Luminary Magazine 3of2

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Volume 3, No.2 Luminary Magazine

1
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arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf//
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Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.2
2
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“tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;” tm;ulnaD xmufy@aH y;aom

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3
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tvif;tdrf umwGe;f rsm;

AZY 50
La Woun Thar 52
THUREN 56

4
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h pf jroef;wifh 101

5
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onfrmS rnfr# rjiif;Edik af y//

6
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omjzpfa=umif;/ 1962 ckEpS f Adv k af e0if;tkycf sKyrf r_ S ,ae@ Adv k o f ef;a&$ ppftyk pf k tkycf sKyaf eonfh
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tm%m&S i f r S e f o r# usqH k ; ap&rnf / /

7
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(18-10-2005)
1962 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 18 &ufae@wiG f tz OD;oufneG f t h rda':vS=unf

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vduk yf gonf//

8
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9
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10
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(1909-2009)
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xm;aom vG , f t d y f u d k vG , f a pv#uf

11
ausmif;od@k y@kd avonf? u|eaf wmfuawmh oli,fcsi;f awGEiS hf vku d w f rf;ajy;wrf;rupm;&rSm/

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om;ausmif;olrsm;udk cspw f wfojzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd pmawmfcsiv f monf? q&m}uD;u 0vH;k

12
a&;enf;udyk if roifao;yJ ausmif;pmxJrygaom uAsmuav;rsm;udo

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ausmif;ydw&f ufr@kd wd@k wawG b}uD;wd@k wJ oGm;vd@k ae?
ararazaz vmac:awmh wd@k rsm;yke;f vd@k aewmayg?h
armifav;aqmhv@kd awG@oGm;w,f aumufqikd yf }kH uD;aemufrmS uG,?f
ausmif;zGiahf wmhr,f jyefO;D pd@k ausmif;}uD;ydwrf S wpfcgy@kd ?
ararajymvd@k wd@k wpfawG vSn;f =urf;pD;vd@k jyef=uav?
ca&mif;ajrrSm wpfaqmifah qmifh ausmawG &ifawGatmifw h ,fav;?”
'DZifbmausmif;ydw&f uf aumufvi_d ;f odr;f csed f ausmif;ydw&f uf tawG@t}uHK

jrifuiG ;f udak &;zG@J xm;aomuAsmudk q&m}uD;u zwfjyawmh u|efawmfw@kd oabmusomG ;
onf? ca&mif;ajrta=umif;udv k nf; q&m}uD;uajymjyonf? u|efawmfw@kd ajrwGif awG@&
avhr&So d jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd enf;enf;awmhO;D aESmufajcmufomG ;onf? od@k aomfvnf; tawG@
t}uHKawGu u|efawmfwdk@tawG@t}uHK jzpfaeojzifh aysmfoGm;onf?uAsmq&m}uD;

13
rif;ok0%fEiS hf vnf; tvGe&f if;ES;D oGm;onf?u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd oDcsi;f qdjk yavh yHak jymavh&o dS !fh
b}uD; vkyd ifcspo f mG ;onf?
q&m}uD;OD;bmpdeu f q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f.uAsmawGtrsm;}uD;&So d !ft h a=umif;
zwfcsiv f #ipf mwwfatmifoifz@kd vadk =umif;ajymum 0vH;k p+yD;ta&;oifonf? aemufxyf
uAsmopfav;awGuv kd nf; wacguo f m&Gwjf y+yD; pmwwfatmifoif+yD;rS tvGwu f su=f u
[kqo kd jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS pmzwfwwfa&;twGuf tonf;toef }udK;pm;=uawmhonf?
------------------
u|eaf wmfw@kd cspaf om uAsmq&monf u|eaf wmfw@kd twef;wufwidk ;f / u|eaf wmfw@kd
ESithf wlausmif;vdu k w f wfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kdaemufuaet&dyv f kd vduk yf gvmovdk u|eaf wmf
wd@k a&S@uae qD;}udKaeavh&o Sd nf?
yvkyjf AKef;&,fe@J awmifuek ;f &Gmompcef;qDu
a':a&$ar OD;a&csr;f i,fw@kd omoem0g0gvef;&efwq hJ ef;vku d w f hJ ajAmoHpnf?
“wpfvwmonfta&;udv k S r[0Sg =unf=unfay;yg” wJh
&wkcsKd pdwu f akd oG;avawmh rav;armif a&$ao#mifiu kd wf jhJ yif
jrif;uyif jiif;qefru kd af vaygh vGr;f cdu
k rf wnf?
ajAmoHEiS &hf if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifvmcsed w f iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd . ESv;kH om;uvnf; pdwu f pm;
pjyKvm+yDjzpfonf/ u|efawmfw@kd .cspaf om uAsmq&monf cspo f t l wGuf bmuAsmrsm;
a&;zG@J ay;xm;avovJ[k &SmazG=u!fah omtcg uAsmrsm;pGmudk awG@vu kd &f awmhonf?
rxefomonf ol@rmS u|e@f wu G f qHwpf&u G rf #

cspof ufcspaf iG@ ruseI
f ?
ryefomonf ol@rmS u|e@f wu G f jrLwpufr#
=uifouf=uifaiG@ ruseI f ?
jruefompnf 'krmR =umawm yGirhf aS v#mo!hf
[dak rsm onfwif =umcsyo f iG of @kd &Spcf iG &f pS zf uf
c&D;xGuo f nf wG,o f ufw, G af iG@ ruseI f ?
wG,f&mrJhuAsmrSonf r,fhvdyfjym/ cGifhromonf/ ESpfZwfwpfpdwfponfjzihf

uAsmq&m. uAsmrsm;udk tvGwu
f surf w
S uf ;l ,lum ud,
k phf w
d 0f ifpm;oltem;rSm r=um;

14
w=um;qdck &hJ onf/ u|eaf wmfw@kd . uAsmq&monf u|eaf wmfw@kd . ESv;kH om;xJtxd 0if
a&mufvmum avmutwGi;f tqifajypGm aexdik &f iS o f efwwfatmif wpfqih+f yD;wpfqifh
oif=um;jyoay;vsu&f o dS nf?
zkxpf&w G w
f /G iSuVf if;wod@k / ysO;f rikww
f kd
ouf=um;tdo k nf/ uke;f rkx
d ufwiG /f wpfyifwnf;/
cGqt kH auG;/ opfacgi;f aqG;vnf;/ taz;wufvm
tdik ;f trmod@k / us,pf mG [ufyuf/ jctdryf su/f
uke;f rduk rf;yg;/ ajrywf=um;wGi/f ppfom;carmuf
ydeaf jcmufajcmufvnf;/ ppfa&mufpcef;/ vufjy!$e;f ?
u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd tm;rmeftjy!fx h !fo h iG ;f ay;vdu k af om ysO;f rikww f kd uAsmonf

b0wpfav#mufv;kH b,fcsed &f w G &f w G f tvGw&f aeaom uAsmwpfy'k t f jzpf ESv;kH om;xJpJG
epfued ;f atmif;aecJo h nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd usiv f nf&mavmu/ u|eaf wmfw@kd b0twGuf
wuf vrf;uAsm/ pdw"f mwfjriS w hf ifa&;uAsm/ trsKd ;om;a&;uAsmwpfy'k t f oGijf zif&h adS ecJoh nf/
u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmpmayavmu/ =u, G 0f r_ukd azmfxw k jf z!fqh nf;ay;aom uAsmwpfy'k jf zpf
cJo
h nf/ jrefrmEdil if o
H m;trsm;pk. ESv;kH om;xJwiG f 0ifa&mufued ;f atmif;aeaom uAsm
jzpfco hJ nf? cspaf omuAsmq&m r[muAsmrsm;xJrS vlord sm;aom uAsmjzpfaeavonf?
------------------------
(15-8-04) &ufae@u uAsmq&m}uD; rif;ok0%f (96) ESpf uG,v f eG o f mG ;+yD[l
aomowif;onf pmayavmuESijhf refrmwpfEild if v H ;kH od@k 0rf;enf;a=uuGzJ , G f owif;wpf
yk't f jzpf xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf? q&m}uD;udck spaf om u|eaf wmfw@kd 0rf;enf;a=uuG&J onf?
ES ajrmwojzpf&onf? q&m}u;D qDu bmwpfcrk S xyfraH r#mv f ih&f ef rawmif;qdt k yfavmuf
atmif q&m}uD;ujz!fq h nf;ay;cJ+h yD;jzpfaomfvnf; q&m}uD;ouf&x dS if&mS ;&Sad eao;v#if
u|eaf wmfw@kd q&m}u;D ESiahf wG@ciG }hf uKH Eikd yf gao;onf/ apwem/ arwWm}u;D rm;vSaom u|eaf wmf
wd@k tay: aus;Zl;&Sad om q&m}uD;udk *g&0jyKcGi/hf q&m}uD;. yuwdtoHjzifah jymqdak om
arwWmpum;udk =um;cGi}hf uHKEdik yf gao;onf?

15
igrmS vnf;ig ol@rSmvnf;igEiS hf igih g ol@ig awG@=ucg0,f

igEiS ihf gcsi;f / igppfcif;v#if yljyif;v#&H J igayguuf .JG ?
ig'uk aQ y; igrat;I igat;&a=umif; cGichf gacsmif;vsuf
igaumif;ud&k mS igq;kd cGmaomf uGmavonfo@kd jzpfo+rdK@vnf;
acgi;f v#Kd @ ud, k af cG yjcKyfaAGY ief;ajrGrjcm;
ESo
J =H um;v#if yg;ysO;f axmifvsuf igonfxu G .f ?
tkd zGm;zufig toifigEiS hf igrav#mw h rf; tm;tifprf;tHh
tpGr;f omol yef;qGw, f vl rd /hf
igri_ gu h kd atmifrnfavm/ igu h ikd gu atmifrnfavm?
q&m}u;D rifo0k %f. iguAsmu igrmefwufaeaom u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd ar;cGex f wk f

onf? ud, k uhf , kd u f kd jyefvnfa0zefqef;ppfaomtvkyu f kd vkyzf @kd wdu
k w f eG ;f onf? igtrSef
ESihf igtrSm; (od@k ) igo;kH enf;udk vrf;jyay;vsu&f o dS nf? xku d Asm pmqd}k uD;um; uav;b0
upI oufwrf;wav#mufv;kH twGuf b0vrf;!$e/f b0vrf;jytjzpf pepfwus a&;zG@J um
tarGay;cJah vonf? xdt k arGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd &,lEikd yf g&@J vm;/ u|eaf wmfonf tcgrsm;
pGmyif xdpk mqd. k apwem/ arwWmjzifh a&;zG@J cahJ om uAsmrsm;udk arhavsmI h om aexdik }f uD;
jyif;toufarG;vmcJah vonf? tqifoifh cl;cyfjyifqif+yD;aom xrif;yGu J kd &SmrawG@bJ
qmavmifrw G o f yd rf j_ zifh vl;vmcwfaecJ&h onf?
q&m}uD;rif;ok0%fonf jrefrmr_/ jrefrm"avh/ jrefrmhpmayudk rSww f rf;rSw&f m
rsm;/ oH;k oyfcsurf sm;/ topfzefw;D r_rsm;jzifh xifvif;atmif }udK;yrf;cJo h nf? aZmf*s/D rif;ok
0%fwnf;[laom uAsmq&m}uD;ESpOf ;D onf jrefrmhpmay. rD;&_;wefaqmifrsm;yrm rm;
rm;&yfI rwfrwfw!fah y;cJo h nf? usawmfw@kd . ESv;kH om;ESiOhf ;D aESmufukd tqifjh rifpmG zG@H
+zdK;wd;k wufapa&;twGuf vrf;!$eyf jhJ yifaom uAsmrsm;udak &;zG@J c=hJ uonf? jrefrmh,Ofaus;
r_a&;&mrsm;udk pepfwusjyKpko;kH oyf rSww f rf;wifum jrwfE;kd wwfatmifyg oGeo f ifay;cJh
=uonf?
(10-2-1909) Ak'[ < ;l ae@wiG f [Hom0wDc&dik /f uGr;f +cHuek ;f +rdK@/ awmifbufurf;
ta&S@yikd ;f Y ukeo f nfrsm;jzpf=uaom OD;vGr;f yifEiS ahf ':rdw@kd rS arG;zGm;aom q&m}uD;rif;ok
0%fonf arG;csi;f (7)a,mufwiG f 'kw, d ajrmufjzpf+yD; rGejf refrmrsKd ;&d;k jzpfonf? 1926 rwf
vwGif '*kerf *~Zif;Y yxrqH;k uAsm azmfjycH&onf/ 1933 rwfvwGiu f si;f yaom 0dZm…

16
*k%x f ;l wef;udk jrefrmpm yxrtqifjh zifh atmifjrif/ 1936 pufwifbmwGif ynmoifq&k

I t*Fvefatmufpzd@k wuUov kd f oGm;a&mufynmoif,/l pde@f uufo&if; ausmif;wGif ouUÉ
ygVw d Ad uf taxGaxGbmomaA'rsm;oif,/l 1938 atmufwb kd mwGiv f ef'efwuU odv k f
ta&S@wikd ;f ESihf tmz&dubmom&yfrsm; avhvma&;ausmif; ( School of Orie-ntal Afri-
can Studies) odk@ ajymif;a&$@ynmoif/ 1939 Zlvdkif (15) &ufae@ usif;y aom
atmufpzd@k wuUov kd b f @JG EiS ;f obifwiG f bDvpf(B.litt) ac: pmay0dZ…bGJ@&&Sd/ ponf jzifh
ynmqnf;yl;r_xif&mS ;aom rSww f ikd rf sm;udk awG@&onf//
wuUov kd f jrefrmpmXme vufaxmufuxdu/ jrefrmEdik if yH nmjyef@ymG ;a&;t
oif;aumfrwD0if/ ynma&;Xme bmomjyefXmecG/J ynmhwcH eG t f oif;/ tbd"mefvyk if ef; OD;
aqmifvyk u f ikd /f jrefrmEdik if b H momjyeftoif; a0g[m&aumfrwD/ &efuek w f uUov kd f bm
omjyefEiS phf mtkyx f w k af 0a&;Xmer_;/ (xd@k aemuf pmwnf;r_;)/ jrefrmEdik if t H ajccHOya' jref
rmpmrlppfaq;avhvmt}uHay;/ jrefrmEdik if o H ak woe toif;tr_aqmif/ toif;*sme,f
pmwnf;/ wdyÉd u ygV-d jrefrm tbd"mefvyk if ef;ESihf rGe-f jrefrm tbd"mefvyk if ef;rsm;wGif
0ifa&mufun l /D pmayAdrmef. jrefrmhp, G pf u
kH sr;f tzG@J / pmayqkay;a&;tzG@J / okcrdet f zG@J /yefwsm
rlreS jf yKvkyaf &;aumfrwD/ ydÉuwfawmf jrefrmjyefaumfrwD/ Oya'bmomjyef aumfrwDw@kd
wG i f 0if a &muf a qmif & G u f / wuU o d k v f jref r mpmXmewG i f ygarmuQ / wuU o d k v f
pf mtkyx f w k af 0jyefqakd &;aumfrwD OuUX/ jrefrmEdik if H ordik ;f aumfr&Sit f zG@J 0if/jrefrmEdik if H pmr
wwfol yaysmufa&;twGuf ouf}u;D pmoifenf; ( 0-x-u-v-o)udw k x D iG /f wuUov kd f
bmomjyefEiS hf pmtkyx f w k af 0a&;pmwnf;rSL;tjzpf t+ird ;f pm;,lIynma&;Xme txl;t&m
&St
d jzpf qufvufaqmif&u G /f jrefrmEdik if o H ak woetoif;. ESpf (60) jynfEh pS w f iG t f oif;
OuUX/ *syefEikd if H tkq d mumEdik if jH cm;bmomoifwuUov kd Yf {!fo
h nfygarmuQtjzpfaqmif
&Guf ponf ponfjzifh q&m}uD; wm0efxrf;aqmif }udK;yrf;r_rsm;&J@ wpfpw d wf pfa'oudk
awG@&onf?
useG af wmfonf q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f. ynmqnf;yl;r_@EiS hf Ekid if EH iS hf
vlrsKd ;twGu}f uD;av;aom wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEikd rf @_ udjk yef&mS =unf&h if; av;pm;I
rqH;k Edik af tmifjzpf&onf?q&m}u;D rif;ok0%fonf useG af wmfw@kd tm; uAsmtvS/ pmtvSjzifh
aEG;axG;pGmvrf;jycJhonfomru trsdK;om;a&;wm0efrsm;udkvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH
aqmif&u G cf @J onfut kd m;us *k%, f al erd+y;D / tEkynm&Si/f todynm&Sit f jzpf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
&yfwnfEikd cf @J onfuakd v;pm;pGmawG@vu kd &f onf?

17
xdyk ifiw
k wf kd ysO;f rtdo
k nf ppfuv kd nf;}uHK
jctHvk nf;jzpf "m;xpfvnf;cH aevsv HS nf;wdu
k f
avjyif;cdu k v f suf riduk Of ;D acgi;f
aEGopfavmif;aomf
&Guaf [mif;nSma=uG &Guo f pfa0I avjynfxw J iG f
i,f&yk q f ifonf toifa,mufsm;aumif;wum;?
1949 ckEpS u
f wm&mr*~Zif;wGif a&;cJ@aom ysO;f rikww f kd uAsmxJuuJ@o@kd yif
q&m}uD;rif;ok0%fum; a,muFsm;aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfa=umif; azmfaqmif oGm;Edik cf @J +yD
jzpfavonf?trsm;twGuf &nfp;l a&;cJ@aom uAsmtwdik ;f ud, k w f ikd f azmfaqmifEikd cf ahJ om
pmqd}k u;D jzpfavonf?
q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f uG,fvGefoGm;onfh owif;=um;&csdefY usGefawmfonf
ysO;f rikww f kd uAsmESihf ppfjyefr*~Zif;wGizf wf&aom avmuGwv
f syS af &mif [laom uAsmudk
wGvJ suS o
f wd&vmonf?
avmu0wfonf avmuGwb f 0/ a&muf&ygvnf;

rd;k 0vufajymif/ vsyS pf pfa&mifo@kd / tarSmifciG ;f Edik yf gao;onf?
jyufavm@vsyS af &mif/ avmifavm@vsyS pf pf/ ypfavm@rd;k }udK;
tarSmifq;kd Y/ arSmifrsKd ;ru/ arSmif}uD;usI
c%vufvsS i/f c%yifwnf@/ igjrifyg&
ig@b00,f/ vrf;p&SmEdik yf gao;onf?
1983 ckESpf/ rwfvxkwf ppfjyefr*~Zif;wGif azmfjycJ@aom uAsmjzpf+yD;

usGefawmf@&ifYaemufqHk;xifusefcJ@aom vuf&mjzpfavonf? ysOf;rikwfwdkuAsmESifh
avmuG w f v S s yf a &mif u Asmwd k @ onf tif t m;aumif ; vS a om tqif h j rif h a vmu
tjrifuAsmrsm;jzpfonf[k qdck siyf gonf? 1949 ckEpS u f a&;cJ@aom ysO;f rikww f u
kd Asmudk
wpfEikd if v
H ;kH u od=uaomfvnf;1983 ckEpS w f iG af &;aom avmuGwv f syS af &mif uAsmuduk m;
od o l e nf ; vS o nf ? ysOf ; rik w f w d k o nf trsd k ; om;a&;tjrif u d k xif [ yf E d k i f r _ @
ydkItm;aumif;aecJ@+yD; avmuGwfvsSyfa&mifuawm@ b0tjrif ydkItm;oefonf[k

18
qifjcifryd gonf?
ta=umif;t&me,fy,f us,f0ef;+yD;arwWm apwemjzifh r$rf;xHkaeaom
avmu0wf[o l nf@ wefz;kd jrifv h aS om pum;wvH;k onf avmuGw[ f k toGiaf jymif;oGm;um
qef@usib f uf oabmavmufe;D eD; jzpfomG ;&jcif;tay: rcsw d ifuJ jzpfomG ;&aompmqdu k
avmu0wfonf vsyS pf ;D uJ@o@kd tarSmifciG ;f Edik af o;a=umif; axmufjyonf?
xdak emuf vsyS pf ;D vufcsio f avmufvufprf;/ vsyS pf pfjzifh avmif u|r;f csio f avmuf
avmifusrG ;f prf;/ rd}k udK;}uD;awG ypfcsio f avmufypfcsprf;/ tarSmifq;kd rd;k arSmif}uD; usae
pOfrmS yif vsyS pf ;D c%vufvu kd v f siS f c%awm@jrif&ao;onf[k qdyk gonf? pmqdu k xdck %wm
uJ@o@kd yif ud, k @f b0ud, k jf rifum vrf;p&SmcGihf &Syd gao;onf[k tm;rmefwif;vdu k af vonf?
wavmuvH;k arSmifru kd u f m yde;f yde;f ydwaf eygap/ vsyS pf ;D vufvu kd cf sed wf iG f vsyS pf ;D
a&mifatmufY t&m0wWKtcsKd @. vsyS w f jyufjrifuiG ;f udk zsycf eJjrifciG hf &vdu k of nfomjzpf
onf? ,if;od@k aom vSsyw f pfjyufwiG f xif&mS ;onf@ t&m0wWK tenf;tyg;udo k m yDyo D o
jrifvdkufEdkifygonf? usGefawmfwdk@. pmqdk}uD; q&m}uD;rif;ok0%fum; avmuGwf
(avmu0wf)vsyS af &mifatmufrmS xif;ueJjrifvu kd &f aom yk*K~d vfjzpfygonf?
useG af wmfuawm@ ysO;f rikww f ukd kd ydI
k jynf@pakH paom avmuDavmukw&W mESpjf zmudk
rSsajcjyKvdu k af om avmuGwv f syS af &mif uAsmonf owdoaH 0* &ap&eftwGuf wnfwnf
+ird +f ird f aEG;aEG;axG;axG;jzifh at;at;aq;aq; ajymjyvdu k af om tjrifph m; avmutjrif[k
qdv k u kd cf siyf gonf? q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f uG,v f eG cf sed rf mS useG af wmf@&ifxaJ &mufvmaom
uAsmESpyf 'k Ef iS yhf wfoufI useG af wmf@cpH m;r_@jzpfygonf?
ESv;Hk vSo. l tvkyo f nf avmutm;tvSqifvsu S f vlom;udyk I kd t"dyg` ,jf ynf@pkH
apaom ud, k @f u,kd u
f vkd nf; tvSqif+y;D om; jzpfaeonfukd q&m}u;D rif;ok0%fu jyoonf
[k b0ifusum xdEk v S ;kH vSpmqdt k m; Tpmpkuav;jzifh *g&0jyK uefawm@yef; qifvu kd &f
ygonf?
pdk;bm;'dkif
tud;k tum;? ? rif;ok0%fuAsmaygi;f csKyf/ 1997/ pmayavmu pmtkywf u
kd ?f
a&$v0kd if;wJh rif;ok0%f pmtkyrf S jyefvnfu;l ,lazmfjyygonf//

19
wdkif;jyK jynfjyK pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m

“Aef ; armf w if a tmif ” uG,fvGefonfh
ES p f ( 30)jynf h t xd r f ; trS w f / /
B
Aef;armfwifatmif
trS e f t m;jzif h ‘e&od r f a xmif r S
odk rh [kwf olyek tf usO;f om;’rSm ,ck Aef;armfwif atmif
e&odraf xmifrS Zwf
r[kw?f Aef;armfwifatmif. pdwu
vdkufwa,mufom jzpfay.? odk@aomf
f ;l 0wˆKxJrS
tusOf;om; Aefvlu;armfdkavhwvifamtmifjcift; um;csyf

m; &_=unfph ;l prf; xm;aom
. acgif;pOf udkrl
um;“e&odraf xmifrS olyek f tusO;f om;”[lI
'*kefwm&m wifpm; um ac:vdu k &f ay.?

20
“e&od r f a xmif ” rS m ol @ .0wˆ K xJ r S ajr&S i f y a'o&mZf . tusOf ; axmif

jzpfonf?acsmarmvSyaom vSuvsm jynfawmfom cifcifOD;. &lyg&HkrS ,ufazmuf
Ixm;aom Zwfvrf;xJ&dS ya'o&mZf qef@usifa&;olykefrSm e&odrfaxmifxJwGif
tusO;f usjcif; cHv#u&f aSd yonf?
cspfpGmaom Aef;armfwifatmiftm; vl. &ifwGif;rS arwWm apmif;oH/
arwWm&ojzifh wD;acwf zG@J o&D ygrl “cifrr=uL&J ah rmif”[lIvnf; &ifu h sL;woEdik f ygao;.?
cifrr=uLrSm cspfzG,f&maumif;aom &Hk;pma&;ruav; jzpf.?ol@armif }uD;
xGe;f vif;tm; t+yHK;jzifh ,k,jyKpkc. hJ ?ol@armif}uD;tm; rde;f rwd@k . rdcif&ifaiG@ jzifh aEG;ap/
axG;ap.? ol@armif}u;D . awmfveS af &; oabmxm;rsm;udk =uifempGm acgi;f ndw. f ? 0wˆKxrJ S
cifrr=uL. armifum; 0wˆKa&;q&m Aef;armfwifatmif yifjzpfay.?tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
olu pdwful;rSefuluGufxJwGif cspfpzG,f &Hk;pma&;rav; cifrr=uLESifh tcspfZwfvrf;
,uf&u S =f unfo h nf?
e&odraf xmifwiG ;f rS tusO;f om;udu k m; ol.0wˆKrsm;Y xdawG@ &ayonf?
‘e&odr’f [lI ya'o&mZfacwfu vSy,Ofaus;aom emrjzifh rSnahf c: xm;onhf
tusO;f axmifY Aef;armfwifatmif. Zwfvu kd o f yl ek }f u;D onf tusO;f csjcif;cHae& onft h cg
*&k%oufrad om a0'emudk rae@u ykvyd &f ;kH }uD; tcsKyfcef; oHwikd u f kd rDv
S #uf &yfaeaom
Aef;armfwifatmiftm; awG@&onft h cg cHpm;vdu k &f ayonf? ykvyd &f ;kH }u;D . atmufq;kH xyf
a'gichf sK;d &dS usO;f ajrmif;aom tcef;0 oHwikd u f kd qkyu f ikd u f m vif;,ket f ,f'w D monf +yHK;Ijy
&Sm.? orHwvif;. pdpk w G x
f ikd ;f rdi_ ;f aom teHtoufEiS hf trd;k u edro hf jzifh av;bufav;wef
eH&.
H usO;f ajrmif;jcif; rsupf t d m&Hrk mS rGe;f tdu k v f map.? avr0ifojzifh tdu k af e.?
aoewfrsm;udik x f m;aom ykvyd rf sm;rSm tusO;f om;wd@k . tapmift h a&Smufrsm;
jzpf=u.? tcef;i,f. tpGe;f buf&Sd cH&k n S af y: Yum; vufxyd cf wfxm;aom ukvm; t
usO;f om; ESpOf ;D udk awG@&ao;.?&mZ0wfaumifrsm;ESit hf wl Aef;armfwifatmifukd wcef;xJ
xm;onfukd awG@c&hJ onf?
‘aeaumif;&J@vm;’
vHak eojzifh ab;bD&Sd ykvyd o f m;rsm;. pum;ajymoH/ aoewfcso/H toH AvHw@kd jzifh
qlnaH e&m/ =um;&atmif oHwikd ef m;uyfI ar;&onf?
Aef;armfwifatmifu jzLazsmah zsmrh suEf mS jzifh acgi;f ndwjf yonf? ol.ab;wGif

21
xrif;csKid w hf ckukd awG@&onf?

‘ae&wm b,feh @J v’J
olonf csKid o hf ,G If ydev f saom yg;jyifukd +yHK;av#mv h su-f
‘tcef;usO;f av;xJ wa,mufxaJ e&wmayg?h cell av;aygAh sm?’
u|eaf wmfu tawG@tqHYk rcsr;f ajr@z, G &f mudk [mojzifh &$e;f pdak eapjcif; iSm‘'gjzifh
cifAsm;ckrS wu,fh Literally cell av;aygAh sm?’-[k aemufvu kd If olvnf; &,farmae
avonf?awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;Y atmufajc&dt S pkrsm; udk cell (uvyfpnf;)[lI
ac:onfudk wifpm;I qdkjcif;jzpfonf?tusOf;axmifrS tcef;i,fudkvnf; cell [k
ac:ayonf?udw k ifatmifu &,faepOf u|eaf wmfu qufvufI ‘e&odraf xmife@J b,feh @J
aeovJ’-[k ar;vdu k af vonf?
0wˆKa&;q&m. rsuv f ;kH rsm;a=u;rHjk yifrS vl&yd rf sm; oef;vmavonf? vma&muf
ar;jref;=uaom rdwaf qGt,f'w D m/pma&;q&m xkwaf 0olrsm;tm; !d;k i,faom rsuEf mS udk
ol. wif;xm;aom +yKH ;[efjzifh qif,ifum =unfv h #uf tvmy ovmy ajymvsuf &do S nf?
u|eaf wmfurl okcrk apmif;}udK;Y arwWmtuGurf sm;udk zefw;D um wd@k aerdonf?
,ck ol & yf a eaom orH w vif ; /oH w d k i f / tk w f e H & H c ef ; um; ol . 0wˆ K xJ r S
‘e&odraf xmif’r[kw?f ykvyd &f ;kH }u;D . tcsKycf ef;jzpf.? olum; zqyv tpd;k &. tusO;f om;
jzpfaeav+yD? 0wˆKxJ&‘Sd e&odraf xmifwiG ;f rS olyek t f usO;f om;’r[kwf awmh+yD?
e&odraf xmifwiG ;f rS olyek 0f wˆKZwfvrf;udk pdwu f ;l v#u&f pSd Of (0g) pdwuf ;l ,Of
awmfveS af &; pma&;q&mb0wGif u|eaf wmfEiS phf awG@=uonf?xdak cwfukd a&mufatmif
vGecf ahJ om(6)ESpcf ef@u wm&mr*~Zif;xH ay;pmrsm; zdik w f u
JG kd tajrS; tr#if yifu h tl rd rf sm;
=um;xJrS qG, J =l unf&h ayvdrrhf nf?
1946---
jynf+rKd @ e*g;vdrw f ef;&dS wcgr#rodb;l aom olprd ;f wOD;xHrS pmwapmif a&mufvm
onf ? ‘wm&mr*~ Z if ; ’xk w f a 0rnf h t a=umif ; od & d S & ojzif h opf q ef ; Ek v G i f aom
pmzwf&awmhrnfh twGuf 0rf;ajrmufvyS gonf?u|eaf wmfvnf; jynfraS eI oDwif; u|wv f
rStpjyKv#uf ‘vif;,ke’f vpOf xkwaf 0&ef pDpOfaeygonf?udak X;+rdKif twGuf vdt k yfaom
tultnDudk udkaX;+rdKifxHrS &vdrfhrnf[k tm;xm;ar#mfvifh csufjzifhvnf; Tpmudk
a&;vdu k rf yd gonf?

22
u|eaf wmf. yGOJ ;D xGupf mapmifwiG f udak X;+rdKif1938-39u aumvdyf r*~Zif;wGif

a&;zl ; aom ‘ae&pf a wmh ouf v S , f & ,f ’ 0wˆ K uav;tm; oH k ; jyKEd k i f z d k @ tcG i f h u d k
awmif;cHvykd gonf?wm&mr*~Zif;twGuf jynf/a&$awmif/yef;awmif; ESihf ayguaf cgi;f twGuf
u|eaf wmf jzef@csaD y;ygrnf?
ud k a X;+rd K if a &;cJ h a om uAsmuav;rsm;xJ r S v nf ; a&G ; cs,f x nf h
oGif;csifygonf?uAsmuav;rsm;vnf; ,cktcg vlawG tawmfbJ awmifhw=uyg
onf?u|eaf wmfay;Edik rf nfh tultnDukd pma&;Iawmif;yg?toif&h ySd gonf?
‘wifatmif’[k vufrSwfxdk;xm;avonf?yxrawmh b,fol b,f0g rSef;
rod?atmufem;qDrS ‘Aef;armfwifatmif’[k awG@&rS *sme,fausmfwGif ‘aemfrla*;’
0wˆKa&;ol[k odvu kd &f onf?
u|ef a wmf h r S m ta&;yd k i f & H k ; od k @ wm&mr*~ Z if ; xk w f a 0rnf j zpf a =umif ;
av#mufv$mwifxm;um owif;pmxJwGif a=umfjimxnfhxm;cdkuf jzpfay.?xdkpm rSm
wm&mr*~Zif; t,f'w D mzdik w f YJG yxrqH;k azguI f oGi;f &aom pm&Guf jzpfayonf?
u|efawmf. trnf&if;udkyif odum aumvdyfr*~Zif;(1939)rS‘ae&pf awmh
oufv, S &f ,f’0wˆKudk rSwrf ad eonft h xd pmayY xufoefaom yGio hf pf pma&;q&m[k
em;vnfxm;vdkufonf?‘aemfrla*;’rSm 0wˆKwdktaejzifh vSyI cspfzG,faumif;aom
pmwyk'jf zpfay.?pma&;EG@J aESmif;ol wa,muf[k xifxm;cJ. h ?
u|eaf wmfvnf; pmjyefvu kd .
f /aemuf arhae.?
u|eaf wmhrf mS wm&mtwGuf jyifqifaepOf aemufwvavmuf=umaom tcg
Aef ; armf w if a tmif x H r S m wm&mtwG u f ‘w&H a &mtcg’trnf & d S aqmif ; yg;wyk ' f
ay;ydk@vdkuf&m pmwdkufoydwfa=umifh jyefvma=umif; aemufxyf a&mufatmifydk@
rnfjzpfa=umif;/pmudk zwf&avonf?
ol.pmwGif ‘&efukefrSm awmfawmfav; qlaea&mhr,f/rauseyfr_awGu
vlwef;pm;toD;oD;wdkif;rSm trsm;tjym; &dSae=uawmh wHk@jyef&dkufcwfcsufawGyJ? ckvdk
"g;jyr_awG/aemuf+yD; oydwfawG jzpf,Hkqdk&if awmfao;wmyJ/u|efawmf xifjrifcsuf
oabmt&qd k v #if aph p yf a &;ES i f h raph p yf a &;&J @ vrf ; qH k v rf ; cG r S m a&muf a e+yD v d k @
ajymcsiyf gw,f?vlxu k akd wmh xm;ygawmh/vlxu k kd acgi;f aqmifr,fh acgi;f aqmif awG[m
b,foif; a&G;=urvd@k wv hJ ?J cif;Asm;awmh odrmS yJ xifw,f?’[k a&;vdu k o f nf?

23
olu &if;&if;ESD;EDS; a&;vdkufonf?u|efawmfrSm &if;EDS;cifrifaom ol. o

abmxm;a=umifh vlukd rjrifb;l ao;aomfvnf; pdw0f ifpm;vmrdonf?
*sme,fausmw f iG f ppfrjzpfcifu ‘r[matmif’trnfjzifh ‘ppfxu G f a,musmf ;’
‘=uifrnfo h ’l paom0wˆKrsm; a&;a=umif;vnf; od&onf? ‘zke;f arhEikd b f ;l ’0wˆKudk olonf
olaX;at;wdu k rf S (18)ESpo f m;Y a&;cJb h ;l onf?ol. *sme,fausm&f Sd 0wˆKrsm;rSm a&;yHq k ef;
Ekonf?Zwfvu kd rf rsm;udk csppf zG,f zefw;D xm; wwfonf?yGiv hf if; &J&ifah om zsyzf syv f wfvwf
vli,frsm;udk Zwfvu kd f tjzpf xm;wwfonf?
Tod@k 0wˆKa&;oltaejzifh em;vnfxm;&mrS ,ck ol. pmwGiyf gaom Edik if aH &;
xifjrifcsurf sm;udk zwf&aomtcg Ekid if aH &;Yvnf; pdw0f ifpm;ol vli,f[k wd;k I xif
xm;vdkuf&avonf?xdktcg zqyv v_yf&Sm;r_acwfjzpfay&m bk&ifcH. puULjzLudk
jywfjywfowfowf wdu k rf nfbh ufEiS hf ajcvSr;f cyfqw k q f w k Ef iS hf ausat; rnfb h ufw@kd
vGeq f aJG eaomtcg jzpfayonf?xdt k csuu f kd olvnf; tuJcwfaeol jzpfonf?
ol.‘w&Ha&mtcg’udk yxrywfwiG f xnf&h ef a&G;cs,x f m;vdu k f avonf?tjyifrS
ol@tjyif armifxif/ocifoef;+rdKifwdk@avmufom a&;=uonf? u|efawmfu 'dkifcHum
avmbw}u;D ESihf a&;pOfujzpfonf?xd@k aemuf olxrH S pmrsm; qufwu kd v
f monf? u|ef awmf
uvnf; ola&;oavmuf pmjyefa&; avonf?ol. pmwGif &if;ED;S cifrifjcif; pdv k ef;aeI u|ef
awmfuvnf; &if;ED;S pGmyif a&;vdu k of nf?
pmwapmifwiG u f m; ‘&efuek u f kd r=umrDv S mzd@k tcif;awmh&o Sd nf?'Dwcg vm
&ifawmh u|efawmf(--)vnf; ygvmvdrfhrnfxifw,f’[k a&;onfudk zwf&onf?
u|eaf wmfuawmh ol. cspZf eD;ysKd ygvmrnfukd a&;wmyJ[k atmufarhum pmzwf&if;
+yKH ;rdonf?
aemufYum; ol@pmudk owdr&awmhbJ wm&mtwGuf tvky&f y_ f aeonf? vli,f
rsm;xHrS pmrsm;yd@k =uonfrmS woGio f iG jf zpfay&m xkpd mrsm;udk zwfae&onf? ausmif; om;
or*~acwfu odaom vli,frsm;xHrS u|eaf wmf. r*~Zif;udk tm;xm;a=umif; a&;=u onf?
wcsK@d uvnf; 0wˆK/uAsmrsm; yd@k =uonf? wyfrawmfEiS hf uGejf rLepfygwrD S vli,fyikd ;f u pmrsm;
pGm yd@k =uonf?wm&mxGuf vmaomtcgYvnf; a&S@tywfrsm;twGuf qufvufppD Of ae
&jyefonf?
&efuek rf ed w
f aygi;f vrS vSyzl;vSpv f u kd af om aEGo&pfukd opf&u G af &mf&D ÁENeD jzifh

24
wDww D mwm rjrif&wwf?aeaiG@jzifh ylavmifaomavonf wdu k cf wf ae.?AH;k usxm;ojzifh

+ydKvJaeaom wdu k ef &H x
H ufrS atmufo@kd wGaJ vmif; auG;aumufusaeonfh rJa,mfa,mf
rD;avmif ,ufr=um;rS rSeo f m;uJo h @kd eDvma&mif aumif;uifjym udo k m awG@Eikd .f ?wcgw&H
yifv,fjymY wdrjf zLwqkyf ESpq f yk af vmuf &Guw f u kd v
f i$ x
hf l oGm;=uonf?
u|eaf wmfonf ‘rwfvawmfveS af &;’uAsmudk pyf&if; vdck siaf om um&H twGJ
r&ojzifh pma&;pm;yGrJ S acwWxum pEN,m;cHo k @kd oGm;xdik +f yD; (pm;a&;pOf pdwu f ;l r&v#if
Tod@k =um;jzwfvyk f wwfonf?)r,fr,f&& oD;csi;f r[kwb f J aw; oHqef; uav;rsm;udk
wd@k umyifu
h m prf;aepOf {nfo h nf wa,muf0ifvmonf?
t&yfjrifhjrifh/tom;!dk!dk/udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfrSm r0aomfvnf; cyfoG,f
oG,f[kvnf; rac:Edkif?odk@aomf awmifhwif;wnfhrwfonf?qHyifudk oyf,yfpGm
zD;oifxm;jcif;&dSv#uf/ouUvyf tay:zHk;/cyfrd_if;rd_if; ydk;vHkcsnf ESifh aq;wHudk udkifxm;
onf?aumvdyaf usmif;om; todxu J vm;/b,fuvnf;[k pdwu f ra0cGEJ ikd o f jzifh xdk
a,musmf ;ysKt d m; ae&mxdik cf if;ay;&onf?
xdkolonf cyf&dk@&dk@ cyfudkif;udkif; trlt,mjzifh +yHK;um u|efawmfhtm;
=unfah eonf?u|eaf wmht f m; odu|r;f onf[ h efyef ay:aeI arhwwfonfh rdrpd w d u f kd tjypfwif
apmaerdonf?xdk a,musmf ;ysKo d nf r*~Zif; b,fawmhxu G rf nfvJ ponfjzifh pum;pum
wm&mr*~Zif;tm; xifjrifcsuf ay;aeonf?u|eaf wmfrmS pum;om vdu k af jym ae&aomf
vnf; rnforl nf0greS ;f rodI cyfa=umifa=umifyif jzpfaeonf?
u|efawmftrlt,mudk odIvm;rod/xdka,musfm;ysKdu ‘u|efawmf wif
atmifyg’[k ajymonf?r&dyrf ad o;?aemufqufvufI ‘w&Ha&mcg’udk b,fykH a&;jzpfonfh
ta=umif;a&mufvmawmhrS Aef;armfwifatmifreS ;f odawmhonf?
ol.&if;ESD;aom oabmudkem;vnfvm onf?olESifh pum;ajym&onfrSm
0wK̂xu J ESihf wlaeonf?pum;vH;k udk a&G;cs,I f oH;k onf[k xifrw S &f onf?,Of ,Ofaus;aus;/
crf;crf;em;em; pum;vHk;udk oDuHk;I ajymonf?ar;jref;onfhtcg/em;axmifonfhtcg
trlt,mrSm &d@k veG ;f udik ;f vGe;f I wbufom; tae&yif =uyfonf?
Oa&my tbd"rRmta=umif; rsm;rsm;ajymI aumvdyu f xGuo f vm;[k yif
ar;,l&onf?ar+rdK@ ppfausmif;wGif aezl;a=umif; ajymaomtcg ol@0wˆKxJrS ppfAv kd rf sm;udk
oGm;owd&onf?u|eaf wmf. 0wˆK/uAsmrsm; rzwfb;l onf r&djS zpf aeI tH=h o&onf?

25
aumvdyrf *~Zif;wGif ygz;l aom ‘yGichf gp’udyk if rSwrf ad eonf?

‘wm&mu jrifhvGef;aervm;bJ?5ESpfavmuf apmaew,fxifw,f? wm&m
vd@k qx kd m;awmhvJ apmw,fv@kd rqdEk ikd af wmhb;l av?u|eaf wmfrmS vJAsm-- opfvyk if ef;awGu
jywfbJ rjywfEikd af o;ygb;l Asm--aemufxyf0wˆKawGukd quf yd@k z@kd ukd }udK;pm;aeygw,f?’
xdk@aemuf qufvufum pmayta=umif; a&mufoGm;+yD; ol0wˆKwyk'f
a&;aea=umif; ajymjyavonf?Zwfvrf;tusO;f csKyfukd u|eaf wmft h m; ajymjyonf?
xd0k wˆKrSm ‘bke;f armifw h a,muf xJ&,f’jzpfonf?
olu ‘vl’[lI trnfay;csifa=umif; ajymavonf?awmfawmf=um pum;
aumif;ae=u+yD; pEN,m;oH =um;csifw,fqdkI ‘yef;a[0ef’,dk;',m; zdef;csm;uav;
wD;jy&ao;onf?olu ,d;k ',m;udk em;axmifcsio f nf?‘wa,m jym;uav;&d&S if aumif;rSm
yJAsm? vdu k x f ;kd &wm ayg’h [k olonf nnf;ovdu k of nf?
tawmfuav; &if;ED;S oGm;=uonf? jyefcge;D Y ‘&efuek q f if;vm&if 0ifchJ OD;r,fAsm-
-?vif;,keu f awmh rxkwjf zpfao;ygb;l ’[k qdak vonf? aemufxyf ‘avvGiahf eaom
owd;k om;’udk &I xnf&h ef yef;cst D yfvu kd of nf?‘opfqef;aom pdwu f ;l ESihf vl@b0’udu k m;
rxnfjh zpf? xd@k aemuf‘bke;f armifwa,mufx&J ,f’ a=umfjim yd@k vu kd of nf? pmxJwiG f awm
wufaeI rtm;vyfa=umif;/opftvkyu f kd pGe@f I pmayavmuod@k 0ifvakd =umif;rsm; ygonf?
pdw"f gwjf yif;xef aeaom vli,fwOD;[kyif rSwx f m;vdu k of nf?
u|eaf wmfvnf; pmyHEk ykd pf ufEiS hf puULyHrk sm;t=um; epfaepOf 1948ck rd;k onf;xefpmG
&Gmaeaom wnaeY udw k ifatmif tdrx f 0J ifvmavonf? ouUvyf tuFs rD mS rd;k a&jzifh
&$u
J mpdpk w G af e.? E_wrf v S nf; ‘u|eaf wmfrmS aiGawGyg vmw,fAsK@d /opftvkyv f J jzKwfvukd f
awmh r,f?aiGawG cifAsm;,lxm;yg?wm&mrSm oH;k csio f ;kH yg’[k tm;wuf oa&m ajymonf?
u|eaf wmu rd;k rdvmonfukd =unfu h m ol. pdwt f m;xufoefru _ kd tH=h oaeonf?
olonf rD;jcpfawmif;um aq;wHukd aq;xnfah eonf? tjyifbufYum; rd;k oufavyifa0S@
ymvmum vrf;ay: Y a&jzifhazG;aeawmhonf?‘u|efawmfh aiGawGudk wm&mrSm oHk;yg
Asm’[lI wwGww f w
G f ajymaeaom toHonf rd;k ayguo f EH iS t
hf wl jrnfaeonf? u|eaf wmf
url ol. jyif;xefaom tm;wufoa&m pdwu f kd rnfo@kd jyef=um;&rnfukd pOf; pm;aeonf?
vuf&Sd opfvyk if ef;udk pGe@f I ol rawG@}uHK&ao;aom =urf;wrf;rmausm onfh
csKEH ,
G yf w
d af ygi;f rsm;udk &Si;f vif;wd;k 0ifum oGm;&onfh vrf;opfcw k x f iG af &; Y u|eaf wmfEiS hf

26
twl 'kucQ rH nfukd od&ojzifh ydI k &if;ED;S aom todukd cHpm;&ygonf?

xdt k cg u|eaf wmhrf mS aiGuvnf; jynfph akH eao;onf?xd@k jyif olu pmayxuf
owif;pm/*sme,fY pdw! f w G af eonfjh yif vuf&Sd tvkyu f ykd pfI pmay buf u|v H m+y;D aemuf
ol@aiGravsmyh g[k tmr rcHEikd af o;? =uifempGmESihf &uf&uf a&ma&m xd;k tyfaomaiGrsm;udk
‘wjcm;rSm oH;k ygAsm’[k ajym&onf? olu &if;ED;S pGmyif u|eaf wmfEiS hf wGzJ ufvyk v f o kd nf?
olonf pdwyf sut f m;av#mah yvdrrhf nf? ‘bke;f armifwa,mufxJ &,f’0wˆKESihf
ywfoufI a0zefcsufrsm;udk ajymjyonf? ol.0wˆKudk *sme,fausmf rrav;u
‘OD;cspaf rmif. ZeD;’trnfjzifh ed'ge;f a&;ay;avonf? olEiS hf OD;cspaf rmifw@kd rmS &if;ES;D pGm
odu|r;f yH&k onf? OD;cspaf rmifukd tm;usum owif;pm avmubuf ,dr;f aeonf[k xifxm;
vduk of nf?
pum;ajym&if; olonf r=umc% oef;a0vmonf? u|eaf wmfu tvdu k f rod
wwf? tdru f vlrsm;u aumfzyD yl v l mcsonf? ukvm;xdik rf S xaomtcg ‘&efuek rf mS &dS
wkef;awmh r=umc% vm&rSmbJ’[k ajymonf?olonf rdk;a&xJ xGufoGm;avonf?
od@k aomf4-5-6&uf ray:vm?aemufrS wnf;tdrw f iG f zsm;ae a=umif; od&onf? onfah emuf
(2)&ufjcm;avmuf ay:vmonf? *sme,fausmfwGifoGm;I avhvmqnf;yl;aea=umif;
ajymjyonf? (2) ywfavmuf =umaomtcg eKwfquf&ef a&mufvmonf?
‘jyefacsOD;r,fAsm/opfudpPwcku pm&vdk@ aygufacgif;buf qif;&OD;r,f?
aemufvmOD;rSmbJ/ udkodef;azeJ@vJ awG@w,fAsKd@/ tJ'gawG jynf axmifxJ a0zdk@ ,l
vmcJw h ,f?’
uGejf rLepfygwD awmcdo k nf&h ufu vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; rSm;a=umif; a&;
xm;aom udkodef;az. pmwrf;jzpfonf? ae@pOf owif;pmrsm;Y !SyfI a0aom
pmwrf;jzpfonf?u|eaf wmfu xdpk mwrf;tm; a0zef&iS ;f vif;jyonf?udw k ifatmif onf
u|eaf wmf. a0zefcsuu f kd pOf;pm;aeonf? (aemuf a0jzpf ra0jzpf rodawmh)
‘wacguaf wmh qif;vmOD;rSmygb/J 'Dwcgawmh t+yD;tjywf qif;vmEdik f vdrrhf ,f
xifw,fAsm? 0wˆK&n S }f u;D wyk'v f nf; cifAsm;qDbJ yd@k vu
kd rf ,f? (vGr;f &pf awmh oufv, S &f ,f)
jzpfonf? =unfv h yk af y;yg? wm&mrSm roH;k wJh aiGawGawmh jyef,o l mG ;&OD;rSm aygah v’-[k
!d;_ i,fpmG +yKH ;um xGuo f mG ;avonf?
,cktacgufrl t+yD;tjywf qif;vmavonf?1949ckESpf e,ftajctae

27
raumif;I wm&mrSm vcrrSeb f J cufcufccJ J &ifqikd af e&pOf jzpfonf?

‘'Dwcgawmh awmxJu aiGawGvJ vdu k rf aumufawmhbJ wcgxJ vmcJw h mbJAsK@d -
-’[k udw k ifatmifonf tjym&ifah &mif ukwt f uFs &D n S }f u;D xJ vufEu _d u
f m aq;wHukd zGm&if;
ajymonf?(aemuf xdt k jym&ifah &mif tuFs u D kd rc|ww f rf;0wfawmhonf)udk awG@&wwfonf?
ESpfa,mufom;‘aiGva&mif’vufzuf&nfqdkif ajy;=uonf?&_r0 wdkufwGif
yHkEdSyfpufrsm;a&$@xm;um yHkEdSyfr_/jzef@csDr_udk &_r0yif wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif apcdkufjzpfI
u|eaf wmwd@k pum;aumif;aepOf y&kjyif&ef pm&Guu f kd vufzuf&nf qdik f vmjy&onf?
‘'Dwcgawmh aiGrygbl;Asm--?opfwHk;awGxJa&mufukef+yD--?apmifhvnf;
rawmif;Edkifbl;?wm&mb,fhESJ@vJ?u|efawmfvmxdkifay;r,fAsm?'Dwcgawmh OD;aESmufyJ
oH;k ayawmh’
u|eaf wmf aiGa&;a=u;a&; =uyfaecdu k f ol@rmS aiGr&daS wmh/u|eaf wmf tcufcrJ sm;udk
ajymjy&onf?
‘cif;Asm; vc wjym;rS ay;zdk@ rvdkbl;aemf?ay;&ifpdwfqdk;&vdrfhr,f?tJ'g yJ
ajymvdkufr,f? u|efawmf vkyfay;r,f?,Hk=unfhcsufeJ@ ulrSmyg?cifAsm;,Hk=unfwJh
awmfveS af &;twGuu f rl mS yg’
xkdtcdkuf pm;yGJodk@ aZmf*sD/rif;ok0%f/r[maqG/oef;aqG/rif;&Sif/aomfwm aqG
paom pma&;q&mrsm; &_r0rS a&mufvm=uonf?u|efawmfwdk@rSm pum;vuf qHk
usaejyefonf? udkwifatmifrSm pma&;q&mrsm;tv,fwGif a&mufaeonf? udkwif
atmifrmS wae@v;kH vdv k kd u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf &do
S nfomru nbufyif y&k=unfh ay;onf?
‘cifAsm;jyefawmh--y&kawG u|eaf wmf=unfah y;vdu k rf ,f’-[k qdo k nf?
tjym&ifah &mif ukwt f uFs yD if 0wfxm;onf?nbuf rD;&xm; oHvrf;jzwfum bk&m;vrf;&dS
‘awmf 0 if ’ Y td y f o nf [ k od & onf ? vuf z uf & nf wG i f w G i f a omuf E d k i f onf u d k
tH=h o&onf?nbuf wcgwav xrif;yif rpm;&[k xifonf?od@k aomf cHEikd &f nf&ySd &kH onf?
udwk ifatmifonf yHEk ySd pf ufrsm;tyg;Y &yfum yHEk ySd x f w k af 0a&; ynmudk vufawG@
qnf;yl;aeavonf?wm&mtwGufvnf; ‘rkwfokefOD;’‘,rkefwGif;qDu’ ponfrsm;
a&;ay;onf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd EpS af ,mufum; taetxdik yf if &if;ES;D vmay+y?D ol. opfawmbufrS
aiGrsm;vnf; vH;k 0 jyefrvmawmh?t0wftpm;vnf; ‘'g0wf’ jzpfum yHEk ySd w f u
kd af vmuY

28
vSnv hf nfaeavonf?
wcgw&H tvHkopfpufxJrSm tdyfonf[kod&onf?aemuf--abmufaxmf&dS
ol.rdwaf qGtrd o f @kd ajymif;oGm;avonf?od@k aomf reufapmapm rD;&xm;ESihf vmum
wae@v;kH +rKd @xYJ &daS vonf?
abmuf a xmf rryk td r f Y um; vl i ,f p ma&;q&mrsm; pk = ujyef o nf ?
*sme,fausmfrrav;u udkwifatmif ESifh ywfoufaom pma&;q&mrsm; xrif;zdwf
au|;avonf?bke;f jrif/h =uyfuav;/&Jabmfaeatmifw@kd ygonf?
udw k ifatmifaeonft h rd rf mS ajcwH&n S jf zpfav&m tdraf b;ajr}uD; jrufcif;ay: Y
zsmwcsycf if;um vufzuf&nf=urf;0dik ;f ESihf pum;vufqu kH sae=u onf?
armifa&at;(,ckuG,fvGef+yD;)u r,f'vifwD;um aw;qdkaeonf?jynf rS
a&mufvmaom udt k ;kH ausmEf iS hf tbd"rRmjiif;=uonfrmS qlnaH eonf?udt k ;kH ausmuf kd
udkwifatmifu‘ygarmuQ a'gufwmtHk;ausmf’[k ajymifac:avh&dSonf? ol ta=umif;
‘vGwaf eaomygarmuQ’[k 0wˆKjzifph zl;onf?udt k ;kH ausmrf mS tbd"rRm a[mif; oabmw&m;
udk u|eaf wmfw@dk u wdu k cf u kd =f uonf?
udt k ;kH ausmrf mS pdwu f odyrf rSeo f jl zpf&m‘=uufOeJ@=uuf b,fupvm/=uufe@J
=uufO/ =uufOeJ@ =uuf’[lI aw;oDum t&ufrmefygyg &,farmaewwf onf?
udwk ifatmifu rsuv f ;kH eDum em;axmifaeonf?bJom;[if;awmcsuf csuI f waysmf
wyg;}u;D pm;=ujyefonf?
Tywf0ef;usirf aS eI udw k ifatmifonf vif;,ke*f sme,ftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;
jyKvkyaf eavonf?
xdt k wGi;f wm&mtwGu‘f vrf;b,frjrif’/‘xm;’0wˆKrsm;udk a&;ay;ao; onf?
pm&Guf w&Guw f iG f ‘vif;,ke’f erlem vky=f unfah eonf?trSwt f om;vky&f ef vif;,kef &kyyf kH
vdkuf&Smaeonf? yxr‘jynfol@vif;,kef’trnf[k ay;xm;&m u|efawmft}uHay;I
‘vif;,ke’f [k jyifvu kd af vonf?
ajr}uD;rSm ajr0wfysHum t+rJwrf; pdkxdkif;aewwfonf? tdrfomr&dSojzifh
aemufaz;vrf;rS rpife@H rmS avaoG;wdik ;f }udKifavSmufaeayonf?
pmpDcHkrsm;rSm ae&mvkIxm;&ojzifh vlcsif;wdk;a0S@oGm;&onf? rdk;tHk@aeonfh
tcgarSmifaeI rd;k &Gmonft h cg a&pufrsm; "edr;kd rS wayguaf yguf usqif;onf?nbufwiG f

29
a&eHqrD ;D cGurf S rdi_ ;f wvlvEl iS -hf --

wbufcef; ukvm;wJwef;vsm;rsm;ESifh usLx&Hom umjcm;av&m a*:&if*sD
upm;0dik ;f rS qlorH mS t+rJwrf; nHaeawmhonf?wcgw&H a&bHb k ikd rf S uav;rsm; &efjzpfo/H
rde;f rrsm;. qJqo kd rH sm; vGiv
hf mwwfonf?
teD;tyg;rSm vHcsm;*dak 'gi/f v,form;tdr/f jynfw h efqmxyfc;kd --
uk v m;yG J a wmf a e@usv#if AH k o H j zif h yJ h w if x yf a eawmh o nf ? rD ; avmif j yif
ae&muGuv f yfY wJx;kd &jcif;jzpfI jrLeDpyg,yf v k yd u
f r=uc% vmarmif;csI pmcHrk sm;ay:od@k
oufi,fprsm; 0gvHk;rsm; usa&mufwwfonf?xdkwJtdrfzsufonfh ykvdyfom;rsm;
a&mufvmv#if tdraf &S@Y t0wfAvm ud, k vf ;kH wD; uav;rsm;/xrD &ifv#m; ESihf rde;f rrsm;onf
0dkif;tHkum jzKwfcsoGm;aom ‘vif;,kef*sme,f’[laom pmwrf; u'fjym;udk ai;=unfh
ae=u&onf?
Tod@k +rKd @awmftv,f vlae=uyfoyd jf yrG ;f wD;aom(38)vrf;/(39)vrf; wdu k yf surf sm;
t=um; +rKd @aeqif;&Jom; &yfuu G &f Sd wJi,fY vif;,ke*f sme,fwu kd f onf zGiv hf pS x
f m;ayonf?
t,f'DwmvkyfolrSm ae@tcsdefY puUL0,f&ef [dkajy;'Dajy; ajy;v$m;um aiG
av#mufqGJ&+yD; nbufwGif vHcsm;orm;/a*:&*sD AHkoHESifh &efjzpfoHrsm;udk emcHvsuf
wvlvlxGufaeaom a&eHqDrd_if;pm;yGJY vif;,kefacgif;}uD;udk !SpfI a&;ae&onf?
puULzd;k vdak eI 0wˆK&Snrf sm; a&;& ao;onf?
,cifuvdk ouUvyftuFs D a0;pG tjym&ifah &mif ukwt f uFs yD if r0wf Edik ?f rD;yl
rwdu k &f ojzifh wGe@f ausaeaom umuDvufwkd 0gusiu hf siuhf kd 'H;k cHI ae&onf?
vufywfem&DrmS vufEiS hf taygiq f ikd f wvJpD pHjref;aeonf?u&dvrf;xdyf wrl;wef
xrif;ausmf/ig;aowWm wrl;zdk;ESifh +yD;onfhtcg +yD;&onf?vufzuf&nf udk waomuf
xJaomufaeonfh tcsufwGifum; a'gufwma&csrf;ESifhwlonf?0wˆK xJ&dS a'gufwm
a&csr;f uJoh @kd rl+cH}uD;xJ rae/udwrf ek @f EiS hf qif;'0wfuu kd m; rpm;Edik &f mS ?
u|efawmfurl udkwifatmifonf vif;,kef*sme,fESifh yifyef;}uD;pGm eyef;
vHk;aeonf[k oabm&onf?ttdyfrrSef tpm;rrSef aeEdkifonhf ol@usef;rma&;udk
tH=h o&onf?jynfo. l bufrS onfwapmifrmS rysurf uGuf xGuaf eonf?
1950ck vif;,kefxGufpu u|efawmfrSmvnf; wm&mr*~Zif; ydwfpjzpfI
wwftm;or# ulcJhonf? wm&m{nfhonf pmwnf;cef;tjyif/tv,frsufESm EdkifiHa&;

30
a0zefcsufrsm;udk ‘armifopPm’trnfjzifh tywfpOfvdkvdk a&;ay;cJhonf? oluvnf;

tcsed w f efI r&v#if vlvw $ u f m apmif, h o l nf?ud&k ;D ,m;ta&; (tD;pDat)ta&;wd@k wiG f
jyif;jyif;xefxef a&;ay;cJo h nf?
‘cifAsm;Asm--ta&;xJ wm&m&yfxm;&w,f/ ,Ofaus;r_e,fy,frSmu
w&mr&dw S m cufwmyJ/ jyefxw k zf @kd }udK;pm;yg’[k udw k ifatmifu wwGww f w G f ajymonf?
u|eaf wmfrmS pufrsm;udyk if a&mif;vdu k +f yD; ay+yD?
olonf owif;pmvkyzf @kd xufoefaejyefonf?u|eaf wmfh oabmrl *sme,fukd
zdzpd ;D pD; vkyaf pcsiaf o;onf?tajccdik rf S qufvyk w f ef vky&f ayrnf?
‘owif;pmxkw&f ifawmh ‘opPm’owif;qd+k y;D xkw&f atmifAsK@d --ckawmhaeOD;’[k
u|efawmfu ajymonfudk +yHK;em;axmifaeonf?odk@aomf owif;pm xkwfzdk@udk
pdwaf pmaeyH&k onf?
*sme,frmS e,fu ta=u;G usI owif;pmxkwv f #if ud,
k pf m;vS,u f kd Edik rf nfvm;[k
wGufovm;vnf; rajymwwfay?wdk;wufaom owif;pmwapmif vdkonfum;
rSeo
f nf?od@k aomf owif;pmydI *sme,fukd cdu k rf mS pd;k onf?
ud k w if a tmif o nf owif ; pmud k 1951ck rd k ; wG i f ; buf Y xk w f a 0vd k u f
onf?udw k ifatmifrmS ydI k yef;vmonfukd awG@&onf?puULxkwzf ;kd twGuf Asmrsm; aeatmif
aiG&mS &onfh wm0efrmS ydI k }uD;onfukd jrif&onf?a=umfjimu odyrf &? ol@=unf&h onfrmS
azsmh v monf ? r=umrD S *se,f u d k rl o pf v J & um;/aemuf y ef ; vG e f ; I owif ; pmud k
&yfypfvu kd &f avonf?
vli,fw@kd bm0 xufoefjcif;udk vdv k m;yg.?od@k aomf wcgw&H xufoef jcif;xuf
vkyif ef;w&yftaeESihf jynfph u kH vkH jkH cif;r&dv S #if ysuw f wfonfukd ud, k w f ikd f }uKH awG@co hJ nfjzpf&m
udkwifatmifrSm vl;vdSrfhum ae&mrS *sme,fudkyif jyefudkifrnf udk od&aomtcg
tm;wufro d nf? od@k aomf ‘yHo k pf’ESihf xGuv f mavonf?rlv *sme,f r[kwv f m awmhay?
vif;,kef Armpmay r*~Zif; xkw&f efppD Ofjyefonf?
‘wu,fqdkawmhAsm/cifAsm; ckwfxGif;cJhwJh vrf;a=umif; pmayr*~Zif;[m
atmif j rif w mygbJ ’ [k pmayr*~ Z if ; xG u f + yD ; ta&mif ; oG u f j cif ; ES i f h ywf o uf I
ajymjyavonf?
u|efawmfESifhum; ydkI &if;EDS;vmonf?oabmcsif;/t,ltqcsif; rwdkuf

31
qdik wf mawGvnf; awG@&.?pmayopf *d% k ;f cGaJ &;awGEiS hf pyfvsO;f I u|eaf wmf. oabmxm;udk
yxrawmh olu em;rvnf/a0ae.?
‘olwdk@&J@ *dk%f;cGJwJhpmawG xnfhae&ifawmh u|efawmfhpmawG rxnfhyg
eJ@awmhAsm’[k ajym&onfhtxd ‘wif;’xm;cJhzl;onf?aemufYum; xdk*dk%f;cGJa&;
orm;rsm;onf pmayavmuwG i f azmuf j yef a &;buf u tusKd ; jyKaeonf u d k
vufawG@jrif&aomtcg ‘cifAsm;udk usKyf vuf0pJ ma&;q&mvd@k ukd todtrSwf rjyKbl;’[k
xdo k t l m; ajymypfavonf?
trSet f m;jzifh *sme,fEiS hf pdwyf ef;aecdu k f cufxefpmG ajymvdu k [ f efw.
l ?
vif;,ke*f sme,fwiG yf gaom rif;rJ0h g'bufo@dk vGrJ mS ;aeonfh aqmif;yg;wcsK@d ukd u|eaf wmfu
a0zefaomtcg yxrawmh olu odyrf xifvaS o;?aemufoo l nf odjrifum wcgwnf;
y,fypfavonf?
vif;,ke*f sme,frmS jynfob l ufwiG &f aSd eay&m t,f'w D m. wm0efonf }u;D rm;I
vmonf?t=uyftwnf;rsm;=um;xJrmS yif udw k ifatmifonf vlveG @f um vif;,keu f kd
wywfrSrjywf&atmif ysHoef;aponf?enf;y&d,m,ft&m Yum; u|efawmfESifhol
uGv J cJG surf sm;&daS yrnf?vky[ f efY rwlwmawG &daS yrnf? od@k aomf t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/
ppfrjzpfa&;/urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; aoe*FAsL[mY um; ruGv J ?JG
vlcsi;f um; &if;ED;S Ivmonf?olonf aemufwwfajymifwwfonf? wcgw&H
u|efawmftm; ‘pmayopf ocif}uD;’[k pavh&dS.?awG@v#if- ‘ydkufqHyg vm;/
vufzuf&nfwu kd Af sm’-[k a&$Armqdik o f @kd ac:.?od@k aomf oluyif wdu k &f onf ursm;onf?
‘cifAsm;&J@ vl@b0[m rjynfhpHkao;bl;As/u|efawmfhvdk cav;eJ@/rdef;reJ@
ae&w,fAs?a[m--ckjyef&if rdef;reJ@ tdyf&rSm’[kajym+yD; u|efawmfhtm; &,farm
aewwfonf?
u|efawmfurl ol@0wˆKrsm;xJrS cifat;=unf/cifrr=uL/rcifeD/xm; ponfh
acsmarmvSy,Ofaus;onfh rdef;rysKdrsm;ta=umif; awG;rdae.?ol. wu,fhb0udk
um;rod?0wˆKxJu tcspZf wfvrf;udu k m; zwf&c_ &hJ .?
aemufqHk; tzrf;rcH&cif wae@u u|efawmfwdk@ESpfa,muf jynfol@pmay
pmtkyq f ikd o
f @kd vrf;av#mufomG ;=uonf?olu u|eaf wmfvckH snu f kd udik u
f m ‘w,ftaoG;
uswJh tpdrf;yJ/u|efawmfwdk@[m vlvwfwef;pm;ubJAs?rwwfEdkifbl; cifAsm;uawmh
aiGZeG ;f udu k af rG;vmwm’[k pae.?wcgw&Hou l ‘udak X;+rdKifav;’ [k ol@ 0wˆKxJuvdk
nnf;wwfonf?
32
pmtkyq f ikd w
f iG f a*:uD. rwke@f jyefaomarwWm 0wˆKukd 0,f&if;/ cifAsm;eJ@ u|eaf wmf
twlwzl wfwmaygAh sm [k u|eaf wmfch g;udk zufum ajymonf?tjyefwiG f ol. pmpDcx kH m;&m
wJo@kd 0if=uonf?wdu k yf suef &H =H um;xJrS wJi,fukd vrf;rrS armh=unfu h m-pdwcf s&&J@vm;-
[k ar;onfukd olu &,farmum ajz=um;aeonf?
b,feh @J vyk rf vJAs/ypPn;f rJb h ufuae&if onfvykd aJ e&rSmbJ/a&!dw S ufae aom
tkwef &H rH S xd;k xGuaf eonfh pdr;f aom anmifyifaygupf uav;udk ai;um ol@ olyek }f uD;
0wˆKxJrS tzdEySd cf &H aom eif;jym;tvkyo f m;}uD; bcufukd awG;rdonf?
aoewfuikd x f m;aom ykvyd o f m;onf u|eaf wmfw@kd =um;xJrS wd;k 0ifvm um
oHwdkifrSaomhudk vmzGifhonf?udkwifatmifonf oHwdkifudkrDSxm;&mrS rwfvdkuf um
oGm;&awmhr,f[k wcsuaf jym+yD; rsuEf mS !d;S oGm;onf?oHcsw d wf iG f csw
d xf m;aom ta&mif
cyfrrJG JG yd;k teuftay: tusF ED rG ;f uav;udk aumuf0wf onf?
jynfu qif;vmcgpuJhodk@ aooyfawmufypGm r[kwf?xdktcgu olonf
vrf;av#muf&if; olawmif;pm;ESiahf wG@vsif &yfum ab;csi;f ,SO+f yD; a[hnaD v;[k ac:+yD;
ydu
k q f aH y;avh&o Sd nf? wcgw&H pum;yifajymonf?xdt k cgu olonf ypPn;f rJh qif;&Jom;
b0udk wwfEikd o f avmuf&@_ =unfu h m xdt k zdEySd cf H jynfowl @kd v_y&f mS ;r_ukd pdwx f YJ &ifu h sL;I
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vdu k of nf?

33
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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
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&efukef jrpfurf;rS av “wef;”0ifpma&;q&mawGayg?h
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yxrt}udr(f 1995) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Luminary Magazine Volume

Volume3,3,No.2
No.2
34
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opPm/ arwWm zdk;oHvlxk
Volume Luminary Magazine
Volume3,3,No.2
No.2
35
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46
ttvif;tdrf
usqif;wJrh su&f nfu rsuvf ;kH jzpf
rsuvf ;kH u cHpm;r_jzpf
cHpm;r_u a'gojzpf
a'gou rauseyfr_
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pm;&rSe;f od&if
wG,u f yfwwfw,fqw kd m
acG;—qdw
k hJ wrsKd ;pm;xJrrS [kwyf J
uvdru f uspf todOm%frhJ
ppftyk pf &k @J
wG,uf yf ,kwrf mor#——?
a'gi;f tvHukd wif;wif;qkyf

'Drkd t\jymxkyu f kd
axG;ayG@Eikd rf S
aoG;ckeEf e_ ;f awG
pnf;csurf ahJ ewJh
ausmufqpfvo l m;
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pdwu f ;l ,Of Ekid if aH wmfopf w±kw/f ±k&mS ;/ VETO eJ@wm;
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f ef;rsKd ;csp0f g' +Adwed /f tar&duef/ jyifopf pdwaf wG npfv@kd
*sL; ajcmufoef; oufao? tvkyrf jzpfwhJ a=unmcsuf (qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;)
- udk,fusdK;pD;yGm; ud,k =hf urRm uk, d zf efw;D zd@k
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f pd;k & (jynfe,ftpd;k &) udk zG@J =u
avmure mB vdk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tpd;k &om
atmfoaH wG =um;&J@vm;? wd@k wkid ;f &if;om; qEN trsm; qENyg?

48
ttvif;tdrf
- tm%monf aoewfajymif;0rS vmoI

ynmwwfawGukd ab;z,faeoI
'Dru
kd a&pDukd em;cg;aeoI
zuf'&,f aygi;f pnf;a&; aysmah jymif;r_ukd wif;rmaeoI
wd@k ArmjynftwGuf *sL; ajcmufoef; oufao?
- aoG;csif;nDtudkrsm;
wd@k acwfrmS wm0efraus&if
ordik ;f &J@ awmif;qdck suu f kd jiif;qefaer,fq&dk if
ud,
k bhf 0 aumif;pm;a&;wckxu J okd m =unhq
f ;kH jzwf&if
uk,d w hf ikd ;f jynf aumif;pm;a&; bmwckr#rvkyb f ;l qk&d if
zufqpf vufcsuaf =umihf *sL; ajcmufoef; oufao?
- vl@b0&J@ wefz;kd udk acwf}uD;u rdrd ycH;k ay: usa&mufvmwJh ordik ;f ay;wm0efukd
b,favmuf ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifovJ qdw k meJ@ wdik ;f wmygw,f? ?
(Aef;armfwifatmif)
a'gi;f tvHukd oufaownfv@kd

(aoG;opPmaomuf+yD;) wd@k vrl sKd ;b0 wd@k u,fp@kd ?
oifh
aumif ;
(1/ 8/ 2008)

49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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56
ttvif;tdrf
ArmjynfwiG f ppfAvkd rf sm; wrd;k vH;k
azsmufqw
d jf zpfaeonf? =um+yD?
od@k aomf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ajymp&m
aoewf jzpf a eonf u pmayavmujzpf o nf ?

pmay-rD'D,mavmurSm ppfAdkvfrsm;.
rd;k aumif;uif jzpfaeonf[k qdv
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ta=umif;rodolrsm;
k ukd v
f #if
thH=ooGm;=urnf? ArmjynfrS ppfAdkvfrsm;
wzuf pmayvdkufpm; vSacs vm;/ pmayt&nf

tcsi;f jrifrh m; vScsnv hf m; [k rodorl sm;u
xifaumif; xif=uayrnf? jyefpOf;pm;
vdu k vf #if Arm jynfavmuf ppf Adv k pf ma&;
uavmif q&maygrsm;aomEdik if H urBm wGif tjcm;r±Sd

qdo k nfuv dk nf; awG@=u&rnf?
a&;vnf; a&;Edkif=uygayonf?
0wˆK/ uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ ±ky±f iS Zf mwf!e$ ;f / t
ukefa&;onf? tar&duef raumif;bl;/
wzuf (wcsed u f awmh w±kwrf aumif;bl;)/ tifef

t,fv'f D raumif;bl;? Auyraumif;bl;/
zqyv raumif;bl;? wdkif;&if;om;awG
raumif;bl;/ ausmif;om;awG raumif;bl;?
olw@kd rw S yg; b,forl rS aumif;bl;? bmyJa&;
a&;/ ESpEf pS -f oH;k ESpaf vmufaev#if trsKd ;om;
pmayqkukd ar#mrf eS ;f Edik +f yD? trsKd ;om;pmay
qk ± S i f ppf 0 ef x rf ; ta&twG u f o nf
wm&m vif;,kef rSerf eS }f u;D wd;k wufaeonf? Twdik ;f jynfwiG f
ppfom;OD;a&ESifh t&yfom;OD;a& tcsKd ;tpm;

57
tvif;tdrf
rSm wpftcsdK; w&mcef@jzpfonf? odk@aomf trsdK;om;pmay qk&ol tcsdK;tpm;rSm
wpftcsKd ;av;/ wpftcsKd ; oH;k avmufjzpfvmaeonf?
wu,fuawmh ArmjynfwGif wyfrawmftr_xrf;rsm; pma&;q&mvkyfonf
qdjk cif;rSm qef;onhu f pd rP [kw?f vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; umpumvwGiyf if awG@=u&onf? em
rnfausmf=um;ol/ rausmf=um;vSol/ atmifjrifol/ ratmifjrifol/ trsdK;rsdK;yif±Sdonf?
od@k aomf xl;jcm;onfrmS xdpk Ofuwyfrawmfx/J txl;ojzifh wyfrawmft&m±Srd sm; xJwiG f
wyfrawmf wm0efukd ±d;k om;pGmxrf;aqmifaeolrsm; rsm;jym;ao;ovdk pma&;aom wyfr
awmf 0efxrf;rsm;xJwiG v f nf; ,ckuo hJ @kd 0g'jzef@vyk if ef;oabmxm;+y;D pma&;aeolrsm; enf;
vSayonf? armifaomfu/ q&m0efarmifoif/ 0if;OD;/ avol&w J OD;/ Adv
k jf rif/h emrnf ausmf
=um;cJ/h pmzwforl sm;u oabmusco hJ nhf pmqdpk pfonfrsm;. emrnfta&twGurf mS renf;
vSyg? od@k aomf olw@kd onf olw@kd .pmudk 0g'jzef@csad &;ypPn;f tjzpf toH;k csrcHcb hJ ;l qdo k nhf
tcsuu f kd owdxm;rdonf?
tvSnt fh ajymif;. tprSm wyfrawmftwGi;f Y qd±k , S v f pf ppfAv kd *f %
kd ;f u tkypf ;D
xm;aom qdu k uf akd c: pdw"f mwf ppfqifa&;Xmeudk zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? xdXk merSaeI
wyfwiG ;f ±Sd pma&;olrsm;xJrS olw@kd vckd sio f tl csKd @ukd a±G;ac:cJo h nf? tac: cH&olrsm; rjiif;
Edik yf g? od@k wikd af tmif pma&;q&mrif;±Siv f kd vltcsKd @uqdv k #if qdu k u f Xkd mewGif 0ifa&muf
vkyu f ikd &f mY pmzwfy&dowfvufcx H m;aom rdr. d yifuu kd avmifemrnfukd vH;k 0 toH;k
rðycJ=h uacs? ud, k u fh avmif npfErG ;f rSmudk a±SmifusO=f u onf?
odk@aomf TtcsdK;tauG@rSm omreftcsdK;tauG@r[kwf/ Armjynfordkif;udk
}uD;rm;pGm *,uf±u kd rf nfh tajymif;tvJ}uD;w&yf ay:ayguv f monhf tcsed jf zpfaeonf?
tjcm;r[kwyf g/ Adv k af e0if;/ Adv k af rmifarmifw@kd u wyfrawmfwiG ;f Y qd±k , S v f pfppfAv kd rf sm;.
*d%
k ;f udk xlaxmifvmjcif;jzpfonf? wqufwnf;rSm ,if;. aemufqufwrJG sm;jzpfaom 1958
ckEpS f tm%modr;f r_/ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;wGiu f s,v f mr_/ xdrk w S qifh 1962 ckEpS f tm%m
odr;f r_txd qufwu kd jf zpfvmonf? tm%m& zqyvtpd;k &. aysmn h rhH a_ =umihf ppftyk pf k
onf av;ig;ajcmufEpS t f wGi;f w[kex f ;kd a±S@xu G vf mjcif;jzpfonf? Adv k af e0if;wd@k . tHzk G
ref;csujf zifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if }H uD;onf wrk[w k jf cif;yif qd±k , S v f pfacwfo@kd a&muf±dS
oGm; awmhonf? od@k jzihf wyfrawmft&m±Sd trsm;pkrmS rdrw d @kd touf±iS f &yfwnfa&; twGuf
rqvygwD xJo@kd 0if=u&awmhonf?
rqvygwD qdo k nfrmS qd±k , S v f pfygwD trnfcx H m;aomfvnf; pifppfwiG f ppftyk pf k

58
ttvif;tdrf
ygwo D mjzpfonht f avsmuf rqvygwx D J wGiw f iG u
f s,/f ae&m&vdo k rl sm;rSm ppftyk pf k
tvdu k srsm; vky=f u&awmhonf? e*du k omrefwyfrawmfom;rsm;. cHpm;csurf sm;udk pmzG@J
aeaom uAsmq&m xDvmppfoo l nf ppftyk pf t k wGuf 0g'jzef@ay;ol jzpfvmcJo h nf? od@k jzifh
tcsed f wcsed o f @kd a&mufaomtcg 0ef}u;D jzpfvmcJo h nf? olvkd ta&cGaH jymif;&ef jiif;qefcahJ om
Adv
k rf ;ª armifaomfu rSmawmh axmifwiG ;f Y aooGm;atmif ppftyk pf u k Zmwfvrf; qifjcif;
cHc&hJ onf? tjcm;aom Adv k af e0if;wd@k ppftyk pf u k kd raxmufcH olrsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf;jzifh
wyfrawmfjyifyod@k a&muf±o dS mG ;cJo
h nf? ppftm%m±Sirf sm;. ppfwyf twGi;f Y OD;aESmufjzihf
pma&;olrsm; twGuf ae&mr±Sad wmh?
tcsed u f mv a±G@vsm;vmonf ESit hf r# ArmEdik if . H e,fy,ftoD;oD;udk ppfAv kd rf sm;
u csKyfuikd v f mcJ=h uonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ pmaytEkynm/ ±ky±f iS /f tukeyf [ J q k &kd rnf?
ydqk ;kd onfu olw@kd onf xdo k @kd csKyfuikd ,
f EkH iS f rh ausEikd =f u? olw@kd . opPm±Sd vl,rkH sm;rsm;ESihf
v$x J m;&kEH iS hf rauseyfEikd =f u? olw@kd u, f ikd f e,fy,frsm; twGi;f od@k o¾mefrsKd ;pHjk zifh yg0ifvm
kd w
=uonf? txif±mS ;qH;k OyrmrSm pme,fZif;avmuyifjzpfonf?
owif ; pmrS e f o r#rS m ppf t pd k ; &yd k i f j zpf o nf ?
rD'D,mtm;vHk; udk pmaypdppfa&;u csKyfudkifxm;onf?
*sme,f r *~ Z if ; rsm;xJ w G i f ol w d k @ vl a wG 0 if x m;onf ?
olwdk@om;orD;rsm;/ }uH@zGwfrsm;u xkwfa0aejcif;/ aiG
xkwfay;xm;jcif; rsm;vnf; ±Sdaeonf? odk@wdkifatmif
olwdk@tm;r&Edkif=u? udk,fwdkif pma&;q&m vkyf=uonf?
olw@kd rd@k a&;+yDqv
kd #if rnfonhf t,f'w D m ur# ry,f&o J vdk
rnfonfh pmaypdppfa&; uvnf; pmwvH;k rjyif&?J
xd@k jyif tm%m±So
d u
l pma&;aejcif; jzpfaoma=umihf pD;yGm;a&; oufoufuo
kd m
axmuf±_onhf rD'D,mvkyfudkifol tcsdK@uvnf; olwdk@pmrlrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;jzifh etz
tm%mydik rf sm;udk rsuEf mS vky=f uonf? uHaumif;v#if puULcsay;jcif;vdk vufiif; tusKd ;
cHpm;cGirhf sm;yif cHpm;&wwfonf r[kwaf vm? ,if;od@k wacwfxvmaom h
ppf 0 wf p ma&;ol r sm;onf ol w d k @ a&;csif o nf rsm;ud k
a&;csiof vdak &;=uonf? wzufu jyefacsyEdik jf cif;r±Sjd cif;ESihf
pmaypdppf a&;u bmrS rajym&Jonfwdk@udk tcGihfaumif;
,lum tjzpftysufrsm;udk aZmuf xdk;ajymif;jyef a&;=u
59
tvif;tdrf
onf? ordik ;f udyk if jyifa&;=uonf? ordik ;f rS acwfopf ordik ;f
udk omru ordkif;rwifrD ausmuf acwf ta=umif;udkyif
ol w d k @ vd k c sif o vd k j yif a &;/ xif o vd k a &;ae=uonf ? ol w d k @
ud,
k w f ikd v f nf; a&;onf/ cdik ;f I&aom ordik ;f q&mwd@k udv k nf;
a&;cdik ;f onf? uGejf rLepfawGu “vlx[ k m ordik ;f udk zefw;D ol
jzpfonf”[kqdk=uonf? etzacwfwGifrl ordkif;udk ppfAdkvf
awGu zefw;D ae=u onf?
olw@kd ud,
k &f nfaoG;wm/ r¾yfwikd f wufwmawG udak wmh pum;vky+f y;D ajym aep
&m rvd[
k ,
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l ygonf? olw@kd txJwiG f q&m}uD;a'guw f moef;xGe;f vdk “iga&;csio
f r#ig
ta=umif;”a&;0hoH ±l o
dS vm;[kom ar;cGe;f xkwvf ykd gonf? ta=umif;u
olwdk@bmt a=umif;yJa&;a&;/ ododomoma&SmifuGif;&onhf
tcsufwcsuf±Sdonf? ,if;rSm ppftkyfpk awG. twGif;a&;rsm;
jzpf o nf ? TopP m awmf u d k ppf t k y f p k j yif y a&muf o G m ;ol /
txkwfcH&ol/ txkcH&olrsm;yg apmifhxdef;&onf? ppftkyfpk.
twG i f ; a&;awG u d k ol w d k @ trsm}uD ; od y gonf ? od k @ aomf
a,mifvdk@yifr[yg? tykyfcs+yD; txkwfcH&olyifv#if ol@udk
b,fvdk tykyfcs+yD; xkwf vdkufwmjzpfa=umif; ra&;yg? 'gjzifh
ol w d k @ auseyf a evd k @ vm;vd k @ ar; p&m±S d y gonf ? ol w d k @
rauseyf , H k r u cH p m;r_ r sm;vnf ; ±S d = uygonf ? od k @ aomf
olw@kd twGi;f rSm “ppftyk pf k 0HomEk0g’”±Syd gonf? xd@k a=umifrh a&;yg?
a&;v#if v nf ; “pmaypd p pf a &;”u vuf r cH , H k r u “ab;”
yifawG@Edkifonf?
wyftjyifa&mufrS pma&;olrsm;xJwiG f Adv k af tmif}u;D / Adv
k af rmifarmif tygt0if
tjcm;qd&k ,
S vf pf xdyo f ;D ppfAv
kd af wG trsm;}uD;&Syd gonf? Advk af e0if; ta=umif;udk olw@kd
todq;kH jzpfonf? od@k aomf olw@kd ra&;yg? wvH;k r#ra&;yg? (±Spaf v;vH;k t}udKumvwke;f u
Adkvfatmif}uD; a&;cJhonfrsm;udk=unhfyg)? ppftkyfpk twGif;a&;udk olwdk@vHk;vHk;ra&;yg?
Adkvfwifazudk t&l;vdk@ a&;csifa&;rnf? Adkvfwifazu rHk&GmOD;b+idrfudk q&mwifaeol

60
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jzpfa=umif; a&;csiaf &;rnf/ Adv k af e0if; ta=umif;udak wmh vH;k vH;k ra&;yg? 58 ckEpS t f m%m
odr;f yG/J 7&uf Zlvikd f vlowfrt S p ta&;}u;D udpt P m;vH;k udk Adv k af e0if; acgi;f r+ird yhf J b,forl S
bmudrk S rvkyEf ikd af =umif;udk olw@kd todq;kH jzpfygw,f?
olw@kd a&Smifonhf aemufwcsuv f nf; &Sad o;onf? ,if;rSmordik ;f tjzpfreS u f kd a&;&ef
a&Smifjcif;jzpfonf? pmaypdppfa&;vnf; rodEikd af om etz ppftyk pf x k yd o f ;D awGvnf; rrSD
vduk af om a±S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawGukd vkyx f iG yf pfvu
kd jf cif; jzpfonf? Oyrmpmtkyf wtkyw f iG f
1936 ausmif;om;oydwEf iS hf 1938 ausmif;om;oydwu f kd vH;k axG;ypfvu kd of nf?
1936 ausmif;om; oydwfwGif udkA[def;ESifhausmif;om; oydwform;awGudk
ppfudkif;u ausmif;tkyf}uD;rpPwma'gif; (bdk;0g; ppfjyef}uD;)OD;pD;onhf paumuftzGJ@u
wkw±f n S af wGEiS hf &du
k cf o
hJ nfu
h pd u P kd ra&;yg? (b,fa&;rvJ/ ,if;paumuftzG@J wiG f olw@kd
qd&k ,S v f pf ppftyk pf 0k if/ a[mif;wa,mufygaewmyJ) aemufajAmif vdrw f mwckuawmh
tm%modr;f yGu J kd olw@dk rodvu kd yf g[k vdrjf cif;jzpfonf? Auy ygwt D wGi;f udpaP wGuakd wmh
tyfuswmu tpolw@kd oad eovdak &;avh ±S=d uaomfvnf; olw@kd vufatmufu ppfwyf
xJwiG f tm%modr;f &ef jyifaejcif;udak wmh rodyg[ak jAmifvrd =f uonf? “ppfwyf tm%m
odr;f yGjJ zpfawmhrnf”qdjk cif;udk (yG=J unhyf &dowf) ab;vlawGu odae=uaomfvnf; Zmwf
pifay:u (ppfwyfxu J ) vlurodyg[q k jkd cif;rSm ajymifvrd af ejcif;om jzpfygonf? Adv k af e
0if;[m wa&;Ed;k rSt}uHay:+yD; tm%modr;f cJw h m r[kw?f twGi;f vlawGEiS hf wdik yf ifp rD u H ed ;f
cs+yD;rS tm%modr;f jcif;jzpfonf? ajymp&m±So d nfu tm%modr;f +yD;aemuf tm%ma0pk
(wdu k &f mygypPn;f ) cGaJ 0&mY “usaemfrygb;l / vufrcHyg&apeJ@” [kjiif;cJo h l wa,mufrrS ±Sd
qdak omtcsujf zpfygonf?
Armhordik ;f wGif vufeufwzuf uavmifwzufjzifh pma&;cJah om pmqdk ppfonf
rsm; ausm=f um;/ vlav;pm;cH&jcif;rsm; ±Scd yhJ gonf? a±S;acwfordik ;f wGio f mru teD;acwf
ordik ;f wGiv f nf; ±Scd yhJ gonf? od@k aom , f ae@acwfwiG rf l ,if;od@k aom pmayppfonfrsm; rawG@
&oavmufjzpfaeonf? ta=umif;rSm olw@kd .vufxu J aoewfonf jynfov l x l uk kd
ypfcwf owfjzwfaom aoewfjzpfaeaoma=umifh qdjk cif;rSm t"duta=umif;&if;jzpf.?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ wm&m vif;,kef

61
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Armjynf&Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk
ESpf 20 jynfh tcrf;tem;udk awmifu&kd ;D ,m;
rsufarSmufacwf XmecGJ NLD ygwu D OD;aqmifusi;f ycJo
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armifpdk;csdef %m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&; ta&;awmfyHk.
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tEkynm&Sirf sm;. tqdk tu wifqufjcif;ESihf
twl awmifudk&D;,m;ESifh Armjynf uAsm
q&mrsm;. uAsm&Gwq f ykd JG jzpfonf//

62
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awmifu&kd ;D ,m; uAsmq&m pma&;q&mor*~. awmif;qdck sut f & ,ae@ rsuf
arSmufacwfArmuAsmESihf ywfoufonfh pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifukd pmrsuEf mS 3 rsuEf mS r#jzifh
tusO;f &H;k azmfjyay;cJ&h onf// tEkynm ntcrf;tem;wGif trSww f & pmapmifwapmifukd
jzef@a0rnfjzpf&m “ud&k ;D ,m;- jrefrmtEk ynmncsr;f ”pmapmif wGif tcsed rf aDS zmfjyEdik &f ef
twGuf taqmwvsif Tpmwrf;i,fukd a&;om;&jcif;jzpfonf// +cHKrdirkH &d rkH #omjzpfonf//
tcrf;tem;tpDtpOft& pmwrf;i,fukd jyKp&k ol usaemfu, kd w f ikd f zwf=um;wifoiG ;f cJo h nf/
ud&k , D m; y&dwo f wftwGuf ud&k ;D ,m;bmompum;jzifh bmomjyefay;olrmS bm;rm;owif;
*sme,f t,f'w D mcsKyf udak Zmfr;kd atmifjzpfonf/ zwf=um;cJo h nfh pmwef;i,f udk rlv twdik ;f
yifazmfjyvdu k yf gonf//
usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynfwiG f ae0if; ppftyk pf u k 1962 rwfvrSm tm%m
odrf;,lcJhonf// xdkESpfrSpwifcJhonfh ppftm%m&Sifpepfonf ,ae@ 2008 txd
ckid +f rJaeqJjzpfonf// ,ckoef;a&$ppftyk pf o k nf olw@kd . ppftm%m&Sipf epfjzifh ppftyk pf k
tm%m&Sio f efa&;/ =uG,0f csr;f oma&;twGuf vlxu k kd zdEydS af oG;pkwrf _ owfjzwfacsre_ ;f r_
wd@k ukd tawmrowfvyk af ecJ=h uonf//
TazmfjycJo h nfh tyd'k u f av;onf usaemf. Armjynfrw d q f ufpum; jzpfygonf/
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ukefxkwfvkyfae=uonfh v,form;/ tvkyform;trsm; pk}uD;onf tvkyfvkyf
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xdktajctaersdK;wGif Armpmayonf rnfodk@enf;? wdkif;&if;om;
vlxt k oD;oD;. pmayrsm;aum xdo k @kd &o
dS enf;? Armpmayonf ppftyk pf . k pmaypDppfa&;
qifqmatmufwiG f zsuq f ;D jcif;cHae&onf? ,if;tcsuo f nf bmudjk yaeovJ qdv k siS f
vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh/vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmtEkynm zefwD;cGifh
r&Sad wm@b;l qdo k nf@tcsuu f jkd yoaejcif;jzpfonf? wdik ;f &if;om;awGxu J ArmvlrsKd ;pk.
Armpmayonf xdu k @J o@kd tzsut f qD;cHae&onf@ tajctaersKd ;wGif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk
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tzsut f qD;cHae=u&onf? wdik ;f &if;om; rGev f rl sKd ;wd@k .pmay/ u&iftrsKd ;om;pmay/ &Sr;f /

63
tvif;tdrf
ucsif/ csif;/ yavmif/ ytdk@/ &cdkif ponf@vlrsdK;toD;oD;. pmayonfvnf; rzGH@+zdK;
rpnfyifEikd af wm@ay? usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynfxrJ mS &So d nf@ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk toD;oD;.
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_@/ tEkynmwd@k onf vGwv f yfpmG zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufciG hf r&cJ@=uyg?
ud&k ;D ,m; pma&;q&mawG/ uAsmq&mawG/ pmayokawoDrsm; ESihf ordik ;f ynm&Sif
rsm;onf Armjynf.pmay,Ofaus;r_@/ tEkynmtajctaersm;udk av@vmoH;k oyfc@J +yD;jzpf
=uygvrd @f rnf? oH;k owfqef;ppf=unf@=uzd@k vJ rdwaf qGw@kd ukd xyfrw H u kd w f eG ;f csiyf gonf? od@k rS
om Armjynf.pmayudk b,fv/J bmvJ qdo k nfukd od=urSmjzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuf
od r f ; a&;/ vG w f v yf a &;twG u f wd k u f y G J 0 if a e=uonf @ pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m/
owif;pmq&mrsm;onf 'gZifEiS chf s+D yD; ppftyk pf . k tusO;f axmif i&Jcef;xJwiG f &Sad ecJ@yg+yD?
'gawG u d k bma=umif h ajymae&ovJ q d k a wm@ Armpmayta=umif ; /
ArmuAsmta=umif; uGu+f y;D ajym&Hjk zifh rjynf@p/kH rvHak vmufIjzpfygonf? Armpm/ ArmuAsm
onf Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;ESihf oD;jcm;jzpfwnfaeonf@ pmay,Ofaus;r_@r[kwyf g? ud&k ;D ,m;
rdwaf qG pma&;q&mrsm;cifAsm; usaemfw@kd . ESpaf ygi;f av;q,f@ajcmufEpS t f wGi;f rSm jzpfay:
cJ@onf@ pmayonf ppftm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf ppftyk pf k zdEydS rf @_ atmufu pmayomjzpfonf?
'Dae&mrSm xif&mS ;odomonf@ OyrmawGukd wifjycsiyf gonf? ppftyk pf k pmaypDppf
a&;qifqmtzG@J . zdEySd f jzwfawmuf zsuq f ;D jypfr@_ a=umifh aw;oDcsi;f a&;onf@aw;a&;q&m/
pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m/ umwGe;f q&m/ yef;csq D &mrsm;.vuf&mrsm;onf pmzwfy&dowfx/H
vlxkvufxJ a&mufrvmEdkifawm@ygbl;? vGefcJ@onf@ 1978 'DZifbmvxkwf/ rdk;a0
pmayr*~Zif;wGif azmfjycJ@onf@ usaemf@uAsmudk pmaypDppfa&;u qGq J w k cf @J onf? rD;&_@d jypf
cJ@onf? uAsmxJrmS 1974 ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_@ordik ;f udk oG,o f , G 0f u kd 0f ukd f az:=uL;oDz@JG
xm;vd@k ygy?J xdu k @J o@kd yif 1978 ZGev f xkwf tdrrf ufz;l r*~Zif;rSm azmfjycJ@onf@ usaemf@ 0wWKwkd
udvk nf; jynfxaJ &;Xme/ pmaypDppfa&;uyJ qGq J wk jf ypfc@J onf? 0wWKwu kd qif;&Jom; rdom;pk
wpk. vlr@_ a&;b0ESihf iwfrw G q f if;&Jr@_ ukd azmfjyxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tu,fI usaemf
wdk@ uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/ owif;q&m/ ,Ofaus;r_@vkyfom;rsm;onf ppftkyfpku
vdrn f maumufusp+f y;D 0g'jzef@cso D nf@twdik ;f wfik ;f jynfonf +ird ;f csr;f om,mvSygonf/ zG@H +zKd ;
wd;k wufygonf/ vlxak wGvnf; wd;k wufygonfq+kd yD; vdrn f m+yD;a&;rnfqv kd siS f tkypf ;kd ol
ppftyk pf ok nf usaemfw@kd .pmay vuf&mrsm;udk xkwaf 0cGiahf y;rSmjzpfonf?uAsmq&mqdk
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oljzpfonf?trSew f &m;udo k jd rif&if;vlxb k ufr&S yfvx l Ek iS t
hf wlvw G v f yfrt _ wGuw f ukd yf JG
0ifoo l nf uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/ tEkynm&Sirf sm;jzpf=uonf?

64
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odk ah omf use$ af wmfwkd u h Asmq&m/ pma&;q&m ynm&Sirf sm;xJwiG f ESprf sK;d ESppf m;
uGJ jym;oGm;onf?wpfrsK;d u ppftm%m&Siaf oG;pkwzf w k af umif/ ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;{?f
vufuikd 'f w k rf sm;jzpfonf? aemufwrsK;d rSm jynfol u h Asmq&m/ pma&;q&mrsm;jzpfonf?
vlxv k w G af jrmufa&; ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_wiG v f x l Ek iS t
hf wlyg0ifaeonfh
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vufeufrsm;jzpfygonf?u|eaf wmfonf uAsmcspo f jl zpfygonf?uAsm{?ftvSw&m;udck spf
wwf olyg?cHrk ifoyl g?u|eaf wmf,=kH unfygonf?rdwaf qGwkd v h nf;u|eaf wmf u h o hJ kd yh if uAsm
cspo f al wGyg?odk ah omf Armu uAsmtay:rSmb,fvt kd uJjzwf=urvJqo kd nfuu kd |eaf wmfrod
yg?
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q&m/ pma&;q&mwd@k }uHKawG@&ifqikd af e&aom Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; ppf
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tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ynm&Siw f @kd u,
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+idr;f csr;f a&;wd@k ukd ,H=k unforl sm;jzpf=uonf?
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vyfa&;a=ujimpOfu qd&k , S v f pfEikd if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;/aemufawmh'rD u kd a&pDtiftm;
pkrsm;udk wprusef ajcr_e;f a&;udo k m t"duvkyu f ikd cf =hJ uonf? tkypf ;kd olrsm;bufu 'Dru kd
a&pDus,0f ef;+yD; ttkypf ;kd cH jynforl sm;uwzuf/ 'Dru kd a&pDusO;f vmaomtcg nD!w G af &;
onfvnf; +ydKuGv J mawmhwmygy/J tJ'D nD!w G af &;jydKuGrJ _ Ekid if aH &;[m pmayavmueJ@ pm
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xdw k u kd yf o
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jrifrh m;onfxuf jrifrh m; vmo!fu h mvjzpfonf?

65
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66
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68
ttvif;tdrf
jzifh tm%mrJ@oel iS t hf m%m&So d /l zdeydS o d el iS thf zdeydS cf &H ol/ vufeuftiftm;&So d el iS v hf uf
euftiftm;uif;rJ@o/l t&if;teS;D "etiftm;}uD;rm;oleiS yhf pPn;f rJ@/wnf+idraf t;csr;f vH+k cKH
rS@k &o dS el iS hf avmui&JwiG f ausmaum@+yD; ajAmif;qefaeatmifcpH m;ae&ol ponf@rwlnrD @kS /
rd;k eJ@ajryrm uGm[rSrk sm;a=umifh yÉdyuQwu kd yf rJG sm;/ awmfveS af &;rsm; jzpfay:vmcJ@=ujcif;
jzpfonf? e*kx d u J obm0wdu k yf rJG sm;u zdp;D &if;pGt J wdik ;f zdp;D cJ@jyD;om;?
xdw k ukd yf rJG sm;/ awmfveS af &;rsm;xJwiG f vlwef;pm;tzG@J 0if vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm;
onf jy\emt&yf&yfukd ajz&Si;f ae=u&jcif;jzpfonf? vlwck/ ylr&kS ,fw@J q,fuak É [lI
yif wifpm; ajymcJ@=uonf r[kwyf gvm;? toD;wpf&m tnSmwpfc/k b0.yHyk ef; o¾efrsm;/
b0 toD;oD;wGif uyfjidvmonf@ p&ku d t f awG;tac:/ taumif;tqd;k wd@k ukd pepfuyif
arG;zGm; ay;cJ@jcif;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ekid if aH &;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;onf tedXm&Hk od@k r
[kwf jrifraumif; =um;raumif; qd;k ,kwf ysu, f iG ;f rSrk sm;udk zefw;D ae+yDqv kd siS f vlxo k nf
awmfveS af &; vky=f u&awm@onf? Tod@k tm;jzifh awmfveS af &;/ edik if aH &; b0eSiq hf ikd of nf@
jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &jyefonf? pepfa[mif; pepftkd pepfaqG;udk wdu k cf u kd +f zdKcs+yD; vlxk
awmif;qdo k nfb h 0opf/ pepfopfukd wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfojzifh jy\emrsm;/ udp&P yfrsm;
obm0tE &W m,f ajz&Si;f a&;rsm;onf euf&idkS ;f av;euf vmcJ@=ujcif;yifjzpfonf?
rm@upf . f 'dik ,
f mvufwpf od@k r[kwf tekyÉdavmronf ,if;jy\em&yfrsm;/
udp&P yfrsm;/ t&m0wˆKrsm;/ obm0jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &mY trSeu f kd &&daS ponf@ enf;yif
jzpfonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f &Sd awmfveS &f ;wGif od@k r[kwf vlrw kS u
kd yf JG vlwef;pm; wdu k yf w JG iG f
b,ft&monf tajccH/ b,ftiftm;pkonf r[mrdw/f b,fvw l ef;pm;udk =um;cH/ b,f
t&monf aoe*FAsL[m/ enf;y&d,m,fu rnfo@kd jzpfoifo h nf ponfjzifh a=umif;usKd ;
qufpyf cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmedik rf mS jzpfonf? rm@upf . f 'dik , f mvufwpfrmS t&m&mwdik ;f wGif qef@
usib f ufrsm;&So d nf? xdq k ef@usib f ufrsm;onf tjyeftvSew f nfrDS tjyeftvSex f ;kd eSuf
wdu k cf u kd f ,if;aygi;f pnf;jcif;oabmjzifh wd;k wufa&G@vsmS ;ajymif;vJaeonfqo kd nf@&yk b f 0
jzpfpOf oabmw&m;udk vufcx H m;um ajz&Si;f onf@enf;jzpfonf?
,ae@ArmjynfwiG f zdeydS o f wfjzwfaoG;pkyaf eonf@ ppf&mZ0wfaumif tkypf ek iS hf acs
rSek ;f zdeydS rf @kS ukd cHpm;ae=u&onf@ jynfov l x l =k um;&Sd }uD;rm;onf@ yÉdyuQwu kd yf o JG nft"du
jzpfonf? vlxw k pf&yfv;kH . bH&k efopl pftyk pf u k b,fnm vufEpS b f ufpvH;k aoewfuikd f
um tar&duef aumif;bGKd ifum;xJu ol&aJ bma=umifonf@ vl=urf;Zmwfaumif yHpk jH zifh
vlxu k kd pdeaf c:aeonf? wdu k yf w JG iG f &efou l kd &ifqikd &f eftwGuf tb,ftiftm;pku vlxk

69
tvif;tdrf
a&S@rS rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfrnfenf;? vlxw k yfO;D NLD ygwu D rnfo@kd enf;? qef@usib f uf
wd@k wu kd cf u
kd jf cif;jzifh tqifo h pfwpf&yfo@kd rnfo@kd a&G@vsmS ;ul;ajymif;oGm;rnfenf;?TuJ@o@kd
euf&KS id ;f onf@ tajctaersKd ;wGif 'dik , f mvufwpf enf;onf tajzrSeu f kd ay;ygvrd @f rnf?
,ae@Armjynf awmfveS af &;wdu k yf o
JG nf Oyrm wpf&yfomjzpfonf? tjcm;axGvD
&SKyfaxG;euf&idkS ;f onf@ urBmjy\emrsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? Oyrm-tar&duef vpfb&,f
'Dru kd a&pDeiS hf t&if;&Sipf epfu urBmod@k OD;aqmif&rnf[k t&if;&Sit f pd;k &u [pfaºuG;ae
onf? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rJG sm;eSihf ppfyrJG sm;udk vpfb&,f'rD u
kd a&pDu rnfo@kd ajz&Si;f edik yf grnf
enf;? tar&duef pD;yGm;a&; aZmufx;kd qif;aejcif;eSihf vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDonf tcsi;f w
cGuw f nf;vm;/ od@k r[kwf woD;wjcm;pDvm;?
'dik ,
f mvufwpf enf;onf trSew f &m; &&Sad &;twGuf
yÉdyuQudkcsOf;uyf/ yÉdyuQwdkufyGJxJrS tajzxkwf,laom enf;jzpf
onf? xdkenf;wlpGm obm0 tcsif;t&mrsm;jzpfaom t&m
0wWKrsm;/ &kyf0wWKrsm;wGifvnf;/ 'dkif,mvufwpfudk awG@&Sd&onf?
tekjrLwGifvsSyfppf tzdkeSifhtronf rnfodk@&Sdoenf;?,if;tzdk
eSit
hf ronf yÉdyuQjzpf+yD; wGe;f uefwu kd cf ukd q f iJG if=uonf? wcsed f
wnf;rSmyif aygif;pnf; ae=ujcif;jzpfonf?,if;onf 'dkif,mvuf
wpf oabmyifjzpfonf? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf w JG iG f tvky&f iS f t&if;&Sif
eSihf t&if; rJ@tvkyo f rm;onf wdu k cf u
kd w f eG ;f xd;k ae&if;u ukef xkwf
vkyfrSkwGif yl;aygif; ae=ujcif;jzpfonf?
(3)
qdck @J +yD;onf@twdik ;f 'dik ,
f mvufwpf (ac: ) tEkyÉdavmr enf;onf t&m0wWK
rsm;. twGi;f teSpo f m&Y &Sad omyÉdyuQrsm;udk av@vmaomenf;vnf; jzpfonf? obm0
wGi4f if;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGi4f if;/ rnfonf@t&m0wWK/ rnfonf@jy\em t&mudpP twGi;f
wGijf zpfap qef@usib f uf yÉdyuQrsm;rSm wnf&adS eonf? p=um0Vmonf yifvsS i+f idrf ouf
aeonfr[kw?f t+rJwap puUe@f rjywf ajymif;vJvykS &f mS ;aeonf? Tajymif;vJrrkS mS vnf;
acsmarG@aeonfr[kw?f wa&G@a&G@ ckeaf usmf ul;ajymif;oGm;wwfonf? ,if;oabmudk pdwu f ;l
,Ofqefaom t=unf@jzifh =unf@jrifjcif;r[kwf? xdk&kyfjzpfpOftwGif;rSm &efbufjzpfae/
wduk cf u
kd af e=u/ yÉdyuQjzpfae=uonf qdak om yuwd&yk b f 0jzpfpOfukd vufcx
H m;jcif;jzpfonf?
70
ttvif;tdrf
pdwu f ;l ,Ofjcif;r[kwaf y?od@k jzpf&mt&m0wWKrsm;.
twGif; teSpf om&Y&Sdaom yÉdyuQrsm;udk
av@vmjcif;onf tEkyÉdavmr (c) 'dik , f mvuf
wpf jzpfonf?
Oyrm tom;rsiS rf sm;/ uvyfpnf;rsm;wGif
tqufrjywf a=uysuaf ejcif;eSihf twlouf&&dS yk f
b0onf }uD;xGm;vmonf? &Sijf cif;eSiahf ojcif;/
ysujf cif;eSijhf zpfjcif;/ aoG;tm;qkwjf cif;eSihf wuf
jcif; wd@k rmS wpfcek iS whf pfck ,SOw
f /JG qufpyfqef@usif
aygi;f pyf wnf&adS e=uonf?
TjzpfpOf jzpf&yf &kyb f 0 tajc taeudk
vufcHum &kyfb0jzpfpOftwGif;wGif qef@usif
bufw@kd onf tcsi;f csi;f wdu k cf ukd af e=uonf?
xdrk wS pfqifh ajymif;vJ wd;k wufomG ;onf[k &S@k jrif
csufudk&&Sdonf? ,if;&Sk@jrifenf;onf 'dkif,m
vufwpf enf;yifjzpfonf?
Tenf;vrf;tm;jzifh &kyb f 0tajctae
wpf&yfv;kH udk odjrifem;vnfjcif;jzifh xk&d yk b f 0.
jy\emudk ajz&Si;f &m wGiv f nf; Tenf;vrf;
jzifyh ifjyefvnfajz&Si;f &ayonf? OyrmaoG;tm;
wufjcif;eSiahf oG;tm;qkwjf cif; jy\em wpfpv kH ;kH
udk em;vnfatmifaxmifph =kH udL;pm;jcif;jzifh aoG;
tm;wdk;ap&efwufap&efrnfodk@vkyfaqmif&
rnfuykd g tajz&Smonf@enf;vrf; onf tEkyÉd
avmr ac: 'dik , f mvufwpf yifjzpfonf?
'dik ,
f mwufwpf enf;aA'udk qufvufaz: jyoGm;ygrnf?
rd k ; ajropf pufwifbm 24/ 2008

71
tvif;tdrf
tm%m&Sif ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
ESihf
Crisis udk jrefrm/ t*Fvyd f
tusyf tbd"mefu‘tusyt f wnf;’usO;f xJusyx
vd k @ t"d y ` m ,f z G i f h q d k w ,f ? tcuf t cJ e J @
f J
twnf; =uHKawG@ae&aom ta+ctae/ }uD;rm;+yD;

tE W & m,f & S d w J @ tcuf t cJ / ajz&S i f ; zd k @
rvG,fulwJ@ jy\emvdk@vnf; ,lvdk@&ekdif
ygw,f?
a,bl,stm;jzifh tusyt f wnf;
qdw k m vkyif ef;tzG@J tpnf;wckck (0g ) a'o
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
wck c k (od k @ ) vl @ tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; (od k @ )
ekid if w
H ekid if u
H kd ab;usyef u H syef @J ysupf ;D epfem
qH;k &S;Hk rSK@pwJ@ twd'u k awG/ ab;tE &W m,f
awG (od@k ) trnf / *k%o f u d m rsm; xdcu kd f
usqif;ap&ef oufqkdif&me,fy,f wGif;r
wifjrifharmf jS zpfap/ e,fy,f+yifyrSjzpfap/ obm0t
avsSmufjzpfap/ vlwdk@vkyfaqmifI +zpfap
&kwfwpf&ufjzpfxGef; ay:aygufvm aom
ta+ctae/ tjzpftysuw f &yf&yfukd &nf
!$e;f jcif;+zpfw,f?

72
ttvif;tdrf
pifppf tusyt f wnf;qdw k m tckr&S w dS m/ ay:vmwmr[kwyf gb;l / urBmOD;
tpuwnf;u&Scd @J ovd/k vl@ordik ;f wavsu S f &Scd @J &rHk u/ aemifvnf;&Sad eOD;rSmyg? tusyf
twnf;eJ@ uif;wJ@eidk if (H od@k ) vl@tzG@J tpnf; qdw k m[mvnf; r&So d vd/k tusyt f wnf;
qdw
k m[m/pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr@_ a&;/ ekid if aH &;/ bmoma&; pwJ@ e,fy,fwikd ;f rSm jzpfay:edik yf gw,f?
·tqift h wef;tvdu k f cGjJ cm;&ifvnf; vlwOD;csi;f tvdu k f tusyt f wnf; (pers
onal or individual crisis)/ rdom;pkqikd &f m tusyt f wnf; (family crisis)/ vkyif ef;
tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m tusyt f wnf; (organizational crisis)/ Ekid if t H vdu k (f 0g ) trsKd ;om;
a&;tqifh tusyt f wnf; (national crisis)/ urBmvH;k qdik &f m tusyt f wnf;(global
crisis)/ ponfjzifh trsKkd ;rsKd ; &S=d uygw,f?
Institude of crisis management rS OuUX+zpfol Robert B.Irvine
u tusyt f wnf; eSihf ywfoufI
(1 )&kww
f &ufjzpfay:wwfw@J tusyt f wnf;rsK;d (sudden crisis type)
Oyrm-rD;avmif/ ayguu
f /JG ivsiv
f ykS /f jydKusysupf ;D jcif;
(2 )waiG@aiG@ wjznf;jznf; jzpfay:aewmudk owdrrl vpfvsKS &S@k xm;&mu wcsed cf sed rf mS

&kww f &uf }uD;xGm;ayguu f JG vmwJ@ tusyt f wnf;rsKd ; (smouldering type)
[lI (2 )rsKd ; &Sad =umif; az:+ycJ@onf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh tusyt f wnf; awG[mwcgw&H }udKwifce@rf eS ;f &cuf+yD; arsmS v f ifh
rxm;csed rf mS &kww f &uf jzpfay:wwfwmrsm;ygw,f?ysupf ;D rS@k twdik ;f twmyrm%[mvnf;
tqrwef }uD;rm;av@&ydS gw,f?·
tusyt f wnf;qdw k meJ@ vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m vdv k m;eSpo
f ufz,
G f raumif;
wJ@ tajctaew&yf vd@k &@kS jrifr=d uygw,f? &S&d if;pGt J ajctaewck[m umva'o &kyyf wf
0ef;usif zG@J pnf;rS@k w@kd EiS hf rqDavsmS f rudu
k n f D jzpfvmwJ@tcgrmS tajctaewcko@kd a&G@vsS m;
ajymif;vJaewwfygw,f? tajctaeopfwcko@kd ra&mufcif/ tajctaea[mif;wck[m
&ifrh n
S @f jydKuGI
J ajymif;vJaewJ@ tcsed t f cgtwGi;f rSm jzpfwnfaewJ@ racsmarG@/ rajyjypfr@kS
rsm;/ taetxm;rusr@kS rsm;[m tusyt f wnf; tjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfw,f?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ u¾toD;oD;[m t+rJwrf;vSyk &f mS ;ajymif;

73
tvif;tdrf
vJ aew,fqw kd @J oabmobm0udk tpOfazmfaqmifaeygw,f? pOfqufrjywfajymif;vJ
aewJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;ud=k unf@&if ajymif;vJvmwJ@ tqifw h ikd ;f rSm oD;jcm;oGijf yifvuQ%m
rsm; &Sad erSmomjzpfw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;.tzG@J 0ifjzpfaom rdrw d @kd onfvnf; a&G@&mS ;ajymif;
vJaewJ@ jzpfpOftwGi;f rSmyJ rdrw d @kd acmwf&@J oD;jcm;oGijf yif vuQ%mrsm;jzpfw@J tusyf
twnf;rsm;udk }uHKawG@=u&rSmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh tusyt f wnf;qdw k m vdv k m;ESpo f uf
zG,af umif;wJ@ t&mr[kwo f vdk a&SmifvI J$ &rnf@ t&mr[kwI f vnf; oufqikd &f mtusyf
twnf; trsLd ;tpm;&J@ oabmo¾efukd aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmayguu f m rSerf eS u f ef
uef ajz&Si;f Edik zf @kd ukd OD;wnf}udK;pm;&rSmomjzpfw,f?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;&J@ u¾toD;oD; Y tusyt f wnf;rsm; jynf@vsw HS if;usyf
aewJ @ tcgrsd K ;rS m (wcgw&H ) bmr[k w f o nf @ tao;tzG J jy\emav;rS t pjyKum
vl@tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH udk ajymif;vJapcsiaf om awmfveS af &;toGijf zifh ayguu f aJG y:ayguf
vmwwfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f rSm ( Evolution ) vd@k ac:wJ@
wa&G@a&G@ajymif;vJr@kS jzpfpOfe@J tpOfajymif;vJvsu S f &Sad ew,f? xdo k @kd wa&G@a&G@ ajymif;vJ&m
rS awmfveS af om toGio f ¾efjzifh odomxif&mS ;pGmwd;k wufajymif;vJr@kS (od@k ) (Revolu-
tion) jzpfz@kd vt kd yfvmwJ@tcgrmS tusyt f wnf;w&yfukd &ifqikd f ausmv f m$ ;=u&rSmjzpfw,f?
tJ'D tusyt f wnf;udk &ifqikd f ausmv f m$ ; Ekid v f ukd +f yDqwkd meJ@ tqdyk g tzG@J tpnf;[m
wd;k wufajymif;vJr@kS w&yfqu D kd a&S@&@kS apEkid rf mS jzpfygw,f?
vuf&jdS refrmEdik if &H @J taetxm;udk jyef=unf@vu kd &f if pD;yGg;a&;tusyt f wnf;/
Edik if aH &;yÉdyuQ tusyt f wnf;awG pwifc@J &muae trsKd om;a&; tusyt f wnf; tqifh
udk ul;ajymif;a&muf&cdS @J +yjD zpfwm od&=dS urSmyg? Adv k cf sKyfae0if;vufxuf uwnf;urSm;,Gi;f
vmcJ@w@J wdik ;f jynf&@J tajccHp;D yGma&; taqmufttH}k u;D [m etz wd@k t"<r ajymif;vJuikd f
wG,cf @J w@J (20)ESpf oufwrf; twGi;f rSmvnf;yJ csw G +f cKHusjzpf&ygw,f? tJ'u D rSwqifh
enf;ynm/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;pwJ@ wjcm;u¾awGvnf; csKd @,iG ;f tm;enf;vmcJ@w,f?
jrefrmEdik if &H @J pD;yGma&;[mvnf; pdu k yf sKd ;a&;tay: tajccHae&qJyjJ zpfw,f? pyg;
oD;ESH[mvnf; EkdifiHtwGuf t"dupm;oHk;wJ@ oD;ESHjzpfw,f? pyg;oD;ESHxGufE_ef;[m
wESpfrSmwif;oef;aygif; (1500) xGuf&SdcJ@+yD qdkaomfvnf; EkdifiHwGif;rSm&SdwJ@ vufawG@
e,fy,frsm;rSm ravmufriSjzpfrSk@rsm;/ 0,f,lpm;oHk;&mwGifaps;fE_ef;tqrwef jrifhrm;
rS@k rsm;&Sad eqJyjJ zpfw,f?

74
ttvif;tdrf
'g@tjyif pyg;oD;ESu H kd yd@k uek t f jzpf xkwv f yk Ef ikd rf @kS prG ;f tm;rrSaD o;Ivnf; pyg;oD;ESpH u kd yf sKd ;rS@k rS
0ifaiGr&Sad y? qDxu G o f ;D ESH pdu k yf sKd ;xkwv f yk rf @kS ukd =unf@&ifvnf; Ekid if w H iG ;f YyifvakH vmufr@kS
r&Sad o;I jynfyrSyif 0,f,w l ifoiG ;f ae&ao;wmjzpfw,f? yJrsKd ;pHw k ify@kd a&mif;csr@kS rmS jrefrm
Edik if [
H m ta&S@awmiftm&SrmS yJtrsm;qH;k wify@kd a&mif;csw@J Edik if t H jzpfwnf&adS eaomfvnf;
pdu k yf sKd ;a&;u¾rS T0ifaiGwckwnf;udk tm;ud;k I&Ekid rf mS r[kwaf y? ta=umif;a=umif;udk
=unf@aomf jrefrmEdik if &H @J pD;yGma&;udk pdu k yf sKd ;a&;wGif tajccHI&rnfavm[k...jyefvnfo;kH
owf zd@k vt kd yfovdk pdu k yf sKd ;a&;u¾ ydrk w kd ;dk wufvmapa&;rSm tpd;k &w&yftaeeJ@ pGr;f aqmif
Ekid rf @kS tm;jrSiw hf ifz@kd twGuf twlwuG yl;aygi;f yg0ifEikd t f m;awG ydrk v kd t kd yfygw,f?
Edik if &H @J pD;yGma&;zG@+H zKd ;r_vyk if ef; ydrk t kd pGr;f xufw;kd wufapzd@k twGuf tajccHusaom
jyKjyifajymif;vJr@kS (od@k ) pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f mtusyt f wnf; pDrcH ef@crJG @kS rsm; rvJr$ aoGvyk =f u&rSm
jzpfw,f? vl=um;aumif;&kH oufoufr[kwyf J pdwyf gvufyg }uKd ;yrf;=u&rSmvnf; jzpfw,f?
oDt&kd t D & vufawG@usus aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f rSm jzpfovdk tusyt f wnf;&J@ a&cHajrcH[m
rsuEf mS pmaygi;f pHrk S jzpfEikd o f uJ@o@kd pDrcH ef@cJG ajz&Si;f &mwGiv f nf; rsuEf mS pmaygi;fprkH jS zpfz@kd
vdt k yfygw,f?
Ekid if w H Edik if EH iS w hf Edik if [H m ordik ;f aemufccH si;f / jzwfoef;cJ@&wJ@ Ekid if aH &;c&D;csi;f
rwln=D uovdk pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f mtajccHrsm;/ vlaerS@k tqifEh iS hf 0ifaiGtcsKd ;tpm;csi;f rwlnD
Edik o f uJ@o@kd rdrw d @kd &@J Edik if eH @J uu kd nf aD pEkid rf @J jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; r[mAsL[mrsm;udk csrw S f
Edik &f rSmjzpfw,f?
Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmuf&mrSm jynfov l x l [ k m Edik if aH wmf&@J y"gepGr;f tm;jzpfw,f
qdw k mod=uygw,f? jrefrmvlrsKd ;wd@k [m ajzmifrh wfwnf=unfw@J pdw"f gwyf ikd &f iS rf sm;jzpfovdk
ao;odrn f zhH si;f wJ@ pdw"f gwrf sm;r&d=u S yg? aysm@nahH ompdw"f gwf r&So d vdk ravsmS @aomZG/J
xufoefaom 0D&, d &S=d uw,f? ajrSmufwikd ;f vnf; rajrmufwwfovdk ajcmufwikd ;f vnf;
ra=umufwwf/ zdEydS w f ikd ;f vnf; +idrrf aewwfyg? awG;ac:Edik rf @kS Om%f&nfprG ;f tm;rSmvnf;
wEdik if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmt& jrifrh m;ygw,f?
etz wd@k csrw S x f m;wJ@ trsKd ;om;a&; &nfreS ;f csu/f trsKd ;om;a&;rl0g'eJ@vyk if ef;
pOfawGrmS yg&w dS @J oabmw&m;a&&mawGe@J usio hf ;kH aewJ@ vufawG@e,fy,fu vkyif ef;awG
[m vH;k 0uGv J q JG ef@usiaf ewJ@tjyif OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKole@J emcHvu kd ef m olw@kd &@J =um;rSm
uGm[csu[ f m tvGet f rif;}u;D xGm;aecJ@w,f? OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKaom tkycf sKyfol vlenf;

75
tvif;tdrf
pkEiS hf 4if;wd@k &@J vufa0cH ud, k uf sKd ;&Sm jynfow l csKd @om tcGit hf a&;cHpm;ae&+y;D csrw S x
f m;wJ@
rl0g'eJ@tnDrjzpfrae emcHvyk af qmifae&wJ@ jynfow l @kd rmS 0rf;a&;rSyif tEdik Ef ikd jf zpfae&w,f?
'g[m jynfow k cf sKd ;cH&wJ@tcef;u¾ jzpfovdk Edik if &H @J tusyt
l @kd twGuf &du f wnf; jzpfay:rS@k
t&if;cH ta=umif;w&m;vnf; jzpfw,f?
··jy\emtusyf t wnf ; t&G , f t pm;

}uD ; &if } uD ; oavmuf tusyf t wnf ; ud k p D r H c ef @ cG J & mwG i f v nf ;
todOm%fa&csed jf rifzh @kd vdt
k yfrmS jzpfw,f? todOm%ftqift h wef;
r&Sdolrsm; taeeJ@uawm@ olwdk@rSm&SdwJ@ um,pGrf;tm;udkom
tm;ud k ; tm;xm; jyKaeawm@rS m jzpf w ,f ? tJ ' ga=umif h
a&S;vl}uD;rsm;u “ ppfqw kd m todOm%fuif;rJ@olrsm;&J@ aemuf
qH;k tm;xm;&m jzpfw,f ” ( war is the last resort of the
scoundrels ) vd@k qdck @J =uwmjzpfw,f?··
etz taeeJ@vnf; olw@kd ydik q f ikd &f ,lcsiad om Edik if aH wmftm%mudk jynfo@l qEN
ryg0ifyJ &,lcsKyfudkif vdkrSk@a=umifh jzpfay:vmwJ@ tusyftwnf;udk olwdk@&J@ tm;udk;
tm;xm;jyK&mrsm;eJ@ ajz&Si;f &,lc@J w,f? wenf;qd&k aomf etz wd@k taeeJ@ tusyt f wnf;udk
pDrcH ef@cJG ajz&Si;f &mrS “ pDrcH ef@crJG @kS tusyt f wnf; ”eJ@ xyfr}H uKHawG@ oGm;&+yD; rSm;,Gi;f wJ@
pDrcH ef@crJG @kS awG jyKvkycf @J w,fv@kd qdEk idk yf gw,f?
Tod@k rSm;,Gi;f pGm ajz&Si;f ajyvnf cJ@w@J tusyt f wnf;rsm;[m t+rw J rf;ajyvnf
Edik pf rG ;f r&Sw d wfay? tcsed t f cgra&G; jyefvnfay:ayguEf ikd &f rHk u xdx k ufru }uD;rm;wJ@
tusyt f wnf; tjzpfo@kd u;l ajymif;apEdik +f y;D oufqikd &f me,fy,frmS tusyt f wnf;oHo&m
[m +y;D qH;k jcif;od@k a&muf&rdS mS r[kwo f vdk xdt k usyt f wnf; jzpfwnf&me,fy,f (od@k ) tzG@J
tpnf; (od@k ) vl@tofik ;f t0dik ;f (od@k ) Edik if eH @J vrl sKd ;&J@ *k%o f ud mQ rsm;udk xdcu
kd u f sqif;ap
Ekid yf gw,f?
,ckvkd tcsed t f cgrsKd ;rSm rdrw d @kd Eikd if &H @J t}uD;rm;qH;k tusyt f wnf;jzpfw@J trsKd ;
om;a&; tusyt f wnf;udk pDrcH ef@cJG ajz&Si;f zd@k tcGit hf vrf;awGukd }uHaqmif&mS azG=u&rSm
jzpfw,f? xdt k usytf wnf;[m vlwOD;wa,muf&@J woD;yk*v ~ tusyt f wnf; r[kwo f vdk

76
ttvif;tdrf
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m trsKd om;a&;tusyt f wnf; jzpfw@J twGuf ydI k aumif;rGew f @J pdwaf pwem/
enf;vrf;rsm;jzifo h m ajz&Si;f =u&rSmjzpfw,f?
Edik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&;rSm t"dutiftm;jzpfw@J jynfov l x l k tygt0if
jynfo@l ygweD @J ppftm%m&Si=f um;u jzpfwnfaewJ@ tusyt f wnf;udk aumif;rGeaf om
rSeu f efaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh &ifqikd t f odtrSwjf yKum awG@qakH qG;aEG; tajz&Smk jcif;[m
vdt k yfcsuf wckjzpfw,f? xdo k @kd awG@qaHk qGaEG;&mrSm rnfoal wGu todtrSwjf yKI rnfol
awGjzifh awG@qu kH m tajz&Sm=u&rnfvJ....?
pDrcH ef@crJG @kS &J@ &v'frmS tajccH vl@tzG@J tpnf;uawmif;qdw k @J zG@pJ nf;yHak jymif;vJ
a&; (od@k ) ( structural change ) yifjzpfw,f? xdo k @kd ajymif;vJvmrnf@ zG@J pnf;yHt k &
OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKrS@k [m vlwpk&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmufI jynfo§l om;tm;
vH;k &J@tusKd pD;yGm;udk jiif;y,fvspv f sS L&S@k aom wenf;tm;jzifh jynfow l @kd xrH wS ukd &f u kd rf qif;
oufaom ajymif;vJr@kS jzpfygu xdt k usyt f wnf;rSm ydrk qkd ;kd &Gm;vmap+yD; ayguu f x JG u G v f m
rnfomjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifv h nf; awmfveS af &;wdu k yf JG yHo k ¾efukd zdEydS cf &H olrsm;u a&G;cs,f
onfr[kw/f zdEydS o f rl sm;uom a&G;cs,jf cif;jzpfonf[q k jkd cif;jzpfw,f?
OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKolwdk@onf rSefuef
aom pDrHcef@cGJrSk@ rsm;xm;&Sdum rdrdEkdifiHESifh
wdkif;&if;om; jynfol h h hjynfom; tm;vHk;
.tud s K;pD ; yG m ;twG u f taumif ; qH k ; enf ;
vrf ; awG u d k &S m azG I tusyf t wnf ; ud k
ausmf v $ m ; Ed k i f = uygap [k q EN j yK vd k u f y g
onf ?
Ref ·tusyftwnf;pDrHcef@cGJrSk@ta=umif; jynfol@qufqHa&;&Sk@axmifhrS

wap@wapmif; (ygarmuQ a'gufwm wifpdk;)
··tusyftwnf;udk tcGifhtvrf;tjzpfajymif;vdkuf (vlxk pdef0if;)
····························· wifjrifharmf
77
tvif;tdrf
vGr;f &rJU ewf0wfwefqmyvmrsm;0wfqifxm;

aomtrsKd ;oR;D onfn;_d i,faeonf@[efyef
twdwf h h h trlt&mjzif&h yfvsu S &f o

dS nf?
OD;acgif;xufrS0ga&$a&miftqif;
xGe;f nS&d rnf h

eSiOh f a'gi;f iSuyf Ok H aosmS ifonfae&mifatmufwiG f
wjzwfjzwfvif;vufawmufy aeonf?
ol@aemufrSm jrefrm@xD; arGeef;
rD;&S;wdik f h h h arGjzpfaomOD;uif;&mZyv†irf mS xD;jzLpdu
xl;jcm;onfrmS trsKd ;oR;D udk }udK;wkyx
k v f @kd ?
f m;
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ onf @ [ef j yxm;onf ? jref r mjynf u d k
useG jf yKcx H m;&onf@oabm/ vGwv f yfr@_ r&S/d
○ ○ ○
e,fcs@J orm;wd@k . trsKd ;rsKd ; zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf u _ kd

aZmf 0 if ; at; cHae&onf@toGiu f kd jrifa,mifvmaponf?
xdjk rifuiG ;f udjk rifonf@ jrefrm@ wdik ;f &if; om;wdik ;f onf “wu,f@rcd ift&if;udk
wdkif;wyg;u }ud;KwkyfEdSyfpufaeygvm; wdk@rcHbl;” qdkonf@ wdkufyGJ0ifvdkpdwfrsm;vnf;
wjydKifwnf; ay:ayguaf ponf? trsKd ;oR;D i,f.vufxw J iG t f 0g/tpdr;f /teD oH;k a&mifjc,f
a'gi;f tvHuu kd ikd x
f m;onf? xd. k aemufwiG f qifu h q
J ifu hH J vdu k yf gaeaom vltyk }f uD;rSm
a=u;G a=umfoaH wGa&;xm;onf@ ydpk wmawGa&;xm;onf@ ydpk wmawGuikd +f y;D avsmS ufaeonf?
ynma&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om; pnf;vHk; nDnGwfa&; wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@
v_@H aqmfonf@ a=uG;a=umforH sm;jzpfonf?
“trsKd ;oma&; aoG;pnf;yg/ ta&;}uD; vm+yD od=uod=u/ ”ponf@ a=uG;a=umf
oHrsm;udk E_wzf sm;wGio f mru &ifxeJ v S ;kH xJrS a=uG;a=umf&if; trsKd ;om;pnf;vHn k nD w
G af &;
wnfaqmuf=uzdk@ rw&m;vk,lxm;cH&onf@ trsdK;om;wdkif;jynf jyefvnf&&Sdatmif
aqmif&Guf=uzdk@ v_H@aqmfcJ@=u onf? olwdk@tm;vHk;. pdwfxJwGifum; rdcifwdkif;
jynfxw G v
f yfz@kd / rdrwd @kd trsKd ;om;wdik ;f vGwv f yfaom vlrsKd ;/ Edik if o H m;jzpfz@kd &ef qENuvGI J
tjcm;r&Sd?
78
ttvif;tdrf
xdkjrifuGif;um; vGwfvyfa&;r&rSD trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;rS wefaqmifrkef;
vqkwf(10)&uf a&mufwdkif; +cdrf@+cdrf@onf; usif;y=uaom trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@
tcrf;tem;yifjzpfonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif trsdK;om;ae@xl;ae@jrwfudk t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@vufatmufYyif
pwif u sif ; ycJ @ onf ? t*F v d y f a jy; *syef a &muf v monf ? *syef a jy;awm@
t*Fvdyfjyefa&mufvmonf? aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifonf@ trsdK;om;
tmZmenf r sm;.aus;Zl ; a=umif h vG w f v yf a &;&cJ @ onf ? qmay:xG e f ; tpd k ; &/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; acgi;f aqmifonf@ bk&ifct H r_@aqmiftzG@J tpd;k &/ 1948 ck vGwv f yf&;&+y;D
zqyv tpd;k &/ tdraf pmift h pd;k &/ xdrk S jrefrm@q&kd , S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD acgi;f aqmifonf@
jynfaxmifpq k &kd ,S v f pforRwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf tpd;k & ponf@ tpd;k &awG qifu h qJ ifu
h J
ajymif;cJ@ygonf? trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@uawm@ ESpfpOfusif;y+rJjzpfonf? rm;rm;
rwfrwf&yfwnfvsu S ?f tESpo
f m&uawm@ tenf;eJ@trsm; ajymif;vJc@J &onf?
trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@ rnfodk@ay:aygufvmovJwdkwm rdrdod&Sdoavmuf
rsSa0csifygw,f? vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemufydkif; trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@ qdkwmavmufyJ
od=uawm@onf? 1947 ck =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@ up+yD; trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;onf
tpdk;&ausmif;awGjzpfoGmygonf? 'Dawm@ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; b0wkef;uuJ@odk@
trsKd ;om;ae@ tcrf;tem;usi;f yonf@tcg pdw0f ifwpm; usi;f yawm@rnf r[kwaf wm@?
ppf}udKacmwfuawm@ trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@udk t"duxm;+yD; wcrf;wem;
}uD;}uD;us,u f s,f usi;f y=uonf? &nf&, G cf suu f awm@ “e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;pdw"f gwaf wG
w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifvmatmif/ wpfrsdK;om;vHk; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfvmatmif/
wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k u t&d;k ausaus ta&cef;cef; vGwv f yfa&;wduk yf rJG mS yg0ifvmatmif ponf@
&nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh usi;f ycJ@jcif;jzpfonf?
e,fcs@J awG vufatmufrmS wke;f uawm@ trsKd ;om;ae@onf wdik ;f jynfvw G vf yf&;
wd k u f y G J t wG u f tif r wef r S t a&;}uD ; onf ? vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; awm@ 'D t rsd K ;om;
atmifyaJG e@onf vky&f ;kd vkypf OfyJG tqifo h @kd ul;ajymif;cJ@onf[x k ifryd gonf? ppftpd;k &
vufxufwiG af wm@ omref we*FaEGae@ &k;H ydw&f ufvkd oabmxm;vmcJ@onf? ESpyf &dap>'
=umoGm;vsiS f wdraf umaysmufu, G af yvdr@f rnf?
trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@ jzpfay:vmyHkudk tusOf;csKyfjy&vsSif....tcsdefu 1920
jynf@EpS f wuUov kd .f t"dywdu jrefrmjynfb&k ifcH qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'gu?f 'k t"dywdu
rpPwma&mbwfppf'eD*;D pf? wuUov kd af usmif;tky}f uDu rpPwmtm&ft,fa[mif;0yfjzpf+yD;
yxrqH;k armfueG ;f xdr;f u rpPwm'D'AvsLtdeaf v jzpfonf? xdu k mvwGif &efuek f ,leAD mpDwD
79
tvif;tdrf
tufOya'udk ta=umif;jyK+yD; trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@ jzpfvm&ygonf? 1920 jynf@EpS rf mS
,leDAmpDwD tufOya'jyXmef;csufawGxJu wcsdK@tcsuftvufawGudk jyifqifay;zdk@
wuUov kd af usmif;om;awGu awmif;qd=k uonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;. awmif;qdck suu f kd t"dywdu vpfvsLS &_@c@J onf? xdak =umifh
ausmif;om; (11) OD; aumfrwDua&S@aqmifa&S@&u G jf yK+yD; (26) OD;aumfrwDtxd wd;k cs@J z@JG pnf;
vduk o
f nf? tpd;k &.vpfvsS L&_@ra_ =umifh 'D (26) OD;aumfrwD OD;aqmif+yD; “ 1920
jynf@ 'DZifbm (4)&ufae@/ wefaqmifrek ;f vjynf@ausmf (10)&ufae@Y &efuek w f uUov kd f
ausmif;om;rsm;u oydwpf wifarSmufc@J =uonf?
yxrqH;k aom Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS vufeufr@J ppfyiJG ,fwpfck a=ujimcJ@jcif;yif?
yxrausmif;om;oydwo f nf t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J vufatmuf useG b f 0a&mufc@J onf@ umvrSm
jrefrmjynfol wpf&yfv;kH u yxrqH;k e,fcs@J orm;udk vufeufr@J ppfyiJG ,f a=ujimjcif;/ yxrqH;k
Edik if aH &;todtjrif Ed;k =um;vmjcif; rSww f ikd yf ifjzpfc@J avonf?
tpwGifausmif;om;rsm;u ynma&;pepfopfudk awmif;qdk&mu r&ojzifh
ynma&;oydwaf rSmufonf? xdyk nma&;oydwrf S trsKd ;om;ae@jzpfvmonf? yxrqH;k usi;f
ycJ@orl sm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonf? aemufrS ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;
aygif;rdum wdk@Armtpnf;t&kH;acmwfwGif trsdK;om;ae@udk wdk@Armtpnf;t&kH;rS
OD;pD;vkyaf qmifvmcJ@onf? trsKd ;om;ae@ pifjrifu h ae+yD; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_@rsm;udv k nf;
tcGio hf mvsiS f omovdk vkyaf qmifc@J onf?
trsd K ;om;ae@ud k j zpf a y:apaom ausmif ; om;oyd w f o nf wuU o d k v f
ausmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;v_yf&Sm;r_@ombJ rqdkEdkifacs? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_@rw S qifh Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;r_@ ys@H E@S v
H m+yD; jrefrmwrsKd ;om;vH;k vGwaf jrmufa&;
rkcfOD;qDodk@ OD;vSnf@oGm;apcJ@ygonf? wrsdK;om;vHk;. e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwfudk
yd k r d k E d k ; =um;apcJ @ onf ? wuf = uG a pcJ @ onf ? yd k r d k j yif ; xef xuf j ruf v mapcJ @ onf ?
tufOya'twGi;f wdu k yf yJG pkH H tqifqh ifuh ae+y;D vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG awmfveS af &;toGiu f kd
vrf;cif;zefw;D ay;cJ@onf? xdak emuf vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&cJ@onf?
xdak usmif;om;oydwEf iS yhf wfoufI arm&pfaumvpf ( Maurice Collin) u
ol.pmtkyf Last and First in Burma Y “ jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f wGif 1920 jynf@EpS f Edik if aH &;
v_y&f mS ;r_@ ordik ;f ray:aygucf @J vsiS f jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&&ef xdrk saS pmvdr@f rnfr[kwf ”[k
a&;om;rSwcf sujf yKc@J onf? trsKd ;om;ae@ukd jzpfay:apaom ausmif;om;oydw. f u¾onf
TuJ@o@kd ta&;ygc@J onf?
trsKd ;om;ae@ b,fvjkd zpfay:vmoenf; qdo k nf@ta=umif;udk ae&Sief ,fO;D jrifh
80
ttvif;tdrf
(bDat-*k%x f ;l ) (trsKd ;om;ynm0efaxmufa[mif;ESihf omoemjyK"rRuxdu) u 1970
jynf@ESpfwGif xkwfa0aom trsdK;om;ae@ a&$&wkobif txdrf;trSwf pmapmifwGif
Tod@k az: jyxm;cJ@ygonf.....
tJ ' D v d k trsd K ;om;ynma&;ud p P u d k t a=umif ; jyKI wpf w d k i f ; jynf v H k ; /
wpf+rdK@v;kH tH;k tH;k uGsuu f sG uf nDnn D wG n f w G f arwWm*&k%m w&m;rsm; v$r;f rd;k aepOf 1920
jynf@ atmufwb kd mv (1883 ckEpS f oDwif;usw G v f ) a&mufaomtcg e0rajrmuf *spD b D aD t
(trsdK;om;aygif;csKyf) uGefz&ifh}uD;[m *sDpDbDat ordkif;rSm t}uD;qHk;/ tpnfum;qHk;/
tcrf;em;qH;k jzpfc@J ygw,f?
t+rdK@+rdK@te,fe,frS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&muf=uygw,f? tpnf;ta0;
obmywdtjzpf 'DyJ,if;0efaxmuf OD;+rJuaqmif&Gufygw,f? 'kwd, OD;cspfv_difu
aqmif&u G yf gw,f?
tpnf;ta0;}uD;&J@ {nf@crH ¾yfu pnfawmf&e$ ;f vsu S f }udKqdyk gw,f? tcsKd @aom
ouf & G , f }uD ; &if h o l r sm; jref r mbk & if r sm;acwf u d k vG r f ; qG w f w rf ; w owd & rd + yD ;
rsu&f nfus=uygw,f? xdu k eG zf &ifh }u;D rSm ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ nDnw G af &;/ vGwaf jrmufa&;
paomt=uHay;csu/f tqdw k ifoiG ;f csurf sm;teuftrsKd ;om;ae@ udpo P wfrwS zf @kd ay:vm
ygw,f?trsdK;om;ae@owfrSwfa&;udpPudk wdkifyif aqG;aEGwJ@tcg ol&d,owif;pm
OD;wkw}f uD;u oDaygb&k ifeef;usw@J ae@ukd owfrw S zf @kd / ysO;f rem; atvm OD;a'G;u OD;OwWr
axmifusaomae@ukd owfrw S zf @kd t}uHay;=uygw,f?
tJ ' D t cg OD ; jrif h u &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f “oyd w f u d k , f p m;vS , f ” taeeJ @
t}uHay;ygw,f? eef;usw@J ae@/ axmifusw@J ae@rsm;[m r*Fvmr&Syd g? tr*Fvmjzpfygw,f?
ZrŠL'Dyg vuf,mawmifuseG ;f =obmedrw d x f eG ;f qdw k @J a&S;olaumif;wd@k &@J pum;twdik ;f
r*Fvm&Sw d @J ae@ukd a&G;cs,o f wfrw S zf @kd oifyh gw,fv@kd t}uHay;pum;ajym=um;cJ@ygw,f?
tJ'aD emuf OD;jrifu h quf+yD; wuUov kd f tufOya'udk oydwaf rSmufw@J upd [ P m
t*Fvyd af cwfrmS t*Fvyd =f oZmtm%mOya'udyk xrqH;k awmfveS f ykeu f efw@J udpjP zpfygw,f?
tusupd rP [kwt f wufupd jP zpfygw,f?tpkeu f pd rP [kwt f qefupd jP zpfygw,f? wEdik if v H ;kH udk
0HomEk &uQw d w&m; xGe;f um;apwJ@ udpjP zpfygw,f? tJ'D ta=umif;tusKd ;w&m;rsm;udk
axmufxm;qifjcif+yD; ausmif;om;oydwaf rSmufw@J ae@ukd trsKd ;om;ae@ tjzpfa&G;cs,f
owfrw S &f ef tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJ@ygonf?
xdk *sDpDbDat uGefz&ifh}uD;rSm trsdK;om;ae@udk rowfrSwfbJ csefxm;vdk@
tr_@aqmifvl}uD; (35)a,muf &efukef+rdK@udk jyefa&mufawm@rS ausmif;om;rsm;
oydwaf rSmufw@J ae@ukd a&G;cs,o f wfrw S jf yXmef;=uygw,f?
81
tvif;tdrf
1930 jynf@EpS rf mS trsKd ;om;ae@ukd tpd;k &a*Zuf0if &H;k ydw&f uf/ ausmif;ydw&f uf
tjzpf owfrw S jf yXmef;ygw,f? tJ'v D kd rSwo f m;cJ@b;l ygw,f?
oydwaf rSmufw@J ae@u a&wGu&f if 1948 ZEM0g&D (4)&uf xd (27)ESpef @J wvwdwd
=umygw,f? tJ'D tcsed rf saS vmufe@J vGwv f yfa&; &wJ@Eikd if u H urBm@&mZ0ifrmS r&Scd @J ygb;l ?
'ga=umifh trsKd ;om;ae@ukd vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tkwjf rpfcsw@J ae@v@kd wdik ;f jynfu todtrSwf
jyKxm;ygw,f?
ae&Sife,f OD;jrifh.az: jycsufeJ@ xdkpmapmifwGif ocifwifOD;. aqmif;yg;rS
az: jycsurf mS tenf;i,f uGv J cJG su&f ydS gw,f? 1934 wGif ynma&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmaom
a'guw f mbarmfonf trsKd ;om;ae@Y ausmif;rsm;ydw&f ef trde@f csc@J onf?
xd@k a=umifh OD;jrifh a&;om;csuef @J (4)ESpw f ikd f uGmjcm;r_@&cdS @J ygw,f?
aemufwckrmS Edik if aH &;toGiu f kd toH;k cswwfaom a'guw f mbarmfonf 1937
ckEpS f ol 0ef}uD;csLyfjzpfvmaomtcg &H;k ydw&f uf tjzpfowfrw S vf u kd I
f trsKd ;om;ae@rmS
trsKd ;om;tm;vH;k pkaygi;f usi;f yEdik cf @J ygawm@onf?
jrefrmEdik if .H trsKd ;om;ae@EiS hf urBmay:&Sd tjcm;Edik if rH sm;. trsKd ;om; atmifyJG
ae@rsm;rSm t"dyg` ,o f abmjcif; jcm;em;ygw,f? tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rSm vGwv f yfonf@ae@ukd
trsdL;om;ae@ tjzpfowfrSwf+yD; usGefawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm TtrsdK;om;ae@onf
aAGaqmfO;D ESihf tajymifajrmufq;kH / t&J&ifq h ;kH wdu
k yf JG pwifc@J onf@ae@jzpf+yD; wrsKd ;om;vH;k .
rdrw d @kd vwG vf yfr@_ twGuf pwifE;kd =um;vmr_@ukd tkwjf rpfcsEikd cf @J aoma=umifh vGwv f yfa&;.
t}udKatmify[ JG k oabmxm;um trsKd ;om;ae@tjzpf owfrw S cf @J jcif;jzpfonf?
,QKtcsdefrSm usGefawmfwdk@taeeJ@ rvGrf;oifhwJ@ twdwfudk rvGrf;oifhayrJ@
trS w f w & o,f a qmif vuf q if h u rf ; oif h w J @ ord k i f ; rS w f w d k i f ae@&uf r sm;ud k
jyefvnfatmif;ar@+yD; rdrdwdk@vlrsdK;wdkif; rSefuefwJ@vGwfvyfr_@&&SdaprJ@ cHpm;aprJ@
trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfudk arGl;jrL&if; rdcifwdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfr_@&&Sdap&ef }udK;yrf;r_@udk
wrsKd ;om;vH;k nDnw G af pr,f@ae@tjzpf yHak z:ay;cJ@w@J trsKd ;om;ae@atmifyJG rD;&_;wdik u f kd
jyefvnfxeG ;f nSad y;&ef rvJr$ aoG vdt k yfygw,f?
····························· aZmf0if;at;
udk;um;csuf? ?vlxkOD;vS (owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m)
vlxka':trm (owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m)
OD;jrifh (armfuGef;wifpmwrf;)
ocifwifOD; (ausmif;ESifh&kH;ydwf&uf&yHk)

82
ttvif;tdrf
“0gwmvl;ppfyu JG kd t*Fvyd wf @kd onf
tDwef ausmif;upm;uGi;f }uD;Y Edik o f nf[k
qdk&dk;&Sd. jrefrmjynfvGyfvyfa&; udkvnf;
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;rS tEdkif,lrnf[k
ajymprSwf jyK =u&avonf” [k yef;waemf
trsd K ;om; ausmif ; tk y f } uD ; OD ; oef @ u
aumuf c suf c s bl ; onf / / aemif t cg
xdktrsdK;om; ausmif;tkyf }uD;onfyif
ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
ausmif ; om; h h tjzpfo@kd a&muf&cdS ahJ vonf/
wef a qmif r k e f ; vjynh f a usmf
oyd w f h h h 10&uf 2008 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 22 &ufae@

onf jrefrmjynf. (88) }udraf jrmuf trsKd ;
om; atmifyaJG e }h uD;jzpfonf// u|eyf nm
atmif y JG h h h a&;.tajccH jzpfaom &efukefwuUodkvf
tufOya'udk wuUov kd f ausmif;om;}uD;
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
rsm;rS pwifuef@uu G f qENjy&mrS wEdik if v H ;kH

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
&Sdausmif;rsm; oydwfxJ0ifa&mufvmum
aumhom; 1920 yxr ausmif;om; oydwf }uD;jzpfygG ;
cJo
h nf// tusKd ;quf taejzifh Edik if t H ES@H wiG f
trsKd ;om; ausmif;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJo h nf/
xd k t rsd K ;om; ausmif ; rsm;ES i f h t+yd K if
trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"gwf EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;
r_rsm;a=umihftrdjrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;
&cJ h o nf / / xd k a =umif h 1282 ck E S p f wef
aqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf 10 &ufae@ udk
aumhom;
vGyfvyfa&;.tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpf aom
a=umifh trsKd ;om;ae@[k jrefrmhordik ;f wGif
ordik ;f 0ifae@wae@tjzpf armfueG ;f wifxm;
cJjh cif; yifjzpfonf//
83
tvif;tdrf
xdt k wdwf ordik ;f a=umif;udk jyefaumufaomf 1920 rSpwifco hJ nfh ausmif;om;
rsm;. trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f onf rsuaf rSmufumv ,ae@xw d ikd f xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
wnf&SdaeqJyifjzpfonf// xdk@a=umifhyif jrefrmjynfonf tvGefv#ifjrefaom t&Sdefjzifh
trsKd ;om;ausmif;xGuf trsKdk ;om; acgiaf qmifrsm;.OD;aqmifra_ tmufwiG f 28 ESpt f =um
1948 ckEpS w f iG f tcsKyftjcmydik f Edik if t H jzpfv;kH 0 vGwv f yfco hJ nf// cGyaf 'gi;f wd@k . aus;Zl;yif
r[kwyf gavm//
xdo k @kd ordik ;f t& ay:ayguv f maom trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@}uD;udk acwftquf
quf wdik ;f jynfukd tkypf ;kd olw@kd a=umuf=uonf// wdik ;f jynftm%m rw&m;vk,x l m; aom
tm%m&Sirf sm;tzd@k ajymzG,&f mr&Sad tmif a=umufvo S nf// trsKd ;om;atmifyJG qkd onf
uvnf; ordik ;f tpOftvm }uD;rm;vSaypG// ar#mv f ifch suu f if;rJah eonfh u|eb f 0 awGukd
ocifb0a&mufatmif “tJ'g igw@kd jynf / tJ'g igw@kd vlrsKd ;” [k vufnKdS ; aiguaf iguf
xdk;v#uf +Adwdo#vufatmufcHu|efb0rS ocifb0odk@ wGef;wifcJhonfh trsdK;om;
acgi;f aqmif}uD; OD;atmifqef;ESihf trsKd ;om;ausmif;xGurf sKd ;qufawG//
xdrk S wzef ordik ;f tpOftvm }u;D rm;pGmjzifh qufvuf&iS o f efv#u&f adS om ausmif;
om; rsKd ;qufrsm;a&S w h iG f wdik ;f jynftm%m rw&m;vk,cl o hJ nfh 1962 tm%modr;f tpd;k &udk
vufnSKd; aigufaigufxdk;v#uf “wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfwmrif;wdk@ tvkyfr[kwfbl;/ jynfol
vlxkwifajrSmufxm;wJhtpdk;&tvkyfjzpfw,f/ ppfwyf[m wdkif;jynfumuG,fzdk@yJ” [k
rnfonfh Edik if aH &;orm;rS acgi;f razmf&J rajym&Jonht f csed w f iG f wuUov kd yf &0%ftwGi;f
rS aoG;tpGe;f cH toufukd paw;cHv#uf wnDwnGww f nf; trdjynf ppfu|erf jzpfa&;
twGuf ausmif;om;rsm;u pwif qef u h sicf o
hJ nf// od@k aomf ocif avmufxu G f / Adv k f
opPmazmuf / Edik if aH &;ta&+cHK tacsmiform;rsm;a=umifh wdik ;f jynf ppfzed yfatmuf od@k
us a&mufc&hJ onf/
TwGif t+idK;taw;}uD;rm;pGmjzifh wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&; vlxkaumif;pm;
a&;twGuf tpOft+rJ a&S haqmifcJhaomausmif;om;rsm;tay: “tm%modrf;wm
qef@usi&f rvm;”qdo k nfh tm%m&Si. f trsuf tjyifxu G v f #uf tm&SwiG f acwfro DS nf
[kyif ajymprSwjf yKonfh ynma&;pepf}u;D wckv;kH onfvnf; tvdrk wlyJ ppfwyf. 0ifa&muf
pGuf zufjcif;udk cH&um wpwp udv k ekd D u|eyf nma&;ozG,f ppfwyfukd tvkyt f au|;jyK&rnfh
ynm a&;pepftjzpfo@kd Adv k af e0if;ESihf taygi;f ygw@kd onf 26 ESpw f m oGwo f iG ;f cJo
h nf//
tusKd ;quf taejzifh wdik ;f jynfqw k , f w k of nfxuf qkw, f wk v
f mcJjh yD; vlw@kd . tusihf
pm&dwrW ¾dKifrsm; trsm;tjym; ysujf ym;vmcJjh cif;yifjzpfonf// xdo k @kd ysujf ym;jcif;ESit hf wl
tm%m&Siaf 'guw f ikd f vlwef;pm;w&yfonfvnf; ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf// od@k aomf =um=um
84
ttvif;tdrf
rcHvu
kd /f /
“Adv k af e0if; olazmfwahJ q; olrpm;&Jawmhay” taz}uD;vdk ac: jyD; olarG;xm;wJh
uyfyg;awGu 0dik ;f ajrmS ufvu kd f / r,m;awG wa,mufjy;D wa,muf,v l u dk ef J h c|w+f cKH usaewJh
wdik ;f jynfukd ukvor*~u aemufq;kH taejzifh tqif;&Jq;kH Edik if rH sm;pm&if;xJ xnfv h u kd jf yD;
urBmukd ay;&ef&o dS nfh a=u;G rsm;avsmjf ypfum rqvtpd;k &udk u,fwifvu kd &f onf/ Tonf
wGif rqvt}uu H urBmta=u;G awGawmh wcsux f eJ J ah =ujy/D wdik ;f jynfuv kd nf; tJ'D oDt&kd D
twdik ;f vkyv f u kd v f #if &rnftxifjzifh tpd;k & ud, k w
f ikd w
f &m;0if xkwx f m;onfh aiGpuULrsm;udk
tpd;k & ud, k wf ikd u f yif w&m;r0ifaiGr(J oH;k r&onfh aiG)tjzpf a=unmvdu k o f nf/ owif;vuf
OD;wJh uyfyg;tcsKd q h kd aps;awG bmawG awmif 0,fcsed &f vdu k af o;qdb k /J / rqv '%frcHEikd f
awmhonfh tqH;k jynfov l x l }k u;D tm;vH;k ausmif;om;rsm;. 'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &; awmif;qdrk _
xJo@kd ,H=k unfcsuf tjynft h 0jzifh vdu k cf ahJ vonf//
xdv k x l k v_id ;f vH;k }uD;rsm;jzifh rqv wpcef;&yfchJ jyD; 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f
aqmif rif;udEk ikd Ef iS hf tp&Sad om rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm;ay:xGef vmcJo h nf// ajray: /
ajratmuf tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&yfwnfc&hJ aom ausmif;om;rsm;. pdw"f gwEf iS hf ZGv J @kH vudk
odaeaom 1988 tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &onf trsKd ;rsKd ;zdEydS u f vl jyKcJ=h uonf// od@k aomf
ausmifom;rsdK;quf qdkonfrSmvnf; EdkifiH&Sdfaeoa&G h / ausmif;om;&Sdaeoa&G h
wnf&Sdaernfomjzpfonf// xdktcg “trsdK;om;a&;tp ausmif;om;u” qdkonfh
oabmw&m;rsm;ygaeonfh trsKd ;om;atmif yGaJ e@ukd tm%m&Sirf sm; taejzifh jzpfEikd v f #if
ajzmufzsux f m;csio f nf// ausmif;om;Edik if aH &; rvky&f qdo k nfh rlrsm;udk csrw S v
f monf//
Oya' wckozG,f twnfjyKum vdktyfovdkoHk;vm onf// TwGif ausmif;om;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm bmrSrqdkifonfh oabmw&m;rsm;udk xkwf oHk;vmonf// tcsdK @
jynfwGif;rSma&m jynfyrSmyg ynmwwfqdkolrsm;uvnf; Ttqdkudk tm%m&Sifrsm;
avoHtwdik ;f axmufcv H mwmjzifh 0rf;enf;p&myifjzpfonf//
urBmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;wGif ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf rdrw d @kd oif=um;avhvmvdak om
bmom&yfrsm;udk avhvm=uonfqo kd nfrmS obm0usygonf// Edik if aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;ol
enf;yg;onf qdo k nfrmS vnf; jzpfEikd yf gonf// od@k aomf jrefrmEdik if . H udv k ekd aD cwfordik ;f udk
jyefI aumufa=umif; qJ=G unfyh gu ausmifom;ordik ;f onf woD;woef jh zpfjy;D vGyv f yfa&;
wdu k yf EJG iS t
hf wl trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif OD;aqmifO;D &Gwt f cef;rS yg0ifvmcJh
jcif;yifjzpfonf// wdik ;f jynftwGuf vGwv f yfa&;udv k nf; xdt k rsKd ;om;ausmif;xGuf ausmif;
om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;uyif &,lay;cJo h nf// xdak =umifyh if t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t D pd;k &onf yifv#if

85
tvif;tdrf
ausmif;om;or*~rsm; zG@J pnf;vmjcif;udk tE &W ,f w&yftaejzifh }uKd wifojd rifcahJ omf vnf;
r[ef w h m;&Jay// ajcr_e;f zd@k qdo k nfrmS a0;avpG//
Tod@k aom ordik ;f a=umif;rsm;udk odxm;ygv#uf Adv k af e0if;onf 1962 ckEpS f Zlvikd f
vwGif tm%modr;f jyD;v#if jyD;jcif; ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;udk wuUov kd f e,fajrtwGi;f
rSmyif aoG;acsmif;pD; owfjzwfcjhJ yD; or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;udk rdik ;f cGu J m +zdKzsucf o hJ nf//
owif;pm q&mrsm;u “cifAsm;wd@k [m rvGev f eG ;f bl;vm; vd@k ajymawmh” Adv k af tmif}u;D u
“aemiftcg a&$tw k ef J jh yefaqmufay;ygr,fv@kd ” oa&mfovdk ceJ o h vdak jymcJw h mawGukd pm
tkyaf wGrmS zwf&ygonf// uGejf rLepfawGu 0ify;l aevd@k b,fou l }udK;qGaJ evd@k ponfh
tjypfwifavoHawGeJ h qifa0S &h efa&Smif &Si;f vif;ajym=um;cJah om ppftpd;k &udk ausmif;om;
xktaejzifh rauseyfEikd o f nfrmS ,Hrk mS ;zG,&f mr&Sad y// xdak emufyikd ;f wGif rdi_ ;f &mjynh/f OD;oef@
ta&;tcif;/ ZGet f vkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;rsm;wGiv f nf; ausmifom;rsm; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;
=ujcif;/ 88ta&;awmf yH/k 1996 'DZifbmausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_/ 2007 ckEpS u f jzpfygG ;cJo
h nfh
a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;. Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ / tzdEySd cf jH ynfozl ufu
&yfwnfrr_ sm; udjk yefvnf oH;k oyfygu ausmifom;ESihf Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS cGjJ cm;xm;r&onfh
oabmobm0 jzpfaeonfukd jrifawG@ &rnfjzpfonf//
ausmif;om;qdo k nfrmS ynmoif=um;zd@k / ynmoifjyD;rS rdrw d @kd 0goemyg&mudk
vky=f uzd@k qdo k nfh rl0g'udk tm%m&Sirf sm;u vkxEk iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;t=um;od@k rdi_ ;f wdu k f
xm;onf/ Tod@k ausmif;om;rsm; Edik if aH &;wGiyf g0ifvm&jcif;. t"du w&m;cHonf tkypf ;dk ol
rsm;. azmufjyefra_ =umifjh zpfonfuakd wmh tm%m&Sirf sm; arhaeyH&k onf// rw&m; tkypf ;kd
Adv
k u f s aeonfh udv k ekd pD epf. azmufjyefru _ kd odaoma=umifh 1920 ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D
ay:ayguf vmc@jJ yD; xdrk t S oD;tyGit hf jzpf wrsKd ;om;vH;k ol@u|eb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufc&hJ onf/
xdek nf;wl rqv. azmufjyefra_ =umifh 1988 jynfv;kH u|w'f rD u kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
ay:ayguv f mcJh jyD; rqv pepfukd ajrjrKyfo+F*Kd vfEikd cf o hJ nf// ,ck vuf&dS etz-e0w wd@k .
azmufjyefr_ rw&m;r_ tpkpw k @kd ukd od&x dS m;aom ausmif;om;xkonfvnf; orkid ;f ay; wm0ef
t& awmfveS f ae=ujcif;omjzpfonf// zdEydS o f &l &dS if wGe;f vSeo f l &S+d rJyifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh
c|i;f csut f aejzifh jrefrmjynfu ausmif;om;rsm; Edik if aH &;vky=f uonf// awmfveS af &; vkyf
=uonf// ausmif;om; Edik if aH &; rvky&f qdv k #if ppfAv kd pf pfom;rsm;vnf; Edik if aH &; vky&f ef
rvdak y//
vuf&dS tkycf sKyaf eaom pepfrmS vH;k 0 tm%m&Sipf epf jzpfonf/ xdpk epf atmufwiG f
jynfo@l 'rD ukd a&pDpepf xGe;f um;zd@k qo kd nfrmS a0;avpG// acwfaemufjyef oufO;D qHyikd f bk&if

86
ttvif;tdrf
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qdo k nfh tqdt k rde@f wckukd azmazmoDoD oH;k v#uf tpGr;f ukef ESyd pf ufawmhonf/ ausmif;om;
awG/ oHCmawmfawG / jynfov l x l ak wG/ ppfom;awG ydae&rnf// jym;ae&rnf// acgi;f axmif
vmolreS o f r#ukd e&odex f J qGx J nfx h m;vdu k rf nf// rnfonhf w&m;Oya'urS Edik if aH &;r_EiS hf
ywfoufvmv#if tumtuG,rf ay;Edik /f / jynfow l @kd . b0 rvH+k cHKawmhay//
xdo k @kd vlxu k kd ydatmif/ jym;atmif xde;f xm;Edik zf @kd rl0g' aygi;f pHjk zifh rdi_ ;f wdu k af wmh
onf// trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@qo kd nfrmS zdEydS o f u l kd awmfveS jf cif; (od@k r[kw)f olyek x f jcif;
yif jzpfonf// trsKd om;a&; pdw"f gwq f o kd nfrmS vnf; wdik ;f jynfukd cspaf ompdwyf ifjzpfonf/
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rqdk tusHK;0ifonf// trsdK;om;/ trsdK;orD;ponfh vdifjzifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;onf
ae@vnf;r[kw/f tm%m&Sirf sm;u trsKd ;om;ae@ atmifyu JG kd ao;odro f mG ;atmif vlxk
twGi;f xifa,mif xifrmS ;jzpfatmif trsKd ;om;ae@ pum;&nfvyk rJG sm;wGif trsKd ;om;u
trsKd ;orD; xufjrufonf qdo k nfh acgi;f pOfrsm;udk csay;um i,f&, G of al usmif;ol ausmif;
om; tcsi;f csi;f udk rdi_ ;f wku d f jyefonf//
jynfaxmifpk t"Ge@f &n S f wnfwef@ap&eftwGuf rsKd ;csppf w d "f gwu f dk yHak zmf&mY a&S;
acwf ppfb&k ifrsm;. &kyw f }k u;D rsm;udk rk'Of ;D rsm;wGif xm;um oufO;D qHyikd f ya'o&mZfpepfukd
tajcjyKv#uf jynfov l x l k rsKd ;csppf w d "f gwrf sm; jzpfwnfvmatmif vkyaf qmifae&onfh
tm%m&Sirf sm;. b0onfvnf; oufomvSonfawm rh [kwaf y// rsuaf rSmufacwf trdajr
udv k ekd uD |eb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufatmif toufpeG @f }udK;yrf;cJ=h uonfh acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;.
&kyyf v kH m$ rsm;jzifh wrsKd ;om;vH;k rsKd ;csppf w d "f gwf &Siof efxufjruf vmatmif rvky&f aJ y// rvky0f @H
ay// qifjzLrsuEf mS qifrJ r=unf0h @H onfh oabmyif// acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;. wdik ;f jynftwGuf
csrw S x f m;cJah om vrf;pOfrsm;rS aoGzv D maomtcg xdyk *k Kd~ v}f u;D rsm;. ordik ;f udk azsmufvu kd f
jcif;jzifh tm%m&Siw f pk twGuf pdwo f ufom&m &aponf/ xdak =umifyh if zcifAv kd cf sKyaf tmif
qef;. "gwyf rkH sm; &H;k rsm; ausmif;rsm;wGif uG,af ysmufum ppfacgi;f aqmif tm%m&l;.
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k ;kd yef;qd;k "gwyf u kH ae&m,lvmonf// xd"k gwyf jkH zifh rnfoo l @kd jynfov l x l u k kd rnfo@kd aom
rsKd ;cspf pdw"f gwaf y;rnfenf;//
ordik ;f wuGuu f kd jrKyfcsiaf omtcg a&S ph pfb&k ifw@kd . ordik ;f udk a&Swef;wifI rsuf
arSmuf acwfordik ;f udak rS;rSed af tmifvyk v f monf/ TwGi, f ae@ acwfvil ,frsm;taejzifh

87
tvif;tdrf
acwftjrift& jywfjywfom;om; ajym&v#if xdak cwfu ppfb&k ifw@kd . ordik ;f onf n tdyf
,m0if yHjk yifxuf romawmhay// vufwavm aoG;rajcmufao;onfh tmZmenf}u;D rsm;.
vGyv f yfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ ordik ;f avmuf pdw0f if pm;p&mraumif;awmhay//
ed*;kH csKyt
f aejzifh wifjy&v#if trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@qo kd nfrmS jrefrmjynfvw G v f yf
a&;&ef twdwaf umif; edrw d af umif;jzifh ay:xGe;f vmcJo h nfh 1920 ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D jzpf
onf// xdo k ydwrf S pwifI 28 ESp=f umaomtcg wdik ;f jynfo@l u|eb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufco hJ nf/
1988 ausmif;om;rsm;ponfh oydwaf =umifh 26 ESp=f um rqv wpfygwt D m%m&Siu f kd
jzKwfcsEikd cf o
hJ nf// ,ckEpS f 20 =um tjrpfw, G af eonfh ppftm%m&Sif pepfukd enf;a[mif;
twdik ;f oGm;rSom jzKwfcsEikd v f rd rhf nf//
xdak =umifh tjrefvkd vrf;tdu k o
kd m vdu k &f efvokd nf// xdv
k rf;td}k uD;wGif 1920
wuUov kd af usmif;om; oydwu f Okd ;D aqmifcohJ nfh acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG/ 1936 wuUov kd f
ausmifom;oydwu f kd OD;aqmifco hJ nfh wuUov dk af cgi;f aqmif}u;D awG &Sad eygao;onf// vrf;
vnf;raysmufao;yg/ tvSr;f vnf;ra0;ao;yg/ od@k aomf ,laqmifusi}fh uH vm&ef wckawmh
vdyk gvrd rhf nf// xdw k ckwnf;aomt&monfum; 1920 ckEpS f trsKd ;om;ausmif;rsm;u
csrwS af y; xm;aom &nf&, G cf suyf ifjzpfonf//
“trdjrefrmEdkifiHudk cspf&ef
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[ke;f [ke;f awmuf &nf&, G cf suf rsm;yif jzpfayonf//”
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
aumhom;
88
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tyl tat;/ tvif;tarSmif/ teD;ta0;/
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h nf// tem*wfonf t+rJopfviG f wd;k
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89
tvif;tdrf
xdkodk@t+rJopfvGifaer_onf twdwf qDu jzpfysuftusdK;ta=umif; rsm;udk
a0zefydkif;jcm; ocFef;pm,lum/ aumif;usdK;/ qdk;usdK;udk yifukd,ftodOm%fESifh ,SOfum
awmfvSefr_jyKjyD; vkyfaqmifrSom &&SdcHpm;&rnfjzpfonf// avmuwGif yHkaor_[lonf
t+rJr&Sad y// r+rJjcif;uku d yif trSew f &m;jzpfonf// trSew f &m;udk r+rJjcif;udk tajccHum
vl@b0 ud&k _ jrifo;kH oyf &yfwnf=uonf/ vl@abmif vl b h 0udk &yf wnf=uonf/ txl;ojzifh
vljzpf v#ufom;ESifh vlyDopGm aexdkif&yfwnfr_awGr&Sd=u&aom vl@todkif;t0ef;wGif
vlyo D pGmyif &ke;f xGuEf ikd zf @kd trSew f &m;udk jrifawG zh @kd vakd yonf// trSew f &m;udk jrwfE;kd zd@k
vdkayonf// trSef w&m;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@ vkdayonf// trSefw&m;twGuf
awmfveS zf @kd vdt k yfvaS yonf// od@k ro S m vSyaom tem*wfEiS hf vl@ abmifukd &ayrnf//
xdrk v S @l abmifopfukd xdawG@ cHpm;Edik af yrnf//
2//
vGecf ahJ omESp (f 20)u trdjrefrmjynfrmS urBmo h rdik ;f wGi&f pfcw hJ hJ vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_+u;D
w&yfjzpfay:cJo h nf// wdik ;f wyg; vufatmuf udv k ekd u
D |eb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufjy;D p tcsed u f mv
wcktwGi;f rSmyJ wdik ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd ;onf Advk af e0if;OD;aqmifaom ppfAv kd w f pk. ppfu|eb f 0
a&mufreS ;f rod a&mufc=hJ u&jyefonf// 1962 ckEpS rf o S nf 1988 txd ,kwrf maumufuspf
vdrv f nfra_ ygi;f rsm;pGmjzifh t"rRowfjzwftyk cf sKyfcahJ om ppftyk pf t k m; jynfov l x l w k &yf
vH;k onf tusyt f wnf;aygi;f pHrk S vGwaf jrmuf&ef wuUov kd af usmif;om;xk OD;aqmifra_ emuf
wGiv f u kd u f m jyif;jyaomqENrsm;udk xkwaf zmfjyD; ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk wwdik ;f jynfv;kH qifEJ$
=uonf//ppfwyfucsKyfudkifxm;aom wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepftvdkr&Sd// 'Drdkua&pD
csujf cif;ay;/ =um;jzwftpd;k & tjrefzJG h ponfjzifh jywfom;aom awmif;qdq k ENjyr_jzifh
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aumhtefwk awmfveS cf hJ onf// ppftyk pf . k wkef jh yefro _ nfh owfjzwfajcr_e;f a&;vrf;pOfjzifh
ppftm%m&Siu f kd qufvuf toufoiG ;f cJo h nf// ,ae@wikd v f J toufoiG ;f qJjzpfonf//
a[mif;EGr;f aqG;ajr jh y;D tarSmifwjd zifh vljzpf&;H_ ae&aom jynfov l x l zk ufrS &yfwnf
um wd;k wufopfviG af om ausmif;om;xkonf ppftyk pf u k kd puwnf;qdo k vdyk if jywfom;pGm
qef u h sicf =hJ uonf// 1962 ckEpS rf yS if pwifO;D aqmifum ppftyk pf u k kd qef u h siw f eG ;f vSerf r_ sm;
vufqifu h rf;jyKcJ=h u&mrS 1988wGif txGVt f xdyaf &mufum ausmif;om;xk. OD;aqmifr_
jzifh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD; ay:aygucf =hJ uonf// ppftyk pf . k &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom
owfjzwfr_ ESrd ef if;r_rsm;atmufrmS yif ausmif;om;xk. jywfom;aom vrf;pOfjzifh ppf

90
ttvif;tdrf
ta=umif; (3)a=umif;cGu J m &ifqikd t f wH ak wmfveS cf =hJ uonf// 1962 ckEpS pf pftyk pf . k t=urf;
zuf AH;k cGzJ suyf pfvu kd I f w&m;r0if ajratmuf&yfwnfr_ b0a&mufc&hJ aom jrefrmhvw G v f yf
a&;ordik ;f 0if ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ ch sKy(f Auo) ppftyk pf t k m; ajray:
w&m;0ifygwt D jzpfjzifh &ifqikd t f efwak om vl ah bmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwD (DPNS)
ppftyk pf t k m; wkww f w k cf si;f "g;"g;csi;f &ifqikd af jz&Si;f &ef vufeufuikd af wmf vSeaf &;twGuf
jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m 'Dru kd &ufwpf ausmif;om;wyfO;D (ABSDF) ponfjzifh vrf;a=umif;
oH;k oG,f azmfaqmifc=hJ uonf/ xdv k rf;a=umif; oH;k oG,pf vH;k udyk if ppftyk pf k txl; wkev f y_ u f m
vlrqef pGmjzif&h ufpuf ,kwrf mr_ aygi;f enf;pHjk zifh +zKd cGi;f cJah vonf// axmifxJ awmxJrmS w
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aoqH;k us&;_H oGm;rnf r[kwq f wkd mudk ,ae@oef;a&$ ppftyk pf k &ifqikd af e &qJ jzpfonf
qdw k mudk vufawG@ yifjzpfonf//
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ppftyk pf u k kd ajray:0,fw&m;0if &ifqikd t f w H &k ef azmfaqmifcahJ om vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd
&ufwpfygwD (DPNS) rSm puwnf;uyif,Ofoudk vd@k q&kd ayrnf// ausmif;om;xkukd tajccH
um tvkyo f rm; v,form;/ vlxv k w l ef;pm; t&yf&yfukd ud, k pf m;jyKcJo
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azsmufzsucf o hJ nf// w&m;0if&yfwnfciG hf r&&S=d uaomtcg =u,fav;vH;k txdr;f trSwf
wHqyd yf g vl@abmifopf tvHawmfukd ausmif;om;xkrS xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyf vGwaf jrmuf
e,fajrod@k o,faqmifum tjrifrh m;qH;k v$ix hf cl @J =uonf// ,ae@wikd f vlabmifopf tvH
awmfukd v$ix hf u l m ppftyk pf k tuket f pif zsuo f rd ;f a&; 'Drukd a&pDa&;/ wef;wla&; ponfw@kd
twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifaeqJjzpfonf//
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91
tvif;tdrf
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92
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93
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*&ufu wifajrmS ufvu kd of nf?xdu k eG *f &ufwiG f armfajymonfh rde@f ceG ;f onf ta&;}u;D onhf
csew f &l LS ;. trde@f tm%mrsm;udk zDqefvu kd jf cif;jzpfonf?
1926 ck 'DZifbmv 26 &uf ae@pw JG yfxm;o!hf cse&f mS ;+rdK@xw k f owif;pmwpf
apmifwiG f armf.rde@f ceG ;f udk awG@&onf? w&kwjf ynftwGuf tcGiahf umif;}uD; wck&ae+yD?
v,form; woef;ESpo f ed ;f udk pkpnf;rdae+y/D tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ukeo f nfEiS hf ausmif;
om;wd@k . nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk}u;D w&yf zG@J pnf;zd@k vakd e+y?D awmfveS af &;wGif awmfveS f aom
vlwef;pm;rsm;tm;vH;k nD!w G &f rnf/ od@k &mwGif tajccHtm;jzifh w&kwaf wmfveS af &;onf
tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;u acgi;f aqmifonfh v,form; awmfveS af &;jzpfonf/ xd@k a=umifh
trsKd ;om; awmfveS af &;onf v,form;udk rScD t kd m;xm;&rnf[k armfuajymcJh onf? armfu
ukeo f nfrsm;twGuf aus;vufuaps;uGut f a=umif;udv k nf; tao;pdyI f ajymjyoGm;onf?
ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;. tajctaeudv k nf; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjy onf? ynm wwf
ESihf ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf awmfveS af &;rus/ tcsKd @uwd;k wwfonf? tcsKd @u azmuf
jyefonf? awmfveS af &;vkycf siv f #if tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;ESihf r[m rdwzf @JG &rnf [k
armfu xdrk ed @f ceG ;f wGiaf jymoGm;onf? Trde@f ceG ;f onf csew f &l LS ;udk qwfqwfcg jzpfapr!fh
rde@f ceG ;f jzpfonf?
xdtk csed Yf armfonf ol@u, kd w f iG ;f u yËdyuQEiS hf &ifqikd af e&onf? ol@t,ltq
uwrsKd ;/ ygwAD [k. d !$e=f um;csuu f wrsKd ;jzpfaeonf? v,form;awG “tvGet f u|”H awG
vkyaf eonfqakd om ulrifwef. wdik w f ef;csuo f nf pwmvifem;od@k a&mufae+yD? ,leef
jynfe,fukd “csKyu f ikd If r&” v,form;awG tvGet f u|v H yk o f jzifh rvdv k m;tyfo!fh udpaP wG
ay:awmhrnf[k cseaf u&Sw d u f bd&k 'kd ifuw kd ikd o f nf/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk wif; wif;=uyf=uyf
tkycf sKy&f ef/ tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;od@k !$e=f um;xm;onf? [leefv,form;rsm; udk “xde;f ”&ef/
trde@f rsm;udek mcHb@kd / v,form;rsm;tm; azsmif;zs&efjzpfonf/ od@k &mwGif v,form;vlx. k
pGr;f tm;}u;D aom 'Da&}u;D udk jrifo!@t f cgY ygwq D ;kH jzwfcsuf rSm;ae+y/D acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf
awmfveS af &;udk opPmazmufae+yD[k armf jrifvmonf?
xkt
d awmtwGi;f Y bd&k 'kd ifEiS hf csew f &l LS ;xHu owif;rSm;awGukd &xm;o!hf pwm
vifonf v,form;rsm;udk “owd}u;D pGmjzi x hf ed ;f csKy&f ef” a=u;eef;&du k of nf? pwmvif onf
tajcaeudak umif;pGmrod// od@k &mwGif Ed0l ifbmvxJY pwmvifxrH S a=u;eef; wapmifa&muf

102
ttvif;tdrf
vmonf? ol&xm;o!fh owif;rsm;onf owif;rSm;rsm;jzpfa=umif; odvmonf? “usKyf
wd@k &xm;wJh owif;awG[mrSm;aew,f” [k pwmvifuajymonf? xd@k a=umifh v,fo rm;
rsm;udk pnf;&H;k &rnf[k a=u;eef;&du k o f nf? xdv k xJYyif pwmvif. !$e=f um;csut f &
uGejf rLepf tifwmae&Sief ,ftzG@J csKyf owWruGe*f &ufuvnf; “v,form;rsm; udx k ed ;f csKyf
&ef” [lo!hrf v l u csrw S xf m;aom qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd jyifvu kd o
f nf? od@k &mwGif csew f &l LS ; onf
pwmvif. a=u;eef;ESihf uGejf rLepf tifwmae&Sief ,f tzG@J csKyf. !$e=f um;csuu f kd armfpw D ek ;f
tm;vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;ay:vpfAsK&dt k zG@J 0if vl}u;D rsm;tm;vnf;aumif; rjycJ?h “awmfveS f
a&;udk a=u;eef;&du k +f yD; !$e=f um;Irjzpf/” [kpwmvif ajymcJb h ;l aomfvnf; ,ckvyk af e&+yD?
armfpudrk S !$e=f um;csurf sm;uvnf; aemufusonf? csew f &l LS ;uvnf; xif&mpdik ;f aeonf?
Tod@k jzifh tajctaeonf &_yaf xG;aeonf?
xdtk csed w
f iG f armf bmvky&f rnfenf;? [leeftvkyo f rm;/ v,form;uGe*f &uf
t+yD; &du k x f m;o!hf "gwyf w kH yHx k YJ armf.yHu k akd wG@&onf? ydecf sKH ;vsu&f o dS jzifh t&yfyjkd rifh
aeonf[k xif&onf?rsuEf mS u!d;_ aeonf? armfonfueG *f &ufwiG f tvkyo f rm;/ v,f
orm;udk [ef@wm;jcif;rjyK/ v,form;rsm;u ajr&Siw f @kd .ajrrsm;udo k rd ;f &ef qH;k jzwf=uonf?
armfonfygwu D kd qef@usiu f m xkq d ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk tm;ay;cJo h nf?
xdt
k awmtwGi;f trsKd ;om;ppfwyfrsm;u 0l[efuo kd rd ;f rd=uonf/ cseaf u&Sw d fu
cse&f mS ;od@k a&mufvmum ol@u, kd of l “jynfo@l ol&aJ umif;}uD;” tjzpf rde@f ceG ;f ajcGonf
wuf=uGaeo!hf tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; ESpo f rd &hf efEiS hf ol@tay:wGio f o H ,&Si;f ap&ef awmf
vSeaf &; pum;}u;D /pum;us,af wGajymonf?
“e,fcsJ ph epfukd +zdKcs+yD;rSom w&kwjf ynf[m vGwv f yfa&;&Edik w f ,f? wwd,
uGejf rLepf tifwmae&Sief ,f tzG@J csKyf[m urBmah wmfveS af &; XmecsKyfjzpfw,f//---usKyfw@kd
[me,fcs@J pepfu+kd zdKcsb@kd twGuf &k&mS ;eJ@r[mrdwzf @JG &r,f? w&kwaf wmfveS af &;[m urBm@
awmfveS af &;&J@ tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfw,f/---e,fcs@J pepfu+kd zdKcsb@kd twGuf urBm@awmfveS af &;
wyfom;awGe@J pnf;&H;k =u&r,f/” [k cseaf u&Sw d u f ajymonf? od@k &mwGif xkt d csed Yf uGrf
acsmifwiG f ol@vrl sm;u tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk owf+yD;ae+yD?
“[leefjynfe,fu cse&f mS ;/ vdik v f if;/ qdik w f ef;/ [ef&e$ ;f eJ@&eS &f eS ;f pwJch &dik if g;cku
v,form;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ Edil if aH &; tajctaeudk avhvmcJ+h yD;wJah emuf v,form;v_yf
&Sm;r_e@J ywfoufwhJ vrf;pOfopfw&yfcsrw S bf @kd usaemhf tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS azmfjycJw h ,f” [k

103
tvif;tdrf
armfu ajymonf? armfajymo!fh tpD&ifcpH mrSm ol. emrnfausmf “[leefv,form;
v_y&f mS ;r_ pHpk rf;a&; tpD&ifcpH m” jzpfonf? armfonf 1927 ck Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@rS az
azmf0g&v D 5 &ufae@txd ig;ywfr# [leefjynfe,fwiG f vS!v hf nfavhvmcJo h nf?
pufwifbmvwGif trsKd ;om;ppfwyfu [leefe,fuo kd rd ;f rdonf? w+ydKifeufrmS
yifv,form;or*~rsm;udk pwifzEd ydS o f nf/ ESpv
f twGi;f v,form; tzG@J 0ifO;D a&onf
tdraf xmifpak ygi;f woef;rS ESpo f ef;txd wd;k vmonf/ od@k &mwGif ulrifwefw@kd EiS hf yËdyuQ
rjzpf&eftwGuf “awma=umif”rsm;udk “xde;f ” &rnf[k ygwXD mecsKyfu armfx h H a=u;eef;
awG wapmif+yD; wapmif&u kd o
f nf// armfonf ygw! D e$ =f um;csut f wdik ;f rvkyEf idk /f ygw!
D e$ f
=um;csuo f nf rSm;ae+yD/ armfonf tajctaeudk pHpk rf;onf? ol@Zmwd a&Smuf&eS ;f od@k jyef
um ig;&ufwikd w f ikd f pOf;pm;onf? olwckcak wmh vky&f awmhrnf?
ygw.D vrf;pOfrmS ;udk vku

d rf nfavm/
v,form;tHMk urG KS Mu;D udk axmufcrH nfavm/ ol th em*wfonf
þjyóemay:wiG f trSjD yKaeonf?
v,form;rsm;u ajr&Si}f u;D rsm;. v,fawGukd olw@kd zmomolw@kd odr;f ,l=uonf/

t&m&Sdqdk;rsm;ESifh aus;&GmAdkvfusolrsm;udk tjypfay;=uonf/ armfpDwkef;u TtjyK
trlrsm;udk axmufco H nf? xGuaf jy;vmo!fh ajr&Sirf sm;url v,form;wd@k . “&ufpuf
=urf;=uKwfr”_ rsm;[kq=kd uonf/ v,form;rsm;zdEydS cf cH &hJ onfEiS phf mv#if olw@kd . wH@k jyefr_
onfaysmah ysmif;Iyif aeao;onf? r#wIyifaeao;onf/ olw@kd vyk af eo!ft h vkyo f nf
awmfveS af &;jzpfonf? rkew f ikd ;f }uD;jzpfonf/ avayGvi_d ;f }uD;jzpfonf? awmfveS af &;pGr;f tif
awG aygufuGJ&kef;uefxGufjcif;jzpfonf/ wm;Ir&Edlif/ “rdk;ESifhajrudkarSmufvSefypfr!hf”
oGuo f uG cf gwek [
f ;D r_}u;D jzpfonf? armfu v,form;rsm;udk axmufco H nf?
armfonf ol@woufwiG f T}uD;rm;vSaom wefc;kd pGr;f yum;udk b,fcgr#rarh/
TpGr;f yum;onf pwifvy_ &f mS ;vmonfEiS hf t&mtm;vH;k xuf cGet f m;}u;D rm;onf/aeESihf

104
ttvif;tdrf
vudk ae&mcsi;f ajymif;ay;Edil o f !@cf eG t f m;rsKd ;jzpfonf? T&ufrsm; tawmtwGi;f u t
awG@t}uHKrsm;onf t&d;k pGo J mG ;+yD?
“'Dwcg u|eaf wmf [leefjynfe,fxu J o kd mG ;+y;D tajctaeawGukd ud, k wf ikd u
f , kd uf s
pHpk rf;cJw h ,f? awm&Gmrsm;rSma&m/ c&dik +f rdK@rsm;rSmyg pHpk rf;a&; tpnf;ta0;awG vkycf hJ w,f/
olw@kd ajymjywJt h csut f vufawGukd *&kwpdu k ef m;axmifcw hJ ,f? v,form;v_y&f mS ; r_e@J
ywfouf+yD; =um;cJh&wJhtusdK;ta=umif; tajrmuftrsm;[m [efpdk@+rdK@eJ@csef&Sm;+rdK@u
vluw kH efrsm;qDu =um;cJ&h wmawGe@J vH;k vH;k }uD; ajAmif;jyefjzpfaew,f? rsm;jym;vSwt hJ =hH o
p&mtjzpftysuaf wGukd t&ifu wcgrv S rJ jrifz;l bl;? =um;vJr=um;zl;bl;/ v,form;v_yf
&Sm;r_tm; trsKd ;rsKd ; qef@usiu f ef@uu G f ajymqdak e=uwmawGukd tjrefjyifypf&r,f? v,fo
rm;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J ywfouf+yD; awmfveS af &;tm%mydik rf sm; tvGv J tJG rSm;rSm; aqmif&u G cf o hJ
r#ukd tjrefajymif;vJypf&r,f? 'DawmhrS awmfveS af &;&J@ a&S@a&;twGuf tusKd ;&SEd ild rf ,f/
bmjzpfvkd@vJqdkawmh ckv,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:aygufvmwm[m tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh
tjzpftysu}f uD; w&yfjzpfv@kd y/J wdak wmif;wJh tcsed w f iG ;f rSm v,form;[m ukaÉukXmeJ@
cs+D yD; tH=k uGvm=uvdrrhf ,f/? tJ'D tcsed [ f m rd;k oufrek w f ikd ;f vdk tvGejf refqefjyif;xefw,f?
b,favmuf}u;D rm;wJh tiftm;jzpfjzpf 'Dt&Sed u f kd wm;qD;Edil rf mS r[kwzf ;l / olw@dk [m taESmif
tzG@J reS o f r#ukd ckwjf zwf+yD; vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;r}uD;qDukd csw D uf=uvdrrhf ,f” [karmfu
a&;cJo h nf?
armfpwD ek ;f u oljrifc&hJ or#ukd wyd'k +f yD;wyd'k af zmfjyonf? v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_
umvudk ESpyf ikd ;f cGI J azmfjyonf? yxrydik ;f rSm 1926 ck pufwifbmv rwdik rf pDS nf;&H;k a&;
umvjzpfI/ 'kw, d ydik ;f rSm atmufwb kd mvrS 1927 ck Zefe0g&v D txdjzpfonf/ xku d mv
onf “ajrmufyikd ;f csw D ufr”_ ESio hf mG ;Iwdu k q f ikd af eonf// v,form;rsm;onf e,fcAH v kd f
usorl sm;/ ajr&Sirf sm;udk wdu k =f uonf// ajr&Sirf sm;ESiehf ,fcH Adv k u f sorl sm;onf w&m;Oya'r
&Sd// pmemr_r&Sd// vlowfonf// v,form;.ZeD;rsm;/ orD;ysdKrsm;udk t"rRusifh=uonf//
“v,form;tzG@J rsm;udk tm%mtyf=u[laom a=u;G a=umfoH acwfpm;vmonf/ vifr,m;
&efjzpfo!hf udprP sKd ;yifv#if v,form;tzG@J rsm;od@k a&mufvm=uonf? v,fyikd &f iS u f av;
rsm;u a=umufvef@um v,form;rsm;xJo@kd 0ifvm=uonf// &HyakH iGtyf=uonf//“cifAsm;
wd@k npfnpfywfywf&xm;wJh ydu k q f uH rkd vdck si”f [k v,form;tzG@J rsm;u jiif;vdu k =f uonf?
armfu v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf ywfoufo!hf wH@k jyefcsuEf pS rf sKd ;udo k mG ;awG@onf?

105
tvif;tdrf
wcsKd @u “odyqf ;kd w,f” [kq=kd uonf? wcsKd @u “odyaf umif;w,f”[kajym=uonf? aus;
vufrS owif;rsm; +rdK@o@kd a&mufvmo!ht f cgwiG f wxdww f vef@ jzpfuek =f u onf/ +rdK@u
awmfveS af &;pdw&f o dS nf[k qdok rl sm;yifv#if pdw"f gwyf sujf ym;um “odyq f ;kd w,f”[k rSwf
csucf s=uonf/ armfurl aumif;onf[k ,lqonf?
“v,form;vlxMk uD;[m olwdk &h J h orkdi;f ay;wm0efawGudk

vkyfzdk htwGuf xvm MujyD/ rMumrSDtwGif;rSm v,form;rsm;[m
a'guwf mqGe, f ufqif tESpaf v;q,fv;kH vH;k MuKd ;pm;cJjh y;D atmifjrifrkS
r&wJh t&mudk &Muawmhr,f/ 'g[m tHhMop&maumif;wJh yGJMuD;jzpf
w,f/ [k armfua&;cJo
h nf?
“oif[m awmfveS af &;tjrifwu,f&w dS v hJ jl zpf+yD; awm&Gmrsm;udk wcgwacguf

avmufomG ;=u!hb f ;l &if b,fwek ;f urS r}uKH cw hJ hJ ESpaf xmif;tm;&r_rsKd ;jzpfrrd mS aocsm w,f/
/ taxmiftaomif; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;wJh aus;u|efawGjzpfwJhv,form;
rsm;[m olw@kd&@J &efov l o
l m;pm; bDv;l awGuw kd eG ;f vSew f ukd zf suaf e=uw,f/ v,form; rsm;&J@
jyKrlvyk u
f ikd cf suaf wG[m vH;k 0rSew f ,f/ olw@kd jyKrlcsuaf wG[m odyu f akd umif;w,f”
“v,form;rsm;&J@ rsupf [ d m t=u!hrf mS ;wm&,fv@kd r&Sb d ;l / b,foq
l ;kd w,f/
b,forl qd;k bl;qdw k m v,form;rsm;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;odxm;w,f/ awmfveS af &;qdk wm
{!hfonf xrif;zdwfau|;wm r[kwfzl;/ aqmif;yg;a&;wmr[kwfzl;/ yef;csDqGJwm/ Zm
yef;xd;k wmr[kwzf ;l / tJ'v D dk ,Of,Ofaus;aus; vkyaf eEdil w f mrsKd ;r[kwzf ;l // at;at;aq;
aq;eJ@ odro f rd af rG@arG@vyk af ewm Edik w
f mrsKd ;r[kwzf ;l / nifnifomom =uif=uifemem av;
av;pm;pm; !Sm!Smwmwm csKyfcsKyfwnf;wnf; vkyrf aeEdil b f ;l / awmfveS af &;qdw
k m ykef
uefx=uGwm/ vlwef;pm;w&yfu tjcm;vlwef;pm;w&yfukd t=urf;zuf wGe;f vSe+f zdKzsuf
wmjzpfw,f/ trSm;udjk yifwt hJ cg vdwk mxufyo kd mG ;&r,f/ ydrk oGm;&if trSm;udjk yifEild rf mS r

106
ttvif;tdrf
[kwzf ;l [k armfua&;cJo h nf? v,form;rsm;vGeo f nf[k ajymolrsm;udk acsycJo h nf?
armfu v,form;vlwef;pm;. “atmifjrifcsuf 14 csu”f udx k wk jf yonf? armf
ajymo!fh atmifjrifcsuf 14 csuo f nf uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,fu wifjyxm;o!fh
t}uHay;csurf sm;ESihf woabmwnf;jzpfonf? v,form;rsm;. tH=k uGrr_ sm;onf ajr,m
awmfveS af &;vkyaf ejcif; jzpfa=umif; armfu oabmw&m;jzifh oufaoxljyonf? v,fo
rm;rsm;onf olw@kd zmom pnf;&H;k rd=uonf? ajr&Si}f uD;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;/ Edil if aH &;t& wdu k f
cku
d =f uonf? ya'o&mZftyk pf ;kd r_ukd +zdKcs=uonf// umuG,af &;wyfrsm;zG@J =uonf// "g;jyrsm;
udo k w
k of if=uonf// tcGet f wkwrf sm;udzk su=f uonf? ynma&;ESihf or0g,r v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
vky=f uonf? vrf;rsm;azmufI a&umwmrsm;aqmuf=uonf? Ttvkyrf sm;udk olw@kd tif
tm; olw@kd tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzifh vky=f ujcif;jzpfonf?
“jynfov l xl u k kd v_@H aqmf=u”vd@k ae@pOfe@J tr# yg;pyfu wzGzaG jymaewJv h al wG [m
jynfov l x l k Ed;l =um;/ x=uGvmwJh tcgusawmh aovke;D yg; a=umuf=ujyefw,f? 'Dvkd
omqd&k if ,Jo h cif}u;D e*g;udk ESp+f cKd uw f mrsKd ;jzpfrmS bJ” [karmfu csew f &l LS ;. acgi;f aqmifru _ kd
e*g; a=umufo!hf ocifEiS hf Edi_ ;f onf?
w&kwyf jkH yifwckY e*g;&ky}f uKd uo f !fh ,Jo h cif}u;D &So
d nf? olu e*g;}uKd uv f eG ;f ojzihf
wcef;vH;k e*g;&kyaf wG xGi;f xkxm;onf? xdt k a=umif;udk e*g;rif;=um;I ,Jo h cifxH t vnf
vmonfwiG f ,Jo h cif}u;D wu,feh *g;udjk rifI vdyjf ymvGirhf wwf a=umuf&@HG xu G f ajy;onf[k
yHjk yifwiG yf gonf?
armfonf [leefaus;vufwiG f 32 &ufr# v,form;tajctaeudk avhvm+yD;
aemufcse&f mS ;od@k jyefco hJ nf? +rdK@wiG f tajctaewrsKd ;jzpfae+yD? vlawGua=umufae+yD// ul
rifwef tpd;k &onf uGraf csmifrS 0l[efo@kd ajymif;vmcJo h nf?
cseaf u&Sw d uf +rdK@rsm;wGif ppftyk cf sKyfa&;xkwjf yefxm;onf/ vlxt k pnf;ta0;
rsm;/ owif;pmrsm;/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;wyfz@JG rsm; ponfw@kd ukd ydwyf ifxm;onf?
“ajrmufyikd ;f csw D ufr”_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;&S&d rnf[k olu ta=umif;jy
onf/ a[mifaumifrv S sKd @0u S tf oif;0ifrsm;onf &Se[ f oJ @dk wjznf;jznf;pdr0hf ifae=uonf?
uGejf rLepf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk +zdKzsu&f ef t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf yifopfw@kd xrH &S o!fh vufeufrsm;/ aiG
rsm;ygvm=uonf?
4if;wd@k u tvkyo f rm;or*~twkrsm; zG@J =uonf? *d% k ;f w*d%
k ;f u “ykvyd o f r*~”

107
tvif;tdrf
[lIzG@J um tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;udk ESyd u f yG =f uonf/ 4if;wd@k t=urf;zufjcif;/ !Si;f yef;jcif;
wd@k a=umifh vlxrk sm; pdw"f gwyf sujf ym;=uonf? 4if;wd@k vufcsujf zifh wywftwGi;f puf&kH
tvkyo f rm; ig;q,faoI trsm;tjym; roefrpGr;f jzpf=u&onf? ydik &f iS w f @kd u roefrpGr;f
tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk tvkyrf x S w k yf pf=uonf?
'DZifbmwGif pwmvifu armfpudkwGifrdef@cGef;wckajymonf? w&kwfjynfwGif
ajr,mawmfveS af &;qifE&JG eftwGuf v,form;rsm;. awmfveS af &;aumfrw D rD sm;udk a&G;
aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf[k t}uHay;onf?
“aus;vufrmS awmfveS af &;vkyv f @kd rjzpfb;l vd@k xifwv hJ al wG/ awmfveS af &;xJukd
v,form; vlwef;pm;ygvm&if e,fcsJ q h ef@usiaf &;wyfaygi;f pkukd +ydKuGaJ pvdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ t
xifeJ@ a=umufvef@pdk;&drfaeolawG[m ulrifwefygwDxJrSm&Sdw,f// uGefjrLepfygwDxJrSm
awmif&w dS ,f? 'g[m tvGerf mS ;w,f// v,form;jy\emudk w&kwaf wmfveS af &;&J@ tqH;k
pGe&f nfreS ;f csurf sm;eJ@ aygi;f rdatmif qufpyfay;&r,f?” [k pwmvifuajymonf?
pwmvif. rde@f ceG ;f Y v,form;vlwef;pm;udk tvGet f u|H rjzpfatmifxed ;f xm;
&rnfqo kd !hf csew f &l LS ;. vrf;pOfukd axmufco H !@o f abmrsKd ;qdI k t&dyt f aiG@uav;r# yif
ryg?
xdtk csed wf iG f ulrifwefygwx D u J tm%mvkyo JG nf txGwt f xdyo f @kd a&mufae
onf/ cseaf u&Sw d uf kd vufsmorm;rsm;u axmufc=H uonf/ “vuf0”J ulrifwef[ak c: aom
0rfcsed af 0;udk vpfb&,frsm;u axmufc=H uonf? pifppf “vuf0”J ulrifwefonf wu,fh
“vuf0J” r[kwf/ a&mifpHka&maeonf? &dk;om;o!hf rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf tenf;tusOf; yg&Sd
aomfvnf; trsm;pkrmS tacsmiform;rsm;jzpfonf// xk*d % kd ;f .&nf&, G cf surf mS cseaf u&Sw d u f dk
tjyKwfjzKwfI 0rfcsed af 0;udk wif&efjzpfonf? cseaf u&Sw d v f kd ppftm%mjzifrh tkyf csKyfvb kd J
t&yfom; tpd;k &zG@J csio f nf? 0l[efwiG f tajcpdu k xf m;o!hf xdk “vuf0”J *d% k ;f onf eefcsef
od@k ajymif;oGm;o!@f cseaf u&Sw d *f %
kd ;f udk uef@xm;vdo k nf?
cseaf u&Sw d u f ulrifweftpd;k &tzG@J ukd oltajcpdu k o f !hf eefcseo f @kd ajymif;apcsif
onf// od@k ro S m tpd;k &tzG@J ukd oltydik pf ;D zd@k v, G rf nf// od@k &mwGif 0l[efwiG u f si;f yo!fh ul
rifwefueG zf &ifu h ol@tqdu k ykd ,fcsvu dk o f nf? cseaf u&Sw d u f kd ygwaD cgi;f aqmif ppfwyf
acgi;f aqmif tjzpfrjS zKwfcsum 0rfcsed af 0;udw k if&ef &mxm;onf?
ulrifwefygww D iG ;f wGif TAdv k v f yk jJG y\emudk tpaz:ay;olrmS bd&k 'kd ifEiS chf sew f l

108
ttvif;tdrf
&SL;wdk@jzpfonf[kqdk=uonf/ olwdk@u 0rfcsdefa0;udk csefau&Sdwfxuftm;xm;=uonf?
“ajrmufyidk ;f csw D ufr”_ udv k nf; cseaf u&Sw d u f kd acgi;f raqmifapawmhyJ ulrifwef “vuf0”J
*d%
k ;f . vuf&;kH Adv k cf sKyf wef&edS cf su d kd cef@vu kd o f nf/ cseaf u&Sw d uf rkd l tm%m&Siq f efonf[k
qduk m jzKwfypfvu kd o f nf?
Ttajymif;tvJa=umifh 0l[efutvkyo f rm;rsm; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfae=u
onf/ aus;vufut kd xifao;I +rdK@ut kd av;ay;o!@f w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwx D uJ tEG,f
rsm;uvnf; 0l[eftvkyo f rm;wd@k . wuf=uGru _ =kd u!hI f oabmusae=uonf// olw@kd
vrf;pOfreS +f y[ D k vufyef;aygucf wf=uonf// tifemvl0pD xa&mif; ajymovd“k uGejf rLepfrsm;
xufyI kd eDaom” ulrifwefygwx D uJ “vuf0”J "e&Siaf ygupf rsm; tljrL;*sKd =u=G uojzifh vnf;
vuf0Jorm;wdk@ wu,fatmifyGJ&o!hfES,f tjrif&_wfukef=uonf// odk@&mwGif 0l[ef
utvkyo f rm;rsm;u jy!ho f @l ppfrsm; awmfveS af &;aumfrw D rD sm;udk zG@J vmo!ft h cgwiG rf l
vuf0pJ um;}uD; pum;us,rf sm;udt k mabmiftm&if;oefoefajymcJah om xdo k w l @kd onf
tvkyo f rm;awG “vGev f eG ;f onf” “tvGet f u|”H awGvyk u f ek +f y[
D k qdv k m=uonf?
0l[e t f vkyo f rm;or*~onf ulrifwefrsm;ESihf yÉdyuQrjzpfatmif jzefajza&; cHw k
ckuzkd @JG um aphpyfa&;vkyjf yefonf? xkpd Ofu XmecsKyftvkyo f rm;or*~wiG f vDvpD efEiS hf vsK
a&Smufcsw D @kd acgi;f aqmif=uonf/ olw@kd EpS Of ;D onf xdt k avsmah y;r_rsm;udk oabmwlc=hJ u
onf? tvkycf sed rf mS 12 em&Djzpfonf? wywfv#if 7 &uftvkyv f yk &f onf? rawmfwq
xdcu kd rf t _ wGuf avsmaf =u;r&/ cav;i,frsm;udk ( tvkyo f iftjzpf[q k u kd m ) yxr 5 ESprf S
7 ESpt f wGi;f vkycf ray;? Tonfw@kd ukd olw@kd u oabmwlc=hJ uonf?
od@k &mwGif tvkyo f rm;wd@k . Edil if aH &;'Da&udw k m;Ir&/ 4if;wd@k u [efaum+rdK@&dS
+Adwo d #yikd ef ufu0kd ikd ;f I qENjy=uonf/ ZEM0g&v D 4 &ufae@wiG f 4if;wd@k uydik ef ufxo J @kd 0if
a&mufum tumtuG,v f yk x f m;o!fh oHq;l }udK;rsm;/ oJtw d rf sm;/ twm;tqD;rsm;udk
zsuyf pf=uonf? “rdrw d @kd wikd ;f jynf jyefvnf&&Sad &;” twGuyf ikd ef ufukd odr;f ydu k x f m;=uonf
vk,ufjcif;r&S/d rnfo!fh Edil if jH cm;om;udrk # &du k Ef u
S o f wfjzwfjcif;r&S/d / rnfo!hf tdrx f uJ kd
r#0ifa&mufjcif;r&S/d / Tonfukd ulrifwefygwD uaomfvnf;aumif;/ uGejf rLepfygwD uaomf
vnf;aumif;/ cdik ;f apjcif;r[kw/f xdrk #ru uGejf rLepfygwt D wGi;f a&;r_;csKyf csew f &l LS ;u “T
od@k vyk jf cif;onf Edil if jH cm;om;rsm;udk taESmift h ,Suaf y;&ma&mufonf”[kyif uef@uu G f
&_wcf svu kd af o;onf?

109
tvif;tdrf
xdtk csed w
f iG f eefcseu f cseaf u&Sw d .f XmecsKyfY Edil if jH cm;om;ESihf w&kwu f ek of nf
}uD;rsm;/ oHwrefrsm;/ b%fwu kd yf ikd &f iS }f uD;rsm;onf ajccsi;f vdraf e=uonf? Edil if jH cm;om;
rsm;ESihf w&kwv f ufa0cH (uGeyf &m'd)k t&if;&Sirf sm;u aiGyakH y;=uonf?
tvkyo f rm;rsm;u +Adwo d #yikd ef ufukd 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k +f yD;o!haf emufwiG f csef
au&Sw d of nf 0l[efo@kd a&mufvmum tajctaeudpk pfaq;onf? bd&k 'kd ifuvdu k jf yonf//
cseaf u&Sw d of nf &_wif;wif;jzifh vdu k =f u!ho f nf// +Adwo d #yikd ef ufwiG f pnf;urf;ao0yfpmG
oydww f m;aeaom tvkyo f rm;rsm;udak wG@&onf? ppfavhusicfh ef; vkyaf eonfuakd wG@&
onf? csefau&Sdwfu pum;wcGef;r#r[/ wHk%dSbma0vkyfum eefcsefodk@jyefoGm;onf?
a&mufv#iaf &mufcsi;f ulrifwefygwx D u J rvdv k m;tyforl sm;udk oef@pifatmifvyk &f rnf
[kausnmonf// qGe, f ufqif. pefrif;0g'udk rvdu k ef molrsm;tm; ulrifwefygww D iG ;f rS
xkwyf pfrnf[k ausnmonf?
Tod@k jzifh vky}f urH /_ opPmazgurf /_ po!ht f ajctaet&yf&yf &_waf xG;aepOf armfu
ol. “[leef v,form; v_yf&Sm;r_ pHkprf;a&; tpD&ifcHpm”udk xkwfa0onf? armf.
tpD&ifcpH mwGif armf. ud, k af wG@cpH m;csu/f av;eufaom,kwadW A'/aooyfy&d ad om okaw
oewd@k txif;om;ay:aeonf? rD;awmifayguu f oJG uJo h @kd cGetf m;&So d nf// armf. xkt d pD
&ifcpH monf urBm@&opmay pmwrf;}uD;vnf;jzpfonf? Edil if aH &;ausnmpmwrf;}uD;w
apmifvnf;jzpfonf? w&kwjf ynf ajr,mawmfveS af &;. Edil if aH &;/ vlra_ &;ESiv hf @l obm0
rsm;udk armf rnfr#em;vnfoabmayguaf =umif;udk TtpD&ifcpH m zwfv#if odEild o f nf?
xdk tpD&ifcpH monf tajctaecGJ jcrf;pdwjf zmcsuf wckvnf;jzpfonf? acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf
pnf;&Hk; a&;twGuf pDrHudef;wckvnf;jzpfonf? “urBmavmu}uD;udkavhvm&HkESifhr+yD;/
ajymif;Iypf &rnf” qdo k !hf rwf .pum;udk armf r=umc% ud;k um;wwfonf?
armfu xdo k @kd v,form;tH=k urG r_ sm;udk tm;ay;aeonf [laomowif;onf csef
wl&LS ;em;od@k a&mufomG ;onf?
“usaemf 0l[efuakd &mufawmh 0l[efrmS jynfe,faygi;f pHk v,form;uGe@f z&ifh
}u;D wck vkyaf ew,f? usaemfwuf+y;D usaemhpf pfwrf;udk wifw,f/ usaemhpf pfwrf; ([l eefv,f
orm;v_y&f mS ;r_ ppfaq;a&; tpD&ifcpH m) udk w&kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD yOPr uGe*f &ufrmS
wifzdk@ tpnf;ta0;u qHk;jzwfw,f// 'gayrJh A[dkaumfrDwDu y,fcscJhw,f?” [k
armfuajymjyonf?

110
ttvif;tdrf
“awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;eJ@ awmfveS w f &hJ aJ bmfrsm;tm;vH;k [m olw@kd &@J a&S@aemuf
arSmufrmS tppfaq;cH=u=u&vdrrhf ,f? 'DygwaD wGe@J ' &D aJ bmfawGukd vufcrH vm;/ pGe@f vw $ f
rvm;qdw k mudk qH;k jzwf=uvdrrhf ,f/ olw@kd a&Su ae+y;D olw@kd ukd acgi;f aqmifrvm;/ 'grrS [kwf
olw@kd aemufuae+yD; vuf!;_d wxd;k xd;k ar;waigah igh jypfwifa0zef=urvm;// 'grrS [kwf ol
wd@k e@J rsuEf mS csi;f qdik &f yf+y;D qef@usi=f urvm;// 'D 3 ckxu J oabmus&mudk w&kwt f rsKd ;om;
wdik ;f vGwv f w G v f yfvyf a&G;cs,Ef ild wf ,f? 'gayrJh jrefjrefa&G;cs,zf @kd awmh tajctaeu t
wif;cdik ;f vdrrhf ,f?” [k armfu a&;cJo h nf?
armfonf tpnf;t0;wdik ;f wGif v,form;awmfveS af &;ESihf ywfoufI tm;
wufoa&m ajymonf? ol@ukd aq[dpk if/h vDzcl |e;f / ydeyf ikd /f zefcsrD if; polw@kd u axmufc=H u
onf? od@k &mwGif csew f &l LS ;u armf.tpD&ifcpH mudv k ufrcH// ygwxD wJ iG jf zef@ray;// Tod@k jzifh
csew f &l LS ;onf “rsuEf mS csi;f qdik I f qef@usio f !fv h rf;” udk ol@zmom ol a&G;cJo h nf?
xdEk pS f azazmf0g&v D armfpudwk iG u
f si;f yo!hf uGejf rLepftifwmae&S,ef ,ftzG@J csKyf
wd;k cs@J tpnf;ta0;wGif v,form;jy\emudk xyfraH qG;aEG;onf// armfpw D ek ;f . [leef
v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_ tpD&ifcpH mudk w&kwyf gwpD me,fZif;rsm;u ydwx f m;aomfvnf; armf
pudw k iG jf yKvkyo f !fh uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f tpnf;ta0;u axmufco H nf? “vuf&dS
tajctaeY ajr,mjy\emonf ta&;}uD;o!ht f oGiu
f kd aqmifvm+yD---// jy\em.
A[dck surf jzpfvm+yD---// Tt"dujy\emudk &J&aJ wmufuikd I f &Si;f vif;atmifajz&Si;f ay;
Edil rf !@f vlwef;pm;onf awmfveS af &;udk acgi;f aqmifvrd rhf nf” [k uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sif
e,f qH;k jzwfcsuw f iG af z: jyxm;onf?
4if ; uquf v uf I “w&k w f p pf b k & if 0 g'onf w zuf w G i f
Ed l i f i H j cm;e,f c sJ @ pepf E S i f h tjcm;wzuf w G i f jynf w G i f ;
ajr&Si}f uD;rsm;udk rScD t kd m;jyKae&onf//----ppfb&k if*% kd ;f ESihf
y a'o&mZf t pk r sm;ud k t+yD ; tyd k i f + zd K cs&ef t wG u f
v,form;vlwef;pm;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdlifiH a&;wdkufyGJudk
wdk;csJ@ay;&rnf// ,if;onf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; wdkufyGJ.
tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/
“aus;vuf w G i f vl w ef ; pm; wd k u f y G J j yif ; xef v m

111
tvif;tdrf
jcif;a=umifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; nD !Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk

tm;enf;oGm;vdrrhf nf qdo k !fth awG;ac:onf tajctjrpfr&S/d
/ ajr,m jy\emudk &J&rJ udik w f ,G jf cif;// v,form;vlxrk sm;.
vufawG@usaomawmif;qdck surf sm; udk raxmufcjH cif;wd@k onf
awmfveS af &;udk tE &W m,fjzpfapvdrrf nf?---trsKd ;om;awmf
vSefa&;wGif t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; tpdwftydkif;tcsdK@.
pdwfrcs&o!fh yl;aygif;r_rsdK;udk r& rnfpdk;o!hftwGuf
ajr,mjy\emudk yxrqHk;ae&mwGif rxm;v#ifrdkufrJ&m
usvrd rhf nf?
Tenf;y&d,m,fonf awmfvSefaomypPnf;rJh
vl w ef ; pm; Ed l i f i H a &;r[k w f / /---uG e f j rL epf y gwD o nf
TtrSm;rsKd ;udk a&SmifuiG ;f &vdrrhf nf” [kazmfjyxm;onf?
a r m f . p p f w r f ; E S i f h
uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,ftzG@J csKyf. ppfwrf;onf wxyf wnf;usaeonf? Tonfukd
bmr#oo H , jzpfp&mrvdak wmh// 1927 ck ulrifweftvkyt f r_aqmif tpnf;ta0;wGif
armfonf v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd OD;pm;ay;&efwifjyefonf? e,fcAH v kd u
f sorl sm;/ vlq;kd rsm;/
ajr&Sifqdk;rsm;udk v,form;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u olwdk@udk,f wdkif pm&if;&Sif;o!hf
udpPESifhywfoufI armfu v,form;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;bufu ckcHum uG,fcJhonf?
v,form;vlwef;pm;udkvufeufwyfqif&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? 4if;.tpD&if cHpmudk
ygwDA[dkaumfrDwDvrf;pOfESifh rnD[kqdkum y,fcscJhjyefonf? ajr,mjy\empHkprf;
a&;twGuu f si;f yo!fh ygwaD umfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;wckwiG f armfu “[leefEiS hf [layhjynf
e,fawGrmS v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_[m 'Da&jrifo h pfukd a&mufae+yD//---w&kwjf ynfajr,mjy
\emudak jz&Si;f jcif;tm;jzifh usawmfw@kd [m 'dX"rRuswt hJ ajctaeudq k yk u
f ikd &f r,f” [k
ajymcJoh nf? od@k &mwGif armfu ,ckumvwGif ajr,mrsm;udk odr;f ,lz@kd rvdak o;/ oD;pm;c
ray;&Hq k vkd #if vkaH vmuf+y[D ,
k q
l onf? trsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;wGif v,form;vlwef; pm;
ygvmapvdkv#ifajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk vkyf&rnf/ ,if;udkrvkyfEdlifv#ifawmfvSef
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf bmr#vyk Ef ild rf nfr[kw[ f k ajymcJo
h nf?

112
ttvif;tdrf
odk@&mwGif armfonf csefwl&SL;.ygwDAsK&dk ua&pD
,E &W m;.ydwq f @kd ru
_ cdk &H onf? [ef@wm;jcif;cH&onf//
“[leefrmS qd&k if v,form;awGu ajrawGuo kd rd ;f +yD;
a0ypfuek +f y?D ajr&Siaf wGvJ +rKd @}u;D awGukd xGuaf jy;uke+f y/D [leefu
ppf0g'aD wG[mvJ v,form;awGukd aoG;pkyaf eol awGjzpfw,f?
[leefe,frSm trsdK;om;tpdk;& xlaxmif+yD;ayrJh 'DtrsdK;om;
tpdk;&[m ppfbk &ifawG&J@ aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fr_udk 'Dtwdkif;
vufyu kd =f unfah ew,f”[k armfu xyfajymonf?
csef w l & S L ;omru tjcm;uG e f j rLepf r sm;vnf ;
awmfvSefa&;. tjzpfoepfrsm;udk &ifrqdkifIrjzpfawmh/
&ifqikd &f awmhrnf? armfu h kd xdt
k wkid ;f vufyu kd =f u!fah eIr&awmh/
armhuf kd “vuf0”J “vufsm” rS enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifx h ;kd ESu=f uonf/
usef;udk@axmifu armf. vrf;pOfonf “aysmhonf” [k
wduk cf u
kd o f nf? ajr&Sirf eS o f r#.ajrudk tukeo f rd ;f &rnf[k qdo k nf/
ajr&S i f } uD ; i,f r a&G ; awmh / armf u 5 {u txuf & S d
ajr&Sifajrrsm;udka0&rnf[kqdk aecsdefwGif usef;udk@axmifu
“tukefodrf; tukefa0” &rnf[kqdkonf? aemufqHk;wGif
ygwaD jr,maumfr&Siu f qH;k jzwfcsuw f &yfcsonf? rdom;pkxw J iG f
ulrifweft&m&Srd ygchJ v h #if {u 80 txufuajrawGuo kd rd ;f
&rnf? ulrifweft&m&Sd rdom;pkrsm;.ajrrsm;udrk l rnfr# rsm;rsm;
rodrf;&/ odk@&mwGif ajr&Siftdrfaxmifpkrsm;Y t&if;tcsm
r[kwo f !fwh ikd f ppfwyfxJ wGif aqGrsKd ;eD;pyfol wa,mufawmh
&Sdonfjzpf&m uGefjrLepfygwDqHk;jzwfcsuf onf ajr&Sif rsm;.
ajrrsm;ud k rod r f ; &ef q H k ; jzwf o nf E S i f h t wl w l j zpf a eonf ?
ajr,mjyKjyif a&;rvky&f ef qH;k jzwfonfEiS t hf wlwjl zpfaeonf?
Tod@k jzifh opPmazmufr}_ uD; tpjyKawmhonf?
jroef ; wif h
(qufvufazmfjyygrnf//)

113
tvif;tdrf
wm0ef c H t,f ' D w m
&Jjidrf;
ta0;a&muf t,f ' D w m

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Volume 3, No.2 Luminary Magazine

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Volume 3, No.2 Luminary Magazine

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