Libera

Liberal Democrats
Burma

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L i b e r a l
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2
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3
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Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832)
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Bentham
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&&Sdr,fh aysmf&Gifcsrf;ajr@r_yrm%eJ@ emusifr,fhyrm%awGudk wGufcsufEdkifwJh tpdk;&ygyJ?

6
tJ'DhvdkwGufcsuf+yD; trsm;pk aumif;zdk@twGuf vl@tjyKtrlawGudk yHkoGif;/ yHkavmif;/
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oabmxm;yg?

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James Mill
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bifwefu ,Hk=unfw,f?)

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aeygw,f?

7
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usef w J h Oa&myEd k i f i H a wG [ m aemuf q H k ; rS m tar&d u ef y H k p H a emuf u d k vd k u f = u+yD ;
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oHo,&SdwJh 0S*sfrl;rwfawGygyJ?

8
tar&d u ef ' D r d k u a&pD

Andrew Jackson

19 &mpk E S p f a wG r S m Oa&myEd k i f i H a wG u tar&d u ef E d k i f i H u d k

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oufwrf;(1767uae 1845txd)udk rJar;EkdifwJh 'Drdkua&pD
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Andrew Jackson tvHk;pHk xdef;csKyfxm;r_&J@ tqHk;tjzpf jrif=uygw,f?

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tar&d u ef r S m pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; w&yf pwif w nf a xmif z d k @ t&rf ; vG , f u l w ,f /
Oa&myEdkifiHawGxufvnf; wdk;wufatmifjrifzdk@ vG,fulw,f?

wu,fhvufawG@tjrifrSmvnf; tar&duef[m vGwfvyfwJh okcbHkw&yfvdk pwifcJh

wmygyJ/ tjrJvnf; tJ'Dhvdk qufjzpfae+yD; okcbHkvGwfvGwfvyfvyfjzpfaewmyJ? tJ'Dh
rSm vpfb&,f0g'&J@ uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh trsKd;tpm;uGJawG}uD;yJ &dkufcufvGrf;rdk;EdkifcJh+yD;/
qdk&S,fvpf0g'eJ@/ tjcm;oabmw&m;awGa&m rvGrf;rdk;EdkifcJhbl;?

9
 Oa&myu tar&duefEdkifiHudk tvGeftrif;pdwf0ifpm;=uwm rdk@
pma&;q&mrsm;pGmwdk@[m tar&duefudk oGm;vnf=uyg w,f?
ol w d k @ tJ ' D h r S m awG @ =u&wJ h 'D r d k u a&pD e nf ; uswJ h ,Of a us;r_
t
_ opfta=umif; owif;awG/ tpD&ifcpH mawG a&;om;cJ=h uw,f?
tJ ' D h p mawG / tpD & if c H p mawG x J u tajrmf tjrif t &S d q H k ;
ALexis de xd k ; xG i f ; od j rif r _ t &S d q H k ; / axmif h t aph q H k ; pmawG
Tocqueville trsm;qHk;a&;cJholuawmh jyifopf rl;rwftEG,f Alexis de
Tocqueville (1805-59) yJjzpfygw,f?

ol u (1835-40 ck E S p f r S m xk w f w J h ) tar&d u u 'D r d k u a&pD

(Democracy in America) pmtk y f r S m vl w d k i f ; ud k , f v k y f c sif w m
vkyfEdkifcGifhtcGifhta&; tjrifhrm;qHk;&&Sdxm;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm
tjcm;t&mawG&Sdaewmxuf nD!Gwfr#wr_qD wdrf;!$wfOD;wnf
r_ w &yf wu,f y J &S d a eygw,f ? tJ ' D h wd r f ; !$ w f r _ [ m t&rf ;
jyif;xeftm;aumif;w,f/ +yD;awmh jynfol@oabmxm;qENqdkwJh
jyif;xefwJh vlr_zdtm;w&yfuvnf; 0ef;&Htm;jznfhxm;ygw,f? vdk@
a&;om;cJhw,f?

tJ ' D h a umuf c suf c sr_ [ m *sd r f ; rD ; vf & J @ om;/ 19 &mpk & J @

txif & S m ;tausmf = um;qH k ; vpf b &,f a wG ; ac:&S i f *|ef
pwl ; 0yf r D ; vf u d k t&d y f = oZmv$ r f ; rd k ; Ed k i f p G r f ; wJ h aumuf c suf
awGxJu wckyJ? *|efpwl;0yfrD;vftwGuf Alexis de Tocqueville
b,favmufta&;}uD;a=umif; oabmaygufzdk@qdk&if &dkrefwpf
v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ Oa&my (+Adwdefryg)u vpfb&,fawG ol@tay:
John Stuart Mill
b,favmuf vGrf;rdk;cJhw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ jrifzdk@vdkw,f?

10
&d k r ef w pf vpf b &,f 0 g'

19 &mpkESpfrSm vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m (atmifjrifr_awGrSm ta&mtaESm trsKd;

rsKd;awGygaeayr,fhvnf;) Oa&mywdkufu EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;cJhw,f?
tar&duefrSm vpfb&,f0g'[m tcktcHtqD;twm;r&Sd pnfyifzG@H+zdK;ae+yD;/ +Adwdef u
trsKd ; om;ygwD a wG t m;vH k ; xJ u d k v nf ; a&maES m pd r f h 0 if a epOf r S m (+Ad w d e f r ygwJ h )
Oa&myEdkifiHawGu vpfb&,f0g'uawmh olwdk@ oD;oef@ygwDrSmyJ (oD;oD;oef@oef@
&efolawGeJ@) uef@oufzGH@+zdK; aeygw,f?

Oa&myvpfb&,f0g'u +AdwdefeJ@ tar&duefu vpfb&,f0g'awGeJ@ uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh

xl;xl;jcm;jcm;oGifjyifvuQ%mawG trsm;tjym;&Sdae=uw,f? Oyrm Anti-Clericalism
vdkrsKd; (Anti-Clericalism qdkwmu jynfolawG&J@b0awG/ EdkifiHa&;b0awGxJudk bmom
a&;u 0ifa&mufpGwfzufwmudk qef@usifwJhv_yf&Sm;r_yJ/ t"duuawmh jynfolawG&J@
b0tay: bmoma&;&J@tcsdefcsJ@,lvmr_udk uef@uGufqef@usifwJh oabmw&m;yJ?)
'gayr,fh us,fjyef&Snfvsm;wJh vpfb&,fpOf;pm;awG;ac:yHk tpOftvmxJudk Oa&my
tawG@t}uHKawGu oGifjyifvuQ%m trsm;tjym; jznfhay;cJh=uwmygyJav?

uef@&J@tawG;tac:oabmw&m;awGtjyif t"duuswJh oabm

w&m;a&;qdkif&m wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_ 2 &yfjzpfxGef;chJygao;w,f? *sKd;Zuf
rufZDeDwdk@vdk vpfb&,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'DawG ay:aygufcJh=uw,f?
(olta=umif; aemufrSajymjyr,f?) +yD;awmh &dkrefwpf v_yf&Sm;r_uae
&vmwJh wOD;csif; woD;woef@jzpfr_ (udk,fydkif oD;oD;oef@oef@jzpfr_)
oabmw&m;awGvnf; wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;aecJh=uygw,f?
Joseph Mazzini

&dkrefwpf0g'[m Oa&myw0Sef;jzpfyGm;wJh todw&m;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_yJ? ^m%ftvif;

yGivhf if;r_oabmw&m;&J@ qifjcifww kH &m;0g' (usK;d a=umif;qifjcif wGuq f vd@k &w,f qdw k hJ
0g')udk wdkuf&dkufwHk@jyefr_ (jyefvSef acsyr_) w&yfyJ? ^m%ftvif;yGifhvif;r_ oabmw&m;
usKd ; a=umif ; qif j cif w G u f c suf E d k i f r _ eJ @ a,bk , sjyKEk d i f r _ (tm;vH k ; yH k p H w l / oabm
w&m;wljzpfr_)udk t"dutav;teufxm;w,f?

11
&dkrefwpfawGuawmh cHpm;r_ eJ@ oD;jcm;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk t"dutm&Hkpdkuf tav;
xm;w,f? vlwOD;csif;awG[m/ EdkifiHwEdkifiHcsif;awG[m uGJuGJjym;jym;oD;jcm;pDjzpf=u
w,f/ udk,fydkifxl;jcm;r_awG &Sd =uw,f?

&dkrefwpfv_yf&Sm;r_[m tJ'Dhacwf&J@t"duuswJh oabmw&m; tm;vHk;udk v$rf;rdk;Edkif

cJhw,f? txl;ojzifhawmh trsKd;om;a&;0g' eJ@ a&S;&dk;pGJ0g' (a&S;tpOftvm xdrf;odrf;
a&;0g') (0g) uGefqmaA;wpf0g'wdk@tay: v$rf;rdk;cJhw,f? (vGrf;rdk;wJhtydkif; trsm;pk [m
wd k ; wuf z G @ H + zd K ;r_ a ES ; auG ; ayr,f h ) vpf b &,f 0 g'vnf ; &d k u f
cufr_cHcJh&wmygyJ? yk*~v0g'(0g) wOD;wa,mufcsif; oD;jcm;
jzpfr_0g'&J@ qGJaqmiftm;aumif;wJh oabmw&m;&J@ EdkifiHa&;
tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk cHpm;em;vnfEdkifcJhwJh awG;ac:&Sifw
a[muf ay:cJhygw,f? oluawmh y&uf&Srf; rl;rwftEG,f/
Humboldt ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJol um; 0Dvf[ef AGrf [rf;bdk@'f yJ?

vl i ,f j zpf + yD ; jyif o pf a wmf v S e f a &;eJ @ &d k r ef w pf t awG ; tac:

topf a wG t wG u f awmuf a vmif a ewJ h tmomqEN a wG
tjynfheJ@rdk@ tpdk;&v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;. tuef@towf rsm;
qdkwJh tufaq;wyk'fudk 1792 ckESpfrSm a&;om;vdkufyg w,f?
[rf ; bd k @ 'f u vl w OD ; csif ; pD & J @ ud k , f y d k i f o D ; jcm;jzpf r _ u d k
tav;teufxm;ajymw,f?tJ'Dh oD;oD;oef@oef@ oD;jcm;jzpf
r_a=umifh &ifwGif;u vH_aqmf vmwJhwGef;tm;awGudk obm0
tav#muf wdk;wufzG@H+zdK; atmif cGifhjyK&r,f? tpdk;& ydkpGwf
zufav/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; udk ydk!$ef=um;avav tJ'Dh &ifwGif; u
vH_aqmfvmwJh wGef;tm;awGudkjzpfay:vmzdk@ cufcJavavyJ? wJh?

(aemufydkif;rSm tJ'Dhpmydk'fudk *|efpwD;0yfrD;vfu ol@tausmf=um;qHk;tufaq;jzpfwJh

v$wfvyfr_ta=umif; (On Liberty) rSm Oa,smZOfpmydk'ftjzpf
tckvdka&;cJhw,f?) 'DpmrsufESmawGrSm zGifhcsjyxm;wJh tqdk wdkif;
wdu k &f u
kd q
f q
kH nf;oGm;wJh 'Dcrf;em;wJ/h t"duOD;aqmifwhJ rl0g'[m
trsK;d tpm;rsm;jym; pHvk ifra_ wGa=umifh vl@w;kd wuf zG@+H zdK;r_twGuf
vHk;0O\Hk/ r&Sdrjzpf ta&;}uD;w,f?

12
'ga=umifh vlom;wdk@ aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@zdk@twGuf wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;zdk@twGuf tenf;qHk;
tkyfcsKyfwJh/ tajccHOya' enf;ustpdk;&[m r&Sdrjzpft&myJ?

vl @ obm0tay:xm;wJ h tJ ' D h ,l q csuf o abmw&m;[m a&S @ rS m aqG ; aEG ; cJ h J w J h

vpf b &,f 0 g'yH k p H a wG r S m trsm;tjym;awG @ =u&wJ h ,l q csuf o abmw&m;awG e J @
trsm;}uD;uGJjym;jcm;em;w,f qdkwmudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odjrifxm;zdk@ vdktyfw,f?

vlom;tm;vHk;[m qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sd=uw,f/ obm0t&&&Sdxm;wJh tcGifhta&;

tm;vH k ; ud k twl w l y d k i f q d k i f = uw,f / ud k , f u sif h w &m;eJ @ ywf o uf + yD ; ud k , f h b mom
OD;aqmifvrf;!$efxdef;a=umif;EdkifpGrf;&Sd=uw,f/ vlwdkif;[m udk,fhtusKd;pD;yGm;udk
udk,fhbmom &SmazGEdkifpGrf;&Sd=uw,f? vlom;awGtm;vHk;[m =unfEl;r_eJ@em=uOfr_awG
xkwfay;EdkifwJhpufawGyJ? vl o m;tm;vH k ; [m b,f v k d e nf ; eJ @ twl w l j zpf = uw,f
qdkwJhtay: tJh'gawGtm;vHk;u tav;teufxm;tm&Hkpdkufxm;wJh tm;vHk;a,bk,s
jyKEdkifwJh oabmw&m;jzpfw,f?

&dkrefwpftjrifu oD;jcm;jzpfr_eJ@ tJ'DhoD;jcm;jzpfr_&J@ tzdk;wefr_wdk@tay: tm;xm; w,f?

tJ'Dh oD;jcm;jzpfr_udk ta=umif;jyK+yD;awmh tpdk;&tay: uef@owfjcif;udk axmufcHw,f?
vGwfvyfr_udkawmif;qdkw,f? tJ'Dhvdkawmif;qdkjcif;[m vlOD;csif; udk,fhudk,fusKd;pD;yGm;udk
&S m azG E d k i f z d k @ wif r [k w f b l ; / t"d u tm;jzif h vl w OD ; csif ; pD [ m ol w d k @ &J @ jzpf E d k i f a cs
pGrf;&nfawGtjynfht0 zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufvmEdkifzdk@@eJ@ tJ'Dhvdk pGrf;&nfawG tjynfht0
wdk;wufrSom vl@avmuzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf axmufyHhtm;jznfhay;EdkifrSm jzpfvdk@ygyJ?

[rf ; abmh w f &J @ tuf a q;[m ol u G , f v G e f + yD ; tvG e f = umanmif ; wJ h t csd e f t xd

aumif ; aumif ; rG e f r G e f yH k E S d y f r xk w f a 0jzpf c J h b l ; ? 1850 ck E S p f r S xk w f a 0jzpf y gw,f ?
uef@&J@pmawGeJ@ &dkrefwpfawG&J@ wOD;wa,mufcsif;oD;jcm;jzpfr_ taxGaxGoabm
w&m;awGvdkyJ 19 &mpk&J@ 'kwd, &mpkESpf0wfa&mufwJhtxd odyf+yD;v$rf;rdk;Edkifr_ r&Sd
ao;ygbl;? tJh'gawG[m qdk&S,fvpfb&,f0g'&J@ tod^m%fqdkif&m aemufcHoabm
w&m;awGygyJ?

13
a=uuG J r S w f w rf ;

a'guf w mpyf Z ef @ a,mif a [G @

(od k @ )
Dr. Chao Tzang
+id r f ; csrf ; a&;wref a wmf (1939-2004)

+idrf;csrf;a&;udk jrwfEdk;vSaom wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf uG,fvGefoGm;av

+yD ? a'guf w mpyf Z ef @ a,mif a [G @ vd k wd k i f ; &if ; om;acgif ; aqmif r sd K ;u jref r mEd k i f i H .
tem*wftwGuf tpm;xkd;r&Edkifaomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf
ArmvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf; aexdkifaomwdkifjynfr[kwfbJ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;vnf;
rDSwif;aexdkif=uaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwpfckomjzpfonf? xdkjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH. +idrf;
csrf ; a&;twG u f a'guf w mpyf Z ef @ a,mif a [G @ vd k tajrS m f t jrif } uD ; aom wd k i f ; &if ;
om;acgif;aqmifrsdK;eJ@ Armacgif;aqmifrsdK;awG&dSaezdk@ vdktyfvSayonf? ,ckawmh
a'gufwmpyfZef@a,mifa[G@wpfa,muf tm;vHk;udkausmcdkif;I xGufcGmoGm;cJhav+yD?

a'gufwmpyfZef@a,mifa[G @ onf vG w f v yf aomjref r mEd k if iH . yxrqH k ;orw}uD ;

pyfa&$odkuf.om;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf? 1962 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom
tm%modrf;r_jzpfyGm;t+yD; &Srf;jynfolvlxk. wef;wlnDr#cGifhtwGuf vufeufpGJudkif
I ppftpdk;&udkawmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhonf?
xdkrSwzef uae'gEdkifiH/ udkvrfbD,mwuUodkvfrS 1990 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;ody`H r[m
0dZ…mbGJ@/ 1997 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;ody`Hyg&*lbGJ@toD;oD; udkqGwfcl;&&dScJhaom ynm&Sif
wOD;vnf;jzpfayonf?

xdkodk@ awmfvSefa&;orm;wpfjzpfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&SifwOD;taejzifh &Srf;jynf

vlxktygt0if wdkif;&if;om;jynfolvlxkudk todynmrsm; yGifhvef;vmatmif rsufpd
zGifhay;cJhEdkif&Hkr#ru usefArmvlrsdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvufwGJ+yD; tem*wfjrefrm EdkifiHawmf
+id r f ; csrf ; om,m0ajyma&;twG u f ,H k = unf p d w f c spG m vuf w G J a qmif & G u f E d k i f c J h
ayonf?tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;pkrsm;ESifh usefArmvlrsdL;rsm;
t=um; qif&Jcsrf;omuGm[aeor#umvywfvHk; a'gufwmpyfZefa,mifa[G@ar#mfrSef;
cJhaom wef;wlnDr#+yD; udk,fydkifjyXmef;ydkifcGifhrsm; toD;oD;&dS=uonfh jynfaxmifpkpepf
wpf&yf az:aqmifa&;twGuf cufcJaeOD;rnf jzpfayonf?

14
xd k @ tjyif xd k q if ; &J c srf ; omuG m [r_ a=umif h vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; ptcsd e f u wnf ; u
qdwfokOf;aecJhaom +idrf;csrf;a&;&&dSzdk@&m tvSrf;uGmaeOD;rSmjzpfygonf? xdkqif;&J
csrf ; omuG m [r_ w d k u f z suf a &;twG u f wd k i f ; &if ; om;toD ; oD ; . tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;ud k
tmrcHcsufay;Edkifaom vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yf az:aqmifEdkifzdk@
ta&;}uD;vSayonf? xdk@tjyif wdkif&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ArmvlrsdK;rsm;t=um;
tjyeftvSefem;vnfr_/ ,Hk=unfr_ ESifh cspf=unf &if;ESD;r_rsm;wnfaqmufEdkifzdk@vnf;
vGefpGmvdktyfvSonf?

a'gufwmpyfZef@a,mifa[G@onf oltouf&Sifaeor#
umvywf v H k ; wbuf u wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sd K ;pk r sm;.
tusdK;pD;yGm;udkumuG,f&if; tjcm;wbufu Arm vlrsdK;pk
ES i f h em;vnf r _ / ,H k = unf r _ E S i f h cspf = unf & if ; ES D ; r_
Dr. Chao Tzang
&atmiftpGrf;ukef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf oGm;cJhavonf?
xdok @kd tm;xkw}f uDK;yrf;csurf sm;udk *k%jf yKrSww f rf; wif&if;
a'gufwm pyfZef@a,mifa[G@ wpfa,muf aumif;&m
ok * wd v m;ygapa=umif ; qk r G e f a umif ; awmif ; vd k u f
ygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@wm0efu etz[m qdk;w,f/ qdk;w,f/ qdk;w,f qdkwm urBmudkajymae/

jyaezd@k wif r[kwb f ;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tm;xm;avmufwhJ a&$;cs,pf &m tzG@J tpnf;wck
jzpfw,f/ u|efawmfwdk@[m awmfw,f/ wwfw,f/ tvkyfawG jzpfatmifvkyfEdkifw,f?
u|efawmf wdk@[m aqmif&Guf}udK;yrf;olawGjzpfw,f? }udK;0dkif;&J@ a&S@qHk;wef;rSm xdkif+yD;
usd e f q J a e/ atmf [ pf a vS m if ajymif a ewJ h / oabmus&if csD ; usL;tm;ay;aewh J
yGJ=unfhy&douf r[kwfbl;qdkwm urBmu ,Hk=unfvufcHvmatmif vkyfjy=u&r,f?
a'guf w m pyf Z ef @ a,mif a [G @
(2004 azaz:0g&v
D 8 &ufae@wiG f ajym=um;cJo
h nf)

15
=opaw;v#Ed k i f i H &J @ vpf b &,f y gwD vuf & S d 0 ef } uD ; csKyf
vpf b &,f r S John Howard
=opa=w;vsEdkifiH&J@ ordkif;udkajym&,if vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif; 500 u
pw,f v d k @ &rS m yg? 'gayr,f h 17 &mpk a&muf w J h t xd
=opa=w;vsu|ef;udk +Adwdo#wdk@ &SmazGrawG@&dSao;ygbl;? 1788
ckESpfa&mufrS yxrqHk; udkvdkeDe,fudk wnfaxmifcJh+yD; 19 &mpk
tpyd k i f ; rS m aemuf x yf u d k v d k e D e ,f ig;e,f x yf a wG @ cJ h y gw,f ?
1901ckESpfrSm z,f'&,fzGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk pwif
touf o G i f ; +yD ; awmh +Ad w d o # tif y g,mtwG i f ; u ud k , f y d k i f
tkyfcsKyfcGifh&e,fajrwpfck jzpfvm ygw,f? urBmppf}uD;ESpfckrSm =opa=w;v#wyfawG [m
r[mrd w f a wG b uf u yg0if c h J + yD ; 'k w d , urB m ppf a emuf y d k i f ; upvd k @ vl 0 if r _ } uD ; =uyf
a&;Oya'awGudk jyifqifcJhum taemufOa&myuvlawG tvHk;t&ifeJ@ 0ifa&mufvmcJh
ygw,f? =opaw;v#EdkifiH[m pnf;rsnf;cHbk&ifpepfudk 'Dae@txd usifhoHk;ae+yD; 1999
ckESpfujyKvkyfwJhvlxkqENcH,lyGJrSm orwEdkifiHjyKvkyfa&;bufu &H_;edrfhoGm;um tufvd
Zbufbk&ifr}uD;udk EdkifiH&J@Oao#miftjzpf qufvufwifajrSmufxm;cJh&ygw,f?

rlvu udkvdkeDe,fy,fajcmufcktaeeJ@wnf&dScJhwJh =opa=w;vs[m 1901ckESpf zGJpnf;

tkyfcsKyfyHkOya't& a&G;aumufyGJvkyfwJhtcg Protectionist Party, Labor Party eJ@ Free
Trade Party oHk;ygwDteufb,fygwDurS rJtjywftowfeJ@ tEdkifr&cJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh
Protectionist Party eJ@ Labor Party wdk@utpdk;&zGJ@cJh+yD; Free Trade Party uawmh
twd k u f t cH t jzpf e J @ &yf w nf c J h y gw,f ? tJ ' D h Protectionist Party tpd k ; &ud k
tufjrLbmwGefu OD;aqmifcJh+yD 1902 ckESpfa&mufwJhtcg tJz&uf 'ufuif u quf
vufOD;aqmifcJhygw,f? 1909 ckESpfa&mufwJhtcg Protectionist Party 0ifawGeJ@ Free
Trade Party 0ifawG pkaygif;+yDawmh yxrqHk; Liberal Party udk zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh
1910 ckESpfrSm Labor Party udk tm%mr&atmif tumtuG,f ray;EdkifcJh ygbl;? 1913
ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJusawmhrS Labor Party uuyf+yD;&H_edrfh cJhwJhtwGuf Liberal Party u
1914 ckESpfrSm tm%mudk jyefvnf &&dScJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; Australia Liberal
Party [m tiftm;taumif;qHk; EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfcktjzpf &yfwnf vmcJhygw,f?

16
1914 ckESpfrSmpwifjzpfyGm;wJh yxrurBmppf}uD;[m =opa=w;vsEdkifiHa&;udk }uD;rm; wJh
tajymif ; tvJ w pf & yf a y:ayguf a pcJ h y gw,f ? yxrurB m ppf } uD ; twG i f ; =opa=w;vs
ppfom;aygif; ajcmufodef;avmufaoa=ucJh+yD; wpfodef;ig;aomif;ausmf '%f&m&&dScJhyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh 1916 ckESpfrSm tm%m&vmwJh Labor 0ef}uD;csKyf b,fvD[k(pf) u
=opa=w;vsppfwyf tiftm;awmifhwif;zdk@twGuf EdkifiHom;wdkif;ppfr_rxrf;rae&
Oya'jyXmef;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? 'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk tvkyform;or*~awGeJ@ Labor
Party u qef@usifuef@uGuf=uwJhtwGuf b,fvD[k(pf)u Liberal Party eJ@ylaygif;+yD;
Nationalist Party udkzGJ@pnf;cJhwJhtwGuf 1923 ckESpftxd qufvuf+yD; tm%m+rJaecJh
ygw,f?

'ga=umifh Labor Party u 1920vGefESpfrsm;rSm wpfpxufwpfp tm;enf; vm+yD;

tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f? tcsdefwnf;rSmyJ Country Party topfudk
xyfraH y:ayguv f m+yD; awme,furJqEN&iS af wGukd pGaJ qmifxm;Edik w
f hJ twGuf Labor Party
[m =opa=w;vsEdkifiHa&;uae aysmufuG,foavmuf jzpff oGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1923 ck
ESpfrSm Country Party u Nationalist Party eJ@yl;aygif;+yD;awmh !Gef@aygif; tpdk;&
zGJ@pnf;cJhwJhtwGuf =opa=w;vstwdkuftcHygwDawG&J@ tcef;[m r&dS oavmufudk
jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?

tckvuf&dS Liberal Party udkawmh 1945 c/k =o*kwfv/ 31

&ufae@rSmpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwmyg? 1909 ckESpf wkef;u tJz&uf
'ufuif u Liberal Party udkzGJ@pnf;cJhayr,fh aemufydkif;rSm
tajctaeawGt& Nationalist Party tjzpf&yfwnfcJh&yg w,f?
'ga=umif h 1944 ck E S p f r S m a&mbwf ref ZD( pf ) OD ; aqmif + yD ;
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Robert Menzies ac:,lcJhum tckvuf&dS Liberal Party udk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
tJ ' D y gwD r S m United Australia Party vk d t zG J @ rsd K ;awG /
=opa=w;vstrsd K ;orD ; awG & J @ Women League vd k tpOf t vmxd r f ; od r f ; a&;0g'D
tzGJ@rsdK;awG yg0ifcJhygw,f?

tJ'D Liberal Party [m aemifav;ESpf=umwJhtcg 1949 ckESpfrSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk

&,lEdkifcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf }uD;pwifjzpfyGm;cJhcsdefup+yD; jyefvnftm;aumif; vmwJh
Australia Labor Party [m 1949 ckESpfrSm Liberal Party udk &H_edrfhcJhygw,f?

17
1949 ckESpfrSm Liberal Party u refZD(pf) tm%m&vm+yD; aemufydkif; =opa=w;vs
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bufuyg0ifwdkufckdufcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif =opaw;v#EdkifiHynma&;eJ@ puffr_zGifh+zdK;
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wJhtcsdefawGrSm EdkifiHzGifh+zdK;wdk;wufzdk@twGuf tvSnfhtajymif;awG ay:aygufcJhwm
awG&ygw,f? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;e,fy,frSm Australia Liberal Party
[m wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGxufydkrdk+yD; taemuf tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawGeJ@ ydkrdkeD;eD;uyf
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taemufEdkifiHawGenf;wl pufr_zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;eJ@ ynma&;e,fy,fawGudktm&Hkpdkuf
vkyfaqmif cJhwmudkawG@&ygw,f?

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=uyfa&;Oya'awGuawmh qufvufwnf&dSaewkef;&dSygyJ? Australia Liberal Party [m
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jyif;jyif;xefxefqef@usifcJhygw,f?

18
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ppfat;acwfaESmif;ydkif;umvawGrSm Liberal Party [m rsm;aomtm;jzifh twdkuftcH
ygwD tjzpfeJ@yJ&yfwnfaecJh&ygw,f? tJz&uf 'ufuifpwifwnfaxmifumpu Lib-
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zdk@twGuf pnf;rsnf;pnf;urf;eJ@ enf;Oya'awGudky,fzsufay;jcif;/ jynfol@vkyfief; awGudk
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ol @ pum;
I am in politics because of the conflict between good
and evil, and I believe that in the end good will be
trump. Margaret Thatcher

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trsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyf)

19
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20
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21
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22
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