trSw(

f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep

S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

tdE,
dN jynfoŒl vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;
0if;jrifah rmif

acwfopfordkif;pOfwav#muf tdENd,&JŒaxGjym;r_u +cdrf;ajcmufr_vnf; jzpf

ovdk u,fwifjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? &ifzdkp&m aumif;vSwJh vlrsKd;pkta&;/ a'oqdkif&m
ta&;/ bmoma&; trsKd;rsKd;/ cGJjcm;wJh Zmwfpepf ponfhta&;udpPwdk@udk tvdkufoifh
qufqEH idk zf @kd / pDrcH ef@cJG aqmif&u
G Ef idk zf @kd oif,x
l m;rSom 'Dru
kd a&pDEidk if t
H aeESihf qufvuf
&SifoefEkdifrSmyg?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ tvGef}uD;rm;ºuG,f0wJh òrdŒaevlr_b0jzpfay:a&;u tdEdN,
'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf rqkwfrepfvkyfaqmif&mrSm t"duuswJh tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfaeyg
w,f? +yD;cJhwJh &mpkESpfwav#muf tdENd,rSm trsKd;rsKd;aom toufarG;r_ynm&yfqdkif&m
toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ ukefoG,fa&;or*~rsm;/ atmufajcvlwef;pm;toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ *END
vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;eJ@ vGwfvyfwJh vlxk rD'D,mwdk@u wufºuGwJh jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk
ydk+yD; awmifhwif;oefrmapcJhygw,f?
tdENd,jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm tusKd;pD;yGm;/ wefzdk;xm;r_/ us,fjyef@pGm
uGJjym;r_/ tkyfpkcsif;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awG yg0ifaew,f? tJ'D jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
ukd,fYu EkdifiHa&;yËdyuQawG&J@ ZmwfckHjzpfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif yg0ifaewJh tm;vkH;aom
tpktzGJ@awGu 'Drdku&ufwpfwefzdk;eJ@ yef;wkdiftwGuf oEMdXmefcsxm;olrsm; jzpfw,f
vdk@awmh aocsmayguf ajymr&ygbl;?
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tJ'Djynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm yg0ifwJh tpdwftydkif;wdkif;
uawmh teufzGifhqdkcsuft& ta&;ygwJh p¶kdufvuQ%mawG wlnD=uygw,f? EkdifiHawmf
eJ@ trSDtcdkuif;vGwfw,f/ trsm;jynfole,fy,feJ@ qufpyfaewJhudpPawGrSm zGJ@pnf;wJh
tzGJ@awGu avsmh&J&J jzpf+yD;/ ¶kH;jyifuem;rqefayr,fh pepfwus v_yf&Sm;r_awmh &Sd=uyg
w,f? t&if;tjrpfawGudk awG@atmif&Sm+yD;/ pkaygif;vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;awG&Sd=uygw,f?

19
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

pD;yGm;a&;jzpfap/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfvkyfief;jzpfap/ vlrsKd;a&;

udpPjzpfap/ tpktzGJ@ tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;/ ckcHumuG,fa&;udpPjzpfap olwdk@vkyfvdkwJh
qEN &Sd=uygw,f? 'grSr[kwf pm;okH;olumuG,fa&;/ vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_/ trsKd;orD;
pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;/ ywf0ef;usifobm0 t&nftaoG;udpP/ vl@tcGifhta&; pwmawG
rSm us,jf yef@whJ yef;wdik x f m;+yD; jr‡iw
hf ifa&;vkyzf @dk twGuf olw@kd qEN&=dS uygw,f? Ekid if aH wmf
tm%mudk wvGo J ;Hk Ekid w
f hJ tvm;tvmawGukd txde;f tuGyv f yk &f mrSmvnf; wufºuGwhJ
jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tcsuftcsmuswJh ae&mrSm&Sdygw,f? aemuf+yD; 'Drdkua&pD
ydk+yD; yDjyifatmif/ wnfwHhatmifvnf;vkyfEkdifw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
yg0ifv_yf&Sm;zdk@/ olwdk@ tusKd;pD;yGm;awG vkHòcHapzdk@/ rauseyfwmawG xkwfajymzdk@/ jynfol@
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu vrf;a=umif;ay;Ekdifygw,f?
atmufajctqifhrSm udk,fydkifvkyfydkifcGifh& tzGJ@tpnf;awG (ajr,mrJh tvkyf
orm;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfolrsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;eJ@ qif;&Jom;ESifhqdkifaomtzGJ@rsm;) u
tm%m&Sifqefqef txufvl}uD;awGudk ykHpHaoaewJh rwlnDr_awGa=umihf tm%myg0g
qufqHa&;ykHpHajymif;+yD; pdefac:vm=uygw,f? udk,fxludk,fxvkyfief;awG/ yk*~Kdvfa&;
zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf b0udkESpf+yD; vkyf=uwmawG[m jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JΠ&yf0ef;xJrSm
yJjzpfygw,f? pkaygif;wm0ef,l&wJh vlr_zlvkHa&;vkyfief; wdk;wufvmapzdk@/ &yfuGufvlpk
pnf;¶kH; zGJ@pnf;&mrSm jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u xda&mufxufjrufwJhtcg EkdifiHawmfu
wm0ef,l&wm wm0efayhgoGm;+yD;/ tJ'DpepfwckvkH;&JΠOya'abmif0ifr_ukd ydk+yD; wdk;wuf
vmapygw,f? 'Drdku&ufwpf tdENd,rSm&SdwJh jynfol@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JΠxl;uJwJh vkyf
aqmifcsufawGxJrSm tm;vkH;aom v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk jrifEkdifygw,f? PUCL (The
People's Union for Civil Liberty) tzGJ@vkd vl@tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJ0if t&Sdeft[kef
&apwm/ ESdyfuGyfr_awGudkwGef;vSefwJh udkvkdeDqef@usifa&;E_ef;pHawG jyefvnf&Sifoefvm
wmawG[m tif'D&m*END&JΠtkyfcsKyfa&;umv tm%m&SifqefqeftkyfcsKyfwJh umvwdk
tjzpfoepfa=umifhygyJ?
+yD;cJhwJh ESpf 30 twGif; atmufajcvlwef;pm;&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_awGu rw&m;r_
ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;udk ypfrSwfxm;+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;chJw,f? tarGqufcH,lvmwJh ZmwfcGJjcm;
pepfudk emcHae&wm/ jynfolawGtm;ðy&Sifoefae&wJh obm0t&if;tjrpfawGudk
ta=umif;rJzh suq f ;D ypfwm/ tjrpfw, G af ewJh usm;r cGjJ cm; ESrd chf squfqaH ewmawGuykd gy?J
qif;&J tiftm;rJah ewJh tdE, dN vlrsK;d awGukd olw@kd u umuG,af y;w,f? wma0;
ypf 'kyH sH wnfaqmufa&;udp/P ajratmufrikd ;f wGi;f wl;azmfa&;/ a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;
ta=umif;jy+yD; aetdrfawGu ESifxkwfcH&wJhjy\em/ wcsKdŒu w&m;r0ifopfcdk; ckwfvSJ

20
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
wma=umifh &GmrJh &Gmaysmuf 'kuQa&muf&wm pwmawGudk ypfrSwfxm;+yD; jynfol@vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;awGu wkdufcdkufqef@usifcJhw,f?
1980/ 1990 ESpfawGrSm tvGef}uD;rm;wJh emr'gjrpf0Srf; a&umwmpDrHudef;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; jy\emwufcJhw,f? tJ'Da&umwma=umifh &GmawGaxmifeJ@csD+yD; a&ðryfr,hf
tE W&m,feJ@wkd;awmhr,fhudef; qdkufvmw,f? oef;eJ@csD+yD;/ v,form;eJ@ awmifay:om;
awG &GmajrpGef@cGmajy;+yD;/ opfawm[ufwmaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;¶_H;&r,fhtE W&m,f usa&muf
vmrSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD b;qd;k usa&mufawmhr,fh qif;&Jom;awGyg0ifwhJ qef@usit f mcHyJG
rSm emr'gtmacsmiftif'dkveftzGJ@u (Save The Namadar Movement) OD;aqmif
qifEGJcJhygw,f?
olwdk@udk vlxku ZGJeyJ}uD;}uD; axmufcHtm;ayr_/ *ENDykHpH qef@usiftHwkr_/
(tpmiwfcjH cif;/ oydwaf rSmufjcif; boycott / c&D;&Sncf sw D ufjcif;) Oya't& tuJprf;jcif;
pwmawGtjyif EkdifiHwum arwWm&yfcHcsufawGuwqifh EkdifiHpkHyg0ifwJh !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@
ay:vm+yD; a&umwmpDrHudef;&yfqdkif;xm;zkd@ EkdifiHwumw&m;¶kH;&JŒ wm;rdef@xkwf+yD;
wm;qD;wmtxdjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
aºuG;wifEGHepfaewJh aus;vufqif;&Jom;awGt=um; pdwfysufvufysufjzpf
aewm/ udk,fhudk,fudk tqkH;pD&ifaewmawGeJ@ txufwef;tqifhtv$mawG cspm;aewm
awGudk azmfxkwfajym&if; 'Drdkua&pDta&;rSm tcsuftcsmae&mu yg0ifcJhw,f? 'g[m
tdENd,&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh vlxkrD'D,m&JŒ tcef;u¾yJjzpfygw,f? tif'D,m*END&JŒ ta&;ay:
tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; r[kwfwmvkyfwmudk pdefac:&rS óudufw,fqdkwJh tðytrlawG
[m udkvkdeDacwfqDutajctaetwdkif; jzpfvmygw,f? qifqmjzwfawmufr_awGudk
tav#mhay;&wm &Sufp&mtjzpf odjrifcHpm;&wmu ydk+yD;Ekd;=um;apjyefw,f?
tm%mydkifawGeJ@ yËdyuQqefwJh qufqHa&;uwqifh ykHay:vmwJh pme,fZif;
owif;pmynmawG arG;zGm;vmw,f? ta&;ay:acwfumvuwnf;u tdE, dN pme,fZif;
eJ@ owif;pmavmu[m ud, k yf idk af pmif=h unfah &;tcef;u¾eJ@ yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJw
h ,f? tpd;k &
tkycf sKyfa&;,E ,W m;&JΠcspm;r_/ Zmwferd ehf @J vlenf;pkawGtay: t=urf;zufjiLplwmawGukd
tpdk;&u rxDrJhjrifvkyfaewmawG/ wdkif;jynftESH@ tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif; ysufuGufvpf[if;r_awG
udk azmfxkwfay;cJhw,f? vmbfpm; tusifhysufcspm;r_awGudk pkHprf;azmfxkwfcJh&mrSmawmh
0ef}uD;csKyfwpfOD;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wpfOD;/ qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ &mZ0wfr_ xlajymwJh
bD[mjynfe,f 0ef}uD;csKyfwpfOD;wdk@udk &mxl;u z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhw,f? owif;pmavmu&J@
xyfrHóud;pm;cJhwJh vGwfvyfr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef awmif;qkdr_awG[m vlxk
rD'D,mt¶G,ftpm; aygufuGJus,fjyef@oGm;jcif;eJ@ wòydifeufwnf;jzpfcJhw,f?

21
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

2006 up+yD; bmompum;eJ@ a'od, pum;aygif; 123 rsKd;eJ@ owif;pmaygif;

60000 xkwaf 0cJ+h yD;/ owif;pmzwfol oef; 200 txd ta&mufy@kd Eidk cf w hJ ,f? +*dK[fww k AD GD
y&d\wf oef; 230 &Sdw,f? tdENd,owif;pmudk rn‡mrwm xdef;csKyfr_awGa=umifh
EkdifiHom;awGeJ@ywfoufwJh ta=umif;t&m yrm%eJ@ xnfhoGif;&r,fh owif;aqmif;yg;/
ta=umif;tcsufawG avsmhenf;vmwJhtcg tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;eJ@vGwfaewJh
òydiuf iG ;f trsK;d rsK;d ay:vm+yD; tpd;k &,E , W m;eJ@ tusiyhf surf a_ wGukd xde;f csKyfEidk w f hJ pGr;f &nf
yg &vmawmhw,f?
jynf o l @ vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; tk y f p k a wG v nf ; 'D r d k u a&pD y D j yif v ma&;twG u f
txl;oD;oef@ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;cJhw,f? wjcm;zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHawGvdkyJ
tdENd,rSmvnf; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;odcGifhtufOya' Right to Information Act
jyÏmef;Ekid af &; aqmf=opnf;¶k;H a&;uwqifh taxmuftulay;Ekid v f @kd 2005 rSm trsK;d om;
ygvDrefeJ@ jynfe,f 9 ckrSm jyÏmef; vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhw,f?
tJ'DOya't& tpdk;&Xmeu owif;ESifh qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sd wpfOD;cef@xm;
&+yD; jynfol (odk@) rD'D,mrS awmif;qdk&yfcHcsufawGudk &uf 30 twGif; jyef=um;ay;zkd@
wm0ef,lvm&w,f? &Sif;vif;jrifoma&; aqmf=opnf;&kH;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh jynfolu
pkHprf;ppfaq;cGifhqkdwJh enf;vrf;opfawG usifhokH;vmEkdifw,f? jynfolu =um;emjcif;
people's hearing (odk@) *sefqef;a0 Jansumwai jynfol@ckH¶kH;qefqef vkyfcGifh&vm
w,f? tJ'Dvkd=um;em&mrSm a'ocHt&mxrf;awG/ aus;&Gmu a¶G;cs,fxm;wJh udk,fpm;
vS,fawG/ zdwf=um;xm;wJh ynm&SifawG/ jynfolvlxkxJu xif&Sm;wJh yk*~KdvfawG
a&S@arSmufrSm =um;em qkH;jzwfay;=u&ygw,ff?
omrefjynfoal wG&ŒJ pkpH rf;ppfaq;Ekid w f phJ rG ;f tm;udk tok;H cs+yD; cspm;r_wu dk zf suf
a&; enf;vrf;opfv_yf&Sm;r_u cspm;r_eJ@ ywfoufwJh oD;oef@ta&;,ljcif;Oya'udk
azmfxkwf,lcJhw,f? cspm;r_udkjzpfapwJh,E W,m;udk EkdifiHom;awGu azmfxkwfwJhae&mrSm
trsm;ydkift&if;tjrpfudk yk*~Kdvfa&;twGuf cdk;,lr_jzpf&if tajccHa'otqifhawGudk
tm¶kHpdkuf csOf;uyf enf;vrf;udk okH;cJhw,f?
atmufajcvlwef;pm;awG óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&mrSm ynmwwf toufarG;
0rf;ausmif; ynm&Siaf wG/ yifpifpm; jynfo@l 0efxrf;awGe@J Zmwferd ahf wG pkpnf;yg0ifvm+yD;/
EkdifiHom;pm&if;ppftzGJ@udk aqmf=opnf;¶kH;EkdifcJhw,f? tzGJ@0ifawGudk vkyfcvpm/ tpm;
tpm/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_ay;Ekdifzdk@/ Oya'rJhvkyf&yfawGudkESdrfeif;zdk@ vkyfudkifcGifh&=uw,f?
Oya'rJv h yk &f yfqw dk mu &Ju taESmift h ,Suaf y;wJh t&Su&f apr_e@J qif;&Jom;&yfuu G af wG
jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;wJhtcg vmbfpm;r_wdk@vkdudpPrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f?

22
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
2001 tdE, Nd rSm NGO aygi;f woef;ausm&f v dS mwmu ta=umif;tcsuw f pfck
jzpfw,f? avsmfuefwJh enf;ynm&a&;/ tao;pm;acs;aiGuwqifh ulnDa&;/ ywf0ef;
usifoef@&Sif;a&;/ a&&&Sda&;/ tajccHusef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_/ rlvwef;ynma&; pwJh
u¾awGrSm zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmzkd@eJ@ ydkrdk0efaqmifr_ay;Ekdifa&;wdk@rSm NGO trsm;pku
pGJpGJepfepf vkyfudkifvm=uygw,f?
wjcm;tzGJ@awGu tyef;ajza&;vkyfief;/ a&xkavxk npfnrf;r_umuG,fa&;/
r_cif;jy\em/ ,mOfoGm;vma&;udpP pwmawGudk OD;wnfaqmif¶Guf=uygw,f? tJ'Dvkd
aqmif¶Gufr_awGu 'Drdkua&pD yDjyifa&;/ tusKd;ðyEkdifa&;twGufawmh wdkuf¶dkuf raqmif
usOf;Ekdifygbl;? 'gayr,fh 'Dvkdaqmif¶Gufr_awGuwqifh oufomcGifh&atmif vkyfaqmif
Ekdifr,fqkd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk ab;ðy+cdrf;ajcmufEkdifwJh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; jy\em
awGudk ajz&Sif;aqmif¶Guf&mrSmawmh taxmuftulay;Ekdifygw,f?
'ghtjyif tajccHvlwef;pm;u OD;aqmifOD;¶Gufðy&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ òrdŒjyudpP&yf
qdkif&m ,Ofaus;r_awGudk ysKd;axmif&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf tJ'D NGO awG[m r[wWr*END
pdwf"gwfudkom arG;jrLxdef;odrf;=uygw,f? wzufrSm vlr_t&if; Social Capital udk
vnf; wnfaqmuf=uygw,f?
vlr_t&if;qdkwmu bkHaumif;usdK;twGuf yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;wJh
tcsif;csif;qufqHa&;t=um;rSm&SdwJh ,kH=unfr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_/ tjyeftvSef
em;vnfr_wdk@yJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh NGO wkdif;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf taumif;
csnf; rjzpfEkdifygbl;? wcsKdŒtzGJ@awGu vpfb&,frqef (tjrifrus,f) ygbl;? ,Ofaus;=u
w,fvkd@vnf; rqkdom?
'ghtjyif vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;qkdwmawGukd onf;rcHzdk@awmif a[majymae
=uao;w,f? [dENLrsKd;cspfrsufuef;awGu c&pf,mefeJ@ rlqvifbmom0ifawGudk
t=urf;zuf qef@usifzkd@ pnf;¶kH;v#ufyJ? cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;/ oD;oef@z,fxkwfjcif; qkdwm
awGukd rSefuefw,fvkd@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a[majymv#ufygyJ?
'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;axmufcHolawGjzpfOD;awmh twGif;oabmtm;jzihf 'Drdk
ua&pD0g'udk t+rJwef;cH,lr_r&Sd=uovdk tjyifyef;tm;jzifhvnf; wm0ef,lr_ t+rJwef;
r&S=d uygb;l ? od@k aomf 'Dru
kd a&pD0g'cH,rl _ csKŒd wJah ewJh jynfo@l v@l tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ wcsKŒd aom
tpdwftydkif;awG ykHysufaeonfhwdkifatmif tdENd,&JΠoefrm}uHhcdkifwJh jynfol@vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;u 'Drdkua&pD&J@ tumtuG,fwHwdkif;}uD;jzpfaewkef;ygyJ?

0if;jrifharmif

23