ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

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a<u;aMumfcJhonfhtwdkif; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk zGJUpnf;vsuf tvHawmfudkvTifhum ausmif;om;xk
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tcsif;wdkY ...
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ArmEdik if v
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Edkifapaomf...
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tdk;a0vnf; urÇmwnfoa&GU touf&Snfapaomf...
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf
2
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

t,f ' D w mh t,f'Dwmh t,f ' D w mh t,f ' D w mh t,f'Dwmh

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zd&if<uonf? xd&ifcsrnf/

1920 ckESpf 'DZifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif ArmvlrsdK;rsm; ynmroifMum;Ekdifatmif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfU

&efukefwuúokdvftufOya'udk jyXmef;cJhonf/ (2)&uftMum 'DZifbmv (3)&ufaehwGif &efukefaumvdyf
ausmif;om;(11)OD;u vQdKY0Suftpnf;ta0;ac:,lNyD;? ArmvlrsdK;rsm;tay: rw&m;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfU ,leDAm
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f ufOya'ukd oydwaf rSmuf&ef qk;H jzwfcMUJ uonf/ xkahd emuf ausmif;om;xk
w&yfvkH;yg0ifonfU 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwfBuD;/

1962 ckEpS f rwfv(2)&ufaehwiG f ArmEkid if o

H rkid ;f ü tvGet
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EkdifiHa&;&efolozG,f pwifESdyfuGyfvmcJUonf/ ausmif;om;xku ppftmPmodrf;NyD; (4)vtMumrSmyif ppf
tmPm&SifpepfqefUusifa&; wkdufyGJqifEGJcJU? orkdif;0if Zlvkdif(7)&ufausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH/

1987 ckESpf rqvtpkd;&u aiGpuúLrsm;ukd rw&m;odrf;ykdufvkdufonfESifU csufcsif;

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xkdhaemuf zkef;armfta&;tcif;rSonf &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHBuD;/

rw&m;rIudk rawGa0bJ wkjhH yefwwfonfU ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIro

S nf jynfow
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vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;txd jzpfay:vmcJUNyD/ xkdvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;u ,cktESpf(20)/

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wkdufyGJ0ifaeqJ? ,ck tkd;a0*sme,fukd jyefvnfxkwfa0cJUjcif;uyif oufaocHaeNyD/

xktd csuof nfyif ArmEkid if vH ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyof nf Armjynfausmif;om;xk\
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3
 tdk;a0 *sme,f

wyfOD;ac:oH
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bmrsm;t"dyÜg,f&SdrvJ/

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tdk.................
nDaemifausmif;om;taygif;wkdY
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OD;rnTwfaemufrqkwfwrf;
ca&mif;vrf;ukdjzwfcJhMu&JY/

4
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

a&vdkusJ&if
aoG;qdkwm
bmrsm;t"dyÜg,f&SdrvJ/

tdk.....................
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5
 tdk;a0 *sme,f

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olwdkYavQmufcJhwJh cvkwfuefoif;awGaMumifh
olwdkYajcaxmufawG aoG;ajcOvdkY/
'gayr,fh —
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olwdkYar;aMumav;awG wif;vdkY
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NzdKcscHcJh&wJh igwdkYor*¾BuD;&JU teDa&mifuGif;jyifrSm/
aMomf
0rf;enf;vdkufwm
cHjyif;vdkufwm
('gayr,fh) tm;&vkdufwm/

aersdK;cdkif (88 rsdK;quf)

6
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

urÇmopf
tvSqHk;aomyef;awGyGifhzdkY&mqdkwm
Mu,fawGr&SdawmhwJh
aeYopf&JU tm½kPftvif;a&mufrSom ...

tarSmifxkBuD;pdk;aewJh
a[m'DneufeufxJ
t&mtm;vHk;ydwfavSmif
ta&mifr&SdwJhtvif;
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vm – twlvrS ;f pdYk
wdkYrsm;&JU tem*wfc&D;
wGJvufrsm;NrJap
[dk;rSm arS;rSdefaysmufvk Mu,fpkawG
aeYopf&JU tvif;atmufrSm
arQmfvifhjcif;&JU tm;rmef
&ifrSm tjynfho,faqmifxm;
Mu,fawGr&SdawmhwJh aeY
eHeufcif;awGrSm
tvSqHk;aomyef;awG yGifhMupdkUav ...

tvif;opf

7
 tdk;a0 *sme,f

vlxkwkdufyGJ
vlxkwdkufyGJ trsdK;tpm;rsm; trsd K ;tpm;cG J M unf h & if (3)rsd K ;awG Y & ygw,f /
tJ'gawGu --------
Ek d i f i H a &;vk d Y q k d v k d u f w meJ Y ½k w f w &uf (1) b0wkdufyGJ okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;wkdufyGJ(Life
omref vl a wG e J Y a0;ovk d j zpf o G m ;ygw,f / Struggle or Economic Struggle)
Ek d i f i H a &;qk d w m Ek d i f i H a &;orm;awG c snf ; yJ (2) 'Drudk a&pDwu dk yf (JG Democratic Struggle)
vk y f w J h t vk y f v k d Y xif p &m/ bD p D 384-322u (3) EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ(Political Struggle)wkdY ygyJ/
ay:cJhwJh *&d'óeynm&Sif t&pö wkdw,fu“man
is, by nature, a political animal”“vlqkdwm (1) b0wkdufyGJ okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;wkdufyGJ (Life
EkdifiHa&;owå0gyJ/” AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;uvnf; Struggle or Economic Struggle)
Ek d i f i H a &;qk d w m xl ; xl ; jcm;jcm; r[k w f y gbl ; / vltzGt YJ pnf;w&yf? Ekid if wH Ekid if q
H wdk m vl
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udpöawGygyJvkdY ajymcJhzl;wm tm;vkH;todyg/ vkt d yfcsuu f pm;0wfaea&;/ vlom;&JU vkt d yfcsuf
vlawG&YJ aeYpOfb0ta&;awGukd oufqidk f eJY ywfoufNyD;? pdwfynm&SifawG&JU ½Iaxmifhu ajym
&m Ekid if w H Ekid if rH mS &Swd hJ tpk;d &w&yfu olu Y jdk ynfoul Muwmu &nfrSef;csufwck? vIyf&Sm;rIwck? tjyKtrl
tyfESif;xm;wJh wm0eftwkdif; jynfhpkHatmif wm0ef wckukd jzpfapzkdYtwGuf cE¨mukd,fZD0,Eå&m;ukd Ekd;
,l aqmif&Guf&ygw,f/ ukd,fhzmomukd,f tpkd;& Mum;apwJt h &mvkYd qkyd gw,f/ 'g[m vlwa,muf&UJ
wufvyk w f hJ de facto tpk;d &qk&d ifvnf; tpk;d &wuf touf&iS f &yfwnfa&;twGuf rjzpfrae vkt d yfwhJ
vkyrf aS wmh uk, d jhf ynfot l wGuf wm0ef,l vkyaf y;& t&mvkdY qkdvkdwmygyJ/
ygw,f/ b,fvt dk pk;d &yJjzpfjzpf tpk;d &w&yfrmS &Sad e vlom;[m olYtouf&Sif &yfwnfa&;t
wJh jynfolYvkdtyfcsufawGukd jznfhqnf;ay;&r,fh wGuf tajccHvt dk yfcsuaf wGudk jznfq h nf;zkYd BuKd ;pm;
wm0efawG ysufuGufvm&if? 'Dxufykdqkd;wmu &if;? tJ'D tajccHvt dk yfcsuaf wG&&Szd Ydk tcuftcJreS f
tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;awG csdK;azgufvm&if oifjyK orSsukd ausmfvTm;zkdY wkdufyGJ0if&ygw,f/ tJ'DwkdufyGJ
aomuH yJw h ifoH oifx h jH yefvmvdrrhf nfqw dk hJ tusKd ; [m b0wkdufyGJ? pD;yGm;a&;wkdufyGJ jzpfvmygw,f/
qufawG qufjzpfvmrSmygyJ/ tJ'DtusdK;qufawG tajccHvt dk yfcsuaf wGtwGuf awmif;qkd
uawmh vlxkwkdufyGJeJY &ifqkdif&rSmyg/ wkdufyGJ0ifMuwJhykHpHuawmh a,bl,s twlwlyJvkdY
jynfolvlxk&JU toHqkdwm wkdif;jynfrSm ajymvkdY&ayr,fh usifvnfwJh vlYtokdif;t0kdif;e,f
jzpf ay:aewJh vkdtyfcsufawGukd t½kd;&Sif;qkH;ykHpHeJY y,fvu dk v
f Ydk rwlwhJ b0vkt d yfcsuaf wGvnf; &SEd idk yf g
az:jy wwfygw,f/ jynfol&JUtoHxJrSm EkdifiHa&; w,f/ Armjynforkid ;f rSm jynfov l x l Bk u;D w&yfv;Hk &JU
t"dyÜg,f &Sdygw,f/ EkdifiHa&;t"dyÜg,f&SdwJh vlxk&JU a,bl,spm;0wfaea&; tajccHvkdtyfcsufawG
toH u ae Ek d i f i H a &;wk d u f y G J ? vl x k w k d u f y G J a wG twGuf awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifcJhMuwJh wkdufyGJawG &Sdyg
jzpf v mwmygyJ / vl x k w k d u f y G J a wG u k d w,f/ 1967 ckEpS f ppfawGqefjyóem? qefawmif;
8
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
qkcd suaf wG yg0ifwhJ 1974 ckEpS f ZGe(f 6) tvkyo f rm; vlwdkif;onf þaMunmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;
ta&;tcif;? 1987 ckESpf pufwifbm(5)&uf &ef onfh tcGifYta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifh rsm;udk
ukefpufrIwuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;&JU aiGpuúL tjynfhtpHk &,lEdkifaom vlrIqufqHa&; tajc
ta&;tcif;? bJOwvkH;ESpfusyfcGJ pdefvGifacgif;ukdcGJ taeESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m qufqHa&;tajc
qkw d hJ ukeaf ps;EIe;f usqif;a&; aMu;G aMumfoyH g0ifwhJ taewdkY\ tusdK;aus;Zl;udk cHpm;EdkifcGifh&SdonfvkdU
1988 ckEpS f vlxt k MHk urG /I tJ'v
D x
l vk yI &f mS ;rIawG[m twdtvif; az:jyxm;wm awGY&ygw,f/
vlxk&JUb0vkdtyfcsufawGyg0ifaewJh vlxkwkdufyGJ 'gayr,fh vufawGUrSm oufqkdif&mEkdifiH
awGygyJ/ tJ'DxJrSmrS ausmif;om;? tvkyform;? tpkd;&awG[m ukd,fukd,fwkdif oabmwlxm;wJh
&kH;0efxrf;pwJh oD;jcm;vlrItokdif;t0kdif;ukdvkdufvkdY ukvor*¾&JU vlUtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;yg
rwlwhJ b0vkt d yfcsuaf wG &Syd gw,f? rwlwhJ b0vkd tcsufawGukd olukd,fwkdif vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;
tyfcsuaf wGtwGuf oD;jcm;b0wku d yf aJG wG 0if&wm r&SdbJ? vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azgufrIawG vkyfaeMuyg
vnf;&Syd gw,f/ ausmif;om;awGu ausmif;0ifaMu; w,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; 'Drkdua&pDvrf;aMumif;ukd OD;
udpö? ausmif;BudKykdY,mOfudpö? tvkyform;awGu wnfomG ;aewJh urÇmBu;D &JU jzpfxeG ;f rIxrJ mS tmPm
vnf; tvkycf sed u f pd ?ö vkycf udppö wJh olw&Ydk UJ oD;jcm; &SifEkdifiHawG rukefpifEkdifbJ jzpfaewmyg/
b0vkdtyfcsufawGtwGuf ausmif;om;wkdufyGJ? 'gaMumifh 'Dru dk a&pDrw
hJ hJ tmPm&SiEf idk if H
tvkyform;wkdufyGJawG oD;jcm;qifETGJ&wmrsdK; &Sdyg awGrSm 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyGJawG ay:aygufae&wm
w,f/ ygyJ/
vlxkwkdufyGJBuD;wckjzpfvmzkdY ArmEkdifiH tawGUtBuKHt& ajym&&if
tajccHtus qkH;? tpOD; vIyfEId;wJh wkdufyGJuvnf; 1962 ckESpf ppftmPmodrf;NyD;aemufykdif; Armjynf
tJ'D b0wkdufyGJ? pD;yGm;a&; wkdufyGJygyJ/ 'D r k d u a& pD w k d u f y G J [ m b0wk d u f y G J e J Y
(2) 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyGJ (Democratic Struggle) tNrJ w G J y gaeMuyg/ tJ o vk d jzpf & wJ h
1948 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbm 10 &ufaeYrmS ukv taMumif;uvnf; ppftpkd;&[m 1964 ckESpfrSm
or*¾tzGJYtpnf;&JU tzGJY0ifEkdifiHtm;vkH;yg0ifwJh trsd K ;om;pnf ; vk H ; nD n G w f a &;uk d umuG , f
taxGaxG nD vmcHBuD;uae xkwfjyefaMunmcJhwJh apmifha&Smuf onfhOya'ukd jyXmef;NyD;? ausmif;om;
vlYtcGifhta&; or*¾ t ygt0if
aMunmpmwrf;&JU Ekid if w
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tyk'd f 30 pvk;H ukd ]]vlxkwkdufyGJBuD;wckjzpfvmzkdY toif ; tzG J Y a wG
jyefMunfh&if vl tm;vkH;ukd
wa,muf&JU arG; taj c cHt us q kH; ? tpOD ; vI y fE Id;wJ h zsufodrf;
&myg vlYtcGifht wkdufyGJuvnf; tJ'D b0wkdufyGJ? ypf v k d u f y gw,f /
a&;awGukd jcHKikH tJ o vk d uk v
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w,fqkdwm tykd'f 20 yg ukd
awGY&ygw,f/ ajAmifcsdK; azgufvkdufNyD;uwnf;u ArmEkdifiH wGif;
tJ'DaMu nmpmwrf;xJu tykd'f 28 rSm rSm 'Drkdua& pD rkd;arSmiffusoGm; cJh&wmyg/
9
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
'gaMumifh Armjynf vlxk wkdufyGJawGrSm ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh olYzmomol pD;yGm;a&; tMuyf
ausmif ; om;or*¾ zG J U pnf ; cG i f h ? twnf;ukd rxdef;odrf;EkdifawmhwJhtcg 1987 ckESpf
tvk y f o rm;or*¾ z G J Y p nf ; cG i f h ? v,f o rm; rSm ukd,fhwkdif;jynfukd urÇmYtqif;&JqkH;EkdifiH Low-
or*¾zpYJG nf;cGiq hf w dk hJ tajccH 'Dru dk a&pD tcGit hf a&;eJY est Developing Country tjzpf pm&if;oGif;cH&
qkdifwJh awmif;qkdcsufawG tNrJygaewwfygw,f/ wJt h xdjzpf? Ekid if &H UJ pD;yGm;a&;ukd b,fvrdk S rxde;f odr;f
'DaeY jrefrmppftpk;d & 'Dru dk a&pD csKd ;azguf Ekid af wmhwt hJ cg vlxu k dk yk'd uk a© &mufapr,fh aiGpuúL
aeykeH YJ vlUtcGit hf a&; aMunmpmwrf;yg wku d q f idk w
f hJ awG zsuo f rd ;f aMumif;trdeu Yf dk 1987 ckEpS f pufwif
tcsufwcsufukd az:jycsifygw,f/ vlUtcGifhta&; bmv 5 &ufaeYrSm aMunmcJhygw,f/
aMunmpmwrf; tykd'f 20(c)rSm rnfoludkrQ tzGJU aiGpuúLzsufodrf;aMumif; aMunmwJhaeY
tpnf;wckodkY 0ifap&ef twif;tusyfrjyK&/ vkdY rSmyJ csufcsif; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf 'ku©awGYoGm;
az:jyxm;ygw,f/ tck ppftpkd;&[m ausmif;ol? wJh vlx[ k m aiGpuúLzsuo f rd ;f wJt h wGuf tpk;d & qefY
ausmif;om;awG? t&yfom;? 0efxrf;? tvkyform; usifa&; qE´jyyGJawG? wenf; b0wkdufyGJawG csuf
awGukd twif;t"r® MuHUzGHtoif;xJ 0ifckdif;wmrsdK; csif; ay:vmcJhygw,f/ rEåav;NrdKUrSm pDwef;vSnfh
awG vkyfw,f/ 'g[mvnf; vlYtcGifhta&;ukd csdK; vnf qE´jy? &efukefNrdKUrSmvnf; &efukefpufrIwuú
azgufvu dk w
f mygyJ/ aemif vlxw k u dk yf aJG wGrmS ukv okdvfausmif;om;rsm;&JU aiGpuúL ta&;tcif;qkdNyD;
or*¾&JY vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;yg tcsufeJY ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f/
tnD MuHUzGUHtoif;xJ ZGwfr0ifckdif;a&; awmif;qkd aiGpuúLta&;tcif;u vIyfEkd;vkdufwJh
csurf sKd ;awG xnfo h iG ;f awmif;qkzd Ydk vkv d mygvdrrhf ,f/ EkdifiH a&;Ekd;Mum;rIeJYyJ 1988 ckESpf ESpfpykdif;rSm
'gaMumifh Armjynfvkd qif;&JwGif;eufNyD;? ausmif ; om; xk M um; ausmif ; om;or*¾
'Drkdua&pDcsdK;azgufaewJh EkdifiHrsdK;rSm 'Drkdua&pD zGJYpnf;a&;aMunmcsuf awG xGufay:vmcJhygw,f/
wkdufyGJawG[m b0wkdufyGJeJY tNrJ,SOfwJG &SdaerSmyg/ 1988 ckEpS f rwfvrSm zke;f armfta&;tcif;eJY ZGev f
(3) EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ (Political Struggle) zkef;armf 3 vjynfh ausmif;om;wkdufyGJawGrSm
EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJuawmh vlxkwkdufyGJxJrSm vwf w avm vk d t yf c suf eJ Y q k d i f w J h
tjrifq h ;Hk wkud yf yJG g/ Ekid if aH &;wku
d yf q JG w dk m Ekid if aH wmf awmif ; qk d c suf a wG t jyif tajccH 'D r k d u a&pD
tmPmeJY wkduf½kdufoufqkdifwJh wkdufyGJ/ EkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&;wckjzpfwJh ausmif;om;or*¾ jyefvnf
wkdufyGJqkdwm csufcsif;xay:vmwJhwkdufyGJrsdK;awmh wnf&SdcGifh&a&;qkdwJh aMuG;aMumfoH[m tjrifhqkH;
r[kwfygbl;/ vlxk&JU EkdifiHa&; Ekd;Mum;rI a&csdefeJY wufvmcJyh gw,f/ 'g[m ausmif;om;xk&UJ zke;f armf
vnf; qkdif? taxGaxG EkdifiHa&; tajctaeeJYvnf; usqkH;rIeJYywfoufvkdY vwfwavm b0vkdtyfcsuf
qkdifygw,f/ twGuf awmif;qkw d u dk yf 0JG ifvm&muae 'Dru dk a&pD
teD;pyfqkH; Oyrmjy&&if 1988 ckESpf wkdufyGJtoGif aqmifvmwmygyJ/
taxG axGoydwfBuD; pwifoaE¨wnfcJhwJh tpOD; 1988 ckESpf ZGefv 21 &ufaeYrSmawmh
vlxk wku d yf aJG wGudk jyefMunf&h if Ekid if aH &;wku d yf t JG xd rq vppftpkd;&&JU tMurf;zufESdrfESif;rIaMumifh
tqifhqifh wufvmykHawGukd awGY&Ekdifygw,f/ 19 ausmif; om;eJYjynfol yl;aygif;ckcHcJh&wJh ajreDukef;
74-75-76 oydwfwkdufyGJawGNyD;aemufykdif; rqv ta&; tcif; jzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf
tpkd;&[m wkdif;jynfwGif;rSm EkdifiHa&;rsdK;qufwkef;? 1988 ck E S p f Mo*k w f v 8 &uf a eY a&muf w J h
vlxkwkdufyGJawGcsKyfNidrf;zkdY tBuD;tus,f BudK;pm;cJh tcgrSmawmh ausmif;om;? tvkyo f rm;? v,form;?
10
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
0efxrf; vlxk vlwef;pm; tvTmaygif;pkHyg0ifwJh
taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJBuD; ay:vmcJhygw,f/ vlxw k u dk yf &JG UJ obm0
EkdifiHa&;rSm
& S p f a v ; v k H ; ]]vlxk&JU EkdifiHa&; Ekd;Mum;rI ppfa&;wkdufyGJ?
vl x k w k d u f y G J & J U Oya'wGi;f wku d yf ?JG Oy
t & Sd e ft [k ef a&csdefeJYvnf;qkdif? taxGaxG EkdifiHa&; a'ywk d u f y G J ? oH w
a M u m i f h refa&;wkdufyGJ?
vlxv k w l ef;pm; tajctaeeJYvnf; qkdifygw,f/}} axmifwGif;wkduf yGJ?
tvTmtoD;oD;[m ygvDrefwiG ;f wku
d yf pJG wJh
uk d , f h uk d , f y k d i f 'D r k d u a&pD t cG i f h t a&;uk d rwlwJh wkdufyGJo@mef trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DxJu
uk d , f w k d i f q k y f u k d i f NyD ; ? tqifh 3 rsdK;&SdwJh vlxk wkdufyGJqkdwm[mvnf;
oufqkdif&mor*¾tzGJYtpnf;awGukd wnfaxmif rwl w J h wk d u f y G J o bm0awG & S d wJ h
vkdufMuw,f/ wkdufyGJo@meftrsdK;tpm; wckyg/ vlxkwkdufyGJ &JU
tJ'Dt cgrSm vlxkwkduf yGJ&JU tqifhu obm0awG uk d qef ; ppf Munf h w J h t cg
vnf; EkdifiHa&; wkdufyGJtqifh txd ul;ajymif; a,bl,stm;jzifh (5)csuf awGY& ygw,f/
oGm;cJhygNyD/ &Spfav;vkH;vlxkwkdufyGJ&JU t"du aMuG; 1/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:w,f
aMumfoaH wGjzpfwhJ wygwDtmPm&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f vlxkwkdufyGJqkdwm vufeufqkdvkdY tyfwkd
a&;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' zsufodrf;a&;? Mum;jzwf wacsmif;awmifrukdifbJ qE´ukdaz:xkwfjyowm
tpk;d & zGpYJ nf;a&;? ygwDppHk epf'rD u dk a&pDpepf usio hf ;Hk jzpfygw,f/ vlxkwkdufyGJrSm jynfolvlxkbufu
a&;qkdwJh EkdifiHawmftmPmeJY wkduf½kdufoufqkdifwJh b,fvkdtMurf;zufrIrsdK;rS vkyfp&mrvkdygbl;/ 'gukd
aMuG;aMumfoHawGeJY EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ jzpfoGm;cJhygNyD/ tkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;[m vlxkwkdufyGJ&JU Nidrf;csrf;pGm
tJ'u D mvrSm a'gufwmarmifarmiftpk;d &[m ZGev f qE´jyjcif;qkdwJh *kPfodu©mukd tNrJo½kyfzsufzkdY BudK;
wkef;u ausmif;om;wkdufyGJ&JU tajccH'Drkdua&pD pm;wwfygw,f/ qE´jyyGw J ckjzpfvm&if tpk;d &buf
tcGit hf a&; awmif;qkcd sujf zpfwhJ ausmif;om;or*¾ u olvSsdK'vHawG vlxkxJa&m0ifNyD;? qE´jyolawG
zGJYpnf;cGifhay;a&;ukd vkdufavsmygr,fvkdY ajymvm u vkyw f yhJ pHk eH YJ vrf;rD;wkid af wGukd cJeaYJ yguf? vrf;rSm
ayr,fh wkdufyGJ&JUtqifh[m EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ tqifh awGw Y hJ tpk;d &um;awG rD;½IUd jyqkw d mrsKd ;awG vkyw f wf
jzpfoGm;wJhtwGuf 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyGJu awmif;qkd ygw,f/ NyD;&if vlxkwkdufyGJ[m tMurf;zsufvm
csufawGudk vkdufavsmr,fqkd½kHeJY b,fvkdrS rajy w,fqkdwJh taMumif;jycsufeJY ypfcwfESdrfESif;zkdY vkyf
vnfEkdifawmhygbl;/ awmhwmygyJ/
'gaMumif h Ek d i f i H a &;wk d u f y G J [ m 'g[m vl x k w k d u f y G J & J U ta&;BuD ; wJ h
jzpf a y:aewJ h tajctaeuk d v k d u f v k d Y awmif ; t*Fg&yf wckvnf;jzpf? tkyfpkd;oltwGufvnf;
qkcd suaf wG aMu;G aMumfoaH wG trsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfEidk af yr,fh txdemqkH;jzpf wJh Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jyjcif;qkdwJh
'DwkdufyGJtqifh&JU t"duqkHcsufuawmh EkdifiHawmf obm0uk d zsuf q D ; zk d Y Bud K ;pm;wmjzpf v k d Y
tmPmyg/ Ek d i f i H a &;wk d u f y G J q k d w m vl x k w k d u f y G J w ck v k y f w J h t cgrS m 'D t csuf u k d
Ek d i f i H a wmf t mPmeJ Y wk d u f ½ k d u f o uf qk d i f w J h wwfEkdiforSs xdef;odrf;umuG,fzkdYvkdygw,f/
wkdufyGJygyJ/ 2/ tvkdtavsmufoabmaqmifw,f
11
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
vlxkwkdufyGJ[m taxGaxGrauseyfcsuf ygyJ/ vlxw k u kd yf &JG UJ wyfO;D rSm OD;aqmifow l a,muf
awGuae vwfwavm taMumif;&if;wckay:rSm 'grSr[kwf vlwpkjzpfr,f/ vlxkwkdufyGJ&JU wyfOD;u
wnfNy;D jzpfay:avh&ydS gw,f/ 1988 ckEpS f zke;f armf ae tvH? awmif;qkdcsuf? aMuG;aMumfoHawGukd wif
ta&;tcif;? 2007 Mo*kwfvrSmjzpfcJhwJh avmifpm ay;&wJt h jyif vrf;aMumif;eJY oydwpf cef;awGyg a&G;
qDaps;EIef; usqif;a&; vlxkvrf;avSsmufyGJawG[m cs,af y;ygw,f/ wyfO;D [m jzpfay:aewJh vlxw k udk f
vwfwavm taMumif;&if;wckay:rSm tvkdt yGJ&JU OD;aqmifrItcef;ygyJ/
avsmuf xjzpfvmwmvkdY ajymvkdY&ygw,f/ BudKwif 5/ tuefUtowf
jyifqifxm;jcif;? pDpOfxm;jcif;r&SdbJ vwfwavm vlxw k u dk yf w
JG yGrJ mS trsm;qk;H BuKH awG&Y wJh
ay:aygufvmwJh taMumif;&if;wckay:rSm jynfol tcuftcJuawmh tuefYtowf udpöygyJ/ vlxk
vlxk&JU wNydKifeufaygufuGJrIjzpfwmyg/ tJovkd wkdufyGJwck ay:vmwJhtcgrSm b,ftajctaerSm
vwfwavmtaMumif;&if;wckay:rSm tajccHNyD; vlxw k udk yf u JG dk &yfrvJqw dk m tNr&J ifqidk &f wJh tcuf
ay:vmzkdYuawmh jynfolvlxkxJrSm taxGaxG tcJyg/ 'Dtueft Y owf[m vlxw k u dk yf &JG UJ wyfO;D u
rauseyfrIuawmh &SdNyD;jzpfae&ygw,f/ taxGaxG aevnf; qkH;jzwfay;EkdifzkdY cJ,Of;ygw,f/ rsm;aom
rauseyfrI tajctaew&yfr&SdbJ? tvkdtavsmuf tm;jzifh vlxkwkdufyGJawG[m &efol&JU tMurf;zuf
oabmaqmifwJh vlxkwkdufyGJw&yf rjzpfay:Ekdifyg ESdrfESif;rIeJY &ifqkdif&rSom &yfoGm;avh&Sdygw,f/
bl;/ rauseyfwJh tajctaew&yf &Sdae&ifawmh wu,fawmh rdr&d UJ wku d yf t JG iftm;awGudk
rD;yGm;av; wcsuu f swmeYJ xavmifEidk yf gw,f/ tzGYJ a&&Snfxdef;odrf;EkdifzkdY &nfrSef;csufa&mufwJhtxd
tpnf;wcku jzpfap? vlwpku jzpfap? rdrt d iftm; vlxkwkdufyGJawGukd tqufquf qifETJEkdifzkdYtwGuf
pkudk tajccHNy;D tpDtpOf&&dS dS vkywf hJ vlxw k u dk yf rJG sKd ; vlxkwkdufyGJwyGJ&JU tuefUtowfukd aoaocsmcsm
vnf; &SEd idk yf gw,f/ bmbJjzpfjzpf vlx&k UJ rauseyfrI csdefqEkdifzkdY vkdygw,f/
tay:rSmawmh tajccH&ygw,f/ tJovkd csed q f Ekid zf t Ydk wGuf jzpfay:aewJh
3/ qE´jyyGJjzpfatmif pwifazgufcGJol vlxwk u dk yf &JG UJ tedrq hf ;Hk &Ekid cf su?f tjrifq h ;Hk &Ekid cf suf
'g[m vlxkwkdufyGJrSm&SdwJh ta&;BuD;wJh eJY vlxkwkdufyGJ&JU t&Sdeft[kefukd wqifhNyD;wqifh
obm0wckygyJ/ taxGaxG rauseyfrIvnf;&Sd? b,fvkdjrSifh,lvkdY&rvJqkdwmawGukd xnfhwGufzkdY
vwfwavm taMumif;&if;vnf; &Sdayr,fh wcg vkdygw,f/
wavrSm vlxkwkdufyGJwck[m csufcsif;x ray: 'g[m vlxw k u dk yf aJG wGrmS a,bl,sawG&Y
wwfygbl;/ pwifazgufcGJol vkdtyfygw,f/ vlxk wJh obm0awGyg/ wjcm;vlxkwkdufyGJrSm&SdwJh jzpf
qE´jyyGjJ zpfay:vmzkYd pwifazgufco JG [ l m vlxx k u J wwfykHawGudk vkdtyfovkd jyifqif0kdif;0ef;jznfhpGuf
tJ't D ajctaerSm &Sad ewJh tEk;d Mum; twufMuq G ;Hk aqG;aEG;Mur,fqkd&ifawmh a&SUvmr,fh tem*wf
vlwa,muf vlwcsdKUvnf; jzpfEkdifovkd? EkdifiHa&; umv ppftmPm&SifpepftjrpfjyKwfa&; ausmif;
vIyf&Sm;rIawGukd aqmif&GufaeolawGxJu pwif om;xkwkdufyGJ? vlxkwkdufyGJawGrSm ykdrkdxdxda&muf
azgufcGJwJhwm0efukd 0ifa&muf,lay;wmvnf; jzpf a&muf wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifMuvdrfhr,fvkdY arSsmfvifhrdyg
Ekdifygw,f/ w,f/ /
4/ wyfOD; pl;&S
vlxkwkdufyGJ[m OD;aqmifrIwckeJY oGm;yg (&Spfav;vkH; tESpf ESpfq,fjynfhukd txdrf;
w,f/ tJ'OD ;D aqmifrq I wdk m[m vlxw k udk yf &JG UJ wyfO;D trSwfjyKa&;om;ygonf/)
12
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

cHpm;rdonfudk . . . . .
oli,fcsif;a& ...
(8-8-88) oHk;vjynfhwJhaeYrSm avmuxJudk
a&muf&dScJhwJh ig
(96? 98) tjzpftysufawGudk bmrSrodwJh ig
oli,fcsif;awGeJY wuúodkvf wufzkdY
t0wftpm;opfawG vdkcsifaewJh ig

oli,fcsif;a& ...
rxifrSwfbJ awGcGifh&vdkufwJh ightar&JUoli,fcsif;
b0wuúodkvfrSm cufcJvGef;vSwJh oifcef;pmawGudk
avhvm
tjzLa&miftusDudk xyfjyefwvJvJ0wf&if;
vGwfvyfrIawGudk vdkcsifaewJh olr

oli,fcsif;a& ...
pdwf0ifpm;p&mawG jynfhESufaewJh
bmom&yftopfwck
wpGef;wp odcGifh&wJh emMunf; &ifeifhcg;oufvSwJh
orkdif;rSwfwrf;
ay;qyfcJhwJh b0awG? aysmufqHk;cJhwJh toufawG?
arSsmfvifhaeqJ tdyfrufawG ...
b,frSmvJuG,f ...

13
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
oli,fcsif;a& ...
wqifhMum;pum;awGudk trSefw&m;awGtjzpf
rD;armif;xkd;jyvkdufwJh pufwifbm
&ufpufrIawG&JU tqdk;qHk;jy,k*f pufwifbm
eifwdkYawGeJY qHkawGcGifh&cJYwJh pufwifbm

oli,fcsif;a& ...
[kd;rSm ...
avxJ 0ifhMuGm;aewJh or*¾&JU cGyfa'gif;tvH
rmeftjynfheJY oli,fcsif;
vufcsif;wGJrdoGm;wJh oli,fcsif;
ighudk qGJajy;oGm;wJh oli,fcsif;
'DrSmbJae b,frSroGm;eJYvdkY ajymcJhwJh oli,fcsif;
eifwdkYqufvkyfMuvdkY rSmcJhwJh oli,fcsif;
b,fawmhrS aemufrqkwfbl;vdkY uwdjyKcJhMuwJh oli,fcsif;

oli,fcsif;a& ...
rjzpfjzpfatmif MudK;pm;&if; wdk;xGufcJh&wJh tdk;a0
tm;ay;MudKqdkaeol aemifawmfwpk
orkdif;&JU trSm;trSefawGudk jiif;ckefaewJh tudktrwpk

oli,fcsif;a& ...
igwdkYeJYtwl yl;aygif;vmr,fholawGudk MudKqdk&if;
igwdkYudk vrf;jyulnDr,fholawGudk apmifharSsmf&if;
trSm;trSefawGudk MudK;pm;jyKjyif&if;
twwfEdkifqHk; BuKd;yrf;rIawGudk jynfolqD wifjy&if;
eifwdkYeJY jyefqkHr,fhaeYudk arSsmfvifh&if; ...
arQmfvifh&if; ... arQmfvifh&if; ...
rem;wrf; wdkufyJG0ifoGm;r,fh
eifwkdY&JU
ckdifrmol
14
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

uwDyÅ gpdr;f rsm;\

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f rH sm;
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rSSwfom; vdkufemzdkY roGefoif&bl;/ wynfYawG&JY jcif;udk aysmfwufMuonf/
pdwfxJrSm aysmf&TifcHpm;atmif vrf;nTef&r,fvdkY txufwef;a&mufaomtcg
ajymcJhygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;rSm&SdwhJ xdkodkYr[kwf/ zdtm;wckudk qefYusif&Hkavmufom
vli,fausmif;om;awG &ifxJrSmbmawG &SdaeMu awG ; csif M u onf / aysmf o nf v nf ; r[k w f M u
r,fqdkwm odae&ygr,f/ ausmif;om;awG&JY tifeJY raysmf o nf v d k Y vnf ; rajymMu/ ynm\
tm;eJyY J olwv
Ykd ckd siw
f hJ pepfwckukd wnfaxmif&rSm t"dyÜg,fudkvnf; aocsm pGmrodMuay/ trsm;pk
yg/ ynma&;pepf raumif;whJ EdkifiHwck[m b,f odMuonfum; wm0efwck [kom rSwf,lMuonf/
awmhrS olrsm; wef;wljzpfrSm r[kwfygbl;/ wcsd K Uuav;rsm;u wm0ef xuf 0wÅ & m;vd k
od a eMuonf / t&mES p f c k r S m om
eHeufcif; ..... aea&mifjcnf rjzmEdik f arG Y a vsmf a eMuonf / xd k a Mumif h ausmif ; om;
aom &moDOwkudk vspfvsL&lí pdrf;EkyGifYopfwdkYxH ausmif;olt&G,fa&muf vli,frsm;wGif &SdaeEdkif
ta&mufvSrf;cJY&onf/ usaemfwdkY\ jrefrmEdkifiH aom wm0efod? 0wÅ&m;od? trsdK;rsdK;aomtod?
tajccHynmu@wGif pdrf;pdkvef;qef;rIu tjcm; tjcm;tjcm;aom cH,lcsufrsm;udk od&SdrSom jzpf
aom Edik if rH sm;ESiYf rwlay/ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt& pdr;f pdk
awmhrnf/ vGwfvyfjyD; tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aom
aeaomfjim; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwGifawmY wlnD0wfpHk ynma&;udk tm;vHk;onf rnfodkY odrnfenf;/
pdrf;jraom ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;okdY wm0efjzifY
r[kwfbJ oGm;cJYonf/ ausmif;ae&G,frsm; ausmif; (tajccH)tjrifawG &SdMu&rnf/ udk,fpD;
wufaeayjyD/ onfhjrif; txD;rSef; trrSef; cGJjcm;wwfolrS &Sdyg
avp/ rdrdwdkY oifMum;aeonfh ynma&;pepfESifh
t&G,f .....t&G,Ef iS o Yf ifawmfonf? jzwfoef;&rnfhumvudk auseyfjcif;? rauseyfjcif;
t&G,feJY rvdkufatmifyJav ponfjzifh/ ,ck pm ponfh cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdap&rnf/ xkwfazmfap&
oifonfht&G,fESifh oifhawmfonfh twef;rSpí rnf/ &SmazGEikd &f rnf/ ynm\ Mu;D us,cf rf;em;yHu k kd
wufa&muf ynmoifMum;Muonf/ oifMum;&if; yGiv Yf if;&d;k om;aom t&nftcsi;f rsm;jzifh tjrv
J uf
u vrf;c&D;Murf;ojzifh t&G,Ef iS hf rvdu k zf ufatmif cHEdkif&rnfrSm aocsmonf/ þoYdk qE´rsm; &Sdvm
twef;EdrS o hf mG ;onf/ oifMum;&if;u t&G,Ef iS hf rrQ aomaMumifY ,aeYausmif;om;vli,f t&G,fpHkwdkY
atmif 0efxkyf0efydk;awG ydoGm;onf/ rlvwef;? tm; pepfwck cHpm;csufudk &dk;om;pGm zGifY[&ef

15
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
twGuf urf;vifhMunfhvdkufonf/ tm;vHk;&dk;om;cJh rjycsifygbl;/ ausmif;tm;vdkY pmawG trsm;MuD;
Muygonf/ zwfrrd S 'DEikd if rH mS ausmif;qufwufcsipf w
d f aysmuf
yxrqHk; MuHKawGYMum;jrifvdkuf&onfh oGm;ygjyD/ qdkifvm;? rqdkifovm; qdkwmawmh us
&if z G i f h oH y d k i f & S i f u awmY txuf w ef ; wG i f aemf rajzcsifbl;wJh"/ ol&JU&ifzGifhwJhtwdkif; jzpfyg
wuf a &muf a e aom ausmif ; ol a v;wOD ; onf/ olu tqifhjrifhynm&yfrsm; oifMum;aom
jzpf y gonf / ol r ES i f h wuúodkvfrsm;odkY oGm;&rnfhol r[kwfygvm;/
ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;taMumif; aqG;aEG;vdkuf tm;vH k ; od a eonf h toH w oH u d k y g
onf/ pum;rsm;ajymjzpfonf/ "orD;wdkY udk,fudk wquf wnf; ajymcsifrdonf/ wuúodkvfrsm;wGif
udk,f odygw,f/ tckxufxd avhvmwJhtqifhudk vufawGU cef;rsm;tm; rSefuefpGm toHk;rjyK&jcif;
ra&mufao;bl;vd?Yk bmjzpfvv Ykd qJ akd wmh ar;rJph mudk ud p ö y if / MuD ; Muyf o l r sm;u ajymMuonf
tvGwfusuf&r,fqdkwmyJ odaevdkYyg/ wcgwcg "'Dtcef;xJu ypönf; awG rxdeJY/ wckckjzpf&if
us&if tJ'Dzdtm;atmufu vGwfcsifw,f/ aysmf rif;wdkY avsmfEdkifvdkYvm;wJh"
aysm&f iT &f iT yf J wifjyMunfch siw f ,f/ 'gayr,fh rwwf
Edkifbl;av"wJh/ tqdkygtjrifrSm &Sm;yg;onfh tjrif tqdyk g wuúov kd u
f @twGuf ynma&;
wck r[kwf[k xifygonf/ vGwfvyfaysmf&TifpGm tay: trSefwu,f oHk;oyfjyEdkifjyD; &ifzGifYcsifol
wifjyjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh avhvmoif,lrSom wOD;tm; pum;ajymMunfY&mwGif "ausmif;awGrSm
ynm\ tusdK;w&m;udk jrifawGY&rnf[k odaeMu bmrS xl;jcm;rvmygbl;/ pmar;yGJavmufyJ tm&Hk
ygonf/ olwdkYvnf; ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk arQmfvifh pdkufMuw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pmar;yGJeD;
aeayjy/D zGi[ hf cGihf r&jcif; ud, k Ef u f ynma&;\ vQif cdk;cszdkYtwGuf wbmomudk b,favmufqdkjyD;
Id u
jyóem jzpfaeonf/ ynma&;rSm jyóem wuf a&mif;wJh[mawGudkyJ tvkt,uf 0,faeMuw,f/
vQifawmh a&SUqufawG;p&m rvdkawmhay/ pyg,f,mawG a&maygY/ tJ'Dawmh pmar;yGJeD;&if
ydkufqHpkxm;Muw,f/ tcsdefwefawmhvnf; r[m
"The problem of education is twofold; first to wef;udk rDSoGm;wmygyJ/ uRefawmfwdkY vdkcsifwmu
know and then to ulter."
taMumif;t&mwckudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zGJUEGJUwif
R.L Stevenson.
jycsifwm/ 'gayr,fh tvkyfoabmu tJ'Dvdk r
]]ynma&;qdik &f m jyóemESpcf u k yxr odatmif
[kwfbl;/ tuJjzwfw,f qdkwmvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;
vkyfzdkY? tJ'Daemuf zGifh[zdkYygwJh &Sif;oGm;ygonf/
xifw,f/ þonfrvGJ wdik ;f wmaewm ynma&;udk
}}
uRefb0 a&mufoGm;apw,fvdkY jrifygw,f}}[k
&dk;om;pGm jrifay;jyefygonf/ 'gusaemfwdkY tm;vHk;
xdx k ufyí kd pdwrf aumif;p&m awGU&onf
od&cdS pH m; aeMuygonf/ ta&twGurf sm;í t&nf
rSm raeYwaeYurS wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmifjrif
tcsi;f rJah eaom ynma&;pepfyif jzpfonf/ twif;
aom vli,fwOD;\ tjrifyifjzpfonf/ "usaemf&JY
t"r® usHK;oGif;onfh oifMum;jcif; jzpfonf/
yxr&nf&, G cf suw f ckawmh jy;D oGm;ygjy/D tck vrf;
qHkrSmyJ &yfaeygw,f/ vrf;cJGawGu rsm;oGm;ygjyD/ Do not train boys to learning by force and
vrf;qHk;vdkY &GmawGU&ifawmh aumif;wmaygh/ &Sif; harshness; but direct them to it by what amuses
&Sif;ajym&&if b,fwuúodkvfudkrS oGm;wufjyD; nm their minds.

16
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
Plato ynma&;[m a&tdk;xJ a&jznfhwm r[kwfbl;/ rD;yHk
]]wynf h v l i ,f a wG u d k tif e J Y t m;eJ Y twif ; wyHkudk rD;arT;wm jzpfw,f/
rSwfom; vdkufem roGefoif&bl;/ wynfhawG&JU rSefaom pum;yif jzpfonf/ a&tdk;jynfh
pdwfxJrSm aysmf&TifcHpm;atmif vrf;nTef&r,f/}} oGm;vQif vQHusoGm;ayrnf/ ,aeYausmif;om;rsm;
vQHusí tvum; jzpfoGm;&aom a&rsm;ayvm;
xdak Mumifh jrefrmwEdik if v
H ;kH rSm&Sw
d YJ vli,f [k awG;p&m &Sdonf/ bmyJajymajym olwdkYav;awG
ausmif;om;awG &ifxJrSm bmawG &SdaeMur,f qdk ajympum;rsm;onf EdkifiHudk udk,fpm;jyKonf[k
wm odae&ygr,f/ ausmif;om;awG&UJ tm;eJyY J olwYkd ,HkrSm;zG,f&m r&Sday/ xdkaMumifh olwdkY\ pdrf;pdkae
vdkcsifwJh pepfwckudk wnfaxmif&rSmyg/ ynma&; aom pdwfydkif;qdkif&m cH,lcsufudk tjrJvef;qef;
pepfraumif;wJh EdkifiHwck[m b,fawmhrS olrsm; apcsifvSygonf/ 'DvdkeJYyJ rrSm;aom &ifckefoHrsm;
wef;wl jzpfrSmr[kwfbl;/ b,ftxd jyefYvGifhaeOD;rnf[k../ /
Education is not the filling of a pail, but the rsdK;awZ
lighting of a fire. William Butler Yeats

rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okdY jyefMum;csuf

&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom? 'Drkdua&pD wjym;om;rS r&Sdaom zufqpfppftmPm&Sifpepf

atmufwGif ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf
or*¾\ wjcm;EkdifiHa&; wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&if; tkd;a0*sme,fukd ykHrSefxkwfa0Ekdif&ef usm;ukwf
usm;cJ tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;aeMu&ygonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾\tmabmfukd xif[yfaom? vGwfvyfa&;zcifBuD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ac: ukdatmifqef; wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhaom orkdif;tpOftvm BuD;rm;
onfh tkd;a0*sme,fukd rsdK;qufurf; xkwfa0&jcif;vnf;jzpfNyD;? vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom acwftajc
taersm;ukd xif[yfaz:jyEkdif&efESifh Armjynfolvlxk\ ppftmPm&SifpepfqefYusifa&; 'Drkdua&pD
a&;wkdufyGJwGif tkd;a0*sme,frS wwyf wtm; yg0iftm;jznfhEkdif&ef BudK;pm;aejcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf tvGefwm0efBuD;NyD;? ppftmPm&SifatmufwGif tkd;a0*sme,fukd
vQdKU0Sufxkwfa0&jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf tcuftcJ tMuyftwnf;rsdK;pkH&Sdaeygonf/
xkdokdYaom tajctaetaMumif;rsm;aMumifh usaemfwkdY\ tkd;a0*sme,fwGif csdKU,Gif;
tm;enf;csufrsm; rvGJra&Smifom yg&SdaerSm aocsmygonf/ usaemfwkdY\ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd
rnfolrqkd axmufjya0zefapvkdygonf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjya0zefjcif; rjyKrSmukdyif
usaemfwkdY txl;pkd;&drfrdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh csdKU,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd jyifqifEkdif&ef? jznfhqnf;Ekdif&eftwGuf vkdtyfaom
orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm;? pmrlrsm;? a0zeftMuHay;pmrsm; ay;ykdYjcif;? tzufzufrS ukd,fwwfEkdifonfh
ykHpHESifh ulnDjcif;jzifh tkd;a0*sme,fukd ausmif;om;? jynfolw&yfvkH;u 0kdif;0ef;aqmif&Gufaeonfh
ppftmPm&SifpepfqefUusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJ0if pmapmifwcktjzpf oabmxm;Mu&ef
yefMum;tyfygonf/ /
tdk;a0*sme,f
17
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
tk;d a0tufaq;

t&kyrf sm;
2010-ckEpS w f iG f wurÇmvH;k u pdw0f ifpm;wJh urÇmzh vm; abmvH;k yGBJ u;D &Syd gonf/
tcsed u f mvtm;jzifh wESpcf aJG vmuf vdyk gao;onf/ odaYk omf wdu k Bf u;D rsm;tvdu
k f Edik if H
ajcppfyrJG sm; pwifaeMuygonf/ Edik if EH iS v hf rl sKd ;*kPf jzpfaomaMumifv h nf; txl;*&kpu kd f
&l;oGycf pH m;Muavonf/ aiGaMu;ajrmufrsm;pGm ukeu f scNH y;D jyifqifMuonf/ tcsKd aY om
Edik if rH sm;qdv
k Qif tBu;D tuJacgif;aqmifwyYkd g 0ifa&mufa&G;cs,f pGuzf ufonftxd tav;
teufxm; pdwv f yI &f mS ;aeMuonf/ enf;jyq&mrsm;udk a':vmoef;csaD y;í iSm;Muonf/
abmvHk;orm;rsm;qdkvQifvnf; pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fum ,SOfNydKifMuygonf/ tcsdefvdkao;
aomfvnf; bmrQr[kwfwJh abmvHk;yGJwckjzifY EdkifiHwEdkifiH\ uHMur®mudk ododomom
ajymif;vJrI r&SdEdkifvifhapumrI pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&m wuf<urIudk awGY&ygonf/

2010-ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmEdik if pH pftpd;k &u a&G;aumufyJG usi;f yjyKvyk í f tpd;k &opf
w&yf zGJUpnf;um tmPmvJTajymif;rnf[k w&m;0if twdtvif; aMujimxm;ygonf/
1988-ckESpf tmPmodrf;NyD; aemufydkif; 1990-ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ wBudrfjyKvkyfcJh
ygonf/ olwaYkd rQmv
f ifo h vdk rjzpfaomtcg a&G;aumufy&JG vm'fukd todtrSwf rjyKcyYJ g/
pifppf jynfow l &yfv;kH udk todtrSwf rjyKjcif;om jzpfonf/ xdaYk emuf 4if;wdv Yk yk &f yfukd
zH;k uG,o
f nft
h aejzifh ygwDwckwnf;udk ypfrw S x
f m;í enf;aygif;pHjk zifh jzKd ccJG ohJ nf/ NrKd eY ,f
tqifh ygwD0iftawmfrsm;rsm;udk taMumufw&m;jzifh EIwfxGufapcJhonf/

wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif 0efxrf;tm;vH;k ppfbuftvdak wmf&d todOmPfenf; pD;yGm;a&;
orm;wdu Yk dk tcGit
hf vrf;f jyí tzGt YJ pnf;wck aoG;aqmifpnf;&H;k zGpYJ nf;xm;Edik cf o
hJ nf/
oGm;avolBu;D u (ROAD MAP) rl0g'vrf;pOf(7)&yf csrw S u
f m oGm;rnfqNkd y;D vufr
axmifcyJh gonf/ ajymonft h wdik ;f twif;oGm;ygonf/ ,ckawmh wckom use&f adS wmhrnf
[k ajymNyD; (2010)ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;awmhrnf[k qdkvmjyefygonf/

trSewf u,fawmh a&G;aumufyt JG ajzonf wdik ;f jynfEiS v

hf rl sKd ;\ uHMur®mudk tyfEHS
&rnfhaeY jzpfygonf/ taumif;jrifNyD; BuD;yGm;wdk;wufvdkolwdkif;? 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;
18
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
olwikd ;f pdw0f ifpm;Muygonf/ txl;ojzifh tmPm&Si\ f zdEydS rf aI tmufwiG f ae&olrsm;?
tcuftcJ tusyt f wnf;eJY &ifqikd af e&olrsm;? tm;rvdt
k m;r& jzpfaeolwikd ;f pdw0f if
pm;rnf jzpfygonf/

bmudrk S pdwrf 0ifpm;? rcHpm;Edik o f rl sm;vnf; &Syd gvdrrhf nf/ vuf&t dS cGixhf ;l cHpm;
aeolrsm;? vufwqkyfpm aumif;pm;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;? ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;?
e,fbuft&m&Srd sm;? vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf tvdak wmf&rd sm;taejzifh vuf&t dS cGit
hf a&; qH;k &H;I &rnfh
twGuf pdwrf aumif;yif jzpfMuygvdrrhf nf/ vuf&t dS pd;k &onf twÅBu;D ? wud, k af umif;
qefaom0g'udk vufudkifxm;onfhtwGuf tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh pnf;pdrfukd tbufbufu
umuG,f&rnfhol jzpfygonf/

,ckvnf;Munfyh g/ abmvH;k yGtJ wGuf Edik if aH wmfawmfrsm;rsm; vla&G;jy;D aeygNy/D

toif0h ifNy;D upm;&Ho
k m&Syd gonf/ usaemfwEYkd ikd if w
H iG f bmoHrS rMum;&/ 'DEikd if \
H trwf
avmif;onf abmvH;k orm;avmufyif ta&;rBu;D oavm/ orwonf enf;jyavmufyif
pdwf0ifpm;zdkY raumif;awmhonfavm ...&Sif;aeygNyD/

olww
Ykd iG f puf&rkH S xkwv
f yk o
f nft h vm; orw? 0efBuD;csKyf? trwfrsm; jyKvkyí f
t&kyfrsm;ESifh upm;OD;rnfrSm aocsmygonf/ onfhtwGufaMumifh cyfayghayghwefwef
aeonfrmS rqef;awmhay/ 'grSom olw\ Ykd tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,Nf y;D om;? jynfov
l x
l k
ESifh EdkifiHwumudk nmNyD;om; jzpfygonf/

vlwa,mufonf bJwaxmifausmu f kd vd&k modYk armif;ESiEf ikd \

f / tb,faMumifh
qdak omf bJrsm;wGif awmfveS v
f akd om pdwrf &Sad omaMumifjh zpfonf/ vlx Y uf cGet
f m;Bu;D rm;
aomqifukd cRe;f wvufjzifh apcdik ;f í&onf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf qifonf cRe;f udk
aMumufaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

usaemfwYkd aMumufpw
d &f adS eoí awmfveS v
f akd om pdwrf &So
d a&GU tmPm&Sirf sm;\
vufatmufwiG f ay;wm,l? auR;wmpm;? cdik ;f wmvkyb f 0jzifY oGm;&OD;rnfom jzpfonf/
wd&pämefxufomaom t&kyfb0rsm;jzifh &Sifoefae&ayOD;rnfom/ /
'DrGef
19
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
tdk;a0&ifzGifhpm

yef;wkdifqDodkY . . .

arSsmfvifhjcif;za,mif;wkdif
usrwdkY[m usrwdkYEdkifiH aumif;pm;a&;twGuf usrwdkY&JU toufaoG;acR;eJY 'ku©qif;&J
rsm;pGmudk ay;qyfaew,f/ usrwYdk&JU aemifvmaemifom;awGukd pepfqdk;&JU om;aumifcHwGif;0u
u,fwifzYdk BudK;pm;aeMuw,f/ usrwdkY ausmif;olausmif;om;awGtm;vHk;[m cH,lcsufwckwnf;uddk
pGNJ rpJ mG vufuikd x
f m;Muw,f/ vGwv f yfNy;D w&m;rSswwJh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfreS f a&mufww
Jh aeYxd usrwkYd
ausmif;olausmif;om;awG awmfvSefwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;MurSmyg/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm *kwfaoG;pkyf cs,fvS,f
aewhJ rdpämppftmPm&Siftpdk;& usqHk;zdkYtwGuf usrwdkY&JU toufcE¨mudk ay;vSLxm;Muw,f/ nSOf;
yef;ESdyfpufcH&r,f/ axmifusr,f/ tqdk;qHk; aozdkYxd b0awGudk ay;qyfaeMuw,f/

em*pfrek wf ikd ;f wdu

k cf wfNy;D csed u
f pNy;D ppftmPm&Siaf wG[m jynfoal wG&UJ touft;kd tdru f kd
umuG,&f r,ft h pm; Ekid if w
H umrSm vufjzefNY y;D olawmif;pm;tvkyu f ykd J OD;pm;ay; vkyaf qmifaeMu
wm[m udk,fjynfoludk wefzdk;rxm;? rav;pm;&m a&mufygw,f/ EdkifiHwumtvSLaiGeJY ypönf;awG
ukd avab;'ku©onfawGudk ra0iSyJ Mum;ujzwfNyD; tjrwfxkwfaeMuw,f/ 'Dvdk pdwf"gwfrsdK;eJY
wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfaewhJtpdk;&udk rdbjynfolw&yfvHk;u 0dkif;0ef;awmfvSefMu&r,f/ ausmif;om;eJY
jynfol vufwGJNyD; etzppftpkd;&udk jzKwfcsEdkif&r,f/

usrwdkY ausmif;olausmif;om;awGu wdrf;a&Smifae&if; tcufcJtrsdKK;rsdK;Mum;u

'k u © a &muf aewh J rd b jynf o l a wG u d k uk d k , f t m;OmPf t m; &S d o avmuf ul n D a eMuwmyg/
ulnDay;aewJh Auo ausmif;om;awGudk etztpdk;&u zrf;qD;EdSyfuGyfrIawGG jyKvkyfw,f/
ulnDvSLwef;aeMuwhJ tvSL&Sif awGudk zrf;qD;w,f/ 'Dvdkvkyf&yf[m vlrqefwhJvkyf&yfyg/ 'Dvdk
jyKrl a ewm[m atmuf w ef ; usvG e f ; ygw,f / ud k , f w d k i f u sawmh v nf ; rul n D ?
ul n D a ewh J v l a wG u d k v nf ; zrf ; qD ; axmif c saeawmh tiwf ab;BuH K ae&wh J jynf o l a wG u d k
owfaewmeJY twlwlyJ/
20
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

pufwifbm a&T0ga&mifvyI &f mS ;rIwek ;f uvnf; Ak'b ¨ mom vlrsKd ;wdik ;f &JU txG#t
f jrwfjzpfwJh
bk&m;eJY w*dkPf;xJxm;&m oHCmawmfawGudk &ufpufpGm owfjzwfchJMuw,f/ pufwifbmvIyf&Sm;rI
wkef;u oHCmawmfawGeJY twlvdkufyg qE´jycJhMuwhJ ausmif;om;xkeJY jynfolawGudkvnf; owfjzwf
chw
J ,f/ 'Dvtkd pd;k &ukd b,fjynfou l rS vufccH siMf uwm r[kwyf gbl;/ vufeuftm;ud;k Ny;D vlowf0g'D
pGJudkifxm;wJh ppftpdk;&ukd ausmif;om;eJY jynfolvufwGJNyD; jzKwfcsEdkif&r,f/ usrwdkY[m taMumuf
w&m; uif;rhpJ mG eJY ordik ;f uay;whJ wm0efukd xrf;aqmifMu&r,f/ 'Dca&mif;awmudk jzwfausmEf ikd Nf yq D kd
usrwdkY wwdkif;jynfvHk; vdkcsifawmifhwaewJh usrwdkYjynfolawG&JU tdrfrufjzpfwJh vGwfvyfNyD; w&m;
rQwwJh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufMuNyDaygh/

usrwd k Y & J U a&S U u oH C mawmf a wG OD ; aqmif o G m ;MuNyD / usrwd k Y & J U a&S U u

toufay;oGm;Muw,f/ ausmif;om;awG&JUtouf jynfolawG&JUtouf? toufaygif;rsm;pGm
ay;qyfpaw;vdkuf&NyD/ oHCmh tmZmenf? ausmif;om;tmZmenf? jynfolYtmZmenfawGtwGuf
usrwd k Y *k P f , l M u&r,f / tJ ' D v d k y J 88? 96? 98u touf a y;cJ h w J h tmZmenf a wG ?
axmif w G i f ; tusOf ; usaeol a wG ? vl r od o l r od aoqH k ; oG m ;MuwJ h tmZmenf a wG & J U
aemufqHk;xGufoufxd arQmfvifhcJhwJh arQmfvifhcsufawGudk usr wdkYu taumiftxnfazmfMu&r,f/
igwd k Y & J U trsd K ;bmom omoemud k xd y g;vmwJ h rd p ä m ppf t mPm &S i f t pd k ; &ud k quf N yD ;
awmf v S e f M u&r,f / oH C mh a wmf a wG [ m arwå m ok w f u d k &G w f q d k & if ; aoewf ajymif ; 0ud k
&ifqdkifoGm;Muw,f/ usrwdkY ausmif;om;awG[mvnf; a'gif;tvHukd vTifhxl&if; touf
ay;oGm;Muw,f/

oHCmawmfawG ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; 'DDaeYcsdefxd rvTwfay;ao;yJ tjypfr&Sd

taMumif;rYJ zrff;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHxm;&w,f/ u,fq,fa&; vkyfaqmifaewJh ausmif;om;awG?
jynfolawGudkvnf; qufv ufzrf;qD;aew,f/ 'Dv dkrsKd; etzppf t pd k ; &ud k jzKwf c szd k Y q d k w m
wrsKd ;om;vH;k rSm wm0ef&w
dS ,f/ tm;vH;k &JU arQmv
f ifch suaf wGtwGuf aemufqw
k pf &m vrf;r&Sd a&SUquf
ay;qyfMuzYdkom&Sdw,f/ usrwdkY[m ay;qyfMu&if;eJY vdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk t&,lMur,f/ uJ usrwdkY
jynfolawG tm;vHk;u vnf; vdkcsifwhJyef;wdkif a&mufzdkY ay;qyf&if;jzifh t&,lMuygpkdY/

oli,fcsif;wdkYa&……………….
igwdkY[m
oli,fcsif; xufydkwJh
&Jabmf&Jbufaumif;awG
jzpfcJhw,f/

igwdkYawG[m
,HkMunfcsuf? cH,lcsufawG
21
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
wlnDpGmeJY
wdkYwdkif;jynftwGuf
cGyfa'gif;tvHudkifpGJ
wyfOD;uae
csDwufcJhw,f/

oli,fcsif;wdkYa&……………
ppftmPm&Sifpepfqdk;rSm
paw;vdkuf&wJh
rif;wdkYtoufawG
tusOf;uscHvdkuf&wJh
rif;wdt
Yk m;vH;k &JU
ay;qyfcJh&jcif;awG[m
Armordik ;f 0ifcjhJ y/D

pdwf"gwfruseJY
tm;wif;xm;Mu
oli,fcsif;wdkY/

usef&Sdaeao;wJh
igwdkYawG[m
rif;wdtYk m;vH;k &JU
,HkMunfcsufawG
taumifxnfazmfzdkY
tm;vHk;&JU
arSsmfvifhjcif; za,mif;wdkiftjzpf
qufvufxGef;vif;aeyghr,f/ /
(tck tif;pdeftusOf;axmif&JU wkdufcef;usOf;usOf;av;xJrSm a&mufaewJh Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfu
ukdpnfolarmifajymaeus za,mif;wkdifav;(5)wkdifxJu aemufqkH; za,mif;wkdifav;taMumif;ukd
cHpm;NyD; 'Dpmpkav;ukd a&;jzpfygw,f/) cifrsdK;quf
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf

'g;rsm;udk odrf;xm;vdkufyg/ EdkifiHrsm;udk xdkt&mrsm; rygyJESifh

u,fwifEdkifygonf/uavmifom ,lchJyg/
abmf0g
22
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

8888 'dkif,m&D
Mo*kwfv 8 &uf/ &efukefNrdKY vrf;ay:wGif qE´jyyGJrsm; trsm;tjym; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh taxGaxGoydwf
Bu;D pwifMuonf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom qE´jyvlxu k 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vlt
Y cGit
hf a&; &&S&d ef? rqvygwD
EIwx f u
G af y;&efEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf tqH;k owf&ef awmif;qdMk uonf/ wEdik if v H ;kH &Sd t"duNrKd rY sm;
ESifhtjcm;NrdKU&Gmrsm;wGif tvm;wl qE´jyyGJrsm; wNydKifeuf usif;yjyKvkyfMuonf/ tpwGif ppfwyfu
aemufuG,faeNyD; n 11 em&D 45 rdepfwGif wyfom;rsm;u NrdKUawmfcef;r tjyifbuf&Sd qE´jyaeMuol
vltkyfxJodkY armif;jyefaoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfMuonf/

Mo*kwfv 9 &uf/ vlxkqE´jyyGJrsm; wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd ae&maygif; 40 txd jyeffYESHYoGm;onf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif

wyfr 22 rS wyfzUJG rsm;u qE´jyolrsm;udk ypfcwfMuonf/ tpd;k &u 5OD;om aoqH;k cJo h nf[k ajymqdak omf
vnf; wjcm;owif;&yfuu G rf sm; tqdt
k & &maygif;rsm;pGm aoqH;k cJ&h onf[k od&&dS onf/ axmifaygif;rsm;
pGm tzrf;cH&onf/

Mo*kwfv 10 &uf/ &efukefNrdKYü b&if;u,f&D,mrsm;ay:rS ppfom;rsm;\ ypfcwfrIaMumifY qE´jyol

tajrmuftrsm; aoqHk;oGm;Mu&onf/ qE´jyolrsm;u ppfom;rsm;tm; "mwfqDAHk;? *sif*vd? "m;&SnfESifh
vSHrsm; toHk;jyKum jyefvnfwdkufcdkufMuonf/ &efukefaq;&HkBuD;ü ppfwyfu aq;&HktrIxrf;rsm;udk ypf
cwfonf/ ajrmufOuúvmywGif a'goxGufaeaom vltkyfMuD;u &Jwyfom;wcsdKUtm; yxrqHk;tMudrf
acgif;jzwfowfvdkufMuonf/

Mo*kwfv 11 &uf/ taxGaxGoydwfaMumifh tpdk;&,Eå&m;rsm; &yfqdkif;oGm;onf/ ppfwyfrsm; oGm;vm

rIudk [efYwm;&ef wm;qD;ydwfqdkYrIrsm; csxm;Muonf/ &efukefwNrdKYwnf;ü aoqHk;cJhaom qE´jyolrsm;
tenf;qH;k waxmif &Srd nf[k taemufwikd ;f oHwrefrsm;u cefrY eS ;f Muonf/ ppfuikd ;f NrKd UwGif &JwyfzrYJG sm;u
qE´jyolrsm;udk ypfcwfMu&m tenf;qHk; vl 100 aoqHk;&onf/ tar&duefqD;edwfvTwfawmfu rqv
tpdk;&ESifY jrefrmjynfrS vlowfrIrsm;tm; &lwfcsonfhtqdkudk wnDwnGwfwnf; twnfjyKvdkufonf/

Mo*kwfv 12 &uf/ oufwrf; 18 &ufomcHonfh OD;pdefvGifonf orw&mxl;rS qif;ay;&onf/ &ef

ukefNrdKYv,fvrf;rsm;ay:ü jynfolrsm; aysmf&GifpGm uckefMuonf/ &efukefaq;&HkBuD;ü aoewf'Pf&m&
xm;onfh vlemrsm;jzifh jynfhMuyfvsuf &Sd\/ jynfolrsm;u aysmf&GifjrL;aeonfhwdkifatmif pdwfoufom
p&mr[kwfaom Nidrfoufjcif;u vTrf;rdk;vsuf&Sdonf/
23
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
Mo*kwfv 15 &uf/ Mo*kwfv 9 &ufaeYrSpí &efukef? ppfudkif;ESifY tjcm;NrdKYrsm;wGif vHkjcHKa&;wyfzGJUu
uav;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udk aoewfjzifh ypfcwfjcif;ESifh vHSpGyfjzifh xdk;owfjcif;wdkYrSm
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh EdkifiHwumvlYtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;udk vHk;0qefYusif&m a&mufaMumif;
&efuek af &SUaersm;aumifpu D xkwjf yefaMunmonf/ a':atmifqef;pkMunfu ausmif;om;ESihf tpd;k &Mum;
wGif 0ifa&mufaphpyfay;Edik &f eftwGuf jynfot l wdik yf ifcaH umfrwDw&yf zGpYJ nf;ay;&ef tqdjk yKvu
kd o
f nf/
OD;Ek? OD;0if;armif tjyif 1962ckepf rwdkifrDu EdkifiHacgif;aqmifwcsdKYrSmvnf; olrtqdkudk axmufcH
Muonf/

Mo*kwfv 16 &uf/ jrefrmEdkifiHq&m0eftoif;u &efukefNrdKUwGif tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfjcif;udk

uefYuGufvdkufonf/ xdkuefYuGufcJhonfh aMunmcsufrSm tppftrSef r[kwfaMumif; tmPmydkifrsm;u
ajymqdkonf/ MopaMw;vs? *syefESifh puFmylrS ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;twGuf
&efukef? rEÅav;ESifh yk*HwdkYwGif [dkw,frsm; wnfaqmufrnf[k tpdk;&u aMunmonf/

Mo*kwfv 17 &uf/ &efukefaq;&HkBuD; tjyifbuf vl 3000 cefY pk&Hk;rdMuonf/ b&if;u,f&D,mrsm;ESifY

wyfzUJG rsm;u qE´jyolrsm;udk 0ef;&Hxm;vdu
k o
f nf/ rEÅav;wcGif qE´jyyGrJ sm; xyfrjH zpfymG ;cJah Mumif; owif;
xGufvmonf/ &efukefaq;&HkBuD;rS q&m0efESifh olemjyKrsm;u owfjzwfrIrsm;udk xyfrHuefYuGufMuonf/

Mo*kwfv 19 &uf/ rqvygwD Ouú|tjzpf a'gufwmarmifarmiftm; cefYxm;vdkufonf/ jynfolY

w&m;olBuD;tzGJYOuú| OD;wifatmif[def; OD;aqmifonfh jynfolYqE´avhvma&;aumfr&Sifudk jynfolY
vTwfawmfu zGJYpnf;ay;vdkufonf/

Mo*kwf 20 &uf/ qE´jyolrsm;u a'gufwmarmifarmif &mxl;rS EIwfxGufay;&efESifh taxGaxGa&G;

aumufyGJrsm;udk jyifqif&eftwGuf Mum;jzwftpdk;& zGJYay;&ef awmif;qdkMuonf/

Mo*kwfv 22 &uf/ jynfolaygif;rsm;pGm vrf;ay:xGufí qE´jyMuonf/ taxGaxGoydwfBuD;u tpdk;&

EIwxf u
G af y;&ef awmif;qdMk uonf/ rEÅav;? [oFmw? rauG;? rH&k mG ? a&OD;ESihf txufjrefrmjynf NrKd rY sm;wGif
aeYpOf qE´jyyGJrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/

Mo*kwfv23 &uf/ qE´jyyGJrsm;wGif vlxk ajcmufodef; yg0ifqE´jyMuonf[k cefYrSef;&onf/ at'Dvrf;

&Sd OD;ae0if;tdrfwGif ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;wck jyKvkyfcJhaMumif; owif; xGufay:vmonf/ xdktpnf;
ta0;wGif vlxkrNidrfoufrIudk NzdKcGif;&ef aoe*FAsL[mtopf a&;qGJMuonf/

24
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
Mo*kwfv 24 &uf/ rm&S,favm(ppfOya') &kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ &efukefrS wyfrsm; jyefvnf&kyfodrf;
oGm;onf/ a'gufwmarmifarmifu wygwDpepf odkYr[kwf ygwDpHkpepf usifhoHk;&efudpötwGuf jynfolY
qE´cH,lyGJ jyKvkyfay;&ef uwdjyKvdkufonf/

Mo*kwfv 25 &uf/ Zlvdkifv 29 &ufaeYu zrf;qD;cJhonfh OD;atmifBuD;? OD;pdef0if;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;udk

jyefvTwfay;vdkufonf/ &efukefNrdKY prf;acsmif;NrdKYe,fü OD;atmifBuD; rdefYcGef;ajym&m y&dwfowf 30000
ausmf wufa&mufonf/ wEkdifiHvHk;ü qE´jyyGJESifh vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; aeYpOfjyKvkyfonf/ nbufwGif
vufeufudkifppfom;rsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,frIbPf (odkY) A[dkbPfrS usyfodef; 600 o,f,loGm;
onf/ &efukefwGif wyfpGJxm;aom wyfzGJYtm;vHk;udk BudKwifí vpmaiG 6 vpm xkwfay;vkdufonf/
xkdudpöudk topfzGJYpnf;vkdufaom bPftvkyform;or*¾u uefYuGufvdkufonf/

Mo*kwfv 26 &uf/ taxGaxGoydwfu avaMumif;ESifh rD;&xm;o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk

&yfqikd ;f vdu
k o
f nf/ a&Tw*d akH pwD tjyifbufü axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlxt
k m; a':atmifqef;pkMunfu
rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/

Mo*kwfv 27 &uf/ umuG,fa&;0efBuD;ESifh ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; OD;wifOD; &efukefaq;&HkBuD;a&SYwGif

rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/

Mo*kwfv 26-28 &uf/ tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; t"du&kPf; pwifjzpfay:vmonf/ EdkifiHt0ef;&dS NrdKY

aygif; 9 NrdKYrS axmifrsm;wGifvnf; t"du&kPf;rsm; wNydKifeuf jzpfay:vmonf/ tusOf;om; 9000
eD;yg; xGufajy;Muonf (odkYr[kwf) vTwfay;onf/

Mo*kwfv 28 &uf/ &efukefNrdKYwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf(Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf)

udk zJpYG nf;wnfaxmifvu kd of nf/ rif;udEk ikd t
f m; Ouú|tjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufMuonf/ OD;Eku 'Dru
kd a&
pDEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&;tzGcYJ sKy(f ,m,D)udk wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;tzGw YJ iG f OD;wifO;D u taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
jzpfvmonf/

Mo*kwfv 29 &uf/ a&SYaersm;? pma&;q&mrsm;? &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmifESifh tqdkawmfrsm; qE´jyyGJrsm;wGif

yg0ifvmMuonf/

Mo*kwfv 30 &uf/ vlxkqE´jyyGJ trsm;tjym;jzpfvmNyD; rqvygwD0if axmifaygif;rsm;pGm ygwDrS

EIwfxGufcJhMuonf/

25
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
Mo*kwfv 31 &uf/ tpdk;&u vrf;ay:odkYxGufí qE´jyjcif;ESifh pnf;a0;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcGifh ay;cJhonf/
taemuf*smrPDu &efukefrSowfjzwfrIrsm;udk oabmrwlaMumif; jyo&ef 'dGKufcsfrmcf (DM)aiG 65
oef; axmufyhHulnDrIudk &yfpJvdkufonf/

pufwifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrma&SUaersm;u 1974 ckEpS f zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t

kH ajccHOya'udk zsuof rd ;f ay;&ef
awmif;qdkMuonf/ 1962 ckESpf tmPmodrf;rIrSm 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk csKd;azmufcJhjcif;
jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;vdkufonf/ qE´jyyJGrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;qJ jzpfonf/ NrdKUBuD;NrdKUi,f pkpkaygif;
50 cefrY mS qE´jyolrsm;vufxJ usa&mufomG ;onf/ Ak'b¨ mombke;f Bu;D rsm;u t"duNrKd Ursm;ü w&m;&H;k rsm;
zGifhvSpfum aeYpOfjyomemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Muonf/

pufwifbmv 3-4 &uf/ tar&duefvTwfawmftrwf pwDAif a*sqdkvmZf (Stephen J Solarz)

&efukefNrdKYodkY a&muf&dSaeonf/

pufwifbmv 5 &uf/ twdkuftcHrsm;\ awmif;qdkrIudk vdkufavsm&ef? odkYr[kwfygu tqHk;towf

Ekdifonfh uefYuGufqE´jyyJGrsm;udk &ifqdkif&ef jynfolrsm;u tpdk;&tm; &mZoHay;vdkufonf/ tvkyform;
rsm;ESifh tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;u vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*¾rsm;udk zGJYpnf;Muonf/

pufwifbmv 6 &uf/ &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if 9OD;u vlxt k <kH urIukd axmufc&H ef ppfwyftm; awmif;qdv
k u
kd f
onf/ csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m;oH&;kH tjyifbufwiG f qE´jyolrsm;u a'gufwmarmifarmif tpd;k &xH o0Pf
vTm ay;ydkYrIudk uefYuGufqE´jyMuonf/

pufwifbmv 7 &uf/ tpkd;&tzGJY EIwfxGufvQif EIwfxGuf odkYr[kwfygu qE´jyrIrsm;udk &ifqdkif&ef

qE´jyolrsm;\ &mZoHudk tpdk;&u vpfvsK&Ivdkufonf/

pufwifbmv 9 &uf/ OD;Eku rdrd 0efBuD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;wifOD; umuG,fa&;0efBuD; tjzpfyg0ifaom

pifNydKiftpdk;&zGJYpnf;vdkufaMumif; aMunmonf/ wyfrawmf(av)rS ppfonf pkpkaygif;200 cefY vlxkqE´
jyyGJwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvmMuonf/

pufwifbmv 10 &uf/ rqvygwD 'kwd,tBudrf ta&;ay:nDvmcHusif;yNyD; ygwDpHkpepfatmufwGif

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrGJ sm; jyKvyk &f ef tqdwk ifoiG ;f cJNh y;D tMujH yKcahJ om jynfoqYl E´c, H yl t
GJ qduk kd y,fzsuf
vdu
k o
f nf/ wyfrLS ;a[mif; 3 OD;jzpfMuonfh OD;wifO;D ? OD;atmifa&TEiS hf OD;apmjrifwh Ykd 'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&;
ygwD(,m,D)rS EIwfxGufMuonf/

26
 ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
pufwifbmv 11 &uf/ jynfolYvTwfawmf ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;u taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGrsm;
jyKvkyf&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ &efukefNrdKY qE´jyyGJrsm;wGif jynfolY&JwyfzGJY0ifrsm; yg0ifvmMuonf/
jynfov l x
l k axmifaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh vlxt k <kH urIBu;D rsm;ESihf tpmiwfcq H E´jyyJrG sm;u 'Drukd a&pDEiS hf
Mum;jzwftpd;k & awmif;qdrk tI ay: zdtm;ay;Muonf/ jynfou l tpd;k &\ tqdjk yKcsuu f kd y,fcsvu kd o
f nf/

pufwifbmv 12 &uf/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf? OD;wifOD;ESifh OD;atmifBuD;wkdY yl;wGJí Mum;jzwftpdk;&

zGJYpnf;&ef axmufcHaMumif;aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefonf/

pufwifbmv 13 &uf/ *syefu jrefrmjynfodkY ulnDaxmufyHhaerIudk wdkif;jynftajctae rat;rcsif;

&yfpJxm;rnf[k aMunmvkdufonf/ qE´jyyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;onf/

pufwifbmv 16 &uf/ pkpak ygif;tiftm; wode;f &Spaf omif;&daS om ppfwyfukd rqvygwDrS EIwx f u
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