &;tzGt YJ pnf;aygif;pkrH S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaom OD;
pD;tzGuYJ jynfe,fwiG ;f &Sd rnfonfyh *k K¾ v d uf rkd qkd OD;pD;tzGx YJ üJ yg0ifoifah Mumif; ,lqqk;H jzwf
vQif 5-OD;xufrrsm;aom yk*K¾ v d u f dk XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzGw YJ iG f yg0ifapEdik cf iG hf &So
d nf/
11/ jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGYJ XmecGt

J vkyt
f rIaqmiftzG/YJ
XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJY0ifrsm;teufrS (10)OD;xufrenf; yg0ifap&rnf/ tvkyftrI
aqmiftzGJYrsm;tm; atmufygtwkdif; wm0efcGJa0xrf;aqmifap&rnf/
(1) Ouú|/
(2) 'k-'kOuú|/
(3) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/
(4) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;/
(5) b@ma&;rSL;/
(6) jyefMum;a&;rSL;/
(7) pm&if;ppfrSL;/
(8) pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;/
(9) trIaqmif/
(10) ¤if;
(11) ¤if;
12/ tzG&YJ yH aHk iG/

jynfe,fwe,ftwGif; tzGJY0if? tzGJYtpnf;rsm;onfhtcg umvtm;avsmfpGm
XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzGuYJ owfrw S af om &HyaHk iGrsm;wku Yd kd jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGYJ XmecGo
J aYkd y;
aqmif&rnf/ wzef &HyaHk iGrsm;udk jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGXYJ mecsKyfu tcgumvtm;
avsmfpmG owfrw S o
f nf&h yH aHk iGudk XmecGrJ sm;rS XmecsKyfoYkd ay;aqmif&rnf/
tcPf;(4)
zGJYpnf;ykHESifhtkyfcsKyfykH
13/ zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyrHk mS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/
(1) tajccHtzGJYrsm;/
(2) XmecGJtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY/
(3) XmecJGOD;pD;tzGJY/
(4) jynfe,fqidk &f m XmecGn J v
D mcHobif/
(5) XmecsKyftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY/
(6) XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJY/
(7) jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGqYJ idk &f m XmecsKyfnv D mcHobif/
14/ tajccHtzGrYJ sm;onf þzGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyOHk ya'tcsuftvufrsm;? XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGYJ

175 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
ESiXhf mecsKyftvkyt f rIaqmiftzGw YJ \

Ydk pnf;urf;csufrsm;twGi;f rdrw d \ Ydk tzGw
YJ iG f aqmif
&Guzf , G &f odS nfrsm;udk aqmif&u G &f rnf/
15/ jynfe,frsm;nDnw T af &;tzGo YJ Ykd 0ifa&mufciG &hf aomtzGt YJ pnf;rsm;onf rdrw d EYdk iS w
hf ukd f
&ku
d o f ufqidk &f mudprö sm;wGif tzG\ YJ &nf&, G cf suf0g'? qk;H jzwfcsufOya'pnf;rsOf;udk rqefY
usifapbJ rdrdwkdYpnf;rsOf;twkdif; aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdonf/
16/ jynfe,frsm;nDnw T af &;tzGXJY mecGw J iG f jynfe,fqidk &f mnDvmcHobifonf tBuD;qk;H
aom jynfe,ftmPmykid t f zGjYJ zpfonf/ jynfe,fqidk &f m nDvmcHr&So d nft h cg XmecGOJ ;D pD;t
zGo
YJ nf tmPmydik jf zpfonf/ XmecGOJ ;D pD;r&So d nft
h cg XmecGt J vkyt f rIaqmifonf tmPm
ydkiftzGJYjzpfonf/

17/ xkt Yd wl jynfe,faygif;pkH nDvmcHobifBuD;onf tmPmtydik q f ;Hk jzpfonf/ jynfe,f
aygif;pkn H v D mcHr&Sv
d Qif XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGu YJ tmPmydik í f OD;pD;r&Svd Qif jynfe,frsm;nDnw T f
a&;tzGXYJ mecsKyf tvkyt f rItaqmiftzGu YJ tmPmydik jf zpfonf/
tcPf;(5)
tkyfcsKyfykHpHepfESifhenf;vrf;rsm;/
18/ tzGrYJ sm;wGif tkycf sKyfprD &H ef t"dutcsufrmS trsm;qE´jzifh a&G;aumufwifajr§muf
í A[krd S OD;pD;onfph eH pfjzpfonf/
(1) tm;vk;H aom trIaqmiftzGEYJ iS u hf ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk trsm;qE´twkid ;f a&G;
aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/
(2) atmuftzGu YJ txuftzG\ YJ trdeu Yf kd vku
d ef m&rnf/ txuftzGEYJ iS ahf tmuf
tzGYJ oabmuGv J v JG Qif atmuftzGu YJ xkEd pS zf xYJG uf BuD;aomtzGo YJ kYd t,lc0H ifEidk o f nf/ odYk
aomf t,lc0H ifpOf atmuftzGo YJ nf txuftzG\ YJ trdeu Yf kd vdu
k ef mfaqmif&u G &f rnf/
19/ XmecGt J vkyt f rIaqmiftzGo YJ nf pnf;&k;H &mü¤if;? tkycf sKyf&mü¤if;? wk;d wufru I kd a&SU
&Ií c&kid rf sm;od¤Yk if; NrdKUe,frsm;od¤Yk if;? wm0efcrH sm;udk qkid &f maumfrwDrsm;tm; uln&D ef
cefx
Y m;apvTwEf idk o f nf/ odaYk omf tqkyd g wm0efcrH sm;onf qkid &f mtrIaqmiftzGrYJ sm;\
trdefYtwkdif; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnf/
20/ XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzGo YJ nf ESppf OfEpS w f idk ;f jynfe,fXmecGpJ pfaq;a&;tzGu YJ dk cefx Y m;&rnf/
¤if;ppfaq;a&;tzGJYonf tzGJYrsm;\b@ma&;ukd¤if;? tkyfcsKyfa&;udk¤if;? tNrJwrf;ppf
aq;NyD;vQif jynfe,fXmecGJ tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGEYJ iS jhf ynfe,fXmecGOJ ;D pD;tzGo YJ Ykd tpD&ifcpH m
wifjy&rnf/ tajccHtzGrYJ sm;wGif tcsif;jzpfymG ;aom trItcif;rsm;udk ppfaq;a&;tzGYJ
u ppfaq;zsefajzay;&rnf/ zsefajzí r&onf&adS omf XmecGt J vkyt f rIaqmiftzGEYJ iS Xhf me

cGOJ ;D pD;tzGo
YJ Ykd oifah wmfovkd ta&;,l&ef tpD&ifc&H rnf/
21/ txufyg jynfe,fXmecGJppfaq;a&;tzGJY\tmPmrsm;ESifhwm0efrsm;udk tcgumv
tm;avsmfpGm jynfe,fXmecGJtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYuaomf¤if; jynfe,fXmecGJOD;pD;tzGJYu
aomf¤if; owfrw S x f m;&S&d rnf/
22/ xked nf;wl tzG0YJ if jynfe,ft f csif;csif; jzpfymG ;aom udprö sm;twGuf XmecsKyfO;D pD;
tzGu YJ aomf¤if;? XmecsKyftvkyt f rIaqmiftzGu YJ aomf¤if;? ppfaq;a&;tzGw YJ zGu
YJ kd apvTwf
&rnf? ¤if;aemuf qk;H jzwf&ef XmecsKyftvkyt f rIaqmiftzGo YJ Ykd wifjy&rnf/ rNyD;jywfvQif
XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGo YJ Ykd wifjy&rnf/
23/ XmecsKyftvkyt f rIaqmiftzGu YJ aomf¤if; XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGu YJ aomf¤if; oufqidk &f m

jynfe,f\udk,fpm;vS,f(okH;ykHESpfykH)rygbJ qkH;jzwfcsufrcsrSwf&/
24/ qk;H jzwfcsufrf sm; csrSwjf cif;
tpnf;ta0;qk;H jzwfcsufrsm; csrSw&f mü tm;vk;H oabmwl tajytvnfaqG;
aEG;NyD;ajyvnfapaomenf;udk txl;tav;*&kjyK&rnf/
25/ tm;vk;H oabmwlaomenf;jzifh rNyD;jywfEidk rf o S mvQif tpnf;ta0;okYd wufa&muf
vmaom ud, k pf m;vS,Bf uD; ok;H ykEH pS yf \
Hk oabmwlncD sufjzifh qk;H jzwfap&rnf/
tcPf;(6)
jynfe,frsm; nDnTwfa&;tzGJY nDvmcHobifESifhtpnf;ta0;rsm;
26/ omreftm;jzifh wESpv f QifwBudrf jynfe,frsm; nDnw T af &;tzGXYJ mecsKyf\nDvmcHo
bifukd usif;y&rnf/ odaYk omf vkaH vmufaom taMumif;rsm;&Su d XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGuYJ aomf
¤if;? XmecsKyftvkyt f rIaqmiftzGu YJ aomf¤if;? a&TUqkid ;f Ekid o
f nf/ þnDvmcHobifonf
XmecsKyf\Ekid if aH &;pnf;&k;H a&;udpt ö 00ESiyhf wfoufí tjrifq h ;Hk aomtmPmykid jf zpfonf/
27/ txl;nDvmcHobifrsm;udk taMumif;tm;avsmfpmG XmecsKyftvkyt f rIaqmiftzGu YJ
jzpfap? XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzGuYJ jzpfap ac:Ekid o f nf/ jynfe,f(3)e,fu tpnf;ta0;ac:&ef
awmif;qkv d Qif ac:qkad y;&rnf/
28/ nDvmcHobifwiG f ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfEiS {hf nfo
h nfawmftjzpfjzifh wufa&mufEidk o f l
rsm;rSm-
(1) ukefqkH;onfhESpftwGuf XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJY0ifrsm;/
(2) jynfe,frsm;nDnw T af &;tzGXYJ mecsKyfO;D pD;tzGuYJ aomf¤if;? XmecsKyftvkyt f
177 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
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tuGucf s&w,f/ taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufawGukd pD&w,f/ a&;csNyD;wJph mudk jyefppf
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aysmufwmrsKd; r&So d ifb h ;l / NyD; tquftquf tqDtai: rwnfw h mrsKd;vnf; r&So d ifh
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]]yifvpHk pfwef;}}udk tqk;H tp zwfNyD;wJt h cg bmudk ppfwef;xkwx f m;ovJqw dk m
uRefawmfah cgif;xJrmS &Si;f roGm;bl;/ yifvt Hk rnfbmaMumif, h x l m;ovJqw dk mvJ awG;r&
bl;/ yifvkHpmcsKyfudk orkdif;aemufcHeJYppfwef;xkwfwmqkd&if pmtkyf[m tJ'DavmufBuD;
&Snv f sm;p&mr&Sb d ;l / pmtkyrf mS ed'gef;wkYd trSmwkYd rygawmh awG;&cufwmaygh/
183 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
&Sr;f jynf[m oD;jcm;wkid ;f jynfr[kwb f ;l / Armjynf&UJ tpdwt f ydik ;f omjzpfw,fvYdk

OD;tke;f azu qkcd sif&if ]]yifvpHk pfwef;}}rSm ay:vGiaf tmif axmufjyxm;wm rawG&Y bl;/
&Sr;f jynf[m jrefrmbk&if&UJ yPÖmqufEidk if v H m;? vufatmufceH ,fy,fvm;qkw d mukv d nf;
OD;tke;f azu uGi;f uGi;f uGuu f u
G f ay:atmif a&;rxm;bl;/ &Sr;f jynfrmS orkid ;f wavQmuf
vk;H apmfbmG ;NrdKUpm;e,fpm;awG ya'o&mZfpeH pfepYJ ;dk rk;d tkycf sKyfvmwmudk ykaH z:wJt h cgrSm
vnf; qkid w f ma&m rqkid w f ma&m tykt d qmawGrsm;oGm;vkYd pmtky[ f m omrefy*k K¾ v d af wG
0,frzwfEidk af tmif azmif;yGNyD; aps;EIe;f BuD;oGm;wmaygh/
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&Sr;f jynf[m orkid ;f wavQmufv;Hk oD;jcm;Ekid if t H jzpfeYJ r&Scd b hJ ;l / ArmjynfeyYJ PÖm

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tJ'Davmufqkd&if OD;tkef;az[m cJcJ,Of;,Of;&SmazGpkaqmif;xm;wJhtcsuft
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tao;pdwaf vhvmzwf&w I t hJ cg OD;tke;f az[m ]]avzrf;'ef;pD;}}vkyx f m;wm ae
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Y jym;
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f efrwlb;l / a':rDrD
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pmrsufEmS (172) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf yxrOD;qk;H ,m,Dor®wcefx Y m;a&;
udprö mS awmifyikd af pmfbmG ;BuD; cGeyf ef;pdeu f kd pOf;pm;xm;cJ&h mrSm? ]]awmifyikd af pmfbmG ;BuD;
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xl;ay;wm jiif;y,fro hJ l 'DurÇmrSm &SEd idk yf ghrvm;/
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twl yDtadk c: taumufceG t f &m&St d vkyu f kd &oGm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh (ABM) a,musfm;
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om;a[mif;awGtwGuf &,fp&mBuD;aygh/ tufpb f aD tac: ausmif;om;rsm; Ak'b ¨ mom
toif;taMumif;rSmvnf; (SBA) xJrmS q&mNidr;f Ak'b ¨ momausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifw,f
vkaYd &;xm;w,f/ q&mNidr;f ausmif;om;awG[m (SBA) xJ vk;H 0ryg0ifcb hJ ;l / Ak'b ¨ mom
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185 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
om;nDtpfukd armifErS awGukd vmNyD; OD;aqmifygvkdY zdwaf c:wmudak wmif ypfypfcgcg jiif;
y,fcMhJ uygw,f/ (247)
pmrsufEmS (275)? 1946-ck? Zefe0g&Dv a&Tw*d t Hk v,fypö,rH mS usif;ywJzh -q-
y-v nDvmcHtaMumif;a&;wJt h cg ]]Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; Ouú|rdef cYf eG ;f &SnBf uD; >rufMum;
cJhonf? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;armí em;aomtcg OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdYu ulízwf&onf}}vkdY
OD;tke;f azu a&;xm;w,f/ 'gu vGaJ ew,f/ Akv d cf sKyfem;vkYd qufzwfo[ l m ocifcspfjzpf
w,f/ ukdwif{acgif;aqmifwJhuRefawmfwkdY &Srf;jynfvli,fudk,fpm;vS,f(18)OD;[m tJ'D
z-q-y-vnDvmcHukd tptqk;H wufcMhJ uygw,f/ NyD;awmh OD;azcifwifoiG ;f wJt h qk[ d m
]]&Srf;jynfta&;}}tqkdr[kwfbl;/ ]]awmifwef;a'ota&;}}tqkdjzpfw,f/

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udck eG xf ;D udpk aH z vif;ac;OD;xGe;f jrifeh u YJ Refawmfwn Ydk v D mcHrmS a[majymcJMh uw,f/ udw k if{
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vif;ac;OD;xGef;jrifhu bvl;Aif;aq;wefaomuf aq;vkyfief;taMumif;? uRefawmfu
pm;eyf&du©mzlvIHa&;twGuf qefpyg;wkd;csJUpkdufysKd;a&;taMumif; toD;oD; a[majymcJh
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tkyrf vky&f ao;bl;/ yifvn Hk v D mcHNyD; (3)vavmufaerS ausmif;tkyo f mG ;vkyw f myg/ NyD;
awmh udpk aH zvnf; vli,ftpnf;t&k;H trIaqmif r[kwaf o;ygbl;/ &Sr;f jynfvil ,frsm;
tpnf;t&k;H udk uRefawmfwYdk yifvu Hk jyefNyD;awmhrS {NyDvtwGi;f rSm zGMYJ uygw,f/
yifvn Hk vD mcHrmS OD;apm&JU'drk eD , D w H &m; vTr;f rk;d oGm;wm rSew f ,f/ rdwv D¬ m OD;b&if
ynma&;taMumif;a[mwm&,f? ocifEu k &Sr;f ArmaoG;pnf;nDnw T af &;a[mwm&,fukd
OD;tke;f az rMum;cJb h ;l eJw
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jrefrmhtvif;owif;axmuf udkpHatmifu pmvkH;rJBuD;eJYaz:jyvkdY jyóemwufcJhao;
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anmifa&Tabmfv;Hk yGt J aMumif;? jrrmvmtoif;? jroDwmtoif;taMumif;awG wcrf;w
em;az:jyayrJh &Sr;f jynfvil ,frsm; tpnf;t&k;H u@udk jr§Kyfxm;cJw h ,f/
vli,ftpnf;t&k;H zGiyhf rJG mS udpk aH tmif owif;ydo Yk vkd vli,fwaxmifausmfwuf
rwuf taotcsm rodbl;/ toHxGuf&kH jynfhvQHNyD; rif;vrf;ay:txd vli,fawG&Sdae
wmawmh aocsmw,f/ tJ't D csdeu f awmifBuD;NrdKUvlO;D a&[m &Spaf xmifxuf rydEk idk b f ;l /
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vli,ftpnf;t&kH;zGifhNyD; ESpfvavmuftMumrSm ,cif&Srf;apmfbGm;om;rsm;
ausmif;udk ya'o&mZf awmifausmif;vkYd trnfajymif;NyD; udw k if{ukd ausmif;tkycf efv Y udk f
w,f/ vli,ftpnf;t&k;H trIaqmiftrsm;pk[m ausmif;q&mvkyzf Ydk udw k if{eJt
Y wlygoGm;
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&k;H rSm usef&pfcw hJ ,f/
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w,f/ yifvpHk pfwef;rSm a&;ovkd pufwifbmv r[kwb f ;l / OD;tke;f azu &Sr;f jynfrmS Ekid if H
187 &Srf;jynfb,fvJ
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w,f/ vbuf&nf tvum;aomuf&vdYk OD;tke;f azwkYd qHyifny§ q f idk u
f kd cPcPoGm;wm
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႐ွမ္းျပည္ဘယ္လဲ ဦးထြန္းျမင့္ (ေတာင္ႀကီး) PDF

႐ွမ္းျပည္ဘယ္လဲ ဦးထြန္းျမင့္ (ေတာင္ႀကီး) PDF