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tpdwfom;eJ@ jrefrmm(PR)
proportional representation (PR)pHepfe@J ywfouf+y;D *syefEikd if rH mS vuf&u
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pHepfe@J a&G;ygw,f? wdu


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txufv$wfawmftrwfwpfa&muf[m wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fr_@t& a&G;aumufyGJ0ifrvm;/ (PR)pHepfeJ@a&G;aumufyGJ
0if r vm;qd k w m ud k , f w d k i f q H k ; jzwf & ygw,f ? pH e pf E S p f c k & S d & mrS m ud k , f p d w f } ud K uf w pf c k u d k o m a&G ; cs,f & ygw,f ?
atmuf v $ w f a wmf u awmh pH e pf E S p f c k p vH k ; ud k w+yd K if w nf ; 0if a &muf , S O f + yd K if y d k i f c G i f h & S d y gw,f ? (PR)pH e pf e J @ &wJ h
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