24 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

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,SOfvmvQif EkdifiHhtusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;&rnf/ rdrdudk,frdrd EkdifiHESifh pwef;[kwf}} xHa&;onhf urÇmausmfay;pmrsm;ukd 1774 ckESpfwGif
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vlrsK;d udk aumif;usK;d jyK&efEiS hf tepfemcH&ef[al om wm0efEpS &f yfjzifh ]]vlav;okdYay;pmrsm;}} trnfjzihf bmomjyefqdkcJhNyD; aMu;rHk
vlYavmuodkYa&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf[k cH,lxm;&rnf/ owif;pmwGif jyefvnfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
 18 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 7

vl&,fvjYdk zpfNy;D t&G,af &mufvmwmeJY vli,fawG yxrqH;k EkdifiH\tm;udkNydKuGJapaom oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;

vdkcsifawmifhwwJht&mu aysmf&TifrIyJ/ 'gayrJh aysmf&TifrIqdkwm EdkifiH\tm;udk NydKuGJapaomoabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrl
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aysm&f iT rf uI kd &Smawmhr,fq&kd if rdr&d UJ tBuKd u?f rdr&d UJ 0goemudk yxr xdk;azmufypfjcif;? rpm;&onfhtrJ oJESifhyufjcif;? yGJvSefYwkef;
qef;ppfMunfh&r,f/ zsm0ifcif;jcif;? rD;avmif&m avyifhjcif;? tarausmf axG;awmf
olrsm;awGajymwkdif; aysmf&TifrIqdkwmudk t&rf;vufcHvdkY vGrf;jcif;? igxif&m igwaumjyKvkyfjcif;? ocGwfyifu rD;wusnf
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rdef;rvdkufpm;aewJhol? aomufaomufpm;pm; vlrif;om;qdkwJh ,if;wdkYaMumifh EkdifiHwGifxdckdufrIESpfrsKd; jzpfay:cHpm;&onf/
trsKd;rsKd;aewJholvdkY t"dyÜm,fxGufw,f/ yxrwpfrsKd;rSm jynfwGif;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI tiftm;NydKuGJNyD;
rif;udk azaz &Suf&SufeJY0efcH&r,fqdk&if azazi,fi,f Ekid if \
H tiftm;csnehf o YJ mG ;onf/ 'kw,d xdcu dk rf rI mS Ekid if EH iS v
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t,Gif;,Gif; em;vnfcJhrdvdkY trSm;awGawGUcJhzl;w,f/ azaz[m ½d;k om;ajzmifrh wfrrI &Sad omvlrsK;d tjzpf urÇm\ 0dik ;f 0ef;owfrw S jf cif;
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t&ufudk tvGeftuRHaomufrdvdkY rl;cJhwmawG&Sdw,f/ uREfkyfwdkYa&Smif&Sm;Mu&rnf/ vufcHusifhoHk;aeaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;
aemufwpfaeYrmS aexdik rf aumif;jzpfwt hJ cgrSm tJ't D &uf &Sdyguvnf; ,if;yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;qefYusifMu&rnf/ tb,f
udk &GHrkef;oGm;jyefa&m/ 'gjzifh bmjzpfvdkYaomufovJvdkYar;&if tJ'D aMumifhqdkaomf ,if;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf EkdifiH\wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIESifh
wke;f u t&ufaomufrS vlBu;D vlaumif;yDor,f? aysm&f iT rf u I kd cHpm; pnf;vHk;rIudk ysufjym;apaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
wwfwJholjzpfr,fvdkY xifcJhrdvkdYyJ/
avmif;upm;udpörSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ/ azaz ydkufqHrvdk
csiyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifyh u kd q
f t
H wGuf avmif;upm;p&m taMumif;r&Sd 2014 ckESpf? pufwifbmvxkwf ]jr0wD} r*¾Zif;rS
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t&nftcsi;f wpfcv k Ykd xifcrhJ w
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r&Ekid af vmufatmifb/J tESpo f ;kH q,fv;kH vH;k avmif;upm;wmeJyY J
tcsed u f ek cf w
hJ ,f/ azazhb0rSm taumif;qH;k tcsed af wGaygh/ Ny;D awmh pmtkyfpmay
azazb,f a vmuf r sm; ½l ; vd k u f o vJ q d k & if vl B uD ; vl a umif ;
wpfa,muf yDoatmifqNkd y;D qJa&;wdik ;f xGmwmrsK;d awmif vkyv
ao;w,f/ 'Dtusifhudkawmh azazrMumcifrSmyJ pGefYvTwfypf
f udk f vlYrdwfaqG
 8 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 17

EkdifiHBuD;om;wdkY aqmif&ef? a&Smif&ef vli,fynmay;u@

a'guw
f mcspf (xyfqift
h rsK;d om;pmayqk&) aysmf&TifrI

pm;aomufrItavhtxESifhywfoufaom tajccHOya' aysm&f iT rf [

orsm; rsm;jym;pGm&Sdonf/ xkdOya'orsm;onf rdrdudk tqHk;
tjzwfay;Murnfjzpfonf/ taumif;ESit hf qd;k onf rdr\
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toHjrnfjcif;(wjywfjywftoH)? aomufaomtcg toHjrnfjcif;
(w½Iwf½IwftoH)? 0g;aomtcg
arTNyD;aomtcg yg;pyfrydwfjcif;(a[mif;avmif;)?
t&nfudkraomufrD tyl u d k at;atmif r I w f j cif ;
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xdkodkYwif&mwGif. . . wdkYonf wkdif;jynfvlrsKd;wdkif;u
tqifhtwef;jrifhonf[k r,lq
Muacs/
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ausmufwHk;BuD;eJY wlw,f/
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aysmf&TifrIudk &SmzdkYc&D;xGufvmMuw,f/ 'gayrJh olwdkYrSm c&D;udk
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a0'emudo k m &vmcJMh uw,f/ 'Dvakd jymwJt h wGuf azaz[maysm&f iT rf u I kd
raumif;bl;vdYk ajymaew,fvYkd rxifvu kd ef /YJ (*&dacwfu) pwd;k
tpfvdkYac:wJh Oayu©m0g'Dwpfa,mufvdk aysmf&TifrIudk tjypfqdkae
w,fvYkd rxifvu kd ef /YJ bke;f Bu;D wpfyg;vdk aysm&f iT rf I pnf;pdrcf sr;f om
udk ½Iwcf saew,fvYkd rxifvu dk ef /YJ 'Doabmajymaewm r[kwb f ;l /
azaz[m rif;udk tJ'Daysmf&TifrIpnf;pdrfudk &SmazGwwfatmif? cHpm;
wwfatmif tufyDusL;&D;,ef; wpfa,mufvdk oifjyay;aewm?
rifuh kd aysm&f iT rf aI wG trsm;Bu;D &apcsiw f ,f/ ck azazajymaewmu
taysmfrSm;rSmpdk;vdkY ajymaewm/
16 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 9

(C) awmfveS q f efuY siv f akd omqE´? 0g;aepOftoHrxGufap&ef EIwfcrf;ESpfckudkaphí(ydwfí)

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(p) olwpfyg;ESi, hf OS Nf yKd ií
f tm;prf;jcif;jzifh rdr\
d tpGr;f owåd wBu;D 0g;rsKjd cif;wku Yd kd rjyKvyk &f acs/ a&raomufrD yg;pyfukd vufow k f
tuefYtowfudk odvdkaomqE´? y0gESio hf wk Nf y;D rS aomuf&onf/ odrYk o S m a&cGuaf y:wGif rdryd g;pyf
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( Z ) vlrt
I yk pf wk pfck odrYk [kwf ,Ofaus;rI tzGUJ wpfcEk iS hf ydik q
f ikd f xdawGUíayoGm;onfudk yg;pyfESifhrpkyf&acs/ vufokwfy0gESifhom
ywfoufvdkaom qE´? okwf&onf/
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ay;Ekdifonf/ pm;azmf)udk rawmif;cHoifhacs/
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a&;om;onfh ]]rl;,pfaq;ynmay;#Dum}} rSEkwf,lNyD; atmufcHyef;uefjym;ay:wif&onf/ xdkodkYwif&mwGif
yef;uefv;kH udik ;f \ nmbufab;wGix f m;&onf/ arTNy;D ZGe;f udk pm;yGJ
pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyonf/]
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&Syd gu ZGe;f ESichf yfí tenf;i,fjrnf;Munfh (Sip) &onf/ od&Yk mwGif
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taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh rtyfEdkifygu &ufxyfwkd; &efwpf
pmayqk&) a&;om;onfh ]vlrIqufqHa&;qdkif&m
BudrfcGifhjyKay;ygonf/
urÇmhxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyonf/]
 10 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf
eDwdaMu;rHkESifh avmueDwd
armifvGif&nf (0dZÆm odyÜH)
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jyKwwfaom olpdrf;onf aqGrsKd;rnf\/
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKwwfaom aqGrsKd;onf olpdrf;rnf\/ tem
a&m*gonf (rdrd)udk,fü jzpfygvsuf tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKwwf?
aq;0g;onf awmüjzpfygvsuf tusKd;pD;yGm;udkjyKwwf\/
rsufuG,fü *kPfaus;Zl;udkacszsufvsuf rsufarSmufürl
csKdompGmajymqdkwwfaom rdwfaqGudk tqdyftdk;üxnfhxm;aom
ysm;&nfudk a&SmifMuOfouJhodkY a&SmifMuOf&m\/
[1992 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvxkwf armifvGif&nf (0dZÆm odyÜH)
a&;om; jyKpkonfh ]eDwdaMu;rHkESifhavmueDwd}pmtkyfrS
aumufEkwf azmfjyonf/]
pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 15
ausmif;om;vli,f vlrr,frsm;onf
ajrwGiaf umif;pGm tjrpfrpGaJ o;aom
ysK;d yifi,frsm;ESihf wlvo
S nf/
iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh yGifhzl;a0qma&;twGuf . . .
tzsurf sm;aMumifh ysupf ;D vG,wf wfonf/ vlvm;ajrmufa&;twGuf
ajrMoZmauR;? aygif;oif? a&avmif;um jyKpyk sK;d axmifay;&ef vdt
k yf
ygonf/
,if;odkYrSr[kwfvQif ausmif;om;oli,f vlrr,frsm;tm;
rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJrdatmif ywf0ef;usifrSwGef;tm;rsm;? pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m wGef;tm;rsm;u wGef;ydkYavawmhrnf/ ,if;wGef;tm;rsm;rSm
t"du tm;jzifh (1)yk*¾dKvfa&;y#dyu©rsm;? (2) aq;aMumfjimrsm;?
(3) pD;yGm;a&; acgif;yHkjzwfrIrsm;wdkYjzpfygonf/
yk*¾dKvfa&; y#dyu©rsm;
q,fausmo f uf umvydik ;f wGif rdrt d wGi;f pdw"f mwftae
usyfrIrS yk*¾dKvfa&;y#dyu©rsm;onf t&G,fa&mufrI\ vdifpdwf?
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jzpfay:vm&onf/ ,if; y#dyu©rsm;onf q,fausmfoufwkdYtm;
ab;ywf0ef;usif vlaerItodkif;tzGJUu tH0ifcGifusqufqHvm
atmif twif;t"r®wGef;xdk;qGJiifrIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&onf/
yk*¾dKvfa&;y#dyu©rsm;apaom taMumif;&if;rsm;wGif
atmufygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/
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hf pfO;D ,SONf yKd iaf qmif&u
G &f mü ½H;I edrrhf nfukd pd;k &drf
&pdwf?
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pdwf?
(*) pdwfa0'em odkYr[kwf pdwfaxGjym;rIjzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drf
pdwf?
 14 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 11

rl;,pfaq;0g;pGJapaom
taMumif;&if;rsm;
aus;Zl;w&m;
vSordef

OD;odu
k x
f eG ;f

rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;u q,fausmfoufwdkYtm; tb,fh

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vl\obm0trsK;d rsK;d teuf uREyfk w f o Ykd nf aus;Zl;odwwf
vdktyfygonf/ q,fausmfoufwdkY\oabm obm0jzpfaom rdrd
olESifh aus;Zl;uef;wwfolwdkYudk awGU&Sd&vdrfhrnf/ vlwpfa,mufudk
ud,k rf rd d pdw0f ifpm;rI vGeu
f jJ cif;? aomu? Asmyg'? aMumifMh urIaygrsm;
ulnrD pcJNh y;D vQif xkv
d x
Yl rH S aus;Zl;odjcif;ESihf aus;Zl;uef;jcif;ESprf sK;d
jcif;? vdifpdwf zGHUNzdK;jcif;wkdYonf aq;0g;pGJrIjzpfaponfh taMumif;
wGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;&&Sd&vdrfhrnfjzpf\/ trSwfrxifaejcif;[laom
&if;rsm; jzpfonf/ þt&G,0f ifvrl rnfrsm;onf todtrSwjf yK cHvkd
wwd,Mum;ae oabmxm;&SEd idk af omfvnf; jywfom;pGm pOf;pm;vQif
aompdwf? aocsmayguf atmifjrifvdkpdwfrsm; pGJNrJ&ifhoefaeonfh
tarSmifESifhtvif; ESpfrsKd;om&Sd\/ rarSmifvQif vif;í? rvif;vQif
tavsmuf taygif;toif;rsm;\ txiftjrifBu;D jcif;udk cH,v l &kd m
arSmifavrnf/
rS 0ifh0ifh<um;<um;yif rl;,pfaq;0g;\om;aumifrsm;tjzpfokdY
aus;Zl;uef;aomvlonf aus;Zl;&Sad omaMumifyh if uef;Ekid f
tvG,fESifh a&muf&awmhonf/
jcif;jzpf\/ aus;Zl;r&Scd v hJ Qif aus;Zl;uef;p&mvnf; &Srd nfr[kwaf cs/
ausmif;om;vli,f vlrrnfrsm;onf ajrwGifaumif;pGm
xdkaMumifh aus;Zl;jyKrdNyD;aemuf aus;Zl;twHkYtjyefudkom
tjrpfrpGJao;aom ysKd;yifi,frsm;ESifh wlvSonf/ iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh
arQmfaerdvQif arm½Hkom&Sdvdrfhrnf/ aus;Zl;wHkYjyefrI&EkdifouJhodkY
yGizhf ;l a0qma&;twGuf tcsed , f t
l m;iifzUHG NzKd ;&aom t&G,jf zpfonf/
aus;Zl;uef;rIvnf; &Ekdif\/
&moDOwk? rdk;'Pf? av'Pf? aygif;jruf'Pfwnf;[laom 0ef;usif
 12 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 13

ywf0ef;usifESifh qufoG,f&mü aus;Zl;wHkYjyefjcif; wpfck

wnf;udo k m arQmrf eS ;f jcif; rjyKoifah y/ uef;csiv f Qivf nf; uef;rnf
udkyg xnfhwGuf&rnfjzpf\/
bmoma&;tm;jzifq h &kd vQif vSLwef;avorQrmS um; tjcm;
twkHYtjyeftusKd;udk rarQmfbJ edAÁmeypöa,m[k edAÁmeftvdkYiSm
taxmuftyHhjzpfap&efom oabmxm;oifhaMumif; oGefoifqHk;r
avonf/
tcsKUd aomvlrsm;onf ykxZk Ofvo l m;rsm;jzpfonft h avsmuf
wpfpw kH pfa,mufu aus;Zl;uef;vQif aerxd? xdik rf omjzpfí a'go
tjrufxGufwwfMu\/
þodYk pdwx f m;uGuaf omaMumifh rlvxm;&Scd ahJ om apwem
vnf;ysuí f a0'emjzpf&avonf/ pifppftm;jzifu h m; ulnaD vNy;D
rdrdonf aus;Zl;wHkYjyefjcif;udk rarQmfvifhaomfvnf; ulnD
onfudk jyefvnf0rf;enf;aemifw&í ae&efrvdkacs/
csdefwGif rarQmfjcif;omjzpfí tBudrfBudrf ulnDavwdkif; wHkYjyef
xdkokdY aus;Zl;uef;olrsKd;ukd aemufwpfBudrf &ifrem&av
axmufxm;rIr&Sdjcif;udkum; onf;cHEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
atmif wwfEkdiforQ a&SmifcGm&efomjzpf\/ vlYavmu&Sd vlaygif;
rdru
d n
l o D rQ xyfwx l yfrQ r[kwaf pumrl wpfzufom;\
rsm;pGmteuf aygif;oif;xdawGU&wdkif; qufvufqufqHoifholESifh
apwemwHkYjyefjcif;udkum; wefzdk;xm;csifwwfavonf/ aus;Zl;
wpfcgESifhyif tquftqHjzwfoifhonfudk tawGUtBuHKt&
odwwfonf[laom trSwftom;vu©PmudkrQ jrifawGU&vQif
a&G;cs,f&rnfomjzpf\/ xdktawGUtBuHKt& ESpfBudrfxyfqifhí
auseyfEkdif\/
&ifremap&ef tquftqHjzwfoifh? rjzwfoifh qHk;jzwf&ayrnf/
olwpfyg;\ aus;Zl;udk odwwfjcif;onf 0efav;aom
olawmfpifwu Ykd m; rnfoYl tvkyfr[kwfacs/ okdY&mwGif vlwpfzufom;udk wdrf;nGwfap&mü
uREkfyfwdkYudk,fwkdif udrk Q arwåmrysub f EJ iS hf qufvuf rsm;pGmxufjrufxad &muf\/ vlwo Ykd nf aus;Zl;odwwfaom vlrsK;d
aus;Zl;odwwfygrSvnf; qufqu H nl oD ifo
h nf[k tBuaH y; udok m arwåmxm;í cifrifMurnfjzpf\/ uREyfk w f uYkd ,
kd w
f idk f aus;Zl;
tjcm;vlrsm;u &rnf j zpf y gaomf v nf ; avmuD odwwfygrSvnf; tjcm;vlrsm;u uREkfyfwdkYtay: cifrifrIarwåm
om;rsm;twG u f u m; ES p f B ud r f xm;Muayvdrfhrnfjzpf\/
uREkfyfwdkYtay:
quf í &if e mjcif ; r&S d & atmif
cifrifrIarwåm [1969 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvxkwf vSordefa&;om;onfh
aus;Zl;uef;wwfou l kd jzwfawmuf
xm;Muayvdrfhrnf a&Smif&Sm;oifhonf[k tBuHay; ]]avmuywf0ef;usifudk tEkdif,lenf;}} pmtkyfrS
jzpf\. . . &rnf jzpf\/ aumufEkwfazmfjyonf/]
 12 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 13

ywf0ef;usifESifh qufoG,f&mü aus;Zl;wHkYjyefjcif; wpfck

wnf;udo k m arQmrf eS ;f jcif; rjyKoifah y/ uef;csiv f Qivf nf; uef;rnf
udkyg xnfhwGuf&rnfjzpf\/
bmoma&;tm;jzifq h &kd vQif vSLwef;avorQrmS um; tjcm;
twkHYtjyeftusKd;udk rarQmfbJ edAÁmeypöa,m[k edAÁmeftvdkYiSm
taxmuftyHhjzpfap&efom oabmxm;oifhaMumif; oGefoifqHk;r
avonf/
tcsKUd aomvlrsm;onf ykxZk Ofvo l m;rsm;jzpfonft h avsmuf
wpfpw kH pfa,mufu aus;Zl;uef;vQif aerxd? xdik rf omjzpfí a'go
tjrufxGufwwfMu\/
þodYk pdwx f m;uGuaf omaMumifh rlvxm;&Scd ahJ om apwem
vnf;ysuí f a0'emjzpf&avonf/ pifppftm;jzifu h m; ulnaD vNy;D
rdrdonf aus;Zl;wHkYjyefjcif;udk rarQmfvifhaomfvnf; ulnD
onfudk jyefvnf0rf;enf;aemifw&í ae&efrvdkacs/
csdefwGif rarQmfjcif;omjzpfí tBudrfBudrf ulnDavwdkif; wHkYjyef
xdkokdY aus;Zl;uef;olrsKd;ukd aemufwpfBudrf &ifrem&av
axmufxm;rIr&Sdjcif;udkum; onf;cHEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
atmif wwfEkdiforQ a&SmifcGm&efomjzpf\/ vlYavmu&Sd vlaygif;
rdru
d n
l o D rQ xyfwx l yfrQ r[kwaf pumrl wpfzufom;\
rsm;pGmteuf aygif;oif;xdawGU&wdkif; qufvufqufqHoifholESifh
apwemwHkYjyefjcif;udkum; wefzdk;xm;csifwwfavonf/ aus;Zl;
wpfcgESifhyif tquftqHjzwfoifhonfudk tawGUtBuHKt&
odwwfonf[laom trSwftom;vu©PmudkrQ jrifawGU&vQif
a&G;cs,f&rnfomjzpf\/ xdktawGUtBuHKt& ESpfBudrfxyfqifhí
auseyfEkdif\/
&ifremap&ef tquftqHjzwfoifh? rjzwfoifh qHk;jzwf&ayrnf/
olwpfyg;\ aus;Zl;udk odwwfjcif;onf 0efav;aom
olawmfpifwu Ykd m; rnfoYl tvkyfr[kwfacs/ okdY&mwGif vlwpfzufom;udk wdrf;nGwfap&mü
uREkfyfwdkYudk,fwkdif udrk Q arwåmrysub f EJ iS hf qufvuf rsm;pGmxufjrufxad &muf\/ vlwo Ykd nf aus;Zl;odwwfaom vlrsK;d
aus;Zl;odwwfygrSvnf; qufqu H nl oD ifo
h nf[k tBuaH y; udok m arwåmxm;í cifrifMurnfjzpf\/ uREyfk w f uYkd ,
kd w
f idk f aus;Zl;
tjcm;vlrsm;u &rnf j zpf y gaomf v nf ; avmuD odwwfygrSvnf; tjcm;vlrsm;u uREkfyfwdkYtay: cifrifrIarwåm
om;rsm;twG u f u m; ES p f B ud r f xm;Muayvdrfhrnfjzpf\/
uREkfyfwdkYtay:
quf í &if e mjcif ; r&S d & atmif
cifrifrIarwåm [1969 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvxkwf vSordefa&;om;onfh
aus;Zl;uef;wwfou l kd jzwfawmuf
xm;Muayvdrfhrnf a&Smif&Sm;oifhonf[k tBuHay; ]]avmuywf0ef;usifudk tEkdif,lenf;}} pmtkyfrS
jzpf\. . . &rnf jzpf\/ aumufEkwfazmfjyonf/]
 14 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 11

rl;,pfaq;0g;pGJapaom
taMumif;&if;rsm;
aus;Zl;w&m;
vSordef

OD;odu
k x
f eG ;f

rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;u q,fausmfoufwdkYtm; tb,fh

aMumifh qGJaqmifEkdifpGrf;&Sd&oenf;/ xkdar;cGef;udk ajzqdkEkdif&efrSm
yxrOD;pGm q,fausmo f ufw\ Ykd oabmobm0udk avhvmMunf&h ef
vl\obm0trsK;d rsK;d teuf uREyfk w f o Ykd nf aus;Zl;odwwf
vdktyfygonf/ q,fausmfoufwdkY\oabm obm0jzpfaom rdrd
olESifh aus;Zl;uef;wwfolwdkYudk awGU&Sd&vdrfhrnf/ vlwpfa,mufudk
ud,k rf rd d pdw0f ifpm;rI vGeu
f jJ cif;? aomu? Asmyg'? aMumifMh urIaygrsm;
ulnrD pcJNh y;D vQif xkv
d x
Yl rH S aus;Zl;odjcif;ESihf aus;Zl;uef;jcif;ESprf sK;d
jcif;? vdifpdwf zGHUNzdK;jcif;wkdYonf aq;0g;pGJrIjzpfaponfh taMumif;
wGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;&&Sd&vdrfhrnfjzpf\/ trSwfrxifaejcif;[laom
&if;rsm; jzpfonf/ þt&G,0f ifvrl rnfrsm;onf todtrSwjf yK cHvkd
wwd,Mum;ae oabmxm;&SEd idk af omfvnf; jywfom;pGm pOf;pm;vQif
aompdwf? aocsmayguf atmifjrifvdkpdwfrsm; pGJNrJ&ifhoefaeonfh
tarSmifESifhtvif; ESpfrsKd;om&Sd\/ rarSmifvQif vif;í? rvif;vQif
tavsmuf taygif;toif;rsm;\ txiftjrifBu;D jcif;udk cH,v l &kd m
arSmifavrnf/
rS 0ifh0ifh<um;<um;yif rl;,pfaq;0g;\om;aumifrsm;tjzpfokdY
aus;Zl;uef;aomvlonf aus;Zl;&Sad omaMumifyh if uef;Ekid f
tvG,fESifh a&muf&awmhonf/
jcif;jzpf\/ aus;Zl;r&Scd v hJ Qif aus;Zl;uef;p&mvnf; &Srd nfr[kwaf cs/
ausmif;om;vli,f vlrrnfrsm;onf ajrwGifaumif;pGm
xdkaMumifh aus;Zl;jyKrdNyD;aemuf aus;Zl;twHkYtjyefudkom
tjrpfrpGJao;aom ysKd;yifi,frsm;ESifh wlvSonf/ iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh
arQmfaerdvQif arm½Hkom&Sdvdrfhrnf/ aus;Zl;wHkYjyefrI&EkdifouJhodkY
yGizhf ;l a0qma&;twGuf tcsed , f t
l m;iifzUHG NzKd ;&aom t&G,jf zpfonf/
aus;Zl;uef;rIvnf; &Ekdif\/
&moDOwk? rdk;'Pf? av'Pf? aygif;jruf'Pfwnf;[laom 0ef;usif
 10 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf
eDwdaMu;rHkESifh avmueDwd
armifvGif&nf (0dZÆm odyÜH)
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jyKwwfaom olpdrf;onf aqGrsKd;rnf\/
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKwwfaom aqGrsKd;onf olpdrf;rnf\/ tem
a&m*gonf (rdrd)udk,fü jzpfygvsuf tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKwwf?
aq;0g;onf awmüjzpfygvsuf tusKd;pD;yGm;udkjyKwwf\/
rsufuG,fü *kPfaus;Zl;udkacszsufvsuf rsufarSmufürl
csKdompGmajymqdkwwfaom rdwfaqGudk tqdyftdk;üxnfhxm;aom
ysm;&nfudk a&SmifMuOfouJhodkY a&SmifMuOf&m\/
[1992 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvxkwf armifvGif&nf (0dZÆm odyÜH)
a&;om; jyKpkonfh ]eDwdaMu;rHkESifhavmueDwd}pmtkyfrS
aumufEkwf azmfjyonf/]
pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 15
ausmif;om;vli,f vlrr,frsm;onf
ajrwGiaf umif;pGm tjrpfrpGaJ o;aom
ysK;d yifi,frsm;ESihf wlvo
S nf/
iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh yGifhzl;a0qma&;twGuf . . .
tzsurf sm;aMumifh ysupf ;D vG,wf wfonf/ vlvm;ajrmufa&;twGuf
ajrMoZmauR;? aygif;oif? a&avmif;um jyKpyk sK;d axmifay;&ef vdt
k yf
ygonf/
,if;odkYrSr[kwfvQif ausmif;om;oli,f vlrr,frsm;tm;
rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJrdatmif ywf0ef;usifrSwGef;tm;rsm;? pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m wGef;tm;rsm;u wGef;ydkYavawmhrnf/ ,if;wGef;tm;rsm;rSm
t"du tm;jzifh (1)yk*¾dKvfa&;y#dyu©rsm;? (2) aq;aMumfjimrsm;?
(3) pD;yGm;a&; acgif;yHkjzwfrIrsm;wdkYjzpfygonf/
yk*¾dKvfa&; y#dyu©rsm;
q,fausmo f uf umvydik ;f wGif rdrt d wGi;f pdw"f mwftae
usyfrIrS yk*¾dKvfa&;y#dyu©rsm;onf t&G,fa&mufrI\ vdifpdwf?
vGwfvyfvdkrI? r[kwfrcH vkyfjyvdkrIwkdYESifh axG;a&m,SufwifjyKum
jzpfay:vm&onf/ ,if; y#dyu©rsm;onf q,fausmfoufwkdYtm;
ab;ywf0ef;usif vlaerItodkif;tzGJUu tH0ifcGifusqufqHvm
atmif twif;t"r®wGef;xdk;qGJiifrIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&onf/
yk*¾dKvfa&;y#dyu©rsm;apaom taMumif;&if;rsm;wGif
atmufygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/
(u) wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D ,SONf yKd iaf qmif&u
G &f mü ½H;I edrrhf nfukd pd;k &drf
&pdwf?
(c) qefYusifbufvdifESifh aygif;oif;a&; udpötwGuf pdk;&drf
pdwf?
(*) pdwfa0'em odkYr[kwf pdwfaxGjym;rIjzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drf
pdwf?
16 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 9

(C) awmfveS q f efuY siv f akd omqE´? 0g;aepOftoHrxGufap&ef EIwfcrf;ESpfckudkaphí(ydwfí)

( i ) trdcH&NyD; tjypfay;cHvdkaomqE´? 0g;jcif;? tpmudk yg;pyftjynfh (yvkwyf avmif;) rxnfjh cif;? ta&;
(p) olwpfyg;ESi, hf OS Nf yKd ií
f tm;prf;jcif;jzifh rdr\
d tpGr;f owåd wBu;D 0g;rsKjd cif;wku Yd kd rjyKvyk &f acs/ a&raomufrD yg;pyfukd vufow k f
tuefYtowfudk odvdkaomqE´? y0gESio hf wk Nf y;D rS aomuf&onf/ odrYk o S m a&cGuaf y:wGif rdryd g;pyf
(q) aysmf&TifjrL;<uvsuf a[;vm;0g;vm; vkyfvdkaomqE´? rS tpm? tqD ruse&f pfb&J rdS nf/ rdrv d ufacsmif;rsm; tpm;tpmESihf
( Z ) vlrt
I yk pf wk pfck odrYk [kwf ,Ofaus;rI tzGUJ wpfcEk iS hf ydik q
f ikd f xdawGUíayoGm;onfudk yg;pyfESifhrpkyf&acs/ vufokwfy0gESifhom
ywfoufvdkaom qE´? okwf&onf/
(ps) ,ckcsucf si;f tajzodvakd omqE´ odrYk [kwf pdwo f ufomrI pm;yGJay:wGif rdrdvufvSrf;rrDaomt&mudk xdkifcHkrSxí
cHpm;vdkaomqE´? bdef;jzL? aq;ajcmuf ponfh rl;,pf r,l&acs/ vufqifhurf;&efom awmif;yef&onf/ odkY&mwGif rdrd
aq;0g;rsm;onf pdwfoufomrIudk ½kwfjcnf;jznfhwif; vufvrS ;f rDaomt&mudv k nf; vufqifu h rf;ay;&ef olwpfyg; (npm
ay;Ekdifonf/ pm;azmf)udk rawmif;cHoifhacs/
[1980 jynhfESpf? azazmf0g&Dvxkwf OD;odkufxGef; arTNy;D aomtcg t&nfurkd aomufrD ZGe;f udk yef;uefv;kH xJ
a&;om;onfh ]]rl;,pfaq;ynmay;#Dum}} rSEkwf,lNyD; atmufcHyef;uefjym;ay:wif&onf/ xdkodkYwif&mwGif
yef;uefv;kH udik ;f \ nmbufab;wGix f m;&onf/ arTNy;D ZGe;f udk pm;yGJ
pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyonf/]
cif;tay:odkY wkduf½dkufrcs&acs/ aomuf&eft&nfonf ylae[ef
&Syd gu ZGe;f ESichf yfí tenf;i,fjrnf;Munfh (Sip) &onf/ od&Yk mwGif
xdkodkYZGef;ESifhcsnf; qufvufNyD;raomuf&acs/
t&nfaomuf[if;ukecf geD;vQif yef;uefukd rdrb d ufr[kwf
pmayAdrmefjynfopYl mMunhw
f u
kd f bJ tjcm;bufodkYapmif;&onf/ [if;&nfcyfZGef;udkvnf; rdrdbuf
toif;0ifrsm;zdwaf c: rapmif;bJ tjcm;bufodkYapmif;í cyf,l&onf/ t&nfMunf[if;
pmayAd r mef p mMunf h w k d u f 0 if a Mu;tjzpf omref (rSefa&mif[if;)udk vufudkifudkif;ygaom yef;uefvHk;^ZvHkwdkYESifh
toif;om; wpfOD;vQif 0ifaMu; 1000d^-? ESpfpOfaMu; 500d^- ay;xm;ygu vufudkifudkudkifí yef;uefvkdufaomufEkdifonf/
? txl; toif;om; wpfOD;vQif 0ifaMu; 2000d^-? ESpfpOfaMu; ZGe;f cGuu f kd yg;pyfxrJ xnf&h acs/ ZGe;f cGu\ f ab;wku d rf S [if;&nfukd
1000d^- owfrw S xf m;ygonf/ omreftoif;om; wpfO;D vQif aomuf&onf/ ZGe;f udk [if;&nfaomufyef;uefjym; (Soup Plate)
xJxnfhEdkifNyD; yef;uefvHk; (Cup) ESifh ZvHk (Bowl) xJodkY rxnfh
pmtkyw f pftyk f udk (7) &uf tcrJh iSm;&rf;Ekid o f nf/ txl;toif;
&acs/
om;wpfO;D vQif pmtkyf (2)tkyu f dk (10)&uf tcrJih mS ;&rf;Ekid Nf y;D
2009 ckESpf? arvxkwf a'gufwmcspf (xyfqifhtrsKd;om;
[2009
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh rtyfEdkifygu &ufxyfwkd; &efwpf
pmayqk&) a&;om;onfh ]vlrIqufqHa&;qdkif&m
BudrfcGifhjyKay;ygonf/
urÇmhxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyonf/]
 8 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 17

EkdifiHBuD;om;wdkY aqmif&ef? a&Smif&ef vli,fynmay;u@

a'guw
f mcspf (xyfqift
h rsK;d om;pmayqk&) aysmf&TifrI

pm;aomufrItavhtxESifhywfoufaom tajccHOya' aysm&f iT rf [

orsm; rsm;jym;pGm&Sdonf/ xkdOya'orsm;onf rdrdudk tqHk;
tjzwfay;Murnfjzpfonf/ taumif;ESit hf qd;k onf rdr\
d tjrifom
jzpfonf/
yg;pyfxJwGif tpm&Sdvsuf pum;ajymjcif;? pm;aomtcg
toHjrnfjcif;(wjywfjywftoH)? aomufaomtcg toHjrnfjcif;
(w½Iwf½IwftoH)? 0g;aomtcg
arTNyD;aomtcg yg;pyfrydwfjcif;(a[mif;avmif;)?
t&nfudkraomufrD tyl u d k at;atmif r I w f j cif ;
(w[l;[l;)? tcsKd & nf (bD , m
ZGef;udk yef;uefvHk;xJrS
t&uf) udk aomufNyD; odkYr[kwf
Ekwf,lNyD; atmufcH
tpm0NyDjzpfaMumif; toHxGufí
yef;uefjym;ay: wif&onf/ avcsOfwufjcif; (a[a[toH)
xdkodkYwif&mwGif. . . wdkYonf wkdif;jynfvlrsKd;wdkif;u
tqifhtwef;jrifhonf[k r,lq
Muacs/
I m vli,fv&l , G f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u xkcaJG ewJh
ausmufwHk;BuD;eJY wlw,f/
vli,fawG[m &GuftzHkzHkwyfqifxm;wJh avSawGeJY tJ'D
aysmf&TifrIudk &SmzdkYc&D;xGufvmMuw,f/ 'gayrJh olwdkYrSm c&D;udk
vrf;nTefzdkYtwGufawmh tdrfajr§mifrygvmMubl;/ avSudkaumif;pGm
yJu
h ikd zf v
Ykd nf; todÓPfr<u,f0Mubl;/ tJ'v D rkd &Sw
d t
hJ wGuf tjyef
c&D;rSm aysmf&TifrIqdkwJh ausmufwHk;BuD;ygrvmcJhbJ t&SufeJY'ku©
a0'emudo k m &vmcJMh uw,f/ 'Dvakd jymwJt h wGuf azaz[maysm&f iT rf u I kd
raumif;bl;vdYk ajymaew,fvYkd rxifvu kd ef /YJ (*&dacwfu) pwd;k
tpfvdkYac:wJh Oayu©m0g'Dwpfa,mufvdk aysmf&TifrIudk tjypfqdkae
w,fvYkd rxifvu kd ef /YJ bke;f Bu;D wpfyg;vdk aysm&f iT rf I pnf;pdrcf sr;f om
udk ½Iwcf saew,fvYkd rxifvu dk ef /YJ 'Doabmajymaewm r[kwb f ;l /
azaz[m rif;udk tJ'Daysmf&TifrIpnf;pdrfudk &SmazGwwfatmif? cHpm;
wwfatmif tufyDusL;&D;,ef; wpfa,mufvdk oifjyay;aewm?
rifuh kd aysm&f iT rf aI wG trsm;Bu;D &apcsiw f ,f/ ck azazajymaewmu
taysmfrSm;rSmpdk;vdkY ajymaewm/
 18 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 7

vl&,fvjYdk zpfNy;D t&G,af &mufvmwmeJY vli,fawG yxrqH;k EkdifiH\tm;udkNydKuGJapaom oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;

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 6 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 19

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20 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 5

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 4 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 21
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 22 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 3

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 2 pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf 23

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