ေမာင္ကံထူးမွတ္စု

armifuHxl; rSwfpk 1
armifuHxl; rSwfpk
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 2
armifuHxl;rSwfpk
(1921)ckESpfwGif ppfawGc½kdif? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUü Ak'¨bmom bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;tm; taMumif;rvkH

avmufbJ ( )umuG,rf , I ;dk r,f&mS Ny;D tao½ku d of wfaom tdE, d´ t*Fvyd u f jym;e,fyidk 0f efaxmuf
rpöwma&;( )ukd Ekid if aH &;t& ppfawGNrKd U trsK;d om;ausmif;Bu;D ( )ü e,fv;Hk uRwt f pnf;ta0;Bu;D
ukd usif;ycg jypfwif½IHUcsí jynfykdiftpkd;&u ta&;,lap&ef jyif;jyif;xefxefawmif;qkdaom tpnf;ta0;BuD;
wGif NAw d o
d Qtpk;d &tkycf sKyaf &;pHepfudk jypfwifa0bef&o J rl sm; &Sm;yg;aom xkt d csed üf obmywdt d jzpf(OD;pHabmfO;D
-OD;atmifZHa0\bcif)tjyif xkdtcgu (t*Fvdyftpkd;& wefckd;tmPm vTrf;rkd;½kdufMuyfjynhf ukdvkdeDacwf)
&J&J0efY0efY aqmif&Gufí Ak'üsrf;uef tukd;tum;ESifh jyif;jyif;xefxef rdefYcGef;>ruf[cJhonfrSm csD;usL;p&myif
vlxt k m;ukd rvGeq f efEidk o f jzihf xkt d &m&Sq d ;dk ukd e,fajymif;vku d &f avonf/ þtrIEiS yfh wfoufí rEÅav;NrKd Uü
usif;yaom e0rBudfrfajrmuf ( )nDvmcHuGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0;BuDF;wGif ( )ukd vlowfrIESifh
qufvufta&;,l&ef &ckid u f ,dk pf m;vS,rf sm;u tqkw d pf&yfwifoiG ;f axmufcMH uojzihf nDvmcHBu;D u tqku d dk
vufct H wnfjyKco hJ nf/ ta&;,ljcif;cH&aom t&m&So d nf aemufq;Hk tpk;d &tvkyrf S EIwx f uG í f tmz&duwku d &f dS
EdkifiHwpfckokdY xGufoGm;avonf[k odcJh&onf/
(armifuHxl;\rSwfpk-pmrsufESm 3 rS)
EkdifiHa&;aygufp vlysKdb0wGif uG,fvGefol trsKd;om;ausmif;q&mBuD; a&SUae OD;xGef;atmif? 0wfvkH
OD;a&Tom? a&SUae OD;armifomxGe;f wkt Yd rSL;jyKonfh ppfawGNrKd U&Sd &ckid jf ynftoif;( )wGif (1918-19)ckEpS u f yif
toif;0ifwpfOD;taejzihf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh\/ ppfawGNrdKUvrf;opfvrf;wGif ¤if;toif;wkduftaqmuftOD;
aqmuf v k y f & müvnf ; pd w f t m;xuf o ef p G m ES i h f ol Y b cif o abmwl n D c suf u k d &,l í aiG 500d ^ -uk d
BuKd ;BuKd ;pm;pm;ESifh yg0ifvLS 'gef;cJ\ h / &ckid jf ynf\tqift h wef;onf Armjynfrxuf tbufbufrS edru hf svpS v
f sL½I
xm;jcif; cHae&onf/ ( )twGu?f &cdik jf ynf\tusK;d pD;yGm;tvkiYd mS aqmif&u G tf yk cf sKyaf p&ef oD;jcm;twGi;f
0ef ( )wa,mufcefYxm;ay;&ef &ckdifjynftoif;u NAdwdoQtpdk;&xH pmvTmwifykdYí? ta&;qkdcJh
Mu\/ taMumif;um;rxl;cJhacs/ toif;0ifxdyfykdif;yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm uG,fvGefoGm;MuNyD;jzpfí ypfy,fxm;jcif;ukd
cHae&aom ]]tm&uH}}twGuf xkt d cgu ta&;qkcd b hJ ;l aMumif;ukd od&rdS w S rf od l rawGU&awmhNy/D taxmuftxm;
twGuf vku d v f pH pHk rf;&m trsK;d om;ausmif;q&m OD;bk;d jrpdeu f þtaMumif;jcif;&mukd Mum;rdb;l aMumif; 0efcNH y;D
q&mOD;cs;D 'k;d u NAw d o d Qtpk;d &ESifh ta&;qkcd ahJ om pmvTmrdwLå ukd trsK;d om;ausmif;q&mBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;(ywå)
ujyí ukd,fwkdifjrifcGifh&cJhaMumif;ukd ajymjyí armifuHxl;u toif;om;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhaom
( )\ &ckdifjynftwGuf aqmif&GufcJhbl;aMumif;ukd rSwfwrf;xJü azmfjy&ayonf/ vGwfvyf
a&;aemufyidk ;f wGiv f nf; &ckid jf ynf\uHMur®mrSm odoo d momwk;d wufx;l jcm;vmonf[k rqko d mao;ay/ rsK;d cspf
pdwfxufoefoef bcifaumif;\om;yDopGm (1909)ckESpfavmufwGif vltenf;i,fwkdYESihf a&SUaqmifzGJUpnf;
xm;onfh ynmawmfoif axmufyHha&;tzGJUxJwGif ( )¤if;tzGJUukd pwifxnfaxmifum wOD;uyif
t&G,Ef iS rfh vku d af tmif ZGaJ umif;onfh vkyo f m;aumif;uav;wpfO;D jzpfcv hJ monf/ xkt d zGUJ ukd pwifwnfaxmif
vmcJMh uolrsm;rSm armifux H ;l rSwo f m;xm;oavmuf xkt d cgu olu, dk wf idk tf ygt0if? OD;armifomvS? OD;ausmZf H
(or0g,rNrKd Utky)f ( )OD;a&Tv?S ausmufawmfausmZf v H S (q&mwmaw)OD;vSazmfp?H OD;a&To;D (½ly&Gm) OD;olawmf
(*smxl;)½ly&Gm? OD;pHa&TO;D (ausmufawmfNrKd Upma&;Bu;D OD;ZmeD;atmif\om;)wkt Yd jyif tjcm;tenf;i,frQ yg0ifMu
onf)/
aemufyidk ;f wGif rdZ&H mG rS a&SUaeOD;ausmZf v H ?S a&SUae OD;xGe;f atmif (aemuftrsK;d om;ausmif;q&mBu;D )wk\ Yd
ulnDrIukd &,lí þy#doaE¨wnfcg&Sdao;aomtzGJUukd a&SUokdYqufvufwnfwHhckdifNrJa&; tajccHtkXfjrpfukd
pkdufxl cJhMuavonf/
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 3
þowif;onf wpfpxufwpfp? wk;d wufBu;D yGm;vmcJ&h m ,cktcsed t f cgüum; &HyaHk iGtyk cf sKyaf &;tzGUJ
aumfrwDwcku pDrHtkyfcsKyfxm;NyD;vQif ulnDaxmufyHhrIukd vkdtyfí &oifh&xkdufaom ynmawmfoifwkdYtm;
qufvufí &efuek wf uúov kd yf nm&yfrsm;ukd (tifew
f m)twef;xd oifMum;Ekid af tmif wvvQi(f 60)usyu f spD
axmufyHhaMu;ay;vQuf oifMum;apí ,cktxd wnfNrJwnf&Sdaeao;onfukd tm;&0rf;ajrmufbG,f&m
awGU&onfhtwGuf vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd aus;Zl;wif&ayrnf/
(armifuHxl;rSwfpk-pmrsufESm 15-16)
ausmufawmf trsKd;om;ausmif;
ouú&mZf (1920)ckESpfukefqkH;cgeD;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf oydwfBuD;ay:aygufvmaomtcg?
ausmufawmfNrdKUü t*Fvdyfjrefrmtv,fwef;trsKd;om;ausmif;( )wausmif;ukd armifuHxl;
uk,d wf idk f ol\bcif OD;pHabmfO;D \oabmwlncD sut f & OD;F pD;íwnfaxmifziG v hf pS cf ahJ vonf/ (yXrbke;f awmfBu;D
ausmif;teD;ü&Sdaom ykdufonf&yf&Gmaetdrfrsm; OykofZ&yftkd;üvnf;aumif;? 'kwd,tBudrfNrdKUopfq&mawmf
ausmif;teD;&Sd OD;vSxeG ;f atmif\ tdrw f iG vf nf;aumif;? wwd,ausmufawmfq&mawmfbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;ESifh
"r®½kHteD;? aAm"dESpfyg;\aemufem;wGif 0g;ausmif;aqmufvkyfívnf;aumif;? pwkw¬ ¤if;teD;&Sd ylZmEk*¾[
"r®m½kH taqmuftOD;üvnf;aumif;? aemufqkH; armifuHxl;u olwkdY\ ajrwefbkd;rygbJ xkdtcgu ol\
rdom;pkwpfckwnf;xHrS usyfaiG(20000dausmf)wef tkXft*Fawcif;? oGyfrkd;? ysOfpD? ysOfaxmif txufatmuf
av;cef;pD&Sdaom ausmif;waqmifukd NrdKUopf&yfüvnf;aumif;? ausmif;pwifzGifhvSpfonfh tcgrSpí
ukefusorQp&dwfukd ¤if;wpfOD;wnf;om tukeftuscHcJhonf[k qkd&avmufatmif aiG[lorQukd NrdKU&GmrS
&oavmuf tultnDjzihf ¤if;uyif rdom;pkukd,fpm; pkdufxlay;cJhavonf/
(armifuHxl;rSwfpk-pmrsufESm 17)
þvkyif ef;pcgpwGif armifux H eG ;f \nD OD;pHxeG ;f atmif\ &if;ES;DS aomrdwaf qG ordwaf rSmufwuúov fkd f
ausmif;om; OD;omvGe;f atmiftjyif ,cktcg a&SUaetvkyjf zihf toufarG;aeMuolrsm;jzpfMuaom ,ckarmifuH
xl;\a,mufzOD;pHxeG ;f atmifEiS fh NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Uü ,cka&SUaevkyaf eaom OD;armifausmw f Ydk yg0ifMuaom rsK;d csppf w d f
xufoefMuonhfvli,fwpfpkwkdY\ taxmuftuljyKrIrsm;ukd rsm;pGm&&SdcJhavonf/ tqkdygausmif;wGif
armifuHxl;ukd ukd,fwkdif apwem0efxrf;ausmif;tkyfBuD;? ( )[k ac:wGifaom ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESihf
twef;jyq&mtjzpfjzihf ESpt f awmfMumaqmif&u G íf ausmif;\tajctjrpfudk wnfNraJ pcJo h nf/ aemufyidk ;f wGif
ausmif;q&mt&nftcsi;f ESijfh ynhpf NHk y;D vuf0q J &dk ,
S v f pf0g'ukd ESpNf cKd u,
f MHk unfouf0ifMuaom ausmif;tkyq f &m
Bu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;(ywåm;)tkycf sKyrf aI tmufwiG f q&mOD;cs;D 'k;d ESifh tjcm;q&m-q&mrwpkw\ Ydk ulnrD jI zihf tqkyd g
ausmif;onf txl;yif pnfum;vsuf emrnfay:xGuaf usmMf um;vmcJah vonf/ pdw"f mwfudk wuf<uapEdik af om
ynmay;taqmufttkH txajrmufatmifjrifapjcif;iSm ukd,fusKd;ukd riJhbJ 0ifa&mufvkyftm;ay;cJhMuaom
q&mq&mrrsm;rSm azmfjycJah om rsK;d csprf sm;tjyif OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;? OD;atmifxeG ;f jzL? OD;cs;D 'k;d ? OD;apmvSO;D ? a':MumZH
jzL? a':pHa&TjzL? OD;vSazmfol? OD;apm? OD;armifa&Tom? OD;atmifausmfxGef; ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/ (1942)ckESpf
aemufqkH;&yfwnfí &SdaecJhaomrsKd;cspfq&mwpkwkdYrSm OD;csD;'kd;q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;vSazmfol?
OD;atmifausmx f eG ;f ? OD;atmifoef;wkjYd zpfMuonf/ ausmifom;OD;a&rsm;jym;vmonfEiS t fh rQ oefjY yefu
Y s,0f ef;aom
pmoifcef;rsm; vkdtyfvmjyefonfESihf armifuHxl;uyif ausmif;okH;y&dabm*tjynhftpkHtygt0if us,f0ef;
oefYjyefYí ckdifcefYawmifhwif;aom ESpfxyfausmif;aqmifwpfckudk txufuazmfjychJhonfhtwkdif; aqmufvkyf
vSL'gef;cJhavonf/
þtcsdefwGif armifuHxl;\bcif uG,fvGefNyD;jzpfayonf/ &ckdifjynfwckvkH;wGif ppfawGNrdKUrSwyg;?
t*Fvdyfjrefrmtv,fwef; trsKd;om;ausmif;qkdí? þwausmif;wnf;omvQif ausmufawmfNrdKUü wnf&Sd
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 4
ay:aygufcb hJ ;l &m urÇmppfBu;D aMumihf umvysuo f nftxd þpmoifausmif; wnfNrEJ idk cf ahJ vonf/ xkt d csed x f d
wvvQif (200)usyu f spaD usmif;taqmuftOD;twGuf tpk;d &xHr&S aiGuv dk nf; tpk;d &taxmuftyHu h dk vufcH
onfhaeYrSpí ausmif;&HykHaiGxJokdY vSL'gef;cJhonf/ ArmjynftESHYtjym;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif; pwifwnfaxmif
Muí (3)ESpaf jrmuf (1923)ckEpS f 'kid t f mcDtpk;d &tzGUJ xJü ( )OD;armifBu;D ynma&;Xme wm0efcjH zpfvmonftcsed f
Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ukd axmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef[k (1920)ckESpf &efukef wuúodkvf
tufOya' jyifqifcsuw f &yfudk OD;bazu wifoiG ;f í twnfjyKonft h wGuf tpk;d &axmufyahH Mu;ukd ppfawGNrKd U
trsKd;om;ausmif;tygt0if ausmif;trsm;pku vufcHMuavonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmufawmftrsKd;om;ausmif;
aumfrwDurlum; ukd,fxlukd,fxpHepfukd omvQif usihfokH;vkdaomqE´&Sdí acgif;rmpGmESihf taxmuftyHhukd
rcH,lbJ &yfwnfaecJh&mrS (1928)ckESpf ynma&;0efBuD; OD;b&ifonf ausmufawmf"r®m½kH trsKd;om;ausmif;okdY
vma&muf cs;D jri§ o hf nft h csed f tusK;d oifah Mumif; þaumfrwDvBl u;D rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;Ny;D rSomvQif aemifEpS u f mv
&SnfMumpGm ( )ausmif;oufwrf;wnfwefYckdifNrJ&efudk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzihf axmufyHhaMu;ukd
vufcH&ef oabmwlMuavonf/ (1923-24)ynma&;ESpfrSpí ausmif;om;wpfa,mufvQif wESpfukd (15d^-
uspDjzihf þrjzpfpavmufaom axmufyHhaMu;ukd &&SdMuonf/ aemufykdif;wGif avQmhaiG( )\ (2)ykH(1)ykH
ukd xkwfay;ae&mrS (1930)ESpfavmufwGif (3)ykH(2)ykHokdY wkd;jr§ifhí axmufyHhaMu;ukd (1942)ckESpfxd &cJhonf/
y&dabm*taqmuftODtwGuf ukefusp&dwfw0ufukdvnf; xkwfay;cJhonf/ ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm vpmukd
tpkd;&cGifhjyKEIef;twkdif; &onf[k aiG&ajypmwGif vufrSwfxkd;ay;aomfvnf; olwkdYtrSefwu,f&&SdaomaiGrSm
r0pmrQwavmuf½kHpm;aomuf&eftwGuf rQavmufomjzpfonf/ armifuHxl;uJhodkY apwem0efxrf; trsKd;om;
ynmukd vkv d m;tm;ay;Muukeaf om 0HomEkrsK;d cspyf *k Kd¾ vrf sm;vnf; wdik ;f jynftcsKUd a'orsm;ü yg0ifun l cD MhJ uonf?
ynmt&nftcsif;ESihfjynhfpkHí txufwef;&mxl;ukd vufvSrf;rDEdkifaom 0HomEktrsKd;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;
tepfemcH( )Edkif&nf&Sdaom pdwfaeoabmxm; apwemonf tzkd;rjzwfEdkifaomwefbkd;&Sdayonf/
ESpaf ygif;(23)ESpu f mvywfv;Hk trsK;d om;pdw"f mwfynmay; vIy&f mS ;rIonf jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk 0vGwv f yfa&;&aMumif;
c&D;pOfü ta&;ygt&ma&mufaomrkdifwkdifvkdwpfckjzpfcJhonfukd 0efcH&ayrnf/
(armifuHxl; rSwfpk-pmrsufESm 18-19)
armifuHxl;\EkdifiHa&;vkyfoufwpfavQmufvkH;wGif EkdifiHjcm;om;vufatmuf uRefoabmufb0rS
vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; uRwfvGwfEdkifonfhtjrKawukd xkdacwfxkdtcgu txift&Sm;taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhaom
tqkyd gtrsK;d om;ausmif; taqmufttkEH iS w fh uG ynmoifMum;a&;ü txpftaighr&Sad p&ef &HyaHk iGrcsKUd wJ&h atmif
uk,d bf &d ifbad jrawmifajrm§ ufay;Ekid cf jhJ cif;onf ¤if;\b0woufwmwGif *kP, f tl Ekid q
f ;Hk aom vkyif ef;jzpfcahJ y
onf/ xkt d csed t f cgu Ekid if aH &;Ed;k Mum;rIbufwiG f ausmufawmfNrKd Uonf ppfawGNrKd UESifh &ifabmifwef;í xdyw f ef;rS
yg0ifqifETJEdkifcJhonf/ ausmufawmfNrdKU\EkdifiHa&; tqifhtwef;jrifhwufvm&jcif;\taMumif;t&if;rSm
armifux H ;l *kP, f cl ahJ om aus;Zl;&Sib f cifBu;D ESiwhf uG rdom;pktygt0if awma&mNrKd UygvlxEk iS w hf uG trsK;d om;
ausmif;rS q&m? q&mrwkdY\xufoefaom apwemtultnDjzihf ¤if;ukd,fwkdif
(pm-19-20)
xlaxmifay;cJah om ausmif;\t&Sed t f 0gESifh aemufyidk ;f wGif xkad usmif;rS arG;xkwv f u
dk af om q&mBu;D
OD;atmifxeG ;f OD; trSL;jyKaom q&mq&mrrsm;\ ynm&ifEu Ydk dk aomufo;Hk Mu&aom wynho f m;aumif;wkaYd Mumihf
yif jzpfavonf/ ppfawGNrdKU trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif; tkXfwkduf taqmuftOD;ukd aqmufvkyf&müvnf;
armifuHxl;xHrS aMu;aiGtultnDyg0ifcJhonhftjyif ausmufawmfrS ppfawGNrdKUokdY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifpOf ¤if;
ukd,fwkdif ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD0ifwpfOD;taejzihfvnf; tusKd;aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
(pm-20)
(armifuHxl; rSwfpkrS aumufEIwfonf)
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 5
trsKd;om;ausmif;&HykHaiG&SmazGjcif;
jrefrmjynfwjynfvkH;ü? &efukefwuúodkvfoydwfBuDF;ukd taMumif;jyKí wnfaxmifMuaom trsKd;om;
ausmif;rsm;pGm ay:aygufvmonfEiS w fh NyKd ief ufwnf;rSmyif armifux H ;l uk,d w f idk f cspcf if,, k pGm jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;
aom ausmufawmfNrdKU trsKd;om;pmoifausmif;onf Zd0defcsKyf&awmhrnfhtajcodkY qkdufa&mufavmufatmif?
ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ onf b@ma&;tcuftcJMuyfwnf;rIEiS fh &ifqidk af e&awmhonf/ okEYd iS ahf usmif;q&mBu;D
OD;atmifxGef;OD; vufaxmufq&m OD;csD;'dk;(,ck z-q-y-v)tzGJUcsKyf 'kwd,taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)ESifh
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU twGif;a&;rSL; OD;ñkdvSjzL
(pm-22)
wkdYonf ausmif;&HykHaiG&&Sda&; jyóemukd rnfonfhenf;jzihf ajz&Sif;oifhaMumif;ESihf enf;vrf;&SmazG&ef
twGuf armifux H ;l xHov Ydk ma&mufaqG;aEG;Muavonf/ b@ma&;tajctaerSm tvGet f vGeq f ;dk &Gm;aeojzihf
avmavmq,f &HyaHk iG&&efwpfcw k nf;aomenf;vrf;rSm &mZOya'ukd cPwmrQarhavQmx h m;í jyKvyk pf &m&So d nf
wku Yd dk wk;H wku d w f u
dk f wkid w f u dk w f udk f rku d ½f ;l &Jvyk &f efom &Sad wmh&m ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;aumfrw D o D nf txufazmfjy
yg rsK;d cspo f ;Hk OD;wk\ Yd tultnDjzihf armifux H ;l \vrf;ñTepf eG pYf m;Mu&ef tBuaH y;onft h wkid ;f Ekid if jH cm;om;t&if;
&Sifrsm; (cspfwD;ukvm;rsm;\) pD;yGm;a&;ukd xdckdufonf[k rqkdpavmufaomtcsif;t&m enf;pHepfjzihf &HykHaiG&
atmif pDraH qmif&u G af y;rIaMumihf tqkyd gtrsK;d om;ausmif; qufvufwnfNrrJ u I dk &oGm;Ekid cf ahJ vonf/ tu,fí
armifux H ;l uom þudpüö rdrt d qift h wef;tcGit hf a&;ukd tpGr;f uket f ok;H jyKí vdrm® yg;eyfpmG ESifh rcs,v f , S f
Edik cf yhJ grlum; xkad usmif;ukd ydw f vf u dk &f Ny;D q&m q&mrwkrYd mS vnf; tvkyv f ufrjhJ zpfaeMu&í? pDrt H yk cf sKyaf &;tzGUJ
0if vlBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; xkduJhokdY rkduf½l;&Jwapmufuef; jyKvkyfrIaMumifh tBuD;tus,f'ku©rsm;Mu&rnfhtjyif
ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; z½kdz&JjzpfMu&aytkH;rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfavonf/
(&HykHaiG&SmazGykHukd tusOf;tm;jzihf azmfjy&rnfqkdvQif)
(pm-22-23)
bmomra&G; vlrsKd;ra&G; ajrykdifv,fykdif[lorQwkdYxHrS ¤if;wkdYykdifqkdifaom v,fajrw{uvQif pyg;ig;
awmif;uspD okdYr[kwf xkdypönf;\umvwefbkd;ESihf nDrQaomaMu;aiGukd arwåm&yfawmif;cHjcif;jzpfonf/ &ckdif
trsK;d om;v,fyidk &f iS rf sm;ESifh &ckid rf q l viftrsK;d om;rsm;u a&Sma&Sm½I½yI if &HyaHk iGxo J Ydk xnf0h ifay;vSLMujim;aomf
vnf; cspw f ;D ukvm;vlrsK;d v,fyidk &f iS rf sm;url ryg0if rxnfv h LS Muacs/ xkt d csed x f t dk cgu pyg;ay:csed jf zpfaeí
ol(cspfwD;)wkdY ykdifaom *kda'giftwGif;tjyifü v,form;BuD;rsm;xHrS v,faumufcukd aumufcH&,lNyD; olwkdY*kd
a'giftwGi;f tjyifü pkyx Hk m;aompyg;rS ntcg vlpv k al 0;jzihf twif;0ifa&muf,il ifNy;D vQif umvaygufaps;EIe;f
ESifh a&mif;csí &HyaHk iGxüJ jznfph u G Mf uavonf/ cspw f ;D ukvm;rsm;u &efuek üf &Sad om ]]emawmukw d , D m cspw f ;D
toif;csKy}f }odYk aMu;eef;½ku d í f wkid Mf um;&m qkid &f mu ta&;,lvmonft h cg ppfawGNrKd Uü&Sad om &ckid rf sK;d cspt f &m&Sd
Bu;D i,f(txl;ojzihf ta&;ykid f OD;pHatmif)wk\ Yd tumtuG,af y;rIaMumifo h mvQif &mZ0wfrjI ypf'PfrS vGwu f if;
&avonf/ (ykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwmtvDZHwmonf xkdtcsdefü ppfawGNrdKUwGif &Sdaecsdefjzpfonf/
(pm-23)
e0rtBudrf ( )nDvmcHokdYwufjcif;
þpmoifausmif;ü apwemh0efxrf;ausmif;tkyBf u;D ESifh twef;jyq&mtvkyu f dk yl;aygif;aqmif&u

G af epOf
armifux H ;l onf jrefrmEkid if üH wpfcwk nf;aom tBu;D qk;H Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ (*s-D pD-bD-at)ESifh ( )qufo, G xf m;
aom a&SUaeOD;jrxGe;f OD;pD;onfh ausmufawmfNrKd U &u©y&l toif;wGif twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfc&hJ m &ckid jf ynfEikd if aH &;tzGUJ
\ ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfjzihf txufwef;a&SUaeBuD;? &ckdifjynftoif;( )\ukd,fpm;vS,f OD;apmvSatmif
ESit
fh wl (1921)ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv(21)&uf(1203)ckEpS f oDwif;uRwv f jynhaf usmf 5&uf)aomMumaeYuyif
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 6
¤if;v (24)&ufaeYtxd rEÅav;NrdKU wm&Jwef;wGif eHeuf(8)em&Dtcsdefupwifusif;yaom e0rBudrfajrmuf
(*sD - pD - bD - at)ES p f y wf v nf nD v mcH o k d Y wuf a &muf c J h o nf / nD v mcH w G i f zG i f h v S p f a om yXraeY w G i f
&ckid jf ynfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;u nDvmcHxajrmufatmifjrifapaMumif;ukd &ckid jf ynfrS aMu;eef;½ku d íf ay;vku d af om
pum;vufaqmifukd nDvmcHü zwfjyí aomif;aomif;zszs Mobmay;Muonf/ þnDvmcHukd 'kwd,aeYü
&ckdifjynftoif;0if &efukefNrdKUae rEÅav;xGef;atmif ac: OD;xGef;atmifu ppfawGc½kdif NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;u
awmif;qkdaom bl;oD;awmif0efaxmufrpöwma&; ( )
(pm-23)
\ bke;f Bu;D ukd owfaomtrIudk jynforl sm; aMueyfatmif ppfaq;oiho f nf[k tqkw d ifoiG ;f í nDvmcH
uvufccH o hJ nf/ ppfawGNrKd UrSty &ckid jf ynftoif;0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom tif;pdeNf rKd U OD;zk;d vS? vufyw H ef; OD;vlBu;D wkYd
wufa&mufaqG;aEG;onfukd armifuHxl;awGU&SdcJh\/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
¤if;nDvmcHü wnDwñGwfwnf; axmufcHtwnfjyKMuaom tqdkfrsm;teuf þae&mü azmfjy&ef
qDavsmaf om tqkrd sK;d ukd azmfjy&vQif (1)ud, k yf idk t
f yk cf sKyaf &; [kr½® ;l xufavQmí h vufrcH 'kid t f muDtyk cf sKyaf &;
pepfukd ,laqmifvmaom qm-at-tufzf0Iduf(uf)ukd oydwfarSmuf&ef (2)a0vrif;om;<ua&mufvmjcif;
( ) ukd oydwfarSmuf&ef (3)EkdifiHjcm;ukefypönf;rsm; wcsKdU txnftvdyftygt0ifukd oydwfarSmuf&ef
(4)bGUJ wHqyd f tyfEiS ;f jcif;ukd vufrcHbJ tyfEiS ;f Ny;D aom bGUJ xl;wHqyd w f u
Yfdk dk tpk;d &okjYd yefay;&ef (5)(1282)ckEpS ?f
wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (10)&uf? (1921)ckEpS f 'DZifbmv? (5)&ufaeYudk wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmuf
aomaeYukd trsKd;om;aeY owfrSwf&efwkdYjzpfavonf/ nDvmcHüwifoGif;rnfhtqkdrsm;ukd pDppfa&G;cs,f&ef
wm0efay;xm;aom pDppfa&;aumfrwDu a&G;cs,ftwnfjyKMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHü rSSDwif;aexdkdifMuukefaom jrefrm

(pm-23-24)
rsKd;cspfrsm;ESifhwuG EkdifiHawmfukd *kPfjyKaomtm;jzihf aeYxl ;aeYjrwf wpfaeYaeYukd a&G;cs,fí
trsK;d om;aeY tjzpf owfrw S o
f ifah Mumif; tqkw d &yfudk pwkwa¬ eYusi;f yaom nDvmcHBu;D u twnfjyKvyk o f nfh
twkdif; trsKd;om;aeYukd owfrSwfa&G;cs,f&mwGif wcsKdUaumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;u oDaygbk&if ygawmfrlaeYukd
BudKufESpfoufMuívnf;aumif;? wcsKdUaomacgif;aqmifrsm;u q&mawmfOD;Owårukd zrf;qD;aom aeYukd
vnf;aumif;? trsKd;om;aeY owfrSwf&efudpöüom oabmuGJvGJaeMu&m trf-at OD;armifBuD;u wuúodkvf
Oya'ukd oydwarSmufaomaeYukd trsKd;om;aeYowfrSwf&ef tBuHay;&m trsm;pku tvGef avsmufywf
oifhavsmfonf[k oabm&Muí ¤if;aeYukdyif trsKd;om;aeY[k owfrSwf&ef twnf jyKMuonf/ ¤if;aeY
nDvmcHwiG f wuúov dk af usmif;om; acgif;aqmif ukjd rifu h tqkw d pf&yftaeESiwfh ifoiG ;f í &ckid jf ynfrS tm&uH
tqkdaw;jcif;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKaom armifuHxl;wkdYtygt0if nDvmcHu wcJeufvIdufvIdufvSJvSJ axmufcH
Muavonf/
Ä
a0vrif;om; jrefrmEdkifiHokdY vnfywfwkdif;cPf;vSnhfvnf&eftwGuf a&mufvmonfhtcg 0rf;om

tm;&pGmESihf BudKqkdí
(pm-24-26)
trlt&mukdrjybJ oydwfarSmuf&eftqkdukd &ckdifjynftoif;0if OD;xGef;vSu nDvmcH'kwd,aeYwGif
tus,w f 0ifh &Si;f vif;ajymqkNd y;D tqkw
d ifoiG ;f onf/ armifux
H ;l wkYd wnf;ckcd ahJ om tdr&f iS 0f wfvHk OD;jrOD;uvnf;
wuf<upGm0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;ukd awGUjrifcJh&\/
(pm-26)
(armifuHxl;rSwfpkrS aumufEIwfonf)
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 7
rif*vGef; *sDpDbDat ESihf 'kdYArmociftpnf;t½kH;ukd wufa&mufjcif;
armifuHxl;onf ausmufawmfNrKdUwGif wnfaxmifxm;aom &u©yl&toif;\ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfjzihf
rEÅav;NrKd Uü usi;f yaom e0rtBurd af jrmuf *spD b D aD t nDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufco hJ nft h jyif &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m
wkid ;f &if;om; tpnf;t½k;H uk, d pf m;vS,tf jzpfjzihvf nf; (1940)ckEpS f ZGev f twGi;f u rEÅav;NrKd U &Sr;f pk&yf bk&m;
BuD;wmü usif;ycJhaom a'gufwmbarmf qif;&Jom;ygwD\0g'ukd vufcHaom rif;*vGef *sDpDbDat nDvmcHokdY
wufa&mufcí hJ a'gufwmbarmf\ 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D xJü jrefrmryg0if rula&;ESiyfh wfoufaom trde(dYf 7)csuf
ukd axmufcHcJhavonf/ (¤if;ESpfMo*kwfvaemufykdif;wGif a'gufwmbarmftzrf;cH&í? axmifusonfrSm
þtrdefY (7)csufaMumihfyifjzpfonf/ þokdYnDvmcHaemufqkH;aeYü a'gufwmbarmf qif;&Jom;ygwD\
ppfwGiftmPm&Sif ( )bGJUukd nDvmcHu wnDwñGwfwnf; tyfESHMuavonf/ tmPm&Sifu
atmufygtrde(Yf 7)csuu f dk nDvmcHü xkwjf yefaMujimawmhonf/ (1)jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm; uk, d Mhf ur®mukd uk, d v f w G v f yf
pGmqk;H jzwfciG rfh &oa&GUumvywfv;Hk NAw d o d QppfatmifEidk af &;ü 0ifa&mufíruln&D ef (2)wAkv d u
f svQif wAkv d f
wufí ol\vrf;pOftwkdif; aqmif&Gufygrnf[k-
(pm-29)
eD;&mausmif;uefb&k m;ü t"dXmefjyK&ef (3) vkypf &m&So d nfwu Ydk dk aqmif&u G &f ef? zGUJ pnf;vwåUH aomtzGUJ
( )twGi;f ü yg0ifqifE&JT ef (4)xdyw f ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ trdet Yf mPmukd wdusreS u f efpmG vku d ef m&ef
(5)wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf qifhac:&eftwGuf pkdif;jyif;&ef (6)tmPm&Sifukd zrf;qD;onhftcg rnfonfhtcg
rqkd tmPm&Sifu tmPmtyfESif;xm;jcif;ukd cH&aomyk*¾dKvfokH;OD;yg0ifaom aumifpDujzpfap okdYr[kwf
aumifpDukd aemufxyfqufcHaomtzGJUu ñTefMum;csufay;onfhtwkdif; vTwfvyfa&;yef;wkdifokdY wufa&muf
onftxd rem;rae BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfoGm;Mu&ef
tmPm&Sif\tpGrf;ukef tmPmtyfESif;jcif;cH&aom aumifpD0ifokH;OD;rSm (1) a'gufwmodrf;armif
(2) a':cifrrarmf (3) AE¨Kv OD;pdefwkdYjzpfMuonf/
¤if;tjyif 'kAYd rmocif tpnf;t½k;H u yJc;l ü (1941)ckEpS af emufq;Hk usi;f yEkid cf ahJ om ocifwif obmywd
tjzpf aqmif&Gufaom awmifolv,form;nDvmcHokdYvnf; &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;
( )\ ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfjzihf wufa&mufí tm;ay;ulnDcJhavonf/ ¤if;nDvmcHü ocifjrukd xkdtzGJU\
em,utjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufMuavonf/
(pm-30)
ppfawGaxmifa&SU qE´jyjcif;
q&mawmfAk'¨&mZOD;em*dEónf ppfawGtusOf;axmifxJü &[ef;udpöBuD;i,fwkdYukd rjyKvkyf&ojzihf
uk,d w
f ;Hk vk;H jzihf qE´jyaeonft h wGuf ajcaxmufEpS b f ufudk a'gufcwfNy;D 'Pfay;xm;í tvGeq f if;&J'u
k c© pH m;
ae&onftaMumif;ukd owif;&í trdefYawmf& ppfawGtrsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif
acgif;aqmifaom armifux H ;l wkYd vltyk Bf u;D onf axmifb;l 0okYd oGm;a&mufNy;D uefu Y u
G q
f E´jyMuonf/ xkaYd emuf
axmifykdifrsufESmjzL q&m0efBuD;aetdrfa&SUüvnf; [pfatmfqE´jyuefYuGufMuonfhtwGuf rMumjrifhrDumv
twGif;rSmyif oHwGJNrdKUtusOf;axmifodkY a&TUajymif;ay;vkdufaMumif;ukd od&onf/ rEÅav;NrdKUrS q&mawmf
OD;aZmwdu acgif;aqmifaom &[ef;ysKdrsm;u xufatmufax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onfvnf; EkdifiH
awmfvw G v
f yfa&;twGuf *s-D pD-bD-at Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ aygif;pkEH iS hf vufwu
JG m Ekid if aH &;e,fxoJ Ydk yg0ifvmMuonfudk
awGUjrif&awmhonf/ &ckid jf ynftygt0if jrefrmjynftESt YH jym; oCFor*¾tzGrJY sm;vnf; omoema&;? Ekid if aH &;
(2)ckpvkH;wkdY 'GefwGJí EkdifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&;twGuf wGef;uefrIwkdufyGJqifEGJ&mü tifwkduftm;wkduf tm;ay;um
yg0ifvmMuawmhonf/ &ckdifjynf-
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 8
(pm-36-37)
oCFor*¾DtzGJUcsKyf\ em,u obmywdrSm ppfawGNrdKU a&TapwDausmif;wkdufq&mawmf OD;awZm&mr
jzpfonf/
(pm-37)
'kdiftmuDOya'jyKaumifpDa&G;yGJ
rGefaw*l-csrf;pazmh tpD&ifcHpmt& tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJvmrIumvtwGif;ESifh 'kwd,tBudrf
ajrmuf 'kid tf muDOya'jyKaumifpD a&G;aumufyüJG ppfawGNrKd UrS rJqEé,ftwGuf ypön;f Opöm<u,f0aomolw\ Ydk
ukd,fpm;vnftjzpf &efukefNrdKUrSm aeaom &ckdiftrsKd;tEG,f a&½SKc&pfbmom0iftrsKd;om;xJrS [ife&D
OD;bk;d apm(tif'yD if'h if)h okrYd [kw(f *k;d vf'if;A,fvyD gwD) ( )qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;wk\
Yd zufrS a&SUaeOD;jrxGe;f
(21-OD;okdYr[kwf e,f&Sife,fvdwf odkYr[kwf jynfolygwD)wkdY ,SOfNydKifta&G;cH&m OD;jrxGef; tEkdif&&Sda&;twGuf
ppfawGNrdKUwGif &yfuGuftpnf;ta0;rsKd; jyKvkyfcg ulnDaqmif&GufMuaomolrsm;bufrS armifuHxl;vnf;
yg0if qifETJcJhavonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
armifux H ;l rSm ausmufawmfNrKd Uü OD;jrxGe;f a&SUaeOuúXtjzpf OD;aqmifaom&u©y&l toif;wGif twGi;f
a&;rSL;tjzpf yg0ifaomaMumihfwaMumif; ¤if;tjyif a&G;aumufyGJtcgü OD;[ife&Dbkd;apmukd qefYusifaom
EkdifiHa&;w&m; a[majymjcif; ponfrsm;twGufaMumifhvnf;aumif; armifuHxl;rSm aiGaMu;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
ay;qyfp&m&Sdaom OD;jrxGef;\ twkdufbufawmfom;jzpfaomNrD&Sif-
(pm-37)
OD;&Jausmfol ukrPD\pD;yGm;a&; tMuyfukdifjcif;( )\ wefjyef½kdufcwfrIukd cHcJh&onf/
(pm-38)
pD;yGm;a&;uyfqkdufjcif;
awmifov l ,form;rsm; tm;xm;rScD adk e&aom wpfcw k nf;aom arQmv f ifch sujf zpfonfh pyg;aps;EI;H onf
yXrurÇmppf\ 'gPfcsuaf Mumihf ppfNy;D aemufyidk ;f wGif 'va[musqif;vm&m 0,f,rl nfo h l r&So
d avmufaom
tajctaejzpfvmí ppfawGNrdKU pyg;ta&mif;t0,fqdyfurf;jzpfaom qwf½kd;usacsmif;wavQmufü ykHaeaom
pyg;ykrH sm; rk;d a&rdNy;D tyifxu G yf w
k o
f ;dk aeaom wcsKUd pyg;ukd ukvm;wefjrpfxo J Ydk ykid &f iS u
f ykud q
f aH Mu;aiGtukef
tuscu H m o,f,v l iT yhf pf&onftxd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeysupf ;D qkw, f w k v f m&m v,fyidk &f iS Ef iS fh awmifov l ,f
orm;rsm; ukefonfrsm; v,fykdifv,fvkyf ( )rsm;rSm wkdif;&if;om; aiGacs;pm; NrD&Sifrsm;ESifh tdE´d,
jynfom; cspw f ;D ukvm; aiGacs;pm;rsm; vufxo J Ykd rdrw
d yYdk idk qf idk &f mvkyu
f idk pf m;aomufcahJ om v,f,majrrsm;ukd
xk;d tyfc&hJ í ajrrJ, h mrJh v,fo;D pm; pm&if;iSm; ulvjAwfx;dk acgif;&Gut f vkyv f ufrhJ ponfb h 0okYd oufqif;Mu
&ayonf/ þuJhodkYaom vlrIa&;pHepfqkd; pD;yGm;a&; oHo&mpufBuD;\ Budwf0g;jcif;uyfBuD;rS armifuHxl;\
rdom;pkESihf wjcm;aomawmNrdKUv,fykdif&Sifuav;rsm;wkdYonfvnf; rvGefqefEdkifcJhacs/ &ckdifwkdif;\ NrdKUawmf
jzpfaom ppfawGNrdKUrSm xif&Sm;aom om"uukd azmfjy&mü-
(pm-39)
jyKpkaumif;[k emrnfausmfMum;aom ( )jyKpkv,fajrykdif&SifBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;c'D;atmif?
'gvSzOD; OD;xGef;atmifESifh wjcm;jyKpkaumif;tvyfpm;NrdKUe,frsm;rS ajrykdif&Sifrsm;rSmvnf; ppfawGNrdKU
aiGacs;Xme NrD&Sif OD;&Jausmfol ukrÜPDvufxJokdY aiGa&;aMu;a&;tm;jzihf tquftoG,f&Sdaejcif; tp&Sdaom
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 9
taMumif;trsKd; rsKd;wkdYaMumihf olwkdY\tbkd;te*¢xkdufwefaom ( )jyKpkv,f,majrrsm;ukd
wefbkd;csKdompGmESihfyif xkd;tyfvfkduf&avawmhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;uyfqkdufa&mufjcif;ukd tcGihfawmif;,lNyD;vQif?
tMuyfrukdif[lí NrD&Sifrsm;u v,fykdif&SifNrDpm;rsm;ukd jyefvnfevHxlEdkifap&ef tcGifhta&;ay;cJhygrl? NrD&SifESihf
NrDpm;ESpfOD;pvkH;\ tajctaerSm þrQqkd;0g;rnfr[kwfay/ vomwkef;Akdif;iif( )qkdaom aqmifyk'fonf
tcgcyfodrf;tokH;jyK&ef qDavQmfaom avSeH"m;xkdufaqmifyk'f r[kwfoifhay/
(pm-39)
&ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;zGJUpnf;jcif;
&ckdifjynfwGif tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wuGJwjym;r&SdbJ wzGJUwnf;om pnf;pnf;½kH;½kH;&Sdap&eftwGuf
q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm? OD;ynmoD[ trSL;jyKaom 0wfvkHOD;omZHvS? ODF;atmifxGef;OD;? (ausmufawmf trsKd;om;
ausmif;q&mBuD; a&SUae OD;jrxGef;? ODF;tpH tp&Sdaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tBudrfBudrfawGUqkHaqG;aEG; ñ§dEIdif;MuNyD;?
aemufqkH;wGif vuf&Sd tzGJUtpnf;tm;vkH;ukd zsufodrf;vQuf &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wdkif;&if;;om;tpnf;t½kH;ukd
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifMu&ef (1968)ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif; wefckd;q&mawmf OD;auwkausmif; tpnf;ta0;ü
oabmwlqkH;jzwfMuav onf/ ¤if;ESpfarvtwGif; rif;jym;NrdKUwGif OD;atmifxGef;OD; trSL;jyKaom OD;tpH?
OD;pHa&T('kdYvuf½kH;)ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;zkd;pHwkdY OD;aqmifvsuf usif;ycJhaom yxrtBudrfajrmuf &ckdifjynfvkH;
qkdif&m nDvmcHBuD;onf txufazmfjycJh aom tpnf;t½kH;BuD;\a&SUajy;yifjzpf\/ (1940)ckESpf arvtwGif;
aygufawmnDvmcHBuD;u &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;rsm; tpnf;t½kH; ( )ukd pwif
taumiftxnfazmfxkwfay;cJhavonf/ tpnf;t½kH:BuD;\ vlxktiftm;ukd (1941)ckESpf arvtwGif;
ausmufawmfnDvmcHBuD; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jyoEkdifcJh\/ oHwGJc½kdifrS ty &ckdifwjynfvkH;ukd pnf;½kH;cJhNyD;-
(pm-40)
&ckid v f x l tk m; jrefrmEkid if t
H wGi;f aexkid Mf uukeaf om vlrsK;d pmrsm;ESifh vufwu JG m vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
vrf;aMumif;ay:okdY wifykdYay;cJhEdkifonf/ tpkd;&tqufqufu &ckdifjynftm; vspfvsKxm;jcif;( )ukd cHae&
aom &ckid v f rl sK;d rsm;onf (1918)ck yxrurÇmppfBu;D Ny;D qk;H onft h cgrSpí ArmjynfrS Ekid if aH &;*,uf½u dk cf wfrI
aMumifh em;rsufaphyGifhvmcJhMuonf/ ( )EkdifiHa&; nDñGwfrI&&Sdaom &ckdifjynf ( )ü
wckwnf;aom &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH; ( )ukd atmifjrifpGm rzGJUpnf;EkdifrDtcsdef
umvu ½kef;uef ( )aeMuaom EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm-
1/ &ckdifjynftoif; ( )
2/ OD;tpHESihftaygif;ygwkdY\ Ekd;Mum;a&;toif;
3/ OD;ausmfOD;ESihf taygif;ygwkdY\ rsKd;cspftoif;
4/ OD;jrxGe;f ? OD;omZHv?S armifux H ;l ? OD;om&Sed ?f OD;bk;d ckid f tp&Sad omtaygif;ygwk\ Yd &ckid jf ynfv;Hk
qkdif&m BuD;yGm;a&;toif;/
5/ OD;pHa&T? OD;atmifxGef;jrESifh taygif;ygwkdY\ ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;? y½kd&Daw&D,uf( )toif;/
6/ ausmufawmfNrKd Uü (*spD b D aD t)ESiq fh ufo, G f ( )xm;aom oD;jcm;OD;jrxGe;f ? armifux H ;l wkEYd iS fh
aygif;ygwkdY\ &u©yl&toif;/
(pm-40)
7/ ausmufjzLc½kdif rmefatmifNrdKUü or0g,rtajccHaomuóu OD;bkd;jrESihf taygif;ygwkdY\
rsKd;cspftoif;/
jrefrmjynfrü&Sdaom 'kdYArmociftpnf;t½kH;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh qufoG,fí r[mrdwf
( )jyKvkyfxm;jcif;wkdYaMumihf xkdtpnf;t½kH;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuaom
ocifpkd;? ocifbaomfwkdY OD;aqmifaom tzGJUwckonf aygufawmnDvmcHodkY wufa&mufulnDjcif;tm;jzihf
armifuHxl; rSwfpk 10
wkd;jr§ifhvmcJhonf/ ausmufawmfNrdKUü usif;yaom nDvmcHüum; 'kdYArmociftpnf;t½kH;rS ocifjrESifh ZeD;
a':cifñGefY? ocifcifatmif? a'gufwmbarmf "m;rygwDrS trdefYawmf& OD;b0if;? ocifygwDtpnf;t½kH;ESihf
oifhjrwfeD;pyfaom ( )trsKd;orD; &ckdifjynfxJa&;0efBuD;a[mif; OD;rJatmif\orD; a':jrpdefwkdY
wufa&mufcsD;jr§ihfMuonf/ þnDvmcHukd usif;ypOf NAdwdoQtpkd;&tm; tMunftñkdysufap&ef EdkifiHa&;
w&m;a[mrIjzihf tpnf;t½kH;0if OD;ausmfOD;ukd brf;qD;vkdufonf/ nDvmcHtNyD;wGif &efukefokdYjyefoGm;Murnfh
'kAYd rmocif tpnf;t½k;H 0ifu, dk pf m;vS,f ocifcifatmifudk t*Fvyd t f pk;d & tkycf sKyaf &;ukd awmfveS &f ef vQK0d u
S f
pGm tiftm;pkaqmif;NyD; BuHpnfaeaMumif; jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJU( )\qkH;jzwfcsuft&
NAw d o
d Q ppfatmifEidk af &;twGuf tultnDray;&ef vIaYH qmfrI ponfwaYdk Mumihf ppfawGNrKd UwGif wnf;ckad eaom-
(pm-40-41)
wkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;\OuúX 0wfvkHOD;omZHvSaetdrfü umuG,fa&;Oya'yk'fr
(124 (u))ESihf brf;qD;vkdufonf/ ocifjrwkdYukd,fpm;vS,fvlpkonf acsmarmatmifjrifpGmNyD;pD;cJhonf/
ausmufawmfnv D mcHrS ppfawGNrKd UokYd jyefvmcJMh uNy;D &efuek o
f Ydk jyefomG ;Muonfo h abFmESiyfh if ocifcifatmifudk
vnf; w&m;cHtjzpfjzifh tapmifhta&SmufESihf tif;pdeftusOf;axmifodkY ykdYvkdufavonf/ xkdrSwzef olYukd rkH&Gm
tusO;f axmifoyYdk x Ydk m;&mrS (1942)ckEpS f 'kw,d urÇmppfaMumihf umvysucf sed rf mS xkad xmifrv S w
G x
f u G v
f mEdik cf hJ
onf[k od&onf/
armifuHxl; (pm-39)
91 Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; yXrvTwfawmf

wkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;wGif armifuHxl;onf (1942)ckESpf NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;
b&rf;bwm ysufpD;onftxd tvkyftrIaqmifwOD;taeESihf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhavonf/ xkdtcsdefu
ausmufawmfNrKd Uü wnfaxmifcahJ om &u©y&l toif;tzGUJ ukv d nf; ½kyo
f rd ;f Ny;D jzpfavonf/ (1935)ckEpS f Armjynf
tpkd;&tufOya't& zGJUpnf;vkdufaom (91)Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;yXrvGwfawmfodkY armifuHxl;onf ppfawGNrdKU
ta&SUykid ;f rJqEé,frS twku d t
f cHtrwfavmif;rsm;jzpfMuaom ppfawGNrKd U olaX;pk[ak c:wGiaf om yefvifawm
&yfuuG rf S trdeaYf wmf&a&SUae ausmif;q&ma[mif; OD;F pHa&Tz;l tjyif ppfawGNrKd UrS "e&Siaf Mu;a&wwfrsm;u ac:,l
aom &efukefNrdKUrS trdefYawmf&a&SUae &ckdiftrsKd;om; OD;pdefxGef;atmifwkdYESihf ,SOfNydKifta&G;cH&m a&G;aumufyGJ
pnf;urf;Oya't& wifBudKxm;&aom ( )aiGw&mtygt0if tao;tzGJUpkpkaygif; p&dwfpu aiG
(400d)ausmfavmufESifhyif rJqE´pkpkaygif; (31206)rJteuf? armifuHxl;u (7209)rJ&í OD;pdefxGef;atmifu
(2972)rJ? OD;pHa&Tzl;u (1991)rJuspD &Muojzihf olwkdYtwkdufcH(2)OD;pvkH;&aom rJaygif; (4663)rJxufyif
armifuHxl;u (2246)rJykdí &ojzihf (1936)ck Ekd0ifbmv (26)&ufaeYuyif (1942)ckESpfumvtwGif;wGif
olonf
(pm-41)
&ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t½kH;ukd,fpm; atmuffvTwfawmf ( )ü EkdifiHa&;udpö
t00ukd vTwfawmfxJü "e&Sif0g'vTrf;rkd;aeaom tm&uHygwD0ifwa,mufjzpfvifhupm; vlxk\tusKd;pD;yGm;
udpö&yfrsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcgwkdif;ü 'kdYArmociftpnf;t½kH;\ukd,fpm;vSS,frsm; jzpfMuaom ocifjr
ociftHhBuD; ocifvSwif? ocifvGef;abmfwkdYvlpkESihf aMumcsif;uyfí rsm;aomtm;jzihf twkduftcHbufrSaeí
om aqmif&GufcJhonf/ þuJhodkYaom tjyKtrlrsKd;ukd "e&Sif0g'BuD; vTrf;rkd;aeaom tm&uHygwD0iftrsm;pku
rBudKuf EkdifMuojzihf armifuHxl;ESihf tap;ruyfbJ &SdaecJh&m aemufqkH;wGif tm&uHygwDrS olxGufoGm;&
avmufatmif vTwfawmfxJü oD;pm;cuefYowfa&;Oya' ( )ukd twnfjyKvkduf&eftwGuf
wifoGif;&mü ygwDOuúX OD;a&TomESihf tacstwifajymqkd&aom aygufuGJrI ay:aygufcJhonf/
(pm-41-42)
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf Armt*FvefEdkfifiH rsufESmpkHnDtpnf;ta0;
1933 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbm(29)&ufaeYwiG f pwifusi;f yonfh 'kw, d tBurd af jrmuf t*FvefEikd if H rsuEf mS pkn
H D
tpnf;ta0; ( )okdY jrefrmjynfESihfywfoufaom tkyfcsKyfrI jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; EkdifiHa&;tqifhtwef;
ukd wk;d jri§ wfh ifay;a&;wku Yd dk NAw
d o
d Qtpk;d &ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef jrefrmEdik if rH S atmufyguk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufchJ
avonf/ armifuHxl;rSwfrdoavmufrSm (1)OD;baz (2)OD;odef;armif (3)OD;cspfvIdif (4) uGJa&;acgif;aqmif
a'gufwmbarmf (5)OD;a&Tom (6) a'gufwmode;f armif (7) OD;ausm'f if (8) a'gufwmzapmp (9)qmatmfpum
'D*vifAv D (f 10) q&ma&Tb (11)tufp-f at-tufzw f ,ufA*f sED iS fh aemufwa,mufaygif; (12)a,mufwjYdk zpfav
onf/ xkdrsufESmpkHnDaqG;aEG;yGJrS txufazmfjycJhaom (1935)ckESpf jrefrmjynftufOya'[k ac:wGifaom
(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukd aygufzGm;apcJhavonf/ 'kwd,(aemufqkH;)tBudrfü (1933)ckESpf jrefrmt*Fvdyf
rsufESmpkkHnDtpnf;ta0;nDvmcHü a'gufwmbarmfu wGJa&;bufu tusKd;taMumif;ESihf wifjyaqG;aEG;í
ewfBuD;ac: bBuD;bazu tdE´d,ESihf jreffrmEkdifiHukd cGJxm;oifhaMumif;-
(pm-44)
bufrSjyif;jyif;xefxef acsya0zefjcif;jzihf nDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ol\xifjrifcsufukd vufcH
Edkifavmufatmif wifjyajymqkdcJhaMumif; od&onf
(pm-44)
(armifuHxl;rSwfpkrS aumufEIwfcsuf)
tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;
atmufvTwfawmf ( )txJü &ckdifjynf\ *kPfodu©mukd jr§ifhwifEdkifap&eftwGuf &ckdif
trwfrsm; tm;vkH;wkdYukd pk½kH;í ( )tm&uHygwD[k trnfay;NyD;vQif b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfxJü
qde'f ;D ,m;oabFmukrP Ü yD idk ?f *smtkyd g;vf( )rD;oabFmBu;D \ xrif;pm;crf;xJü þygwDemrukd tm;vk;H trwf
rsm; oabmwlwnfco hJ nf/ ¤if;jyif ygwDpnf;rsO;f pmcsKyw f pfcu k vdk nf; xkad eYxadk e&mrSmyif csKyq f Ndk y;D vQif trwf
rsm;pkHvifpGm vufrSwfa&;xkd;Muí tm&uHygwD[k ay:xGufa&;atmifjrifrIukd &cJhavonf/ þuJhodkY ygwD0g'
vrf;pOf t,lqtm;jzihf jcm;em;aom trwftoD;oD;wku Yd dk pnf;vk;H í tm&uHygwD[k vTw G af wmfü &ckid jf ynf\
*kPo f u d m© ukd jrihw
f ifEikd cf jhJ cif;rSm uG,vf eG o
f l ta&;ykid af [mif; txufvw T af wmftrwf? ( )OD;pHatmif\
BudK;yrf;rI 90&mEIef;avmufyg0ifí qmxGef;atmifausmfESihf wcsKdUaom &ckdiftrwfrsm;\ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf
xufoefraI Mumifjh zpfavonf/ tm&uHygwD\ pnf;rsO;f pmcsKyw f iG f trwfrsm;oabmwlum vufrw S af &;xk;d pOf
tcgu todoufaotjzpfjzihf q&mausmZf H (rsurf eS w f yf)vnf;yg0ifí vufrw S x
f ;dk cJo
h nf/ ygwD0iftrwfrsm;
rSm *VKHOD;apm rsKd;cspfygwD0if oHwGJtrwf OD;ausmfjrukd csefvSyfí (1)OuúXOD;a&Tom (2)OD;xGef;atmifausmf
(3)armifuHxl; (4) OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf (5) rpöwmqlvwefrmzl; (6) rpöwm*leDrmefuH (7)uói
OD;bkd;jr? rmefatmiftrwf? (8) OD;apmvSñkd ausmufjzLtrwfwkdY jzpfMuonf/
(pm-45)
q&mawmf OD;Owår
armifuHxl;onf jrefrmjynftm; yXrqkH; EdkifiHa&;rsufpdzGifhay;cJhol q&mawmf OD;Owårtm; tvGef
Munfñt dk m;xm;olwa,muf jzpfvifu h pm; ol\0rf;enf;aMuuGb J ,
G &f maomjzpf&yfwpfcu
k dk azmfjy&aytk;H rnf/
ysHvGefawmfrlavNyD;jzpfaom ppfawGNrdKU a&TapwDq&mawmfbk&m; OD;awZm&ronf &ckdiftrwfrsm; pnf;vkH;
nDñGwfap&ef vIHYaqmfBudK;pm;&mü? OD;pHatmifuJhodkYyif &mEIef;tjynhfavmufyg0ifcJhonf/ q&mawmf OD;Owår
onf ol\oabmxm;ESihf rwkdufqkdifaom a'gufwmbarmfESihf yl;aygif;í ñTefYaygif;tpkd;&zGJUjzpfum
q&morm;t&if;jzpfaom a&TapwDq&mawmfbk&m;ukd rkom;pGyfpGJí ol&d,owif;pmrS racsriHaom
pum;tokH;tEIH;jzihf tajctjrpfuif;rJhpGm a&;cJhavonf/ q&mawmf OD;Owåronf tdE´d,jynfwGif [dE´Lr,m
qbmtoif;\OuúX vkyaf epOf (21)OD;ygwDtygt0if ig;yGiq hf idk yf gwDrS ckid ;f apcsutf & a'gufwmode;f armifu
tdE´d,odkYoGm;&ef q&mawmfukd rufvkH;jyNyD; yifhaqmif,lvmcJhonf/ q&mawmf\BudK;yrf;rIaMumihf
a&G;aumufyGJwGif ig;yGifhqkdifygwD rS awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ta&G;cHMu&onf/ okdY&mwGif tpkd;&tzGJUzGJUEkdif
avmufatmifum; trwftrsm;pk ( ) r&EdkifcJhMuacs/
(pm-45)
Edik if aH &;usm;uGuu f pm;&mü þtm&uHygwDEiS fh tcsKUd aom ygwD woD;yk*v ¾ trwfrsm;ukd odr;f oGi;f &m
wGif qif;&Jom;"m;r ygwD a'gufwmbarmfu tay:pD;&í ñGeaYf ygif;tpk;d & zGUJ Edik cf o hJ nfjzpfaomaMumifh ig;yGihf
qkdifygwDu tpkd;&zGJUEdkifatmif q&mawmfOD;Owår BudK;pm;avorQ oJa&usjzpfcJhonfhtwGuf tm&uHygwDESihf
trwfaygif;qkH nDñGwfa&;BudK;yrf;rI\ Mo0g'p&d, a&TapwDq&mawmfBuD;tay: q&mawmfOD;Owåronf
rcHr&yfEikd b f J a'gojzpfomG ;avonf/ aemufyidk ;f wGif ig;yGiq hf idk u f y,fvm,uHjyKxm;onft h wGuf tacstwif
ajymqkMd u&m BuKd UyifaumufNrKd Uom; OD;bpD\½ku d Ef u S jf cif;ukd cHc&hJ onf/ þudpEö iS yfh wfoufí taxmuftxm;
ckdifvkH&ef xyfrHpkHprf;&m jrefrmtvif;owif;axmuf OD;vSxGef;jzLu rSefuefaMumif; olukd,fwkdif jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pmrSm a&;bl;aMumif; 0efcHonf/ ½kdufaomol\trnfukd rrSwfrdNyD[kqkdonf/
Armhacwf OD;b&ifa&; ]]q&mawmfO;D Owår}}pmtkypf mrsuEf mS 85 wGif wcgu umvuwåm;wGif Armjynf
rS a&Smifwdrf;oGm;NyD; pm;aygufyGifhaeaom vlwa,muf\owif;ukd ol&d,owif;pmokdY a&;ay;bl;í xkdolu
&ef&mS Ny;D ½ku d Ef u S jf cif;ukd cH&onf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;ukd awGU&onf(pDppf&efvo dk nf)ol&, d owif;pmwku d wf iG f
OD;bazESit fh wl vkyu f idk af eol OD;vSazu ½ku d o f nf[k ( )(a*gwura&S)OD;vSxeG ;f jzL OD;a&Tausmt f rd wf iG f
qGrf;auR;yGJüajymí OD;a&Tausmfuvnf; axmufcHonf/ jzpf&yftrSefukd odom&eftwGuf pDppf&efvkdonf þ
taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí OD;bazukd armifuHxl;ar;Munhfonfhtcg tHhMoaomtrlt&mESihf OD;Owårt½kdufcHcJh
&aMumif;ukd olrodyg[k tajzay;onf/
xyfrHí pkHprf;od&oavmufrSm rBuD;BuD;vrf;wGif xkdcsdefu ]]tmum}}pmykHESdyfwkdufwck&Sdbl;onf[lí
¤if;vrf;wGiaf eaom OD;vSazaetdro f Ydk pmykEH ydS v f jdk cif; okrYd [kwf wjcm;udpw ö ckcak Mumihf q&mawmfomG ;a&mufchJ
onf/ OD;vSazukd rawGU&bJ ¤if;tdrfü&Sdaeaom vlwa,mufu OD;Owårukd rod[efwlonf/ odonfjzpfap
rodonfjzpfap wpfpkHwpfckaomtaMumif;aMumihf tdrfokdY0ifa&mufvmonfukd rvkdvm;ojzihf rajcriHajymqkd
qufqaH yvdrn ® /f xkt d jyKtrludk rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfNy;D atmfus,[ f pfus,Ef iS fh tajcwifpum;rsm;Mu&mrS Bu;D xGm;
vmaom a'goaMumihf q&mawmfukd aetdrfrS qGJiifwGef;xkwfjcif;( )jzpfEdkifayonf/ OD;vSaz
aetdrfwGif jzpfaomjzpf&yfaMumifh q&mawmfOD;Owårukd OD;vSaz½kdufonf[k EkdifiHa&;avmuü *,uf½kduf
oGm;jcif;jzpfrnfqkdu jzpfEdkif\/ b,fvkdbJjzpfap b,folubJ rajcriH rbG,fr&mjyKvkyfvkdufjcif; ( )
ukd q&mawmfcHcJh&onfrSm trSefyifjzpfayvdr®nf/
tay:rSwfcsuf-
(pm-46)
atmufwiG f azmfjycJo h vkd BuKd UyifaumufNrKd Uom; OD;bpD; 'kw, d pmyk'd f Armhacwf OD;b&ifa&;pmtkyw f iG f
azmfjyxm;onft h wkid ;f umvuwåm;NrKd UwGif pm;aygufyiG afh ecJo h nfqadk omolEiS fh OD;vSaztdrüf &Sad eolo;Hk OD;pvk;H
rSm twlwlyifjzpfavovm;[k awG;awmxifrSwfp&m jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHukd yXrqkH; EkdifiHa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;rsupf zd iG ahf y;cJah om Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifwpfO;D ukd [k;d av;wausmaf usmf t&Suw f uGjJ zpfatmif jyKvyk f
vkdufjcif;rSm tvGefpdwfraumif;p&myif ( )vkyfvkdufaom w&m;cHtppftrSefum; rnfolenf;
b,ftwGufaMumihfenf; rSefuefaom EdkifiHa&;orkdif;jzpf&yfukd azmfxkwfEdkifMuygap[k arQmfvihf&ayonf/
q&mawmf O D ; Owå r uk d OD ; vS a z ½k d u f o nf [ k q k d j cif ; rS m rBuD ; BuD ; vrf ; OD ; vS a zaetd r f ü jzpf y suf c J h a om
owif;ukdMum;í OD;vSaz½kdufonf[k ajym[efwlayonf/ ¤if;ukd,fwkdif taxmuftxm;ESifh nDíajymjcif;
r[kwf[k ,lq&av onf/ aemufqkH;wGif &efukefNrdKUa&ausmfanmifukef;&yfuGufausmif;wkdufwGif oDwif;okH;
aepOf pdwfaemufvm a&m*g&í ukd,fpdwfukd udk,frxdef;odrf;Edkifojzifh vrf;wumwGif vTifhypfxm;aom
pm;p&mt<uif;tusefrsm;ukd aumufpm;&onftxd a&m*gqkd;0g;NyD; (9-9-39)ckaeY &efukefaq;½kHBuD;ü
ysHvGefoGm;onftwGuf armifuHxl;ESihf wuG &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm; pdwfrcsrf;omp&m awGUBuHKcJh&onf/-
(pm-46-47)
91-Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf tpkd;&tajymif;tvGJ

'k w d , urÇ m ppf a&S U acwf (91)Xmetk y f c sKyf a &;ouf w rf ; (6)ES p f w mwavQmuf v k H ; ü
tpk d ; &tajymif ; tvG J (4)cg&S d c J h o nf / (1) Aarmf ñ G e f Y a ygif ; tpk d ; & (2) OD ; yk ñ G e f Y a ygif ; tpk d ; & (3)
rsKd ; cspf y k w D * VKH O D ; apm ñG e f Y a ygif ; tpk d ; &( 4) 'k w d , urÇ m ppf B uD ; aMumih f umvysuf c geD ;
qmay:xGef;tpkd;&wkdYjzpfavonf/ ¤if;wkdYukd tao;pdyfazmfjy&vQif (1)tm&uHygwDtygt0ifjzpfaom
yXrñT e f Y a ygif ; tpk d ; &uk d (1933)ck E S p f rwf v (26)&uf a eY w G i f qif ; &J o m;"m;r ygwD \ Ouú X
a'gufwmAarmfOD;pD; zGJUvkdufavonf/ (1) a'gufwmAarmf eef;&if;0ef? (2) a&TusifOD;yk opfawmXme
0ef B uD ; ? (3) OD ; ay:xG e f ; jynf x J a &;0ef B uD ; Xme (4) om,m0wD O D ; armif a rmif ynma&;0ef B uD ;
(5)OD;xGef;atmifausmf tm&uHygwD ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD; (6) rpöwmapmazom u&iftrsKd;om;
tcGefawmfXme0efBuD;/ (1939)ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (16)&ufaeYwGif OD;ykacgif;aqmifí 'kwd,tpkd;&ukd
zGJUpnf;vkdufonf/ (1)OD;ykeef;&if;0ef (2)OD;xGef;atmifausmf b@ma&;0efBuD;? (3) OD;ay:xGef; tcGef0efBuD;/
(4)rpöwmpdyfpDcl;opfawma&;0efBuD;? (5) apmzkd;cspf (u&if)ynma&;0efBuD;? (6)OD;baz jynfxJa&;0efBuD;/
(7) OD;xGef; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;-
(pm-47)
(1940)ckESpf pufwifbmv(10)&ufaeY OD;yktpkd;&ukd t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqkdjzihf jzKwfcsí *VKHOD;apm
wwd,ajrmuftpkd;&ukd zGJUonf(1)OD;apm eef;&if;0ef? opfawmESihfynma&; (2) OD;boD (tr&yl&)b@ma&;
0efBuD; (3)OD;ay:xGef; tcGefawmf0efBuD; (4)OD;at; jynfxJa&;0efBuD; (5)om,m0wDOD;armifarmif o,f,lykdY
aqmifa&;ESifh use;f rma&;0efBu;D (6) rpöwmapmazom w&m;Xme0efBu;D (7) OD;boef;(jynf)ul;l oef;a&mif;0,f
a&;0efBuD; (8) OD;btkH; (ykodrf)tvkyform;0efBuD;/
(1941)ckESpf atmufwkdbm(6)&ufaeY eef;&if;0ef OD;apmonf twGif;0efOD;wifxG#fukd acgif;aqmifí
NAw d od Qtpk;d &eef;&if;0ef rpöwmcsmcsED iS fh jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;tqifth wef;ukd wk;d jri§ ahf pvko d jzihf ta&;qk&d ef
t*FvefEkdifiHodkY xGufoGm;avonf/ t&mra&mufcJhonfhtjyif pmrsufESm (68)wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif;
NAdwdoQtpkd;&u olYukd brf;NyD; tmz&duwkduf ,l*ef'gwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;onftxd tus,fcsKyfESihf
xm;avonf/ eef;&if;0ef OD;apm t*FvefEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufaeckduf tus,fcsKyfESifh zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&pOf
pwkw¬ajrmuftpkd;&tzGJUukd acwåeef;&if;0ef ( )qmay:xGef;u zGJUpnf;vkdufonf/ (1)qmay:xGef;
eef;&if;0ef use;f rma&; ykaYd qmifa&;? (2)qmxGe;f atmifausmf b@ma&;0efBu;D Xme (3)OD;atmuf (rsK;d csp)f jynfxJ
a&;0efBuD;/ om,m0wD OD;armifarmif w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD; (5) OD;boef; (jynf) ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;
(6)OD;tdrf (rsKd;cspfygwD)opfawma&;0efBuD;tm;jzihf (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; tpkd;&tzGJU(4)Budrf
tajymif;tvGJjzpfcJhavonf/
(pm-48)
tm&uHygwDrS EIwfxGufjcif;
armifux H ;l onf Edik if aH &;udpw ö iG f &ckid jf ynftwGuf tm&uHygwDü0ifí tvkyv f yk af om trwfwpfO;D
jzpfjim;aomfvnf; 'kdYArmtpnf;t½kH;acgif;aqmifí ArmjynfvkH;tkH<uvmatmif qGay;cJhonf/ vlwef;pm;
wkud yf o
JG ;D pmjyóemajz&Si;f a&;ESifh vTwaf wmfxw J iG f &ifqidk v
f m&aomtcgüum; &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;
om; tpnf;t½k;H \ awmifov l ,form;rsm;tay: xm;&Sad om 0g'vrf;pOfEiS fh oD;pm;ay:vpDt& tm&uHygwD
\xdyyf ikd ;f ESifh oabmuGv J oJG jzihf tm&uHygwDOuúX 0wfvOHk ;D a&Tomu vTwaf wmfxJ &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;
om;tpnf;t½kH;onf v,faumufray;pwrf; 0g'jzpfonf/( )qkdaompum;ukd tokH;jyKí
w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;ü tBuHK;r0ifaomtpnf;t½kH; (illgaly association )tDvDa*vD tpdk
aZ;&Sif; tjzpfokdY a&mufoGm;Ekdifap&ef aMujimjcif;ukd cH&xkdufaom oabmt"dyÜg,foufa&mufapaom
pum;yg0ifonfh rdefYcGef;rsKd;ukd >ruf[cJhonf/ wkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH; trIaqmiftzGJU
ñTefMum;csuf t& vTGwfawmftpnf; ta0;crf;rü tm&uHygwDrS EIwfxGuf&rnfhtaMumif;ukd vkHavmufpGm
taxmuftxm;jyí aMujimNyD;vQif 0rf;eJpGmjzihf tm&uHygwDrS EIwfxGufcg xkdygwDESihfvkH;vkH; tqufjzwf
vkduf&awmhonf/ xkdtcsdefupí vTwfawmf xJü tNrJwrf;twkduftcHbufuomvQif tNrJwapaecJhonfh
ociftrwfpkwkdY\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESihf ykdrkdteD;uyfqkH; eD;uyfpGmjzihf qufqHvsuf rdrd-
(pm 59-60)
qEúkd vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf jyXmef;cJhavonf/ okdY&mwGif ocifygwD\wkdufyGJ0ifykHenf;y&d,m,fukd
,kHMunfESpfNcdKufpGmjzihf ociftrwfpkESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjim;aomfvnf; ol\yif&if;tzGJU ( )ukd
opömazmufí w&HwcgrQ rdru df ,
dk uf dk ocif[al omtrnfjzihf uif;yGe;f rwyfqifcahJ cs/ 'kAYd rmociftpnf;t½k;H
onf wuf<uaomvli,fv&l , G rf sm; yg0ifzUJG pnf;xm;aom wk;d wufaeaomtpdwt f ykid ;f wpfck jzpfonft h m;avsmf
pGm xkdolrsm;onf xkdtcgu acwfpm;aeaomtu©&m( )[kr®½SL;'kdrDeD,Hqkdaom pum;tokH;tEIH;ukd
vufrcHbJ xkx d ufwqifw h ufum NAw d o d Qtifyg,m\tjyifbufwiG f vk;H 0vGwv f yfa&;uko d mvQif t&,lrnf
[laom aqmifyk'fESihf ArmjynfvkH;ukd wyfvSefYEId;aeaom wckwnf;aom tpnf;t½kH;jzpfavonf/-
(pm-60)
(armifuHxl; rSwfpkpmtkyfrS aumufEIwfonf)
Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;tkyfpkESifh qufoG,fjcif;

þ'kwd,urÇmppfyGm;vmonfhtcsdefu wurÇmvkH;ukd jrefrmjynftygt0if EkdifiHtoD;oD;wkdY\
EdkifiHa&; vIyf&Sm;rIjyif;xefvmcJh&m 'kdYArmqif;&Jom;ygwDOuúX a'gufwmAarmfESihf ocifygwDyl;wGJí
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; tkyfpk? ( )bm;rm;z&D;'ef;bavm(cf)ukd (1939-1940)vQKd0SufpGm
zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifMuawmhonf/ ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rI ykrd jdk yif;xefvmaomtcg a'gufwmAarmf ocifEu k o hJ aYkd om
vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyaom rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm; axmifxJrSm a&mufaeaomtcsdefü &efukefwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m
wkid ;f &if;om; tpnf;t½k;H \vufa&G; pif acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom q&mBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD; OD;omZHvw S EYdk iS fh
wifBuKd íqufo, G x
f m;Muonfh twkid ;f &efuek Nf rKd Uü tNrw J rf;aexkid vf su&f adS om tpnf;t½k;H \uk, d pf m;vS,f
armifuHxl;onf &ckdifjynfbl;oD; awmifNrdKUrS OD;pHxGef;atmif(aq;orm;)ukdyg twlac:aqmifíygwfvrf;
(,ck ewfarmufvrf;)a'gufwmAarmf tdrf? a'gufwmAarmf\ZeD; a':cifrmrm tygt0ifAE¨KvOD;pdef?
OD;vSrif;? OD;b0if;wkEYd iS fh (z&D;'ef;bavm(cf)udpö &yfrsm;ukd (2)Burd w
f idk wf idk f vQKUd 0Supf mG pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;cJMh ubl;
onf/ þtcsdefxuf tenf;i,fapmpGmaomtcsdef wcsdefü OD;atmifxGef;OD;ESihf armifuHxl;wkdYonf
&ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&mtpnf;t½kH; vufa&G;piftzGJU\ ukd,fpm; OuúX OD;omZHvS vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;aom
(z&D;'ef;bavmcf)\ vkyf&yfrsm; yg0ifonfh vQKdU0Sufpmwapmifukd pawmhudwfvrf;ü aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom
ocifEkvufxJokdY ay;tyf&ef oGm;a&mufcJhjim;aomfvnf; ocifEkukd rawGUcJh&ay/ (axmifxJa&mufaeaom
tcsdefESifh wkdufqkdifaeavonf/) ¤if;\ZeD;ESifhawGUí ta&;BuD;aom xkdpmapmifukd ay;&ef&SdaMumif;ukd
ajymjyí ocifEk\ZeD; a':jr&DvufxJü ay;tyfcJhonf/ okdYr[kwf jyefí,lvm cJhonfukdum; rSwfpkwcsKdUukd
&SmírawGUojzihf twdtusrazmfjyEdkifawmhNyD;-
(pm-61)
0wfvOHk ;D omZHvS trsK;d om;ausmif;q&mBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;ESifh armifux H ;l wko Yd ;Hk a,mufonf vGwv f yf
a&;&atmiftxd edik if aH &;ukd tcsed jf ynhv
f yk rf nf[í
l *wd*0wfjyKMuonht f wkid ;f olw\ Ydk pD;yGm;a&;rsm;ukd ayvm
,suHxm;onf[k rqkdEdkifjim;aomfvnf; ykdNyD;vQif EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rSmom vkH;yrf;&if;ESifh tcsdefukefcJhMuonf/
OD;atmifxGef;OD;um; tvGefw&myif vGwfvyfa&; qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;vu©Pmukd jycJhonf/ ]]vGwfvyfa&;
r&oa&GUumvywfv;Hk b,fawmhrS igacgif;aygif;raygif;}} [k *wdjyKco hJ nft h wkid ;f olwcgrQ acgif;aygif;aygif;
onfukd rjrifb;l &ay/ olonf *syefacwf c½kid 0f eftvkyw f m0efjzihf ppfawGNrKd U tusO;f axmiftwGi;f wGif oltvkyf
0wå&m;ukd aqmif&u G af epOf &efoal v,mOfu Ak;H BucJ sojzihf Ak;H qHxí d olqmavmifrw G o f yd af eaom vGwv f yfa&;
ukd rawGUrBuKH rjrifc&hJ bJ aoqk;H &&Smavonf/ 0wfvOHk ;D omZHvo S nfvnf; vGwv f yfa&;&onftxd raecJ&h bJ
tvHjybk&m;vrf;rSm&Sdonfh(,ck ppf½kH;)ppfaq;½kH('dkiftkdpDpifrdef;uav;ausmif;)rSm tvkdqE´rjynhf0cJhbJESihf
ajcaxmufrSm oufwef;a&m*g&í aooGm;&Smavonf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD; uG,fvGefNyD;onfhaemuf olYae&mukd
qufc&H eftwGuf NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Uü a&SUaevkyaf eol OD;ausmx f eG ;f OD;ukd c½kid 0f efceft
Y yfvu dk o f nf/ ppfawGNrKd UüxyfrH
í AkH;usaeonfhtwGuf aMumufvefYítvkyfukd vufcHNyD;aemuf wpf&ufESpf&uftwGif;rSmyif c½kdif0efwm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;ukd raqmif&GufbJ a&Smifwdrf;aeonfhtwGuf OD;xGef;OD;ukd xkdae&mü cefYxm;vkduf&onf/
(pm-62)
(armifuHxl; rSwfpk rS aumufEIwfonf)
EkdifiHa&;qkdonfrSm
EdkifiHa&;qkdonfrSm ygwDEdkifiHa&;jzpfap? yk*¾vdutjzpf aqmif&Gufaom EkdifiHa&;jzpfap? uRefb0rS
vGwaf jrmufapaom pm;0wfaea&;ukd jri§ w hf ifay;aomoabmw&m; oufa&mufaom tvGerf eG jf rwfaomtvkyf
jzpfav\/ EkdifiHa&;orm;wa,mufonf ol\EdkifiHa&;oufwrf;wpfavQmufwGif b,fvkdyifoabmxm;
jyif;pGmjzihf BuKd ;pm;aqmif&u
G o
f nfjzpfap b,fob l jJ zpfjzpf b,fwidk ;f jynfrmS bJjzpfjzpf b,ftcgrS vlxt
k m;vk;H
auseyfap&ef rjzpfEdkif/ auseyfolrsm;u tm;&0rf;omjzpfí rauseyfoltpdyftydkif;u qJqkdjypfwifjcif;ukd
cH&aom ]]aus;Zl;wifrcH&bJ tEÅ&m,frsm;aom}}tvkyfrsKd;jzpfonf/
'dkifempfyl&ftusOf;axmifodkY
(xkdtcsdeftcg u rif;BuD; rpöwmtADa*;vf&mZ0wf0ef rpöwmuvdzf&mZ0wf0efaxmufrpöwm
0Idufca&;ykdif;? OD;ausmfckdif tkdif-pD-tufpf)ppfawGNrdKUrS NAdwdoQtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd ½kwfodrf;í qkwfcGm
xGufoGm;cgeD; tikdufrdcHvkduf&aom &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;0if awmfawmf rsm;rsm;ukd
brf;qD;NyD;vQif tdE´d,jynf awmfrDvmaxmifukdrSwqifh 'kdifemyl&ftusOf;axmifü csxm;avonf/ aemufykdif;
wGif 'ku©onfpcef;? ( )zGifhí ppfajy;'ku©onfrsm;ukdyg xm;onf[kod&onf/ tbrf;cH&aom
( )tpnf;t½k;H 0ifrsm;ESifh woD;yk*v ¾ rsK;d cspv
f il ,f Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;teuf armifux H ;l rSwrf o
d avmufrmS
ausmufjzLNrdKUrS OD;omxGGef;? &r®m0wD OD;bxGef;? OD;armifpHvS? OD;zkd;vS? OD;tkd;armif? OD;zkd;atmif? OD;jzLomxGef;?
OD;armifomEdkY? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,f ykZGefz,f&GmrS OD;armifomxGef;? OD;atmifomOD;? bl;oD;awmifrSa&SUae OD;ñkd?
OD;vSarmifom? &aohawmifrS rsKd;cspfausmfOD;? OD;jrvSarmif q&mowkd;vSwkdYjzpfMuonf/ OD;atmifomOD;ESihf
OD;ñkdwkdYrSm tdE´d,jynfüyif tusOf;cHae&pOftwGif; aoaMuysufpD;Muonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / txufu azmfjycJhovkd &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m tpnf;t½kH;tzGJU0ifrsm; ( )ukd
brf;qD;í tdE´d,jynftusOf;pcef;ykdYcHvkduf&jcif;rSm 'kwd,urÇmppfjyif;xefaecsdef jrefrmEdkifiH-
(pm-82)
vGwfvyfa&;vQKd0SuftzGJU ( )\NAdwdoQppfatmifEdkifa&;ukd twm;tqD;jzpfap&eftwGuf
vlxktpnf;ta0;tm;jzihfvnf;aumif; wD;wkd;0g'jzefYjcif;jzihfvnf;aumif; jyif;jyif;xefxefvIyf&Sm;aecsdef
ArmjynfrrS ociftzGJU0ifvli,ftcsKdUESihf &ckdifbufrS EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;&mwGif wuf<upGmyg0ifvIyf&Sm;aeaom
vli,ftcsKUd wku Yd NAw d od Qtyk cf sKyaf &;ukd vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ef wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f mtpnf;t½k;H acgif;aqmifrsm;xH
okdY vma&mufwifjyaqG;aEG;Mujcif;\ *Gif;quf ( )jzpfonf/
(xkt
d csed f xkt
d cgu vufeufuidk f awmfveS &f eftwGuf oifah wmfqaD vsmaf om tcsed rf usa&muf r[kwf
ao;ojzihf tzGJUacgif;aqmifykdif;u EkdifiHa&;orm;vli,frsm; wifjycsufukd y,fcscJhonf/)
(pm-82)
ukvm;&ckdift"du½kPf;
vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf;ukd aygufzGm;apwwfaom rnfonfhtjiif;tckHtajymtqkd ta&;tom;ponfh
oabmuGJvGJcsufrsKd;ukd rqkd tbufbufu ta&Smhay;jcif; tepfemcHjcif;jzihf wwfEdkifonfhenf;vrf;ukd
&Smí a&SmifuGif;&efukd aemifvmaemifom;rsm; rarhtyfay/
ukvm;&ckid t f "du½kP;f \ wefjyef½u dk cf wfraI Mumifh bl;oD;awmif armifawma'orsm;&Sd &ckid Af 'k b ¨ mom
trsK;d orD;rsm;pGmwkt Yd m; rlqvifvrl sK;d ukvm;rsm;u vufpm;acsjcif;tm;jzihf brf;qD;oGm;Mu&m tcsed af wmfMum
rSyif q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ESihf ¤if;wynhfrsm;u toufESihfvJNyD;oGm;a&muf xkwf,lu,fwifEkdifcJhMu
avonf/ þuJhodkY aMuuGJzG,f&mjzpf&yfukd ESpfbufpvkH;u wppESihf arhaysmufvkdufEdkifygap[k txl;yif
qkawmif;arQmfvifh&ayonf/
þtxdu½kPf;ukd jzefajzxdef;odrf;&ef OD;pdEÅm? OD;ynmoD[? OD;ñkdxGef;? OD;MumvSatmif? OD;xGef;0if;
paom rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wpfzuf? armifuHxl;u ¤if;\vuf½kH;rsKd;cspf OD;ñkdvSjzLESihftwl OD;omZHvS?
OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;? (q&m)acgif;ukwu f v
k m;&Gmom; ppfawGtrsK;d om;ausmif;q&m rpöwmaZmfaemf'ed ?f yku d of nf&yf
ukvm;&Gm rpöwmtblygwkdY yl;wGJvsuf oJoJrJrJaqmif&GufcJhMu\/
bDtidk af t wyfEiS hf *syefwyfrsm; 0ifa&muford ;f ykud Nf y;D aemuf tajctaerSm wk;d wufaumif;rGev f mav
onf/ okdY&mwGif ausmufawmfNrdKUokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom &maygif;rsm;pGmaom t"du½kPf;'gPfcsufrdcJhaom 'ku©
onfrsm;\ jyóemrSmum; rao;i,fvaS y/ ¤if;wkaYd exkid pf m;aomufa&;wku Yd dk aumif;rGepf mG Ny;D ajrmufEidk af p&ef
pepfwuszGJUpnf;xm;aom 'ku©onfapmifha&Smufa&;tzGJUrsm;u txl;yiftm;pkdufBudK;yef; ulnDaqmif&Gufay;
cJah vonf/ rsm;pGmaom wef;vsm;rsm;ukd ausmufawmfEiS fh yku d o f nf&yf ESp&f mG Mum;wGi&f adS om 'k;H acsmif;awmESifh
ausmufawmfbkef;BuD;ausmif; taemufem;ajruGufvyfwkdYü usef;rma&;ESihf nDñGwfEkdiforQ nDñGwfEdkifap&ef
aqmufvkyfNyD; aeom;wus usatmifjyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;&jyefonf/ ¤if;wkdYxJrS temw& &olrsm;
rusef;rma&m*g&olrsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf&onfrSmvnf; rvG,fulvSacs/ t&nftcsif;ESifhjynhfpkHaom
q&m0ef r sm;ES i h f acwf r S D a q;aumif ; 0g;aumif ; rsm; r&Ed k i f o nf u k d xk d t csd e f M um;umvwG i f
wkid ;f &if;om;aq;ynm&Srd sm;ESihf &&Sd oavmufaom wkid ;f &if;b,aq;0g;wkrYd mS tbk;d te*¢xu dk wf efvaS yonf/
þudpöwGif uG,fvGefol wkdkif;&if;aq; q&mrsm; jzpfMuaom (1)ykdufonf&yf&GmrS armifomjzL (2)
wmrd(vr®awmf)buf&mG rS OD;jzLxGe;f (3) vr®awmf anmifyifv&S mG rS OD;irJEiS fh 'kuo © nfrsm;ae&ef wef;vsm;rsm;
aqmuf v k y f & mü ypö n f ; rsm;ay;vS L Muaom yavmif uk v m;&G m rS t&yf v l B uD ; t'l u m'gwk d Y t m;
a&m*gaygif ; pk H & aeaom ol e maygif ; pk H w k d Y u k d Muif e m,k , pG m ae&mxk d i f c if ; &ap&ef E S i h f
ulnDapmifha&Smufay;jcif;wkdYtwGuf txl;yifaus;Zl;wifxkdufvSayonf/ þvlrsKd;a&; t"du½kPf;BuD;
tqkd;0g;qkH;tcsdefodkYa&mufcsdefESihf wcsdefwnf;vkdvkd? ppfawGNrdKUrS NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm; xGufcGmoGm;NyD;aemuf
tkyfcsKyf a&; [lívkH;0r&Sdaom
(pm-85)
tcsdeftcgrsKd;wGif wm0eft&SdqkH;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaeol ta&;ykdif OD;ausmfckdif (tkdif-pD-tufzf)onf
rsKd;cspf pdwf&Sdaom 0HomEkyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf; umvysufcgESihf &ifqkdifae&ojzifh tajctaerSefukd
rokH;oyfrdbJ pdwfukdrxdef;odrf;EkdifaomaMumifh ao&ufukd tazmfoa[;jyKvkyfNyD; Oya'ukd rdrdwpfOD;wnf;
vufxJüodrf;ykdufxm;&Sdjcif;jzihf wkdif;jynfukd tzwfq,fu,fwifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k txifpdwful;,mOfESifh
vufeufwyfqifxm;aom (wm0efct H yk cf sKyaf &;t&m&Srd sm; ppfawGNrKd Uukd pGecYf mG xGuaf jy;oGm;pOftcgu use&f pf
cJhaom oabFmtrft,fvf vufeufwifaqmifaom oabFmuav;wpfpif;jzifh OD;wnf&mokdY r&yfrem;
ckwfarmif;oGm;vm&if; ociftoif; om;(&cdkdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&mwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;0ifrsm;ukd tpkd;&ykdif;u
ocif[ktrnfay;í ac:a0:Muonf) rsm;&Sdrnf[k xif&aom&yfuGufrsm;ukd pufaoeyfjzihf t&rf;uma&m
ypfcwfapaomaMumifh tjypfuif;rJhaom ausmufawmfNrdKUtykdif oif;*euf&Gmom; t&yfolt&yfom;
ajrmufrsm;pGmwkdY atmfvD*Geftajrmuf
(pm-85)
i,f\ 'gPfcsufESihf aoqkH;Mu&onf/ vlaetdrftawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; ysufpD;cJh&onf/ oa&acsmif;
xdy0f jyif bke;f Bu;D ausmif;ukv d nf; ocifrsm; yke;f atmif;aeMuonf[k txifEiS fh ypfcwfí ausmif;tawmfysuf
pD;jcif;cH&onf/ xkjYd yifvnf; ta&;ykid f OD;ausmcf idk o f nf &ckid jf ynfüvufñ;dI xk;d í ñTejf y&efyifr&Sad om ocifrsm;
ESihf wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f mtpnf;t½k;H acgif;aqmifrsm; txl;l ojzihf 0wfvOHk ;D omZHvES iS fh q&mBu;D OD;armifxeG ;f OD;wku Yd dk
brf;qD;&ef 0&ef;ESifh wvku d wf nf; vku d v f &H mS azGae&m olwEYdk pS Of ;D pvk;H rSmvnf; oabFmoHMum;wkid ;f wajy;wnf;
ajy;vsuf a&Smifwrd ;f aeMu&avonf/ tu,fí OD;ausmcf idk o f nf ao&nfao&ufudk tvGet f usL; raomufbJ
wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f m tpnf;t½k;H 0ifrsm;tm;vnf; ,k, H MHk unfMunf&if;&if;ES;D ES;D jzihf qufqcH rhJ nfqydk gu olwpfyg;\
vufcsufjzihf taoqkd;BuD;ESihf ao&rnfr[kwf[k armifuHxl;,ckwkdif ESajrmwo,kHMunfvsuf&Sdae \/
&efol r[kwfolwkdYtm; t½l;pkH;zrf; A&rf;Awm t&rf;uma&m vkdufvH&SmazG&if; rlqvifbmom0ifukvm;rsm;
ESifh Nird ;f csr;f a&;aphpyfru
I dk jyKvyk Ef idk v
f rd rhf nf[k ,lqcsujf zihf (1942)ck arv(1)&uf (1304)ck uqkev f qky(f 3)
&uf aomMumaeY armfv0DrpöwmZifbrd m&uH&&dS m *lwmjyift&yfoo Ydk mG ;&ef ykvyd tf &m&Sd OD;armifpv H u
S q&m0ef
OD;atmifomvS? tm&uHaumfrD&Sem (yDat)( )&ckdifrlqvif OD;bwif NrdKUykdif Ek&frmruf? ppfawGNrdKUolaX;
OD;a&Tom paomtazmfwpkEiS t fh wl bl;oD;awmifNrKd UrS reufpm;Ny;D tcsed f tpk;d &ESpx f yfoabFmy½k*d wfp(f )ESihf
xGufvm&m *lwmjyift&yfqdyfurf;okdY aeYvnfESpfem&Davmuftcsdef qkdufa&mufvmpOf ta&;ykdif OD;ausmfckdif
,kHMunftm;xm;cJhaom rpöwmZifbD acgif;aqmifaom rlqvifukvm;vlrsKd;tkyfpkxJrS wpfpkHwpfa,mufu
ypfxnfv h udk af om aoewfusnq f x H rd eS f 'Pf&m&ojzihf xkt d &yfrS &aohawmifNrKd UokYd qufvufcw k af rmif;oGm;&m
naetcsdefwGif a&muf&Sd&yfwefYMuonf/ OD;ausmfckdifrSm &&Sdaom'Pf&mESifh xkdt&yfü toufxGufNyD; aoaMu
ysufpD;avonf/ 0HomEktrsKd;om;aumif;wpfa,muf ysufpD;qkH;½IH;&onfhtwGuf ESajrmp&myif aoewfypfcH&
í &aohawmifNrdKUbufokdY-
(pm-86)
xGufajy;vmpOf *lwmjyifqdyfurf;ü&Sdaom yifv,fum',m;&rf;[k trnfay;xm;aom rD;oabFm
okH;pD;teufrS rpöwmuifbD ukd,fykdifoabFm]]&rf;}}ESihf aemufrSvdkufí vufeufrsKd;pkHjzifh ypfcwfMujim;
aomfvnf; y½kd*wfoabFmu puftm;oefí tjrefarmif;Edkifojzifhom aemufxyftxdtckdufr&SdbJ
&aohawmifNrdKUokdY acsmarmpGm a&mufvmEdkifcJhMuonf/ yDat OD;bwifESihf NrdKUykdif Ek&frmrufwkdY &aohawmifNrdKU
wGif aemufcsefae&pf cJhMuonf/ bDtkdifatESihf *syefwyfwkdY rif;jym; aygufawmNrdKUokdY a&mufESifaeMuNyDukd-
(pm-86)
owif;&&Sdxm;ojzihf xkdwyfrsm; ppfawGodkY csDwufvmMurnfjzpf&m vrf;ckvyfwGif awGUvwHhaom
ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUokdYoGm;NyD; qD;BudKoabFmay;&eftwGuf xkdaeYnwGif;csif;yif &aohawmifNrdKUrS xGufvmcJh&m
ykPmÖ ;uRe;f NrKd UokYd arv(2)&ufaeYreufx tcsed w f iG f a&mufvmMuonf/ xkt d csed w
f iG f ykPmÖ ;uRe;f ü bDtidk af t
wufa&mufaeNyD;jzpfojzihf jzpf&yfukefpifukd wkdifwef;ajymjyí tultnDawmif;&eftwGuf a'gufwm
atmifomvSu oabFmrS orÁmefjzihf bk&m;ulwkdYqdyfwGif ukef;ay:okdYwufpOf bDtkdifatwyf uif;apmihfu
txifrSm;NyD; ypfowfvkdufonfhtwGuf- aemufxyfrsKd;aumif;om;wpfa,muf usqkH;&jyefonf/ ykPÖm;uRef;
acsmif;onf usOf;aomfvnf; uHtm;avsmfpGm a&wufcsdefESihf BuHKBudKufaeí acsmif;wGif;ü a&jynhfaeojzifh
jyefxGuf&ef oabFmukd acsmif;0bufokdY vG,fulpGm vSnhfí&aomaMumihf xyfrHwkdufckdufjcif;rS oufomcJh&NyD;
&aohawmifNrKd UodYk tjrefarmif;xGuv f m&m xkNd rKd UodYk aeYvnftcsed f a&muf&v dS mMuonf/ OD;bwifEiS fh rmrufwYdk
ESpaf ,mufpvk;H &aohawmifrw S zef bl;oD;awmifoYdk jyefívku d v
f mMuonf/ arv(3)&ufaeYreuf bl;oD;awmif
NrKd UokYd qku d af &mufvmMuonf/ OD;ausmcf idk f aoeyf'gPf&mESifh aoNy;D oabFmay:rSmygvmaMumif; olZY eD;a':apm
cif rdom;pkudk today;í tjcm;vlrsm;uku d m; OD;ausmcf idk f ppfawGNrKd UrSm ae&pfco hJ nf[k xdwv f efjY cif;rjzpfMuap
&eftwGuf owif;vTwfxm;onf/ bll;oD;awmifrS tawmfa0;uGmaomae&mü oabFmukd &yfwefYxm;cJhonf/
tavmif;rSm oabFmay:rSmyif ykwfyGvsuf&Sdaeí zefaq;&nfyufzsef;xm;NyD; rMumrSDtwGif; tavmif;ukd
av;vHaomt&m0w¬Krsm;ESifh csaD ESmifí ,if;raps;teD;jrpftv,f yifv,fa&xJwiG f ypfcsjrKyEf v HS u dk af wmhonf/
arv(5)&ufaeYavmufwGif u&DcsemrD;oabFmESihf a&SUaeOD;atmifxGef; a'gufwmom'kd;atmifwkdY
acgif;aqmifaom tzGUJ i,fwckonf ppfawGNrKd Uüuse&f adS eao;aom t*Fvyd pf pfwyfudk owif;ay;Ny;D Nird ;f csr;f a&;
twGuf tultnDawmif;&ef oGm;Muao;\/ xkrd mS ppfAv dk u f yÜwed 0f ;l 'fudk awGUí tusK;d taMumif;ukd ajymcJo h nf/
odaYk omfvnf; olwu Ydk ,
dk wf idk u
f NrKd Uukpd eG í Yf tNy;D ykid x
f u G cf mG oGm;&rnft h cgESihf BuKH BuKd uaf eí b,fvrdk S tultnD
ay;Edkif&ef taMumif;r&SdawmhNyDjzpfojzihf jyefoGm;&ef tBuHay;wkdufwGef;onfhtwGuf ppfawGNrdKUrS-
(pm-86-u)
bl;oD;awmifokdY ¤if;aeYnwGif;csif;yif jyefvmMuonf[k od&onf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif jyKvkyfp&m&Sdonfh
udpw ö u Ydk dk (zsuqf ;D p&m&So d nfwu Ydk dk zsuq f ;D ypf&eftwGu[ f k ,lqonf) jyKvyk &f ef use&f adS eaom ppfwyfpEk iS w hf uG
qkdif&mvlpktm;vkH;yif arv(6)&ufaeYwGif tvsiftjrefxGufcGmoGm;Muavonf[kvnf; xyfrHod&jyefonf/
(pm-86-u)
rSwcf su/f / ppfawGNrKd Uukd pGev Yf w
T í f tcsed rf a&G; tNy;D tykid f xGucf mG oGm;Ekid &f eftwGuf tqifoif&h adS p&ef
trdefYay;xm;NyD; aemufqkH;usef&Sdaeaom ( )armfawmfoabFmESihf txufazmfjyxm;aomvlpk( )tdE´d,
buf o k d Y teD ; qk H ; Nrd K Ujzpf a om ppf w aumif ; Nrd K Uok d Y qk w f c G m oG m ;Muonf [ k ,l q &onf / ppf a wG N rd K UrS
t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&; qkwfcGmoGm;pOftcgu usef&SdaecJhaom atmfvD*Geftajrmufi,fESifh pufaoewf
vufeufrsKd;pkH wyfqifxm; onfh a&wyfokH; (M-L )ESihf ( )ESpfpif;teuf &vG,f&moabFmukd tokH;jyKí
ae&mwum jrpfacsmif;&Sd&m a'owavQmufwGif ociftzGJU[k xif&aomtkyfpkukd (wkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wdkif;&if;
om; tpnf;t½kH;0ifrsm;ukd ociftzGJU0ifrsm;[k wxpfuspGyfpGJ,lqxm;onf)/ ESdrfeif;&eftwGuf ta&;ykdif
OD;ausmfcdkifonf vSnhfvnfoGm;vmvIyf&Sm;vsufaecJhonf/ tokH;jyKaeaom (M-L )ESpfpif;teuf wpif;ukd
bDtidk af tESifh *syefppfwyf ppfawGNrKd Uukd odr;f yku d &f eftwGuf csw D ufvmpOf awGU&Sí d ypfcyfEpS jf rK§ yv f u dk o
f nf[k
owif;&cJhonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwftcgu vTwfawmftrwfa[mif; armfvADwifwDrm&uH
onf armifuHxl;ESihf tvGef&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwpfOD;jzpfonf/ oltm; *syefppfwyfu brf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;
ojzihf umvawmfMum qif;&JccH &hJ onf/ armifux H ;l a&SUae b*Fvm;OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;wkYd ulnrD jI zihf brf;qD;xm;
jcif;rS vGwv f monft h cg armfvADwifbrD m&uHu tkid pf t D ufpf OD;ausmcf idk t f m; *lwmjyifqyd u f rf;wGif olyifypf
owfvkdufonf[k tvGef,kHMunf&if;ESD;aom rdwf
(pm-86-c)
aqGwOD;jzpfjcif;aMumihfwkdYukd wdwfwdwfajymjyí od&onf? olukd,fwkdif ukd,fxdvufa&muf ypfowf
vkdufonf odkYr[kwf olapckdif;csuft& wjcm;olwpfa,mufu ypfowfjcif;jzpfonfrSm r&Sif;ay? <um;0gvkdí
ajymjcif;vnf;jzpfEikd \ f / od&Yk mwGif oufaotaxmuftxm; wpkw H &mjyp&mr&S?d ¤if;jyif,MHk unfpw d cf s&onf[l
aom oabmxm;jzihf ( )ol\twGif;a&;ukd xkwfazmf0efcHxm;onfhtwGuf armifuHxl;onf þudpöukd
,ckwkdif a&ikHae&awmhonf/
rif;rJhpkd;rJhw&m;rJh vTrf;rkd;vmaom tcsdefumvonf bmomrsKd;jcm; wkkdif;wyg;om;wkdY &ckdifajray:rS
uif;uGmoGm;ap&ef xkdvlrsKd;wkdYtm; owfjzwfokwfoifarmif;ESifxkwfypf&rnfhtaumif;qkH;aom-
(pm-86-c)
tcsed yf ifwnf;[laom tawG;tac:ESifh rif;jym;NrKd U OD;ode;f ausmaf tmif NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U OD;xGe;f vSatmif?
rif;jym;Muufraus&Gmom; OD;ausmf,wkdYu tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm OD;aqmifrIay;vkdufjcif;onfyifvQif þrQBuD;rm;
us,fjyefYvSpGmaom aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfyGJBuD;jzpfyGm;&jcif; taMumif;&if;yifwnf;/ þvlowfyGJ vlrsKd;a&;
t"du½kP;f ukd rif;jym;NrKd Uae vufr&Gm rlpvifrsm;u tBurd ;f zwfpwifí zefw;D cJNh y;D aemuf OD;ode;f ausmaf tmif
wkYd vlpo
k nf &GmpOfwavQmuf tMurf;zwfcNhJ y;D vQif ¤if;wkEYd iS t hf wl ¤if;wkw Yd yfom;rsm;ukyd g ac:,lcí hJ r[mrked
bk&m;y&0kPftwGif;okdY csDwufa&muf&SdaepOf armifuHxl; OD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;omZHvS? OD;csD;'kd;wkdYu ¤if;wkdYESihf
awGUqkrH ad tmif oGm;a&mufawGUMuí ausmufawmfNrKd Ua[mif; rif;jym;tp&Sad om &ckid Af 'k b ¨ mom vltyk t f iftm;
BuD;rm;aoma'owkdYü rlpvif[dE´Lbmom-
(pm-87)
0if ukvm;vlrsK;d wku Yd dk owfjzwfñi§ ;f yef; ESyd pf ufuvljyKvyk cf vhJ Qif xkt d jyKtrlw\ Ydk wefjyefwu dk cf u
kd rf I
aMumifh rlpvifvlrsKd;trsm;tjym; aexkdifaom bl;oD;awmif armifawm r,lurf; ponfha'owkdYü&Sdaom
ukvm;vlrsK;d tiftm;aumif;aom ae&mwküYd þvlenf;pkjzpfaom Ak'b ¨ mom&ckid v f rl sK;d rsm;wku Yd vnf; tvm;wl
owfjzwfñ§if;yef;ESdyfpufuvljyKjcif;ukd cH&jcif;rS {uH'dXvG,fEdkifrnfr[kwfonfukd BudKwifí awG;qMunhfMu
&ef armifuHxl;wkdYvlpku tusKd;taMumif;ukd pHkvifpGmwifjyaqG;aEG;vsuf OD;odef;ausmfatmif wkdYvlpk\
tawG;tac:pDrHykHrSm pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzihf rSm;,Gif;aejcif;omjzpfí vkH;0rjzpfEdkifaMumif; xkdtaMumif;
zuf0g'vrf;pOfukd pGefYvTwfvkdufaMumif;ukd twefwef&Sif;vif;a[majymum wm;qD;cJh&m cPwmrQom
atmifjrifru I dk &&Scd ahJ vonf/ aemufyidk ;f wGiu f m; ¤if;wk\ Yd tpOfpm;OmPfuif;rJrh aI Mumihf odrYk [kwf ZGww f &Gwf
vkyfvkdrIaMumifh azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; rD;[kef;[kef;awmufrQ aoG;acsmif;pD;vlowfyGJBuD; jzpfcJh&avonfrSm
tvGef0rf;enf;bG,fyif/
jrefrmjynftm; r[mrdwfppfwyfu jyefvnfodrf;ykdufcsdefwGif OD;ausmf,tm; ¤if;\wynfhrsm;uyif
owfypfMuí Od;odef;ausmfatmifrSmrl tusOf;axmifodkY ESpf&Snfvwm tykdYcH&avonf/ OD;xGef;vSatmif
rSmrlum bDtidk af twyfom;wk\ Yd txifrmS ;rIaMumihf NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UwGif vlyt Hk v,fü Akv d t f mVm0u (bDtidk af t)
\wynhf wyfom;wkdY\vSHpGyfjzihf xkd;owfjcif;ukdcH&avonf/ 0rf;enf;p&myif/ þvlrsKd;a&; t"du½kPf;
jzpf&jcif;? &ckdifAk'¨bmombufomvQif usL;vGefapmfum;cJhonf[k wpfzufowfrqkdomay/ rlqvifbmom
0ifwkdYbufuvnf; wkdYueef;qdwfueef;vkyfí ¤if;wkdY&Gm-
(pm-87)
ukd jzwfoef;oGm;vmMuaom Ak'b ¨ mom&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh t&yfom;rsm;ukyd g rMumcPapmfum;jcif;?
owfypfjcif;wkdYay:aygufcJhojzihf Ak'¨bmom&ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYbufrS rcHr&yfEdkifatmif wtkHaEG;aEG; rD;cJjymzkH;yrm
jzpfaejcif;onfvnf; taMumif;wpfcyk ifjzpfco hJ nf/ ausmufawmfNrKd Ut0if qift;dk aygufawm yavmifrq l vif
ukvm;&Gmom;wcsKdUu qiftkd;vIdif&GmvlBuD; OD;pdefckdif\oruf bomESifhausmufawmfrS bdef;pGJpma&;
pdefomatmif wkdYtjyif xkd&Gmqdyfurf;ü qkdufuyfxm;aom 0g;azmiform;ESpfOD;wkdYukdvnf; owfí ppfajy;
u&ifppfom;tcsKdUukdvnf; owfí aoewfukd ,lonf[ktqkd&Sdonf/ pkHprf;od&onfrSm pmrsufESm (87)wGif
azmfjycJhaom vufr&Gm t"du½kPf;rjzpfrD (4^5)&ufcefYu ajrykHtykdif uwf&Gm? acsmif;BuD;&Gm rlqvifbmom
0ifukvm;rsm;u tiftm;jyonfhtaeESihf aoewfypfazmufMuonfhtwGuf teD;tem;&Sd &ckdifacsmif;BuD;&GmrS
&ckdifAk'¨ bmom0ifrsm; vefYjzefYajy;vTm;MuonfhtwGuf &ckdifAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;bufuvnf; wefjyeftiftm;
jyMu&mrS pwifjzpfyGm;vmaom t"du½kPf;wGif acsmif;BuD;&Gmom; OD;bkd;omwkdY nDtpfukdokH;a,mufpvkH;
aoqkH;&NyD; aemuf xkdt"du½kPf; us,fjyefYvmcJhonf xkda'owGif &ufacsmif;&GmwkdufyGJ tvGefBuD;cJhonf/
xkdaemuf &ckdifAk'¨bmom0ifrsm; Mumtif;awmif&Gm tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;odef;ausmfatmifukd tmPm&Sif
ajr§mufvkdufonftcsdefupí ¤if;vlonf todOmPfuif;rJhaom rkduf½l;&Jtvkyfukd-
(pm-88)
txufazmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJbG,f&mjzpfatmif we,fvkH;tESHY zefwD;cJhavonf/
rSwfcsuf// OD;odef;atmifausmf? OD;ausmf,? OD;xGef;vSatmifwkdYonf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ
qifETJ&mrS rSm;,Gif;pGmjyKvkyfrdcJhMujim;aomfvnf; rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefjcif;ukd xif&Sm;apaom tcPf;wpfck
yg0ifcJhMuonf/ tvm;wlyif rlqvifukvm;bufrSmvnf; &SdaytkH;rnf/
a&SUuazmfjycJhonfh ukvm;&cdkdift"du½kPf; jyif;xefcJhaMumif; txufwGif azmfjycJhovkd ta&;ykdif
tkdifpDtufpf OD;ausmfckdif ao&NyD;aemuf jzpfysufcJhaom tjcif;t&mukd tusOf;csKH;í azmfjy&tkH;rnf xkdtcsdef
umvu bl;oD;awmifNrdKUü t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tpkd;& &Sdaeao;onf[k qkdavmuf½kHum; &Sdaeao;\/
armifawmNrdKUe,fokdY MoZmtmPmvTrf;jcif; r&SdawmhNyD/ wkdufe,frS rlqvifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf &ckdifrsm;ukd
pwifwkdufckduf&ef-
(pm-88)
twGuf vufeufrsm; pkaqmif;Mu\/ ppfawGNrdKUrS ajy;vmMuaom &m*sfykwfppfom;ppfajy;rsm;tm;
¤if;wkt Yd BuKd uuf dk auR;arG;ay;urf;í iSm;&rf;pkaqmif;xm;Muvsuf vufpm;acs&eftwGuf toifph pD OfjyifqifNy;D
vQif armifawmNrdKUe,fü rlqvifukvm;rsm;onf &ckdifAk'¨bmomvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdifMuaomaus;&Gmrsm;ukd rD;½IdU
zsuq f ;D vlowfMuonft h wGuf olw\ Ydk &yf&mG rsm;ukd pGev
Yf w
T x f u
G af jy;uke\
f / xGurf ajy;Edik b f J use&f adS eMuaom
&ckid tf ajrmuftjrm; owfjzwfñi§ ;f qJjcif;ukd cHMu&\/ &ckid t f rsK;d om; trsK;d orD;ajrmufrsm;pGmrSm bl;oD;awmifNrKd U
okdY xGufajy;Muaomfvnf; ra&mufEdkifMuí awmBudKawmifMum;-
(pm-89)
rsm;ü rGwfodwfqmavmifpGmjzihf ykef;vQKd;ckdatmif;aeMu&\/
bl;oD;awmifNrKd Uuku d m; xkt d csed tf xd vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmuftjynht f pkEH iS fh ukvm;&efudk ESrd ef if;pGm
wGe;f vSeaf eMu&\/ bl;oD;awmifNrKd Uü use&f adS eao;aom ykvyd rf sm;ESifh t&yfom; vufeufuidk rf sm;onf uRr;f
usifaom vufeufukdifrsm;jzpfojzihf rlqvifukvm;rsm;zufrS tustqkH;rsm;pGmESihf aemufqkwfajy;Mu&\/
þtcsed w f iG f ppfawGNrKd Uü bDtidk af twyfEiS fh *syefwyfrsm; a&muf&pdS cef;csaeNy;D jzpfí bl;oD;awmifumuG,af &;
rSL;(P.W.D )yD'AvsL'DXmerS tkdAmpD,m( )OD;atmifxGef;OD;ESihf q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[wkdY ppfawGNrdKUokdY
oGm;a&mufNy;D bDtidk af twyf Akv d rf LS ;&efatmifxH tultnDawmif;cHMuaomtcg Akv d rf sK;d ñGeEYf iS fh Adv
k &f efaemif
acgif;aqmifaomwyfom; (25) (30)cefYyg0ifaom wyfpkuav;wpfpkukd bl;oD;awmifNrdKUodkY apvTwfí
a&mufvmMuonf/
armifawmrlqvifrsm;onf a&rIwfwzuf rD;pwzufpepfukd pwiftokH;jyKMuav\/ a&muf&Sdvm
aom wyftiftm; NrKd Utajcte ponfwu Ydk dk taumufOmPfjzihf wdww f qdwf vQKUd 0Suí f wrsK;d ? rdwzf UJG íwenf;
pkHprf;axmufvSrf;owif;pkaqmif;Mujcif;ukd jyKvkyfMuavonf/ a&muf&Sdvmaom ppfAkdvfuav;rsm;tm;
MuufO EGm;EdkY pD;u&uftp tpm;taomufvufaqmify@mrsm;ukd urf;vSrf;ay;ykdYMu\/ aphpyfa&;jzihf
aMuat;&ef vkdvm;ovkd trlt&mrsm;ukd jyMu\/ jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifMu\/ bl;oD;awmife,f
cRwfu&m&Gmü ppf-
(pm-89)
ab;&efrS ckv d wHI nf;ckad eMuaom &ckid rf q l vifbmom0if OD;zk;d ckid f OD;,mqde;f wkuYd vnf; aphpyfaqG;aEG;
&ef wkdufwGef;vIHYaqmfay;Muonf[k tqkd&SdcJhonf/ bDtkdifatwyf Akdvf&efatmifrStp atmufAkdfvfrsm;rSm
&ckdifwkdif;okdY 0ifvmpuyif owif;rSefukdr&&Sd-
(pm-89)
Muavojzihf? ukvm;&ckdift"du½kPf;ESihf ywfoufí vlrsKd;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefrIaMumihf &ckdifrsm;u
&efpíomvQif &ckid u f vk m;t"du½kP;f jzpf&onf[k wbufowf,MHk unfaeMuaom bl;oD;awmifNrKd UokYd a&muf&dS
vmaom wyfAkdvfrsm;uvnf; rlqvifrsm;ukd &ckdifrsm;xuf ykdrkd,kHMunfukd;pm;vmMu[ef&Sdonf/ &ckdif
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tBuHay;pum;rsm;ukd av;pm;jcif;r&SdMu? rlqvifwkdY\t,kHoGif;jcif;rsm;ukd wu,f
xifrSwfNyD; aphpyfaMuat;&ef tav;ay;BudK;pm;Mu\/
waeYwGif armifawmrS aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; a&SUajy;xrif;vufqkHpm;&ef zdwfac:csuft& bDtkdifat
Akv
fd af cgif;aqmifEpS Of ;D onf armifawmodo Yk mG ;&ef pDpOf&m &ckid af cgif;aqmifrsm;u roGm;&ef trsK;d rsK;d owday;xm;
aomfvnf; em;r0ifcJh/ ta&;r,lMubJ &ckdifacgif;aqmifrsm;ukdyif rac:MubJ? ¤if;wkdYESpfOD;onf aoeyfukdif
av;NrdKUacsmif;a'orS &ckdifwyfom;uav;wOD;ESihf um;armif;orm; &mZ0wftkyf OD;armifBuD;\om;
armifapmomwku Yd dk ac:aqmifí armifawmrS rlqvifwYdk jzm;a,mif;&mokYd &ckid af cgif;aqmifrsm;\pum;ukyd if
em;raxmif rajymyavmufaomvufeuftenf;i,fESihf armifawmodkY vkdufygoGm;Muavonf/
OD;zkd;ckdif? OD;,mqdef;? rpöwmwifbDrmuHwkdYum; bvGwf&GmrSwqifh armifawmokdY oGm;Muavonf/
armifawmNrdKU0if p&mZbDt&yfwGif rlqviftajrmuftrsm;u {nhfcHBudKqkdMu\/ ,if;ae&müyif bDtkdifat
Akdvfrsm;u cspfMunfa&;rdefYcGef;rsm;ay;í rdef;cGef;rsm;ay;NyD;aemuf xrif;pm;&ef OD;zkd;ckdifwkdYESihf twlwlyif
toifjh yifxm;aomae&modYk xGuv f mMu&m? a&muf&v dS maomrlqvifrsm;onf wm;r&avmufatmif Akv d rf sm;
tm; 0kdif;0ef;vmMuNyD; toifhygaom wkwfrsm;jzihf ½kdufESufMuukef\/
um;armif;&ckid u f av;url? ukvm;rsm; 0dik ;f vmpuyif trlt&mukd rouFmojzihf vltyk Mf um;rS wk;d acGUí
xGuaf jy;ojzihf vGwaf jrmufvmavonf/ useo f ;Hk a,mufw\ Ydk tavmif; tpteukyd if rawGUvku d &f ay/ OD;zk;d ckid ?f
OD;ompdew f v
Ydk pl uk m; aemufwaeYrS bl;oD;awmifoYdk a&mufvmMuav\/ olwu Ydk rl cifrifow
l csKUd u twGi;f v
qGJiif tumtuG,fay;NyD; u,fq,fxm;vkdufojzifhom vGwfxGufvm&onf[k jyefajymMuonf/
bDtkdifat Akdvfuav;rsm; towfcH&í Akdvf&efatmifukd,fwkdif wyfpkuav;wpfpkESihf vma&mufNyD;
axmufvSrf;pkHprf; ppfaq;jcif;ukdjyKaomfvnf; tusKd;rxl;acs/ OD;zkd;ckdif? OD;ompdef rpöwmuifbDwkdYukd brf;qD;
xm;jcif;omjyKonf/ vufonfw&m;cHukdum; rod&acs/ olvQKdjyKvkyfol t,kHtMunfr&Sd[k txifcH&ol
rGwfqviftcsKdUukdum; pifwifí vSHpGyfESihf xkd;owfonf[k Mum;&\/
(pm-90)
bl;oD;awmif oabFm epfjrKyfjcif;

(1941-42)ckESpf NAdwdoQtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd NydKuGJatmif *syefESihfyl;aygif;í awmfvSefwkdufckduf
NyD; ArmjynfrS armif;xkwf&ef bDtkdifatwyfukd omvGefwkdawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif; jzpfuwwfqef;
pk½kH;zGJUpnf;cJh& onfhtwGuf tNrJwrf;ppfwyf ( )pepfwus pnf;urf;uvem;&Sdatmif uGyfuJtkyfcsKyf&ef
rvG,fulojzihf (1942)ckESpf ZlvkdifvtwGif; xkdwyfwpfckvkH;ukd *syefppfaoemywd\trdefYjzihf zsufodrf;
vku d &f aMumif;ukd armifux H ;l tm; Akv d &f efatmifu 0rf;enf;yufvuf jzpfaMumif;ukepf ifudk ajymjyí od&onfh
twGuf rsm;pGmpdwrf aumif;jzpfc&hJ onf/ ok&Yd mwGif rMumrDumvtwGi;f tawmftiftm;Bu;D rm;aom Armjynf
umuG,af &;wyf (bD'aD t)wckudk ykrd pdk epfwuspmG zGUJ pnf;vku d af vonf/ ¤if;wyfudk xkEd pS f Mo*kwv f avmufrmS
ArmtrsKd ; om;wyf ? (bD t if e f a t)trnf j zih f tpm;xk d ; í Ak d v f r S L ;ae0if ; uk d ume,f t qif h t wef ;
jzihfvnf;aumif;? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd ar*sm*sife&,fvftqifhtwef;ESihf ppfbuf qkdif&mXme0efBuD;
( )tjzpf jzihfvnf;aumif; cefYxm;vkdufavonf/
þtawmtwGi;f txufygrSwcf suüf azmfjycJo h vkd bDtidk af t wyfudk zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf &efuek Nf rKd U
okdYwyfukd ½kyfodrf;jyefvm&ef A[kd&frS trdefYa&mufvmojzihf bll;oD;awmif&Sd bDtkdifatwyf ppfawGNrdKUodkYjyef&ef
pDpOfjcif;ukd jyKvkyf&avonf/
bDtidk af twyf ½kyo f rd ;f &efowif;ukd Mum;vku d of nfEiS wfh NyKd ief uf bl;oD;awmifwNrKd Uvk;H wkev
f yI af jcmuf
jcm;oGm;Muonf/ ajy;&efvrf;aygufukd &SmMuukef\/
(pm-91)
bl;oD;awmifqdyfurf;wHwm;ü oabFmESpfpif;&Sd\/ oabFmwpif;ay:wGif bDtkdifatwyfom;rsm;
oufoufukdom wifaqmif,lNyD; usefwpif;wGif t&yfolt&yfom;rsm; qefYoavmuf o,f,loGm;rnf/
ukefypönf;rsm; rwifaqmif&[k oufqkdif&m aMujimavonf/
NrKd UolNrKd Uom;rsm;rSm tvGeaf Mumufvef&Y um; ,lEikd o f a&GU a&TaiGypön;f avmufudk ,lMuNy;D wm;rEkid q f ;D r&
oabFmay:okdY twif;wkd;acGUwufa&mufMuukef\/ OD;a& 250^300avmufom qefYaomoabFmwGif
tqrwef w½k;H ½k;H wk;d acGUwufaerIaMumihf oabFmonf wbufoaYdk pmif;oGm;&m oabFmukd csnaf ESmifxm;aom
BudK;ukd "m;jzihfckwfMuNyD;vQif bDtkdifat wyfom;wifoabFmonf twif;pufEkd;xGufcGm oGm;avonf/
t&yfom;wifoabFmum; BudK;ukdjzwfvkdufonfESihf wNydKifeuf ½kwfw&ufwbufodkY apmif;NyD; csufcsif;epfjrKyf
oGm;av\/ rajymyavmufaom vlOD;a& (40^50)cefYom toufab;rS csrf;om&m&MuNyD;-
(pm-91)
usefvlrsm;pGmwkdYrSm oabFmESihfwygwnf; epfjrKyfoGm;Muavonf/
aemufwaeYwGif wNrdKUvkH;wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sdaeonfukd awGU&ojzihf rlqvifrsm;onf vufeufrsm;jzihf
NrKd UxJo0Ykd ifa&mufum awGU&Sad om &ckid t f rsK;d om;rsm;ukd owfjzwfñi§ ;f qJMuNy;D trsK;d orD;rsm;ukrd l zrf;qD;í,lomG ;
Mu\/ trsKd;orD;tcsKdUukdum; twif;t"r®aygif;oif; tdrfaxmifjyKMuavonf/
(pm-92)
&ckdifrS cGJxGufvkdMuolrsm;
&ckdifjynfrScGJxGufí wwfedkifvQif ygupöwefESihf yl;aygif;vkdaom odkYwnf;r[kwf &ckdifjynfwGif oD;jcm;
rlqvifjynfe,fxlaxmifvkdaom rlqvifEkdifiHa&;orm;wkdY\ y&d,m,fqifjcif;rQomjzpfonfukd atmuf
wae&mwGif azmfjyvwåHUaom rl*sm[d'faumifpDOuúXxHrS armifuHxl;odkY wkduf½kdufay;aompmukd bwf½Ijcif;
tm;jzihf odEkdifayvdrfhrnf/ ppfawGc½kdif armifawmbl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frsm;rS ta&G;cH&onfh vTwfawmftrwf
rsm;jzpfaom rpöwmtyÜ'k*gzmrpöwmvweftmrufwkdYonf ppfawGc½kdiftaemufbufukd oD;jcm;cGJxkwfí
oD;oefYe,fajrwpfck tjzpfjzihf tkyfcsKyfa&;&ekdif&ef oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfxkd;ay;yg[k 0efBuD;armifuHxl;
xHokdY csOf;uyfta&;qkd Mujim;aomfvnf; jiif;y,fvkdufonfhtwGuf 0efBuD;armifuHxl;\oabmxm;ukd
rsm;pGm raMureyfjzpfum xyfrH BudK;pm;Muao;\/ txrajrmufcJhacs/
(pm-93)
*syefacwfOD;ykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;
(1942)ck E S p f {NyD v uk e f v k e D ; eD ; aemuf q k H ; tywf w G i f Ak d v f & ef a tmif tk y f c sKyf a om (
)Armhwyfrawmf rif;jym;NrdKUokdY a&mufaeNyD; ppfawGNrdKUokdYcsDwufrnfjzpfí? ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUüawGUqkHEdkifatmif
tcsed rf v DS u dk v f mMu&ef OD;omZHvx S rH S owif;ay;ykv Yd u
dk o
f jzihf armfawmfbw k wf pif;jzihf q&mBu;FD OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;?
OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;xGef;0if;? OD;atmifxGef;jr? ODF;atmifausmfxGef;ESihf OD;csD;'kd;wkdY ausmufawmfrS nae
6em&D c ef Y w G i f xG u f v mcJ h M u onf / xk d t csd e f w G i f armif u H x l ; rS m ,k d ; ',m;acsmif ; a'ook d Y
uk v m;&ck d i f t "d u ½k P f ; Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;oabmw&m;a[m c&D ; xG u f a eck d u f E S i h f BuH K Bud K uf a eojzih f
olwkdYwygwnf;ac:,l&eftwGuf yef;zJacsmif;&GmokdY0ifí ac:,lNyD;jyefxGuf vmMu&mwGif rkd;vif;aomfvnf;
,k;d acsmif;0okYd ra&mufEikd Mf u/ odEYk iS hf ykPmÖ ;uRe;f NrKd UokYd tcsed rf adDS &mufEikd &f ef twGuf q&mBu;D atmifausmx f eG ;f ?
atmifxeG ;f jr? OD;cs;D 'k;d wpku qm;iHuef&mG rSwqifh ausmufqw d &f mG wku
Yd dk jzwfvsuf ykPmÖ ;uRe;f NrKd UodYk jzwfvrf;rS
ajcvsifoGm;Muavonf/ usefwpk eHeuf (10)em&DcefYwGif armfawmfbkwf ESihf a&mufvmMu\/ ,if;tcsdefwGif
(bDtkdifat)Armhwyfrawmfum; ykPÖm;uRef;rS rkdifwkdif(10)ausmfavmuf uGma0;aomtjrifhuRef;odkY
csDwufoGm;avNyD; wifBudKoGm;ESihfaom OD;omZHvSwkdY vlpkonfvnf; ppfwyfESihftwlwl yif tjrifhuRef;&GmodkY
vkdufoGm;onf[k od&onf/ OD;ay:xGef;atmif ukrÜPDykdif ]]ay:}}trnfay;xm;aom armfawmfbkwfjzihfyif
xk&d mG okv Yd u dk of mG ;Mu\/ xGe;f 0if;ESihf atmifausmx f eG ;f wku Yd ykPmÖ ;uRe;f rS ausmufawmfoYkd jyefomG ;Muavonf/
(pm-99)
armifux H ;l wkv Yd pl k tjrifu h Re;f &GmokYd qku
d af &mufonft h csed uf pí armfawmfbw k uf dk tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ rS
&Jabmfrsm;ukd tapmifch sí xded ;f odr;f xm;vku d af wmhonf/ (bDtidk af t)Armhwyfrawmfum; ppfawGNrKd UodYk qufvuf
csDwufoGm;avNyDjzpfí tjrifhuRef;&GmwGif &ckdifw½kyfujym; ( )ociftrnfcH armifjr(bufuref OD;ausmfZH
OD; pyg;pufr-S w½kwv f uform;q&mBu;D \om; wuúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾tvkyt f rIaqmif)Bu;D rSL;aom &ckid f
wkdif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUESihf olwkdYtokdif;t0kdif;ukdom awGU&\/ ¤if;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif armifjru r[mrif;BuD;
tac:cH wkdif;tkyfcsKyf-
(pm-99)
a&;rSL;jzpfNyD; tzGJU\twGif;a&;rSL;rSm NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU a&SUae OD;atmifausmf\nD armifausmfpHjzpf\/
usrm® a&;? ynma&;ponfjzifv h nf; XmerSL;rsm; cefx Y m;&So d nfudk awGU&onf/ AkaH ygufomausmu f m;? umuG,af &;
rSL;jzpfí MoZmt&SdqkH;ESihf cs,fvS,fEdkifoljzpfaeonfukdvnf; odcJh&\/ olonf wyfrawmfESifhtwl vkdufoGm;
ojzihf [krd mS olu Y dk rawGUcJ&h ay/ ]]bpHrmS &mxl;vufuidk f r&Sad omfvnf; xkt d zGUJ ESiyhf ;l aygif;aqmif&u G af eonfudk
awGUcJh&\/}}
&ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qdifk &f m wkid ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½k;H ( )ESiyfh wfoufírl rvkv d m;olw\ Ydk rrSeo f wif;ay;
xm;rIwkdYaMumihf wyfrawmfwm0efcHrsm;u txiftjrift,ltq rSm;aeaMumif;ukd od&onf/ ukvm;&ckdif
t"du½kPf;wGif wkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;ukd w&m;cHtjzpf owfrSwfNyD; xkdtzGJU\OuúXjzpfol
OD;omZHvu S dk ajccsKyw f &m;cH oabmxm;jzihf qufqMH uonfudk awGU&onf/ þuJo h Ykd tajctaeraumif;jcif;ukd
awGU&ojzihf -
(pm-99-u)
armifuHxl;wkdYvlpkonf aemufaeYeHeuf jyefoGm;&eftwGuf armfawmfbkwfukd cPwmrQ okH;cGifhjyK&ef
awmif;yefaomfvnf; rvkdufavsmhay/ ppfa&;ppf&mtwGuf tokH;jyK&ef oddrf;qnf;xm;&onf[k taMumif;jy
awmhonf/ txufwiG af zmfjycJah om tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ rS trdejYf yefwrf;t& tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;ESihf wjcm;olrsm;
wk d Y u k d y g t&yf o l t &yf o m;rsm;wk d Y td r f ü eH e uf p m npm ponf w k d Y u k d oD ; jcm;cG J í pm;cG i f h r jyKacs/
tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ ukd t&yfrS pkaygif;auR;aomae&müyg wpkwnf;pm;aomuf&onf/ [if;vkaH vmuf&eftwGuf
EGm;ukdowfí csufjyKwfauR;arG;onfukd awGU&\/ nreufpm pm;csdefwGif pDwef;Mu&í qkdif&mrS trdefYay;rS
pm;Mu&onf/ txufwiG f azmfjycJoh nft
h wkid ;f ( )csK;d ESrd jf cif;ukd cHcMhJ u&onf/ q&mBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;ukrd l
OD;omZHvS tm;ri,fap&eftwGuf ¤if;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUESifhwuG (bDtkdifat)wyfrawmfESihfyg ykHrSefqufqHa&;
odkYa&mufatmifvnf;aumif; BudK;pm;vsuf ae&pf&ef xkdt&yfü csefxm;cJhonf/
(pm-99-u)
tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;jcif;
armifuHxl;ESihf OD;omZHvSwkdYonf *syefppfom;rsm;ukd o,f,loGm;aom rD;oabFmjzihf ppfom;rsm;ESihf
twl a&maESmum qif;&JcHí vkdufoGm;Muí (1942)ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (17)&ufaeYu pwifpnf;a0;aom
&efukefNrdKU tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\OuúX a'gufwmbarmfESihf &ckdiftajctaeudpö&yfrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;Muavonf/
&ckdifjynftwGif; t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tzGJU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;
txJu trsKd;om;ausmif; q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ywåwf)ukd c½kdif0eftrsKd;om; ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;zkd;jrpdef
ukd &mZ0wf0ef (vufOD;yXr OD;bpHukd &mZ0wf0ef&mxl;ay;tyfcJhonf/ olu rvkyfonfhtwGuf q&mBuD;
OD;zkd;jrpdefukd xkdae&mü tpm;xkd;xnfhvkdufonf)aemuf NrdKUe,ftvkduf qkdif&mt&m&Sdrsm;ukd &ckdifwjynfvkH;
twGuf t&nftcsif;tvkduf xkdufwefaom&mxl;rsm;ukd ay;tyfícefYvkdufavonf/ armifuHxl;ukdrlum;
tvHjybk&m;vrf;ü&Sdaom &efukefNrdKU 'kdYArm qif;&Jom;tpnf;t½kH;ocifEkOuúXtjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&aom
XmecsKyf ([Hom0wD'DpMwdwfaumifpD½kH; taqmuftOD;)wGif &ckdifjynfukd,fpm;vS,f taejzihf &ckdifwkdif;
acgif;aqmifwOD; &D*sife,fvfvD'gazmftm&uHtjzpf cefYxm;avonf/ xkdaemufykdif;wGif &ckdiftrsKd;om;
wpfOD;jzpfol w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; trdefYawmf& a&SUae OD;xGef;atmif\½kH;ü twGif;0efuav;tjzpfjzihf
cefYxm;jcif;cH&jyefavonf/ vpfvyfaom &ckdifjynfukd,fpm;vS,f armifuHxl;\ae&mwGif ¤if;\nD OD;ñkdxGef;
u xkdtpnf;t½kH;\ OuúXjzpfol ocifEku a'gufwmbarmf\ trdefYt& &ckdifwkdif;twGuf r[mArmwkdif;rSL;
cefYxm;avonf? xkdtcsdefwGif wkdYArmqif;&Jom;tpnf;t½kH;ukd r[mArmtzGJU[k trnfajymif;vkdufNyD;
jzpfojzihf( )wkdif;acgif;aqmifac:rnfhtpm; r[mArmwkdif;rSL; [k ac:wGifaponf/
txl;c½kdif0efrsm; cefYxm;jcif;
(1948)ckESpf vkH;0vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;onfhaemufykdif;wGif &ckdifwkdif;ü Nidrf0yfydjym;aeonfhtcsdef
&mxl ; 0ef armif u H x l ; u ol Y x H o d k Y vma&muf w k d i f y if M uaom &ck d i f w k d i f ; acgif ; aqmif r sm;tm;
jyKvkyfbG,f&mudpörsm;ukd tcsdef rMuefYMumapbJ NyD;pD;Edkifatmif ppfawGNrdKUü ½kH;xkdifí A[dk&ftpkd;&vlxkESihf
EdkifiHa&;0efxrf; tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd tMum;wGif tquftoG,f( )vkyfí udpöBuD;i,frsm;ukd ½kwfw&uf
aqmif&GufqkH;jzwfEdkifap&ef Xmevufukdif r&Sd 'kwd,0efBuD; ( )wOD; &Ekdifatmif 0efBuD;csKyfxH
wifjyawmif;cH&ef tBuHay;cJh\/ okdY&mwGif OD;Ektpkd;&u rsKd;cspfOD;ausmfOD;? OD;bapm? OD;bvIdifwkdYukd ppfawG?
ausmufjzL? oHwGJc½kdifrsm; toD;oD;twGuf txl;c½kdif0ef( )&mxl;ESihf wefckd;tmPmukdyg cefYtyf
ESif;vkduf&m tkyfcsKyfa&;&mü uRrf;usifrI A[kokw vkH;0ryg&SdcJhaom EkdifiHa&;e,fxJodkY 0ifa&mufcgpjzpfaom
vl&G,frsm;onf tNrJwrf;tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&mü 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
rIaMumihf &ckdifbufü txl;ojzihf ppfawGc½kdif (&wn)ay:aygufvmí jynfolYvTwfawmftrwf a&G;aumuf
yGw
J iG f 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd i&f m ae&mwdik ;f rSm atmifyJG cHEikd í
f z-q-y-v ½I;H cJo
h nf/ ppfawGNrKd Ur rJqEé,ftwGuf
z-q-y-v a':apmjrukd &wn OD;ausmrf if;u tjywftowf tEkid &f oGm;onf/ þtcsed w f iG f armifux
H ;l onf
&mxl;0eftzGJUrS wzefac:,lcefYtyfjcif;ukd cH&í vlenf;pka&;&m0efBuD;tjzpf ppfawGNrdKUü tcsdefjynfhxkdifí
A[kd&ftpkd;&ESihf vlxktMum; ( )aygif;ul; vkyfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf/
(pm-105)
*syefawmfvSefa&;aeY
pifppftm;jzihf Armjynfwjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmxufapmpGm &ckdifbufu (1945)ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv
(12)&ufaeY jrefrmouú&mZf (1306)ck jymokdvjynhf aomMumaeYuyif NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtykdif ysm;wJ&Gmpcef;u
pwifawmfvSef cJhavonf/ awmfvSefa&;udpövkyfief;wGif txpfaihgenf;EkdiforQenf;í þ*syefppfwyfu
r&dyfrdap&eftwGuf yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;vufvH ppfwyfpcef;wGif *syefppfAkdvfBuD;rsm;ukd t,kHoGif;xm;&ef
wm0efukd q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmu yd&dpGm xrf;aqmifcJhavonf/
r[mArm OD;pD;tzGJU
r[mArmOD;pD;tzGJUwzGJUukd zGJUpnf;NyD;vQif atmufygyk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; r[mArmOD;pD;tzGJU0iftjzpf
cefYxm;av onf/ (1)a'gufwmbarmfacgif;aqmifBuD; (2)ocifjr 'kwd,acgif;aqmif (3) OD;xGef;atmif
(4) OD;odrf;armif (5)OD;b0if; (6)OD;at; (7) AE¨KvOD;pdef (8) OD;jr [oFmw (9)apmbarmif (10) ocifEk
(11) ocifoef;xGef; (12) ocifnD (13)OD;b*srf; (14)a':cifrrarmf (15) wifykdapmfbGm; (16) OD;quf
(17)apmbOD;BuD; (18) armifuHxl;-OD;atmifZHa0wkdYjzpfavonf/
ocifodef;azESifh ocifwifa&TwkdYtm; tdE´d,okdYykdYaqmifa&;

ocifoed ;f azESifh ocifwifa&T (1942)ckEpS f Zlvidk v f twGi;f &ckid jf ynfbufrS tdE, fd´ bufoYdk rul;oGm;&
ao;rD ¤if;wk(Yd 2)OD;? ocifwifjr? ocifp;dk ? OD;ñkx d eG ;f ? OD;bpHEiS fh (bDtidk af t)wyf ½kyo f rd ;f cgeD;tcsed f Akv d &f efatmif
tygt0if q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;wkdY ESD;aESmwkdifyifMuNyD;vQif ocifpkd;wkdY jrefrmjynfbufodkY jyefoGm;MuNyD;
ocifoed ;f armifEiS fh ocifwifa&TwYdk use&f pfcahJ vonf/ olwEYdk pS af ,muf tdE, d´ bufoYdk vQKUd 0SuEf ikd o
f a&GU tpGr;f
ukev f QKUd 0Supf mG ykaYd y;&eftwGuf armifux H ;l \wwd,nD OD;ñkx d eG ;f \tpfudk OD;xGe;f 0if;okYd wm0efay;vku d o f nft h
twkid ;f rif;jym;NrKd UrS orÁmefjzihf ausmufawmfNrKd UokYd ,laqmifvmNy;D vQif OD;xGe;f 0if;\aetdrüf (3)nvQKUd 0Sux f m;
NyD;vQif ukvm;wefjrpf wif;r&GmrS tdE´d,&Sde,fpyfaAm'kwf&Gmpcef;odkY ykdYay;Edkifrnfh crD;vlrsKd;pum; a&a&
vnfvnfajymqkdwwfaom wif;r&GmrS jromOD;nDtpfukdESpfa,mufukd vrf;jy&eftwGuf iSm;í armfawmfbkwf
wweff avSwwefjzihf yvuf0ykdif ul0rSarmf'kwfpcef;odkY ykdYay;vkdufonf/ olwkdYukd OD;xGef;0if;udk,fwkdif
wif;r&Gmtxd armfawmfbkwfESihf vkdufíykdYvkdufonf/
(pm-113)
qufom; OD;bkd;atmif\wm0efrSm zkdpf(136)rS pDpOfay;vkdufaom awmfvSefa&;udpöESihfywfoufaom
vQKdU0Suf( )rkdufu½kdzvif owif;ay;ykdYaumfjym;rsm;ukd (2)Budrfwkdifwkdif trf;awmifMum;vrf;rS vkHNcHKpGm
,laqmifvmEkid cf o hJ nht
f wGuf ol\ol&owåEd iS fh pGepYf m;rIudk *kPjf yKjcif;tm;jzihf aMu;aiGtaxmuftyHu h adk y;yg
&ap? b,favmufyJjzpfjzpf tm;rempwrf;ajymyg[k ocifjru (2)Budrfwkdifwkdif wkdufwGef;ajymqkdaomfvnf;
(2)BudrfpvkH;yif OD;bkd;atmifu ykdufqHvkdcsifí þtoufqHzsm; pGefYpm;&aomudpörsKd;ukd uRefawmf
aqmif&Gufjcif; r[kwfyg[kom ,Ofaus;pGmyif pum;wkefYjyefvkdufavonf/ OD;bkd;atmif trf;awmifMum;
vrf;rS ,laqmifvmaom ¤if;vQKdU0Sufowif;ay;ykdYaumfjym;rsm;ukd armifuHxl;rSwqifh ocifb[def; ocif
cifatmif ocifjrwkdYrS wqifh awmfvSefa&;twGuf vQKdU0SufpGma&;qGJaeMuaom ( )twGif;tusqkH;
tpdwt f ydik ;f odYk ay;tyf&avonf/ awmfveS af &;acwf ok;H acwfpvk;H ü yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ rl sm;ukd armfueG ;f 0if
twGuf todt d rSwf jyKcsed w
f iG f oluv
dk nf; todtrSwjf yKjcif;ukd cH,al pvkí d &Jabmfrsm;tm; avQmufxm;Mu&ef
twGuf yXrtBurd f aMujimonft h cguyif OD;bk;d atmiftm; armifux H ;l u avQmufxm;&ef today;wku d w f eG ;f
cJhjim;aomfvnf; oluavQmufxm;rS todtrSwfjyKrnfqkdonhfrlukd rvkdvm;ojzifh jiif;y,fcJhonf/ ]]tvSL&Sif
rSef; odatmif r@yfwkdifukd wufjy&rnfqkdvQif armfuGef;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;ukd rcH&vQif aeygap[k
jyefajymavonf/
(pm-114)
OD;bkd;atmif\tbkd;wefaom pGefYpm;aqmif&Gufjcif;ukd todtrSwfjyKjcif;tm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHokdY
*syefrsm; odrf;NyD;aemuf &ckdifjynftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf armifuHxl;? OD;omZHvSwkdY a'gufwmbarmftpkd;&ESihf
tpD t pOf w &yf uk d a&;qG J M u&mü Zmwf q &mOD ; bk d ; atmif E S i f h toif h a wmf q k H ; [k oabm&Muaom
ausmufawmfNrKd U&yfuu G t
f yk pf u
k dk pDrcH efcY t
JG yk cf sKy&f ef olBu;D &mxl;ukd olt
Y m; tyfEiS ;f &ef owfrw
S cf MhJ uaomfvnf;
olujiif;y,fcJhavonf/ pD;yGm;a&; ESihfywfoufaom OD;bkd;atmifwOD;wnf;omvQif &efukefNrdKUokdY
qifpG,fwifoGif;cGifhvkdifpifukd olvkdvm;onfh twkdif; opfawma&;qkdif&m 0efBuD; OD;xGef;tkyf Xmeu
xkwfay;cJhaomaMumihf ol\pD;yGm;a&;tajctae tawmfajzmifhonfukd awGU&í 0rf;ajrmuf&ayonf?
AkdvfcsKyf &ckdifjynf yxrc&D;pOf

wESpftwGif; vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;&&rnf[laom a<u;aMumfoHESihf jyif;jyif;xefxef tvkyfrsm;vmaom
tcsed w f iG f wEdik if v H ;Hk okYd tESt
YH jym; c&D;vSnv fh nf&efvt dk yfonfjzpf&um; armifux H ;l onf Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
acgif;aqmifaom atmufazmfjyygtrwfrsm;yg0ifaom tzGUJ wckEiS hf &ckid jf ynfbufoYdk ta&;Bu;D aomae&mtm;
vkH;wkdYokdY a&mufEdkifatmif c&D;vSnhfvnfoGm;a&mufcJhMu\/ tzGJU0ifyg0ifaom acgif;aqmifyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;rSm
(1) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; (2) armifuHxl; (3) ocifjr (4) [oFmwOD;jrwkdYESihf &Jabmfrsm;jzpfMuaom (5)oHwGJ
ocifomñGefY (6) AkdvfxGef;vS (7) Akdvfatmifrif; (8) Akdvfcifarmif0if; (9) ukdvSMunf (10) ukdcifjrifh
(11)ukdwifa&TESihf z-q-y-v-
(pm-131)
XmecsKyfrSwifBudKí awmifukwfNrdKUodkY vTwfxm;aom (12)OD;csD'dkf;wkdYjzpfMuonf/ þtzGJU\c&D;pOfrSm
(1946)ck rwfv(4)&ufaeY &efukefrSxGufNyD;aemuf yef;awmif;NrdKUodkYa&muf? (5)&ufaeY ½kd;rawmifay:?
(6)&uf aeY awmifukwfNrdKU? (7)&ufaeY awmifukwf (8)&ufaeY awmifukwfrS rD;oabFmESihfxGuf (10)&ufaeY
ppfawGNrdKU odkYa&muf (11)&ufaeY Muufukdif;wef&Gm (ppftwGif; ,m,D ppfawGNrdKU (12)&ufaeY ppfawGrS
rD ; oabF m ES i h f x G u f (13)&uf a eY aeY v nf ausmuf a wmf N rd K Uok d Y a &muf (14)&uf a eY a eY v nf avS j zih f
ausmufawmfNrdKUrSxGuf þwnvkH; oGm; (15)&ufaeYreuf rGef;rwnfhrD NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUokdYa&muf ¤if;aeYnae
(3)em&Davmuftcsed f NrKd Ua[mif;rS (10)rkid cf &D; ajcvsiaf vQmufomG ; ajrmif;bG,&f mG odaYk &muf ¤if;aeYnwGi;f csi;f
avSjzihf c&D;qufoGm;í (16)&ufaeY rkd;vif;cgeD;tcsdef rif;jym;odkYa&muf ¤if;aeYrGef;vGJtcsdef rD;oabFmESifh
ausmufjzLokdYxGuf ¤if;aeYnae ajrykHodkY a&muf (17)&ufaeYreuf ajrykHrSxGuf? nae ausmufjzLokdYa&muf
(18)&ufaeYreuf ausmufjzLNrdKUrSxGuf &rf;NAJ NrdKUokdY aeYvnftcsdefa&muf (18)&uf (19)&ufaeYem; (20)&uf
rD;oabFmESihf &rf;NAJNrdKUrSxGuf ¤if;aeYawmifukwf acsmif;0okdYa&muf? (20)&uf nOD;,H(10)em&Davmuftcsdef
avSjzihf ukvm;a&mifuRef;rSxGuf (21)&ufeHeuf rGef;rwnfhrD oHwGJuif;armfqdyfurf;odkYa&muf (22)&ufaeY
reuf oHwNJG rKd UrSxu G f ¤if;aeYawmifuw k Nf rKd UodaYk &muf xkad eYwiG yf if avmf&u
D m;jzihf awmifuw k Nf rKd UrS ½k;d rawmifudk
ausmf (23)&uf tm½kHwuftcsdef yef;awmif;NrdKUodkY a&muf ¤if;aeYa&TawmifNrdKUrS ntdyf(24)&ufaeYreuf
a&TawmifNrdKUrS um;ESifhxGuf/ (24)&ufaeY nOD;,Htcsdef &efukefNrdKUodkYjyefa&muf/
txufazmfjyyg vlpkonf c&D;pOftwkdif;(1946)ck rwfcsfv(4)&ufaeY reufxtcsdef avmf&Dum;
wpfpD;ESifh &efukefNrdKUrS &ckdifjynfbufodkY ukef;vrf;c&D;jzihf píxGufMuonhftcg &efukefNrdKUwGif ocifjrr&Sd
ocifbwif ukdac:aqmifoGm;Muonf/ ¤if;aeY ewåvif;NrdKUokdY a&mufonfhtcg vlxktpnf;ta0; usif;y
aeaom ocifjrukd ac:,lí ocifbwifwkdYukd tpnf;ta0;rSm ocifjrtpm;xm;cJhonf/ ¤if;aeYnae
a&T a wmif N rd K Uok d Y a &muf í yef ; awmif ; Nrd K UrS m ntd y f M uNyD ; eH e uf a pmapmc&D ; xG u f M uonf / þrsKd ; cspf
yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;onf &ckdifjynfwGif;odkY a&mufonfhtcg a&mufavorQaomae&ma'orsm;wGif vlxktpnf;
ta0;rsm; usif;ycg vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd (1948)ck Zefe0g&D-
(pm-132)
(31)&uftwGif; &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf 0g'jzefYuwday;pum;ajymMum;í ta&;&Sdu vlxktqifoifh
&Sdap&ef ñTefMum;csufrsm; ay;cJhavonf/
(pm-133)
wkdif;vkH;qkdif&mtpnf;t½kH;udpöaqG;aEG;jcif;
&ckdifjynfwGif;ü c&D;vSnhfvnfpOf AkdvfcsKyfESihfwuG armifuHxl;wkdYtzGJU txufazmfjycJhonhftwkdif;
rwfv(16)&ufaeY rif;jym;NrKd UokaYd &mufpOfu wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f mwkid ;f &if;om; tpnf;t½k;H \ Mo0g'p&d,wpfO;D jzpf
aom q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ESifh awGUqk&H mwGif &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f mtpnf;t½k;H ukd oD;jcm;tzGUJ wpfct k jzpfxm;
&Sí
d y-q-y-v ESifh qufo, G o f ifrh oifq h adk om ta&;ukd wHcg;ydwaf qG;aEG;Mu&m OD;atmifqef;u tcsed u f vdk í k
tvkyfvkyfae&aomaMumihf jrefEdkiforQjrefatmif wEkdifiHvkH; vlxkpnf;½kH;rIukd &,lí vGwfvyfa&;ukd tcsdefrD
uefYowfxm;aom (1948)ck Zefe0g&Dv (31)&uftcsdeftwGif; &Ekdifatmif t&,l&eftwGuf ta&;qkdí
jyif;jyif;xefxef tvkyfvkyf&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif;ukd pkHvifpGm ruG,fr0Suf vufusefrxm;bJ ,kHMunfpGmjzihf
us,u f s,jf yefjY yefw
Y ifjyavonf/ xkt d csed t f cgu tapmvQipf mG aqmif&u G &f ef ta&;Bu;D aom vkyif ef;rsm;jym;
oavmuf tjrefqkH;NyD;pD;oGm;atmif jzpfovkdvwfwavm vkyfukdifMuaomtcsdefjzpfaeaomaMumihf
uHaumif;axmuf-
(pm-138)
rí raobJ use&f pfcMhJ uaom &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;om;tzGUJ acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd xkt d aMumif;ESifh
ywfoufí vlpkHwufpkHpka0;wkdifyif&ef vkHavmufaomtcsdefr&EdkifcJhacs/
(pm-139)
odyYk ifjim;vnf; txl;ojzihf uefo Y wfxm;aomtcsed u f mvtwGi;f vGwv f yfa&;ukd t&,lEikd &f eftwGuf
trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nDñw G af &;ukd taqmtvsiv f vdk m;aecku d jf zpfaom xku d o hJ aYkd omtcsed rf sK;d wGif oabmw&m;
t,ltqtm;jzihf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;Muonfh Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ukd umvMumjrifah tmif twlwuGxm;&Sb d &Ydk m
cufcJvSayrnf[k ,lqcJhMuonfhtwkdif; armifuHxl; OD;ynmoD[wkdYu OD;atmifqef;\tBuHay;csufrSm
taMumif;tusK;d nDñw G rf Qwí oifah vsmo f nf[k ,lqMu&m pnf;vk;H rI,, dk iG ;f aeaom wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;
om;tpnf;t½kH;ukd ,ckvkd csufcsif;vufiif; tvkyfvkyf&rnfhtcsdefrsKd;wGif jyefvnftoufroGif;xkdufNyD[k
oabm&onfhtjyif aemufxyfrHívnf; EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;opfrsm;ukd rzGJUpnf;awmhbJ z-q-y-v wyfOD;
twGif;okdYom wOD;csif;taeESihf 0ifa&mufMucg twlwuG yl;aygif;í tvkyfvkyfMu&ef qkH;jzwfMuavonf/
rMumjrihrf u
D mvtwGi;f &ckid w f idk ;f üwkid ;f vk;H qkid &f m nDvmcHusi;f ycsed f tcsed &f í tpnf;ta0;ukd tjrefac:,lí
tpnf;ta0;ukd (1947)ckEpS w f iG f ppfawGNrKd Ue,f awmuH&mG ü wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f m aemufq;Hk nDvmcHudk usi;f yMuonf/
q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[u OuúX twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;ausmjf rwku Yd aqmif&u G Mf uonf/ þnDvmcHrS &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid f
&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;ukd zsufodrf;&ef wnDwñGwfwnf; zsufodrf;&ef qkH;jzwfí wkdif; z-q-y-v
wnfaxmifaMumif;ukd xkn d vD mcHoYkd armifux H ;l rwufa&mufEikd cf o hJ jzihf aemufro S &d onf/ þnDvmcHusi;f yNy;D
vQif tpnf;t½kH;u wnDwñGwfwnf; q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ukd &ckdifwkdif; z-q-y-v OuúXtjzpf
wifajr§mufMuonf/
(pm-139)
¤if;q&mawmfESihf tpnf;t½kH;0ifaumif;rsm;tjyif vlopfrsm;onf ,aeYxufwkdif z-q-y-v
wyfOD;okdY wOD;csif;yif yk*¾vduoabmxm;pepfukd vkdufemusifhokH;vsuf &Sdaeayao;onf/ xkdtcgu wkdif;vkH;
qkdif&m tpnf;t½kH;ukd jyefvnfzGJUpnf;NyD; oD;jcm;tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktaeESihf z-q-y-vESihf qufoG,f
xm;EdkifcJhonfjzpfap? odkYr[kwf tvm;wlEkdifiHa&;tzGJUwpfck zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhí jrefrmjynfrrSvnf; EkdifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;u EkdifiHa&;pGufzufrI usL;ausmfrIrsm; r&SdcJhvQifrlum; &ckdifjynfwGif trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIrSm vuf&Sd
tajctaeESihfrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aecsdrfhrnf[k armifuHxl;u xifjrif,lqayonf/ aemuftaMumif;rSm
vGwfvyfa&;NyD;aemuf OD;ñkdxGef; 0efBuD;vkyfaeaomtcsdef &ckdifwkdif;yx0Dtaetxm;tajctaeESihf
vkdufavsmatmif tkyfcsKyfa&;ü vG,ful-
(pm 139)
ap&ef vlxkESihf A[kdtpkd;& ¤if;tjyif jynfe,ftwGif;ü tkyfcsKyfaeMuaom tpkd;&t&m&Sd t&mcHrsm;
þokH;rsKd;wkdYMum;ü yl;wGJaqmif&Guf&ef aygif;ul;oabmtaejzihf qufpyfvkyfukdifEkdifrnfh ppfawGNrdKUwGif;
tcsdefjynhf ½kH;xkdifíjzpfay:aeaom vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; ponfwkdYukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufvkyfukdif
Edkif&ef &Sdaom 'kwd,0efBuD;wpfae&m &&Sdatmif 0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkxHrS awmif;cH&ef armifuHxl;u tBuHay;csuf
ukd &ckid w f idk ;f z-q-y-v oabmraygufcMhJ uacs/ 'kw, d 0efBu;D wpfO;D tpm; ausmufjzL? oHw?JG ppfawGNrKd Uwkw Yd iG f
tcsdefjynfh ½kH;xkdifí vlxkukd ulnD&eftwGuf taMumif;jycsufESifhay;tyfvkdufaom txl;c½kdif0ef okH;ae&m
ESihfyif &ckdifwkdif; z-q-y-vacgif;aqmifrsm; 0efBuD;csKyfESihf tay;t,lwnfhí ppfawGNrdKUokdY-
(pm-140)
aMueyfpGm jyefoGm;Muavonf/ þtcsufwGif tcsKdUaomEdkifiHa&;orm;wkdYu armifuHxl;onf
vufawGU tm;jzihf EkdifiHa&;&mt,ltqrsm;ü acwfrrSDawmh[k xifrSwfaumif; xifrSwfMuayvdrfhrnf/
okdY&mwGif xkdtcgu &ckdifwkdif;\tajctae txl;ojzihf ppfawGc½kdifukd vufawGUtm;jzihf armifuHxl;u
aumif;pGmod&SdcJh\/ txl; c½kdif0efrsm;\ xif&mpkdif;cs,fvS,frI tkyfcsKyfa&;A[kokw tawGUtBuHKvkH;0r&SdrI
Ek d i f i H a &;wpf c k w nf ; uk d o m a&S U ½I t ajcwnf r I a Mumih f &ck d i f w k d i f ; z-q-y-v\od u © m usqif ; &jcif ; uk d
armifuHxl;rsm;pGm aMuuGJrd\/
armifuHxl; (pm-140)
bk&ifcH\ Oya'jyKaumifpD
bk&ifcH a':rHqrdwfu z-q-y-vESihf qefYusifbufjyKí ol\twkdifyifcH aumifpDu tpkd;&tzGJUukd
zGJUvkdufaomaMumifh þuRefoufwrf;&Snfaprnfhol\tjyKtrlukd wEkdifiHvkH;u raMureyfjzpfcg vlxkBuD;rSm
ykrd pdk nf;vk;H vmMuawmhonf/ bk&ifco H nf ,m,DOya'jyKaumifpv D w GT af wmftzGUJ 0ifrsm;ukd (1945)ck pufwifbm
(31)&ufaeYu wcsufvTwftrdefYESihf oabmtwkdif; a&G;cs,fícefYxm;vkdufonf/ xkdolrsm;rSm vlrsKd;pktvkduf
&cdkdifxJrS (1)OD;a&Tom (2)OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf (3)OD;ausmf (4)OD;baz(rEÅav;) (5) OD;atmifom
(ykodrf)(6)OD;xGef;oef; (7) OD;bodef; (a&Taygufyif) (8) OD;baomf (yk*Hpuf) (9) OD;ñGefYwif (xm;0,f) (10)
OD;pdef0if; (yJcl;)(11)OD;b&if rdw¬Dvm) (12) OD;ausmfZH (&efukef) (13)OD;armifBuD; (trfat) (14)OD;cspfvIdif
(*sDpDbDat or®w) (15) (16)OD;Mumckdif(0wfvkH yJcl;) u&ifxJrS (1)o&ma&Tb (2)apmbvkH; (3)qD'eD
vleD (0wfvkH) (4)apmbodef; (5) apmjrodef;? tdE´d,vlrsKd;xJrS (1) r&efeDpyfbufwvm (2) rpöatqwåm
(3) rpöwmpDyq D if,m;? t*Fvyd v
f rl sK;d xJrS (1) rpömtm&ftufp'f &dyzf f (2) rpöwma&mbqif (3) rpöwmqmvfv?J
ociftoif;0ifxJrS (1)ocifat; (2)ocifnD (3) ocifausmfpdef (4) ocifvlxGef; w½kyftrsKd;om;xJrS
(1) atmifrsKd;½SL; Armrdef;rxJrS (1) a':rrcif (1) t*Fvdyfujym;aygif;-
(pm-141)
(35)a,muf j zpf o nf / azazmf 0 g&D v (28)&uf a eY w G i f Oya'jyKaumif p D t pnf ; ta0;uk d
pwifusif;yonf [k bk&ifcH a':rHqrpfu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;NyD;aemuf taxGaxGudpöukd aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
wcsKdUaomaumifpD0if rsm;u z-q-y-v ukd ykwfcwfajymqkda0zefcJhMuonf/ ----Oya'jyKaumifpDukd
zG J U pnf ; pOf u z-q-y-vrS trwf (4)ae&muk d OD ; baz? Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ? ocif o ef ; xG e f ; ES i h f
apmbOD;BuD;wkdYukd ay;cJh\/ rnfolrQ vufrcHMuacs/
armifuHxl; (pm-141)
0efBuD;tzGJU0ifa&G;cs,fcH&jcif;
bk&ifcH twkdifyifcH ,m,Ddtpkd;&0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUü yg0ifrnfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd a&G;cs,fa&;ESifh ywfoufírl
bk&ifcH twkid yf ifcH tpk;d &tzGUJ zGUJ pnf;&eftwGuf aemufq;Hk tpnf;ta0;ukd pufwifbmv(26)&ufaeYu trSwf
(25) wm0gvde;f vrf;ü&Sad om Akv d cf sKyaf etdrüf usi;f yaom z-q-y-v tvkyt f rIaqmif tzGUJ tpnf;ta0;wGif
wifjyaqG;aEG;Muavonf/ armifux H ;l uXmecsKyf tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ wGif &ckid u f , dk pf m;vS, S w f pfO;D taeESifh
(1)awmfveS af &;avxD;qif; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom oHwOJG ;D ausm&f ifEiS fh OD;ñkx d eG ;f (ppfawG)ausmufawmfNrKd U
(2)ppfawGtrsKd;om; abmf'gausmif;q&mBuD; OD;pHxGef;atmif 3/ OD;ausmfjr ppfawGwkdYyg0ifaom 0efBuD;jzpf
xkud af om acgif;aqmifav;OD;wk\ Yd trnfrsm;ukd wifjyavonf/ trIaqmiftzGUJ urlum; tjcm;aom&ckid af cgif;
aqmifwkdY\ oabmxm;ukdyg odvkdao;onf[k qkdaomaMumifh armifuHxl;onf tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJrS
um;wpD;ESifh xGufcGmoGm;NyD;vQif &efukefNrdKUü&Sdaom awGU&SdorQaom &ckdif z-q-y-v acgif;aqmifwkdYukd
taqmwvQif pk½;Hk í ac:,lcahJ vonf/ xko d rl sm;rSm (1)OD;ñkx d eG ;f (2) trwf OD;omxGe;f (,ckawmckd &Jabmf)
(3)OD;pHomausmf (,ckawmckd&Jabmf) (4)OD;a&TvSatmif(ausmufjzL *syefacwf ykvdyftifpyufawmf)(5) z-
q-y-v XmecsKyfrS OD;csD;'kd;wkdYjzpfMuonf/ xkd{nhfonfrsm; pnf;a0;cef;rxJokdY a&mufvmaomtcg ¤if;wkdYu
tpk;d &tzGUJ wnf;ü yg0ifxu dk af omtrnfpm&if;wpfcu k dk azmfxw k wf ifjyMuonfrmS (1) OD;ñkx d eG ;f (2) OD;ausm&f if
(,ckwuúokdvf jrefrmuxdu)(3)OD;ausmfjrwkdYjzpfavonf/
(pm-144)
xkdtcg z-q-y-v trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;u OD;ñkdxGef; OD;ausmf&if OD;ausmfjrwkdYrSm vli,frsm;jzpfaeí
½kwcf si;f tvkyu f dk pwifvyk u f idk Ef idk &f ef txufvw T af wmfvyk if ef;ü A[kow k &SNd y;D jzpfaom oluydk í dk vkcd siMf uojzifh
OD;atmifZHa0 wifjycJhaom 0efBuD;a[mif;pm&if;ukdvnf; usKyfwkdY pOf;pm;NyD;NyD;? oltjyifodkYoGm;í cifAsm;wkdYudk
ac:,laewkH;tcsdefrSm 0efBuD;tzGJUüyg0ifaqmif&Gufap&ef armifuHxl;\vTwfawmfvkyfief; A[kokwukd xnfh
pOf;pm;Ny;D vQif olu Y ydk if þtpnf;ta0;rS a&G;cs,q f ;Hk jzwfNy;D Ny[
D k trIaqmifvBl u;D 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKEd iS fh OD;bazwku Yd
wkH;wdwdpwifajymMum;vkduf-
(pm-144)
Ny;D vQif xktd rIaqmifvBl u;D rsm; tm;vk;H uyif [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmMuavonf/ wufa&mufvm
Muaom &ckdifacgif;aqmifppfonfrsm;xJrS ausmufjzLtrwf OD;omxGef; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; vli,fygbJ
[kavmufom ñTefjyí wpfpkHwpf&muefYuGufp&mr&Sdojzihf armifuHxl;rSm tHhMopGmESihf ]]rarQmfvifhbJ
apmfuJrif;jzpf}}qkdbdouJhodkY tpkd;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;vkyf&ef tvsif;cyfodrf;arQmfvifhjcif; r&SdbJESihf 0efBuD;vkyf&ef
taMumif;qkdufa&mufvmawmhonf/ armifuHxl;tm; vlrI0efxrf;ac: usef;rma&;ESifh a'oEÅXmersm;ukd
vufuidk x f m;&ef a0ykcH savonf/ (use;f rma&;ESifh a'oEÅ&qkid &f m0efBu;D ) bk&ifct H rd af wmfoYkd trnfpm&if;ykNYd y;D
aemufwaeYeHeuf (1946)ck pufwifbm (27)&uf eHeuf(10)em&DtcsdefwGif tpkd;&tdrfawmfodkYoGm;í bk&ifcH
qmrlb&ef\ a&SUarSmuf0,f usrf;opömusdefqkdMuavonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-145)
0efBuD;tzGJUyg0ifaom qE´jyyGJ
bk & if c H t wk d i f y if c H t pk d ; &tzG J U zG J U NyD ; armif u H x l ; tygt0if Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; trS L ;jyKaom
topfpufpuf tpkd;&tzGJU0if 0efBud;drsm; ukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifaomvlxkqE´jyyGJw&yfukd (19-9-46)aeYwGif
qifETJMuavonf/ xkdqE´jyyGJBuD;taMumif;&if;rSm puúLjzLpmwrf;pDrHudef;ukd ½kyfodrf;ypfap&efjzpfí
tvGeftiftm;BuD;rm;aom ykvdyfrStp NrdKUe,fqif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;tzGJUtoif;trsKd;rsKd;yg0ifNyD;vQif
vrf;rBu;D rsm;ay:wGif ajcvQiaf vQmufum csw
D ufqE´jyMuaom puúLjzLpDru
H ed ;f wku
d yf jJG zpfavonf/ 0efBu;D rsm;
tpkHtvifyg0ifí ajcvQifavQmufum qE´jyMuaomwkdufyGJrsKd;onf jrefrmjynfESihfwuG urÇmt&yf&yfrSm
þtBudrfonf &mZ0if wGifavmufonfh yxrqkH;ay:aygufcJhbl;aom tBudrfjzpfavonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-146)
&ckdifNrdKU&Gmudpörsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;
yxrqkH;aom vGwfvyfa&;\ a&SUajy;tpkd;&tzGJUukd zGJUpnf;NyD;cgptcsdefESihfwkdufqkdifí q&mOD;ausmfZH
(rsufrSefwyf) ppfawGNrdKUrS &efukefNrdKUokdfYa&muf&SdvmonfESihf wkdufqkdifBuHKBudKufqJ &ckdifjynf\vwfwavm
tajc taeukd t<uif;rJhod&SdcJhol[k ,kHMunf&aom¤if;q&m OD;ausmfZHtm; 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUESihf awGUqkHay;&ef
armifuHxl; qufoG,fay;cJhavonf/ 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUuvnf; olYtm;ac:,lawGUqkHí aqG;aEG;cJh&m
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\ vkyfukdifaqmif&GufaeykH tusKd;tjypfwkdYukd tao;pdwftm;jzihf pmESihfa&;ír[kwfbJ
vufwef;( )wifjyEkdifcJhav onf/ ¤if;wifjyaom ta&;BuD;onfhwifjyonfhtcsufrsm;rSm (1)ppfawGNrdKUrS
NrdKUom;wkdYtm; ppfawGNrdKUxnf;okdY jyefvnf0ifa&mufaexkdifcGihfjyKa&; ¤if;tm;jyefvnfxlaxmifrIwGif
tultnDay;a&; (2)&ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;u tkyfcsKyfa&;udpötwGuf ppfawGNrdKUtpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;BuD;ukd
odrf;,lNyD;vQif tokH;jyKEdkif&ef pkdif;jyif;pDrHaejcif;ukd &yfwefYay;a&; (3)jynfolYaxmufyHha&;XmewGif;
ay:ayguffvmaeaom cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;ESihf (4) ppfawGNrdKU vlae&yfuGuf a&Tjym;t&yftwGif;ü aqmufvkyf
xm;aom "mwfqDwkdifuDBuD;rsm;ukd a&TUajymif;ay;a&;wkdY jzpfavonf/ q&mOD;ausmfZHtm; ,Ofaus;pGm
qufqHMuNyD; ¤if;uwifjyaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUu ta&;,lívkdufavsmjcif; tm;jzihf
z-q-y-v tpkd;&tzGJUonf vlenf;pkrsm;tay:ü rnfrQpdwf0ifpm;iJhñ§maom oabmxm;&SdaMumif;ukd
odEkdifayonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-155)
aemufwaeYwiG v f nf; txufazmfjyyg (4)csuEf iS yfh wfoufí 0efBu;D rsm;tzGUJ rS uyfAeD yftpnf;ta0;okYd
q&mOD;ausmfZHukd xyfrHzdwfac:í ppfawGNrdKU ajrykHESihfñ§dEIdif;um ppfaq;onfhtcg tpkd;&u jzpf&yfrSeftwkdif;
t<uif;rJo h &d &dS onft h wGuf (vuf&t dS ajctaersm;ukd uGi;f uGi;f uGuu
f uG af y:vGiaf tmif q&mausmZf u H ajrykH
axmufjyum (Ekid cf o hJ nf)¤if;q&mtm; txl;yifaus;Zl;wifMuí cRw, f iG ;f csurf sm;ukd tpGr;f ukerf MuefMY umapbJ
aqmif&Gufay;rnfjzpfaMumif;ukd OuúX AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif rSmMum;vkdufavonf/
OD;atmifqef;u atmufygtcsufESpf&yfukd tpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm wxkdifwnf;qkH;jzwfcsufcsvsuf
aMu;eef; ½kdufapí ñTefMum;csufukd &ckdifwkdif; rif;BuD;xHodkY ykdYvkdufavonf/ (1)tcsufü NrdKUolNrdKUom;wkdYukd
csucf si;f NrKd UxJoaYdk jymif;a&TUaexkid cf iG jhf yK&ef (2)tcsuüf tpk;d &txufwef;ausmif;taqmuftOD;ukd odr;f ,ljcif;
vkH;0rjyK&efwkdY jzpfavonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-156)
ppfawGNrdKU aq;½kHudpö
ppfajy;'kuo© nfrsm; NrKd UxJojYdk yefvnf0ifa&mufvmNy;D aemuf ta&;Bu;D qk;H vkv d m;rnfu
h pd rö mS 'kuo
© nf
pcef;ü aqmufvkyfxm;aom ,m,Daq;½kHukd NrdKUxJokdYa&TUajymif;&efyif jzpfayonf/ okdYtwGuf þudpöwGif
armifuHxl;vufukdifxm;aom jynfolY0efxrf;0efBuD;Xme\ tultnDay;rIESihf &EdkiforQaomypönf;rsm;jzihf
ppfwyft<uif;tusef ( )wJtdrfrsm;ukd ausmufjzLrSo,f,lí tokH;jyKum jzpfuwwfqef; ,m,Daq;½kH
wpfck jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ vkyfief;jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&;wGif wifBudKpDdrHxm;wwfaom
q&m0efBu;D OD;a&TZ\
H tajrmftjrif vk;H v0d&, d ZGo
J wåEd iS fh apwemtjynfyh g0ifjcif;twGuf ¤if;\tultnD&rI
aMumihf olYtm; txl;aus;Zl;txl;wifxkdufaMumif;ukd csefvSpfxm;í rjzpfEdkifacs/ ppfrjzpfcifu aq;½kH
aqmufvkyfxm;cJhaom ae&mü &ckdifwkdif;ESifh oihfavsmfavsmufywfaom wkdif;aq;½kHtaqmuftOD; opfrsm;
tpm;xkd; aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;oifhonfhtcsdefrSm rsm;pGmukefvGefoGm;NyD;jzpfonfhwkdifatmif MunhfcsifpzG,f aumif;
avmufatmif xkdtcgu 0efBuD;armifuHxl;ESihf q&m0efBuD;OD;a&TZHwkdY ajymif;a&TUaqmufvkyfxm;cJhaom
,m,Daq;½kHtaqmuftOD;rsm;rSm ysufpD;,kd,Gif;NyD; ,ckxufwkdif wnfNrJae&onfrSm (xkdaemufwpfzef
0efBu;D tvkyEf iS fh ppfawGNrKd UodYk a&mufvmonft h cg awGUjrif&onf) xif&mS ;aomtpk;d &\ csKUd ,Gi;f csuf wpfenf;
tm;jzihf &ckdifukd ayv,uHt&mü xm;ouJhodkY &SufzG,faomom"uwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/ tpkd;&tzGJU
xJü usef;rma&;0efBuD;jzpfcJhaom-
(pm-157)
armifux H ;l onf use;f rma&;ESifh txl;pdw0f ifpm;cJo h nfwh idk f ppfwiG ;f u ysupf ;D ,k, d iG ;f oGm;aom aq;½kH
rsKd;ukd jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkif&ef pkdif;jyif;vmcJh&m ausmufjzLNrdKUESihf rEÅav;NrdKUtwGufom ½kyfvkH;azmfay;EdkifcJhí
ppfawGNrdKUü aq;½kHtopfwGufrlum; odef;(40)eD;yg;avmuf ukefusrnf/ þtcsdef &ckdifwkdif;ESihfqDavsmfaom
aq;½kHBuD;ukd aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf ukefusrnfh cefYrSef;acsaiG ( )avmufukdom tpkd;&tzGJUrS EIwfxGufí
&mxl;0eftzGUJ okaYd jymif;a&TUoGm;onft h csed w
f iG f toif&h EdS ikd af pcJoh nf/ armifux H ;l onf 'kw, d tBurd f tpk;d &tzGUJ
vlenf;pk0efBu;D jzpfvmaomtcg ppfawGNrKd Uü ½k;H pku d í f jyefvnfxal xmifa&;ukd tzufzufrS BuKd ;pm;&if; ysupf ;D
,kd,Gif;aeaom rlvaq;½kHukd tpm;xkd;&eftwGuf yXrtBudrf usef;rma&;0efBuD;vkyfpOfcguyif cefYrSef;ajc
odef;(40)usyfeD;yg;ukefusrnfh aq;½kHaqmufvkyf&ef jyifqifrI&SdcJhonfhtpDtpOfESihfwqufwnf; rlwnfí
b@ma&;0efBu;D OD;wif(jrefrmtvif;)\tultnDay;rIudk &,lí (1)ppfawGNrKd Uaq;½kt H yk cf sKyaf &; taqmuftOD;
(2)rD;aerdcifom;zGm;taqmuftOD; (3) umvom;a&m*gaq;uktaqmuftOD; þok;H ckaom taqmuftOD;ukd
yXrt&pf-
(pm-157)
tjzpfpwifaqmufvkyf&ef cGifhjyKcsuf b@ma&;tcGifhta&;ukd &,lEdkifcJh\/ þtcGifhta&;ukd
ppfawGNrdKU aq;½kHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU0ifwkdYtm;vnf; tpnf;ta0;ac:,lí wifjyay;tyfcJh\/ okdY&mwGif
armifuHxl;onf vlenf;0efBuD;rS &mxl;rSEIwfxGufí &mxl;0eftzGJUokdYwzef jyefoGm;NyD;aemuftcsdef
usef;rma&;0efBuD;tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;cH&aom (OD;bapm ausmufjzL)onf 0efBuD;armifuHxl; BudK;pm;rIjzihf
b@ma&;XmerS cGifhjyKxm;cJhaom aq;½kHpwifaqmufvkyf&ef b@ma&;tcGifhta&;ukd tvkyfvTJajymif;pOf
a&;í ay;cJhaomrSwfwrf;( )wGif azmfjyxm;cJhaomfvnf; xkdtcGifhta&;ukd tokH;rjyKcJhonfhtwGuf
EGm;wif;ukwo f zG,f tvQiu f & &S&d if;twkid ;f aq;½ku H ydk if zmax;jyKjyifvsuf ok;H aeMuonfudk armifux H ;l onf
ta&;BuHKí ppfawGNrdKUokdY oGm;a&mufonfhtcg awGUjrifcJh&onfrSm tvGef0rf;enf; pdwfraumif;p&myif/
a&Tjym;&yfuu G w
f iG rf u
l m; tpk;d &tzGUJ ü q&mOD;ausmZf H (rsurf eS w f yf)wifjycJo h nft h wkid ;f ppftyk cf sKyaf &;
bufryS idk qf idk af om a&eHavSmifwidk u f rD sm; &Sad ejcif;aMumihf rlvtdr&f majrykid &f iS rf sm;rSm rdrad e&modYk ra&TUajymif;Ekid f
onft h jyif teD;tem; t&yfot l &yfom;rsm;rSm rD;ab;ukd tNrw J rf;pk;d &drrf uif; tcuftcJawGUae&aMumif;ukd
yXrtBurd 0f efBu;D vkypf Oftcgu armifux H ;l onf wcsed w f iG f ppfawGNrKd UokYd tvky0f wå&m;ESifh a&mufco hJ nft h cg
jrLeDpyD g,fuse;f rma&;t&m&Sd OD;armifomxGe;f (a*:bef)ESit hf wl xkad e&modYk oGm;a&mufvn S v hf nfMunh½f jI rifNy;D
&um; &efukefNrdKUodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGif bk&ifcHulA&efESihf oGm;awGUí tusKd;taMumif;ukde
ajymjyNyD;vQif ol\tultnDjzihf ppfbufXmeu tqkdyga&eHa&mufwkdifuDrsm;ukd tvQifjrefpGm ajymif;a&TUapcJh
avonf/ 0efBuD;zGJU\oabmwlnDcsuft& &ckdiftrsKd;om;wpfOD;jzpfol ta&G;cs,fcHwef; jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf;
rif;BuD; OD;ausmftm; wkdif;rif;BuD;tjzpfESihf ppfawGNrdKUokdYoGm;a&mufí &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;\aumif;usKd;ukd
aqmif&GufEkdifap&ef pDrHavonf/ rif;BuD;uvnf; NrdKUolNrdKUom;wkdY\ avmuDavmukwå&mESpfbufpvkH;ü
pdwf"mwfwuf<urI topfjyefvnfae&mcsxm;cJh\/ odkY&mwGif &ckdif z-q-y-v tzGJU0ifacgif;aqmifwcsKdU\
txifrSm;tjrifrSm jypfrIaMumifh &ckdifwkdif;jynftwGuf xda&mufpGm vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&ef tcsdefr&Edkifojzihf
rif;BuD; OD;ausmf\tkyfcsKyfa&; &ifhusufrI A[kokw trsKd;tmedoifrsm;ukd usyfjynhfwif;jynhf vufawGUrcHpm;
vkduf&onfrSm ESajrmp&myif/
armifuHxl; (pm-159)
OD;pdEÅmvGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefYxkwfay;&ef
&ckid jf ynfü Ekid if aH &;t,ltqcsi;f z-q-y-v tpk;d &ESifh oabmuGv J aJG omaMumihf a&Smifwrd ;f oGm;aom
(awmcko d mG ;aom)wkid ;f vk;H qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;om; tpnf;t½k;H \ Mo0g'p&d,q&mawmfO;D pdEmÅ twGuf txl;vGwf
Nird ;f csr;f omcGihf trdet Yf mPmwpf&yfudk xkwaf y;&ef bk&ifcEH iS w fh uG tpk;d &tzGUJ tm; armifux H ;l u wku d w f eG ;f onfh
twkdif; atmifjrifrI&&SdcJhonf/ q&mawmf\
(pm-162)
wynhfrsm;jzpfaom bkHaygufomausmfESihfwuG taygif;ygwkdYtwGufvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh
trdefYw&yfukd xkwfjyefjzpfatmif xkwfay;cJhí xkdtcsdefxkdtcg t*Fvdyftpkd;& pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfrI taiGUtouf
usyjf ynhf &Sad eao;onft h xJu atmifjrifEikd af tmif xku d pd uö dk aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/ þudp&ö yfrsm;ukd aqmif&u G &f m
ü e,ft&m&SdfBuD;rsm;\ MoZmtmPmvTrf;rkd;qJ tcsdefyifjzpfjim;aomfvnf; 0efBuD;armifuHxl;onf rdrd\
vufwGif;ü&Sdaom tcGifhta&;ukd tpGrf;ukeftokH;jyKí uyfbdeyftzGJUwckvkH;uvnf; axmufcHcJhaomaMumifh
omvQif txajrmufatmifjrifEdkifcJhonf/ yXrtBudrf OD;pdEÅmtxl;vGwfNidrf;cGihftrdefYpmESifh ¤if;q&mawmf\
wynhrf sm;twGuu f ydk g xkwjf yefaMujimNy;D þolwv Ydk pl o
k nf rjzpfpavmufaom vufeuftaumif;a&m tysuf
tpD;yg tenf;i,favmufEiS fh tvif;od0Yk ifa&mufNy;D aemuf q&mawmf\aemufvu dk w
f ynhrf sm;u ppfawGNrKd Uay:
ESiw fh uG ae&mtESt YH jym;wkw Yd iG f zqyv tpk;d &ukd olwjYdk yKvyk u f si;f yaom vlxt k pnf;ta0;wkid ;f ü ykwcf wfqJ
a&; wkdif;xGmjyKvkyfí tMunfñdkysufjym;apaom EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[majymaeMu&m &rf;NAJNrdKUü w&m;a[mí
oabFmESihfjyefvm&mwGif ArmjynftvHeDatmifvif;-
(pm-163)
wkv Yd pl uk dk zrf;qD;&m rrDvu dk b
f J q&mawmfO;D pdEmÅ ESifh wcsKUd uko d m brf;qD;rdí olwu Ydk dk om,m0wDaxmif
odkY ykdYvkdufavonf/ ¤if;axmifukd olykefwyfaygif;pku zGifhay;í vGwfxGufvmEkdifMuavonfukdrSwzef
q&mawmf OD;pdEmÅ ESifh wynhw f yYdk gwuG axmifxiG ;f odYk wzefjyefí 0ifomG ;Mujyefavonf/ q&mawmftygt0if
xkv d pl o k nf jynfov Yl w G af jrmufa&;ygwDtaejzihf OD;bk;d Eka&S OD;atmifomvS OD;ñkv d aS tmif paom A[kad umfrwD
rsm;tygt0if vufeufukdif vufeufrJh (300)ausmfcefYwkdYonf (1958)ckESpf azazmf0g&Ddvqef;avmufwGif
'kw, d 0efBu;D csKyf ocifwifacgif;aqmifaom tpk;d &ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;xH rif;jym;NrKd Uü vufeufpeG í Yf tvif;odYk
0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ (1958)ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (20)&ufaeYwGif jynfolY&JabmfygwD &ckdifwkdif;XmecsKyfESihf
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD &ckdifwkdif;rS &Jabmf wcsKdUwkdYonf ausmufjzLc½kdif trf;NrdKUwGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;
baqG? Akv d cf sKyuf awmf a':cifMunfwaYdk &SUarSmufü vufeufrsK;d pk(H 350) cJ,rf;rD;ausmuftjynht f pkEH iS fh vufeuf
pGeyYf u JG si;f yí vufeufuidk &f aJ bmfaygif; (250)wkYd tvif;okYd 0ifvmMuonf/ olwt Ydk xJü jynfo&l aJ bmf &ckid w f idk ;f
wkid ;f rSL; Akv d pf o
H mausmf wkid ;f aumfrwD&aJ bmf pHatmif &Jabmfatmifjr &Jabmfbcif tygt0if wku d cf u dk af &;wyfzUJG
0ifrsm; jynfolY&JabmfygwDrS pnf;½kH;a&;rSL;ESihf NrdKUe,fwyfzGJU0ifrsm; yg0ifMuonf/ uGefjrLepfygwD &ckdifwkdif;rS
wkdif;aumfrDwD Akdvfatmifausmf ac: armifapmOD;? &JabmfomxGef;atmif? &Jabmfa&Tom? &ckdifwyfrSL;
ukda&TausmfOD; &JabmfpdefxGef;jzLwkdY acgif;aqmifNyD; vufeufudkifwyfrsm; pkpkaygif; (150)cefY vufeufrsKd;pkH
(150)ESihf cJ,rf;rD; ausmufaygif;pkHukdyg vufeufpGefYí tvif;0ifvmMuonf/ ppfawGc½kdif &JabmfygwDrS
&Jabmfausmfatmif? Akdvf&Joufatmif? &Jabmf bvIdif? &JabmfpHxGef;atmifwkdY acgif;aqmifNyD; wyfom;
(300)ausmfwkdY vufeufcJ,rf; rD;ausmuftjynhftpkHESihf ppfawGc½kdif ausmufawmfNrdKUwGif (1958)ck rwfv
'kwd,ygwfavmufwGif tvif;0ifvm Muonf/ þvufeufpGefYyGJwGif ppfawGc½kdif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS
&J a bmf p H v S acgif ; aqmif N yD ; pk p k a ygif ; (100)ausmf c ef Y y g0if o nf / ¤if ; ES p f rwf v (4)&uf a eY w G i f
jynfolY&JabmfygwD oHwGJc½kdifrS &Jabmf Awif? &Jabmf oef;armif? &Jabmf pdefñGefY? &JabmfpHwifESihf &Jabmf
vufeufukdif pkpkaygif; (140)a,muf vufeufrsKd;pkH (157)vuf? usnfqH (3000)ausmf qifwaumif
tygt0if vufeufukdif awmfvSefrIukd pGefYvTwfí tvif;0ifvm Muonf/ ¤if;ESpf{NyDv yXrygwfavmufwGif
ausmufjzLc½kid f jynfo&Yl aJ bmfygwDrS &Jabmf &Jv?S &Jabmf atmifvjS zL? &Jabmfatmifrif;acgif? &Jabmfausmjf rwkYd
vl(3300)cefYvufeufrsKd;pkH (300)avmufESihf usnfqHcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf rsm;ESifhwuG awmfvSefrIukd pGefYvTwfí
tvif;0ifvmMuonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif tpktNyHKtvkduf vufeufpGefYrIwGif vlaygif;(1400)cefYESifhtwl tvif;
0ifvmMuonfrSm tvGefxl;jcm;csufjzpfonfhtjyif ArmjynfwGif vufeufpGefYrIü vlaygif;trsm;qkH; yg0if
cJhonf/
q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmESifhwynhfrsm;twGuf vGwfNidrf;cGifhtrdefY pmcRefukd ay;EdkifcJhonfukd xkdtcsdeftcgu
e,ftyk cf sKyaf &;t&m&Srd sm;ESifh tay;t,lvyk cf ahJ om pmrdwLå wcsKUd ESifh vGwNf ird ;f cGirhf w
d Lå ukd aemufqufw(JG u)wGif
azmfjyxm;onfukd xkdvGwfNidrf;cGifhtrdefYpmrsm;ukd rxkwfjyefcifu 0efBuD;armifuHxl;ESifh 0efBuD;ocifjrwkdYonf
Mo0g'-
(pm-164)
p&d,q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[wkdYyg yifhaqmifvsuf rif;jym;NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd Mumtif;awmift&yfodkY
oGm;a&mufMuí awmxJrS q&mawmfO;D pdEmÅ ukd yihaf c:apNy;D vQif Mumtif;awmif q&mawmfBu;D ausmif;ü nvk;H
ayguf rtdyrf ae tusK;d tjypfrsm;ukd wifjyí awmxJü wdr;f a&Smifae&mrS xGucf mG vmNy;D vQif wkid ;f jynftwGuf
tjyKvyk if ef;rsm;ukd yl;aygif;um aqmif&u G v
f yk u
f idk Mf u&ef avQmufxm;&m aphpyfraI tmifjrifí q&mawmfEiS w fh uG
wynhfrsm;yg tvif;okdYjyef0ifvmavonf/ olwkdYtyfESHaomvufeufrsm;rSm ½kdifz,faoewftusKd;tyJh
tenf;i,fomjzpfonf/ txufwGifazmfjycJhaom Mumtif;awmif&Gmc&D;wGif wlrtrsKd;orD;acgif;aqmif
a':MumZHwl armifausmfxGef; tyg;awmfNrJ( )OD;ausmfvSOD;wkdY yg0ifMuonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-164)
jynfrrS EkdifiHa&;pGufzufrI
Ed k i f i H a &;ud p ö E S i h f y wf o uf í &ck d i f w k d i f ; wG i f jynf r Ek d i f i H a &;pG u f z uf r I u k d azmf j y&ayrnf /
om,mpkdajyaom &ckdifEkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJokdY jynfrqkd&S,fvpfygwDrS omausmf(bkHayguf)acgif;aqmifaom
&ckdifvli,ftcsKdUukd vnf;aumif;? ocifoef;xGef;wkdY uGefjrLepfygwDrS rdw¬Dvmc½kdif ozef;uef&GmZmwd ppfawG
c½kdif rif;jym;NrdKUü jrefrmausmif;q&mvkyfaeol OD;pHwifacgif;aqmifaom &cdkdifvli,ftcsKdUukd vnf;aumif;
&ckdifjynf txl;ojzihf ppfawGc½kdifokdY apvTwfNyD;vQif ygwD0g'jzefYí qkd&S,fvpfuGefjrLepfygwDtoD;oD;wkdYukd
zGUJ pnf;apcJah vonftwGuf &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m tpnf;t½k;H \vkv YH jzifh &ckid w f idk ;f vk;H ukd pnf;½k;H í vGwv
f yfa&;
ukd a&SU½Iaom nDñGwfrIukd &,l&ef BudK;yrf;rIjzihf &&SdcJhaom atmifjrifrIrSm jAef;jAef;uGJí tvHjzLteD tvH0g
tp&Sdonfjzihf tpdyfpdyftrTmrTm jzpfNyD;vQif aemufqkH;ü awmckdb0okdY a&muf&avonf/ wkdif;opf jynfopf
vlopf wnfaxmifcgptcsdefü þuJhokdY vlenf;pk vlrsKd;jzpfukefaom &ckdifbufvli,frsm;rSm wOD;ESihfwpfOD;
wzGJUESifhwzGJU wu,f&efolb0 ½kwfcsif;toGifajymif;vJoGm;Mujcif;ukd &ifxkremjzpfMuukefaom &ckdif
acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuukefaom armifuHxl; ESifhwuG trsKd;om;bkd'def
(pm-166)
q&mOD;pHxGef;atmif trsKd;om;jrefrmausmif;q&m OD;atmifomOD; ausmufjzLrS &Jabmf OD;omxGef;
tp&Sdaom &ckdifacgif;aqmifwkdYonf qlavbk&m;vrf;ü wnfaxmifxm;aom qkd&S,fvpfygwDXmecsKyfodkY
oGm; a&mufí xkdygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUqkHMuonf/ xkdacgifaqmifrsm;u vbuf&nfyGJjzihf
wnfcif; auR;arG;{nfhcHMuonfukd rsufESmpkHnD{nhfcHyGJü txufazmfjyyg EdkifiHa&;pGufzufrIudpö-
(pm-167)
&yfrsm;ESihfywfoufí armifuHxl;wkdYvlpku ta&;qkdí pGyfpGJMu&m ocifjr? OD;ausmfNidrf;? OD;AaqG?
OD;vSarmif trSL;jyKaom qkd&S,fvpfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;u rjiif;ombJ twdtvif; 0efcHMuavonf/
¤if;wkdY taMumif;jycsufrSm ocifoef;xGef;acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwDu pwifí &ckdifjynfü
uGejf rLepfygwD wnfaxmif&ef pHwifudk wrefawmftjzpf apvTwjf cif;aMumihf ¤if;wku Yd vnf; wefjyefoabmESifh
bkaH ygufomausmu f kd &ckid jf ynfü qk&d ,
S vf pfygwD zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmif&ef apvTw&f jcif;jzpfonf/ 'kw, d urÇmppf
twGi;f vGwv f yfa&;tBuKd wcsed af omtcgu olonfvil ,frsm; Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIwiG f yg0ifco hJ nf/ &efuek Nf rKd U
qk&d ,
S v f pfygwDXmecsKyrf S tvkyt f rIaqmifxyd yf idk ;f yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;onf omausm(f bkaH yguf)armifvaS usmw f u
Ydk dk &ckid f
jynfü qk&d , S vf pfygwDzUJG pnf;&ef wrefawmftjzpf ocifoef;xGe;f enf;wl apvTwv f u dk jf im;aomfvnf; olwjYdk zpf
ajrmufapcsifaom qkd&S,fvpfygwDdrsKd;um; rjzpfay:vmbJ (1946)ckESpftwGif; ocifoef;xGef;ESifh pifNydKifxl
axmifcahJ om ocifp;dk \ qk&d , S v
f pfe0D g' twkid ;f omvQif pnf;½k;H zGUJ pnf;Muavonf/ okyYd ifjim;vnf; ta&;BuKH
vmonfhtcg bkHaygufomausmf? armifvSausmfwkdYonf &efukef&Sd qkd&S,fvpfygwDXmecsKyf\ tumtuG,f
ay;jcif;ukd vG,fvifhwul &,lEdkifcJhMuonf/ uGefjrLepfygwD xdyfoD;ocifoef;xGef;\ qifajcrSmvnf;
xkt
d wkid ;f yif wOD;tay:wOD; vufñ;dI xk;d jyjcif;jziho f m tqk;H owf&avawmhonf/ jrefrmjynfrS &ckid jf ynfwiG ;f
okdY qkdcJhNyD;aom EdkifiHa&;pGufzufrIr&SdcJhygrl-
(pm-167)
&ckdifjynf\ EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm wrsKd;wzkHjzpfí pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;ESihf a&SUt*FvdyfvlrsKd;wkdYBuD;pkd;pOf
tcgu (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwf vTGwfawmfxJü &ckdifygwD ygvDrHtzGJUonf vTGwfawmfwckvkH;\ av;pm;rIukd
&&SdEkdifcJhbdouJhodkY ,cktcgüvnf; xkdenf;ESifhyif jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
(armifuHxl;-pm-167)
*sLyvDyPmrnDvmcHESifh &ckdifjynfe,fudpö&yfrsm;
a&G;aumufyNJG y;D qk;H onfah emuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D ukd zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifMurnfh zqyv
tzGJUBuD;\ ukd,fpm;vnfrsm;onf txl;qyfaumfrwDrsm;zGJUum &efukefNrdKU *sLyvDa[mvfü (1947)ck arv
(20)&ufaeYuyif ¤if;v (23)&ufaeYtxd aeYa&mnyg qufwkdufqufvufusif;yaom yPmrnDvmcHü
tcsuaf ygif; (14)csuyf g0ifaom (aemufqufwJG 6 rSmMunh)f zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf t Hk ajccHOya' oabmw&m;rsm;ukd
vGwv f yfa&;tvQit f jrefaMujimEdik &f ef tylwjyif; atmifjrifpmG a&;qGcJ MhJ uavonf/ vGwv f yfaomtcsKyt f csm
tmPmykid o f rw Ekid if aH wmfBu;D ukd jzpfajrmufatmif wnfaxmifzefw;D Edik rf nfh tcsu(f 14)csuyf g tajccHoabm
w&m;twkdif; EkdifiHawmfukd jynfaxmifpkom; tm;vkH;yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf apmihfa&SmufMuygrnf[k ckdifNrJaom
opöm"dXmefukd jyKMuavonf/ EdkifiHawmftajccHpnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;ukd wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfü tNyD;owf
twnfrjyKrD &ckid jf ynfa&;&mjynfe,fupd rö sm;ESihf ywfoufí &ckid u f vkv d m;aeonft h wkid ;f xkOd ya'xJü wyg
wnf;owfrw S xf m;&SEd ikd &f ef Akv
d cf sKyyf g0ifaom þyrmPnDvmcH qyfaumfrwDwiG f wjcm;aomawmifwef;a'o
wkdYtwGuf jynfe,fxlaxmifzGJUpnf;cGifh ay;rnfhenf;wl &cdkdifjynftm;vnf; yx0Dtaetxm;tm;jzihfvnf;
aumif; &mZ0ift&tm;jzihv f nf;aumif;? taMumif;aMumif;wku Yd dk axmufxm;ojzihf tajccHpnf;rsO;f Oya'xJü
jynf a xmif p k t wG i f ; jynf e ,f w pf c k w nf a xmif c G i f h u k d xnf h o G i f ; owf r S w f a y;&ef xk d q yf a umf r wD o d k Y
wufa&mufMu aom armifux H ;l tygt0if &ckid tf rwfrsm;u awmif;qkMd uavonf/ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf
jynfaxmifpk NydKuGJ,drf;,kdifrnfhtjyKtrl[lorQukd rkef;wD;oljzpf&um; tqkdygtaMumif;jycsuf-
(pm-174)
ta&;qkd awmif;cHcsuu f dk rvkvd m;onfw
h idk af tmif vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf q JG ifEaJT epOf txpftaighr&Sad p
&ef rlwcktaeESihf xkdtcgu ol\oabmwlnDcsuft& aemiftcg Armjynftpdyftykdif;wckü xkduJhodkYaom
udpörsm; ay:aygufvQif ajz&Sif;&mü vG,fulap&eftwGuf qDavsmfaom pum;tokH;tEIH;jzihf tajccHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'tcef; (9) tykid ;f (6)ukd xkpd Oftcgu twnfjyKaom Oya'ü xnfo h iG ;f cJMh uavonf/ þonfaemufyidk ;f
wGif ay:aygufaeaom jynfe,f(okdYr[kwf) ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;udpö tcsuftvufrsm;ukd pkHprf;ppfaq;
tpD&ifcH Ekdif&ef EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u qmbOD;a&SUaqmifaom pkHprf;a&;tzGJUwckukd zGJUpnf;cefYxm;cJhavonf/
armifuHxl;onf (10-5-61)ckESpf aemufqkH;zGJUpnf;vkdufaom qmbOD; w&m;0efBuD;csKyf OD;tkef;az
0efBu;D jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif a&G;aumufyrJG if;Bu;D OD;cspaf omif; rGet f rsK;d om; "mwkaA'0efBu;D a[mif; OD;ode;f armif
w&m;0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;wkdY yg0ifaom pkHprf;a&;tzGJUokdY &ckdifjynfe,fudpöukd-
(pm-174)
tppfcw H ifjycJo
h nhf pmwrf;ukdk aemufqufw(JG p)wGif awGUEdik \ f / (1948)ckEpS f atmufwb kd m(5)&ufwiG f
zGJUpnf;í (1952)ckESpf Zlvkdifv (10)&ufaeYxkwfjyefaMujimcJhaom qmbOD;aumfr&SiftzGJUwGif u&if rGef &cdkdif
vlrsKd;rsm; vkdvm;aom ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,fudpöukd pkHprf;ar;jref;&ef atmufazmfjyyg vlBuD;rsm;ukd
cefYtyfí vTJtyfvkdufavonf/ xkdaumfr&SiftzGJUxJü yg0ifaomvlBuD;rsm;rSm u&iftrsKd;om;xJrS (1)
apmbOD ; BuD ; (2)ref ; *sd e f x G e f ; atmif (3)apmom'if (4)apmaemf w if b G m ; (5)*Ref q if ' D r k d ; rif ; (6)
apmarmifa'guf-
(pm-175)
rGeftrsKd;om;xJrS (1)OD;xGef;&if (2)OD;cifarmif (3) OD;bkd;csKd (4) a':ESif; (5) OD;oef; (6)EkdifvSarmif
&cdidk t
f rsK;d om;xJrS (1)OD;pHxeG ;f atmif (2)OD;omxGe;f (3) Akvd b f vIid f (4)rpöwmqlvweftmrwf (6)OD;a&Tabmf
trfatbDt,fvf (6) ODal usm&f if trfat ArmvlrsK;d xJrS (1) OD;csex f eG ;f atmif Ekid if aH wmfa&SUaecsKyf (2)Akv d cf if
armifuav; ygvDreftwGif;0ef (3) ocifpHa0 ygvDreftwGif;0ef (4)[oFmwOD;jr (5)OD;b*srf;(ykodrf)
(6)OD;tke;f cif Armacwfowif;pm? &Sr;f trsK;d om;xJrS (1)OD;pHvl (2)ucsit f rsK;d om;xJrS 'l;0g;aZmfveG f (3)u&ifeD
trsKd;om;xJrS OD;pdef (4)csif;trsKd;om;xJrS uyÜwdefref;wkH'kH; aygif;(28)OD;wkdYjzpfMuonf/
*sLAvDa[mtaqmuftOD;ü usif;ycJhaom rPmrnDvmcHü &ckdifjynftwGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,f &&Sda&;
jyóem ay:aygufcNhJ y;D onfah emufyidk ;f wGif trSw(f 15)ukwu f idk ;f vrf; armifux H ;l aeaomtdrw f iG f tawGUtBuKH
A[kokwESihf jynfhpkH<u,f0aom &ckdifynm&Sdrsm; tpdyftykdif;rS tkdifpDtufpfa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;a&Tabmf?
OD;pdefñkdxGef;? OD;ausmfodef;? trdefYawmf& OD;ausmfcifESihf OD;odef;armif vTwfawmftrwfrsm; jzpfMuaom OD;pH
xGef;atmif? OD;omxGef; jrLeDpDyg,fynma&;t&m&Sd OD;ausmfrif; 0wfvkH OD;vSxGef;jzL tp&SdaomvlBuD;rsm;wkdYukd
armifuHxl;u zdwfac:vsuf av;BudrfcefY tpnf;ta0;usif;yí txufygudpöESihfywfouforQwkdYukd rsufajc
rjywfapbJ aqG;aEG;a0zefcMhJ uavonf/ trwf OD;bapm tkid pf t D ufpaf [mif; OD;ausmrf if;wkv Yd nf; wBurd w f uf
a&mufc[ hJ efwo l nf/ þtpnf;ta0;\oabmwlncD sut f & &ckid jf ynfEiS t fh oifah vsmq f ;Hk [k xif&aom ig;ESpf
pDrHudef;wpf&yfukd a&;qGJMuí EdkifiHawmftpkd;&ESihf zqyvtzGJUcsKyfokdY wifoGif;cJhMuavonf/ xkdpDrHudef;ukd
rltwkdif; aemufqufwGJ(*)wGif azmfjyonf/
(pm-175)
armifuHxl;ukd wwd,tBudrf (30-9-49)aeYupí vlenf;pka&;&m0efBuD; cefYtyfNyD;onfhaemuf
xkd0efBuD;tvkyfukd rpGefYvTwfrDS &ckdifjynfoljynfom;rsm;\ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&efvkdvm;onf rvkdvm;onfukd
qE´,&l eftwGuf ,cifuzGUJ pnf;Ny;D jzpfaom pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Sit f zGUJ ukd &ckid jf ynfbufoYdk apvTwí f pkpH rf;ap&ef
udpöukd 0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkESifh aqG;aEG;í ol\ñTefMum;csuft& w&m;0efBuD; OD;{armif acgif;aqmifaom
pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Siftm; &ckdifjynfbufokdY oGm;a&mufpkHprf;ap&ef vrf;cif;ay;cJhonf/ armifuHxl;onf
0efBu;D tvkyrf S EIwx f uG í f &mxl;0eftzGUJ wGif wzefwm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifaepOf OD;{armifacgifaqmifaom
tzGJUonf &ckdif jynfodkYoGm;a&mufí pkHprf;ar;jref;cJhonf[k odcJh&onf/ &ckdifjynfe,fudpöESihfywfoufí
qmbOD; OD;{armifwkdYxufOD;pGm (1948)ckESpf rwfvavmufwGif vlenf;pka&;&m0efBuD; OD;ñkdxGef;
acgif;aqmifaom jrefatmif OD;wif jyefMum;a&;twGif;0ef OD;wifzwfwkdYyg0ifaom tzGJUwckoGm;a&muf
ar;jreff;pkHprf;NyD; tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif; cJhonf/ okdY&mwGif xkdtpD&ifcHpmukd trsm;jynfolwkdYodom&eftwGuf
xkwjf yefaMujimjcif;uku d m; rawGUjrifc&hJ onft h wGuf &cdidk jf ynfvx l \ k vkvd m;awmif;qkcd suu f dk razmfjyEkid af y/
OD;{armif acgif;aqmifaom pkHprf;a&;tzGJUu olwkdY&&SdcJhaom vlxkqE´tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;xkwfjyef aMujim
jcif;ukd-
(pm-176)
ukvd nf; rawGUrjrifc&hJ ay/ od&Yk mwGif 0efBu;D &mxl;ukd pGev Yf w
GT cf NhJ y;D onfah emufyidk ;f wGiu
f m; armifux H ;l
rSm txufazmfjyyg jyóemESifh vk;H 0tqufjywfomG ;avawmhonf/ okyYd ifjim;vnf; aemiftcg Ekid if aH &;e,fxo J Ydk
qufvuf0ifa&mufMurnfh &cdidk af cgif;aqmifwu Ydk þjyóemESifh &ifqidk v f m&aomtcg oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,faom
oabmxm;ESihf pyfqkdif&mwkdYokdY csOf;uyfcg vTGwfawmftwGif;tjyif (2 &yf)pvkH;rS aqmif&GufEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k
arQmfvifh&ayonf/
(9-6-58)aeY zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;NyD;tcsdefü OD;baqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdYacgif;aqmifaom wnfNrJ
zqyvtwkduftcHbufokdY ul;ajymif;oGm;í oefY&Sif;zqyvacgif;aqmif OD;Ektpkd;&tay: t,kHtMunfr&Sd
tqkdESihf jzKwfcs&efBudK;pm;aomtcsdefwGif &ckdifjynfü (attif,ltkd)&ckdifwkdif;nDñGwfa&;tzGJU (&wn)u
vTwfawmfxJü trwfajcmufae&m &&Sdaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ OD;Ektpkd;&tiftm; csdeJYaeaom þtcsdefwGif
(&wn)tzGJUonf wefbkd;( )&Sdaeaom csdefcGifvQmjzpfaeay&m a';vfume,f*sD\ - qkdaompmtkyfukd
vlay: )vlaZmfvkyfenf;[k bmomjyefí ouf0if,kHMunfvkdufemusihfokH;aeaom ( )OD;Eku (1957)ckESpf
azazmf0g&DvwGif usif;ycJhaom jynfolYvTwfawmfü wzefxyfrHí (1958)ck {NyDvwGif-
[k vlodewfMum;aMujimcJhaom OD;Ekonf jynfe,fvkdvm;aeaom (&wn)ukd ol\aMujimxm;aom
0g'vrf;pOfESihf qefYusifíjynfe,fukd t&dyfta&mifjyNyD; 0efBuD;(3)ae&m? 0efuav; (3)ae&may;jcif;tm;jzihf
(&wn)rJqE´(6)ck ESifh tay;t,l aps;wnfhMuNyD; u,m;trwf (2)rJ (8)rJjzihf (9-6-58)aeYrJcGJ&mü
twku d tf cHbufom;ESiw hf uG &wntzGUJ ESpOf ;D vk;H ukd Ekid if aH &;usm;uGuu f pm;&mü vG,u f pl mG tEkid ,f v
l u
dk af v
onf/
ppfBu;D rjzpfcif (91)Xmetkycf sKyaf &; acwftcgu vGwaf wmfxüJ t,kt H Munfr&Sd tqkrd sK;d wifoiG ;f onfh
tcgwkid ;f ü rJta&mif;t0,fudk yGiyhf iG vhf if;vif; vGwv f w G v f yfvyf a&mhywåjrm; a&mhe*g;qkad om ayg&mPpum;
t& vufiif;aiGacspepfjzihf rJqE´ta&mif;t0,f vkyfavhvkyfx&SdcJhonfukd armifuHxl;od&SdcJh&&m ,ckwkdif
jrifa,mif&Sdaeao;\/ OD;EkESifh (&wn)tzGJUwdkY vkyfykHvkyfenf;onfum; vufiif;aiGacs tay;t,lr[kwfbJ
arQmfvifhcsufBuD;pGmjzifh avmif;wef;upm;jcif; ( )vkyfovkd ta&;pGefYNyD; &SdorQukd pkykHí xkd;vkduf&m 'kdifu
pm;oGm;ojzihf avmif;aMu; (rJqEájcmufrJ)qkH;½IH;jcif;omvQif tzwfwifae&pfawmhonf/ þuJhodkY xifovkd
c&D;raygufa&mufbJ t½IH;ESihfom ae&pf&jcif;rSm olwkdY\tvSnhfus0efBuD;vkyfpwrf;
(pm-177)
[k,ljcif;ukd cHvkduf&jcif;yifjzpfavonf/ þodkYtjrifrsKd; okdYr[kwf a&mufap&ef wifBudKí
tcsdefrDwm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf rsufrSefwyfq&m OD;ausmfZHESihf puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;a[mif; 0wfvkHOD;cifarmifwkdY
arwåm&yfcHcsuft& &efukefNrdKUü &Sdaom &ckdifynm&Sdaygif;pkH OD;a& (30)avmufwkdYonf *Gwåvpfvrf; trSwf
(53 )armifuHxl;aetdrfü ol\cGifhjyKcsuft& okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;wkdifyifí (&wn)tzGJU\
tcuftcJukd ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ xkdynm&Sd
(pm-177)
rsm; aqG;aEG;csufrS xGufay:vmaom atmufygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd (&wn)tzGJU0if trwfrsm;xHodkY
tcsdefrDay;ykdYcJhonf/
trwfrsm;tzGJUokdY ykdYvkdufaom qkH;jzwfcsufrSm

0efBuD;&mxl;ukd wpfa,muf&SpfvpD a0ykHuscGJa0 vkyfpwrf;qkdaomrlonf EkdifiHa&;avmuwGif rMum;
pzl;? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf *kPfodu©mavsmusbG,f&m &Sufp&maumif;aompepfjzpfaomaMumifh vuf&Sd&ckdif
a&;&m0efBuD;ukdyifvQif tm;vkH;aom &ckdiftrwfrsm;ESifh wjcm;aom &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;yg0if axmufcHtm;ay;NyD;
&wntzGJUu txl;vkdvm;í tylwjyif; 0kdif;0ef;BudK;pm;aeaom jynfe,f&&Sda&;udpöukd qkH;cef;wkdifatmif
aqmif&GufoifhaMumif; jzpfonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / armifuHxl;onf þtcsdefumvtwGif;wGif EkdifiHa&; 0JMo*xJrS tjywftowf
EIwx
f uG v f udk Nf yjD zpf&um; jynfovYl w
GT af wmfü 0efBu;D csKyOf ;D EkaMujimaom Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &\ ay:vpDudk uk, d w
f idk f
Mum;emcGifh&cJhjcif;um; r[kwfcJhay/
taxmuftxm; ckdifrmvkHavmufaom a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;om;xm;aompmtkyf-
(pm-178)
jynfe,fupd Eö iS fh qDavsmpf yf[yfaom tcsuu f o dk m txufwiG f azmfjyxm;cJo h vkd ñTejf yjcif;jzpfonf/
( )a&;om;xm;aom pmrsufESm (37)wGif
[kawGUjrif&ayonf/ u&ifjynfe,fvkyf½kH;um; ay:cJhayNyD/ okdY&mwGif u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;\tusKd;ukd
umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef vlrsKd;pkvTGwfawmftrwf (24)ae&mrS (15)ae&mokdYvnf;aumif; jynfolYvTGwfawmf
(20)rS (7)okdYvnf;aumif; avsmhusoGm;í tEIwfvu©Pmukd jyaeonhftwGuf olwkdYvkdvm;awmifhwaeaom
jynfe,f&jcif;twGuf u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tzkdY tenf;i,f&mxl;BuD; &ae&mjcif;rSty aus;Zl;rsm;onf[k
rqkdomay/
&ckdifjynftwGuf jyKjyifa&;rsm;
(1947)ckESpftwGif;u zqyvXmecsKyfrS 'ktwGif;a&;rSL; OD;wifarmifBuD;ESifh EkdifiHa&;&m twGif;
a&;rSL; OD;vSarmifwkdYESihftwl &ckdifjynftaemufe,fpyfa'ojzpfaom armifawmNrdKUokdY armifuHxl; a&muf&SdcJh
onf/ ¤if;u (1)tdE, d´ Edik if o
H m;rsm; &ckid jf ynfxo
J Ykd 'va[mck;d 0ifí ae&m,laeMuonft
h EÅ&m,f (2)qefpyg;
ckd;xkwfrI ESihf ppfajy;'ku©onfrsm;\ 'ku©taMumif;ESihfywfoufí wdusjynhfpkHaom tpD&ifcHpm wapmifukd
0efBuD;Xmetm;vkH; tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mXmersm;ESihf tpkd;&okdY wifcGifhay;avonf/ ppfrjzpfrDtcgu &ckdif
Ak'¨bmom &yf&Gmaygif;(200)ausmfavmuf&Sdonf[k od&aomfvnf; 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;aemufykdif;wGif rajymy
avmufaom &Gmrsm;omvQif usef&Sdaeawmhonf[k odcJh&\/ txufausmftcgu &SdcJhaom&ckdif&Gmrsm; yg0if
aom ajrwkdif;Xme ajrykHukdMunhfvQif xif&Sm;ayvdr®nf/
(u)
armifuHxl;wifoGif;cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmxJrS qDavsmfaomaumufEIwfcsufrsm;rSm-
(pm-185)
"The assistant Immigration Officer then has no means whatever to check the continu-
ous flow of illicit immigration from the Chittagong side across the Burma Boundary xxxxxxxxxx
reproduce from his records the following statistic of migration. Evacuees 3400
(pm-186)
Rangoon 28 Ste 95 Han ble U Aung Ban care depcom Akyab. X Ref 1927 stop Hr
desires me to reply you as follows stop ref your telegram dated 26 Mar stop rupees twenty
thousand of internally displaced persons stop inview of allotment (50) of two and half lakh and
forty thousand already made to depcom Akyab to meet expenditure on relief, supplies and
forest produce for rehousing respectively present request for thirty thousand for quote other
relief unquote being considered in consideration ith x Akyab Stop.
Welfare
0efBuD; armifuHxl; tpD&ifcHpmwGif txl;tav;omav;ay;í azmfjyyg&Sdaom tcsufwckrSm
ppfawGNrdKU vnfwnfhwnfhukd jzwfoef;wnf&Sdaeonfht"du a&pD;aMumif;BuD;jzpfaom ukvm;acsmif;ukd
usef;rma&;ESihf nDñGwfatmif vkdtyfovkd pDrHíjyKjyifay;&ef ta&;,laqmif&GufoihfaMumif;ukdvnf;
xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh\/
(pm-187)
(c)
tpD&ifcHpmxJrS wjcm;qDavsmfaom aumufEIwfcsuf

Inspected the drain named dslia creek. This big drain was entinely left unheaded. It runs
through the heart of the Akyab town and sub-drains of the town flows into it. The bad smell from
this drain was intolerable and greatly detrimental to the health of public xxx I also feel that unless
we can have the proper constructions it will be injurious to the general health of the public.
odkY&mwGif rnfonfhtzGJUtpnf;ujzpfap acgif;aqmifwOD;OD;ujzpfap vTGwfawmftjyifbufüaomf
vnf;aumif; twGif;bufüaomfvnf;aumif; rnfolwpkHwa,mufurQvnf; þvkyfief;udpöukd taumif
txnfay:vmatmif aemufqufvufí *½kwpkduf jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufonfukdum; rawGU&acs/
armifuHxl; (pm-187)
ajrykHnDvmcHokdY wufa&mufjcif;
(1308)ckESpf aESmif;wHcl; (1947)ckESpf {NyDvwGif ausmufjzLc½kdif ajrykHNrdKUü &ckdifjynfawmfckd
wyfaygif;pk nDvmcHukd armifuHxl;\wkdufwGef;zdwfac:csuft& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wifBudKa&muf&Sdaeaom
OD;ñkdxGef;ESihf AkdvfcsKyfESihftwlwuG ygvmMuaom OD;AaqG owif;axmuf OD;ykav;? Adkvfrif;vGif?
Akv
d xf eG ;f vSwyYdk g (1947)ck {Nyv D (1)&ufaeYwiG f ppfawGNrKd UokYd (5)a,mufp;D av,mOfi,fjzifh qku d af &mufvmí
¤if;aeYnae (6)em&Ddtcsdef wGif ajrykHNrdKUokdY qkdufa&mufvmNyD;vQif wyfaygif;pknDvmcHodkY rwufa&mufrD
ajrykHNrdKU AkdvfwJwGif NrdKUykdifOD;omyGifh tp&Sdaom t&m&Sdrsm;ESihf OD;ñkdxGef;ygwuG tem;,lNyD;aemuf xkdtpnf;
ta0;okdY narSmifptcsdefwGif wufa&mufMuavonf/ þnDvmcHukd 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf awmckda&Smifwdrf;
aom q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmESihftzGJUom;wkdY OD;pD;í usif;yMuavonf/ xkdnDvmcHwGif q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmu
obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufí yxrqkH; obmywdrdefYcGef;ukd ajymqkdavonf/ þyxrqkH;tBudrf rdefYcGef;ukd
ajymqkad epOfwiG f y&dowfu olyek f olyek f xx vGwv f yfa&;ukd wku d ,
f &l rS&r,f ponfjzihaf tmf[pf Muonf/
AkdvfcsKyfu pifjrifhay:okdYwufí tusKd;taMumif;ESihfwuG &Sif;jyonf/ aemuf OD;AaqG a[majymonf/
wuf&mufoly&dowftawmfyifrsm;jym;avonf/ nDvmcHwGif ArmjynfbufrS AkHaygufomausmfu ac:,lcJhí
EGm;ausmif;om;[efo½kyfzsufNyD; &ckdifjynfwGif;ü a&muf&Sdaeonf[k od&aom tvHeDolykefatmifvif;rm
ta&;BuD;qkH;-
(pm-188)
aomtajymorm;wOD;jzpfí AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; jyKjyifa&;orm; aoGzDa&;orm;[k pGyfpGJcg
tjyif; txefykwfcwfajymqkdavonf/ xkdra&r&maom pGyfpGJcsufukd AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; wefjyefxda&mufpGm
jyefvnfacsy í ajzMum;cJhavonf/ NyD;aemuf ¤if;aeYnwGif;csif;yif y#dyu©jzpfMurnfukd a&Smifwdrf;vkdojzihf
a'gow&m; rTefaeaom xkdnDvmcHrS nae(10)em&DavmuftcsdefwGif xGufvmMuNyD;vQif ajrykHNrdKUrS
ppfawGNrdKUodkY jyefvnfxGufcGmvmcJhMuavonf/ þnDvmcHukd usif;ycgeD; wifBudKí EkdifiHa&;oabmxm;csif;
uGJvGJMuapumrl twlwuG vufwGJum tvkyfvkyfEkdifatmif enf;vrf;&SmazG&eftwGuf tcsif;csif;ñ§dEIdif;
wkdifyifMuNyD;vQif tppt&m&mrSm acsmacsmarmarm ajyajyjypfjypfjzpfay:vmrIukd &&Sdvkdaompdwfwckwnf;
omvQif jyif;xefvS onfhtwGuf armifuHxl;rSm ½kd;om;jzLpifaom &nfrSef;csuf oabmxm;wpfckwnf;ESihf
OD;pdEÅmygwDrS csOf;uyfurf;vSrf;csufukdvufcHí aqmif&Gufrdjcif;jzpfavonf/ okdY&mwGif q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm\
wynhfrsm;jzpfMuaom awmckdoykefwkdY\ twGif;oabmukd r&dyfpm;rd&um; nDvmcHokdYwufa&muf&ef AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef; wkdYtm; bdwfac:,laqmifoGm;jcif;rSm &efolwkdYqifxm;aom axmifacsmufxJodkY wnfhwnfh
rwfrwfBu;D jzm;a,mif;í usK;H oGi;f ,lvmonft h vm; jyKvyk rf jd cif;twGuf tvGepf w d rf aumif;jzpfí wcg;wnf;
&mxl;rSEIwfxGufypfvkdufcsifvmatmif txl;yif pdwfraumif;jzpf&ayonf/ odkY&mwGif &ckdifjynftwGuf
tvkyfvkyfaeaom vkyfp&mvufikwf &ckdifjynfudpörsm; wef;vef;jzpfaeonhftwGufomvQif r&SdoGm;NzJ
jzpforQtaMumif; taumif;bufrS MunhfNyD;-
(pm-189)
vQif vkyfp&mawGukd qufvufvkyfukdifaeoGm;cJhavonf/ &ckdifjynf OD;pdEÅmwynhfrsm;jzpfMuaom
tvHeD awmckdwyfaygif;pknDvmcHusif;y&mjzpfaom ajrykHNrdKUXmeokdY OD;pdEÅm\at;csrf;&mat;csrf;aMumif;
enf;vrff;&SmazG&eftwGuf zdwfMum;csufukd armifuHxl;u vufoifhcHcJhavonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfygwuG zqyvtrIaqmifwcsKdUukd nDvmcHokdY tcsdefrSDwufa&mufMurnfh
taMumif;ukd wifBuKd í OD;pdEmÅ \wynh&f if;jzpfaom armifvaS usmEf iS fh wdusaocsmpGm owif;ay;ykcYd \ hJ / aemif
tcg jznhfpGufxm;aom rSwfwrff;t& OD;pdEÅmwkdYvlpk (1958)ckESpf pufwifbmvukef Zefe0g&Dvqef;avmufü
tvif;odkY0ifvmMuNyD;aemufykdif;wGif OD;pdEÅmESihf armifuHxl;wkdY awGUqkHMuonftcg AkdvfcsKyfwkdYvlpkukd nDvmcH
tpnf;ta0;okw Yd ufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;cJah omfvnf; vm&mufwufa&mufrnfah eY&uftcsed u f dk rod&íomvQif
rBuKd Eidk Mf uonft h aMumif;ukd armifux H ;l okYd OD;pdEmÅ uajymjyawmhonf/ xko d aYdk jymqkq d ifajcay;jcif;onf OD;pdEmÅ
\wynhfrsm;jzpfaom tvHeDwyfaygif;pkbufrS rvdrfhwywf vSnhfjzm;ta,mifaqmifxm;aomolwkdY\toGif
oabmoabmxm;ukd tumuG,fay;NyD; zkef;uG,fvkdí ( )pum;vSajymqkdy&d,m,fqifjcif;omvQif
jzpfavonf[k ,lq&onf/
(pm-189)
OD;pdEmÅ um; oDv0Hoyk*Kd¾ vt f xJ wyg;tygt0if[k odjcif;aMumifo h mvQif pdwu f dk xde;f odr;f oufom&m
&apEkdifcJh\/
(pm-190)
ygwDXmecsKyw f iG f wm0efct H pdyt f ykid ;f rS pnf;½k;H aeaom Adv k rf LS ;oef;pdeo f nfvnf; xkt d cgu xkn d vD mcH
üyif &SdaecJhonf/
armifuHxl;xHrS tpnf;ta0;okdY wufa&muf&ef ay;ykdYvkdufaom owif;ukd &&SdaMumif; ¤if;tjyif
AdkvfcsKyfwkdYa&mufívmNyD;jzpfaMumif;ukdvnf; olukd,fwkdifajymjyí owif;trSefukd od&aomaMumihf OD;pdEÅm
ajymjyorQonf bkef;BuD;wyg;taeESihf 0denf;a&Smif y&d,m,fpum;vSajymaumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ ¤if;
wyfaygif;pknv D mcHoYdk Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifq f ef;ESiw fh uG armifux H ;l wkv
Yd pl k wufa&muf&efvmrnfo h wif;ukd &J&aJ wmuf
omZHvu S q&mawmf OD;pdEmÅ vufxo J Ydk ay;tyfvu dk af Mumif;ukd olu, dk w f idk f OD;cs;D 'k;d tm;ajymjyonf[k OD;cs;D 'k;d u
ajymjyíod&ojzihf nDvmcHoYkd Adv k cf sKywf ufa&mufrnfo h wif;ukd r&&Sad omaMumihf rBuKd qMdk u[kqjdk cif;rSm 0denf;
a&Smify&d,m,fpum;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ rarQmfvifhcJhaom EdkifiHa&; r½kd;om;rItwGif;oabmxm;ukd
awGU&aom Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf þrQavmuf pdwt f ysuBf u;D ysuo f nfwu Ydk dk þtcsed t f cgu wcgomvQif
jrifbl;vkdufonf/ uHaumif;axmufríom aorif;\cHwGif;rS txddtckdufr&Sd vGwfajrmufvmEkdifcJhjcif;jzpf
ayonf/ q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm\wynhfrsm;jzpfaom awmckdoykefwkdY\ twGif;oabmukdum; r&dyfpm;rdcJh&jcif;
onfum; tvGe½f ;dk om;jzLpifaom oabmxm;&Sjd cif;aMumifh armifux H ;l rSm Ekid if aH &;tarSmifxu k dk rxk;d azmuf
EdkifcJhjcif;ukd azmfjyjcif;yifwnf;/ OD;pdEÅmu olrSm aemufvkdufaemufyg rsm;pGm&SdaMumif;ukd txifBuD;ap&ef
jyovkdíomvQif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; wywf½kdufzdwfMum;íjy
(pm-190)
ojcif;? jzpfonf[k twlwuGvkdufygaom owif;axmuf OD;ykav; owif;aMu;ay;cJhojzihf þ
xifaMu;rSm vTJrSm;ayvdrfhrnf/ OD;pdEÅm\twGif;oabmukd armifuHxl; aumif;aumif;oday\/
armifuHxl; (pm-190)
armifuHxl; 0efBuD;tjzpfrS EIwfxGufjcif;
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; uG,fvGefNyD;onfhaemuf ocifEkzGJUpnf;aom 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif
armifuHxl;rSm ,ciftwkdif;yif vlrI0efxrf; (usef;rma&;ESihf a'oEÅ&) Xmevufukdif0efBuD;tjzpf yg0ifjyef
avonf/ ¤if;Xmeukd (1948)ck Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufaeY rGef;vGJykdif;tcsdeftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhavonf/
vGwvf yfa&;aMujimNy;D aemufyidk ;f wGif Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;ukd vk;H 0pGev
Yf wT &f ef pdwu
f dk ykid ;f jzwfxm;&Scd o
hJ nft
h wkid ;f yif
Zefe0g&Dv (4)&uf reuftm½kw H uf(4)em&D rdepf (20)tcsed w f w
d w d iG f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfonf tcsKyf
tcsmtmPmykdifvGwfvyfaom wkdif;jynftjzpf ausnmawmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;v(3)&ufnaeykdif;wGif
ol\0efBuD;&mxl;ukd pGefYvTwfEIwfxGufpmukd EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf ocifEk\vufxJokdYay;tyfí EIwfxGufvkduf
avonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-209)
yawmif; awmifukwfvrf; azmufvkyfa&;

þtBudrf 0efBuD;tvkyfrS EIwfrxGufrD &uftenf;i,fcefYu yawmif;awmifukwf awmifausmfvrf;
qDodkY &Dpf0DvDvQHawmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif\twGif;0eftjzpf vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIü ulnDcJhaom
tvGefcifrif&if;EDS;aom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpfonfh e,fjcm;a'o0efxrf;t&m&Sd OD;xGef;azESihftwl c&D;xGufcJh
ao;\/ þawmifausmfvrf;c&D;okdY xGufcJhjcif;taMumif;&if;rSm &ckdifESifhArm &if;&if;ESD;ESSD;qufqHEkdifrnfh
tajccHtwGuf &ckdif½kd;rawmif\ wbufESihfwbuf c&D;vrf;yef;qufoG,frIukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefvmatmif
vkyfay;EkdifrSomvQif txajrmufatmifjrifEkdifrnf[k pGJpGJNrJNrJwxpfcs ,kHMunfcsuf &Sdonfhtwkdif;yif jzpfay
onf/ &ckid jf ynfEiS fh Armjynfrwdt
Yk m; qufo,G af y;xm;aom t"duobm0awmifausmv f rf;jzpfonf (1)y'de;f
izJawmifausmfvrf; (2) yawmif;awmifukwfawmifausmfvrf; (3) ykodrfc½kdif omaygif;-*G-oHwGJawmifausmf
vrf; þvlrq I ufqaH &; pD;yGm;a&;aoG;aMumvrf;aMumif;ok;H ckudk &ckid jf ynftwGi;f ususoYdk 'k;d ,kad ygufjzpfatmif
qufoG,fay;Ekdifonfh (12)&moD um;BuD;um;i,fESifh EGm;vSnf;ygoGm;vmEdkifrnfhvrf;rBuD;rsm; azmufvkyfay;
&ef tpk;d &tzGUJ okYd tpD&ifcpH mwapmifudk þc&D;pOfrS jyefvmvQiv f mjcif; wifoiG ;f cJah vonf/ &ckid jf ynfbufrS
vlxkqE´jzihf wufvmMu aom vTwfawmftrwfrsm;ukdvnf; þtpD&ifcHpmrdwåLwapmifpDudk a0iSay;cJhonf/
okdY&mwGif &ckdifArmvlrIESihf pD;yGm;a&;qufqHrIrSm ,aeYtxd xl;jcm;-
(pm-213)
csufajymyavmufatmif r&Sdao;onfukd axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzihf armifuHxl;\ tpD&ifcHpmukd
tpkd;&tzGJUu jzpfap jynfolukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ujzpfap Oayu©mjyKMuonfukd azmfjyjcif;-
(pm-213)
xif&mS ;aponf/ tvGeaf ESmif;aemufyidk ;f ürlum; yawmif;awmifausmf awmifuw k v f rf;wpfcx k u
J o
dk m
tav;ay;xm;aom avoHukd Mum;&\/ ½kyfvkH;ay:onfukdum; rawGU&ao;ay/
armifuHxl; (pm-214)
0efBuD;&mxl; jyefvufcHjcif;
þvlenf;pka&;&m0efBuD;onf tcsKyftcsmtmPmykdif jynfaxmifpkorwEkdifiH\ yxrtpkd;&tzGJUukd
zGUJ pnf;Ny;D aemuf owif;jzefcY saD &;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd xrf;aqmifaeaom 0efBu;D OD;ñkx
d eG ;f tm; ay;tyfcahJ om
0efBuD;&mxl;jzpfavonf/ vlenf;pka&;&mXme[laom XmerSvufawGUtm;jzihf vlenf;pka&;&mtvkyfukd
vkyfukdif aqmif&Gufae&efudpöESifh ywfoufaom wpkHwckta&;taMumif;ay:aygufrIr&Sdoavmufyif jzpfacs
onf/ pifppftm;jzihf þvlenf;pka&;&m0efBuD; tvkyf0wå&m;ukd cPacwåumvrQomvQif &ckdifwkdif;ü
½Iwaf xG;aeaom Ekid if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; jyóemrsm;ukd tpk;d &tzGUJ 0if0efBu;D wOD;taejzihf wm0ef,íl ½kww
f &uf
csufcsif;trdefYay;NyD; ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf ppfawGNrdKUü 0efBuD;½kH;wck topfzGifhvSpfí rsm;ajrmifvSpGmaom
tvkyfwm0ef0wå&m;rsm; aqmif&GufaepOftwGif; &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD; OD;atmifausmfukd e,fajymif;a&TUvkdufjcif;
aMumifh vpfvyfaeaomae&mwGif armifuHxl;tm; &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD; ( )(aumfrD&Sifem tm&uH)tjzpf
a*ZufxkwfjyefaMujimí cefYtyfvkdufjyefojzihf wkdif;rif;BuD;topf pr®wmtdyfcsfbDvDra&mufvmrDumv
tawmfMumtwGif; tvkyfwm0ef0wå&m;ESpfckpvkH;ukd yl;wGJwm0ef,lí tkyfcsKyfaecJh&jyefonf/
armifuHxl; (pm-215)
jyKjyifa&;vkyfief;rsm;
yXr0efBuD;&mxl;rS EIwfrxGufrcifu ysufpD;aeaom ppfawGausmufjzLNrdKU oabFmqdyfurf;rsm;ukd
jyKjyif&ef ausmufjzLNrKd U aq;½kt H opfaqmufvyk &f efEiS fh ½k;H taqmuftOD;tp&So d nfwu Ydk dk aqmufvyk &f eftwGuf
wku Yd dk arhavsmx h m;ypfcahJ cs/ txl;ojzihf ppfawGNrKd Uü jrpfurf;yg;NyKd í NrKd Uukx d cd u
dk Ef ikd af omtEÅ&m,fudk &yfwefaY pí
acwfESifhqDavsmfap&ef ykdrkdaumif;rGefatmif jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef vkdvm;tyfaom ppfawGNrdKUqdyfurf;
wavQmufvkH;ukd 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek b@ma&;0efBuD; OD;wif? jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;0if;wkdYukdyg 'kwd,tBudrf
0efBuD;&mxl;rS EIwfrxGufrD zdwfrEÅujyKí xkdae&mukd ukd,fwkdifudk,fus ppfaq;Munhf½IapcJh\/ ¤if;jyif
xkdtcgu tar&duefvlrsKd; rpöwmarmfzufacgif;aqmifaom (tD; pD-at)ac: axmufyHha&;tzGJUom;
rsm;ukv d nf; xdak zmfjycJah om qdyu f rf;jyefvnfxal xmifrEI iS fh ppfawGNrKd Uukd xm0pOfa&vkaH vmufatmif ay;Edik f
&ef tmusdufukef;ü &Sdaom a&avSmifuefBuD;ukd wkd;csJUrGrf;rHjcif;jyKvkyf&efwkdYukd tzGJU\vkyfief;tpDtpOfü
tusKH;0ifap&ef ppfawGNrdKUokdY ac:,lí jyoNyD;vQif rSwfwrf;wifapí EkdifiHawmftpkd;&ESihf qufoGf,um
þudpu ö dk ta&;ay;apch\ J / xkt d cgu ud, k w
f idk vf ma&mufppfaq;Munh½f MI uaom 0efBu;D tm;vk;H u þqdyu f rf;
ukd jyKjyifoiho f nf[k oabm&&SMd u\/ qwf½;dk usacsmif;0ESifh ppfawGNrKd Uv,facgifü tnpftaMu; a&pD;aMumif;
BuD;jzpfaom ukvm;acsmif;0pyfMum;&Sd w&m;oD;pkESihf ykdufonfukvm;&Gm &yfuGuf jrpfurf;yg;wavQmufvkH;
a&pm;í urf;yg;NydKysufaeonfhurf;ajc wavQmufukd ykdíyif aocsmpGmMunhf½Ií jyKjyifvkdtyfonfwkdY
(pm-228)
ukd pdwf0ifpm;cJhMuonf/ tvGefwkdawmif;vSaom 0efBuD;oufwrf;twGif;wGif BuD;us,fvGef;aom
þvkyif ef;rsK;d ukd ½kyvf ;Hk azmfEikd &f ef taMumif;r&So d jzihf aemiftcg qufvufí wm0efc0H efBu;D ae&mukd ,lMurnfh
acgif;aqmifrsm; vG,v f ifwh ul qufvufaqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nft
h pDtpOfwpfck use&f adS ecJah p&ef armifux H ;l onf
ppfawGNrdKUü ½kH;pkdufaepOftcgu ¤if;ukd,fwkdif ta&;w,luruxjyKkvyfí qdyfurf;bufqkdif&mXmeqkdif&m
tif*sifeD,mcsKyf OD;armifarmifBuD;ESihf armfvNrdKifNrdKUrS qdyfurf;wkdif;xGma&;tzGJUom;rsm;ukd ac:,lí
wdkif;xGmapcJhonf/ þvkyfief;txajrmufap&ef &efukefqdyfurf; tif*sifeD,mcsKyf rpöwm0g0dwfufwkdifvm
ulnDonf/ þvkyfief;ü xkdtcgu &cdkifwkdif;rif;BuD; rpöwmtdyfcsfuDvDu vkdtyforQtultnDrsm;ukd
tcgrvifh ay;onfh twGuf qdyfurf;wkdif;xGmcsufajrykH? ( )xGufvmonftxd atmifjrifpGm jyKjyifí
xm;EdkifcJhonf/ xkdwkdif;xGmcsufajrykH ( )Avl;y&defwfrdwåLukd ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDyg,f½kH;okdY ykdYay;cJhonfukd
½kH;ü odrf;qnf;xm;onf[k ,lq&onf/ odkY&mwGif aemufqufvufí ta&;w,lñTefjyaqmif&Gufrnfh
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm wpkHwckaom cJ&mcJqpfaMumihfvm;rod armifuHxl;csay;cJhaom qdyfurf;jyKjyifa&;
rsKd;aphrSm tyifayguf ½kH;vkH;ray:ojzihf xl;rjcm;em;ay/
armifuHxl;-pm-228
OD;pdEÅmvGwfNidrf;cGihftrdefY (aemufqufwGJ (u) rSwfpkpmrsufESm ( )rS
]]&JXmecGJtrSwf (2)}}
&efukefNrdKU 1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (17)&uf
trSwf 991 OD;pdEÅmvGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihf pmwrf; (1944)ckESpfukd trsm;odap&ef xkwfjyefvkdufjcif;
OD;pdEÅm vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh 1946 ckESpf

1/ &ckdfifjynfe,f EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifESihf xif&Sm;aom Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfwyg;jzpfol
OD;pdEÅm\ a&SUaqmifa&SU&GufjyKjcif;jzihf &ckdifwkdif;wGif umvtwefMumuyif rNidrfroufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
jzpfay:aecJhaMumif; xkdYaMumihf OD;pdEÅmESihfwuG ¤if;\wynhfrsm;\tjyKtrlrsm;rSm t,ltqvGJrSm;rIrsm;rS
ay:aygufvmonf[k vuf&SdjrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&u ,kHMunfonhfjyif ¤if;wkdYtm; brf;qDtjypf'Pfay;jcif;
rjyKbJ? omrefjynfoljynfom; rsm;uJhodkY aexkdifapvQuf Oya'ESihf rqefYusifonfhEkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd
aqmif&GufcGihfay;tyfygu trsm; jynfolwkdYü tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; jzpffxGef;vdrfhrnf[k tpkd;&u xifjrifaMumif;
xkdYjyif þuJhokdY ¤if;wkdYtm; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzihf ¤if;wkdYonf &ckdifjynf\Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf
at;csr;f om,ma&;wkw Yd iG f tpk;d &ESifh twl yl;aygif;aqmif&u G &f ef vkv d m;Muvdrrhf nf[í l vnf; jrefrmEdik if tH pk;d &
wGif ,kHMunf,lq&ef tcsufrsm;&Sdae aMumif;/
2/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&onf OD;pdEÅmESihf ¤if;\aemufygwynhfrsm;tm; atmufyg
pnf;urf;csufrsm;ESifhtnD vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; /
(1) ,ckausnmcsux f w k jf yefNy;D aemufwvtwGi;f ¤if;wko Yd nf ¤if;wkyYd idk q
f idk of nfv
h ufeufrsm;tm;vk;H
ESihf wygwnf; teD;qkH;aus;&GmolBuD; &Juif; okdYr[kwf &JXmevufatmufNrdKUykdifESihf e,fykdift&m&Sd wOD;OD;xHodkY
0ifa&mufvufeufcstyfMu&rnfjzpfaMumif;/
(2) tpkd;&onf OD;pdEÅmtm;jzpfap? ¤if;\wynhfwOD;tm;jzpfap vlowfrIjypfrIusL;vGefaom vlaorI
xdcu dk 'f Pf&m&&Sad prI ponft h Murf;zufrw I pkw
H &m usL;vGejf cif;r&Syd gu ¤if;wktYd m; w&m;pGq J tdk jypf'gPfay;jcif;
vkH;0jyKvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif;/
(3) tu,fí OD;pdEÅm\wynhfwOD;OD;onf vlowfrIjypfrIusL;vGefaom vlaoxdckduf'Pf&m&aprI
ponft h Murf;zufrwI pkw H &mjyKvyk cf rhJ jd cif;jzihf ,ckvufeuftyfaomtcgü ¤if;tm;w&m;pGq J jdk cif; trIppfaq;
jcif;ESifh pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;cH&apumrl ¤if;\vufeufcstyfjcif;ukd txl;xnfhoGif;taxmuftxm;jyum
¤if;tm; oufñ§mpGm pOf;pm;aqmif&GufvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; rnfrQtxd oufñ§mpGm pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufrnf
[laomtcsufrSmrlum; ¤if;\jypfrItwGuf ao'gPfpD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif; cHap&mrl ¤if;tm; ao'gPftjypfay;
aqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf r[kwfaMumif;/
tdyfcsftD;-&efY(pf)
jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH
1946 ck 'DZifbmv (17)&uf
aemufqufwGJ(*)
a'otvkduf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhpkHprf;a&;aumfr&SifwGif wifoGif;aom
&ckdiftrsKd;om;wkdY\vkdvm;csufrsm;/
(1) &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ w&m;enf;vrf;usonfhvkdvm;csufwkdYESifh qDavsmfnDñGwfap&ef jyKvkyfvkd
aom Oya'pDpOfrIwkdYukd pwifr&Sif;vif;rSD uREkfyfwkdY\tBuHay;csufwkdYtm; a&SUaqmifaomtajccHw&m;wkdYukd
yXra&S;OD;pGm rlwnfa&;om;vkdygonf/
þaumfr&SiftzGJUukd zGJUpnf;aom tpkd;&\ qkH;jzwfcsufwGif a'otvkduf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfvkdonfh
wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkwkdY\ qE´jynhf0ap&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIESihf
tiftm;ukd rqkwf,kwfapaomenf;vrf;rsm; &SmazG&ef[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;ayonf/
tu,fí uREyfk wf Ydk wifjyonhaf o;i,fvo S nfh tpDt d pOfwu
Ydk dk vku
d af vsmygrlum; jynfe,ftjzpfuydk if
awmif;qkdawmhrnfr[kwfaMumif; rqkwfrqkdif;bJ *wday;ygonf/
xkt
Yd wGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf\tkycf sKyaf &;taqmufttkw H iG f jznhpf u
G v
f maom tBuOH mPf
[lorQtay:0,f? a0zefEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om yk*Kd¾ vw
f yYdk if uREyfk w
f \
Ydk tBuaH y;wifjycsuu f dk vG,v f ifw
h ul vufcv
H rd hf
rnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
wifoGif;csufrsm;\tajccHrsm;
(2) uREkfyfwkdY a&SU½Ixm;aom tajccHrlrSm uREkfyfwkdY wifjyawmif;qkdcsufonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\vGwfvyfa&;wnfwefYckdifNrJrIukd rysufpD; rxdckdufvkdjcif;yifjzpf\/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\vkHNcHKa&;ukd ab;tEÅ&m,f oufa&mufaprnfh rnfonfhcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm

rIurdk Q rvkvd m;tyf[k uREyfk w f Ydk pGNJ rpJ mG ,kMH unfygonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D
onf ,dr;f ,kid Nf yKd vyJ gu þjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;onfvnf; ysupf ;D jcif;ESihf qkq H nf;
yg0if&rnfjzpfaomaMumifhyifwnf;-
'kw, d tajccHrrl mS uREyfk w f \ Ydk wifjycsuw f o
Ydk nf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf\tjcm;wyg;aom vlrsK;d
pkrsm;tay:0,f arwåmuif;rJhjcif;u aphaqmfaomaMumifh[lí rjzpfapvkdonfhtjyif tjcm;aomvlrsKd;wkdY\
tusKd;pD;yGm;wkdYESihfvnf; nDñGwftqifajyapvkdaom qE´tay:üom tajccHjyKvkdayonf/
wwd,tajccHrlrSm uREkfyfwkdY\xifjrifcsufwkdYonf &ckdifjynf aumif;&maumif;aMumif; wkd;wuf&m
wk;d wufaMumif;wku Yd dk jri§ w
fh ifEidk &f rnf/ þodjYk ri§ w hf ifEidk o
f nfEiS w
hf NyKd ief ufwnf; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf\
vGwfvyfa&;t"GefY&Snf wnfwefYrIjynhf0zGHUNzdK;rI wkd;wufxGef;um;rIwkdYwGifvnf; taxmuftyHhjzpfapEkdif&rnf
(pm-2)
þaMumif;ESihfywfoufí jrefrmEdkfifiHa&;taqmufttkHwGif &ckdifjynfum; xl;jcm;aom a'owck
tjzpfjzifh todtrSwfjyKapvkdaom uREfkyfwkdY\qEónf cGJxGufa&;0g'oabmrS ay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwf
aMumif;ukd txl;&Sif;jyvkdygonf/
(pm-2)
&ckdifjynftm; xl;jcm;aom a'owcktjzpfjzihf todtrSwfjyKrSomvQif ,ckvuf&Sd tpOfwpkduf
qkwf,kwfaeaom tajctaerS u,fwifEdkifrnf/
xkdtcgrSom &ckdifjynfuvnf; jrefrmjynf\MuefYckdifpOfyifa&;wGif tm;opfavmif;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k
uREkfyfwkdYu ESpfESpfumum ,kHMunfíom þodkYwifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/
oHBudK;wyifonf oHuGif;tay:ü wnf\/ oHuGif;rmvQif rmouJhodkY aysmhvQif aysmhouJhodkY oHBudK;
ckdifrm\/ xkdenf;wlpGm ,ckvuf&Sd wkd;wufrIr&Sdaom &ckdifjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftiftm;BuD;rm;rIukd
rjzpfapEdkif qkwf,kwfjcif;ukdomvQif jzpfapEdkifvdrfhrnf/
aemufqkH;tajccHrSmrlum; uREkfyfwkdY\ wifjycsufwkdYonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ vlrsKd;
tcsif;csif; ouf0if,kHMunfem;vnfrIwkd;yGm;vmap&ef þokdY,kHMunfem;vnfrI&&Sdjcif;tm;jzihf tvkH;pkHaom
vlrsKd;rsm;onf vkHavmufpGmwkdk;wufaeMu&rnfjzpf&um; ¤if;wkdY\oifhavsmfaomwkd;wufa&; tvkdYiSm
oD;jcm;txl;pDrHrIrsm;vkyfay;&ef wm0efr,l&aom xkduJhodkY aemufqkH;tcsdefwGif jrefrmjynf\ tpdyftykdif;wkdY
onf wckwnf;aom EkdifiHawmftjzpfodkY vG,fulpGm aygif;pnf;rd&efjzpfayonf/
(pm-3)
(3) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGif; oDjcm;&ckdifjynfe,fwcktjzpf &ckdifjynfonf &&Sd&eftwGuf
w&m;enf;vr;fusaom taxmuftxm;rsm;pGm &Sdjim;aomfvnf; txufyg tajccHw&m;rsm;tay:ürlwnf
aom uREkfyfwkdYonf &ckdifjynftm; jynfe,fopfxlaxmif&ef tmoDoukd y,fzsufvkdufygNyD;
trSefrSm &mZ0iforkdif;tm;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif;? yx0Dtm;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzihf
aomfvnf;aumif; trsK;d tEG,t f m;jzihaf omfvnf;aumif;? tajcwnfvQuf &ckid jf ynftm; &Sr;f jynfe,f? ucsijf ynf
e,fwkdYxuf redrfhusonfhjynfe,fwcktjzpf xlaxmifvkdaom qE´tcsKdUonf &ckdifjynfü &Sdygonf/
jynfe,fwcktjzpf wnfaxmifciG &hf adS om pOf;pm;bG,t f csutf vufwrYdk mS ckid rf mvsuEf iS fh uREyfk wf u Ydk m;
y,fzsufvkduf\/
tb,faMumifhenf;taMumif;um; þtaMumif;jycsufwkdYonf rnfrQyifrSefuefapumrl aemufqkH;
pkaygif;vku
d af omtcg jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfudk tm;enf;aprnfh A[d&k cf surf S w&pfNy;D w&pfcmG xGuaf eaom
pdwfoabmü uREkfyfwkdYonf tusKH;r0ifvkdjcif;aMumihfjzpfayonf/
(pm-2)
trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H a&; ta&;Bu;D vSaom þtcsed 0f ,f rnDñw G af om o@mefjzpfrnfudk uREyfk w f oYdk nf
txl;pkd;&drfrdayonf/
uRkEkfyfwkdY\awmif;qkdcsuf
(4) t&mcyfodrf;ü ArmjynfaemufwGif usef&pfcJh&aom uREkfyfwkdY\ &ckdifjynfonf Armjynf
t&yf&yfokdY vrf;yef;tquftoG,f rvkHavmufacs/ a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmESihfvnf; vkHavmufvdrfhrnf
t&dyfta&mifray:acs/ þokdYaom vuf&SdtajctaewGif &ckdifjynf\vkdvm;csufrsm;ukd jyKvkyfay;&ef
0wå&m;&Sd&um; xkd0wå&m;rS vpfvyfysufuGufjcif;r&Sdap&ef jrefrmjynft&yf&yfrsm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;vkdufEdkif
atmif &ckdifjynf&Sd vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd txl;0g,rpkdufEkdifap&ef &ckdifjynf0efBuD;wOD;ESihf ¤if;tm;
ulnDaqmif&Guf&ef &ckdifaumifpD wpfckzGJUpnf;cefYxm;ay;&ef awmif;qkdygonf/
uREfkyfwkdYawmif;qkdcsufwGif uREfkyfwkdY &ckdifjynf\wkd;wufrItwGuf jzpfEkdif½kHrQom awmif;qkdygonf/
tajccHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH Oya'tykd'f(12)t& &ckdifjynf&Sd vlxkqEÉSihftnD &ckdifjynf\wkd;wufBuD;yGm;a&;
twGuf xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEkdifatmif Oya'owfrSwfay;&ef tcsufukd jywfjywfom;om; awmif;qkdyg
onf/
ukef;vrf; rD;&xm;vrf; paomqufoG,fa&;uJhodkYyif ynma&; aq;bufqkdif&mtcGifhta&;ESifhwuG
pufrIvufrI ponfwkdYü &ckdifjynfonf Armjynf\aemufrS usefcJh&avNyD/
þodjYk zpf&jcif;rSm jrefrmtrsK;d om;rsm;onf &cdidk jf ynf\tajctaerSeu f dk rodjcif; jrefrmEkid if aH &;ygwDwYdk
\ uH M ur® m wG i f &ck d i f j ynf \ qE´ j ynh f 0 onf rjynh f 0 onf q k d o nf h t csuf o nf ta&;rBuD ; jcif ;
þuJhodkYjzpf&onfrSm vnf; &ckdifjynf&Sd vlrsm;wkdY\qEúkd wcJeufabmfjyrnfh puf,EÅ,m;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh
Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif tjcm;aomukd,fpm;vS,f vlOD;a&rsm;ESihf EIdif;pmvQif &ckdifjynfrSukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&rSm
ao;i,faom tcsKd;tpm;om &SdaomaMumifh jzpf&onf[k uREkfyfwkdYtwyfpGJvkdygonf/
&ckdif0efBuD;ESihf &ckdifaumifpDonf &ckdifjynf&Sd vlrsm;\qEúkd wcJeufabmfjyrnfh þpuf,EÅ&m;yif
jzpf\/ 0efBuD;xkdaumifpDwkdYtwGuf xdda&mufpGm vkyfukdifaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'
tykd'f(12)t& atmufygaqmif&GufcsufrsKd;ukd jyKvkyf&rnf/ þpDrHcsuft& jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
vkyif ef;aqmif&u G &f mwGif &ckid jf ynfov
l x
l \
k qEÉiS t hf nDtñGwx f x
d ad &mufa&muf vkyu f idk Ef idk &f ef ykid Ef idk af om
tmPmukd &ckdifaumifpDonf &&Sdygonf[k þpDrHrIwGif wdwdususaocsmpGm yg&Sd&rnf/
(pm-3)
þzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'tykd'f(12)t& uREkfyfwkdYvkdvm;aom aMueyfp&m tpDpOfrIuav;
onf jynf e ,f t qif h t wef ; awmif ; qk d j cif ; ES i f h tuif ; BuD ; uif ; í ao;i,f o d r f a rG U vS o nh f
awmif;qkdcsufrQomjzpfonf ukd abmfjyp&mrvkdawmhyg/
(5) uREkfyfwkdYawmif;qkdcsufrSm rBuD;rus,fao;i,fEknHvSygonf/ ao;i,fEl;nHvSjim;aomfvnf;
jynfe,ftqifhtwef; vkdcsifaomqE´tcsKdUü &Sdonfukd owdrloifhygonf/
uREkfyfwkdY &mxm;wifjyaom puf,EÅ,m;\vkyfief;tusKd;tjypfay:rSmwnfí txufazmfjyyg
tcsKUd tcsKUd aomyk*Kd¾ vw f \ Ydk jynfe,ftqift h wef;vkcd siaf om qE´&rufonf vk;H 0aysmufu, G of mG ;Ekid pf &mvrf;&Sd
ygonf/
vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (2000)ausmfavmufuyif &ckdifjynfonf tpOfwpdkuf ukd,fhxD;udk,fheef;ESihf
vGwv f yfpmG aevmcJah om &mZ0iforkid ;f &SNd y;D aemuf (18)&mpkEpS o f Ykd a&mufaomtcg jynfwiG ;f rnDrñGwrf aI Mumifh
xD;eef;aysmufchJ&onftjzpfukd owdrlMunhfygu þtcsufukd vG,fvifhwul em;vnfEkdifMuayvdrfhrnf/
(pm-4)
uREkfyfwifjyaom puf,EÅ&m;ukd aemufqkH;wnfNrJrI rwnfNrJrItaMumif;ukdrlum; þpuf,EÅ&m;\
vufawGUvkyif ef;u oufaocHygvdrrhf nf/ xkt d aMumif;aMumihf ed*;Hk csKyaf wmif;qkv d o
dk nft h csurf mS ig;ESpMf umvGef
aomtcgü jyKvkyfawmhrnftHhjzpfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHrIukd twdtusjyefvnfppfaq;cGifh&&Sdaprnf/ xkdYjyif
vkdtyfcJhaom &cdkifjynfolvlxk\ qEÉSihf nDñGwfpGmjyifqifcGifhvnf; &Sdayrnf/
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccHOya'wGif tcsKUd jynfe,fwo Ydk nf (10)ESpMf umaomtcg Ekid if aH wmfrS cGx J u G Ef ikd cf iG hf
ay;xm;aMumif; jyXmef;vsuf&Sdayonf/ þtcGifhta&;xuf uREfkyfwkdYawmif;qkdaom tcGifhta&;onf tvGef
enf;yg;ao;onf/
xkd(5)ESpfukefqkH;aomtcsdefü uREkfyfwkdYwifjyaom tkyfcsKyfrIpuf,EÅ&m;onf aMueyfavmufpGm
atmifjrifygu þvkyfief;pOfwkdYukd tNrJxm0& Oya'tajccHtkyfcsKyfrIw&yftjzpf owfrSwf&efom &Sdygawmh
onf/
(6) uREkfyfwkdY awmif;qkdcsufukd tusOf;½kH;í jyygrnf/
(1) &ckdif0efBuD;wOD;cefYtyf&ef zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH Oya'ü Oya'w&yfxnfhoGif;&ef/
(2) &ckdif0efBuD;tm; ulnD&eftvkdYiSm &ckdifaumifpDwckzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf Oya'w&yfxnfhoGif;&ef/
(pm-4)
(3) zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'(121)t&? &cdkdifjynfe,fESihfywfoufaom trIudpöt00wkdYukd
&ckid jf ynfov l x
l q
k EÉiS t fh nD &cdidk 0f efBu;D ESifh &ckid af umifpw D u
Ydk xda&mufpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;
owfrSwfay;&ef/
(4)5-ESpu f ek q f ;Hk aomtcgü þpDrcH suw f u Ydk dk ¤if;\ vkyif ef;tusK;d tjzpfay:rSm wnfí &cdidk v f x l qk EÉiS fh
tnD jyefvnf ppfaq;jyifqifjcif;odkYwnf;r[kkwf tqkH;owftwnfjyKvkyfvkdu jyKvkyfap&rnf/
(7) þaumfr&Sif tzGJU0ifvlBuD;rsm;onf uREfkyfwkdY\tBuHay;csuf awmif;qkdcsufwkdYukd trSefyif
enf;ygonf;jzpfaMumif; todtrSwfjyKvdrfhrnf[k cRif;csufr&Sd,kHMunfygonf/
þtaMumif;ukd xyfwvJvaJ jymae&jcif;twGuf cGiv hf wT af pvkyd g\/ tb,faMumihq f adk omf uREyfk w f Ydk
onf tkyfcsKyfa&;rlESifh ruGJjym;apvkdí twlrQqkH;aom tcsufrsm;ukdom pl;pll;pkdufpkduf&SmazGwifjyygonf/
tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;enf;wlyifvQif uREkfyfwkdYrSm oD;jcm;jyóemrsm; &Sdygonf/ tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;xuf
uREkfyfwkdYu ae&mwumwGif Armrsm;ESihf ykdrkdeD;pyfonfqkdjim;tHh uREkfyfwkdYü ykdíjcm;em;aom &mZ0ifaMumif;
&Sdao;onf/
(pm-5)
uREkfyfwkdYonf vlenf;pkjzpf&um; uREkfyfwkdYvlenf;pkrsm;\ vkdtyfqEúkd *½kPmoufa&muf&efESifh
tpGrf;ukefvufcHMu&ef ArmvlxkBuD;tm; arwåm&yfcHyg\/ vlenf;pktjzpfjzihfvnf; tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;tm;
urÇmt&yf&yfwGif; wkdif;jynfwkdif;jynfwkdif;onf rdrdwkdY*kdPf;*PBuD;rm;onfxuf BuD;rm;ap&ef qE´jyKvsuf
&S d o nf u k d owd r l u m jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEk d i f i H a wmf t if t m;jynf h w if ; &m jynf h w if ; aMumif ; ES i h f
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\vGwfvyfa&;ukd umuG,frIonf qxufwHykd; ta&;BuD;aeonfjzpfaMumif;ukd tav;*½kjyK
NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYjyKrlouJhodkYyif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ aumif;&maumif;aMumif;twGuf
tenf;qkH;tm;jzihf Z,m;ukdufnDñGwfaom oabmwlEkdifp&m vkdvm;csufrsm;ukdom wifjyMu&ef arwåm&yfcH
vkdufygaMumif;/
armifuHxl; (aemufqufwGJ (*) pm^1^5)
aemufqufwGJ (i)
Handing-over note.
I propose to deal with special problems in this note. I dealt with these problems although
they belonged to Ministries other than that for Minorities in order to prevent failures in depart-
ments or give trouble. I have even made policy decisions in emergencies on my own responsi-
bility, obtaining approval from the Minister concerned later on.
3. Foreshore Protection
The Akyab foreshore has been eroded in serveral plaaces and in one particular spot
the sea has encroached over two streets and will soon be breaching the main road to Cherogeah
creek. After considerable trouble I managed to get the Superintending Engineer, Martime Circle,
and Mr. Warwick, Chief Engineer of port Commissioner to visit Akyab and make preliminary
examination that a complete survey of the various depths of the fore-shore be taken, the ser-
vices of two Marine Surveyours were obtained through the good offices of the Nautical Adviser
to the Government to the Union of Burma. The blue print of the soundings has been prepared
and has been sent to the Superintending Engineer, Martime Circle, for study together with Mr.
Warwick and final recommendations as to the best measures to be taken to protect the fore-
shore from further erosion. Nothing has been heard of this for some time and the matter should
be pursued in Rangoon.
4. Akyab Port.
The STEM was very sympathetic with regard to the rehabilition of the Akyab port. Mr.
Bremningan, expart on ports, has visited Akyabl has submitted his recommendations. In addi-
tion to clearing up wreakages and derelict, ships in the harbour, the great need for the services
of a dreger has been stressed by him. A suitable dredger has been looked for by the STEM all
over the world; but none is available. I understand that the question of building the right type
dredger for work at Akyab and other places in this Division is being actively considered by the
CA and Government. This matter also requires pushing as the main jetty will remain unused by
ocean-going vessels until and unless the harbour has been properly dredged.
5. SAMB and Paddy Purchase
A great number of difficulties which arose early in the season have been surmounted
as the result in the first instance on the visit of the Honable Boh Khin Maung Glay and very
recently of the visit of the Chief Procurement Officer, SAMB. Although the purchasing season is
well advanced, difficulties are likely to arise and as the paddy and rice trade is the only major
trade on which this district is dependant, such difficultlies should be resolved with the minimum
of delay and , if necessary, orders should be issued by local officers on your own responsibility
as done by me in the past. As far as I am aware, the Akyab district Rice and Paddy
Procurement Board under the Chairman ship of the Deputy Commissioner, Akyab has been
functioning efficiently; but as this Board has very little power to depart from established prac-
tice and as the Executive Officer (Rice), Akyab, is much tied down by hard and fast rules, and
instructions, they are not in a position to deal effectively with sudden emergencies out side of
routine.
There is a general complaint that non-nationals have far too great a share of this trade
and that notionals on the other hand have too little a share. This aspect may by watched and
any opportunity to make a change for the betterment of the nationals should be taken adventage
of The United Commercial Bank which I helped to to Akyab has been of some help to the
nationals to increase their activity in this trade; but not to the extent that chould be wishes for as
the bank was established late in the season and formalities for obtaining quick credits take a
long time to complete. I anticipate this bank giving considrably large credits and facilities to
nationals during the next paddy season and thus be a congent factor in giving nationals the
share of the trade.
(pm-3)
6. General Remarks
I have invariably discassed all problems with officers before making any decisions on
putting up any proposals at Rangoon. The commissioner has inveribly been consulted by me in
all problems and I have worked very closely with him. You will not find much correspondence
between the commissioner and I as most of our work has been done verablly across a table or
over the telephone. No important matters which require pushin in Rangoon, it is usual for the
commissioner to send me a copy of his letter to the Ministry concerned so that, I am in a
position to understand what is happening and to help in getting the right orders passed quickly.
*************
(armifuHxl;-aemufqufwGJ-i pm 1^4)
qmbOD;pkHprf;a&;tzGJUwGif tppfcHcsuf -aemufqufwGJ(p)
qmbOD;-tpkd;&tBuHay;tzGJUodkY
&ckdifjynfe,fjyóemESihfywfoufaomtppfcHwifjytBuHay;csuf
&ckdifjynfe,f jyóemaygufzGm;vm&jcif; aemufaMumif;&mZ0ifESihf þudpöESihfywfoufaom

0efBuD;csKyf\ *wdukd taumiftxnfazmf&mü tBuHay;csufukd vlBuD;rif;rsm; odom&ef atmufygtwkdif;
wifoGif;ygonf/
(1947)ckEpS f &efuek w
f idk ;f rS wkid ;f jynfjyKvw T af wmfoYdk wufa&mufvmMuaom trwfrsm;onf &ckid v f rl sK;d
wkdYü udef;atmif;aeaom twGif;pdwf"mwfoabmxm;ukd odxm;onfESihf tm;avsmfpGm &ckdifjynfe,fudpöukd
pOf;pm;cJhMuonf/ &cdkifwkdif;onf jynfe,f\tqifhtwef;ukd &xkdufaom BuHtifvu©Pmrsm;ESihf jynhfpkHaom
wkdif;wckjzpfjcif;ukd tcGifhaumif;,lí (1945)ck arvwwd,dtygwfxJü *sLAvDa[mvfwGif usif;ycJhaom
zqyvyPmrnDvmcH ( )&ufrsm;twGi;f Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;pD;aom qyfaumfrf wDwiG f tajccHOya'Murf;
ukd tNy;D owfa&;qGt J wnfrjyKr&D ckid jf ynfe,fupd Eö iS yfh wfoufí xkOd ya'Murf;xJü wygwnf;owfrw S x f m;&S&d ef
vktd yfonfudk xkq d yfaumfrwDoYdk wufa&mufMuaom uReaf wmftygt0if &ckid t f rwfrsm;u awmif;qkcd MhJ uav
onf/ okdY&mwGif vGwfvyfa&; aMujimEkdif&efaeYukd (1948)ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYukd aemufqkH;xm;í
wkdif;jynfokdY aMujim*wday;xm;NyD;jzpf&m aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrnfukd rvkdvm;tyfonfvnf; waMumif;
awmifwef;a'oESiS hf tay;t,ljyKvyk &f mü tcsed rf sm;pGm MumcJo h vkd tcsed rf rDS Ny;D pD;Ekid jf cif;aMumihf vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f
nDñGwfrIr&SdMu[laom xifjrifcsufESihf jynfrya&m*rsm; 0ifa&mufvmrnfukd rvkdvm;tyfonfwaMumif;
ponfwaYdk Mumihf vGwv f yfa&;ukd csw D uf&mü raESmifah ES;apvkad Mumif;rsm;ukd Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; tusK;d taMumif;
ESiw fh uG &Si;f vif;ajymqk&d m auseyfavmufonftwGuf vufavsmch MhJ uonf/ awmif;qdck suu f dk avmavmq,f
vufrcHEdkifonfhwkdifatmif rlwcktaeESihf vufcHcJhonf/ Oya'Murf;ukd twnfjyKaomtcg tcPf;(9)wGif
tykdif;(6)yk'fr-199ukd xkdpOftcgu xnfhoGif;cJhMuonf/
txufazmfjycJhaom *sLyvDyPmrnDvmcHü oD;jcm;jynfe,f&&Sda&;jyóemay:aygufcJhNyD;onfh
aemufyidk ;f wGif uReaf wmf\aetdrüf tawGUtBuKH A[kow k ESihf jynhpf <Hk u,f0aom &ckid yf nm&Srd sm;? tpdwt f ykid ;f xJ
rS tkid pf t
D ufpaf [mif;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;a&Tabmf? OD;pdeñ f xdk eG ;f ? OD;ausmo f ed ;f ? &ckid t f rwfrsm; &efuek jf rLeDpyD g,f
ynma&;t&m&Sd OD;ausmrf if;? oHwNJG rKd U trdeaYf wmf& OD;ausmcf if? ausmufjzLtrdeaYf wmf& OD;ode;f armif (w&m;0efBu;D
vkyfcJhol)ppfawGNrdKU 0wfvkHOD;vSxGef;jzL tp&Sdaom vlBuD;rsm;wkdYukd zdwfac:vQuf-
(pm-1)
(4-5)Burd cf efY tpnf;ta0;usi;f yí txufygudpEö iS yfh wfouforQwu Ydk dk rsuaf jcrjywfapbJ aqG;aEG;
a0zefcMhJ uayonf/ þtpnf;ta0;rSm txufu&nfñeT ;f cJah om tajccHOya'yk'rf ü ay;xm;aomtcGit hf a&;
ukd tokH;jykí jynfe,ftqifhtwef;ukd awmif;cHEdkifjim;aomfvnf; tprf;oabmtm;jzihf tvGefenf;yg;-
(pm-2)
aom awmif;qkcd sujf zpfonfh &ckid af umifpED iS fh &ckid af &;&m0efBu;D xm;&Sad &; tqift h wef;avmufuo dk m
vQif tajccHy'k rf (121)t& awmif;qkí d ig;ESppf rf;oyf&ef pDru H ed ;f wpf&yfudk a&;qGMJ uí awmif;cHcMhJ uavonf/
ok&Yd mwGif ArmtrsK;d om;(6)OD;tzGUJ 0ifu a'otvku d f ud, k yf idk tf yk cf sKyrf I pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&SiOf uúXxHoYkd ¤if;wk\ Yd
oabmxm;ESihf tBuaH y;&mü &ckid v f rl sK;d rsm;\vktd yfqEÉiS fh qefu Y sií f ckw&f mwjcm; &S&mwjcm;yifjzpfvifu h pm;
&ckid yf nm&Srd sm;u tBuaH y;onft h wkid ;f r,kwrf vGeaf wmif;cHxm;jcif;ukd av;pm;cJyh gvQif ,aeYtajctaerSm
r½IwfaxG;bJ wrsKd;wrnfjzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/
&ckdifvlxk\twGif;oabmxm;ukd vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; qufqHrIü rxdckdufapbJ yGihfyGifhvif;vif;
azmfxkwf jy&rnfqkdvQif &ckdifvlxkonf jynfrA[kd&ftpkd;&\oabmxm;BuD;rIukd arQmfvifhcJhonf/
Armjynf r rS m uJ h o d k Y tbuf b uf r S wk d ; wuf r I u k d vk d v m;cJ h o nf / ArmtrsKd ; om;rsm;ES i h f
vuf y G e f ; wBuD ; aygif ; oif ; quf q H r I u k d vk d v m; cJ h o nf / xk d a wmif h w arQmf v if h c suf r sm; jynh f 0 ap&ef
r,fr,f&&zefwD;ay;rI r&Sdoavmufyif Oyrmwckjy&vQif oGm;vrf;vmvrf;cufcJjcif;ukd ajz&Sif;í &ckdifArm
enf ; vnf r I & Ed k i f a p&ef (1948)ck E S p f Zef e 0g&D v (18)&uf a eY pG J E S i h f Ed k i f i H a wmf uuf A D e uf t zG J U 0if
0efBuD;tm;vkH;okdY tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;cJhonf/ t&mrxif ½kyfvkH;ray:cJhjcif;ukd axmufjcif;tm;jzihf
&ckdifjynfe,f jyóemudk rajyaomfvnf; uef&Sd&mqkdovkd pdwf0ifpm;ykH vu©Pmr&ay? þodkYþe,f
tbufbufrS ayvm,uHjyKvkyfxm;ovkdoabmoufa&mufjcif;onf ArmvlrsKd;BuD;rsm;\ ya,m*
ruif;avoa,mif jynfrESihf tqufjywf
(pm-2)
aeaom &ckdifvlxk\pdwfxJü oHo,rjzpfapay/ &ckdifvlxk\ vkdtifqEárQmfvifhcsuf toifhtwifh
jynhf0rI&&SdcJhygrl aygufuGJvkrwwf ,aeYay:aygufaeaomjynfe,fjyóemrsKd; &ckdifArmvlrsKd;a&;jyóemrsKd;
ay:aygufp&mtaMumif;r&Sd[k oabm&ygonf/
&ckid jf ynfe,f &&Sad &;jyóemonf 0efBu;D csKyu f ay;vkad omtmoDoukd wifay:apcJNh y;D jzpfí qDavsmf
aom Oya'w&yfukd tvQiftjref jyKvkyfí apwemESihfa&Sma&Sm½SK½SKay;&efom &Sdygawmhonf/ &ckdifvlxku
qE´jyrS ay;rnfqv dk Qif qE´jyapjcif;onfyifvQif tcsi;f csi;f y#dyu©jzpfaprIudk zefw;D ay;ovkjd zpfrnfudk pOf;pm;
p&myif rvGJra&Smifom þqE´jy&rnfqkdvQif urÇmxkH;wrf;tpOftvmt& w&m;rQwaom qEáy;pHepft&
omvQifjzpfapbkdY &Sdygonf/
(pm-2)
w&m;rQwaom qE´ a y;pepf q k d & mü xk d p epf u k d taumif t xnf a zmf & ef t wG u f tpk d ; &
ukd,fpm;vS,fyg0ifaom Mum;aumfrD&Sif ( )ppfawG ausmufjzL oHwGJc½kdifwkdYrS ygwDaygif;pkHtrwfrsm;ESihf
nDEidI ;f í ok;H c½kid pf nf;vk;H rS wlnaD om OD;a&yg0ifaom aumfr&D iS jf zpfapvkyd gonf/ xkjYd yifvnf; xkad umfr&D iS x f üJ
yg0ifaom tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fu MoZmrvTrf;rkd;Ekdifap&ef zefwD;ay;&ef vkdayonf/
ykH-atmifZHa0
(armifuHxl;-aemufqufwGJ-p-1^3)
*sLyvDa[mvfü usif;yaom zqyv yPmrnDvmcH t"dXmef (14)csuf

(aemufqufwGJ-Z)
&efukefNrdKU *sLyvDcef;rBuD;ü (1947)ck arv(23)&uf aomMumaeYwGif usif;yaom zqyv yP
r jyifqifrInDvmcHobifü wifoGif;jyifqifcJhaom t"dXmeftqkd (14)csuf/
(1) jrefrmEkdifiHawmfukd vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftcsmtmPmykdiforwEkdifiHtjzpfjzihf aMujim&ef þyPmr
jyifqifrInDvmcHobifu av;eufckdifrmpgm qkH;jzwfjyXmef;vkdufonf/
(2) wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfu a&;qGt
J yfaom Ekid if zH UJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccHOya'wGif vGwv
f yfaomtcsKyf
tcsm tmPmykdiforwEkdifiHawmfonf atmufyge,fajrrsm;yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHjzpf&rnf?
(u) ,cktxd NAdwdoQygvDreftwGif; yg0ifaeaom-
(1)jrefrm0efBuD;tzGJUu tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmjynfr
(2) [kr®vif;c½kdifcGJ
(3) qifuvkdifcefwD
(4) aomif'Gwf
(5)aqmr&e,fy,f
(6) em*awmifwef;rsm;
(7) oHvGifc½kdif
(8) uHyufvufc½kdifcGJ
(9) &ckdifawmifwef;e,fy,frsm;[lí ac:aoma'orsm;jzpfMuonf/
(c) ukd;crf;ESihf armif;0kdifwkdYtygt0ifjzpfaom &Srf;jynfaxmifpk
(*) u&ifeDjynfe,frsm;
(C) ucsifawmifwef;rsm;
(i) uHyufvufc½kdifcxGJrygaom csif;awmifwef;c½kdif
(3) (1)atmufygt*Fg&yftm;vkH;ESihfaomfvnf;aumif; tcsKdUESihfaomfvnf;aumif; jynhfpkHí (c)(*)(C)(i)
wküYd azmfjyxm;aom jynfe,frsm;onf þwkid ;f jynfjyKvw T af wmftqk;H jzwfonfrw
S í
f aemiftcg zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk
tajccHOya'wGif xkdodkYqkH;jzwfowfrSwfaomw&m;Oya'ESihftnD ]]jynfaxmifpke,f}} tqifhtwef;ukdjzpfap
ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,ftqifhftwef;ukdjzpfap vlrsKd;pkjynfe,ftqifhtwef;ukdjzpfap &&Sd&rnf/
(pm-1)
t*Fgvu©Pmrsm;um;
(1) yx0Dtaetxm;t& e,ferdwftxift&Sm;&Sdjcif;
(2) jrefrmpum;ESihfrwlaom bmompum;wrsKd;wnf;&Sdjcif;
(3) ,Ofaus;rIwrsKd;wnf;&Sdjcif;
(4) &mZ0iftpOftvmwrsKd;wnf;&SdaomvlrsKd;pk&Sdjcif;
(5) pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtrsK;daus;Zl;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkHavmufrIwkdY&Sdaom vlpk&Sdjcif;
(6) vlOD;a&tawmftwef&Sdjcif;
(7) oDjcm;jynfaxmifpt k zGUJ 0if wpktzGUJ tjzpfjzihf rdr\
d uk,
d yf idk x
f if&mS ;csut f wkid ;f aevkd
aomqE´&Sdjcif;wkdYjzpfavonf/
xked ,fajrrsm;onf rdrw d t Ydk m; ESi;f tyf&efaomfvnf;aumif; cGaJ 0vTt J yf&efaomfvnf;aumif; &&Sad om
tmPmESihf tvkyf0wå&m;rsm;ukd okH;pGJaqmif&Guf&rnf/
(2) xkt d mPmESifh tvky0f wå&m;rsm;onf yPmrjyifqifrn I v D mcHobifu cefaY om aumfrwDtzGUJ
\aphpyfcsufESihf ESpfOD;ESpfbufoabmwlnDcsufukd &NyD;rS qkH;jzwfonf/ rSwf&rnfhtmPmESihf
tvkyf0wå&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ txufygaumfrwDtzGJU\ aphpyfcsufjzihf &&Sdvmaom oabm
wlnDcsufonf zqyv trIaqmiftzGJU\ twnfjyKcsufukd cH,l&rnf/
(4) þae&mrSpí atmufwiG f jynfaxmifpOk ya'tzGUJ [k ac:qkt d yfaom A[k&d Of ya'jyKtzGUJ \ pD&ifyidk cf iG f
tmPmonf jynfaxmifpEk idk if w H 0Sr;f vk;H ü wnf&rnf/ jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,f/ okrYd [kwf uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyaf &;jynf
e,f okrYd [kwf vlrsK;d pkjynfe,fw\ Ydk Oya'jyKtzGUJ rsm;ukd vk;H 0cGaJ 0vTt J yfay;onfXmetrsK;d tpm;xJwiG f ryg0if
aomudpö cyfodrf;wkdYESihf pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHtzGJUtpnf; tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ü rnfokdYyifqkdxm;apumrl
jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKtzGJU\ Oya'jyKtrdefYtmPmonf atmufüoD;jcm;azmfjyxm;aomXmetrsKd;tpm;wGif
yg0ifonfhudpötm;vkH;wkdYtay:ü wnf&rnf/
(1) jynfaxmifpktpkd;&Xmersm;udpö
(2) jynfe,ftcsif;csif;udpö
(3) usefudpörsm;
(4) jynfaxmifpkwEdkifiHvkH;ESihf rSD;ípD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufatmif jyK&ef&Sdaomudpörsm;/
(5) jynfaxmifpkjynfe,f ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,f vlrsKd;pkjynfe,fwkdYrSwyg; usefe,fajrrsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;aomudpö/
rSwfcsuf/ /txufygyk'fr(4)yk'frcGJ(5)wGif qkdxm;aom usefe,fajrrsm;twGuf Oya'jyKtzGJUrsm;
oufouf xm;&Sdrnfr[kwfacs?
(pm-2)
(5) þvGwv f yfaom tcsKyt f csmtmPmykid f orwjrefrmEkid if o H nf vnf;aumif; jynfaxmifpk tzGUJ 0ifrsm;onf
vnf;aumif; jynfaxmifpktpkd;&Xmersm;onfvnf;aumif;? toD;oD;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ trdefY tmPmESihf
tmPmtm;vkH;ukd wkdif;oljynfom;wkdYxHrS cH,lokH;pGJ&rnf/
(6) vlrIqufqHa&;w&m;rQwrI pD;yGm;a&;w&m;rQwrI EdkifiHa&;w&m;rQwrI tqifhtwef;wlnDrI tcGifhtwef;
wlnDrI? w&m;Oya'rsufarSmufwGif wlnDrIwkdYtjyif w&m;Oya'ukdvnf; avmu0wå&m;wkdYukdvnf; aumif;?
axmufí vGwv f yfpmG awG;BuEH idk rf I vGwv f yfpmG uk;d uG,Ef idk rf I vGwv f yfpmG bk&m;ausmif;uefomG ;vm0wf jyKEidk rf I
vGwfvyfpGm y&da,oe&SmrSD;EkdifrI? vGwfvyfpGm pnf;½kH;EkdifrI vGwfvyfpGmjyKrlaqmif&GufEkdifrIwkdY jynfol
jynfom;rsm;tm;vkH;wkdY &&SdcHpm;Edkifatmif tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf/
(7) wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfaom
(1) vlwkdY\tcGifhta&;
(2) vlrsKd;\p½kdufxkH;pH"avhponfwkdYESihf qkdifaom odkYr[kwf ,Ofaus;rIESihfqkdifaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;/
(pm-3)
(3) Oya'jyKtzGUJ wGif xku d of ihaf om uk, d pf m;vS,Of ;D a&yg0ifEidk af &; xkt d cGit hf a&;wku Yd dk vlrsK;d tm;jzihf
vnf;aumif;? bmompum;tm;jzihv f nf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rItm;jzihv f nf;aumif;? &mZ0iftpOftvmtm;jzihf
vnf;aumif;? vlrsKd;pkESihfuGJjym;jcm;em;aom vlvnf;jzpfí oufqkdif&mjynfaxmifpktzGJU0ifwpkwGif vlOD;a&
q,fykHwykHxufrenf; &Sdonfhvlrsm;vnf; jzpfaom jynfolwpkonf cHpm;Ekdifonf[k tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf/
(2) u&if t rsKd ; om;rsm;ES i h f ouf q k d i f a omud p ö r sm;wG i f jynf a xmif p k t pk d ; &tm; ul n D & ef
tBuOH mPfay;&ef? u&ifa&;&maumifpw D ckudk zGUJ pnf;&rnf aumifpv D Bl u;D OD;xm;&Syd EHk iS fh aumifpv D Bl u;D a&G;cs,f
aomenf;emwkdYukdw&m;Oya'ESihf jyXmef;owfrSwf&rnf/
(8) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfonf]]jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,f}}uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyaf &;jynfe,f}}vlrsK;d pkjynf e,f
wkt Yd m; ykid ;f jcm;cGaJ 0vTtJ yfxm;aom tmPmrsm;rSwyg; vGwv f yfaomtcsKyt f csmtmPmykid f orwjrefrmEkid if H
awmf\Oya'jyKtmPmukdvnf;aumif;? tkyfcsKyfrItmPmukdvnf;aumif;? pkd;ykdif&rnf? xkdtmPmwkdYukd EkdifiH
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccHOya'uwnfaxmifxm;aom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &Xmersm;uaomfvnf;
aumif;? xkdXmersm;\trdefYt&aomfvnf;aumif; okH;pGJEdkfif&rnf/
(9) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftwGi;f &Sd jynfot l m;vk;H wk\ Yd txG#t f jrwfjzpfxu dk af om Ekid if aH wmftBu;D trSL;
jzpfonfh Ekid if aH wmforwESiw fh uG jynfov Yl wT af wmf? vlrsK;d pkvw T af wmfEpS &f yfygaom jynfaxmifpk r[mvTwaf wmf
onf jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKtmPmukd pkd;ykdif&rnf/
(pm-4)
(10) w&m;Oya'ESihf ]]þEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH}}tajccHOya'wkdYu jyXmef;owfrSwfaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;ukd
axmufíjynfolwkdYwGif rdrdwdkYa&G;aumufwifajr§mufvkdufaom ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfukd trwftjzpfrS
jyefvnfxGufapEkdifaom jyefvnfxGufap tcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf/
(11) jynfaxmifpktpkd;&[lí ac:qkdtyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ tcsKyftcsmtkyfcsKyfrItmPm
wnf&Sd&mjzpfaom tpkd;&tzGJUonf jynfolvTwfawmftm; wm0efcH&rnf/
(12) Ekid if zH UJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccHOya'uaomfvnf;aumif;? w&m;Oya'uaomfvnf;aumif; wnfaxmifxm;
aom w&m;½k;H rsm;onf w&m;pD&ifjcif; pD&ifb, G w f u
Ydk dk aqmif&u G &f rnf/ xkw d &m;½k;H rsm;u w&m;vTw G af wmfcsKyf
ESifhwuG xkdw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf\vufatmufcH w&m;½kH;rsm;jzpfonf/ w&m;olBuD;ESihf w&m;Oya'wkdYukdom
axmufxm;&rnf/ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf\w&m;0efBuD;rsm;ukd ]]jynfaxmifpkr[mvTwfawmf}}u a&G;aumuf
wifajr§muf&rnf/
(13) vGwv f yfaomtcsKyt f csmtmPmykid f orwjrefrmEdik if \ H e,fajrwkYd waygif;wpD;wef;wnf&cdS idk cf efaY eonf
[laom *kPo f u d m© ukv
d nf;aumif;? Ekid if aH wmf\aMu; a& avwku Yd kd tcsKyt
f csm pk;d rk;d tkycf sKyEf idk af om tcGit
hf a&;
rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; w&m;rQwrIESifhwuG wkdif;BuD;jynfBuD;rsm;\ Oya'wkdYESihf wnfNrJatmif xdef;odrf;&rnf/
(pm-4)
(14) uREykf w f cYdk spjf rwfE;kd aom Ekid if aH wmfonf urÇmay:wGif w&m;ojzihf &oif&h xku d o f nfvnf;jzpfí *kPMf uuf
oa&ESihfvnf; jynhfpkHaom tqifhtwef;ukd &&Sdí vlowå0gcyfodrf;wkdY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd wkd;wufap&ef rdrdü
wm0ef&Sdonfhtavsmuf tpGrf;ukeftm;xkwfaqmif&GufNyD;vQif jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; w&m;rQwrIESihf avmu
0wå&m;wku Yd dk axmufum tEkid Ef idk if w H EYdk iS hf cspMf unfNird ;f csr;f pGm ylaygif;aqmif&u G rf nf[k ckid rf maom t"dXmefudk
jyKxm;avonf/
(armifuHxl; -aemufqufwGJ Z 1^4)
*syefacwf &ckdifwkdif;wGif t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zGJUpnf;ykH

(aemufqufwGJ-#)
&ckid w f idk ;f wGif t&yfom; tkycf sKyaf &;zGUJ pnf;&eftwGuf &efuek Nf rKd UokYd oGm;Murnfjzpfaom uk, d pf m;vS,f
tzGUJ tm; A[krd w S u dk ½f u
dk cf eft Y yfjcif;cH&aom oHwNJG rKd U c½kid 0f ef OD;a&T( )ppfom;wif *syefr;D oabFmjzihf ppfawGNrKd U
okaYd &mufvmí ajymjycsut f & em;vnfMuonfrmS c½kid w f ckpt D wGuf c½kid 0f efudk A[krd S cefx
Y m;Ny;D rS þ&mxl;rsm;
ukd xkcd ½kid 0f efu oufqidk &f mc½kid af cgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wkid yf ifí axmufct H rnfwifoiG ;f vsuf A[ku d twnfjyK
csut f & cefx Y m;&rnf[í l jzpfonf/ ppfawGc½kid t f wGuf OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;ukd cefx Y m;í ,m,Dtyk cf sKyaf &;tzGUJ rS
tm;vkH;oabmwlqkH;jzwfMuNyD; ,if;qkH;jzwfcsuftwkdif; A[kdwGifwifjy&ef OD;omZHvS? ODatmifZHa0 OD;csD;'kd;wkdY
uk,d pf m;vS,t f zGUJ tm; wm0efay; vTt J yfvu dk af vonf/ þtzGUJ onf OD;a&Tjr oHwcJG ½kid 0f ef pD;eif;vku d yf gvmaom
*syefoabFmESihfyif (1942)ck Mo*kwfv wwd,ywfwGif &efukefNrdKUokdY a&muf&SdMuaomtcg oufqkdif&mwkdYESihf
awGUqkNH y;D aemuf od&onfum; c½dik 0f ef&mxl;wckwnf;twGuo f mr[kwb f J &mxl;tm;vk;H twGuf uk, d pf m;vS,f
tzGUJ u axmufcpH m&if;wifoiG ;f &ef (xku d o hJ w Ykd ifoiG ;f &mwGif trIxrf;aumif;rsm;xJrS oihaf wmfol 50(&mckid Ef eI ;f )
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om; &ckdifrlpvif OD;xGef;pdefukd c½kdif0eftjzpf cefYxm;NyD;jzpfaeonf/ wjcm;aom&mxl;rsm;twGufum;
cefx Y m;jcif; r&Sad o;/ okjYd zpfí ppfawGc½kid t f wGuo f mr[kwf ausmufjzLc½kid t f wGi;f use&f mxl;rsm;twGuu f ydk g
trnfpm&if; jyKvkyf-
(pm-1)
axmufcHí tjrefqkH;wifoGif;&ef ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtm; oufqkdif&mu wm0efay;tyfavonf/
uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGUJ onf twGi;f 0efa[mif; OD;ausmo f rd ;f xHü wnf;ckad eMuonfjzpfí ol\xifjrifcsux f J
rS oifah wmfrnf[k oabm&aom tcsut f vufwcsKUd ukd vufcv H Quf ppfawGc½kid Ef iS fh ausmufjzLc½kid (f 2)ckpvk;H
\ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m &mxl;ae&mrsm; tm;vkH;twGuf &mxl;tvkduftoD;oD;pm&if; jyKvkyfNyD;axmufcHí
wifoiG ;f vku d Mf uavonf/ ok&Yd mwGif aemufwpf&ufEpS &f uftwGi;f uóu OD;zk;d jronf &efuek Nf rKd UokYd a&muf&dS
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vS,ftzGJUrS ausmufjzLc½kdiftwGuf wifoGif;axmufcHxm;aom pm&if;ukd uefYuGufMuonf/ odkYESihf A[kdu
ppfawGc½kdiftwGufwifoGif;xm;aom pm&if;twkdif; vufcHxm;NyD; csufjcif;ausnmxkwfjyefvkdufavonf/
c½kdif0ef OD;atmifxGef;OD;? NrdKUr0efaxmufESihf aiGukdift&m&Sd OD;xGef;vS e,fykdif0efaxmufrSL;rsm; OD;xGef;OD;?
OD;armif omyGifh? OD;pHxGef;atmif? a&SUae ukdpHxGef;atmif (bkd'defq&mtrsKd;om;ausmif;)NrdKUydkifrsm;?
OD ; om'k d ; atmif ? OD ; pH x G e f ; vS ? OD ; atmif o mOD ; ? OD ; csD ; 'k d ; ? c½k d i f & J 0 ef O D ; zk d ; jrpd e f vuf a xmuf OD ; Ek
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tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m? &mxl;ae&mrsm;twGuf t&m&SdcefYxm;aom aMujimcsufowif;pmrsm;wGif
ygoGm;Ny;D aemufwygwfavmuftMumwGif OD;bpH? OD;ñkx d eG ;f wkv
Yd pl k &efuek Nf rKd UodYk a&mufvmMuonf/ þvlpo k nf
ppfawG NrdKUrS ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU *syefrD;oabFmESihf-
(p-2)xGucf mG rvmMurDuyif (bD-tkid -f at)wyfudk ½kyo f rd ;f í &efuek o f jYkd yefvmMuaom Akv d &f efatmif
wyfESihf twlwuGqkdovkd oHwGJ? *G? omaygif;NrdKUwkdYukd jzwfí ajcvsifxGufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ OD;bpHonf
&mxl;cefYxm;aomaMujimcsufukd vrf;c&D;wGif awGUjrifchJonf[kqkdonf/ xkdpOfuyif olrauseyfcJh[k od&\/
&efukefodkYa&mufvmNyD; OD;ausmftdrfodkYvma&mufcg OD;omZHvStm; tb,faMumihf olYukd &mxl;wae&mtwGuf
axmufcHí pm&if;wifoGif;jcif; rjyKovJ[k ar;jref;avonf/ OD;omZHvSurl EkdifiHa&;qufvufvkyfap&ef
twGuf wrifcsex f m;cJo
h nf[k ajymqdo k nf/ oltzk&Yfd mxl;&&ef ta&;rBu;D / rdbrsm;vnf; wwfEikd o f jl zpfaom
aMumifh aemifppfawGNrKd U jrLeDpyD g,ftzGUJ ukd jyefvnfzUJG pnf;aomtcg OD;bpHtm; NrKd Uawmf0eftjzpf wm0efay;tyf
vQuf EdkifiHa&;ukd quffvufvkyfukdifapcsifonfhtwGufaMumihfyif olYtrnfukd &mxl;cefYxm;a&; pm&if;ü
rxnfhoGif;cJh[kom omZHvSu &Sif;jycJhavonf/ OD;bpHu auseyfykHr&/ woufvkH; rdbxrif;csnf;pm;í
ae& rnfavm[k rausreyf ar;cJhonf/ OD;bpH &mxl;wckckvkdcsifaMumif;ukd od&aomcg ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUrS
aemufqufwGJ axmufcHcsufwifoGif;&mwGif c½kdifv,f0ef&mxl;twGuf olYukd axmufcHcJhonf/ OD;omZHvS
taMumif;jycsurf mS xkad jrwkid ;f XmewGif ajrwkid ;f pma&;rS tp v,f0efrsm;onf v,form;rsm;xHrS enf;rsK;d pkjH zihf
wHpdk;vufaqmif pm;MuaMumif; ppfawGc½kdifokdYa&mufvmMuaom v,f0efrsm;onf vpmukd xkwfrokH;bJ
pkaqmif;xm;um vufatmufajrwkdif;tzGJU0ifrsm;u &SmazGay;aom aMu;aiGrsm;ukdom okH;pGJaeMuaMumif;
okdYESihf OD;bpHuJhokdY ½kd;om;ajzmifhrwfol rdaumif;zcif\om; EkdifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;ukd þ-
(pm-3)
&mxl;wGif cefx Y m;oifo h nf[k axmufcjH cif;jyKonf/ OD;pHa&Turdk l tzGUJ rS ta&;,lxm;jcif;ukd cH&olwOD;
jzpfí tpyXrü rnfonf&h mxl;twGurf Q axmufcjH cif;rjyKacs/ aemufro S m pmwku d t f ifpyufawmf &mxl;ae&m
twGuf olYtm;axmufcHí A[kdokdYwifay;vkdufavonf/
w&m;XmeESipfh yfvsO;f í c½kid pf uf&iS w f &m;olBu;D twGuf OD;bNrKd iu f dk uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGUJ u av;av;euf
euf axmufccH MhJ u\/ ok&Yd mwGif ausmufjf zLc½kid t f wGuf c½kid 0f eftjzpf cefx Y m;jcif;cH&ol OD;xGe;f pdeu f OD;bNrKd if
onf w&m;olBu;D tjzpf trIwpfcu k dk ppfaq;ae&if; w&m;cGiahf y:rSaeí ocifrsm;ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef rzG,rf &m
ajymqkdcJhbl;onfqkdNyD; uefYuGufojzihf puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;tjzpf OD;bNrdKifukd cefYxm;jcif;rjyKbJ vufaxmuf
puf&iS f w&m;olBu;D tjzpfom cefx Y m;onf[k od&onf/ þw&m;XmewGif ppfawGc½kid ef ,fyidk f w&m;r w&m;ol
Bu;D wpfae&mtwGuf OD;ausmx f eG ;f OD;(NrKd Ua[mif;)ukd axmufccH MhJ uNy;D OD;zk;d cdik u f rdk l ausmufjzLc½kid f e,fyidk w f &m;r
w&m;olBu;D ae&mtwGuf pm&if;wifoiG ;f axmufccH MhJ uonf/ OD;atmifZaH 0onf &efuek w f iG f tNrw J ef; tvkyf
vkyaf e&onft h wGuf uk, d pf mvS,t f zGUJ u axmufcw H ifay;vku d of nht f wkid ;f twnfjzpfonf rjzpfonfuu dk m;
tqufjywfaeí rodEdkifawmhay/
(armifuHxl;-aemufqufwGJ #-1^4)
trSwfpOf-447
pmtrSw-f 146? tdE, d´ ½k;H ? vef'ef aeYpJG (1874) 'DZifbmv (24)&ufaeYrS tdE, d´ jynfqidk &f m twGi;f 0ef
BuD;
okdY-tdE´d,tpkd;&
oifhtpkd;&xHrS (1874) pufwifbmv (8)&ufaeY t&? pmtrSwf (161)odkYjyefMum;&mü rpöwm'AÁvsL
tdyfcsf? pD? [m'DacwåxGufoGm;pOf rpöwm0DvsH[wåef*&pfziftm; ppfawGNrdKUü tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\
,m,D aumifppfu, dk pf m;vS,t f jzpf todtrSwjf yKonfudk bk&ifrtpd;k u twnfjyKaMumif; Mum;odapygonf/
trSwfpOf-448
pmtrSwf 211yd? zGKwf0DvsH aeYpGJ? 1875ck Zefe0g&Dv (22)&ufaeY tdE´d,tpkd;&? EdkfifiHjcm;a&;Xme\
trdefYaMumfjimpm-
trdeaYf MumfjimpmtrSw?f 1942 yD? aeYpJG (1874)pufwifbmv (4)&ufaeYudk &nfñeT ;f csuf tdE, d´ tpk;d &
u rpöwm'AÁvsLtdyfcsf*&pfzifukd tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ ,m,Daumifppfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf todtrSwf
jyKonfukd bk&ifrtpkd;&u twnfjyKNyD;jzpfygaMumif;/
pmtrSwf 242 yD
þ½kH;twkdaumufrSwfcsuf pmtrSwf (1943 yD aeYpGJ? 1874 pufwifbm(4)&ufaeYukd qufvufí
rdwåLukd tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ umvuwåm;&Sd aumifppf0efcsKyftm; od&Sdap&ef wqifhay;ykdYygonf/
(EkdifiHorkdif; okawoepmapmif-4? pm 114)
trSwfpOf 449
pmtrSwf 143? tdE, d´ ½k;H ? vef'ef? aeYpJG 1874 'DZifbmv (23)&ufaeYrS tdE, d´ jynfqidk &f m twGi;f 0efBu;D
okdY-tdE´d,tpkd;&
oihftpkd;&xHrS vGefcJhonhf ZGefv (30)&ufaeYa&; pmtrSwf 117 ukd jyefMum;&mü rpöwmtm&fZ*Fvm
tm; ppfawGNrdKUü *smrPDEkdifiH\ ,m,Daumifppf0eftjzpf ,if;todtrSwfjyKonfukd bk&ifr tpkd;&u
twnfjyKaMumif; Mum;odapygonf/
trSwfpOf 450
pmtrSwf 144? tdE´d,½kH;? vef'ef? 1874 'DZifbmv (23)&ufaeYrS tdE´d,jynfqkdif&m twGif;0efBuD;
okdY- tdE´d,tpkd;&
,cktcg ppfawGNrdKUü a'ESpf&Sd aumifppf0eftjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaom rpöwmtkdif*DvDzDa[ukd
,if;qdyfurf;NrdKUü 'def;rwfEkdifiH\ aumifppf0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef bk&ifrtpkd;&\ w&m;0iftod
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t&fvaf tmhz'f gbDtm; Mum;odEidk af p&eftwGuf vkt d yfonft h csut f vufrsm;ukd uREyfk x f H ay;ykyYd g&ef awmif;cH
ygonf / þtawmtwG i f ; ü bk & if c H c sKyf a umif p D o nf tBuH a y;xm;onf h t pD t pOf u k d uef Y u G u f & ef
taMumif;tcsuf rMum;rodygu oif\tpkd;&onf rpöwma[tm; todtrSwfjyKEkdifygaMumif;/
(EkdifiHorkdif; okawoe pmapmif-4? pm-115)
trSwf 451
pmtrSwf 265 yD? yGKwf0DvsH? aeYpGJ 1875 Zefe0g&Dv (26)&ufaeYrS tufzf? [ifzkdfY? tufpfuGdKif,m?
twGif;0efaxmuf? EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme tdE´d,tpkd;&
okdY-tGefema&bJvfat? tD'if? NAdwdoQum;rm; r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;
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'Jerf wfuEf idk if \
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rdwåLukd wqifhay;ykdYvsuf xkdoltm; cefYxm;jcif;ukd uefYuGuf&ef &Sdr&Sd taMumif;Mum;&ef awmif;cHygonf/
2/ oifh\tajzrSm auseyfzG,fjzpfygu rpöwma[tm; ,if;&mxl;ü cefYxm;jcif;ukd todtrSwf
jyKí tdE´d,jyefwrf;wGif xnhfoGif;aMujimrnfjzpfonf/ þtawmtwGif;ü oifonf olYtm; w&m;0if
cefYxm;NyD; jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyKcGifh&Sdonf/
pm-115^116
(vGefcJhaomESpfw&mu jrefrmjynf a'gufwm&D&DtBuD;wef; okawoerSL;? EkdifiHorkdif; okawoe
pmapmif-4)
'defrwfufEdkifiH
'AÁvsLtdyfcsfpDum'D
zGKwf0DvsH
0DvsH[wåef*&pfzif
tm&f? Zd*fvm
tkd*dvfADa[
tm&fvfatmzf'gbD
efema&bJvfat'Dtif
&ckdifjynfowif;pm
t,f'Dwm OD;xGef;BudKif? 'D-tkdif? tufpf(ynmtkyfe,fvSnfh)
1925-26 ckavmufuyif &Sdaeonf/
wHqdyfrSm qyfacgif; (*gref;ausmif;wHqdyfESihf wl)
crD&ckdifjynfukd,fpm;jyKonfwHqdyfjzpfonf/
(a&TapwDq&mawmfuqwfrSm wd&pämefr[kwfaMumif; ajymojzihf aemufajymif;onf)
vufaxmuft,f'DwmrSm-vifEkdYtrnfcH OD;omausmf (owfaoonf ZeD;armifESH (2)aumifvkH;
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jrefrmpm cufqpft"dyÜg,fpmtkyfukd OD;xGef;BudKifa&;onf/ aemufykdif;wGif OD;omZHvSu 0,f,lonf?
CHAPTER XXV
Capture of Akyab
An account of the retreat from Burma would be incomplete without some reference to
events in Arakan, and more particularly in the area of the part of Akyab. Some details of the
work carried out by the karen levies and the commandos, and of events in the Bhamo-Kyitkyina
area at the close of the champaign are also necessary.
Akyab as a point of entry into Burma was of negligible importance. It was of value,
howeveras an air base, whilst its proximity to India and its position on the Bay of Bengal made
it a prize of considerable importance to the Japanese. It was necessary therefore, to deny it to
them as long as possible. Akyab, for the defence of which Central Head quarters, India, had
assumed direct responsiblility, was also the centre of a rece producing area. It had several
large mills, and its main export was the grain crop of Arakan.
Prior to the fall of Rangoon the Japanese invasion of Burma had no vital effect on Akyab.
At the end of January 1942 its defences had been augmented by the arrival of the 14th Battallian
7th Rajput Regiment which relieved 23 Garrison Company. Indian refugees from Rangoon and
lower Burma, crossing to the Arakan Coast through the Taungup pass from Prome, were crowding
into the port. In the later part of February the R.A. F, forced to evacuate the Rangoon airfields,
Strengthened its force in Akyab.
After the capture of Rangoon by the Japanese, Akyab was organised as a naval base
under cammondore Craham, R.N. Commending Burma Coast. There were also statione the
R.I. N. Sloops 'Sutly' and 'Indus' and four L.N.D. vessels. From the base there seperated five
armed motor launches named by the personnel of the B.R. N. V. R. to prevent hostile infiltra-
tion. But this force was not adequate for the task. which was made more difficult by the strain of
evacuating a mass of refugees streaming out of Burma. Between of March and the Beginning
a May, thirty-five thousand persons were sent to India by sea from Akyab and the small island
port of Kyaukpyu.
In view of importance of Akyab as an air base it was decided early in March to Strengthen
further the forces there. Acc rijngly, Headquarter 109th Brigade with the 6th Battallian 9th Jet
ent and 9th Bdattallian 7th Rajput Regiment together with anti-airaraft guns were despatched
to Akyab, arriving there on 18 March.
On 23 March the Japanese occupied the Admans from which a small garrison had
already been evacuated on 12 march under the orders on the ABBA Command. Although the
islands were not occupied by the Japanese until 23 March the fact that they could not be de-
fended constituted a serious threat to the security of shipping entering Rangoon river and was
one of the factors bearing on the question of the evacuation of Rangoon. On 23 March, too
Akyab was subject to a heavy air raid, this being repeated the following day. Just previous to it,
the Magwe airfield had also been attacked. The result of the raids was the victual extinction of
the British airforce in Burma, and the discussion made to eomply Akyab only as an advanced
landing ground. Headquarters 109 Brigade and the two newly arrived battallians were at once
withdrawn. The remaining military garrison then consisted of the 14th Battallian 7th Rajput
Regiment, one section 67th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, and two troops 1st Indian Light Anti-
Aircraft Regiment.
From that date Akyab, its air-fields, and harbour and the naval craft based on it were
subject to frequent air attacks. The first raids immadiately resulted in a drop both in the military
and civilian morale. There were numerous desertions amongst the troops and the civil police.
Despite the protests of the naval and military authorities the commissioner, Arkan Division,
evacuated with nearly all his civilian officers on 30 March. The Deputy commissioner of Arakan
and some telegraph Officers elected to remain at therir posts, but civil Administrative through-
out Arakan was then wholly at an end. Anson was not in frequent in the Port. Rice mills were
fired, and a large comflagration threatened the impartant oil installations of the Burmah Oil
Company Limited. Civil unrest in Akyab and throughout Arakan increased on 13 April the town
and island of Akyab were placed under Martial Law.
Deserters from the Burma Frontier Force and the Burma Military police joined the forces
of unrest and together with a gang of Arakanese, took part in the massacre of Indians, mostly
women and children, Gopethaung on 15 April. The general state of disorder was particularly
marked south of Kyaktaw and east the caladan river. From about mid-april the prevailing unrest
had assumed a definietly rebellious aspect, and patrols of the Rajputs were engaged in several
skirmishes against parties of Thakins and others on 21 April the Deputy Commissioner
telegraphed a message to the following effect to the Burma Government.
"This is report on situatio in Akyab district, State of open rebellian exists which
should be quelled only by military as owing to breakdown of civil (Administration)
what is left of civil police is grossly unreliable. In Kyauktaw and Akyab sub-divi-
sion gangs of rebels suported by deserters from Frontier Force with larger quan-
tities of arms an amunitions and the extreme section of Arakan National Con-
gress have done incalculable damage to life and property. Arson and looting are
rempant and the ground is being prepared for enemy infiltration."
The existing garrison of Akyab and the naval patrols were of course quite inadequate to
deal effectively with the situation or to prevent the advance of the Japanese. On 11, April a naval
patrol from Kyaukpyu, learnt that two hundred and fifty armed Burmes with Japanese officers
had arrived at Taungup on the previous day. They had lunches and boats. This party proceeded
to work its may up the coast via onto Minbya, a centre of rebel activity.
Towards the end of April Japanese aerial activity further increased, and there was no
doubt left that a hostile force was concentrating in the Minbya. area for an advance on Akyab
. On 1, May two motor lunches of S. R. N. V. R. ware separately engaged by this force near
Minbya. Four field guns were reported to have been employed by them and casualties were
suffered on board the lunches.
Next day the hostile force was in Kyauktaw and Fonnagyen. A Rajut potrel was sent out
that evening in launcaes ixate the force. On the morning of 3 May these vessele were tried on
by machine-gun on a reach of the Kalwian river slow Ponnagyu. Several of the fire was re-
turned and one of launches brought its two pounder gun into action.
That day Akyab was subjecxted to a series of air raids, one of them by twenty-seven
heavy bombing aircraft. This particular raid did appreciable damage to building, military stores,
and equipment. Rations not as and four armoured carriers were destroyed, and the reserve
ammunition of the garrison was blown up. About twenty casualities were also sustained.
The role of the Akyab garrison; was to defend the airfield as long as possible. If a serious
attack was made on the port, demalitions were to be carried out and the garrison to be with-
drawn overland towards Chittagong. The officer commanding the garrison considered that the
pretention of the port was so longer within the capcity of his force. The troops were in a low
state of training , in addition they were debilitated by maliria and shaken by the air raids. There
were indications of the presence of regular Japanese Troops who would probably attack Akyab
before the morning of 4 May. The coast road was flooded and the island route was already
threatened, if not cut. since the Japanese were at Ponagvuam. Having regarded to this state of
affairs be determined to carry out sn evacutaion by sea that night. Demolitions were ordered to
be effected.
Guns and heavy equipments were loaded onto the ships ''Heinrich Jessen" and ''Hydari"
and after dark troops were embarked. Naval demolitions were carried out in the port and sur-
plus vesels sunk. In the early hours of 4 May the forces had abandaned Akyab.1
(1. The Japanese account, History of the Japanese 15th. Armay P.24 refer to the cap-
ture of Akyab thus; " Despite it strategic importance Akyab was not strogly held. order from
Army Division (33) despatched one infantry Company and one half of the M.G. Company to
Akyab, by road and water transport and the town was occupied with little opposition" (601/778/
n).
Armey ations.
R.A.F. = Royal Air Force.
R.I. H. = Royal Indian Heavy
L.N.D = Light Naval Defence.
B.R.N.V.R = Burma Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
A.B. D. A = American British Duten Australism.
(Extract "The Retreat from Burma 154-42, Edited by "Bisheshwar Prasad, D. Litt. Official
History of the Indian armed Forces in the Second World War 1939-45
Capaigns in the Eastern Theatre
"The Retreat From Burma"
1941-42
Combined Inter-services Historical Section
(India & Pakistan)
Page: 358-360.
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