မန္မာေဆြမ်ိဳးစပ္ေဝါဟာရမ်ား

jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyf a0g[m&
rmav;
E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyf
a0g[m&rsm;
E-book is created by shanyoma rmav;
jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyf a0g[m&rsm;
rmav;
tzk;H yef;csD - OD;rsKd;0if;
pmayAdrmefxw
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Yl ufppJG mpOf
jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyf a0g[m&
yxrESyd jf cif; 1977 ck? tkyaf & 25ç000

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pmayAdrmefyEHk ydS wf udk f 361-jynfvrf;? &efuek Nf rdKUwGif

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ed'gef; 1
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1/ aqGrsKd;[lonf 3
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2/ aqGcek pfquf rsKd;ckepfquf 6
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3/ rdcifEiS ahf wmfpyforl sm; 20
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4/ zcifEiS ahf wmfpyforl sm; 26
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7/ ok;H oyfcsuf 59
8/ usrf;udk;rsm; 61
9/ tu©&mpOf rmwdum (rvkdtyfí csefvSyfcJhygonf/)
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atmif q&ma':oef;aqG(jrefrmpmygarmu©? 0ôwuúov dk ?f rEÅav;)ESiq hf &mra':cif
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tNidr;f pm;nTeMf um;a&;rSL;OD;xifBuD;? pmwnf;a':tke;f Munfw\ Ydk aus;Zl;arwåmapwem
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tcef;(1)
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1/ iaemiftmiomvnfa*gif/ ir’, d v
f nfa*gif/ itqk,v f nfa*gif/ olwpfxv l nfa*gif/
(474? ykH 364 u? 36-37)

2/ tr’s0fcyifjyKefwpD , d o f aw (569? ykH 160 u? 28-29)
3/ imqk,w f u
G sFvn F af umif
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vanúKyif y’ov Fl nfaumif
4/ iqk,if r’sKd0if omir’, d f (617? yHk 186? 16)
5/ iomird,if mqk,if 0g olwygavnfaumif (624? ykH 206? 8)
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y’o(lF jyifo)l ? olwyg(olwyg;)[líac:onf/ jrvl(527? ykH 5? 26)[kvnf;ok;H wwfonf/
wuúov dk jf refrmtbd"mef? tydik ;f 5 wGiv f nf; aqG\teufukd
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hf vm;wlyif jzpfonf/
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aygufaz:[lonfhoufa&muft"dyÜg,fudk aqmifonf/
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ESichf sif;udk cGx
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rmav; 6
tcef;(2)
aqGcek pfquf rsKd;ckepfquf
0denf;yd#uwfawmfü rdrd\txufESifhatmuf ckepfqufwkdif a&wGufí&olukd

aqGrsKd;awmfo[ l k todtrSwjf yKxm;onf/ ,if;udk aqGcek pfquf rsKd;ckepfquf[ak c:Mu
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onf-
1/ tr’sKd0f 7 quf ysufpjd yKEÇpd , d o
f aw/ (599? ykH 105 u? 37-38)
2/ odcifuuForl , d mum trdrs’ Kd0f tzr’sKd0f 7 quf
[lívmvwåHUaom trsKd;ckepfqufysufpD;atmif usdefqkdjcif;? jzwfoef;cJhonfh

trsKd;ckepfquf(0g)ompefr, ’d pf ef(610? ykH 164? 31)jrifjh rwfyuHk kd xkwaf z:*kP, f jl cif;jyK
cJhMuonf/ wenf;qkdaomf rdrdrStxufodkY trsKd;ckepfquf? atmufodkY trsKd;ckepfquf
wkid f omqufr, ’d qf uf(610? ykH 163? 32)ukd pdwyf g0ifpm;rI&adS Mumif; jycJMh uonf/
txufatmuf aqGrsKd;ckepfquf a&wGuyf EkH iS yhf wfoufírl tac:ta0:uGjJ ym;
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[k ,lq&ma&mufonf/
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wGif;xJü pGJpGJNrJNrJaxG;&Suf aewwfonfhowå0gi,fuav;rsm;jzpfonfhtavsmuf xkdo
abmudk ,lum ajr;atmufi,fou l kd wD[ak c:jcif; jzpfy&Hk ayonf/
arQmh\atmufjzpfaom ajcmufqufajrmuf uRwfonfvnf; uke;f wGi;f aearQmh
rsKd;yifjzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí ajr§;uyfw, G &f u
S v f monfyh rdk Edk ek ,fi,f&, G of mG ;aom aemufw
quftjzpf arQmhxufi,fonfrh sKd;wluRwfukd pG, J w l ifpm;ac:cJjh cif; jzpfayonf/
uRwfatmuf ckepfqufajrmuf qufuu kd m; qwf[í l ¤if;? quf[í l ¤if;? uRwf
quf[í l ¤if; jyayonf/ qufudk oifah wmfaomteufaumuf&ef rvG,af y/ qufuydk if
qwf[t k a&;rSm;onf[k xifonf/ &SNd yD;jzpfaom tajccHoabmESiMhf unfv h Qif qufaomf
¤if;? uRwfqufaomf¤if; jzpfEkdifayonf/ qkdkvdkonfrSm uRwfrSwqifh xufqufxyfyGm;
vmaomrsKd;quf[k jzpfayonf/
xufatmuf aqGcek pfquftac:ta0: uGjJ ym;yku H dk atmufygZ,m;wGiaf vhvm
Ekdifygonf/
(Z,m;ukd þE-book pmtky\ f aemufq;Hk üMunfyh g&ef/)
aqGcek pfqufwiG f trdtzrSpí ajr;? jrpf? wD? uRwf? wkid af tmif teufrsm;udk
qufvufMuHqaz:xkwfoGm;ygrnf/
trd
trd[laom a0g[m&onf jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;wGif ta&;ygvSaom
rmav; 8
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ wku d &f u

dk af oG;awmfpyf&mrS jzpfay:vmaom pum;vnf;jzpfonf/ ESm
oHjzif&h w G &f aom EIwcf rf;Asnf;1udk tedro hf ufot H jd zifh aygif;pyf&mrS rdjzpfvmonf/
trd[í l t tydx k nhaf jymaejcif;rSm "avhukd t"avh? uav;udk tuav;[k
ok;H ouJo h Ykd "avho;Hk tjzpf ajyjypfatmif tok;H jyKxm;jcif;jzpfy&Hk onf/
EIwcf rf;Asnf; r onf t&Gwq f &dk vG,u f \l / xkaYd Mumifyh if pum;oifcgp? ajymcg
p uav;i,frsm;onf EIwcf rf;Asnf;rsm;jzpfaom y? z? A? b? r? 0 wku Yd kd OD;pGm &Gwaf vh
&So
d nfukd awG&Y onf/ a0g[m& tv,ftz,ftaeESirhf l trd? tar? tr,f? rat? rdcif?
arar? arG;ordcif[í l trsKd;rsKd; jym;ao;onf/ þonfwu Ydk kd &IqifjcifvQif tD? at?
t,f? t [laom o&oH&if;rsm; uGjJ ym;oGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
þodkYvQif trd? taronf rdrdudkarG;aom aus;Zl;&Sifudk az:usL;ovkd a'o

tvkduf? &yf&Gmtvkduf uGJjym;oGm;onfhtcg trd? tarukdyif tr[kac:onfudkvnf;
awGY&onf/ rdef;uav;rsm;wGif BuD;olu i,foludk odkYr[kwf &G,fwlrdef;uav;tcsif;
csif; &if;ES;D onfo h abmjziffh wOD;udk wOD; trd [lí ac:a0:Muonfvnf; &Sad yonf/
aoG;om;rawmfpyfygyJ jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIt& rdcift&G,&f o Sd ul dk &nf&, G í
f ¤if;?
aps;0,f&mü tac:ta0: pum;wcktaejzifEh iS ¤hf if;? vrf;c&D;0,f qkq H nf;Muonft h
cg wOD;ESiw hf OD; qufqaH jymqk&d mü¤if;? tar[laom a0g[m&udk r@Kdijf yKum qufqH
vmrIrsKd;vnf; &So d nf/
a0g[m&tvJtz,ftaeESihf rat? arar? rdcif? arG;ordcif[í l yGm;vmonf
udv k nf; awG&Y onf/
rat/ /ratrSm tarukyd if tu©&ma&SUaemuf zvS,í f &Gwq f xdk m;jcif;jzpf\/
rdcif/ /rdcifonf rdEiS Ehf pS o f ufw, G wf maomcifukd aygif;pyfac:jcif;jzpfonf/
arar/ /arudk toHomom ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfap&ef ESpcf gxyfí &Gwaf omtcg arar
[kjzpfvmonf/
arG;ordcif/ /arG;arar? arG;rdcif? arG;ordcif ponfwrYdk mS f csJUxGio f ;Hk pGv J monfph um;
rsm;jzpfonf/ rdru d dk arG;zGm;aomoltjzpf txl;jyKvko d nfo h abmukd aqmifonf/ aom
ESio hf onff twlwyl ifjzpfonft h avsmuf arG;aomrdcifukd arG;ordcif[q k jdk cif; jzpfonf/
aemifaomtcg r? rd? ar? r,f wko Yd nf trduo dk mru trsKd;orD;udk nTe;f aom
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;\trnf a&SUqufpum;tjzpfyg ajymif;vJ0ifa&mufvmayonf/
,if;wkt Yd euf r ESihf rd trnfa&SUqufEpS rf sKd;udk yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif awG&Y onf/ odaYk omf
ajymyavmufatmif wGiu f s,fjcif;um; &Scd yhJ rkH &ay/
1. Bilabial.
trdukd yk*aH cwf tapmqk;H ausmufpm[k ynm&Sirf sm; trSwjf yKxm;aom ay:
awmfrb l &k m;ausmufpmü pwifawG&Y onf/ ,if;ausmufpmwGif tvSL&Siu f qkawmif;jyK
&mü-
]]trdtf tztfu ptfaom omrDEmS rtf tr’sKd0w f pfuav zle&f {}}
(aMumif;a& 13-14)
[kaz:jyxm;onf/ þwGif trdtf udk t towf tykx d nfí h ok;H jcif;rSm 0 oH
aygufapcsifonfudk ykdíaocsmatmif xnfhjcif;aomf¤if;? pmtm;jzifh tapmqkH;awGY&
onft h ok;H jzpfaomaMumifh aygif;ykH rwnfNidraf o;í xnfjh cif;aomf¤if; jzpfwef&mayonf/
aESmif;ausmufpmrsm;wGifrl-

1/ rif trd tz rsmomoAÁowGm im ESihf xyfwl &ygpd,o f aw/ (443? ykH 110?
16-18)
2/ trd r&d,cf zl,af omausmufpm (527? ykH 4? 4)
ponfjzifh t towfrygawmhbJ worwfwnf;ok;H oGm;onfukd awG&Y onf/
i&oifausmufpm(507? ykH 56 c) wGif ]]aESmiftrd}}[laom tok;H wckuv kd nf;
awG&Y onf/ þonfrmS aESmif;trd(0g)rlvtrd&if;xuf aemufusaomtrd[al om teuf
oabmudk aqmifí rdaxG;udyk if qkv d [dk efwo
l nf/
trd tok;H um; tif;0acwfwiG -f
trdvnf;&? ESrvnf;rSef;?
cifyeG ;f vnf;&? uRef&mwnfí (uk;d cef;ysKdU? 168)
rdcif - zcifukd cGiv hf rf;awmif;í? wynfo h m;awmfEiS whf uGaom bk&m;ocifudk
ckepf&ufwidk af tmifvQif qGr;f vkyaf uR;bl;ownf;/ (yg&m,e0w¬K 134-135)
ponfjzifh uAsmvuFmwGiaf &m pum;ajywGiyf g wGiw f iG u f s,fus,f ok;H aeayNyD/
ratudk uke;f abmifacwfta&mufwiG f pmayxJü awGv Y m&onf/ ykpH t H m;jzif-h
1/ om;rsm; rat? rsKd;oufa0onf (a0óEÅ&mysKdU? yk'af & 117)
2/ ratwpd? &Sd r&du S ?kd arG;rdonfom? odEidk &f m[k? (r[mZeuysKdU? yk'af & 18) [lí¤if;
wGi;f oif;rif;BuD;ud, k wf idk f rdr\ d ysKdUrsm;wGif tok;H jyKcJo
h nf/
tarudyk if cspfcifEpS v f b
dk ,
G of abmjzifh aemufu ]]av;}}qufí tarav;[k
vnf; ok;H Muao;onf/ þonfEiS yhf wfoufí uke;f abmifacwfay: uAsmwckwiG f atmuf
ygtwkdif; awGY&onf/
tarav;uG,f ol roem;vk?Yd
a&Tom;wJh xnfv h udk w f ,fav?
rmav; 10
'Dua&uwkd;w,fESifh? ,kd;',m;ajy/
onfr;dk onfavawGEiS ?hf aoyap arG;arxJw h ,f/
vGrf;aygifuGJYav;/
xkud AsmwGif tarav;udk arG;arESit hf vm;wl tok;H jyKxm;onf/ ,if;pum;ukd
tmar#dwt f jzpf wrsKd;wenf; tok;H jyKvmonft h cg tarav;? tr,fav; ponfjzifh
trdukd wonfph um;rsm;jzpfvmonf/ þenf;jzifh trdEiS phf yfaom tok;H rsm;onf rsuf
arSmufacwfow Ykd idk af tmif yGm;jyefv
Y mcJoh nf/
trdtzwkdY\a0g[m&teuf MuHqNyD;aemuf bkd;? ab;? bD? bif? om;? orD;?
ajr;? jrpf? wD? uRwfw\ Ydk teufukd qufvufMuHqaomf atmufygtwkid ;f awG&Y onf/
yk*aH cwf ta&;tom;wGif z? az? zk;d [laom avwif;oHygonfo h n

H i§ ;f wku
Yd dk wGif
wGiu f s,fus,f ok;H cho J nf/ ,if;wko Yd nf aemufwiG f ajymoHuv kd u
dk í
f b? ab? bk;d ponf
jzifh ajymif;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí bd;k ? tbk;d udv k nf; ausmufpmrsm;wGif zOD;xkyjf zifh
yif a&;onfukd þodYk awG&Y onf/
1/ ird,m trdtz tzd,t f zk0d t
f ql,t f r’sKd0f (541? ykH 6? 23)
2/ MuHoikd Bf uDorDorEÅorl smtzk0d Bf uD (591? yHk 83? 3)
3/ tzk0d u f vmaomuRef (597? ykH 88? 4)
4/ zk0d if J imyuf 1 (604? yHk 146? 9)
tz
tz[laom a0g[m&onf EIwcf rf;Xmefjzpf&ek ;f yGihf1 Asnf;]]y}}ukd avwif;oHjzifh
&Gwaf omf z jzpfvmonf/ z wGif t udk t"avh? tuav; ponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ykd "avho;Hk t
jzpf a&SUrSqufNyD; tz[k ajyjypfatmif ok;H cJMh uyk&H onf/
uav;oli,f vlrr,fwkdYonf pum;oifMu&mü EIwfcrf;Asnf;rsm;jzpfaom y?
z? A (b)? r? 0 wku Yd kd OD;pGm &Gwaf vh&o dS nf/ trdtz&ifciG üf aeNyD; EIwcf rf;csif;xdNyD; xGuf
vmaom toHwjYdk zifh ud, k rhf u
d ,dk zhf wku
Yd kd trSwjf yK&mrs r qkv
d Qif trd? z qkv d Qif tz udk
nTe;f onfph um;rsm; jzpfvm&onf/
tazESihf BuD; udk wGu J m BuD;jrwfonft h az? cspfciftm;ud;k jyKavmufonft h az
[laomoabmjzifh tazBuD;[kvnf; ok;H wwfMuonf/ zcifukd nTe;f aom xkd z rS yGm;vm
onfh z? zd? az? zk;d wko Yd nf aemifaomtcg zcifuo kd mru a,musfm;(vdizf )dk udk nTe;f onfh
pum;yg jzpfvm&ayonf/
1. Bilabial Plosive.
rdzudk trdtz[k qk&d müvnf; tza&SUrS trdukd xm;aomaMumifh rnfonfaMumifh

a&SUu &Sad eygvdr[ hf k tcsKdUu pdw0f ifpm;Muonf/ pifppf toHajyjypfro I abmukv d ufkd af om
aMumifh a&SUu xm;yk&H onf/ rdz[k &Sad eonfukd zrd[k ajymif;&GwMf unfv h Qif rdzavmuf
tqifrajyjypf/ rdz?d trdtzd[k toHw&l w G v f Qifrul m; ydí k yif em;uavmayawmhonf/
odjYk zpfí rdz[laom tpyftwkid ;f trdtz[k &Gwo f nfrmS EIwcf rf;Asnf;]]r}}udk a&SUu]]t}}
wGv J suf tedro hf ufojH zifh trd[k rMwm0uf rMwmjynf&h w G uf m aemufrS ]]t}}o&ESpv f ;Hk udk
rMwm0uf rMwmjynfjh zifh tz [k vku d jf cif;jzifh ajyjypfv, G u f pl mG &GwEf idk af omaMumifjh zpf
onf/
a0g[m&tvJtz,ftaeESihf tzrS taz? zcif? zat? azaz? arG;ozcif[í l

yGm;vmonfukd awGEY idk af yonf/
taz/ /tzrS at? to&oH&if;rsm;aMumifh tazodYk ajymif;oGm;onf/
zat/ /ratrSmuJo h yYkd if tazudk tu©&ma&SUaemuf zvS,í f &Gwx f m;jcif;jzpfonf/
azaz/ /azudk xyfqifo h ;Hk um azaz[k ,Ofaus;ESpo f ufpzG,o f ;Hk jcif;jzpfonf/ t"dygÜ ,f
av;eufí t&Gw&f vnf; ajyonf/
zcif/ /tz[kqkdtyfaom zukdyif cspfcifESpfoufp&mtjzpf cifESifhwGJpyfvkdufjcif;jzpf
onf/ cspfcifESpfouftyfaomtz[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
arG;ozcif/ /ukd,fwkdif0rf;ESifhvG,fí rarG;&aomfvnf; u&duxcHum jyKpkapmifh
a&SmufvkyfauR;arG;jrLoltjzpf zcifudkvnf; arG;aomzcif? arG;ozcif[k wifpm;okH;
jcif;jzpfonf/
yk*Hausmufpmrsm;wGif awGY&aom tzESifhpyfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk a&S;
tusqkH;jzpfonfhay:awmfrlbk&m;ausmufpmrSpí tpOftquf tokH;cyfrsm;rsm; awGY
&onf/
tif;0acwfoYkd ta&mufwiG u f m; armifb h (uk;d cef;ysKdU 23)? bbGm; (yg&rDawmf
cef;ysKdU? 50)? tb(yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdU? 53)? ztJ(yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdU? 54-56)? bat(yg
&rDawmfcef;ysKdU? 25)? rdb(bkcH ef;ysKdU? 7)ponfjzifh aphpaHk tmif tok;H jyKaeayNyD/ xkad cwf
twGi;f xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tok;H jyKcJo h nfah 0g[m&um; ztJjzpfonf/ ztJukd t&kt d aot
1
&Sifocif [k aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif zGifhqkdMuonf/ ,if;\tvkdaomf]]z}}ESifh]]t,s}}yk'f
ouf tJ wkaYd ygif;pyfxm;jcif;[k ,lEidk af yrnf/ pifppf ztJonf zrS yGm;vmaoma0g[m&
wckomjzpfwef&monf/ tar? tr,f[k ok;H ouJo h Ykd zat? zt,f(ztJ)[k ok;H &mrS ztJ;[k
1/ a0g[m&w¬yumoeD? trSwf 74/
ayg&mPux'DyuedosESio hf wfx;l uAsmESit
hf wkad umuf? pm 40/
owfytHk bd"mefrw
d v
f ifp?Hk pm 477? atmufajcrSwcf suf 5/
rmav; 12
jzpfvmyk&H onf/ þtajymif;tvJrmS eD;uyfaomo&oH&if; tvJtz,fEiS o hf ;Hk jcif;rQom

jzpf\/ atrS t,f(tJ)odaYk jymif;jcif;onf w0ufyw d of &rS w0ufyiG hf o&okYd ajymif;jcif;
jzpfonf/ xku d rS oHajyt,f(tJ)udk tjrifw h ufojH zifh &Gwaf omaMumifh tJ;[k jzpfvmjcif;
jzpfayonf/
aemufwiG f tzESiq hf idk af om y&d,m,ftac:rsm;ukd tBuD;tuJ? tBuD;tcsKyf?
tazuJo h Ykd cspfcifjrwfE;dk tyfopl aomteufwjYdk zifh wk;d csJUtok;H jyKvmonfth avsmuff qk
awmif;cef;ysKdUü ]]jynfBuD;bat? vlrsm;aqG}}[lí¤if;? ud;k cef;ysKdUü]][w¬yd gv? igharG;b}}
[lí¤if;? a&onfjyZmwfü ]]acgif;arG;pkww f ?hJ usKyfzati,f}}[lí¤if; awGjY rifvm&ay
onf/ aoG;om;rawmfpyfolwOD;ESifhwOD;ajymqkdqufqH&mwGifum; tazt&G,f bBuD;
t&G,fukd tb[kac:qkdwwfMuaomfvnf; taz? azaz[kum; rac:oavmufyifjzpf

\/
zk;d ? tzk;d
þwGif zk;d ? tzk;d (tbk;d )\teufukd wifjy&ef vkv d mygonf/ q&mBuD;OD;zk;d vwf
url ol\jrefrmpum;tzGiu fh srf; 'kw,d wGüJ ydyk g? Akv
d yf g[lonfrmS uJo h yYkd if yd?k zk?d zk;d wko Yd nf
acgif? tBuD;trSL;udk a[monf/ trdtzwkdYxufyif BuD;ao;í trd? tzwkdYtay:ü
BuD;rSL;oljzpfojzifh BuD;rm;? BuD;rSL;[k rlvteuf&o dS nf[k qko d nf/
pifppf aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;\rlvteufukd pOf;pm;&mwGif t&if;tjrpfupí
tquftpyfEiS phf Of;pm;&efvadk yonf/ txufaqGrsKd;ckepfqufwiG f yxrtqufjzpfaom
z? rdwu Ydk kd rlvu wpkw H &maomteufjzifh MuHqí uav;wku Yd ac:cJMh uonfr[kw/f u
av;oli,f vlrr,fwYdk obm0t& a&S;OD;a&S;zsm; &Gwq f v
dk maomEIwcf rf;Asnf;ESio hf &oH
rsm;aygif;pyf&mrS tac:ynwfrsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;om jzpfonf/
'kw, d tqufjzpfaom zk;d ? zGm;wkrYd mS rl z? rd NyD;vQif eD;eD;uyfuyf &Sad eao;onf/
xkdrSa&SUwufoGm;rSom tvSrf;a0;uGmoGm;jyefjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí eD;eD;uyfuyf&Sdae
ao;aom zk;d ? zGm;rsm;? om;tcspf? ajr;tESp[ f k cH,w l wfMuaom zk;d ? zGm;rsm;udk rnfoYdk
aomteuft"dygÜ ,fjzifh MuHqíac:rnfenf;/ tzk;d xku d f tzd;k wefrsm;jzpfí cspfEpS v f t dk yf
oltjzpfEiS o hf m ac:qkMd uayonf/
þwGif yk*aH cwfo;Hk a0g[m&wkt Yd euf wefz;dk udk zk;d ? tzk;d uJo h yYkd if ]]iykwwfa&mif
&k,0f ,faom tzk0d f ik,f 100}} (617? ykH 186? 6)ponfjzifh ok;H cJo h nfu¤dk if;? zk;d ESizhf mG ;udk
txl;cspfcifEpS o f uftyfonft h "dygÜ ,fjzifh usm;? r trnfrsm;rSnahf c:&mwGif tpOftquf
tok;H jyKcJMh uonfu¤kd if; qifjcif&ef vkad yonf/
zk;d av;? bk;d av;um; tzk;d i,fEiS t hf vm;wlyif jzpfonf/ tzk;d tBuD;? ti,fukd
cGjJ cm;ac:jcif;yifjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh yk*aH cwfwiG f tzk;d i,fuakd &m tzk;d BuD;udyk g awGMY u
&ayonf/
zkd;at(bkd;at)? zGm;at(bGm;at)[k zkd;? zGm;udk aemufrS at wGJokH;jcif;rSmrl
rat? zatwkrYd S atudk ,lo;Hk jcif;om jzpfygonf/ (taz? tarvnf;&I)
tzGm;? bGm;BuD;? bGm;r

aESmif;acwfo;Hk bGm;? tbGm;? bGm;BuD;ponfwu Ydk kd yk*aH cwfu (ajr;wkuYd )txl;
cspfciftyfoltjzpf zGm(;)? "avhokH;]]t}}ukd a&SUrSqufum tzGm(;)? trsKd;orD;ukd trd

ozG,jf zpfonf[v k nf; qkEd idk o f nf]h ]rd}}udk a&SUrSyifqufum rdzmG (;)? trdzmG (;)? tzGm;&if;
[lonfukd txl;jyKvkad omaMumifh zGm(;)&if(;)ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;ok;H cJMh uonf/ atmuf
yg om"utcsKdUudk &Iyg/
1/ rifrwfe*gyd&k rf zd mG (601? ykH 84? 3)
2/ twkid o f i©d zf mG Budr, ’d pf 0dk rf if (604? ykH 148 c? 1 - 2)
3/ owsm tzGm au’mif (606? ykH 153 u? 20-21)
4/ trdzmG rde{f (601? ykH 175? 13-14)
5/ zkef o,fzmG uk0d 0f ,faom (601? ykH 175? 5)
6/ odi© zf mG &ifEiS v f ,
dS wf 0f,eS f
&k,t f zGm r[m'gefrpl vif (627? ykH 234? 20)
zGm;\rlvteufEiS yhf wfoufí q&mBuD;OD;zk;d vwfu jrefrmpum;tzGiu fh srf; 'k
wd,wGJü þokdYqkdygonf/
armifzm;? aMumifzm;qko d nfww Ydk iG f zm;yk'rf mS y? yg yk'o f uf[í
l ¤if;? z? zmyk'f
ouf[í l ¤if; ,loifah Mumif;qkcd NhJ yD/ uk, d v f ;Hk uk,
d x f nfBuD;rm;aomtaumif zm;yk'o f nf
vnf; ,if;wkdYwGif tMuHK;0ifonfxifzG,f&Sdonf/ ,ckacwfwGif armifzm;ukd armifzGm;?
rdzarmifzGm;[lívnf; tcsKdUa&;qkdMuao;onf/ xkdYaMumifh þarmifzm; aMumifzm;qkd
onfww Ydk iG f zm;yk'rf S zk;d zGm;qko d nfwiG f zGm; yk'o f Ykd oufco hJ nf[k ,l&m\/ þod, Yk al omf
zk;d zGm;wGif zGm;\teuf tBuD;? trSL;[kay:xGu&f m tzGm;onfvnf; trd? tzwkx Yd uf
BuD;rm;ol? trdtzwkdYtay:ü BuD;rSL;oljzpfjcif;ESifhqDavsmfnDnTwfonfqkd&mownf;/
jzpf&ef&o dS nfrmS zm;ESit hf vm;wly'k jf zpfaom vQmaemufyikd ;f o& zmudk tyGio fh &
rS vQm\tjrifq h ;Hk tl o&odaYk &mufatmif &Gwq f jdk cif;jzifh zGm o&a&GUjzpfvmEkid af yonf/
,if;udk tjrifo h ufojH zifh &Gwjf yefonft h cg zGm; jzpfvm&ayonf/ zk;d udk tzk;d xku d f tzd;k
rmav; 14
wefjzpfí cspfcifESpfvkdtyfoltjzpf ac:ouJhodkY tzGm;jzpfolukdvnf; xkdoabmrsKd;jzifh

ac:jcif;jzpfayrnf/ xkdYaMumifhyif a&S;u rdef;uav;rsm; trnfrSnfhonfhtcg zGm;qifh?
zGm;opf? zGm;&ifponfjzifh tpOftquf cspfpEk;d rSnchf MhJ uayonf/ þonfwrYdk mS txl;cspf
cifEpS o
f uftyfo[ l al om zGm;\rlvteufukd oufaojyKaeayonf/
zGm;(bGm;)ukyd if rat? zatwkrYd S at udk ,lwu JG m ESpv
f b
dk ,G af c:a0:jcif;jzifh
zGm;atjzpfvmjyefonf/ BuD;jrwfa[m BuD;ESiw hf pJG yfjyefonft h cg zGm;BuD;? ao;ao;i,f
i,f ESpv f b
dk ,
G af [m (u)av;ESiw hf aJG c:jyefonfth cg zGm;av;? BuD;rm;a[m rESiafh ygif;
pyfac:jyefonft h cg zGm;r(bGm;r)ponfjzifh t f oG,o f , G t
f 00 ac:a0:ok;H pGcJ MhJ uayonf/
ab;? tab;
ab;? tab;[k qk&d mwGiv f nf; tjrpft&if;onf az;? taz;yifjzpfonf/
ab;onf txufaqGcek pfqufwiG f wwd,ajrmuf tqufjzpfonf/ tzk;d tzGm;
wkdY\zcifudk ac:aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/ zD(bD)? tzD(tbD)ESifhaz;(ab;)onf tokH;
ynwfom u f mG aomfvnf; teuftm;jzifh twlwyl ifjzpfonf/ rsufarSmuftajctaeESihf
pmygu aqGrsKd;quftvSr;f uGmoGm;NyD; ab;bDoaYkd &mufomG ;NyD[q k v
dk o
dk nf/ yk*aH usmuf
pmrsm;wGifrl-
1/ tzd,t f w
dk 0dk f (550? ykH 13? 9)
2/ qm&m tz0ftzd,f trdtmz (563? ykH 23? 8-9) ponfjzifh a&;onf/ yk*H
acwfo;Hk zd,o f nf az;ESit hf vm;wljzpfonf/ oHni§ ;f az; rSwzef oHjyif; ab; odaYk jymif;
&Gwv f mMujcif;jzpfonf/ tif;0acwfta&mufwiG -f
ewfrmCrl? xif;pjyifauG;? vlaY b; ewfb?
rk;d rSjA[®m? xD;0ef;umvsuf? (yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdU? 11)
urÇm&Snaf 0;? jA[®marG;om;? wkaYd b; wkb Yd ?
wkaYd qGrsKd;u? (i&Jcef;ysKdU? 2)
ponfjzifh oHjyif; buke;f rsm;jzifh ajymif;í ok;H aeMuayNyD/
yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdUwGif ]]vlaY b; ewfb}}[k &Sirf [moDv0Hoa&;pyfco hJ nfEiS phf yf
vsOf;ívnf; tcsKdUu vlb Y ;dk [k qkcd sifvsuf a&SUu auG;udv
k u
dk í
f ab;pyfonf[q k odk nf/
tcsKdUuvnf; b? bk;d ? ab; aqGrsKd;tpDtpOf ae&musatmif rok;H wwf? ewfudk vl\b
[kpyfvQif ewftxufu jA[®mudk vl\bk;d om pyf&rnf[k tjypfwifMuonf/
pifppf pmqk&d iS rf [moDv0Hoonf tz? tzk;d ? tab;[lí 0g'uGJ vk;H 0r&Sad om
aqGpOfo;Hk qufudk rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q rodEidk pf &mr&Sad y/ uAsmvuFmpyfqrdk jI zpfí tpDt
pOftwkid ;f jzpf&rnf[k qkEd ikd &f ef cufayonf/ ewf&aI xmifrh S tz taersKd;qk&d avmuf
atmifjzpfaomfvnf; vl\&Iaxmifrh MS unfyh gu jA[®monf vlaY b;avmuf tqifjh rifae
onf/ vlEiS yhf u dk mG vSr;f aeonf[
f al om oabmudk txl;jyKaz:jyvkad omaMumifh a&;pyfchJ
jcif; jzpf[efwal yonf/
xkaYd Mumifv h nf; ab; bD wko Yd nf tvSr;f uGmoGm;onfah qGqufukd az:jyvko
d nfh
oabmjzifh ok;H jcif;jzpf&ef&adS Mumif; wifjycJjh cif;jzpfayonf/
bD? tbD
txufaqGrsKd;ckepfqufwiG f pwkwa¬ jrmuftqufukd bD? tbD[ak c:onf/ t

bG?J tazm[laom 0g'uG?J tac:uGv J nf; &So
d nf/ (aqGcek pfqufZ,m;)ü rdrrd cd if? zcif
wk\Yd tazudk tzk;d ? tzk;d tzGm;\tazudk taz;(tab;)? taz;\tazudk tzD(tbD)
[kac:onf/ ,if;a0g[m&rsm;onff arG;ozcifukd ac:aomzrS o&oH&if; yGm;vmonfh
a0g[m&rsm;yif jzpfonf/
bD\pum;&if;um; zD yifjzpfonf/ jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pOfqufrsm;wGif tzk;d \txuf
aqGrsKd;wkuYd m; pifppf tvSr;f a0;uGmí usefco hJ nfomjzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí rsufarSmuft
ajctaeESiphf maomf tvSr;f uGmoGm;NyD/ ab;? bDoaYkd &mufomG ;NyD/ tawmiftzD? tdrt f
zD? awmif,t H zDponfwrYdk mS uJo
h Ykd eHyg;eHawmif;t&yfüf wnfonf? tcuftvuft&Htum
jzpfxudk o
f nf[o l nfo h abmjzifh ac:a0:cJ[ h efwo l nf/
zD? bDuydk if "avho;Hk taejzifh ajyjypfatmif ta&SUu t-wGí J ok;H &mrS tzD? t
bD[k jzpfvmayonf/
bif
txufaqGrsKd;ckepfqufwGif yOörajrmufaqGrsKd;qufudk zif? bif[kac:onf/
xkad qGrsKd;qufwiG f abG;? tabG;? tbJ;? bif? tzD [ktac:uGrJ sm; &Sad eayNyD/ zcifa[m
z Asnf;oH&if;rS at;? tJ;? tif? atm? atmf[lonfho&oH&if;rsm; yGm;xGufvmojzifh
zk;d ? az;? zD? zif(bif)jzpfvmjcif; jzpfonf/
om;
atmufaqGcek pfqufwiG f om;ESio hf rD;onf yxrqufjzpfonf/ om;[laom t
a&;tom;ukd orD;uJo
h yYdk if yk*aH usmufpmrsm;ü trsm;tjym;awGEY idk o
f nf/ ta&;rSmvnf;
o[f? om [líomawG&Y wwfay&m [ owfxnfjh cif;rSm a&SUqD; rok;H ao;aomacwfjzpf
rmav; 16
í tjrifo h ufojH zifh &Gwaf pvkad omaMumifh xnfjh cif;jzpfy&Hk onf/

om;onf wdAufjrefrmpum; ppfppfjzpfí teuf&if;rSm i,f&, G of ?l taoG;t
om;jzpfí &ifaoG;jzpfu usm;r r[l om;yifac:cJMh uonf/ avmuxdyyf efrifpm? a0ó
EÅ&mZmwfwcküyif a0óEÅ&mrif;BuD;\om;awmf ZmvDEiS u hf PSmZdewf u Ydk kd
1/ rd,m r'´D omESpaf ,muf ,l&t, k /f
2/ r,m r'ú D m omESpaf ,mufEiS ehf ad ,s/
ponfjzifh &SpBf udrw f idk wf idk f tok;H jyKxm;onfu¤kd if;? oif;BuD;tbdeEÅoal usmufpmü rdr?d
rdrdr,m;ESifhorD;BuD; orD;i,fwkdYudk bk&m;vSLonfukd
ukid rf ,
D m omESpaf ,muf tmaygif 4 a,muf (14-15)
[k a&;xk;d cJo h nfu¤kd if;? axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh om;ukd vdirf cGjJ cm;bJ i,f&, G o
f t
l jzpf
ESifhvnf; qufvufftokH;jyKaeao;aMumif; od&onf/ xkdYjyif atmufygom"ufwkdYukd
axmufí uke;f abmifacwfow Ydk idk af tmif om;ukd i,f&, G o
f &l ifaoG;? &ifaoG;i,fteuf
jzifh &Hzef&cH g ok;H wwfao;aMumif; odjrifomayonf/
1/ om;rGeEf pS af ,muf? jzpfajrmufwNHk yD;/1 (bl&'d wfvuFmBuD;? 51)
2/ usL;um&ifah c:? om;udk azsmfonf? em;awmfwnfNh idrahf v;? tdyaf ysmfaq;/
(&ckdifrif;orD;{csif;? 5)
3/ om; ESpaf ,mufr,f? Eke,fysKdrspf? acR;rcspfudk (a0óEÅ&mysKdU? 56)
odkYtm;jzifh umvMumjrifhvmonfhtavsmuf om;\rlvteufoabmudk apm
aMumrdoel nf;vmum ausmif;om;qkv d Qif a,musfm;uav;ESio hf mqkid af v[ef? ppfom;
qkdjyefuvnf; trsKd;orD;ppfonf ryg0ifav[ef xifrSwfvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;qkd
vQif vdizf ?kd ausmif;olrS vdirf ? ppfom;qkv d Qif vdizf ?dk ppforD;qkrd S vdirf [k owfrw S o
f ;Hk
pGv
J mMuonf/
orD;
orD;onf rdcif zcifEpS yf g;rS arG;zGm;vmaom &ifaoG;rde;f uav;ukd ac:onf/
yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif orD;[laoma0g[m&udk omrd? omrD? ord? orD? o®?D ord,?f o®[ D f
[lí trsKd;rsKd;a&;onf/ odaYk omfvnf; ajymyavmufaomjcm;em;rI r[kwaf y/ ausmuf
pmwcskyw f nf;üyif wcgw&H tDo&ESit hf o
d & oifo
h vkd ok;H aeonfo h abm? tjrifw h uf
oHjzifh &Gwaf pvkod nft h avsmuf [owfxnfah &;onfo h abmrQavmufom jzpfonf/
orD;udk yk*aH cwfu om[frd (odrYk [kw)f omrd [ka&;ykrH sKd;tawG&Y enf;aomfvnf;
1/ om*&ESio
hf rk'Z´ mwkYd armifErS ESpaf ,mufudk qkjd cif;jzpfonf/
pifppf orD;onf om;ESirhf d aygif;pyfac:a0:xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/

vifEiS rhf ,m;rS arG;zGm;vmolukd usm;? r ra&G; i,f&, G o
f &l ifaoG;rsm;tjzpf om;
[k OD;pGm rSnahf c:cJMh uyku H dk txufwiG f jycJyh gNyD/ onfah emufwiG rf S vdizf dk vdirf cGjJ cm;jyvkd
onft h avsmuf tra[m rdEiS ahf ygif;pyfum &ifaoG;rde;f uav;udk om;rd[k ac:cJjh cif;jzpf
ayonf/
odkYaomf om;rd[kqkd&mü a&SUoHudk rMwmjynfhtjrifhwufoHjzifh¤if;? aemufoHukd
rMwmjynfh tedro hf ufojH zif¤h if;? &Gwq f jkd cif;xuf orD;[k rMwm0uf rMwmjynfjh zifh aemufoH
udk tjrifwh ufoo H kYd ajymif;í&Gw&f onfu ykrd v dk ,
G u
f al jyjypf&m? orD;[k &Gwv f nf; &Gw?f
a&;vnf; a&;vm&onf[k xifjrifayonf/

om;ESio hf rD;wkrYd S qG,yf mG ;í arG;pm;orD;? arG;pm;om;[laoma0g[m&vnf; &Sd
ao;onf/
arG;pm;orD;? arG;pm;om;? udwrdå

pm;onf vku d pf m;? av;pm;? zrf;pm; ponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ykd txl;? txl;wvnf[l
onft h "dygÜ ,f&onf/ arG;pm;rSm txl;arG;jrL&onf[k qkv d &dk if;yifjzpfonf/ rdr0d rf;ESihf
vG,rf arG;&aomfvnf; om;&if;? orD;&if;ESirhf jcm; txl;arG;jrLysKd;axmifay;&oludk arG;
pm;orD;? arG;pm;om;[k ac:onf arG;pm;om;? arG;pm;orD;udkyif udwådrom;? udwådr
orD;[k ac:Muao;onf/
udwrdå rSmrl ygVdpum;jzpfonf/ '*keOf ;D xGe;f jrif\ h ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mefwiG f
udwrdå udk þokzYd iG jhf yxm;onf/
udwrdå - 1? vlov d x
l if aumif;arGcH qk;d arGcH arG;pm;aom om;orD;/
]]bk&if0ad '[&mZfrif;BuD;\udwrdå om;jzpfaom}} pmPus? y 14/
2? ("r®owf) r,m;a[mif; vifa[mif;\om;/
]]vifa[mif; r,m;a[mif;om;ukd udwrdå [kqo dk nf/}} tarG? y? 30/
(yg udwrdå /) (pm 19)
odjYk zpfí aemufu om;? orD; rwGyJ gbJvsuf udwrdå onf arG;pm;om;orD;udq k dk
aMumif; em;vnfEkdifonf/ odkYaomfvnf; usm;ESifhrukd twdtus az:jyvkdvmonfht
avsmuf arG;pm;om;udk udwrdå om;? arG;pm;orD;ukd udwrdå orD;[k ok;H wwfMuayonf/
ajr;
ajr;\teufukd qkad omf ajrmufEiS ahf jr§muf? jrifEh iS jhf r§i?hf jrKyfEiS jhf r§KyfrmS uJo
h yYkd if ajr;
rmav; 18
onf ajr§;ae &Suw f ,G af eonft h &mukd qkad yonf/ om;orD;u arG;zGm;vmolukd ajr;[k
ac:a0:ynwfcMhJ ujcif;rSmvnf; tcspfarwåm"mwfrsm; &Suw f ,G v f m&ol? aqGrsKd;tEG,f
tqufukd xyfr&H u S wf ,G v f m&oljzpfjcif;aMumifh ajr;[k ac:cJMh uyk&H ayonf/
ajr;udk vdifzdk? vdifr twdtus ajymqkdvkdonfhtcgwGifrl a,musfm; rdef;rwkdY
aemufuwGJum ajr;a,musfm;? ajr;rdef;r[k cGJjcm;ajymqkdwwfonf/ ajr;xD;? ajr;r[k
vnf; tcsKdUu qkMd uonf/
atmufyg yk*aH cwfta&;wku Yd kd Munfv h Qif ajr;udk r’,d [f k wnDwnf;a&;aMumif;
awG&Y onf/ r ukd v qGaJ om ta&;tom;onf ta&;yko H P²meftm;jzifh & &pfoYkd ajymif;
vmonft h avsmuf r’, d u f dk ajr;[k ajymif;a&;cJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/
1/ trdtztqk,t f r’sKd0f omr’, d cf yford f (601? ykH 84? 9)

2/ imvifoid© rf ifBuD? imomrifBuD? imr’, d rf ifBuD (633? ykH 235? 10-11)
[lonfwYdk jzpfMuonf/
jrpf
tzk0d Bf uD oifMuHrol{tf r[mwefv,fudk oifMur®ol twnf
r,foz’c&um ia&mufoifrnfaom r’, d rf p’ o
f nf pm&pf
{tf/ (606? ykH 162? 3-4)
ponfjzifh yk*aH usmufpmwGif a&;xk;d xm;onfukd awG&Y onf/ jrpf[k oD;oD;oefo Y efrY ok;H
bJ ajr;jrpfokH;vkdufjcif;rSm ajr;atmuftzkdY tjrpfwG,f&Sufvmol[k qkdvkd&dyf&Sdayonf/
atmufaqGckepfqufwGif wwd,qufjzpfonf/
om;u ajr§;&Suw f ,
G u
f yfvmaomaMumifh ajr;? ajr;uwzef aqGpOfrsKd;quft
jrpfw,
G &f u
S v
f mjyefonft h avsmuf jrpf[ak c:cJMh uyk&H ayonf/
wD? arQmh? wGwf

ajr;? jrpf? wD? arQmh? wGww f o
Ydk nf trsKd;tEG,u f kd wG,qf ufum taoG;tom;
udk cH,yl mG ;jyefY qufE, T Mf u&olrsm;[k wifpm;ac:a0:cJ[ h efwo l nf/
rdrad tmufrS aqGcek pfqufwiG f av;qufajrmufukd wD[í l ¤if;? ig;qufajrmuf
udk arQmh[í l ¤if;? wGw[ f íl ¤if; jyonf/ jrefrmwko Yd nf atmufaqGqufrsm;udk trnfrn S fh
ac:&mwGif ajr§;uyfw, G &f uS o
f nfoh abmudk aqmifaom a0g[m&rsm;udk tok;H jyKrSnahf c:
wwfonf/
arQmh(ajr§m[
h v
k nf; a&;Muonf)[lonf arQmhowå0gudk qkjd cif;jzpfonf/ arQmhwYdk
\oabmrSm rjyKwfrxGuaf tmif wG,w f wfuyfwwfonf? taoG;udk pky, f w

l wfonf/
arQmhESifhtokH;uGJaeaom wGwfonfvnf; wkwfaumifudkyif qkdykH&onf/ a&t
xGut f 0ifukd wkwx f m;? wkexYf m;? wGe;f xm;&onft h &mudk uwGw?f uefoif;wGif a&xGuf
0if&ef taygufudk uwGwfayguf[k ac:ouJhodkY wkwfaumifudkvnf; wGwf[kac:[efwl
onf/ odjYk zpfí wkw?f wGwu f o hJ Ykd wenf;wzkt H m;jzifh wG,u
f yf&u
S af jr§mifwwfonfoh abm
udk aqmifonft h avsmuf wGw[ f k ok;H cJyh &Hk ayonf/

rmav; 20
tcef;(3)
rdcifESifhawmfpyfolrsm;
rdBuD;? rdaxG;
rdBuD;? rdaxG;wku Yd kd trdEiS ahf oG;om;awmfpyfyHk uGjJ ym;odomaptHah omiSm yk*aH cwf
uyif cGjJ cm;ac:cJMh uonf/ xkad 0g[m&ESpcf pk vk;H ukyd if ouú&mZf 604 ckEpS x f ;dk anmif&rf;
BuD;orD;ausmufpmü atmufygtwkid ;f tawmfrsm;rsm; ok;H pGx J m;onfudk awG&Y onf/
1/ rifrBd uDtx dk uf y’no f if£&H mau’mif 1yg/ (ykH 143u? 7)
2/ rdx, k t f t dk yf Hk 1 (ykH 144? 9)
3/ rdx, k t f t dk zf ek f (ykH 144? 10)

4/ &SL,fonfcsufrrd,o f if? cswfr&,foifum rifrBd uDwidk f
onf odcift0dk x f uf y’no f if/
rdx, dk w f 0f o f a(w)/ (ykH 145? 13-14)
rdBuD;? rdaxG;wkw Yd iG f rdonf rdcifukd nTe;f qkad om pum;jzpfonf/ BuD; onf rao;
ri,f? rodrrf zsif;? renf;ryg;? ydv k eG u
f jJ rwf? wk;d wufymG ;rsm; [laom t"dygÜ ,f&onf/
axG; um; ti,ftaxG;? ESraxG;? om;axG;om;aESmif; ponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ykd i,f&, G ?f ao;
i,f? ti,ftaESmif; [lonft h "dygÜ ,f aqmifayonf/
odjYk zpfí trdxufBuD;aom trd\tpfrBuD; 0g trdEiS rhf jcm;fcspftyfou l kd rdBuD;?
trdatmufi,f&, G o f l 0g trdEiS rhf jcm; cspftyfou l kd rdaxG;[kac:cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ rdaxG;
udk yk*Hausmufpmü rdxk,f[k pmvkH;aygif;onfrSm acwfapmao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
cs,f > a>c(;)? Ek,f > aEG(;)? rk,f > arG(;)[lonfrmS uJo h Ydk aemufwiG f -k,rf S a-G(;)odaYk jymif;
ok;H cJo
h nf/ ykpH H (4)wGif rdx, d [f k awG&Y jcif;um; pnfc&mwD;í (a&GU)udk apnfc&gwD&, kd f
(569? ykH 31? 19)[k aygif;ouJo h Ykd wcgw&H vk;H BuD;wiftykjd zifh aygif;wwfjcif;omjzpfay
onf/
rdaxG;tokH;udkvnf; trd\nDr[lírQru tz\aemufZeD;taejzifhyg okH;cJh
Muonf/ þonfrmS vnf; trdatmuf i,f&, G o f ?l trd\nDri,fozG,jf zpfí trdEiS rhf
jcm;cspftyfo[ l al om aumif;jrwfonfEh v S ;Hk xm;jzifh tok;H jyKcJyh &Hk onf/
7
u’pmG rif[, k af wmifwufNyD/ imrdu0dk u f mimrodvu dk /f
igrdx, k (f rl,&f , k f igBud{tf im rdx, k v f Qifaw
im rd{tf[k &k,?f þrfyK’ e,fy, d {f tf/ (597? ykH 188? 2-3)
1. Low Falling Tone.
ponfjzifh yk*Hacwfu rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom uspGmrif; rdaxG;awmfausmufpmonf þt

wGuf om"uaumif;wckjzpfEidk af yonf/
rdBuD;udkrl tazhtpfukdjzpfaom bBuD;\ZeD;tjzpfvnf; okH;ao;onf/ rdBuD;?
rdaxG;udk rd*sD; rda'G;[k toHxu
G af c:qko
d nfrmS um; a&SUwGif tedro
hf ufojH zpfaom td[l
onfoh &oHjyif;&Sad eí aemufwiG u f yfaeaom oHni§ ;f om oHjyif;okYd ajymif;oGm;jcif;jzpf
ayonf/
BuD;awmf
BuD;awmfonf tar\tpfr rdBuD;udk ac:onf/ *syfqiftbd"mefwiG rf l tar\

tpfrBuD;omru tazhtpfujkd zpfaom bBuD;\ZeD;vnf;jzpfonf[k qkyd gonf/
yk*HacwfokH; aqGrsKd;pyf a0g[m&rsm;wGif BuD;awmfudk rawGY&ao;yg/ odkYaomf
tawmf(ta':)udkrl
&mum awmif0wfxl ydpnfwkdufvQif paomr’pfMoufum tw0fttkdrfavmifoif
wku d v f Qif tqkH 2 awmif[{d tf (628? ykH 214 c? 6-7)
[k tokH;jyKonfukd awGY&ygonf/ rnfokdYaqGrsKd;awmfpyfaMumif;udkrl twdtus rajym
Ekid yf g/ rdBuD;? rdaxG;[laomtok;H wk&Yd adS eaomaMumifh tazhErS i,f(odrYk [kw)f OD;&D;OD;av;
wkdY\ZeD;ukd a,bk,sqkdjcif;rsm;vm;[k awG;xifrdygonf/ 7
jrefrmok;H w0f(awmf)rGeo f ;Hk ayfonf ygVd"r®EiS t hf ok;H wlaom ouúw - " ryk'f
7
oufjzpfwef&mygonf/ "r > "&f > "yf [k rGeo f yYkd sufNyD; jrefrmu w0f[k toHxu G vf u dk f
aygif;,ljcif; jzpfrnfxifygonf/ 7
rGeb f momwGif "0f(emrf)udk "r®? "r wkEYd iS t hf vm;wl tok;H jyKonf/ "0fEpS v f ;Hk qifh
um "0f "0f[k aygif;pyfvu dk o f nfth cg wnfw h nfh ajzmifah jzmifrfh wfrwf? ajzmifah jzmifw h ef;
wef;[lonft h eufudk aqmifaom Bud,m0daooejzpfvmygonf/
jrefrmwku Yd rl "r®uv dk nf; wku d &f udk ,f xl m;onft h avsmuf? w0f(awmf)udrk l wnf?h
ajzmif?h rwf[o l nfo h abmrsKd; tok;H jyKonf/ xku d rS avsmfuefoifjh rwf? oifjh rwfpyfo, G ?f
uRrf;usifvrd rf m? xD;eef;ponfwEYdk iS q hf idk o
f nfah e&mrsKd;rSmuJo h Ykd BuD;? jrwf? xGw?f BuD;jrwf?
xGwjf rwfponft h "dygÜ ,fwjYdk zifh us,fus,fymG ;yGm; tok;H jyKcJMh uayonf/
odjYk zpfí BuD;awmfwiG v f nf; rao;ri,f? rodrrf zsif;? renf;ryg;? ydv k eG u
f jJ rwf?
wk;d wufymG ;rsm;a[m BuD;ESiahf wmfukd aygif;pnf;um trdEiS rhf jcm; tvm;xyfwl BuD;jrwf
olukd BuD;awmf[k ok;H cJyh &Hk onf/
oufa&mufpum;aygif; BuD;awmfukd toHxGuf&mwGifrl *sD;a': [Ji d ][kxGuf c
rmav; 22
onf/ þonfrmS oHni§ ;f ESpcf u k kd pyfí emrftjzpf &Gw&f aomaMumif?h a&SUoHa&m aemufoH
yg oHjyif;odYk ajymif;jcif;jzpfayonf/
a'G;a':? a'G;av;? a'G;BuD;

axG;awmf(a'G;a':)onf tar\nDr? tazhn\ D ZeD;udk ac:onf[k *syfqift
bd"mefwiG f qko d nf/ axG;onf ti,ftaxG;? ESraxG;? om;axG; om;aESmif;wkrYd mS uJo h Ykd
i,f&, G ?f ao;i,f? ti,ftaESmif;[lonft h eufukd aqmifonf/ awmf\teufymG ;rSmrl
BuD;? jrwf? xGw?f BuD;jrwf? xGwjf rwf[k &Ekid o f nf/ odjYk zpfí axG;awmfonf BuD;jrwfou l
av;yif jzpfonf/
awmfBuD;(a':BuD;)? awmfawmf(a':a':)wkdYrSmuJhokdYyif oHn§if;ESpfvkH;jzpfaom

axG;awmfuv kd nf; oHjyif;jzifh a'G;a':[k &Gwzf wfMuonf/
a&S;a[mif;tkid cf sif;rsm;wGiv
f nf;? a,mufr? ESraxG;? tr,fBuD;? bBuD;? nDr
axG;? rr? cJt?dk rdaxG;ponfjzifh tawmfpaHk tmifygwwfavh&&dS m a&S;u Mur®maiGaY Mumifh
[laom awmifwGif;&SifNidrf;r,f\tkdifcsif;wyk'fwGif
axG;awmftrd yf g;? awmifqeD m;od?Yk ,moGm;ydjYk yef? apmif;vsm;jcHEiS ?hf vufyyH ifa&SU?
usOf;ajrmif;auGY awGaY omcg...
ponfjzifh cspfoEl pS Of ;D wkYd tusyftwnf;Mum;rS axG;awmf(a'G;a':)tdref m;wGif awGMY u
yku
H kd az:jy&if; axG;awmfukd ok;H xm;ayonf/
]]tarausmf axG;awmf(a'G;a':)vGrf;}}[laompum;udk rvkdvm;tyfonfht"d
yÜg,fjzifh jrefrmwkoYd ;Hk aeaomfvnf; xkpd um;onf wl wlrESiahf xG;awmfw\ Ydk jzL;ajzmifah om
qufqaH &;udk oufaojyaeayonf/
a'G;av;? a'G;BuD;/ /axG;avonf axG;ESifhav;udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfí i,f

&G,foluav;[k aumuf,lEkdifayrnf/ okdYaomfvnf; wu,fhwu,ftm;jzifhf axG;awmf
(a'G;a':)ukd tajcwnfum tar\nDr? tar\tpfrudk cGjJ yvko d nfoh abmjzifh a'G;BuD;?
a'G;av;[k qifhyGm;okH;cJhjcif;om jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí a'G;BuD;udk BuD;jrwfol? a'G;av;ukd
BuD;jrwfou
l av;[lí aumuf,jl cif;u ykrd q dk aD vsmfayrnf/
a':BuD;? a':av;? ta':

awmfBuD;(a':BuD;)? awmfav;(a':av;)? tawmf(ta':)wkw
Yd iG f tawmfonf
tjrpft&if;jzpfonf/ (BuD;awmfwGif&I)
awmfBuD;ESiBhf uD;awmfonf pum;a&SUaemuf jyefveS t f ok;H jyKxm;jcif;jzpfí BuD;

jrwfo[ l k teufay:xGuo f nf/ tar\tpfr? bBuD;\ZeD;wku Yd dk ac:ayonf/
awmfav;rSmrl awmfESifhao;ao;i,fi,f? ESpfvkdbG,fa[m(u)av;udk aygif;zGJY
xm;jcif;jzpf&m af xG;awmf(a'G;a':)rSmuJo h yfYkd if BuD;jrwfou l av;[k t"dygÜ ,f&ayonf/
tarhnrD ? tarharmif\ZeD;wku Yd kd ac:&mwGif ,if;udv k nf; ok;H Ekid af yonf/
awmfBuD;udk a':BuD;[k toHxu G &f rHk Qru vku d í f yg a&;cJMh ujcif;rSm oHni§ ;f ESpcf k
udk pyfí emrftjzpf &Gwq f &dk aomaMumifh a':BuD;[k ESpo f pH vk;H oHjyif;okaYd jymif;oGm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ awmfav;wGirf l aemuforH mS oHjyif;jzpfaeaomaMumifh a&SUoHom a':odaYk jymif;
oGm;ayonf/

tawmfuv dk nf; toHajymif; ta&;ajymif;jzifh ta':[lí¤if;? awmfEpS v f ;Hk qifh
um awmfawmfukd a':a':[lí¤if;? ajymae a&;aeMuonf/ a':a':[k qk&d müvnf; emrf
tjzpf a&mufvmaom oHni§ ;f ESpv f ;Hk pvk;H udk oHjyif;odaYk jymif;í &Gwjf cif;yifjzpfonf/
þodt Yk oHajymif;vmaom ta':? a':a':wko Yd nf toHomur tok;H wGiv f nf;
ta':om;csif;t&G,&f o dS u l kd (aqGrsKd;rawmfpyfonfw h idk af tmif)ac:Ekid af omtajcodyYk if
a&GUavsmfqifhajymif;vmayonf/
OD;BuD;? OD;&D;? OD;av;

OD;BuD;ESiOhf ;D &D;[laom tok;H ESp&f yfwiG f yk*aH usmufpmrsm;ü OD;&D;tok;H uko d m awGY
&onf/ OD;BuD;ESiOhf ;D &D;ESpcf wk iG f &kww
f &uftm;jzifh OD;BuD;u t&if;tjrpfusrnf[k xif
rSwfzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; pifppfOD;&D;om t&if;tjrpfjzpfEkdifaMumif; atmufygtaxmuft
xm;tcsKdUudk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh odjrifEidk af yonf/
1/ O&D [mwm 1/ (586? ykH 190 u? 7)
2/ rifOpöemOd&D oHysiforefwukx H v
H ifrsm (605? ykH 152? 4)
3/ O&D rifoed u f ol (604? ykH 265? 30)
þwGif O&D;? OD;&D;[lí ESprf sKd;a&;cJah Mumif; awG&Y onf/ OESiOhf ;D um; ajymyavmuf
atmif jcm;em;rI r[kwaf y/ odjYk zpfí OD;&D;\teufukd qufvufMuHq&eff vkad yonf/
OD;\teuf&if;um; OD;acgif;yifjzpfonf/ cE¨mud, k yf ifpnfrS wufvmaomtnTefY
tcufwiG f tOD;tzsm;? tacgiftxGw?f tOD;txdyüf &Sí d vnf; OD;? OD;acgif;? OD;xdyf p
onfjzifah c:cJjh cif; jzpfy&Hk ayonf/
&D;rSmrl rd&?d rd&;D ? r&D;wGif aygif;pnf;yg0ifaeaom &d? &D;ESit hf eufw[l k ,lvadk y
onf/ &donf &dyyG ?f &dyeG ;f ? &Da,mf? xduyg; &duyg;ponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ykd ememBuD; xdrod nf?
rmav; 24
yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; xdro d nf[al om t"dygÜ ,fukd aqmifonf/ odjYk zpfí OD;&D;udk yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD;
BuD;xdrduRrf;0iftyfaom BuD;jrwfol[k aumuf,lEkdifayrnf/ þwGif tawmf(ta':)?
BuD;awmf(BuD;a':)[lí rSnahf c:cJyh EHk iS t hf eufomG ;csif; wlnaD eaomaMumifh a&S;u jrefrm
wkdY\pdwful;aumif;ykHudk rSef;qod&SdEkdifayonf/
*syfqifjrefrmt*Fvyd t f bd"mef(pm-157)wGirf l OD;&D;udk trdzufrS awmfpyfaom
OD;av;? trd\\tpfuBkd uD; odrYk [kwf tzbufrS ta':\cifyeG ;f [k jyonf/ xkaYd Mumifh
vnf; jrefrmpmaywGi-f
1/ rdrif;armifBuD;? OD;&D;ewf&iS f (rif;&Je&m{csif;? 17)
2/ arG;r,farmifBuD;? OD;&D;&ifaoG; (bv’mwd,ysKdU? 66)
paomtzGifhpum;uav;rsm;udk awGY&jcif;jzpfayonf/
xkjYd yif *syfqiftbd"mefüyif OD;BuD;udk OD;&D;ESit hf vm;wljzpfonf[k jyonf/ OD;
udk rao;ri,f? rodrfrzsif;? renf;ryg;? ydkíuJjrwf? wkd;wufyGm;rsm;a[mBuD;ESifhwGJpyf
NyD; OD;BuD;(BuD;jrwfo)l [k xyfqift h ok;H jyKvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ rsufarSmufacwfwiG f tqkd
&ykv d ,
G af om OD;BuD;udk ydrk u dk s,fjyefpY mG tok;H jyKvm&m OD;BuD;onf awmifov l ,form;rsm;
ukad c:onfyh &d,m,fpum;tjzpfoyYkd g a&muf&v dS monf/
OD;&D;ukd 0&D;[kvnf; ok;H ao;onf/ OD;&D;[k rMwmjynfh rMwmjynfjh zifh &Gwq f &dk &m
ykrd o
dk ufomap&ef a&SUoHukd rMwm0ufjzifh &Gw&f mrS t&D;[k a&S;OD;ajymif;[efwo l nf/ xkd
urS ]]tl}}ESi]hf ]t}}udk tjref&w G &f mrS jzpfvmaom ]]0}}odaYk jymif;NyD; 0&D;[kac:vmjcif;jzpf
ykH&onf/
þwGif ay:aygufvmaomjyóemrSm trd\tukdBuD;udk t&D;[kac: rac:[l
aomjyóemjzpfygonf/ OD;aqmif;\]]vma[h 'Gg;}}tpcsDaom vGr;f csif;wGi]f ]t&D;om
vk;H ? aMu;udik w f ek ;f u}}ponfjzifyh g&S&d m t&D;[lonf tazhErS ? tarharmifjzpfaom OD;av;
\ZeD;udk ac:jcif;jzpfí t&D;omvk;H onf rde;f rjzpfonf[¤k if;? tcsKdUuvnf; t&D;onf
tarhtpfuBkd uD;udv k nf; ac:Ekid íf t&D;omvk;H rSm a,musfm;jzpfonf[¤k if; aqG;aEG;cJb h ;l
Muayonf/
[Hom0wDO;D b&ifurl uAsmhyef;uk;H tajzpküH atmufygtwkid ;f &Si;f jybl;\/
t&D;omvk;H =OD;&D;omvk;H ? t&D;[lonf OD;&D;udv k nf; ac:\/ (yk*aH nmifO;D wküYd
,ckwidk af c:a0:vsuf&adS o;\/ odaYk omf tjcm;t&yfrsm;üum; tarhtpfr? tarhnrD wkYd
ukd t&D;[kac:Muay\/)
OD;&D;udk t&D;[kvnf; ac:aMumif;od&aomfvnf; tjcm;aumuf,cl sufw&yfrmS
rdBuD;? rdaxG;wkEYd iS ahf &maxG;oGm;ayonf/
OD;av;/ /trd\armifi,fukd OD;av;[kac:onf/ OD;ESiahf v;aygif;xm;jcif;jzpf

\/ BuD;jrwfo[ l k teuf&adS omOD;ESiohf m;uav;? cspfp&m(u)av;ponfww Ydk iG f aemufu
qufo;Hk aom ao;ao;i,fi,f? ESpv f b dk ,
G t
f eufwu Ydk kd aqmifonf]h ]av;}}aygif;xm;jcif;
aMumifh OD;av;[lonf BuD;jrwfou l av;[k t"dygÜ ,f&ayonf/
rsufarSmufumvwGirf l OD;av;? OD;rif;(BuD;jrwfp;kd uJo)l ? OD;OD;(BuD;jrwfo)l ponf
jzifh aqGrsKd;rawmfpyfaom OD;rif;om;csif;t&G,&f o dS w l u Ydk kd ac:a0:ok;H pGaJ eayNyD/
tarwl tazuG?J ratwl zatuGJ

trsKd;orD;wOD;onf yxrtdraf xmif uG,v f eG o f mG ;íjzpfap? ysufp;D oGm;íjzpf

ap? aemuftdrfaxmifopf xlonfqdkygpkdY/ yxrtdrfaxmifESifh&onfhom;orD;rsm;tjyif
aemuftrd af xmifEiS o
hf m;orD;xyf&vmonft h cg ,if;wktYd csif;csif; rnfoaYdk wmfpyfonf
udk az:jy&ef vkv
d mayonf/ om;orD;tm;vk;H onf wrdaygufwnf;jzpfMuonf/ odaYk omf
tzum; uGJ\/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdYtm; trdwl tzuGJrsm; 0g tarwl tazuGJrsm;[k
a,bk,sac:Ekdifayonf/
ykí
d wdwud sus az:jyvkyd grl tarwl tazuGJ nDtuk?d tarwl tazuGJ armif
ESr? tarwl tazuGJ nDtr[lí ok;H Ekid af yonf/ tarwl tazuGu J kd ratwl zatuGJ
[kvnf; tokH;jyKao;onf/
rmav; 26
tcef;(4)
zcifESifhawmfpyfolrsm;
bBuD;? baxG;
yk*aH cwfu zBuD;? zxk,[ f ak &;cJMh uonf/ om"utcsKdUrSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpf
ygonf/
bBuD;
1/ twk0d uf Ref (z)Budum twk0d f z udk yd,\
f (590? ykH 174? 1-2)
2/ zBuD od,af omomiy’nif D 1/ (604? ykH 144? 25)
baxG;
1/ rifzxk,f &mZok 1 a,muf/ uuFol (573? ykH 90? 20-21)
2/ u’pmG rif;-H(ed)rfEu dI xf yf wfu&D &S umudP zwå&m
arSmufrifro d &Szxk,f tzk0d &f ap[k rdew f rf \
l (594? ykH 94 c? 17-19)
3/ zxk,o f , d af omom imzke[ f ,
d f 1 (604? ykH 144 u? 11)
þwGif zBuD? zxk,[ f al om pmvk;H aygif;udk worwfwnf; tok;H jyKxm;aMumif;
awG&Y onf/ ,if;wkw Yd iG f wGpJ yfyg0ifaeonfh z onf a,musfm;udk nTe;f aom z? zd? az? zk;d
[lonfhpum;rdom;pkwGif wcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
BuD;onf rao;ri,f? rodrfrzsif;? renf;ryg;? ydkvGefuJjrwf? wkd;wufyGm;rsm;
[lonft h "dygÜ ,fukd aqmifonf/ xk,rf mS rl jcK,f > a>c;? rk,f > arG;wku Yd o
hJ Ydk axG(;)odaYk jymif;
vJvmonf/ i,f&, G af o;i,f? ti,ftaESmif; paomt"dygÜ ,fw&Ydk onf/
odjYk zpfí zBuD;onf tzxufBuD;ol? jrwfo(l tz\tpfuBkd uD;)uk¤d if;? zxk,(f z
axG;)onf tzxufi,fol(tz\nD)udk¤if; qkdjcif;jzpfayonf/
&Gwq f o
dk nft h cg zBuD;? zaxG;udk oHjyif;odaYk jymif;í b*sD;? ba'G;[kqo dk nf/ xkYd
aMumifh ta&;ykHpHwGif bBuD;? baxG;[k ajymif;jcif;rSm bukef;BudKufaomaMumifhcsnf;
vkud af &;aejcif; r[kwaf y/ tajymhoaH jymif;onfah emufoYkd ta&;u vku d af ejcif;omjzpf
onf/
rdBuD;? rdaxG;wGif rdaxG;\tok;H onf trd\nDr[lonfrmS trdEiS rhf jcm;f cspftyf
ol(0g)tz\aemufZeD;jzpfvmouJo h Ykd zaxG;(baxG;)onfvnf; tz\nD[o l nfrS tz
ESirhf jcm; cspftyfo(l 0g)trd\aemufvif[o l nft
h eufoyYkd g tok;H a&GU&Sm;us,fjyefv Y may
onf/
ajymqk&d mwGirf l a&SUoHukd rMwm0ufoH y jzifh ayghaygh&w G af omaMumifh aemufoyH g
rajymif;yJ yaxG;(rMwm0uf rMwmjynf)h [k xGuaf eonf/ yaxG;[kvnf; vkud af &;aeMu

onf/ baxG;udrk l ba'G;[k a&;vmMuonf/ þonfrmS yaxG;ESib hf a'G; tok;H jcm;apvkd
aomaMumifh jzpf[ef&ydS gonf/
t&D;BuD;? t&D;vwf? t&D;av;

yGe;f yGe;f wD; wD; BuD; xdru d Rrf;0iftyfaom BuDjrwfo[ l k t"dygÜ ,f&onfOh ;D &D;rS
t&D;? 0&D;odaYk jymif;vmEkid af Mumif;uk¤d if;? t&D;udk a,musfm;a&m rde;f ryg ok;H Ekid o f nfudk
¤if; txuftcef;wGif wifjycJNh yD;ayNyD/
,ckwifjyvk&d if;rSm t&D;onf &d? &D; udyk if a&SUu ]]t}}xnfí h emrfjyKum t&d?

t&D;[k tok;H jyKEkid jf cif;jzpf\/ teuft"dygÜ ,ftm;jzifrh l yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; xdru d Rrf;0iftyf
ol[&k ayrnf/ xkjYd yif OD;&D;udk trd\armifBuD;[k ok;H ouJo h ?Ydk t&D;udk tazhErS [k yk*aH cwf
u cGjJ cm;ok;H cJyh &Hk ayonf/ ykpH jH y&aomf atmufygtwkid ;f jzpf\/
1/ t&du, ® tf tdk yf Hk 1 (589? ykH 74? 35)
2/ t&du0dk af vcGif &k,o f uforD &l um t&D[{l tf (597? ykH 88? 11-12)
3/ t&D tkt d pf ifMu,f 1 (604? ykH 144? 16)
4/ Mwmrif t&D pyfrzd mG onf (637? ykH 249? 4)
aESmif;acwfrsm;wGifvnf;
]]arG;r,farmifBuD;? OD;&D;&ifaoG;? ,Ofaus;vSwif?h bcifEh rS ? aqGprsKd;eD;? t&D;
rsuf&}I } (bv’mwd,ysKdU? 66)[lí¤if;?
]]rdvaS rmifBuD;? OD;&D;rsufyiG ?hf bcifEh rS ? tvSZmwd? t&D; aMu;jrif}}(Z,'doysKdU?
83)? [lí¤if;
OD;&D;ESithf &D;udk pmayxJwiG f cGjJ cm;jyqkcd rhJ rI sKd; &Sad yonf/
*syfqifjrefrmt*Fvyd pf mtbd"mef (pm 99) wGirf l t&D;ukd taz? ESr? tarharmif
jzpfaom OD;av;\ZeD;[k jyayonf/
xkjYd yif taz\tpfr tazhxuf tBuD;udk t&D;BuD;? tazhxuf ti,fErS ukd t
&D;av;? tazhESr ta&twGuf ESpfa,mufxufydkvmaom ESrtvwfudk t&D;vwf[lí
ac:wwfayonf/ a,me,fbufwiG v f nf; ,aeYwidk af tmif xko d abmrsKd;yif ac:a0:ok;H
pGaJ eaMumif; od&ayonf/
tazwl taruG?J zatwl ratuGJ
trsKd;om;wOD;\yxrtdraf xmifrf &S aom om;orD;ESiahf emuftrd af xmifr&S aom
rmav; 28
om;orD;wko
Yd nf wzcifw
f nf;u arG;zGm;í trdwOD;pDjzpfojzifh tzwl trdu(JG 0g)taz
wl taruGJ (0g) zatwl ratuGJ awmfpyfonf[k qkEd idk af yonf/
twdtus az:jyvkdygrl tazwl taruGJnDtukd? tazwl taruGJ armifESr?
tazwl taruGn J t
D r[k qk&d ayrnf/ (tarwl tazuGu J v
dk nf; &I)
tcef; (5)
wrdom;csif; armifErS &if;csmrsm;
rdom;pk
rdonf trd? rdcifukd nTe;f qkad om a0g[m&jzpfonf/ om;onf taoG;tom;?
i,f&, G of ?l trdtzwku Yd arG;zGm;vmaom om; a,musfm;ponft h eufwu Ydk dk aqmifonf/
rdom;pk[o l nfwiG rf l rdonf trdwOD;wnf;uko d m qkjd cif;r[kw?f rdzESpyf g;pvk;H ukyd if qkd
vk&d if;jzpfonf/ om;onfvnf; vdizf ?kd vdirf ra&G; &ifaoG;&ifom; orD;om;tm;vk;H ukd
qkad yonf/ odjYk zpfí rdom;pk[o l nf trdtzESpyf g;ESiw hf uG ,if;wkrYd S arG;zGm;vmaomorD;
om;tpkta0;udk aygif;&k;H az:jyonfh a0g[m&jzpfonf/

xkud rS aoG;&if;om;&if; orD;om;rsm;omru aqGrsKd;awmfpyfaom twlae wl?
wlr? OD;rif;om;csif;wkyYd g odr;f &k;H NyD; rdom;pk[k wk;d csJUtok;H jyKvmonf/ þtokrH mS rl tdrf
axmifpk[lonfESifhtvm;wlyif[k qkdEkdifayonf/
vifr,m; om;pkH
yk*Hacwfu vifESifhr,m;ESpfyg;tpkHqkdvQif rsmESifhvifpkH [kokH;wwfí Muifzuf
ZeD;armifEo HS mru om;orD;rsm;yg yg0ifvmonft h cg vifr,d mopkr(f vifr,m;om;pk)H
[k ok;H wwfayonf/
þwGif om;ukd vdizf odk ufouf tok;H jyKjcif;r[kwyf J i,f&,G o
f l &ifaoG;rsm;[k
aygif;jcKHajymvkod nfo
h abmjzifh ok;H xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ vif r,m;om;pko H nf rdom;pk[l
aomtok;H ESirhf jcm;xyfwl qkEd idk af yonf/
nD? nDr
nDonf wrdom;csif;xJrS a,musfm;csif; awmfpyfyu Hk dk jyaom a0g[m&jzpfonf/
nDudk yk*aH cwfu wGiw f iG Bf uD; ok;H cJo
h nf/
pmvk;H aygif; owfyt Hk aejzifu h m; id? iD [lí¤if;? nd? nD[í l ¤if;? iESin
hf ESprf sKd;
pvk;H tok;H jyKonfudk awG&Y onf/ &mZukrm&fausmufpmESiahf cwfNydKifa&;xk;d onf[k cefY
rSe;f &aom avmuxdyyf efrifpmwGif nDtok;H udk þodaYk wG&Y onf/
1/ nDum£rf&, dS f rifr{l tf (r[mZeuZmwf? ykH 41)
2/ tpfu0dk u f mtrMoif nD,u f mMoif{tf (r[mZeuZmwf? ykH 44)
3/ e*g&GmrS &SmvSaom tpfudk0ftpfnD,fzlvSvSa,stf (bl&d'wfZmwf? twef;
11-c)
rmav; 30
yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif yg&Scd suftcsKdUukd aumufEw k af z:jy&ygrl atmufygtwdik ;f

jzpfygonf/
1/ nDimu,f 1/ (527? ykH 4? 13)
2/ iD imul? ZDimaygtF (527? ykH 5? 4)
3/ iDr tdtaf pnf iDrtdt&f H (/ ? / ? 6^10)
4/ nD imajygifpHk 1 (550? ykH 13? 8)
5/ {pfnv D anúmif (/ ? / ? 20)
awG&Y orQ tok;H t&yf&yfukd n axmufqjcif;jzifh yk*o H m;wko Yd nf iD? nD ESprf sKd;
pvk;H udyk if tok;H jyKcJMh uaMumif; owdjyKrdEidk o f nf/ tif;0acwfoYkd ta&mufwiG u f m; iD?
iDr tok;H vk;H vk;H aysmufu, G o f mG ;ayawmhonf/

xko d Ykd ESprf sKd;pvk;H ok;H &mrS nDbufoYkd a&GU&Sm;ajymif;vJvufcv H mjcif;rSmvnf; tm
acgifrmtm; vQma&SUjzifx h u d m nDudk ydí k vG,u f pl mG &GwEf idk af omaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/
xkjdY yif id? iD? nd? nD(nd,)f wku Yd kd owåKcsMunfv h Qif pmvk;H aygif; tenf;i,fujJG ym;jcm;em;
aomfvnf; o'áA'tjrift& toHjzpf&m Xmefuo JG nfw h idk af tmif toHjzpf[efrmS rl twl
wlyifwnf;/
i « » onf tmacgifaysmh ESmoHAsnf; oHjyif;1jzpfonf/
n« » tmacgifrm ESmoHAsnf; oHjyif;2 jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh toHjzpf&mrSmvnf; eD;pyf? toHjzpf[efrmS vnf; twlwjl zpf&um; iD
ESin hf u
D dk tajymif;tvJ ok;H vmjcif;rSmf obm0usayonf/
wrdom;xJrS a,musfm;csif; uk, d ahf tmufi,fou l dk id? iD? nd? nD[k ok;H cJjh cif;rSm
vnf; pGNJ id? NidpeG ;f ? Nidw, G ?f nDnm? nDnw T ?f nDrQ[lonfh yk'w f rYdk mS uJo
h Ykd pGNJ idw,
G w
f monfh
oabm wajy;wnf; wrQwnf; twljzpfMuonfo h abmudk aqmifvadk omaMumifh jzpfEidk f
ygonf/
xkdurS rdrdESifhwrQwnf; wG,fwm(cspfcif)tyfaom (wrdom;csif;ayguf)trsKd;
orD;udk nD+r=nDr[k ok;H pGcJ MhJ uyk&H onf/ aemifwiG rf l rdrw d \ Ydk nDt&G,f nDrt&G,f wpdr;f
w&Hwu Ydk ydk if nD? nDr[lí ,Ofaus;zG,&f m ac:qko d ;Hk EIe;f onftxd tok;H us,fjyefv Y may
onf/
ESr
ESr[lonf rdzESpyf g;rS aygufzmG ;vmaom om;csif;rsm;teuf a,musfm;uav;
1. Voiced Velar Nasal 2. Voiced Palatal Nasal
rsm;u rdrad tmufi,faom rde;f uav;udak c:onfah 0g[m&jzpfonf/

uG,v f eG of l q&mBuD;OD;zk;d vwfu yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif awG&Y aom ESrH om"u
ok;H ck(ouú&mZf 570? 582ESi6hf 14 wGif ok;H )? ESmr om"uESpcf (k ouú&mZf 567 ESihf 603)
udjk yNyD;
yk*aH cwfa&;xk;H ürl ESrH ? ESmr? ESr[lí awG&Y onf/ ESronf ESajrm? ESpv f ;Hk ? ESv;Hk
wkEYd iS rhf nforYkd Q rywfouf? ESr\rlvta&; &if;jrpfonf ESrH jzpfoifo h nf/
[k jrefrmpmtzGiu hf srf; yxrwGw J iG f aumufcsufcscJo h nf/
pifppf ESra&;xk;H onf q&mBuD;jycJah om om"uok;H ckxufapmí wGiu f s,fcNhJ yD;
jzpfonf/ awG&Y orQf ausmufpmrsm;teuff tapmqk;H ausmufpmtjzpf ynm&Sirf sm;u t

rSwjf yKxm;aom ay:awmfrb l &k m;ausmufpmwGi-f
trdt(f t)ztfu ptfaom omrDEmS rtf tr’0d w f pfuav zle&f (f {) (pmaMumif;
a& 13-14)
[kyg&Sdonf/ aemufausmausmufpmrsm;wGifvnf;-
1/ iDimaM[nf/ imNidr/f ESmr tdtMf u/ (527? ykH 5? 7)
2/ tkt0d Ef , G /f omimpdr?f ESr tkt0d f odr/f iDrtk0d <f uuf/ (552? ykH 10 c? 23-24)
3/ im ESr tked x f uf y’ 1 a,muf (559? ykH 17? 15)
4/ ird iz iiD iESmr iom iwl(&) ygpd,{f tf/ (563? ykH 23? 13-15)
5/ imvm ESmr rdi,f/ (568? ykH 28 u? 5)
6/ imvm ESr rdi,f/ (568? ykH 28 c? 5)
ponfjzifh awG&Y onf/ odjYk zpfí aESmif;ausmufpmtcsKdUwGif ESrH tok;H tenf;t
usOf;awG&Y jHk zifh ESronf EHrS yk'o f ufjzpfonf[k ,lqEkid &f ef rvG,af y/ ESr? ESmrudk jrefjref
&Gwfqkdjcif;jzifh ESH[laom o&oH a&GU&Sm;vmEkdifonf/ (ykHpH? ESr>ESrf>ESH/ ESr>ESr®>ESHr/)
armifErS [ f íl ¤if;? armifE[ HS í
l ¤if; ESprf sKd;pvk;H tok;H jyKcJah om ouú&mZf 589 ckEpS x f ;dk rif;
teEÅoal usmufpmonf xif&mS ;aom om"uyifjzpfonf
o'áA'&IaxmifhrS MunfhvQif yk*Hom;wkdYonf ESrudk a&S;OD;rMwmjynfhrMwmjynfh
jzifh &Gwcf MhJ uyk&H onf/ xku d rS tenf;i,f oufomvG,u f al pjcif;iSm ES udk tm o&wk;d NyD;
ESm[k &Gwfprf;MunfhMuykHvnf; &onf/ a&S;OD;ESrtokH;rsm;wGif ESmrtokH; tcsKdUa&mae
jcif;u xkt d csufudk oufaojyKEkid rf nf xifygonf/ aemifwiG f ESrukd rMwm0ufrMwmjynfh
jzifh ajymif;&Gwv f monft h cg ykrd v dk ,G u
f vl monft h wGuf tqk;H wGif ESryif wGiu f sefc[ hJ ef
wlonf/
þwGif ESr\teufudk qifjcif&efvv dk monf/ ES onf ESpv f ?dk ESpv
f ;Hk ? tESpaf rmif
rmav; 32
ESpH onfww Ydk iG f tok;H jyKaom ]]ESp}f }yk'o f ufaomfvnf; jzpfEidk í f ESrEd aS jrm(ESrJ ?d ESaJ jym)rS
ESEiS thf vm;wlaomfvnf; jzpfEidk o f nf/ okjYd zpfí ESronf tESpu f dk aqmifaeonfEh pS o f uf
wG,fwmtyffaomtr [laomteufudk aqmifEkdifouJhodkY ap;ESJwG,fuyftyfaom(0g)pGJ
Nidw, G w f mtyfaomtr [lonft h eufuv kd nf; aqmifEidk af yonf/
xkdodkYaom teufudk aqmifonfhESrudk rlvu a,musfm;uav;rsm;u rdrdwkdY
atmufi,f&, G af om wrdaygufred ;f uav;rsm;udk ac:a0:tok;H jyKcJo h nf/ aemifwiG f rdrd
ESr&if;csmuJo h Ykd cspfcifEpS o
f uftyfou l v dk nf; ESr[k wifpm;ok;H aMumif; awGv Y m&onf/
anmif&rf;acwfwiG u f m; ESrudk uk, d xhf uftBuD;tr(tpfr)ESit hf vm;wl tok;H
jyKonfudk awG&Y jyefo f nf/ ud, k ahf tmufti,fjzpfou l kd (t)axG; [laompum;ESiw hf zJG uf
vsuff ESraxG;[k ok;H wwfonf/ þonfukd ouú&mZf 1010 cefaY vmuf ay:aygufxeG ;f
um;cJah om ykcef;BuD;NrdKUoQifurk m&uóyqkd "r®&moDysKdUwGi-f
oaE¨pzJG uf? w0rf;xGujf zif?h ud, k x hf ufBuD;vpf? ESrjzpfvnf;? cg;qpfcsDy;dk ? ,k,
ysKd;vsuf? jrwfE;dk txl;? arG;aybl;\? rOD;ud, k af &S;? ESraxG;ESi?hf jrwfav;Muifcspf? orD;
jzpfvnf;? wESpzf ;dk [ef? 0,faomuRefo?Ykd aumif;rGev f pS mG ? arG;bl;&m\/
[kpyfqcdk o hJ nf/ þodv Yk Qif a0g[m&wk\ Yd teufEiS t hf ok;H wko Yd nf wcsdex f ufwcsdef a&GU&Sm;
ajymif;vJwwfayonf/
aemif? aemifBuD;? aemifi,f

]]aemif}}[lonf wrdom;csif; nDtudkrsm;teuff ti,fu tBuD;udkac:aom
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ xkad 0g[m&udk yk*aH cwfuyif pwiftok;H jyKcJMh uonf/
&mZol? ysHcsD? uuFo[ l al om rif;om;ok;H yg;onf 'kw, d e&ywdpnfo(l 536-573)
ESirhf zd &k m;OD;aqmufyef;wku Yd jrifaomom;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ouú&mZf 604-ck? ewfawmf
vqkwf 14-&ufaeYwiG f rif;uuFou l , G v
f eG &f m aemifawmfrif;&mZolonf jrifuu D RefwYdk
udk tarGtjzpf &vkdufonf/ þonfudk anmif&rf;BuD;orD; ausmufpm 1 awmifbuf
ausmufcsyfwiG f - (anmif&rf;BuD;orD;tdr&f mausmif;? ykH 144? 17-18)
twk0d o
f id© f rifuuFmol ysHwrf Nl yDaom trk,[ f o
k i©d af emifrif&mZol ,lv,d af om
jrifuDuRefwkd0fh/
[kaz:jyyg&Sdonf/
ouú&mZf 629 ckEpS x f ;dk ? &Siyf ifaAm"d(ta&SU)ausmufpm(ykH 218)wGirf l taemif
(aMumif;a& 6)[k ok;H onfukd awG&Y onf/
aemifonf ]]aemuf}}? ]]aemif}}? ]]aemif;(aESmif;)}}[laomf a0g[m&tpkwiG f t
0iftygjzpfí teufqufpyfr&I o dS nf/ aemufonf a&SUESiq hf efu

Y sifbufjzpf\/ a&SUudk t
em*wftcsdeüf xm;í ok;H vku d o
f nfth cg aemufonf twdwu f kd aqmif\/ [k;d aemufwek ;f
u [kajymEkid v f m\/ xkt Yd wlyif a&SU? a&S;udk twdwüf xm;jyefaf omtcg ]]aemuf}}onf
tem*wfukd aqmif\/ ]]aemufus&if}}[k ajymEkid v f monf/
vmvwåUH umvukd nTe;f qkv d o
dk nfo h abm? a&SUOD;wGif &Sad eonfo h abm? raESmif;
bJ a&SUusaeonfo h abmjzifh aemif? aemuf? aemif[k ok;H onf/
tjrifo h ufoH1jzpfonfh ]]aESmif;}}udu k m; aemufusonft h eufjzifh ]]aESmif;arG;}}?
]]aESmif;wefcl;}}? ]]aESmif;acwf}}? ]]rdk;aESmif;oHxif}}? ]]tvmaESmif;onf}}ponfjzifh t
okH;jyKayonf/

]]nD}}ESi]hf ]aemif}}[l&müvnf; tOD;arG;zGm;cJah omaMumifh a&SUOD;aeonfo h ?l a&SU
usaeonfo h [ l k ,lEidk af yonf/ a&SUOD;arG;zGm;olww Ydk OD;xuf ykv d monft h cgwGiu f m; a&SU
usaeonfhtBuD;? (0g)aemifBuD;? a&SUusaeonfhol ti,f? aemifi,f[k okH;Ekdifp&mt
aMumif;&Sod nf/ yk*aH usmufpmwGif aemifi(J aemifi,f)[k ok;H cJo h nf/
orkid ;f ygarmu©a'gufwmoef;xGe;f url nDEiS ahf emifi,fonf tvm;wljzpfaMumif;
ol\acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifwiG f
a,musfm;uav;wOD;\om;csif;rsm;ukd aemif[ak c:í tBuD;udk tpfu0dk ?f t
i,fukd iD odrYk [kwf aemifi[ J k ac:avh&o dS nfth jyif
[kqkdxm;ygonf/
aESmif;acwf &wkuAsmrsm;wGiu f m; aemifukd armif (0g) a,musfm;uav;[laom
teufjzifh wkd;csJUokH;cJhMuayonf/
armif? armifBuD;? armifi,f

armifonf wrdom;csif; armifESrrsm;teuf rdef;uav;rsm;u rdrdwkdYatmuf
a,musfm;uav;ukd ac:onfah 0g[m&jzpfonf/ xkad 0g[m&udk yk*aH cwfuwnf;uyif wGif
wGifus,fus,f tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/
armifESifharmif;onf teuftm;jzifh qufpyfrI&Sdonf/ armifonf armif;wkH;?
arif;aomta&mif? vufarmif;? axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ponfwkdYrSmuJhodkY tm;BuD;?
BuD;rm;[laomteufukd aqmifonf/ odkYjzpfí armif;ESifhteufcsif;pyfaeaomarmifukd
vnf; tm;BuD;aomol? tpfrvkyo f w l u Ydk tm;jyKavmufonfo h [
l al omoabmjzifh ok;H cJh
rnf[k MuHqrdonf/ jrefrmwkYd uk,
d Ef udI u f vnf; ]]armifwnf;BuD;rl? tb[lí}}2 cH,l o
1. High Falling Tone. 2/ bl&'d wfvuFmBuD;
rmav; 34
abmxm;cJhMuonf/
yk*aH cwf armiftok;H wku Yd kd qifjcifaomf wrdom;csif; rde;f uav;u rdrw d aYdk tmuf
a,musfm;uav;udk ac:onft h aejzifo h m a&S;OD;pGm pwifawG&Y &dS onf/
1/ o®[ d t
f t d jf y sif 1/ tdto f mG 1/ armifimztdif 1/ (527? ykH 4? 10-11)
2/ omrdtt0dk u f /l iDrtdt0k rf t,
k /f armifim z’pf /f (522? ykH 10 c? 10-11)
3/ omrdtrd ?Hk armifimzkeaf &mufiiD mzkeq f uf/ (567? ykH 28 u? 7)
paomtaxmuftxm;rsm;pGmwkrYd mS txift&Sm;jzpfonf/ ouú&mZf 589 ckEpS x f ;dk rif;
teEÅol(av;rsufESmbk&m;)ausmufpmwGif armifESifhESrudk aygif;pnf;NyD; ]]armifESrf}}?
]]armifESH}}[laom oufa&mufpum;1ukd tokH;jyKvkdufonfhtcgwGifum; armifESHonf
armifErS [laomtqifrh S cspfuRrf;0ifaeMuonft h Muifvifr,m;tqifo h Ykd wufvrS ;f vm

onf/ okjYd zpfí armifukd ZeD;r,m;\cspfoo l ufxm;tjzpf wk;d jr§irfh w
S Ef idk af yonf/
odaYk omfvnf; armif\rlvteuf&if;um; uG,af ysmufroGm;ay/ t"dygÜ ,fus,f
0ef;vmjcif;omjzpfonf/ xdakY Mumifyh if armiftok;H ukd rlvtwkid ;f wGiw f iG o f ;Hk aeonft h
jyif armifEiS Ehf rS [laom emrfEpS cf u k kd aygif;pnf;um-
]]ou&mZf 610 ewfwv f qkwf 5 & suf okMumedt,/f imjy armifErS vmvwf&t, k /f
(606? ykH 163? 5-6)
ponfjzifv h nf; tok;H jyKaeaMumif; awG&Y onf/
armif wOD;xuf ykv d monft h cgwGiu f m; armiftBuD;udk armifBuD;? armiftvwf
udk armifvwf? armifti,ftaxG;udk armifi,f? armifaxG;[lí ok;H vmEkid af umif;onf/
odaYk omfvnf; yk*aH usmufpmwGif armifvwf? armifaxG;[laom tok;H uko d m awG&Y onf/
aemifwiG u f m; armifonf a,musfm;uav;udk nTe;f aom trnfa&SUqufpum; tjzpfoYdk
a&mufvmonf/
tpfu?kd tpfn?D tpfr

tpfuEdk iS t
hf pfronf wrdaygufom;csif;wGif i,f&,G o
f u l rdrx
d uftBuD; a,m
usfm;uav;ESirhf ed ;f uav;udk ac:onfah 0g[m&wkjYd zpfonf/ xkad 0g[m&wkuYd kd yk*aH cwfu
yif pwiftok;H jyKcJMh u&m om"utcsKdUudk atmufwiG f az:jyvkyd gonf/
1/ tu’Kid uf m ig o©id rf ifBuDav&pd,o
f aw/ igtrdtzav&pd,o f aw/ igtpfu0dk af v&
pd,o f aw/ (ykH 59? 6-8)
2/ zkeof nf tpfu0dk f r[mwk&*Fypd nfvLS ygaomuRef (589? ykH 76? 11)
1. Derivative Compound.
3/ twkd t0f uRmeftpfr iDr 2 a,mufaom pd,zf t0dk f uRmef av zkeo f nf rd,rf wpfou dk 0f ,f
vQif pd,cf s’ mif[k &um (589? ykH 77? 2-3)
4/ zda,mifomimi,fEiS o hf yH w k o f nf tpfr iDrcyifumMw sm ,SKH Muaom [kwmå /
(590? ykH 174? 17-18)
xkjYd yif tpfu?kd tpfrudk twfu?kd twfr[ka&;onfuv dk nf; awG&Y ao;\/
1/ arsifcif? arsifwadk !J,if t D wfu0kd if &D , k taf w’mify&k mS y’K&um (597? ykH 88? 2-4)
2/ zDa,mifomimi,fEiS o f ifyw k o f nf twfr iDrcyifum Mw sm,SKcH {
(590? ykH 174? 15-16)
þwGif twfEiS t hf pfukd vufcyk v f uf0g; tok;H jyKxm;aMumif; awGv Y m&onf/ pif

ppf yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif twfEiS t hf pfuo dk mru cswfEiS chf spfuv kd nf; xkod yYdk if tok;H jyK
onf/ pwfukd pdwEf iS w hf v JG suf pdwpf wf(cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmppfaq;onf)[laom txl;jyKcHpum;
aygif;udkvnf; okH;ao;onf/
1/ cswf rrd,o f if cswfr&,foif/ (604? yHk 145? 11-13)
2/ rcswfoolEiS w hf uG ed,o f qk0d jf i,f cswf oolEiS u f , dG u f ifoqk0d jf i,f/
(628? ykH 216? 2-3)
3/ trderf rJ a&mif&&J , k f rifBuDvQif pwfw\ Hk ? (631? ykH 274? 12)
4/ zHrv d Qif okc0dk [ f ?k rifEyS {f ? rifav? pHwvH? ck0d o f [k
trnfrwifr&k , k ?f ck0d rf q I ifjcifaomoku0dk yf , d f 2{? xk0d o f l
wk0d af vpdwpf wf&, k ?f r[kwrf u k m? vTw{f ? (611? ykH 166 u? 44-46)
twfEiS t hf pf ESpv f ;Hk pvk;H onfvnf; toHusKd;ayguf1csnf;jzpfonf/ rlv tmESihf
tDo&ukd toHusKd;aygufoEH iS &hf w G q f jdk cif;jzifh twfEiS t hf pfjzpfvmay&m ,if;wkrYd mS wckEiS hf
wck ajymif;ok;H &ef rcJ,Of;awmhay/
þwGif tpf\teufukd wGufqMunfh&ef vkdvmayonf/ tpfudk? tpfrwGif wGJ
,SOvf maom tpf onf? tpfcu G ?f uGr;f tpf? Ekt Yd pf? yltpfww Ydk iG f tok;H jyKxm;ouJo h Ykd r
[kwyf ?J 00tpftpf? yg;pkt H pf? tpftpfzidk zhf idk hf wkrYd mS uJo h Ykd jynfjh ynfNh zdK;NzdK;? jynfjh ynf0h 0[l
onft h eufukd aqmifayonf/
xkt
Yd wl tpfEiS ahf ygif;pyfxm;aom uk0d o f nfvnf;? uHy'k af emufquf ud0k rf [kwf
ay/ cE¨ma[m? rdru d , dk w f idk af [m uk0d jf zpfonf/
oif;BuD;tbdeEÅol(trnfum; iBuD;)onf rdrdukd,fukd vSLonf/ rdrdr,m;\
uk,
d u f v dk nf; vSLonf/ orD;BuD;ESio hf rD;i,f armif;rwkYd uk, d u f v dk nf; vSLonf/ þonf
1. Glottal Stop.
rmav; 36
ukd-
7
...uk0d rf , d mom ESpaf ,muftmaygif 4 a,muf yk[mvSL&k, taf u’mufpm&d,{f tf/
[krw S w
f rf;wifco hJ nf/ xkjYd yif ouú&mZf 593 ckEpS u f rif;trwfwOD;u bk&m;ukd vSLwef;
&mwGif rdru d , kd uf kd vSLMuaomolrsm;tm;
riftrwsm yk&mS uk0d v f LS aom rdru d 0dk v
f LS ygaomolum/ iy’npf Hk 1/ omir’if 1/
ponfjzifh az:jycJo h nf/
odjYk zpfí tpfEiS u hf 0dk uf kd aygif;zGv
YJ u
dk o f nft h cg ]]jynfjh ynf0h 0(tm;jyKavmufonf)h
ol}}[laomteufukd aqmifonfo h ufa&mufpum;aygif; tpfu0dk jf zpfvmonf/ tpfrrSm
rl jynfhjynfh00(tm;jyKavmufonfhf)trsKd;orD;[laom t"dyÜg,fudk aqmifonf[k MuHu
oifhtHhxif\/
tpfu?dk tpfrtjyif {pfn?D tpfn[ D v k nf; awG&Y ao;\/ rsm;rsm;pm;pm; awGY
&jcif;um; r[kwaf y/ ]]jynfjh ynf0h 0 wrQwnf; wG,w f mtyfo}l }[k qkEd idk rf nf{h tfn?D tpf
nDonf wGiw f iG uf s,fus,f trSwjf yKcH&onfah 0g[m&[k qkEd idk &f ef cufacsonf/
tpfu?dk tpfrwku Yd kd toHusKd;aygufot H puwnfum tm;pku d &f w
G &f onf/ tuk?d
trwkdYudkum; avtm;odyfrpkduf&bJ rMwm0ufrMwmjynfhjzifh &Gwf&aomaMumifh tpfukd?
tpfrrS tuk?d trodYk (oHtayghtav;oauFwjzifjh y&aomf _^? _^) ajymif;í&Gwv f m
Mu&m? ta&;wGiv f nf; tuk?d tr-[k tawmfrsm;rsm;u powf(pf)rygbJ pmvk;H aygif;
Muonft h ajcodyYk if a&mufaeayNyD/
0rf;uGJ
aqGrsKd;awmfpyfyu Hk kd az:jy&mwGif wtlxq YHk if; armifErS &if;rsm;jzpfygu armif
ESrt&if;[kac:í wrd0rf;ayguf? wzom;csif;r[kwMf ubJ wyg;aomtrd0rf; wyg;aom
wzom;rS arG;zGm;vmonft h cg 0rf;uG[J k ajymqkwd wfMuonf/ armifErS &if;rS arG;zGm;ol
rsm;jzpfvQif w0rf;omuGaJ o;aomaMumifh w0rf;uG?J w0rf;uGrJ S arG;zGm;vmMuonft h cg
aemufxyf w0rf;uGo J mG ;jyefaomaMumifh ESp0f rf;uGpJ onfjzifh ac:a0:ok;H pGw J wfMuonf/
tcsKdUt&yfa'owGif wEkjYd cm;? ESpEf jYdk cm;[kyif ok;H wwfayonf/
þtoH;k onf txufvu l atmuf wl? wlr? ajr;? jrpfponfwu Ykd jkd zpfap? atmuf
vlu txuf OD;&D;? baxG;? rdBuD;? rdaxG;? tzk;d ? tzGm;ponfwu Ydk jdk zpfap tpket f qef
&nfnTef;ajymqkdEkdifayonf/
tcef;(6)
vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;í awmfpyforl sm;
crD;(crnf;) cruf
vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;í awmfpyfvmaom jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;teuf ]]crD;
(crnf;)ESichf ruf}}onf pum;aygif;wckjzpfonf/ crD;(crnf;)ESichf rufudk pkaygif;zGpYJ nf;
xm;onfo h abm&So d nf/ odaYk omf crD;(crnf;)ESichf rufukd wuGw J jym;pD Munfv h Qif t"dygÜ ,f
rwlay/ crD;(crnf;)ESifhcrufa0g[m&ESpfckaygif;vkdufrS vifr,m;ESpfa,muf\trdtz
tcsif;csif; awmfpyfonfafh qGrsKd;pyf taetxm;ukd az:jyxm;onfph um;aygif;jzpfvm

ayonf/
yxrOD;pGm crnf;[laom a0g[m&\t"dygÜ ,fEiS t hf ok;H tEIe;f udk avhvmMunfzh Ydk
vkdygonf/
crnf;udk zcif[lí trsm;qkH; em;vnfvufcHxm;Muonf/ ,ckacwftokH; c
rnf;onf pum;vk;H t"dygÜ ,ff e,fusOf;oGm;aomfvnf; yk*aH cwfro S nf uke;f abmifacwf
wkid af tmif tzGm;? tz? trd? vif? ZeD;? om;? orD;rSpí cspfcifEpS o f ufjrwfE;dk tyfaom
ol[o l rQudk crnf;[k ,cifu ac:a0:a&;zGcYJ MhJ uonfudk awG&Y onf/
þwGif rdru d dk arG;onfzh ciftm; jrwfE;dk cspfcifouJo h Ykd jrwfE;dk cspfcifonfqadk om
oabmjzifh cifrifolrSeforQ crnf;[lí wifpm;ac:jcif;jzpfrnf[k ,lq&ayonf/ odkY
aMumifyh if pdEaÅ usmfoOl ;D Mou rdr\ d u0dvu©Pmowfyo Hk aH yguf 1664 wGif
worwfwnf;? cspftm;onf;? crnf;zcifqdk
[k pyfzcYJG ohJ nf/
yk*aH cwfuyif tajcwnfcahJ om crnf;tok;H rsm;udk Munfv h Qif þodaYk wGEY idk o
f nf?
1/ im crnf (573? ykH 90? 19)
(uspGmrif;BuD;u em;awmif;rsm;rif;BuD;udk ighcrnf; 0g ighzcif[k ac:onf/)
2/ aZ,syGwu f 0dk /f rifBuD crnfy, d wf m0fro
l avpif{tf/ (573? ykH 90? 22-23)
(þwGif trwfBuD;rsm;u uspGmrif;BuD;\zcif em;awmif;rsm;rif;BuD;[kqkdvkd
onfukd rif;BuD; crnf;[kyif ok;H aMumif; awG&Y onf/)
3/ crnftzGmZ0f (633? ykH 234? 24)
«þae&müum; w&kwfajy;rif; - (e&oD[yawhrif;)u cspftzGm;[k ac:av
[efokH;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/»
þtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk qifjcifvQif zcif&if;udo k mru cspfjrwfE;dk tyfaom
rmav; 38
tjcm;olwu Ydk ydk g crnf;[k ac:aMumif; odomonf/

crnf;udk tif;0acwf oQifr[moDv0Ho\yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdU yk'af & 135 wGif
crif;[k ok;H xm;onfukd awG&Y onf/ þü rnf;wGiyf g&Sad om tnf;ukd ESmoHjzifh &Gw&f mrS
tif;odYk ajymif;oGm;onfo h abm[k ,lq&onf/ odaYk omf tif;0acwfwiG f crnf;onfom
tokH;wGifus,fcJhykH&onf/
þrQum; crnf;ESiyhf wfoufaom om"utcsKdU jzpfonf/ *syfqiftbd"mefwiG f
rl crnf;crufukd ]]crdcruf}}[kjyNyD;? ]]crd}}udk az:jy&mü om;jzpfo\ l r,m;\rdcif? orD;
jzpfol vif\rdcif(crufEiS o hf m wGo
J ;Hk onf)[kjyonf/ pmayta&;tom;wGiv f nf; crd
cruf[o k mru crD;cruf? orD;cruf[v k nf; ok;H ao;onf/
uAsmAE¨m&pmrsufESm 535 ü yg&Sdaom wD;csufpnf;csufudkuf a&S;&wka[mif;

wyk'fwGif
a&Tawmifcrnf;? vifenf;aygufonft h ;D ? crD;cruf? &Syd gvsufu?kd t&Sucf o JG nfnh J
[k crnf;ESichf rD;udk cGjJ cm;az:jyonf/
Anm;'v om; Anm;EG,fESifhiZifum\orD;wkdY xdrf;jrm;í Anm;'vESifhiZif
umwkYd wOD;ESiw hf OD; crnf;cruf zrf;Muonfukd orD;oruf zrf;Muonf[¤k if;? crD;cruf
zrf;Muonf[¤k if; &mZ0ifBf uD;rsm;wGif a&;om;az:jyonf/
crufEiS yhf wfoufíum; *syfqiftbd"mefwiG f om;jzpfo\ l r,m;\zcif? orD;
jzpfo\l vif\zcif[k az:jyonf/ xkjYd yif ,if;\crdy'k t f eufziG rhf mS uJoh yYdk if crdEiS ohf mwGJ
ok;H onf[k jyqkad yonf/
odaYk omf *syfqiftbd"mefjyrSmcsuftwkid ;f r[kwyf J jrefrmpmaywGif crufwvk;H
wnf; tok;H jyKcJo h nfo h m"ursm; &Sad yonf/ ykpH t H m;jzifh &Sio
f &l \ J ocifaxG;{csif;yk'af &
20 wGi-f
ewf&iS cf ruf? onf;Mum;0Suo f nf? pkrH ufjrwfE;dk ? &Sichf spfb;dk ESihf
[lí¤if;? &mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;wGif bk&ifrif;acgifu ordeft0eHEkdifudk rSmonfh
pmü-
aemifawmfh crufawmf ordet f 0eHEidk f...
[lí¤if;? rPduk@v0w¬KwGif wyg;olaX;\orD;vSudk rdrdwkdYt&SifolaX;f\om;ESifh&ap
vkad omiSm wku d w f eG ;f onfph um;wGif
...orD;onf tvGev f o
S nfjzpfaomaMumifh igwk&Yd iS o f al X;ESichf rufzrf;tHah om
iSm oif\h /
[lí¤if;? om;jzpfo\ l r,m;\zcifEiS o hf rD;jzpfo\ l vif\zcifwYdk awmfpyfypHk um;ok;H t
jzpf tok;H jyKxm;ayonf/

yk*Hacwfa&;xkH;okH;xkH;udk jyefajymif;axmufqvkdufonfhtcgwGifum;-
1/ icifru S f imrmoif (576? ykH 79 u? 28)
2/ cifruf ioa,muf (609? ykH 160 c? 25)
[lí ]]cifru S }f }? ]]cifruf}}wku Yd kd awGv
Y m&onf/ þwGif ivSoifu ioa,mufukd cifruf
[kac:&mü rnfoaYdk wmfpyfyu Hk dk rod&aomfvnf; OwårMuHu irmoifukd icifru S [f k ac:
&mwGiu f m;? vifr,m;ESpOf ;D \a,mu©r a,musfmolcsif;ac:onfph um;jzpfaMumif; od&
onf/
þwGif cruf\t&if;tjrpfrmS cifrufwiG f qku d af eaMumif; odomvG,yf gonf/

odkYjzpfí cifrifwG,fwmonfhoabmjzpfaom]]cif}}ESifhwyfESpfoufpGJESpfouf? wyfpGJa[m
]]ruf}}wkaYd ygif;pnf;jcif;jzifh cruf\teuf&if;rSm (om;orD;wkEYd iS phf yfum)wG,w f mwyfpJG
tyfo[ l k ,lEidk af yonf/
crnf;? crD;? crd? cifruf? cifru S ?f crufw\ Ydk Zpfjrpfukd owåKcsMunfyh gu c? cifEiS hf
rnf;? rSu?f rufwYdk aygif;pyfxm;aMumif; awG&Y ayonf/
c? cifwkdYonf zGJY&Sufqufpyfonfhoabmudk aqmifonfhcufrS jzmxGufvmaom
yk'yf mG ;uav;rsm;jzpfayonf/ rnf;? rSu?f rufwo Ydk mru cifrif? trJwrYdk S rif? r,f? rJt
ygt0if yk'fwkdYonfvnf; wyfESpfouf? pGJESpfoufa[m rufrS toGifajymif;xm;onfhyk'f
rsm;jzpfayonf/
rd? rD;wGif rdonf y"metok;H jzpfí rESit hf vm;wl trsKd;orD;udk nTe;f onfph um;
[k ,lvydk gonf/ odq Yk v
dk Qif crd? crD;onf cifrifw, G w
f mtyfaomtrsKd;orD;[k aumuf
,lEkdifayonf/
crufudk vifr,m;ESpfOD;wGif vif\tzESifhr,m;\tzwkdY aqGrsKd;awmfpyfykHt
jzpf tckid t f rm tok;H jyKcJyh o Hk m"ursm;udk axmufvQif crD;(crnf;)onf vifr,m;ESpOf ;D
wGif vif\trdEiS rhf ,m;\trdwYdk awmfpyfyu Hk dk az:jyaom a0g[m&om tok;H rSejf zpfoifh
ygonf/ þtwkdif;qkdygu crd? crD;onf tokH;rSefjzpfayrnf/ crnf;udk yk*Hacwfupí
wavQmufv;Hk ok;H vmcJah omaMumifh xkpd mvk;H aygif;u vTr;f rk;d aep&m taMumif;&Syd gonf/
þodv Yk Qif vifr,m;ESpOf ;D wGif vif\trdEiS rhf ,m;\trdwaYdk wmfpyfyjHk y crD;ESihf
vif\tzESifhr,m;\tzwkdY awmfpyfykHjy crufwkdYaygif;pnf;vkdufaomtcg vifr,m;
ESpaf ,muf\trdtztcsif;csif; aqGrsKd;awmfpyfyjHk y pum;aygif;jzpfaom crD;crufjzpf
vmayonf/
rmav; 40
c,fr
]]c,fr}}onf r,m;\nDrukd¤if;? nD\r,m;udk¤if; ac:ayonf/ yk*Hacwfu
pwiftok;H jyKcJah om aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;wGif c,frudk &SmrawGaY o;yJ &Sad yonf/
yk*Hom;wkdYonf aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;ukd tHhMocsD;usL;bG,fjzpfavmufatmif
axmifhpkHpkH wDxGifzefwD;cJhay&m ausmufpmrsm;wGif &SmazGrawGYao;aom a0g[m&jzpf&kH
rQjzifh yk*aH cwfu c,fr[laom a0g[m&tok;H ray:cJ[ h k qk&d ef cufcaJ yonf/
tif;0acwfwGifum; yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdUü
armifErS &if;? om;csif;nDu?dk cJtcdk ,fr? tpfrawmfquf...
ponfjzifh c,frukd tok;H jyKaeMuayNyD/ zG&YJ u S qf ufpyfonfo h abmudk aqmifaom cuf?
cifrS toGiaf jymif;vmaom c,fEiS t hf rsKd;orD;a[m r wkaYd ygif;pyfxm;onfjzpf&m ESr&if;

uJoh Ydk cifrifw,G wf mtyfo[ l k zGiq
hf Edk idk af yrnf/
cJtkd
]]cJt}dk }ukd wuúov dk f jrefrmtbd"meftydik ;f 2 (c-tu©&m)wGif 1/ wOD;aomrde;f
r\tr\vif? 2/ vif\tpfudk[k teufay;xm;onf/ cJtkdonfvnf; c,fruJhodkYyif
yk*Hausmufpmrsm;ü &SmrawGYao;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/ tif;0acwfodkY ta&mufwGif
um; cJtadk &m c,frudyk g ysKdUuAsm vuFmrsm;wGif tok;H jyKaz:jyaeayNyD/
r&D;ESifhrwfuJhodkYyif cJtkdESifhc,fronfvnf; tjyeftvSef aqGrsKd;pyfykH oabm
csif;wlayonf/ nD\r,m;onf c,frjzpfí nDrh ,m;bufu jyefMunfv h Qif vif\tpfudk
ukd cJtadk wmfayonf/ xko d ydYk if r,m;\nDrudk c,frawmfonfjzpf&m? r,m;\nDruvnf;
rdrtd r\vifukd cJtjdk yefawmfayonf/ a&S;jrefrmBuD;wko Yd nf þodpYk w
d u f ;l aumif;aumif;
jzifh aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;udk wDxiG cf MhJ uyk&H ayonf/
cJtkd\&if;jrpfrSmrl ]]cJukd}}jzpf[efwlonf/ cJudk onf toHjzpf&mwlonfhAsnf;
ESpv f ;Hk wGo
J ;Hk xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þwGif a&SUoHukd avwif;oHjzifh &Gw&f &m? aemuftoHjzpf
aom ]]uk}d }ukd &Gw&f mü tm;pku d af e&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh t&Gw&f ajyjypfap&ef aemufow H iG f
]]u}}Asnf;rxnfah wmhbJ o&oufouf ]]tk}d }udk ajymif;&Gw&f mrS cJtjdk zpfvm[ef&adS yonf?
cJEiS chf ,fonff c Asnf;oH&if;twlwjl zpfNyD;? tJEiS t hf ,f[al om o&oH&if;om uGjJ ym;jcm;
em;ayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh cJurkd S ajymif;vmaom cJtu dk kd tpfu&kd if;uJo
h Ykd cifrifw,G wf mtyf
ol[k zGiq hf Edk idk af yonf/
cifyeG ;f ? cifyeG ;f pm? cifyeG ;f r

yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif cifyeG ;f [laom aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&udk trd? tz? orD? ESr
wkEYd iS t
hf wl tapmqk;H awG&Y onf/
7 7
1/ qm,[’, d f qm(,)a&Smifuptfaom cifyeG w f pfuavzke&f pd{/
(ay:awmfr?l ykH 313? 13)
2/ rd 2 cyGef rdL’ 0f 7 quf 7 pd,o f aw (540? ykH 87? 7)
3/ trd tz Mqm cifyeG f (558? ykH 14? 7)
þwGif cifyGefukd cyGef[k aygif;xm;aom pmvkH;aygif;rluGJwckawGYae&onf/
ausmufpma&;xk;d &mwGif i owf(if)jyKwfusefcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[k xifygonf/

cifyGef;tokH;udk avhvmvkdufonfhtcg tapmqkH;jzpfaom ay:awmfrlbk&m;
ausmufpmüyif q&mu paom cifyeG ;f wum[lonfph um;&yfudk awGv Y m&onf/ þpum;
&yfuyif cifyeG ;f onf cifrif? cifw, G ?f cspfcifponfww Ydk iG f vm&Sad om cspfarwåmouf0if
a[m cifEiS yhf eG ;f wD;rSmuJo h Ykd &if;ES;D ? uRrf;0ifa[myGe;f wkYd aygif;pnf;jcif;jzifh cspfcif&if;ES;D
&ol? cspfuRrf;0ifo?l yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; cifrif&ol? rdwaf qG[k t"dygÜ ,f&aMumif; jyqkad eay
onf/
xkaYd Mumifv h nf; jrefrmwkdY tpOftvmtm;jzifh 1/ Ak'¨ 2/ yapöuAk'¨ 3/ t&[EÅ
4/ t*¾om0u 5/ rdcif 6/ zcif 7/ toufou d m© *kP0f goDvtmpm&trsKd;ponfwYdk ü
rdrx d uf BuD;jrwfí &kad otyforl sm; 8/ q&m 9/ wpkw H ck ay;urf;jcif;jzifh aus;Zl;jyK
bl;olreS o f rQ 10/ w&m;a[mq&m [laom cifyeG ;f BuD;q,fyg; (rdwaf qGaumif;BuD;q,f
a,muf &So d nf[k trSwjf yKcJMh uayonf/)
aemuftok;H um; cifyeG ;f ? vif[o l nft h ok;H jzpfonf/ aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&pm&if;
0if jzpfvmaom þtokH;onfvnf; yGef;yGef;wD;wD;cifrif&ol [laomteuf&if;udk t
ajccHí vif[al omtqifo h Ykd wufum tok;H e,fcsJUvmjcif; jzpfayonf/
q&mBuD;OD;zkd;vwfurl ol\jrefrmpum;teufzGifhusrf;ü t&Sifvifteufjzifh
ok;H jcif;rSm cifyeG ;f \tjcm;teufwrsKd;ESio hf ;Hk jcif;jzpfonf/ ocif? cifBuD;? cifAsm;wkrYd mS
uJhodkY toQif? BuD;jrwfola[m cifESifhwdAuf-w&kwfbmomwkdYvm rdwfwlyk'frsm;t& t
oQif? ocif? vifponfa[m ]]yGef;}}wkdYwGJzufjcif;jzifh cifyGef;onf toQif? ocif/ vif
a,musfm;[k t"dyÜg,f&ao;onf[k qkdxm;ayonf/
pifppf txufwiG f jyqkcd NhJ yD;onft h wkid ;f jrefrmwko Yd nf bk&m;? yapöuAk'g¨ t0if
tyg yk*K¾ v d rf sKd;udk cifyeG ;f BuD;q,fyg;? rdwaf qGaumif;BuD;q,fa,muff pojzifh trSwjf yK
uk;d pm;cJo h nfjzpf&m cifyeG ;f \tjcm;teufwckukd wyifwyef; rMuHqygbJ rlvtajct
rmav; 42
wkid ;f ESiyhf if vif[k wk;d csJUtok;H jyKEkid rf nfom jzpfygonf/

aESmif;acwfrsm;wGiv f nf; cifyeG ;f udk txufjyqkcd ahJ om tok;H rsm;omru vif
r,m;? r,m;[laom teufjzifyh g ok;H pGv J mayonf/ ud;k cef;ysKdUü
wkdYwkdYwGef;wGef;? Mur®mnTef;onf? cifyGef;jzpfp? a&S;rqGu[laom pum;&yfvm
cifyeG ;f jzpfp [lonf tMuifvifr,m;jzpfp[k teuf&onf/ xdjYk yif usyif;w&m;pmü
,aomf"&mh tavmif;onfvnf; ¤if;olaX;\tvkyftauR; cifyGef;rjzpfvSm
í tmo,Sf trnfwiG af v\
[k cifyeG ;f wGif r wk;d NyD; r,m;[laom teufjzif¤h if;?
odMum;0Sufí? zGwfwufjymESJ? vufucsnf;usefonfudk? {uEÅrod? r&dyfrdaom
aMumif?h olaX;r cifyeG ;f tm; wku d wf eG ;f ac:qk?d ajyma[mvkí d

ponfjzifh r-rwGzJ ufyJ cifyeG ;f oufoufukd r,m;[laom teufjzifyh if¤if; usyif;q&m
awmfu ok;H cJah yonf/
cifyGef;[lonfhpum;rS qG,fyGm;xGufvmonfhaqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&tcsKdUrSmrl
atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfayonf/
cifyGef;pm/ /yGef;yGef;wD;wD; cifriftyfolZeD;tjzpf axmufcsifhEIdif;&Snfhtyfaom
rdef;r/
cifyGef;r/ /1? yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; cifriftyfaom trsKd;orD;? rde;f rrdwaf qG/ 2/ ZeD;?
r,m;/
cifyGef;&nf/ /yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; cifriftyfot l jzpf &nf&, G rf eS ;f xm;jcif;cH&ol rdwaf qG
aumif;/
cifyGef;onf/ /yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD; ciftyfo?l vifa,musfm;/
ciftkef;/ /xGwx f w G Of ;D OD; cifrifw, G w
f m&ol[k t"dygÜ ,f&aomcifO;D yifjzpf&ef&dS
onf/ cifO;D wGif OD;udk ESmoHjzifh &Gw&f mrS o&wGt J ek (f ;)jzpfomG ;um cif
tke;f [k ajymif;vJ a&;om; &Gwq f v
dk myk&H onf/ þtok;H onf tif;0
acwfusrS wGiu f s,fvmonf/
a>c;r
a>c;ronf om;jzpfo\ l ZeD;ukd ac:aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/ a>c;rudk yk*aH cwf
uwnf;u tok;H jyKaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf; yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif tawG&Y tvGeef nf;onf/
xko
d rYkd awG&Y jcif;rSm taMumif;t&mtm;jzifh a>c;rESiphf yfí az:jy&eftwGuf rqku
d v
f aS om
aMumifv h nf; jzpfEikd yf gonf/
ouú&mZf 641 ckESpfwGif pnfocFg\a>c;ronf pnfocFg r[mwefqktjzpf&cJh

aom ajrmif;qkt H &yfrS v,f 90 udk jrwfBuD;wmrvdet f m; a&mif;onf/ a&mif;í&aom
aiGav;&mESiu hf Refo;D 70 0,fNyD; bk&m;udv k LS onf/ þtaMumif;udk az:jy&mwGif ]]pnf
ocFgjcK,fr}}(641? ykH 265? 37)[laom pum;ok;H ygvmonf/
yk*aH cwfo;Hk rk,?f Ek,?f MuK,fwo
Ydk nf arG(;)? aEG(;)? a<u(;)wko Yd Ykd ajymif;vmonf
jzpf&m jcK,fonfvnf; a>c(;)jzpfvm&onf/ jcK,fEiS ahf >c(;)ESpcf pk vk;H onf EIwcf rf;jyefo Y &
csnf;jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif vQma&SUydik ;f w0ufyiG o hf &jcK,frS vQma&SUykid ;f w0ufyw d o
f & a>c(;)
odaYk jymif;jcif;jzpfí ajymyavmufatmif tajymif;tvJBuD;w&yf r[kwaf y/
a>c(;)onf a>ca&G? ta>cta&G? ta>ct&HponfrmS uJo h Ykd &H? &H0ef;[lonft h euf

&onf/odjYk zpfí om;ESiphf yfNyD; aqGrsKd;tpkwiG f 0ef;&Hygvmol trsKd;orD;udk a>c;r[kac:
cJ[
h efwal Mumif; owdrEl ikd af yonf/ rsufarSmufacwfwiG f a>c;rudk acR;r[lí¤if;? a>c;r
[lí¤if; ESprf sKd;pvk;H tok;H jyKvsuf&&dS m rlvpmvk;H aygif;ESirfh vl teufwu Ydk rnfopYkd mvk;H
aygif;u f oifah vsmfrnfudk axmufjyaeayonf/
ZeD;? ZeD;onf? ZeD;armifE?HS orD;armifEHS

ZeD;onf r,m;ESit fh ok;H wlaom a0g[m&jzpfonf/ yk*aH cwfausmufpmrsm;wGif
ZeD;[laom tok;H udk rawG&Y ay/ tif;0acwfysKdUrsm;wGif þodaYk wGv Y m&onf/
1/ &Sio hf m;orD;? aqGZeD;vQif (&ckid rf if;orD;{csif;? 16)
2/ xkjd ynfBuD;ü? ZeD;aqGvif? igESiyhf ifwnf?h tdr&f iS f arsmufom;? rdz&k m;[k
(bl&'d wfvuFm?f 48)
3/ tuRef,ck? arQmfum&Ionf? tolY aqGZeD;wkeYd nf;/ (bkcH ef;ysKdU? 52)
az:jyonfhaumufEkwfcsuftm;vkH;üyif ZeD;udk cspfolr,m;[lonfhoabmjzifh
ok;H cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ xkad cwfysKdUrsm;wGif ZeD;omru r,m;? arsmufom;[laom pum;vk;H
wku Yd v dk nf; azmazmoDoD tok;H jyKvsuf &So d nf/
ZeD;onff peD;ukd ajymif;&Gwt f ok;H jyKcJo
h nfah 0g[m&[k ,lqbG,jf zpfonf/ p onf
oHni§ ;f jzpf&rHk Qru ,if;udk rMwm0ufojH zifh &Gw&f aomaMumifh oHjyif;jzpfaom Z oH0ifvm
onf/ tu,fí ,if;ESiw hf aJG eaom aemufoo H nf oHni§ ;f jzpfaeygu xko d n
H i§ ;f yg oHjyif;
tjzpfoaYkd jymif;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ (pum;udk Z*g;[k toHxu G &f ykrH sKd;)þwGirf l aemufoH
eD; onf oHjyif;jzpfaeaomaMumifh xl;jcm;ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sb d J a&SUpum;oHuo dk m ajymif;
&Gw&f if; peD;rS ZeD;[k ajymif;ok;H cJah umif; ok;H cJrh nf[k qkcd sifayonf/
þodv Yk Qif ZeD; (0g) peD;onf pawmif;? prSww f w
Ydk iG f yg&Sad om]]pm;}}ESit hf eufwl
rmav; 44
]]p}}ukd ]]eD;}}ESifhaygif;xm;aMumif; ,lrSwfEkdifonf/ vifa,musfm;ESifhtxl;eD;eD;uyfuyf

&Sd(ol)[lonfhteufukd aqmifayonf/
ZeD;[lonfph um;rS qG,yf mG ;xGuv f monfah qGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&tcsKdUrSm atmufyg
twkid ;f jzpfonf/
ZeD;onf/ /]]ZeD;}}ESifh]]onf}}ukd aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfí vifa,musfm;ESifhtxl;
eD;eD;uyfuyff&Sdol[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
ZeD;armifE/HS /ZeD;ESiahf rmifEuHS dk aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ txl;eD;uyfu f Rrf;cspf
aeonfv h ifr,m;[k qkv d o
dk nf/
orD;armifESH/ /orD;ESiahf rmifEu HS kd aygif;pnf;ac:a0:xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ orD;jzpfow l Ydk
armifE(HS 0g)orD;wkv Yd ifr,m;[k orD;buf&aI xmifrh S &IMunfh tok;H jyKcJh

[efwo l nf/ tjrKawarmifE[ HS al om teufukd aqmifonft h ESpaf rmif
ESt
H ok;H yk*aH cwfwiG f wifusef&pfcNhJ yD;aemuf aESmif;acwfrsm;wGirf S orD;
armifEt HS ok;H wGi[ f ef &So d nf/
wl? wlr
wl? wlrwku Yd m; rdr\ d tuk?d tr? nD? nDrwkrYd S arG;zGm;vmaom om;? orD;udak c:
onfha0g[m&jzpfonf/ xkdrSaomf a,musfm;ESifhrdef;rwkdY tdrfaxmifjyKvkdufjcif;jzifh vif
(odrYk [kw)f r,m;zufu pyfvmaom nDtudak rmifErS wk\ Yd om;? orD;wkuYd v
kd nf; wl? wlr
[kyifac:Ekdifonf/
wlEiS whf rl wGif wl\teufukd OD;pGmxkwaf z:vkad yonf/ wln?D wlrQ? xyfw?l wl
&Snpf onfwrYdk mS uJo h yYdk if wlonf? rQonf? nDonf? wqifw h ef; wwef;wnf;jzpfonf[, k l
Ekdifonf/
okdYjzpfí rdrd\&ifaoG;&ifESpfESifhrjcm;xyfwl wajy;nDcspftyfaomoludk wl[k
orkwjf cif;jzpfonf/ xkw d iG w f zef usm;ESirhf cGjJ cm;vkad omaMumifh tf r\tnTe;f jzpfaom
]]r}}wGuJ m wlr[k cGo J ;Hk jcif;jzpfonf/
yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif yg&Scd suftcsKdUudk jyqk&d ygrl atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfygonf/
1/ o©iif mwkww f rk 0w¬Krd,m (567? ykH 182 u? 23)
2/ wlimOavsmifa&mifaom (576? ykH 75 u? 3)
3/ wkrH 1 r’, d f 1/ (586? ykH 190 u? 11)
þwGif wkr? wlr? wkrH [laomta&;ok;H rsKd;udk awGv Y m&onf/ tkEiS thf u
l m; toH
tenf;i,f jcm;em;&krH Qom&S\ d / wkrH [k wvk;H wav awG&Y jcif;um; aemufü&Sad eonfEh mS
oHjzifh &Gw&f aom oHjyif; Asnf; r \vTr;f rk;d rIaMumifh wkrH [k toHxu
G rf &d mrS vku
d af &;
jcif;jzpfykH&ayonf/
r,m;
yk*aH cwf r,m;a&;xk;H toD;oD;udk avhvmvQif atmufygtwkid ;f awGEY idk o f nf/
1/ rd,m (ay:awmfrb l &k m;ausmufpm? ykH 303? 15)
2/ rsm (443? yHk 110? 17)
3/ r,m (744? ykH 364 u? 7)
4/ rd,[f (527? ykH 4? 8)

5/ rD,m (541? ykH 6? 13)
6/ rsdm (573? ykH 34? 15)
7/ rd,sm (578? ykH 41? 7)
þwGif y"met&if;cHy'k o f nf r,m(;)jzpfí r ESihf ,m(;) aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpf
onf/ uav;wkEYd w I rf S a&S;OD;a&S;zsm; prf;oyftoHxu G jf cif;jzifh trdukd nTe;f qkad omAsnf;
jzpfvmonfrh onf rd? ar? r,f ponfjzifh uGjJ ym;vmonf/ trsKd;orD;(0g)rde;f rukd nTe;f
aompum;vnf; jzpfonf/
,m;ESiyhf wfoufírl 0ZD&Ak'b d¨ &YJG OD;zd;k pdeu
f ol\jrefrmpum;eufusrf;üatmuf
ygtwkid ;f &Si;f jyonf/
a,musfm;wa,mufonf rdrwa,mufukd ,m;,l? pGJ,lxm;aomtcg xkda,m
usfm;ESix hf rdk rd wko Yd nf ,m;Muuke\ f / 0g-twlwuG? wpG;J wwG;J ? w&SOjf zpf\/ EGm;w&Sn?f
EGm;w&SO;f uJo h wYkd nf;/ xkaYd Mumifh ]]ysufp;D ,m;\}} qkv d odk nfrmS ysufp;D jcif;ESi&hf OS \
f / pG;J
\[kqv dk o dk nf/ rD;pGo J nfqadk om pum;udk em;vnfonfr[kwv f m;/ owdxm;/ ,SOrf mS
t&mESpcf k csOf;uyfr&d u Hk o
kd m qko d nf/ &SOrf mS t&m 2 ck a&m&Surf o d nfukd qkv d o
dk nf/ ]]ysuf
pD;,m;\}} wGif aemufvu dk ,
f mBud,m\o'´gteufonf pGo J nfudk a[monf/ rd,m;wGif
,m;o'´g\teufonfvnf; pGJjcif;udk a[monf/}}
tcsKyfqkdaomf ,m? ,m;onf NrJpGJ pGJ,l pGJqkdteuf&í r,m;onf rdrdpGJNrJxm;
aomrde;f r [kqv dk o dk nf/
q&mBuD;OD;zkd;vwfurl ]],m;onf ,ck nm;a&;qkdaeaompum;\rlvjzpfí
nm;ESifhvkH;0teufwlaomyk'fjzpfoifhonf}}[kqkdum , oHESifhn oHwkdY ajymif;vJwwf
ajymif;vJEidk o f nfukd om"ujyonf/ aemuftEG,w f bl momwkw Yd iG f ok;H pGo
J nfah 0g[m&wkYd
ESi,
hf OS Ef idI ;f jyNyD; wyg;a,musfm;ESiq hf pHk nf;NyD; zufwNJG yD; aygif;oif;qufqNH yD; tdraf xmif
rmav; 46
jyKNyD;olred ;f r[k zGiq hf o

dk mG ;ayonf/
q&mBuD;\t,ltqonf OD;zkd;pdef\t,ltqudk acszsufEkdif\/ þae&mü
q&mBuD;\t,ltqukd jznfph u G cf sufjzifh axmufcv H adk yonf/ rde;f rvsmt,ltqESiyhf wf
oufívnf; q&mBuD;onf OD;zdk;pdef\tqkdudk vufrcHbJ ,ckyif rdef;rtrlt&m &Sdae
aomaMumifh aemuf rde;f rjzpfrnfo h ?l rde;f rjzpf&ef owfrw S x
f m;ol[k aumuf,jl ycJo h nf/
odaYk omf q&mBuD;u ae&m a[m&m? vsmESirhf , d m;wGiyf gonf, h m;wkYd rnforYkd Q qufo, G f
jcif;r&SdEkdif[kqkdonf/
pifppf vsm? ,monf ae&m[laom oabmomru xm;rygbJEiS v hf nf; owfrw S f
ydik ;f jcm;fxm;onf[o l nht f eufukd aqmifonf/ vsmxm;onf[k ok;H Ekid o f uJoh Ykd xm;rygbJ
vsmonf[kvnf; okH;Ekdifonfomjzpfonf/ ,if; ,mukd tjrifhoufoHESifh&Gwfqdka&;om;

jcif;jzifh jzpfay:vmonfh ,m; um; owfrw S yf idk ;f jcm;xm;NyD;[k teuf&Ekid af yonf/ q&m
BuD;,lqouJo h yYdk if ,m;rS ajymif;vJymG ;pnf;vmonfn h m;? jim;wko
Yd nf owfrw S yf ikd ;f jcm;
xm;NyD;[lonfh rlvteuf&if;omru awGq Y ?Hk MuKHBudKuf? aygif;oif;qufq?H tdraf xmif
jyK[laomteufwyYdk g wk;d yGm;vmEkid af yonf/
r,m;[laompum;rS qG,yf mG ;xGuv f maom aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&tcsKdUrSm atmuf
ygwkdYjzpfygonf/
r,m;i,f/ /yk*aH cwfu rd,mBuD? r,mim,f? rd,mi,f? (r,m;ti,ftaESmif;)[l
aomtok;H ukd awG&Y onf/
'kwd,r,m;/ /r,m;BuD;aemuf w&m;0ifvufxyf,al om r,m;udk 'kw, d r,m;[k
ac:onf/
aemufr,m;/ /yxrtdraf xmifjyKNyD;aemuf xyfrí H aygif;oif;aom r,m;ukd qkv d dk
onf/
tajymifr,m;/ /tajymifr,m;onf r,m;ti,ftaESmif;ukd qkjd cif;jzpfonf/ ajymif
onf tBuD;ESifhti,f[laom qefYusifbuft"dyÜg,fESpfckpvkH;&aMumif;jzifh qkdMuonf/
BuD;rm;teufa[m ajymiftok;H um; pmaywGif rsm;vSayonf/
r,m;Nydef;ajymif1[laoma0g[m&udkrl q&mBuD;OD;zkd;vwfu r,m;Nydef;w&yf
r,m;ajymifw&yftjzpfjyonf/ r,m;Nyde;f ukd rdrEd iS ihf ,fpOfuwnf;u (0g)ueOD;uwnf;
u &if;&if;ES;D ES;D yl;yl;uyfuyf ruGrJ uGm aexdik cf ahJ om r,m;[k ,lqaMumif; qko d nf/ r
,m;ajymif? r,m;tajymif? tajymifr,m;udu k m; qG,?f uyf? aygif? ajr§mifa[m aygify'k f
oufajymifEiS q hf ufí r,m;&SNd yD;wGif aemufxyfq, G af jr§mifvmonfrh ,m;[k aumuf,v l dk
1/ r,m;ydeaf jymif[
f í
l vnf; rlu&JG o
dS nf/ yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdU yk'af & 135/
&dyf&Sdonf/
r,m;nDtpfudk
r,m;? nDEiS t hf pfu[ kd al om a0g[m&ok;H &yfukd aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ r,m;
jzpfol rdef;rom;csif; nDtpfrawmfaomaMumifh rnfokdYrQ aoG;rawmfpyfaomvifa,m
usfm;ESpOf ;D wko
Yd nf r,m;ESiphf yfNyD; nDtpfukd awmfvmMu[ef az:jytok;H jyKonfah 0g[m&
jzpfonf/
r,m;nDtpfu[ kd al omtok;H ukd uke;f abmifacwfoYkd a&mufonftxd rawG&Y bJ
&Sdonf/ tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;\r,m;nDtpfukdawmfrsm;udk ta&;awmfykHusrf;wGif

atmufygtwkid ;f jyonf/
r&D;awmf ajrmufom;awmfarmif pnf;pdru f kd rif;vSpnfo?l c,frawmff ajrmufom;
awmfarmifa&TneT u Yf kd rif;vSausmfol
[líjyonf/
r,m;ygorD;? r,m;ygom;
aemuftrd af xmifjyK&mwGif r,m;vkyo
f ül yxrtdraf xmifu ygvmonfo
h rD;ESihf
om;udk ac:onf/
r&D;
r&D;[lonf tpfu\ dk ZeD;udk nDvyk o f ul ¤if;? vifu rdrrd ,m;\trud¤k if;? awmf
pyfaom aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&jzpfonf/ þa0g[m&tokH;udk yk*Hacwfuyif pwifawGY&
onf/
rkw*f b l &k m;ausmufpmwGif zDa,mifi,fo h m; ii,f(taemf&xm)u rdrb d BuD;u
tqufqufay;cJah om v,f? uRefwu dYk dk rdrw d &m;0ifyidk q
f idk v
f adk Mumif; todtrSwjf yK t
rdefYawmfvkdcsifygonf[k em;awmif;rsm;rif;BuD;tm; avQmufxm;onf/ þtrIppfaq;
&ef trdeaYf wmftwkid ;f oifzrHk ok;H a,mufu ppfar;&m xGucf sufrsm;ü ]]oifzad ,mif rd&D
qk0d \f }} ]]igrd&d imwl}} ]]imwlu0dk f imrd&yD , d of umimMum\}} ]]zda,mif rd&[ D ,
d \f }}ponf
jzifh rd&?D rd&[d al om tok;H udk awGv Y m&onf/ tpfu\ dk ZeD;udk nDvyk o f ul aqGrsKd;awmfpyf
ykH rd&;D (r&D;)[k ok;H aMumif; odvm&onf/
r&D;onf rlv rd&t D a&;rS rd&(D ;)? r&D;[k ajymif;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ rd&w d iG f rdonf
ar? r,f? rwku Yd ohJ Ykd tr(0g)trsKd;orD;udk nTe;f aoma0g[m&jzpfonf/
rmav; 48
&donf &dyyG ?f &dyeG ;f ? &da,mfwrYdk mS uJo

h Ykd ememBuD;xdro d nf? yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD;BuD; xdrd
onf[al omteuf&onf/ pifppf &dyyG ?f &dyeG ;f ? &da,mfwu Ydk kd npfnL;? a[mif;EGr;f ? ndK§ ;EGr;f
ponfjzifh teufziG ahf ejcif;rSm ememBuD; yGe;f yGe;f wD;wD;BuD; xdrcd u dk rf &d mrS jzpfay:vmonfh
tusKd;w&m;udk aumuf,jl cif;om jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí rd+&d=rd&o d nf ememBuD;? yGe;f yGe;f
wD;wD;BuD; xdrdtyfaom(0g)uRrf;0iftyfaomtrsKd;orD;[k qkdvkdayonf/
rd&rd S rd&(D ;)? r&D;odaYk &TUajymif;a&;om;&Gwq f v
dk mjcif;rSmrl rd&[ d k tedro hf ufoEH pS f
vk;H udk xyfí &Gw&f onfxuf r&D;[k a&SUtedro hf ufou H kd rMwm0ufomxGuNf yD;? aemuft
oHukd tjrifo h ufojH zifh ajymif;í &Gw&f jcif;u toHoabmtm;jzifh ydrk v dk ,
G u
f al csmarm
aomaMumihf jzpfayonf/
rwf
yk*HacwfwGif tokH;&Sm;onfhaqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;teuf rwfvnf; wcktyg
t0ifjzpfonf/ odaYk omf ausmufpmyg taMumif;t&mESit hf vsOf;oifh tuGurf qku d í
f t
okH;rawGYjcif;[k ,lEkdifygonf/
rwfurkd l ouú&mZf 604 ckEpS x f ;dk anmif&rf;BuD;orD; 1(tdr&f mausmif;)ausmuf
pmawmifbuftcsyfwiG f ]]rd,m tkt d af ESmif 1/ rwfim0H 1/}}[k awG&Y onf/
rwf\teufrmS ajzmifrh wf? wnfrh wf? rm;rwf? rwfrwfaxmifponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ykd
rwdr;f rapmif;? r,dr;f r,kid ?f ckid cf idk af jzmifah jzmif[ h k ,l&onf/ vif\nD? nDr\vifudk rwf
[kac:cJjh cif;rSm r,dr;f r,dik f ckid cf idk af jzmifah jzmifh apmifx
h ed ;f wwfonfo h [l k qkv
d &dk if;jzpfonfh
tavsmuf txl;avsmfuefonf[k xifrad yonf/
rdef;r
yk*aH cwfu t f wGiu f s,fq;Hk tok;H jyKcJo
h nfah qGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;wGif rde;f rvnf;
wcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ okaYd omf xkt d cgu ,cko;Hk aeMuaom rde;f rpmvk;H aygif;jzif¤h if;?
,ckem;vnfaeMuaom ZeD;? r,m;[lonft h "dygÜ ,fjzif¤h if; tok;H jyKcJo
h nfukd rawG&Y ay/
usm;ESirhf vdicf jJG cm;ac:a0:onft h aejzifo h m worwfwnf; tok;H jyKcJah yonf/
yk*aH cwfo;Hk rde;f rpmvk;H aygif;ukd qifjcifMunfv h Qif atmufygtwkid ;f awGEY idk af y
onf/
1/ (imtf)ausmef a,muf,mausmef rdr wpf*gav zke&f (pd) {
(ay:awmfr?l ykH 303? 15-16)
2/ ol<u,f rd,rf Bud (559? ykH 17? 18)
3/ þ,fe, d af om a,muf,mrd,rf (567? ykH 28 u? 19)

4/ taygifa,musm rd,® pkH 19 [d{tf/ (586? ykH 190 u? 11)
þwGif rdr? rd,rf ? rD,rf ? rd,? rdr[k trsKd;rsKd;aygif;xm;aomfvnf; tcsKyftm;
jzifh rdr? rd,rf ? rdr[lí awGEY idk o
f nf/ ,if;twkt Yd euf rdrukd tapmqk;H tok;H jyKcJNh yD;? t
&if;tjrpfvnf; usonfudk awGEY idk o f nf/
pifppf rdrwGif rd vnf; r? r vnf; rd yifjzpf\/ r Asnf;oH&if;onf rd? rD(;)? r,f
paomo&oH&if;rsm; uGJjym;oGm;onfhtwGuf ta&;ykHoP²mefajymif;oGm;jcif;om jzpf
onf/ xkjYd yif ,if;wko Yd nf trdudk nTe;f aomtjzpfrS trsKd;orD;ukd nTe;f aomtjzpfoyYkd g
a&muf&Sdvmonf/

rdef;r[k &Gwfvnf;&Gwf? a&;vnf; a&;vmjcif;rSm rD(;)rwGif vQma&SUykdif;üjzpf
aom tD(;)onf w0ufyiG hf ato&&S&d modYk a&GUavsmoGm;um ESmoHjzifh &Gw&f mrS rde(f ;)odYk
a&GU&Sm;vmjcif;jzpf\/ þonfrmS jrefrma0g[m&wkw Yd iG f xbD(xrD)udk xrde?f vSn;f bD;ukd
vSn;f bde;f [k a&GUvsm;&Gwzf wfvmykrH sKd;uJo h yYdk if jzpfonf/
rdef;rukd ZeD; r,m;[laom t"dyÜg,fjzifhum; ukef;abmiffacwfv,f(a'gufwm
*syfqif jrefrmpum;avhvmonft h csde)f txd tok;H jyKonfudk rawG&Y ao;ay/ xkt d csdef
wGif a,musfm;ukd vif[al omteufjzifh wk;d jr§io hf ;Hk pGaJ eayNyD/ xko d t Ykd ok;H jyKaerIu rde;f r
udk ul;pufum aemufyikd ;f wGif rde;f rudyk g r,m;[lonft h "dygÜ ,fjzifh wk;d csJUok;H pGv
J monf[k
,lq&ayonf/
arsmufom;
]]arsmufom;}}[lonf r,m;ESiv hf if tjyeftvSef ac:a0:tok;H jyKaoma0g[m
&jzpfonf[k tpOftquf trSwjf yKcJMh uonf/
arsmufom;[k ac:wGiv f mykEH iS yhf wfoufírl a&Teef;ok;H a0g[m&tbd"mefacgif;
pOftrSwf 387 wGif 0efaxmufrif;OD;armifarmifwifu-
]]ouú&mZff 911 ckESpfwGif a&Teef;wufawmfrlaom qifjzL&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;\
om;awmfudk¤if;? orD;awmfukd¤if; vufxyfay;NyD;aemuf a&Teef;awmf\ajrmufzufwGif
0if;tdraf qmufvyk af e&mcsxm;awmfro l nf/ onfukd &nfí om;awmf? acR;rawmf? orD;
awmf? orufawmfrsm;udk ajrmufom;awmfcsnf; wGijf cif;jzpfonf}}
[k zGifhqkdxm;onf/ OD;armifarmifwif\tvkdtwkdif; qkdygrl arsmufom;[laomta&;
onf rrSeyf J ajrmufo
f m;[k a&;rSreS o
f nfjh yif qifjzL&Sib f &k ifah emifausmfxifaemf&xm vuf
xufusrS xkad 0g[m&pwifay:ayguftok;H jyKonf[k ,l&ayrnf/
rmav; 50
tu,fwiG f arsmufom;a0g[m&udk yk*aH cwfuyif tok;H jyKaeNyDjzpfonf/ ouú

&mZf 605 ckEpS x f ;dk zk;d uvkeb f &k m;ausmufpmwGif
imr’, d yf nk &pfav apmifrrlvod,[ f k rSmc&um ykn&pfavok<u,f arsmufom
ESif ok<u,f r’, d if m a&mufcifoifeiff tiDtnTwaf u’mifEu dI v f m&k,zf ek rf vl muke{f tf/
[k arsmufom;udk tyifEh iS ahf &;om;xm;onf/
xkjYd yif yif;,? tif;0ausmufpmrsm;wGiv f nf; arsmufom;? arsmuf o m[kyifa&;xd;k
xm;onf/ odaYk omf tif;0acwfysKdUrsm;wGif ajrmufom;udk t&pfjzifh az:jyxm;&m rlvt
a&;rS [kwfygavp[k oHo,jzpfrdonf/ &ckdifzufüum; ausmufpmwGifa&m ysKdUuAsm
vuFmwGiyf g arsmufom;ukd worwfwnf;tyifEh iS ahf &;cJMh uonf[k qkad yonf/
tyifEh iS ahf ygif;aom arsmufom; a0g[m&udk zGiq hf &dk mwGif t,ltqrsm;uGjJ ym;
vsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;pGm q&mBuD;OD;zkd;vwf\,lqcsuftcsKyfukd wifjyvdkygonf/ OD;zkd;
vwfu arsmuf[o l nf arsmufE?JS arsmufEyJS if[o l nfrmS uJo h Ykd wG,u f yf? uyfNid[al om t
eufuadk qmifonf/ r&k? ucsif? wdAufbmomvm wG,u f yfa[m-rsuf? azsm? azsm*fo?f
tfaAsm&fwEYdk iS v hf nf; yk'cf sif;ajymif;Ekid o f nf/ arQmhy'k Ef iS v hf nf; rdww f jl zpfonf/ odjYk zpfí
arsmufom;[lonf rdrEd iS t hf NrJwap yl;wGaJ exkid af ygif;oif;v f mol[k qkad yonf/
jrefpm*kPfNrdKifoefYurl rd,fr+a,mufom;+om;[lonfukd tjref&Gwf&mrSf rd,f
arsmuf,m;om; jzpfrnf/ xkdwGif a&SUpum;vkH; rd,fESifhaemufqkH;pum;vkH;,m;udk jzKwff
vkud af omf arsmufom;[k jzpfvmonf[q k u kd m a&SUpum; aemufpum;jyKwfonfo h m"u
rsm;ukd wifjyonf/ armifErS om;orD;(arsmufom;)wku Yd kd vufqufay;aeusjzpfí armif
ESr om;orD; [laomteufrS vif? r,m;[laom teufoYkd wqifah jymif;oGm;onf[q k dk
onf/ &ckid b f ufüvnf; ,cktxd armifErS om;orD;wkYd wOD;ESiw hf OD; arsmufom;awmfpyf
aMumif; ajymqkad eMuonf ponfjzifh &ckid o f ;Hk rsm;ukyd g tus,fw0ifh &Si;f jyxm;ayonf/
pifppf arsmufom;[lonf r+a,muf+om;yifjzpf\/f r onf vlBuD;olr? ukov dk f
r? vrf;r? xl;rjcm;em; ponfwrYdk mS uJo h kYd BuD;? rm;? BuD;rm;[lonht f eufudk aqmifonf/
a,mufrmS rl a,mufom;? a,mufcr? a,mufz? a,mufrwkw Yd iG f tok;H jyKaoma,mufEiS hf
teufwl[k ,lvkdygonf/ xkda,mufonf &ufazmufa,mufonf? csnfa,mufonf?
a,mufv;Hk ? qmygvnfrmS a,muf ponfwrfYdk mS uJo h Ydk &pf? ywf? &pfywfa[mjzpfonf/
odjYk zpfí r+a,muf=arsmufEiS t hf aoG;tom;[lonfrmS i,f&, G of l xku
d rS vl?
ol? om;(a,musfm;)[lonft h eufwo Ydk Ykd ajymif;vJtok;H jyKvmonfo h m;wkdY aygif;pyfvu dk f
&mrS jzpfxGef;vmaomarsmufom;onf (oHa,mZOfarwåmBudK;)BuD;BuD;rm;rm; &pfywf
aESmifzxYJG m;ol? vif? r,m; [lonft h eufukd aqmifonf/
arsmufom;tok;H onf &ckid b f ufwiG o

f mr[kw?f jrefrmwkb Yd uf rl;jrpf&;dk wavQmuf
wGifvnf; usefaeao;aMumif; od&onf/ a&Tbkde,f uRef;vSNrdKUwGif r,m;nDtpfukdukd
¤if;? ESrvifEiS t hf uk(d odrYk [kw)f armif\ZeD;ud¤k if; arsmufom;[k ac:aeMuayonf/ þ
onfrmS arsmufom;tok;H a&GUavsmwifusefaejcif;jzpfonf/
rnfoyYdk ifjzpfap? jrefrmwdükY aqGrsKd;pyf tac:ta0:r&S[ d k xifrw
S cf ahJ om ESr\
vifEiS t
hf uk(d odrYk [kw)f armif\ZeD;wkYd awmfpyfyu Hk u
G v
f yfukd jznfph &mtuGuw f uGuf &vm
í aus;Zl;rsm;vSonf[k qk&d ayrnf/
a,musfm;

yk*HacwfokH; a,musfm;a&;xkH;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfhvQif atmufygtwkdif; awGY
jrifEidk of nf/
1/ ausmefa,muf,m (ay:awmfr?l ykH 303? 15)
2/ rd,a®f ,musfm (563? ykH 23? 20)
3/ oma,musm (606? ykH 253 c? 3)
4/ a,mufusm (569? ykH 31? 32)
5/ a,mudusm (592? ykH 65 c? 12)
6/ a,muúsmvaoúmif (604? ykH 143 u? 24)
trSwf 5 wGiyf g&Sad om ]]a,mudusm}}onf pifppf ]]a,mufusm}}yifjzpfygonf/
u tay:wifxm;aom towfonf a&;xk;d &if;vk;H BuD;wifozG,f jzpfomG ;aomaMumifh
jrif&onfhtwkdif; zwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí t"dutm;jzifh ]]a,muf,m}}ESifh
]]a,mufusm}}[laomtokH;ESpfrsKd;om &onf/ xkdESpfrsKd;wGifvnf; ]]a,muf,m}}ukd t
apmqk;H pok;H jcif;jzpfí ,if;onfom t&if;tjrpfjzpfayrnf/
a,muf,monf a,mufESifh,mudk aygif;pnf;tokH;jyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ q&m
BuD;OD;zk;d vwfu ol\jrefrmpum;tzGiu hf srf;wGif a,mufonf vlwa,muf[o l nfrmS uJh
odYk uk, d cf E¨mjzpfaMumif;? vl? yk*K¾ v
d Ef iS ,
hf if;\uk, d ?f cE¨mwkrYd mS cGjJ cm;í &aumif;onfr[kwf
&um; a,muf\teufcsKyfrmS vl? yk*K¾ v d jf zpfaMumif; aemufwiG f wdAufEiS yhf &k w d b
f mom
wkrYd mS uJo
h Ykd ]]trIvyk o f m;rsm;}}[k a&GUavsmfoufqif;oGm;aMumif; ponfjzifh &Si;f jycJo h nf/
,m;rSmrl nm;? jim;wkEYd iS t hf vm;wljzpfí owfrw S yf idk ;f jcm;xm;NyD;[laom rlvt
euf&if;rS awGq Y ?Hk MuKHBudKuf? aygif;oif;? qufq?H tdraf xmifjyK[laom teufw&Ydk onf/
odjYk zpfí a,mufEiS , hf m;udk aygif;pnf;xm;aom a,muf,m;onf wyg;rde;f rESiq hf pHk nf;
NyD; zufwNJG yD;? aygif;oif;qufqNH yD;? tdraf xmifjyKNyD;ol[k qkv d adk yonf/
rmav; 52
þwGif a,muf,m;teufzGifhykHudk qifjcif&ef vkdvmygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkd

aomf a,muf,m;udk wyg;rde;f rESit hf rd af xmifusNyD;ol[k ,lrw S o f ;Hk pGo
J nfrmS aESmif;acwf
wGirf jS zpfonf/ a,muf,m;udk rlvu vltzdt k jzpfom odrw S t f ok;H jyKcJMh uonf/
xkdYjyif a,muf\teuft"dyÜg,fudkvnf; xyfrHpOf;pm;zG,f&may:vmjyefonf/
OD;zk;d vwfwifjyouJo h Ydk a,mufonf tzkt d rra&G; vluq kd adk Mumif; ,lqygu a,mufEiS hf
pyfaeaom a,mufr? a,mufzwk\ Yd teufukd aumuf,o l nft h cg vlz?kd vlr[l&rHk Q ,lq
Ekid af yawmhonf/ xkt d euft"dygÜ ,fum; auseyfz, G f r[kw[ f k ,lqayonf/
pifppf a,muf,m;a0g[m&wGiv f m&Sad om a,mufonf &ufazmufa,mufonf?
csnfa,mufonf? a,mufv;Hk ? qmygvnfrmS a,muf ponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ydk &pf? ywf? &pfywf
[lonft h eufudk aqmifonf/ *syfqifjrefrmt*Fvyd t f bd"mefwiG f a,mufukd þokzYd iG q hf dk

xm;onf/
a,muf 2=V. to wind around, as thread on a spool, wnif;vk;H ESichf snfudk a,mufonf? or
on the quill of a shuttle, &ufazmufEi S chf snfukd a,mufonf? or as a garment thrown around
the neck, ykq;dk vnfyif;a,mufvYdk aus;awmom;vkb d J w,f&idk ;f onf/ yk0gvnfyif;a,muf
onf/ (pm 821)
yk*aH cwfuvnf; a,muf\rlv&if; avsmufukd &pfywfonft h "dygÜ ,fjzifyh if ok;H
cJah Mumif;? atmufygom"uESpcf u fk kd ,SOEf idI ;f avhvmjcif;jzifh odEidk yf gonf/
1/ ykq0dk jf cHvnfvQif ywf&, k f (604? ykH 144? 31)
2/ ykq0kd jf cHvnfvQif avsmuf(&k,)f (617? ykH 186? 22)
vlwa,muf ESpaf ,muf[k ok;H &mwGiu f m; q&mBuD;OD;zk;d vwfu a,mufudk aumif
uJo h yYdk if vly*k K¾ v d \ f uk, d cf E¨mudk pGíJ ok;H onf[q k odk nf/ trSerf mS vk;H vk;H cJcaJ eí opfo;D
wvk;H ok;H ouJo h Ykd jym;jym;csyfcsyfaf eí yef;uefwcsyfo;Hk ouJo h Ykd ao;oG,&f n S v
f sm;aom
aMumifh wkwfwacsmif;okH;ouJhodkY ukd,ftaetxm; a,mufa,muf,m;,m; &Snf&Snf&Sd
aeonfupkd u JG m vlwa,muf[k ok;H cJ[ h efwo l nf/ xkaYd Mumifyh if tcsKdUu a,mufa,muf
,m;,m;&Sad eaomaMumifh a,muf,m;[kac:av[ef MuHqMuonf/ txufwiG f jyqkcd hJ
ouJo h yYkd if xkt d ,ltqonfvnf; a,muf,m;a0g[m&wckuo kd m az:xkwEf idk í f rSet f hH
rxifay/
xkdokYdt"dyÜg,faqmifaom a,muf,m;udk rlvu a,muf,m;[k a&;vnf;a&;
zwfvnf;zwf&mrS a&SUwGi&f adS eaom tqk;H Asnf; uf(u-owf)udk aemufrS ,m;ESiw hf pGJ yf
NyD; usm;[kajymif;xGuv f m[ef wlonf/ ouú&mZf 590 ausmfEiS hf 600 ausmfw0ku d w f iG f
a,mufusm;[k a&;om;csuftcsKdUonf xkt d qku d kd taxmuftuljyKEkid af yvdrrhf nf/
odkYaomfvnf; ,aeYtxd a,musfm;(a,muf,m;)[kom worwfwnf; quf

vufo;Hk vmjcif;u a,mufsú m;pmvk;H aygif; ckid cf idk rf mrm rwnfcahJ Mumif; odjrifomygonf/
rnfoyYdk ifqadk p a,mufsú m;[laom EIwaf jymoHum; usefaecJyh gonf/
þodv Yk Qif a,muf,m;udk a&maESm&pfywf aygif;oif;qufqw H wfo(l vltzk)d t
jzpf yk*aH cwfupí worwfwnf; ok;H cJMh uonf/ yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif usm;ESirhf trnf
wl&adS eonft h cg uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ap&ef-
tdeaf umifoif a,muf,m? tdeaf umifoifr, d (f r) (559? ykH 17? 12-13)
[k cGjJ cm;az:jywwfonf/ usm;? r ra&G; rnforl qk[ d k qkv d o
dk nft
h cg-
þ,fe, d af om a,muf,m rd,rf zsufqaD om... (567? ykH 28 u? 19)

iar’u0dk pf mfaoma,musfmavaumif? rdravaumif... (593? ykH 69? 19)
ponfjzifh a&;wwfonf/
a,musfm;udk vifEiS t hf vm;wl tok;H jyKrIrmS uke;f abmifaf cwfaESmif;ta&mufwiG f
rS wGiu f s,fvm[ef&ydS gonf/ yxrwGif vifukd txl;jyKaz:jyvkad omaMumifh a,musfm;
jzpfaomvifqo dk nfo h abmjzifh vifa,musfm;[k ok;H yk&H onf/ xkaYd emufwiG f a,musfm;okYd
yg vif\teuff ul;pufvmEkid af yonf/
*syfqifjrefrmt*Fvyd t f bd"mef (pm 822)wGiv f nf; a,musfm;udk þokt Yd eufziG hf
jyonf/
a,musfm; n. a male of the human race, a man: a man in the eminent sense of the wood;
used as a polite substitue for vif? uRefr a,musfm;onf (pron.o,f)/
*syfqif\tvkt d &aomf uRefr viftpm; uRefra,musfm;onf (o,f)? uRefr
a,musfm;[k ,Of,Ofaus;aus; tpm;xk;d ajymqk&d mrS vif[al omteufymG ;vmonf[k
,lqEkid af yonf/ a'gufwm*syfqif jrefrmEkid if o H Ykd a&muf&v dS mcsdew
f iG f þtok;H wGiaf eNyD;
jzpf[efwo l nf/ odaYk omf ESpof yd Mf umao;[ef rwlay/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf xktd csdet
f
xd rde;f r\t"dygÜ ,fonf r,m;[k raqmifao;onft h avsmuf a'gufwm*syfqifu rde;f r
udk n. a woman (pm 754)[komrefrQ jycJah yonf/
a,mu©r
a,mu©ronf a,mufEiS chf r aygif;pyfac:a0:xm;onfah 0g[m&jzpfí r,m; okYd
r[kwf vif\trdtzukd qkad yonf/
xkda0g[m&ukd yk*Hacwfuyif pwiftokH;jyKcJh&m om"utcsKdUrSm atmufygt
wkdif;jzpfygonf/
rmav; 54
1/ a,mu©rESiphf umqd0{f (ra[mo"Zmwf? twef; 3^148? avmuxdyyf efrifpm)

2/ a,mufcrMuHrz® wf (587? ykH 290 u? 5)
a,mu©r[laom tok;H wGif a,muf[o l nf &ufazmufa,mufonf? csnfa,muf
onf? a,mufv;Hk ponfwrYdk mS uJo h Ykd &pf? ywf? &pfywf[o l nft
h eufukd aqmifonf/
crwGif cESirhf udk xyfrpH wd yf idk ;f í pOf;pm;Ekid o
f nf/ c onf cufy'k &f if;rS cif? c,f?
cJ? c [lí toGiyf mG ;vmaomyk'yf mG ;uav;rsm;wGif yg0ifNyD; zG&YJ u S q
f ufpyfw, G w f monfh
oabmudk aqmifonf/ r rSmrl rufy'k &f if;rS rif? r,f? rJponfjzifh yGm;vmaom yk'yf mG ;
wckjzpfí wyfp?JG wyfEpS of uf? pGNJ rJ[o l nft h "dygÜ ,f &onf/
odkYjzpfí a,muf? cESifhrwkdYudk aygif;pyfvkdufonfhtcg &pfywfzGJY&SufcifrifwG,f
wmvmol[k t"dygÜ ,f&onf/ a,musfm;uav;ESirhf ed ;f uav;wkYd xdr;f jrm;vufxyfvu dk f

onft h cg wzuf wzufqidk &f mrdbwkrYd mS vifua&m r,m;uyg ESpzf ufpvk;H ESiq hf idk o
f nfh
trdtzozG,f &pfywfzGJY&SufwG,fwmvm&onfukd txl;jyKrSnfhac:xm;jcif;yifjzpfay
onf/ a,mu©rrS a,mu©x;D ? a,mu©r a,musfo?l a,mu©rrde;f rol[í l a0g[m&rsm;
yGm;vmonf/
a,mu©xD;/ /a,mu©r\teufukd trSet f uef rMuHqEkid of w

l u
Ydk r udo
k m uGuí f
MunfNh yD; a,mu©ronf trudk ac:jcif;jzpfrnf/ usm;udk (0g)txD;udk
qkyd gu a,mu©x;D [k ok;H &vdrrhf nf[k awG;qMuonf/ teufreS u f dk MuH
qwwfolwkdYtzkdYrl a,mu©r(tr)? a,mu©r(txD;) 0g - a,mu©rxD;[kom okH;vkdu
okH;Ekdifayrnf/
a,mu©r? a,musfo?l a,mu©r rde;f rol/ /a,mu©rESpfOD;udk ,Of,Ofaus;aus;jzifh

wOD;csif;cGjJ cm;ac:a0:vkyd gu a,mu©ra,musfm;? a,mu©rrde;f r[k qkEd idk af yrnf/ tcsKdU
u ol ukd aygif;pyfum a,mu©ra,musfm;ol? a,mu©rrde;f rol[v k nf; tok;H jyKMuonf/
a,mu©ra,musfm;olukd tenf;i,f jrefjref&w G vf ukd o
f nht
f cg a,mu©ra,musfo[ l k ykd
rkad jyjypfaomtok;H ay:xGuv f monf/
a,mufz
a,mufzonf r,m;\armif(odrYk [kw)f ESr\a,musfm;udk ac:jcif;jzpfonf/
yk*üH awG&Y aom rif;teEÅo(l av;rsufEmS bk&m;)ausmufpm? tv,fausmif;wkid f
i,f? ta&SUESifhtaemufrsufESm(589? ykH 79 u c)wGif rif;teEÅolvSLaomuRefrsm;udk
az:jy&mü uRefiarG\ Y taMumif; yg\/ uRefiarG&Y vkrd t I wGuf rif;teEÅou l wzuf? irm
oifhom;ESifha,mufz rEÅvfbd&pfwkdYuwzuf w&m;jzpfMuykHudk xkdausmufpmwGif az:jy
xm;&m a,mufz[laom pum;ukd ig;Budrw f idk w
f idk f tok;H jyKxm;onf/ xkrd t S yjzpfaom
a,mufztokH;rsm;vnf; &Sdayonf/
a,mufzonf a,mufEiS zhf udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a,mufonf &pf? ywf?
&pfywf[al omteuf&onf/ z rSmrl a,musfm;udk nTe;f qkad om z? zd? az? zk;d [laom pum;
rdom;pkwiG f wvk;H t0iftygjzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí a,mufzonf r,m;(odrYk [kw)f ESrESiphf yf
NyD; aqGrsKd;pk0iftjzpf &pfywfaESmifzv YJG mol(a,musfm;)udk qkad yonf/
xkjYd yif a,mufzukyd if orD;a,mufz[kvnf; ac:a0:tok;H jyKao;onf/ orD;

rde;f uav;ESipfh yfí &pfywfaESmifzu YJG m aqGrsKd;awmfvmMuaomaMumifh orD;a,mufz[k
ac:[efwlayonf/
&ckid bf ufwiG rf l armifErS uarG;aom (0rf;uGn J tD uk)d a,musfm;ESpaf ,muftcsif;
csif; a,mufz[k ajymwwfonf/ armifESru arG;onfh orD;ESifhom;(arsmufom;)wkdYudk
rvGw J rf; ay;jrm;wwfMuojzifh xko d t Ykd ac:avhjcif;jzpfayonf/
a,mufr
a,mufronf vif\ESr(odrYk [kw)f armif\ZeD;ukd ac:onf/ yk*aH usmufpmrsm;
wGif aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm; tawmfpaHk tmif awG&Y aomfvnf; a,mufr[laom tok;H ukd
owdrrlrday/
urf;ajcESpu f ?JG vlcyJw?Ydk ewfnpJ o H ;D ?
orD;a,mufr? ig;oJMh uí csDcsac:xl;/ (&cdik rf if;orD; {csif;? 28)
paom a,mufrtok;H ukd tif;0acwfta&muf pmxJayxJwiG f awGjY rifaeMu&ayNyD/
a,mufEiS rhf aygif;pyfxm;aom a,mufronf a,musfm;? a,mu©r? a,mufz
wkw
Yd iG yf g0ifaom a,mufuo hJ yYkd if &pf? ywf? &pfywfa[mjzpfonf/ r rSmrl tr(0g)rde;f rukd
qkad yonf/ xkaYd Mumifh a,mufronf vif odrYk [kwf armifEiS phf yfNyD; aqGrsKd;pk0iftjzpf &pf
ywfaESmifzv YJG mol (tr)[k t"dygÜ ,f&onf/
a,mufzukd orD;a,mufz[k ac:ouJo h yYkd if a,mufrudv k nf; orD;a,mufr[k
ok;H Muonf/ orD;rde;f uav;csif; &pfywfaygif;pnf;um aqGrsKd;awmfvmaomaMumifh orD;
a,mufr[k ac:[efwal yonf/
a,mufrukd ajymoHjzifh &Gwq f o
dk nft h cg a,mif;r[k toHxu G of nf/ a,mufz
[laom ajymoHrmS rl tajymif;tvJr&Sad y/ odt Yk m;jzifh a,mufzESiahf ,mufrwko Yd nf a&SUpm
rmav; 56
vk;H aygif;ykH a,mufcsif;vnf;wl? toHusKd;aygufojH zifh qk;H ykcH sif;vnf;nDygvsuf a,muf

rwGif a,mufudk a,mif;[k toHxu G af jymif;jcif;rSm EIwcf rf;Asnf;jzpfaom aemufpmvk;H
r ESihf z wkt Yd oHjzpf[efujJG ym;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ r onf ESmoHjzif&h w G &f aom oHjyif;
Asnf;jzpf&m aemuftoH r aMumifh a&SUoHjzpfaom toHusKd;aygufoH a,muf udk rlvt&Sed f
jzifh a,mif; [laom ESmoHoYdk ajymif;í &Gwv f mMujcif;jzpfonf/ þwGif a,mufEiS ahf ,mif;
wkw Yd iG f tedro hf uforH S tjrifo
h ufoH ajymif;oGm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
jrefrmpmayorkid ;f wavQmuf ay:aygufcahJ om tkid cf sif;rsm;wGiyf g&So d nf]h ]oli,f
csif;&,faumif; a,mufrwkdYav}}[laom tmvkyfpum;udkvnf; oli,fcsif;aumif;
a,mif;rwkdYav;[kyif toHxGuf&Gwfqkd&onf/ tcsKdUqkdvQif a,mif;r[kyif a&;vmMu
onf/ þonfukd a,mufr\a&SUoHaumif;aMumifh aemufoH a,mif; ajymif;av[ef,q l

olwu Ydk ,lqMuonf/ pifppf a,mufroufoufukd &Gwq f jdk cif;jzifyh if a,mif;r[k toH
ajymif;xGufEkdifonfomjzpfonf/
xkdYjyif tkdifcsif;tmvkyfrSmuJhodkYyif cspfuRrf;0ifMuonfhrdef;raz:tcsif;csif;
a,mufr[k ac:a0:ok;H pGMJ uay&m þae&mü a,mufr[laom teuf&if;udk tjynft h 0
az:jyaejcif;yif jzpfayonf/
&ckdifbufwGifrl armifESruarG;aom orD;ESifhom;(arsmufom;)wdkdYukd rvGJwrf;
ay;pm;avh&MdS uojzifh armifErS uarG;aom 0rf;uGn J tD ukcd sif; a,mufz[k ac:Muonf
omru 0rf;uGn J t
D rcsif;vnf; a,mufr[kac:ajymwwfMuayonf/
vif
vif\teufukd MuHqvQif vif;ESiw hf pyfwnf; Munfvif? vif;usif;? vif;ypaom
t"dygÜ ,f&Ekid o f nf/ xkrd aS omf 00vifvif? jynfv h if? jynfvh if;ponfwrYdk mS uJo
h Ykd jynfv
h Qrf;?
jynfjh ynf0h 0&S[ d ol nft h eufu f kd aqmifayonf/ aerdr*¢p;dk cef;ysKdUü-
usKH;yifv,fvnf;? jrpfE, S v
f [m? vif;jynfph mG í
[lí¤if;? ZeuysKdUü
jynfv h if;awGp?k a&txkwuf? epfvak qmaqm
[lí¤if;? ponfjzifh pyfqcdk MhJ uonf/
xkdYaMumifh vif[lonfrSm r,m;ESifhtwl b0opfudk aygif;pnf;xlaxmifvkdufrI
aMumifh jynfjh ynf0h 0 jzpfvm&ol teufziG ahf omf avsmfuefrnf[, k q
l ayonf/
tok;H jyKykEH iS yhf wfoufírl yk*aH cwfwiG f vifukd vlwef;pm;ra&G; tok;H jyKaMumif;
66/ 2 ; 1 ; 12 arsmufom;wGiv
f nf;&I
awG&Y onf/ rdz&k m;u rdrv d ifrif;BuD;tm; - imvifoid© rf ifBuD=ighvifocifrif;BuD; (633?

ykH 235? 10-11) [k ok;H onftxd jzpfonf/
rde;f r\umrykid f a,musfm;jzpfaom vif a0g[m&udk
1/ rdrd vif ewf&mG vmaomrifu0dk f avr’wEf idk pf mG z’p&f , k f (604? ykH 143u? 4-5)
2/ tESpf vif r,mvSLaomum (605? ykH 15? 29)
ponfjzifh yk*aH cwfrpS í ,aeYwidk af tmif tok;H rajymif;vJyJ ta&;ykH pmvk;H aygif;rajymif;
vJyJ tok;H jyKvmonf/
yif;,acwfwiG v f nf; rif;ESirhf zd &k m;ESpyf g;udk rif;vifr,m;[k ok;H onf/ aESmif;
acwfrsm;wGiu f m; ta&;yko H P²mefrajymif;yJ vlwef;pm;tajctaeudk vku d í f tok;H e,f

usOf;oGm;ayonf/
vifukd OD;aqmify'k t f aeESiwhf nfum wGaJ c:avh&adS om a0g[m&rsm;rSm vifBuD;?
vifi,fponfjzifh tawmftoifh &Sad yonf/ þae&mü vifi,f[al om txl;jyKcHpum;
aygif;wGif OD;aqmify'k f vifukd ae&ma&GUNyD; i,fvif[k ok;H jcif;jzifh ta&;yko H P²mefcsif;
vnf;wl toHxGufykHcsif;vnf; wlaom a0g[m&ESpfvkH;jzpfonfhwkdifatmif t"dyÜg,frSm
vifi,ftaESmif;[lonfhoabmrS i,fcspfvif[lonfhoabmokdY qefYusifajymif;vJoGm;
ayonf/
i,fr,m;ESirhf ,m;i,f[k OD;wnfy'k u f kd ajymif;ok;H &mwGivf nf; xkt Yd wlyifjzpfay
onf/
vifBuD;/ /twnfwus trsm;todtrSwjf yKcH&aom yxrvif/ yxrOD;qk;H xl
axmifonft h wGuf yxrtdraf xmif[v k nf; ac:ao;onf/
"r®owfusrf;rsm;wGifum; vifBuD;? vif&if;? t&if;rlvjzpfaomvif[kokH;í
aemufxyftopf aygif;zufonfhvifudk vifopf[kokH;onf/
vifi,f/ /vifBuD;&Svd suf (0g) vuf&t

dS rd af xmifEiS jhf zpfygvsuf viftjzpf wdww
f
ckd;aygif;oif;aeonfhwyg;aoma,musfm;/
vifa,musfm;/ /cifyeG ;f onfuykd if wenf;wzkH ac:onfah 0g[m& jzpfonf/ vifa,m

usfm;? a,musfm;onf[o k ;Hk &mrS a,musfm;[lonfv
h ifvnf;jzpfonfo
h
abmukd aqmifvmonf/
aemufvif/ /yxrtdraf xmifjyKonfch ifyeG ;f onfu,

G v
f eG o
f mG ;onfjzpfap? uGu
J mG
rmav; 58
oGm;onfjzpfap? aemufxyftrd af xmifjyKvif,v

l Qif aemufvif[k tod
trSwfjyKonf/
vifnDtpfr
wrdaygufcsif;awmfpyfonfhwu,fhnDtr r[kwfyJ? vifcsif;nDtudkawmfaeí
vifEiS phf yfNyD; nDtrawmfav[ef owfrw S t
f ok;H jyKjcif;yif jzpfonf/
wzufarmifErS ESit hf jcm;wzufarmifErS wkYd tjyeftvSef tvJtz,f tdraf xmif
jyKvQifrl armifv, S f ESrvS,f awmfonf[k qkod nf/
vifygorD;? vifygom;
aemuftdrfaxmifjyK&mwGif 0g tdrfaxmifopfxl&mwGif vifvkyfolü yxrtdrf
axmifuygvmaomorD;ESiohf m;udk ac:onf/
vifr,m;
tdrfaxmifjyKNyD;om; a,musfm;ESifhrdef;r wpkHwGJudk todtrSwfjyKac:a0:onfh
pum;jzpfonf/
oruf
orufonf orD;\vifukd ac:aom aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m& jzpfonf/
1/ riforuf taemrmr’, d f 20 (554? ykH 12? 12)
2/ ykv d o
f Bk uD owåsmord or(uf)om a,mufom id&, k v
f aI om
(606? ykH 153 u? 10)
txufwiG f az:jyxm;onft h wkid ;f yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif oruf[k a&;cJo h nf
rSm ,aeYwidk af tmif jzpfonf/ odaYk omfvnf; om;rufonf rlv&if;jzpfí om;rufudk rMwm
0uf rMwmjynfh&Gwf&mrS pmayrwifrDuyif a&SUo&oHonf tm; o&oHrs t o&oHodkY
avsmhajymif;cJ[ h ef wlonf/ xkaYd Mumifh oruf[í l yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif awGaY e&jcif;jzpf
onf/
oruf(om;ruf)[l&mwGif rufonf jrefrmpum;pyfjzpfí &r®u?f rufarm? tdyf
rufwrYdk mS uJo
h Ykd wyfEpS of uf? pGEJ pS o
f uf? wyfp[ JG al om t"dygÜ ,fuakd qmifonf/ odjYk zpfí orD;
ESiphf yfum om;ozG,w f yfEpS o
f uf pGEJ pS o
f ufp&mom;tjzpf awmfpyfvm&jcif;udk az:usL;
vsuf oruf[k ok;H cJyh &Hk onf/
tcef;(7)
okH;oyfcsuf
jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;udk avhvmvku d of nft

h cg jrefrmwkoYd nf xkad 0g[m&
rsm;udk pepfcsrSwf ac:a0:cJjh cif;jzpfaMumif; odjrifvmygonf/
yxrwifjyvkdonfrSm jrefrmwkdYonf rsufarSmufumvwGif tifESifhtm;ESifh &yf
wnfaeaomom;orD;rS zkd;zGm;txd aqGrsKd;taqmufttkHBuD;udk zGJYpnf;&mwGif &kdao
av;pm;rI? cspfcifMuifemrIudk tajcwnfum aqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;udk ac:a0:okH;pGJcJh
jcif;yifjzpfygonf/

ykpH tH m;jzifh t&G,t f BuD;ti,fuv kd udk í f rdBuD;? rdaxG;? bBuD;? baxG;ac:ykjH zpf
onf/ arwåmtajccHjzifh zk;d ? zGm;? om;? orD;? cifyeG ;f ? crnf;? cJt?dk c,frac:ykH ponfwYdk
jzpfygonf/ þtcsufonf tcsif;csif; BuD;rm;aom wG,fwmrIudk jzpfapygonf/ zkd;?
zGm;wkdY\txuf aqGrsKd;qufrsm;tm; vuf&Sdtaetxm;rS jyefMunfhonfhtcg twdwf
wGif usefchJ a0;cJNh yD[al om þoabmudk ,lum ab;? bD? bifpaom a0g[m&rsm;ay:
vm&ygonf/ om;? orD;rS atmuftzku Yd m; wG,w f mrIwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;jzifh
&pfywfí tjrpft&if; wG,v f monfo h abm? ajr§;uyfw, G &f uS o
f nfo
h abmudk cH,v l suf
jrpf? wD? uRwf? wGwf ponfjzifh ac:a0:tok;H jyKcJah yonf/
'kw, d wifjyvko d nfrmS jrefrmwk\ Yd pdwu f ;l aumif;ykjH zpfonf/ jrefrmwko Yd nf aqG
rsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm; ac:a0:ok;H pG&J mwGif pdwu f ;l aumif;aumif;jzifh trnfrn S ahf c:cJah Mumif;
xif&mS ;onf/ crnf;? r&D;? rwf? wl? wlr? ajr;? jrpfponfwrYdk mS taotcsm pdwu f ;l MuHq
NyD; tav;teuf ac:cJMh uonfah 0g[m&rsm; jzpfaMumif; oufqidk &f mtcef;rsm;ü zwf&I
cJMh u&ayNyD/
wwd,tcsufrmS rnfou Yl rkd qkd pdr;f onf usufonf oabmrxm;bJ ud, k t hf ay:
aumif;vQif aumif;ovkd waoG;wnf; wajy;wnf; oabmxm; qufqw H wfaom jrefrm
wk\ Yd "avhp&ku d jf zpfygonf/ ykpH t
H m;jzifh tar\armifBuD;udk OD;&D;[k ac:onf/ xko d o Ydk m;
csif;t&if;tm; ac:aomtok;H tEIe;f udyk if tazhErS ESiphf yf&mwGirf S awmfvm&onft h azh
ESr\cifyeG ;f udyk g OD;&D;[k ac:qkt d ok;H jyKonf/ þonfrmS wzufaqG&if;ESiphf yfrS aqGawmf
vm&olukd wajy;nDoabmxm; usifo h ;Hk jcif;jzpfonf/ BuD;awmfonfvnf; xko d abmrsKd;
yifjzpfygonf/
xko d aYdk om oabmrsKd;jzifh ac:cJrh aI Mumifh awGv Y m&aom tcuftcJrmS tac:rsm;
&IyfaxG;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ þtcsufudkvnf; qufvufwifjy&ayrnf/ tarhbufrS t
rmav; 60
a':rsm;udk rdBuD;? rdaxG;[k ac:onf/ ,if;wku Yd ykd if BuD;awmf? axG;awmf[o k ;Hk onf/ t
azhbufrS aoG;pyfvmolrsm;udkvnf; xkdodkYwajy;nD wwef;wnf;xm;í ac:jyefonf/
umvMumanmif;vmonft h cg tac:ta0: tok;H tEIe;f rsm; axG;&Suv f mayonf/
okaYd omfvnf; aqGrsKd;tac:ta0:rsm;udk tm;vk;H wOD;csif; uGu J jJG ym;jym;ajym
Ekid af tmif wDxiG x f m;onfb h mompum;[líum; &Sad o;rnfrxifay/ woD;yk*v ¾ bmom
jzpfaom w&kwb f momüyif aqGrsKd;ac: rrSm;&avatmif tazhbuf tarhbuf eHygwf
xk;d í ac:a0:ok;H pGrJ I &Sad omfvnf; crnf;crufcsif; wdwu d susac:onfah 0g[m&rsKd; owf
owfrw S rf wS f r&Sb d J tcsif;csif; awGMY uonft h cg touft&G,u f kd vkud í
f ¤if;? tajct
aeudv k u dk í f ¤if; oifah wmfovkd EIwq f ufajymqkMd u&ayonf/
xdjYk yif r&Iyaf xG;Ekid af tmif eHygwfEiS ahf c:rIrsKd; (ykpH ?H tarhbufrS ta': 1? ta':
2 ponf)udk OD;pm;ay;vku d o f nft h cg pdwu f ;l aumif;aumif; t"dygÜ ,f&&dS EdS iS Ehf pS o f ufp&m
a0g[m&uav;rsm; vufvw G of mG ;wwfayonf/ odjYk zpfí pdwu f ;l ESit
hf eufaumif;vnf;
ygum &Iyfvnf; r&IyfaxG;&atmif jyKjyifrSnfhac:oifhonfwkdYudk rSnfhac:bkdYvkdrnfxifyg
onf/ vkad eao;onfwu Ydk v kd nf; jznfph u G rf n S ahf c:&ef oifyh gonf/
ykpH tH m;jzifh a,mufz[k ac:vku d af omfvnf; rnfou l ESray;&onfukd rodEidk f
aom tac:rsKd;&Sad eonf/ r,m;nDtuk?d vifnt D rpaomtok;H rsKd;&Sad omfvnf; armif
\ZeD;ESiEhf rS \vifwYdk rnfoYdk awmfpyfonfukd ac:rIrsKd; r&Sad o;yJ jzpfaeonf/ rl;jrpfw
0Sr;f wGif xko d aYdk wmfpyfocl sif; arsmufom;[kac:aMumif; odvm&aomfvnf; &ckid o f ;Hk arsmuf
om;ESifha&maxG;oGm;Ekdifayonf/
trnfopf rSnfhac:rIESifhpyfoG,fí uG,fvGefoltrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;Akdvf
csKyfatmifqef;onfyif i,fpOfu tawmfpdwf0ifpm;cJhygonf/ nDtr w0rf;uGJ? armif
ESrw0rf;uGJ &Sad omfvnf; bmaMumifh vifr,m;w0rf;uGJ r&So d enf;[k vlBuD;rsm;tm; ar;
bl;onf/ vlBuD;rsm;rSm jyefrajzEkdifbJ &,faeMuonf[kqkdonf/ AkdvfcsKyf\tpfudk OD;
atmifoef;u þtaMumif;udk ]]atmifqef;rdom;pk}}pmtkyf (pm 140-141)wGif jyefvnf
ajymjy&if; uGo J mG ;aomvifr,m;rsm;udk w0rf;uGv J ifr,m;[k ac:qkyd gu qk;d vSrnf r
xifaMumif; tMuHay;wifjyxm;ayonf/
odjYk zpfí jrefrmhp&ku d Ef iS u
hf ukd n f rD nfh jrefrmhaqGrsKd;pyfa0g[m&rsm;udk jznfph u G jf yK
jyifwx D iG f zefw;D oifNh yD[k xifjrif,q l rdayownf;/ /
usrf;udk;rsm;
1/ ukrm&uóy? &Si?f "r®&moDysKdU? rEÅav;NrdKU? [Hom0wDy#d uwfpmykEH ydS f

wku d ?f 1929/
2/ ausmf&if? OD;(wnf;jzwfo)l aerdi&Jcef;ysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDyEHk ydS w f udk ?f 1957?
{NyD/
3/ ausmfatmifpx
H m;? a0g[m&w¬yumoeD? &efuek ?f v,fwrD @Kdiyf #d uwf
ykEH ydS w f u dk ?f 1320/
4/ MumxGe;f ? OD;? a,m? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&;ykEH ydS w f u
dk ?f 1971? ZGe/f

5/ aMu;rkoH wif;pm? (16-6-1971)aeYxw k f owif;pm/
6/ cifcifat;? a':? bmomaA'tajccH? pm? 155? ynmya'ompmapmif
twGJ 1? tydik ;f 4? 1966? 'DZifbm/
7/ cifcifat;? a':? bmompum;ESio hf ad umif;p&mrsm;? pm 241? ynm
ya'om pmapmif? twGJ 2? tykid ;f 4? 1967? Ek0d ifbm/
8/ cifapm? a':(wnf;jzwfo)l pwk"r®om& ud;k cef;ysKdU? Ekid if aH wmf Ak'o ¨ moemhtzGYJ
ykEH ydS wf u dk ?f 1957? rwf/
9/ awaZmom&? &Si?f a&T[oFmrif;ysKdU? rEÅav;? u0dvu©Pmpmtkyq f idk ?f
1324/
10/ wif? OD;? uAsmAEöm&usrf;&if;ESiahf emufqufwJG 3 ykid ;f ? &ef
ukef?trsKd;om;pmyHkESdyfwkduf/
11/ wif&edS ?f OD;? (wnf;jzwfo)l u0dvu©Powfy?Hk u0dvu©P'DyeD? u0dvu©P 0d
aom"eD 3 usrf;wG?J rEÅav;? u0dvu©Pyd#uwfpm
tkyq f idk ?f 1958/
12/ wifv?S OD;? bmompum;onf ajymif;vJwwfaomoabm&So d nf?
pm 213? ynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ 3? tykid ;f 4?
1968? atmufwb dk m/
13/ wGi;f oif;rif;BuD;? Z,'doysKdU? &efuek ?f tpk;d &ykEH ydS w f u
dk ?f 1324/
14/ wGi;f oif;rif;BuD;? bv’mwd,ysKdU? &efuek ?f &efuek w f uúov dk yf EHk ydS wf u dk ?f
1961/
15/ wGi;f oif;rif;BuD;? r[mZeuysKdU? rEÅav;? jraZmfyEHk ydS w f udk ?f 1321/
16/ wGi;f oif;rif;BuD;? 0d"&k ysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDowif;pmykEH ydS w f u dk ?f
rmav; 62
1951
17/ wGi;f oif;rif;BuD;? a0óEÅ&mysKdU? aZ,syl&ed yf EHk ydS w f u dk ?f &efuek ?f 1938/
18/ xGe;f wif?h armif? jrefrmpum;teufziG ?hf 1970 jynf?h Mo*kw/f
19/ xGe;f jrif?h OD;? ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mef? &efuek ?f wuúov kd rf sm;pm
tkyx f w k af 0a&;aumfrwDpmpOf (31)? (y) 1968? Zl
vkdif/
20/ 'kw, d rJx;D q&mawmf rmvmvuFm&0w¬KawmfBuD;? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDyEHk ydS f
wku d ?f 1961/
21/ EkEak qG? toHajymif;vJrI avhvmjcif;? vkyo f m;jynfoaYl eYpOf
owif;pm? 26-6-70/
22/ eef;nTefYaq(wnf;jzwf) rk'v k u©PysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDyEHk ydS w f u dk ?f 1959/
23/ yGm;? q&m? usnf;uef&iS Bf uD;arwåmpmESichf ufqpftajz? &efuek ?f
jynfBuD;r@Kdiyf #d uwfyEHk ydS w f u dk ?f 1954/
24/ azarmifwif? OD;? uif;0efrif;BuD;jyifopfEidk if o H mG ;aeYpOfrw S w f rf;? &ef
uke?f tpd;k &ykEH ydS w f u dk ?f 1939/
25/ azarmifwifEiS *hf sD? tdy?f vkpf yk*aH usmufpmnTeaYf ygif;? &efuek ?f NAdwo d Qbm;rm;ykH
ESyd wf u dk ?f 1928/
26/ azarmifwifEiS *hf sD? tdy?f vkpf jrefrmwkid ;f &if;ausmufpmrsm;? y? 'k? w? p? vef'ef?
atmufpzk'Yd w f uúov dk yf EHk ydS w
f u dk ?f 1933? 39? 56/
27/ azarmifwif? OD;? bmomavmu? yxrESyd ?f &efuek ?f pmayAdrmefyEHk ydS f
wku d ?f 1958/
28/ zk;d pde?f OD;(wnf;jzwfo)l ayg&mPuxm'DyuedosESio hf wfx;l uAsmESihf twkd
aumuf? &efuek ?f wk;d pmykEH ydS w f u dk /f
29/ zk;d pde?f OD;? jrefrmpum;eufusrf;? &efuek ?f wk;d pmykEH ydS w f u dk /f
30/ zk;d vwf? OD;? jrefrmpum;tzGiu hf srf;? 'kw, d wG?J &efuek ?f ynmeE´
ykEH ydS wf u dk ?f 1963/
31/ zk;d vwf? OD;? oDcsif;ya'om? &efuek ?f ynmeEýEHk ydS w f u dk ?f 1954?
azaz:0g&D/
32/ Anm;'v? &mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfy?Hk &efuek ?f ZGpJ may&dyjf rKH? (y)
tBudr?f 1967/
33/ b&if? OD;? [Hom0wD? uAsmhyef;ukH;tajzpkH? atmifrdwfqufpmykHESdyfwkdfuf/
34/ b&if? OD;? [Hom0wD? a&onfjyZmwfEiS t hf ajz? &efuek ?f ZrÁLUrdwaf qGy#d u

ykEH ydS w
f u dk ?f 1948/
35/ b&Si?f Akv d rf LS ;? avmuxdyyf ef? &efuek ?f wuúov dk yf EHk ydS w f u dk ?f 1962/
36/ rEktrwf? rEkus,f"r®owf? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDowif;pmykEH ydS f
wku d ?f 1903/
37/ r[mrif;vSrif;acgif? r[mokwaomrysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDy#d uwfyEHk ydS f
wku d ?f 1951/
38/ rk;d jrif?h OD;? a,mufcrxD;? a,mufcxD; r[kw?f Akv d w f axmifo
wif;pm? {NyD? 1971/

39/ rif;vS*P k af &mif? cspfp&mh"avh? rEÅav;? [Hom0wDowif;pm?
(21-1-70)/
40/ armifarmifBuD;? OD;? aerdbcHk ef;ysKdU? &efuek ?f Ekid if aH wmfA'k o ¨ moemhtzGyYJ kH
(wnf;jzwfo)l ESyd wf u dk ?f 1957? ZGev f /
41/ armifarmifwif? OD;? y'krjyZmwf? rEÅav;? rEÅav;wuúov dk af usmif;ok
awoetzG?YJ 1955/
42/ refvnfq&mawmf? r[mokwum&DrCa'0vuFmopf? &efuek ?f jynfBuD;
r@Kdiyf #d uwfyEHk ydS w f udk ?f 1297 ck? wykw Yd v JG /
43/ jrifo h ef;? a':(wnf;jzwfo)l yg&rDawmfcef;ysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDy#d uwfyEHk ydS f
wku d ?f 1953? Zefe0g&Dv/
44/ jrefpm*kPaf usmfjrif?h pmay&dyrf eG ?f &efuek ?f *E¨rmykEH ydS x f w k af 0a&;Xme? yx
r? 1967? Mo*kw/f
45/ jrefpm*kPNf rdKifoef?Y jrefpm*kPpf mjrKaw? &efuek ?f *E¨rmykEH ydS w f u dk ?f 1966?
rwfv/
46/ aratmif? OD;? {csif;a[mif; 12 apmifw?JG armfvNrdKifNrdKU? &r®myl&pm
ykEH ydS w
f u dk ?f 1274/
47/ &|om&? &Sirf [m bl&'d wfvuFmBuD;? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDy#d uykEH ydS w f u
dk ?f
1907/
48/ a&ToiG ?f armif? um&efEiS t hf oH? aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? pm-73? &efuek ?f t
rSwf 75? 1966 ck? pufwifbmv/
49/ a&ToiG ?f OD;?(bmomjyefo)l jrefrmo'áA'zwfpmf? &efuek w f uúov dk rf sm;tkycf sKyf
a&;&k;H ? bmomjyefEiS phf mtkyx f wk af 0a&;Xme? 1969/
rmav; 64
50/ a&ToiG ?f OD; o'áA'tajccH? pm 231? ynmya'ompmapmiftwGJ

1? tykid ;f 1? 1966 ck? rwfv/
51/ vlaz0if;? OD;? jrefrmpum;vk;H ppfppfrsm; (2)? pm-41? &Ir0? twGJ
24? trSwf 277? 1970? ZGev f /
52/ vif;? q&m? ab;ESib hf ;dk tajz? pm 49-50? jrefrmEkid if o H ak woe
toif;*sme,f twGJ 32? tykid ;f 1? 'DZifbmv 1948?
53/ vSorde(f wnf;jzwfo)l tavmif;bk&m;ta&;awmfyEHk pS af pmifw?JG &efuek ?f
jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme/
54/ 0ef? OD;? wuúov dk jf refrmowfneT ;f usrf;? &efuek w f uúov dk pf m
tkyx f w k af 0jzefcY sda&;aumfrwD? 1963? Mo*kwv f /

55/ 0ef? OD;? wuúov dk jf refrmtbd"mef? tykid ;f 1(u tu©&m)? &ef
uke?f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &pmykEH ydS w f u dk ?f
1952/
wuúov dk jf refrmtbd"mef? tydik ;f 2 (c tu©&m)? &ef
uke?f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &pmykEH ydS w f u dk ?f
1956/
wuúov dk jf refrmtbd"mef? tykid ;f 5(q tu©&m)?jynf
axmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfveS af &;tpk;d &? 1964/
56/ oDv0Ho? &Sirf [m? yg&m,e0w¬K? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDyEHk ydS w f udk ?f 1963/
57/ oef;aqG? a':(wnf;jzwfo)l qkawmif;cef;ysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDy#d uwfyEHk ydS f
wkud ?f 1952? Mo*kw/f
58/ oef;aqG? a': ndE§ idI ;f jcif;\&v'f? ynmya'ompmapmif twGJ 5?
tydik ;f 4? 1970/
59/ oef;aqG? a': yif;,acwfbt YJG rnfrsm;? &efuek ?f jr0wDr*¾Zif;? t
wGJ 11? trSwf 2/
60/ oef;xGe;f ? a'gufwm acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if? &efuek ?f r[m'*kpH may
xkwaf 0a&;? 1964/
61/ {armif? OD;? uAsmhyef;uk;H ? &efuek ?f jrefrmh,el , D efpmykEH ydS wf u dk ?f
1959? {NyD/
62/ {armif? OD;? yk*aH usmufpmvufa&G;pif? &efuek ?f ynmeEýEHk ydS w f u dk f
1958/
63/ {armif? OD;? tEkpmayaumufEw k cf suf? yXrwG?J &efuek ?f jrefrmEkid f

iHbmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1952/
64/ Mobmombd0o
H ? toQif okawoeo&kyt f bd"mef? &efuek ?f ynmeEýEHk ydS wf u dk ?f
1955/
65/ t*¾orm"d? &Si?f ok0PÖoQHjrm;ypfcPf;ysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDy#d uwf
ykEH ydS w
f u dk ?f 1302/
66/ t*¾orm"d? &Si?f ok0PÖoQHopömcPf;ysKdU? &efuek ?f [Hom0wDowif;pm
ykEH ydS w
f u dk ?f 1263/
67/ atmifoef;? OD;? atmifqef;rdom;pk? &efuek ?f pE´m0if;ykEH ydS w f u
dk (f y)?

1970? {NyDv/
68/ tke;f a&T? OD;? owfyt Hk bd"mefrw d vf ifp?Hk &efuek ?f ynmtvif;jypm
ykEH ydS w
f u dk ?f 1956/
69/ Stevenson, Robert, C., The Judson Burmese English Dictionary, Rangoon,
A.B.M. Press. 1921.
txufatmuf aqGckepfqufaz:jycsufZ,m;
"r®owf 0denf; okawoeo&kyfjytbd"mef 224
u0d'D 331 rCÄ u0d'D 331 ay0d? 'k 528 yOöm Ä Ä 96-7 aomr Ä 133
_ _ tabG; taz: tbJ tazG; aph _ tabm
_ tabmf tabm tbD tabm tzJ an§muf abm tbD
_ tabG; tbJ; bif abG; tzD bif abmif tbJ
_ tbGJ tbD bD bD tazm bD bif tabG;
tab; tab; tab; ab; ab; taz; ab; bD taz;
tzkd; tbkd; tzkd; bdk; tbdk; bkd; bkd; bkd; tzkd;
tz tb tz tb (tb) tb b b tz
rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f rdrdukd,f
om; om; om; om; om; om; om; om;
ajr; ajr; ajr; ajr; ajr; ajr; ajr; ajr;
jrpf jrpf jrpf jrpf jrpf jrpf jrpf jrpf
_ wD wD wD wD wD wD wD
_ arQmh wGwf wGwf arQmh wGwf uRwf wGwf
_ uRwf uRwf uRwf uRwf uRwf qwf uRwf
_ quf arQmh qwf uRwfquf quf quf uRwfquf
u0d'D=u0dvu©P'DyeDusrf;? rif;BuD;r[moD&daZ,sol(1227) yOöm=yOöm0k"ysKdU? rkHa&G;aZw0efq&mawmf(1183)

aywd=wday#u0dedpä,usrf; (y)ESifh ('k)? rkdif;cdkif;q&mawmf y(1255 ck) 'k (1284 ck) rC=r[mokwum&DrCa'0vuFmopf? refvnfq&mawmf (1266 ck)
rSwfcsuf/ /wuúokdvf jrefrmtbd"mef? tydkif; 5 (qtu©&m)ESifhokawoeo&kyfjytbd"mefvm aqGckepfqufaz:jycsufukd nd§EIdif;NyD; uGJvGJcsufudk wifjyxm;onf/
rCa'0vuFmopfyk'fa& 311 vm t,ltqudk tbd"mefü az:jyxm;&mwGif uRwfquf[k waygif;wnf; jyxm;onfudk ,ck wckpD cGJí jyygonf/

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E-book is created by shanyoma

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