trSwf(4)?

atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

armf ESihf wdeŒf

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w&kwfjynfzcif}uD; armfpDwkef;&J@ aemufqkH;ESpfESpfwmumvrSm ol@udk tao
rajzmifhatmif 'kuQay;wJh ygwDwGif; tkyfpkawG &SdcJhygw,f? armf&J@ay:vpDawGudk qef@usif
tHwkaewJh wdef@a&Smifyif;udk A[kdjyKxm;wJh tiftm;pk ay:xGufvmygw,f? wdef@[m
armf uG,fvGefjyD;aemufrSm armf&J @vrf;pOftarG trSm;pkudk &dkufcsKd;acsrGypfolyg?
armfu 1966 ckEpS f ,Ofaus;rSKawmfveS af &;tpydik ;f rSm wde@f ukd ygwu D ae xkwf
ypfcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1973 ckESpfrSm wdef@udk ygwDxdyfydkif;ae&mqD jyefqGJac:cJhygw,f?
wde@f a&Smifyif;udk 1904 ckEpS rf mS pDcsG rjf ynfe,frmS arG;zGm;jyD;/ armfxuf q,fw h pf
ESpf i,fygw,f? 16 ESpfom; t&G,f 1920 ckESpfrSm tvkyfwydkif;/ ynmwydkif; tpDtpOfeJ@
jyifopfukd oGm;cJyh gw,f? jyifopfa&mufawmh csLtifvikd ;f vufatmufrmS tvkyv f yk &f if;
uGefjrLepf jzpfcJhygw,f?
jyifopfrSmaewJh ig;ESpfwmumvu ol@b0wavSsmufvkH; jyifopfqefwJht&m
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ckHrifpGJvrf;cJhygw,f? 0dkif/ csdpf/ jyifopfeHeufpm aygifrkef@/ aumfzD/
uaz;qdkifeJ@ a&ar$;eH@wdk@ygyJ? wdef@u ol&J@b0 aemufqkH;ae@&ufawGrSm pDcGsrfjynfe,f
ol@tdrfem;u vBuf&nfqkdifawGudk jyifopfu uaz;qdkifawGeJ@ E_dif;,SOfajym&if; yJ&pfrSm
ol}udrzf efrsm;pGm xdik cf zhJ ;l wJh uaz;qdik af v;udk vGr;f woo jzpfaeygao;w,f? jyifopfrmS
oleJ@twlaecJhwJh w&kwf&Jabmfwpfa,mufu wdef@ta=umif; jyefajymjyzl;ygw,f? t&yf
ig;ay/ ykwvuf/ vk;H vk;H 0dik ;f 0dik ;f / t&$wt f aemufawGe@J jynfv h @kd ? aemufawmh yd;k wk;H vk;H b0
uae tif;qufydk;aumif}uD; jzpfvmygw,fwJh? wdef@&J@ ygwDb0q,fpkESpfrsm;u pmzwf
tm;aumif;/ awG;tm;aumif;eJ@ tvkyfjywfjywfom;om;vkyf&Jol jzpfapcJhygw,f?
aemuf wdef@&J@ tm;omcsufwpfcku pum;enf;+yD; tpnf;ta0;awGrSm vdkwdk
&Sif; uspfuspfvpfvpf wifjyedKifpGrf;ygyJ? uGefjrLepftm%modrf;t+yD; olwm0ef,lwJh
w&kwEf ikd if t
H aemufawmifa'o&J@ yxrqk;H t}udrf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;u ud;k rdepfr#yJ
=umygw,f? 'gu ol@q&m csLtifvdkif;eJ@ uGmjcm;oGm;yga&mvm;? csL u &Snf&Snfvsm;
vsm; odkif;umzGJ@um ajymwwf+yD;/ wcgu tpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm udk;em&D=umatmif
=o0g'ac|cJholyg?

65
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

wdef@uawmh qkH;jzwfcsuf jywfom;ol/ &SLyf&SLyfaxG;axG; jy\emawGtay:

tajzmifhawG; ajz&Sif;edKifcJhol/ w&kwf zJupm;enf;udk pGJvrf;tm;}uD;ol jzpfygw,f?
wdef@[m jyifopfrSm uGefjrLepfawGeJ@ qufoG,fcJhayr,fh/ olajcukyf,lwmu
&k&Sm;rSmyg? jyifopfuae uefxkwfcHvdkuf&awmh &k&Sm;rSm wESpf=um aexdkif+yD; ygwD
oifwef;wufcyhJ gw,f? 1934 ckEpS f c&D;&Snf csw D ufyJG pwifawmh olu ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrKS &J@
t"du twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef &&Sdaeyg+yD? 1937-45 ckESpf w&kwf-*syefppfyGJtwGif;rSm
ppfwyf xdyfwef;wyfrSL;wm0ef ,lcJhygw,f?
1945 ckEpS t
f ukef jynfwiG ;f ppfrmS awmh uGejf rLepf ppfwyfw0ufukd OD;aqmifol
jzpfvmygw,f? wyfeD&J@ atmifyGJxGef;ajymifapcJhwJh “0dSKif[dkif; vSKyf&Sm;rSK” udk aqmif&Guf
&if; ,efZDjrpfawmifbufjcrf; trsm;tjym; odrf;ydkufay;cJhygw,f? aemufawmh ol@a'o
pDc|rftygt0if jynfe,ftrsm;pkudk OD;aqmifcJh+yD;/ 1950 jynfhvGef tapmydkif;rSm armfu
yDuif;&J@ t"du acgif;qmifydkif;&mxl;txd wdk;jr‡ifhay;cJhygw,f?
wdef@[m armhftay: vkH;0 opPmxm;olyg? 1957-58 ckESpf vuf,m*kd%f;
qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ynmwwftrsm;pkESdyfuGyf&mrSm olu armf&J@vuf&kH;/
ppfwyft&m&Sd wufºuGolyg? odk@aomf armfeJ@ vrf;cGJp&m ta=umif;zefvmygw,f? 1960
jynfhvGeftapmydkif; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_tqkH;owfa&; orwvsLa&SmufcsD &J@ }udK;yrf;r_
awGudk wdef@u axmufcHvdkufawmh/ armf&J@ r[m&efolawmfpm&if; toGif;cH&ygw,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf wdef@u tjywf&Sif;wm rcH&atmif armf&J@ vufwHeJ@ cyfa0;
a0;rSm }udK;pm;a&SmifaecJhygw,f? armfu wdef@tay: rSwfcsufay;wm &SdcJhygw,f? “*syku
usLyfukd raumif;qd;k 0g;vdk oabmxm;jyD; cyfa0;a0;rSm a&Smifaewwfw,f” [lowwf?
1966 ckESpf “,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;” qifE$Jawmh armfu wdef@yg0ifatmif
&mxl;rufvkH;aygif;pkHeJ@ pnf;&kH;ygw,f? wdef@u vlrdkufvkyf+yD; 0ifrygwma=umifh armhfqEN
ratmif j rif y gbl ; ? 'ga=umih f y J wd e f @ ud k vsLa&S m uf c sD + yD ; &if “'k w d , t}uD ; rm;qk H ;
t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;vdkufolvdk@” wHqdyfuyf+yD; aetdrftus,fcsLyfxm;ygw,f? wdef@&J@
om;orD;awGeJ@ ol@rdaxG;udk tdrfuae armif;cscJh=uygw,f?
ygwDu }uD;rSL;wJh vlpkvla0;±_wfcsyGJtrsm;pkudk wdef@cHcJh&ayr,fh vsLa&SmufcsD
vdk &kyfydkif;qdkif&m rw&m;&dkufESufcH&rSKrsKd;awG r&SdcJhygbl;? armfu ol@&efolawGtay:
tjypfay;&mrSm tao;pdwfedKifvGef;olyg? vsLudk rkef;oavmufxd wdef@ukd olrrkef;ygbl;?
'ga=umihfrdk@ armfu “wdef@udk ±_wfcs&r,f/ 'gayr,fh vsLudk tjypfay;wJh ykHpHeJ@ jcm;em;&
r,f” vdk@ trdef@xkwfcJhygw,f? vsLvdk om;uGJr,m;uGJ xm;cH&+yD; toufaoqkH; roGm;
cJhbJ/ wdef@[m ZeD;onfeJ@twl aexkdifcGifh&cJhygw,f?

66
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
odk@ESifhwdkif armf&J@ oumvl; apwemu i&JygyJ? 1968 ckESpf arvrSm wdef@&J@
t}uD;qkH;om;eJ@orD;udk yDuif;wuUodkvfqD rsufpdydwfac:oGm;jyD; olwdk@taztay:
twif;±_wfcscdkif;ygw,f? wuUodkvfrSm zrf;csKyfxm;wJh vlajcmufq,fausmf udk,fh[m
udk,f owfao=uw,f? tcsdK@u aowJhtxd !‡if;yrf; &dkufESufr_cHcJh&ygw,f?
wdef@&J@ om;}uD; 24 ESpft&G,f "ylzef" [m tay:xyfjywif;aygufu ckefcs
vdkufvdk@ woufvkH; cg;atmufydkif; csdoGm;ygw,f? 'Dowif;udk tus,fcsLyfcH&wJh wdef@wdk@
ZeD ; armif E S H q D wES p f a vmuf = umonf t xd owif ; yd k @ ray;ygbl ; ? 1969 ck E S p f
atmufwdkbmrSm vifr,m; ESpfa,mufpvkH;udk yDuif;uae e,fESif'%f ray;rDrSm olwdk@
&J@ tjcm;uav;awG c%av; =unhfcGifhay;ygw,f? e,fESif'%fcH&awmh wdef@[m usefZD
jynfe,f&J@ v,fxGefpuf puf&kH=urf;jyifay: yifyifyef;yef; tvkyfvkyf&+yD; vufeufudkif
tapmifht=uyfeJ@ tus,fcsLyf apmifh=unhfcHxm;&ygw,f? wdef@ZeD;u ylzefta=umif;
=um;&awmh &ufaygif;rsm;pGm idkaºuG;ygw,f? “olr aovkeD;yg; pdwf"gwfawG usqif;
cJh&ygw,f” vdk@ aemufawmh jyefajymjyygw,f? wdef@[m ol@&J@ csdaewJhom;eJ@ awG@r&
atmif wm;jrpfcHxm;&ovdk/ tjcm;uav;awG bmjzpfaew,fqdkwmvnf; ol odcGifh
r&ygbl;? wcg ol@om;ti,fav; iwfjywfpkwfjywf+yD;/ vrf;ay:aysmufoGm;awmh/
wdef@[m puf&kH=urf;jyifay: t&kyf}udK;jywf ykHvJusoGm;ygw,f?
1971 ZlvdkifvrSm csdaewJh om;}uD; ylzefa&mufvmawmh wdef@crsm pdwf
v_yf&Sm;vGef;vdk@ wkefwkef&D&D? ol@om;}uD; ao&Gmu jyefxvmovdkygyJ? usefZDjynfe,f&J@
jcpfjcpfawmuf ylavmifjyif;jywJh &moDatmufrSm ylzef&J@ '%f&mtemw&awGudk wdef@
udk,fwdkif ,k,jyKpkygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm;[m wdef@b0twGuf emusif
tcg;oD;qkH; tcsdefygbJ?
aomuzdtm;awGeJ@ wif;=urf;jynfhaevdk@ nn tdyfruffqdk;awGeJ@ a,mif,rf;
atmf[pfvef@edK;wwfygw,f? odk@aomf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm;u w&kwf
uGefjrLepfygwD (CCP) ta=umif; jyefpOf;pm;zdk@ wdef@udk wGef;tm;ay;ygw,f? &vm'fu
awmh armf0g'eJ@ pwmvif0g' vrf;a=umif;uae olausmcdkif;zdk@ pwifjzpfwmygyJ?
armfuG,fvGefwJhaemufawmh w&kwfjynf&J@vrf;a=umif;udk olajymif;ypfcJh
ygw,f? e,fESif'%fb0rSm pum;wvkH; wyg' r[bJ qdwfqdwfaecJhw,f? usef;rma&;
vdkufpm;w,f? EdkifiHa&;ZmwfckHay: jyefwufEdkifzdk@ tcGifhta&; olacsmif;aecJhygw,f?

67
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

rwfpf 0g' jyKjyifajymif;vJol

e,fESif'%fb0eJ@ ESpfESpft=um 1971 ckESpf pufwifbmrSmawmh ar#mfvifhcsuf

a&mifjcnfoef;vmygw,f? wdef@om;}uD; ylzef u a&'D,dk uvd&if;/ vd_if;wdk owif;v$ifh
csufwpfck zrf;rdygw,f? tJ'Dhtcsdef EdkifiHjcm;a&'D,dkowif; em;axmif&if axmif'%f
tjypf}uD;rSe;f od&ufe@J tazeJ@taru ylzef pdwcf sr;f omatmif cGijhf yKxm;wmyg? Edik if jH cm;
toHv$ifhu vmwJh ryD0dk;w0g; owif;u wdef@udk tvGeftHhtm;oifhapygw,f? armf&J@
vufr&G@H “vifaAsmif” av,mOfysufvdk@ ao+yDwJh?
tpdk;&u vifaAsmif aoqkH;r_owif; rayguf=um;atmif *&kwpdkuf xdef;csKyf
ygw,f? ESpfvavmuft=umrSmawmh zkH;zdr&awmhbJ owif;pmrSm azmfjyygw,f?
“vifaAsmif” rSm 0g&ifh&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;awGtay: ESdyfpufwJh &mZ0wfr_awG &Sdw,fvdk@
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;eJ@ wGJazmfjyygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;umv
usL;vGefcJhor#twGuf “armf” u “vifaAsmif” tay: ykHcsvdkufw,f?
aemuf OuUXarmf&J@ &dk;om;r_azmfjywJh 0g'jzef@ pDpOf=uw,f? “armfu &Jabmf
a[mif;awGtay: vifaAsmifvdk 'kuQray;bl;? owfrjypfbl;”? wdef@a&Smifyif;qDu
oabmwlaxmufcHcsuf vm,lawmh/ wdef@u vkH;0 wkH%Sdbma0 cyfrqdwf?
wdef@[m ol@tdrfrSm jyefaexdkifcGifh&awmh/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGr_awG azmfjy&if;
vifaAsmif vkyfcJhor# ay:ay:wifwif jypfwif a0zefygw,f? ESpf&uft=umrSm armfhqD
yxrqk;H t}udrf pma&;+yD; tvkyaf wmif;ygw,f? armfvnf; ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;tay:
aemifw&+yD;/ y,fzsufae+yDvdk@ ol ,lqrdygw,f? odk@aomf armhfqDu jyefpmrvmyg?
“'kwd,t}uD;rm;qkH; t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;vdkufol” tjzpf vlod&Sif=um; a=unm
xm;+yD;olukd ae&mjyefcsxm;zdk@ armf cHwGif;rawG@yg? 1972 ckESpf arvrSm csLtifvdkif;
uifqma&m*geJ@ aoaumifaygif;vJjzpfaewmawmif wdef@udk jyefrac:yg? “csL” r&Sd&if
w&kwfjynf}uD;udk pDrHudkifwG,fEdkifr,fholu “wdef@” yJ r[kwfygvm;?
'ghxuf armfu 0ef[Gef0rf udk &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;vdkufygw,f? 0rf[m &Sef[dkif;
olykefacgif;aqmifjzpfcJh+yD;/ ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;u xGufvmolyg? touf 37 ESpf
t&G,f a&cJ&dkufrsufESmeJ@ &mxl;irf;oljzpfygw,f? armfu ol@udk yDuif;ac:xm;+yD;
x&deef if ay;ygw,f? wESpaf vmuft=um 1973 ckEpS f =o*kwv f rSm csL aemufu eHygwo f ;kH
ae&mudk cef@xm;vdkufygw,f?
0rf[m vufawG@rSm csL&J@ ajcz0g;aemufxyf=uyf rrSDEdkifcJhyg? txl;ojzihf
EdkifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;/ {nfhonfacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@qkH&if tdk;eif;cGufeif; ajcmufayguf
awGajym+yD;/ t&Suftdk;uGJ&wm t}udrf}udrf? 'ga=umifhyJ 0rf aemufrSm t&Hoifh ulnD

68
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
r,fhol &Sdzdk@vdkw,fvdk@ armfpOf;pm;ygw,f? csL &J @ uifqm a0'em qdk;&Gm;vmwJh 1973
ckESpf azazmf0g&DrSm wdef@udk yDuif;jyefac:vdkufygw,f? 'kwd,0ef}uD;csLyf&mxl;eJ@
EdkifiHjcm; u acgif;aqmifawGudk {nfhcHzdk@ jzpfygw,f? wdef@[m pum;enf;vdk@ csLavmuf
ta&mifrxGufayr,fh/ ol@vkyf&nfudkif&nf/ [efyef/ pm&dwW/ jzwfxdk;Om%fwdk@u
ausmf=um;ygw,f?
aemufwESprf mS csL &J@ use;f rma&;u qd;k 0g;vGe;f ae+yD? armfu wde@f tm; ppfwyf
udk udkifwG,fcdkif;zdk@ qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf&ygw,f? ppfwyfu armfhudk ykefuefr,fwuJuJ
jzpfaecsdefrdk@/ wyfudk wnf+idrfatmif xdef;csLyf}uD;=uyfedKifr,fh wpfOD;wnf;aom yk*~Kdvfu
wdef@yg? 'Dvdk yg0gtrsm;pk wdef@vufxJ xdk;xnfh&wmvnf; armf tzdk@ rwwfomvdk@
pGef@pm;&wmyg?
rSefoifhoavmufawmh rSefw,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? wdef@[m armf ouf&Sd
xif&Sm;&SdpOf b,fawmhrS eHygwfwpfae&mudk pdefrac:cJh? armf uG,fvGef+yD;aemufrSmvnf;/
b,fawmhrS yk*~Kdvfa&;qefqef r±_wfcscJh? armf &J@ vrf;pOftarGtrsm;pkudkyJ jyKjyifzdk@
tm;xkwfcJhygw,f?
tm%m&+yDqkd&ifyJ wdef@[m ol@ udk,fykdifvkyfief;tpDtpOfawG pwifygawmh
w,f? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;trSm;rsm;udk jyefzmax;ygw,f? tjypfay; jzKwfcs
cHxm;&wJh &Jabmfrsm;udk &mxl;ae&m jyefcsay;ygw,f? pdwf"gwfawG jr‡ifhay;w,f?
,Ofaus;r_ tarGawG rzsufqD;zdk@ aqmf=ow,f? vlaer_tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhwifedKifatmif
}udK;pm;w,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd vJ wde@f ukd rwfp0f g'udk jyefvnfjyifqifol (revisionist) tjzpf
a0zef=uygw,f?
armfu ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk 1949 ckESpf ygwDtm%m&+yD;uwnf;u
ol@&J@ r[m}uD;jrwfwJh atmifyGJvdk@ jrifygw,f? 'ga=umihf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;rSm
ta&;ygcJhol ol@ZeD; tygt0if av;OD;udk r¾dKifzGJ@jyD; wdef@udk wefjyef xdef;csLyfxm;w,f?
'Dav;OD;tzGJ@[m av;OD;*dk%f;tjzpf emrnf}uD;vmygw,f? av;OD;*dk%f;[m armf&J@
udk,fydkif*dk%f; jzpfjyD;/ ol@ ay:vpDawGudk vdkuftaumiftxnfazmfwJhtzGJ@ jzpfygw,f?

csL eJ@ wdfef@ t=um; jyefaygif;xkwf

1973 ckESpf aEGOD;&moD yDuif;udk jyefa&mufuwnf;u wdef@uvnf; ppfwyf

OD;pD;csLyf rm&S,fa&;eJ@ 0ef}uD;csLyf csLtifvdkif; wdk@udk r[mrdwfzGJ@+yD;/ armfeJ@ av;OD;*dk%f;u
ol@ukd r,SOef ikd af tmif wefjyefxed ;f !‡x
d m;ygw,f? tJ'h D ok;H OD;twGrJ mS wde@f eJ@ rm&S,af &;u
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;rSm jzKwfcscH&+yD;/ csLu armfeJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? csLuvnf;

69
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

armhf=oZm avmif;&dyfu rxGufEdkifawmh armf +idKjiifr,fhol rnfol@udkrqdk &Sif;ay;rSmyg?

csL@rSm qefa0&SD qdkwJh arG;pm;orD; wa,muf&Sdygw,f? &k&Sm;pum;jyef
odyfaumif;vGef;+yD;/ pwmvif tygt0if &k&Sm;acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;eJ@ awG@cJhw,fvdk@
armfu oHo,&Sdvdk@ axmifcsxm;ygw,f? armhfZeD; r'rfarmfuvnf; uav;ru
odyfvSvGef;awmh rvdkrkef;xm;ygw,f? csLlu aumifrav;eJ@ twlae cspf}udKufaewmudk
trsm;u us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ odxm;ayr,fh aumifrav;udk u,fwifzdk@ vuf!_d;awmif
rn$ef&Jygwl;?
wdef@u csL@udk at;pufpuf qufqH+yD;/ armfuG,fvGef+yD;aemufrSm “csL[m
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; ol@ ESvkH;om;eJ@ qef@usifbuf trsm;tjym;
vkyfcJhw,f” vdk@ ajAmifzGihfcsygw,f? odk@aomf b,fvdkyJ wdef@ ajymajym vlxku csL@udk
cGifhv$wf=uygw,f?
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olwdk@ pum;ajymaqG;aEG;wm ckESpfem&D=umygw,f? yk*~Kdvfa&; &if;ESD;r_awG &Sdwma=umifh
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ygwJh yk*~Kdvf}uD;ESpfOD;[m ppfwyft}uD;tuJ rm&S,fa&;eJ@yg aygif;rdoGm;ygw,f? armf&J@
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm ol@&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;awG r[mrdwfzGJ@ roGm;Edkifa&; ydwfyif}udK;pm;r_[m
usKd;ysufoGm;ygjyD?

ZGwfwifr,fh wdef@

vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf uwnf;u wde@f [m ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;tusiq hf ;kd awG ajrcsz@kd
}udK;pm;&if;/ vlaer_ tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhzdk@ vkH;yrf;ygw,f? armfvufatmuf ESpfq,fhig;ESpf
jynfch sed rf mS jynfot l rsm;pk[m tqk;H pGef qif;&JraJG wr_ 'kut Q 00 eJ@ aexkid af e=u&ygw,f?
tcGifhxl;cHqdkwJh +rdK@jya'orSmawmif tpm;/ t0wfeJ@ ae@pOfokH; r&Sdrjzpf ypPnf;&m&Sif
cGJwrf;u qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;yJ?
tbdk;/ tbGm;/ om;orD;eJ@ ajr;jrpftxd rsKd;qufokH;ck[m tcef;usOf;av;xJ
jyGwf=uyfn‡yfae+yD;/ armfvufxuf +rdK@jyvlOD;a&u oef;(150)ausmfxd wufvmygw,f?
tdr&f mopfwnfaqmufr_ r&So d vkd xde;f odr;f r_vnf; r&Syd gw;l ? aus;&GmawGrmS tiwfab;
qdkufae+yD;/ +rdK@awmfrsm;rSm olawmif;pm;awGeJ@ jynfhaeygw,f? wdef@&J@ vlaer_tqifh

70
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
twef ; jrif h r m;a&;aqmif & G u f r _ u d k armf u rD ' D , maºuG ; a=umf o H e J @ wd k u f y gw,f ?
“qd&k , S v f pf0g'&J@ aygi;f yifjrufyifawGu t&if;&Sipf epf&@J oD;ESaH wGxuf ydak umif;ygw,f”
qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHyg?
wdef@u q,fpkESpfwpfckeD;yg; ydwfyifxm;wJh pmtkyf/ tEkynmeJ@ azsmfajzr_awG
jyefziG ahf y;zd@k }udK;yrf;ygw,f? csucf si;f yJ &ky&f iS u
f m;wcsKd @ukd vlxt k wGuf azsmaf jzzd@k cGijhf yKcJh
ygw,f? r=umc%vnf; ole@J armf&@J ZeD;wd@k &efjzpfwwf+yD;/ wde@f u atmf[pf&if; pm;yGx J k
ygw,f? 'grsKd; armfrS vGJvdk@ b,folrS vkyf0Hhwm r[kwfygbl;?
armfu wdef@ &J@ a&S@a&mufr_awG &yfzdk@ vkyfygw,f? 1975 ckESpf edk0ifbmvrSm
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkif pdkufxlzdk@ ygwDqkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef wdef@
udk awmif;qkdygw,f? wdef@u ygwD0g&ifhau'g(130)a&S@arSmufrSm jiif;y,f&kHrubl;/
t"dy`g,fr&Sda=umif; a0zefygw,f? armfu ol@tpDtpOf vufavsmhvdkuf&+yD;/ wdef@udk
z,frS jzpfrSmudk oabmaygufoGm;ygw,f?
csL eJ@ rm&S,af &;wd@k uawmh armfe@J ody+f yD; xdyw f ukd rf wd;k zd@k wde@f ukd ajzmif;zs&if;/
[efjyt}udKufajymqdk+yD; armfaowJhtcsdefapmifhzdk@ wdkufwGef;=uw,f? odk@aomf wdef@u
apmifhraeEdkifyg? armfudk yk*~Kdvfa&;t& rxdcdkufbl;qkd&if/ olvkyfaewmawGudk armf rsKdcs
atmif olwGef;Edkifw,fvdk@ wGufcsufygw,f?
armf&J@ t&dSef=oZmvnf; arS;rSdefvmaeygw,f? avjzwfa0'emu vnf
acsmif;eJ@ twGif;ydkif;txd 'kuQay;+yD; pm;zdk@ aomufzdk@ cufcJaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@
vrf;pOftay: aoonftxd acgif;rmrmeJ@ &yfoGm;zdk@ qkH;jzwf+yD;om;yg?

csL &J@ psmye

1976 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (8)&ufrSm armf wpcef; jyefxygw,f? ta=umif;u

wdef@&J@ t"dur[mrdwf csLtifvdkif; touf 78 ESpfrSm tedpPa&mufoGm;vdk@ jzpfygw,f?
csufcsif;qdkovdk armf v_yf&Sm;ygw,f? wdef@udk jzKwf tus,fcsLyfxm;+yD;/ vlod&Sif=um;
&_wfcsygw,f? w+ydKifeufxJ ppfwyft}uD;tuJ rm&S,fa&;udkvnf; &mxl;uae &yfqdkif;
xm;vdkufygw,f?
csLae&m qufcHzdk@ armfu vlrodwJh &mxl;tv,ftvwftqifh&Sd [Gm*dkzef
udk cef@xm;vdu k wf ,f? ppfwyf twGuvf nf; tqifeh rd hf Adv
k cf sLyf cseZf v
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ykefuefrSmrdk@ jzpfygw,f?

71
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

Edk@ayr,fh csL&J@ psmye[m armf&J@w&kwfjynfrSm b,fwkef;urS rjzpfcJhzl;wJh

vlxktjrifazmfxkwfr_udk azmufcGJvdkufygw,f? csLaoqkH;+yDqdkwmeJ@ vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm
idkaºuG;&if; aq;&kHuae ocsFKdif;qD o,faqmif&mvrf;wav#muf vlawG azG;azG;v_yfae
ygw,f? tvsLv d sLd xGuv
f mwJh vltyk af wGu yef;acGawG/ uAsmawGe@J wD,efrif&ifjyifrmS
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk ±_wfcs=uygw,f?
av;OD;*dk%f;u qENjyolawG/ rD;yef;azmufolawGeJ@ wdef@emrnf aºuG;a=umfol
awGudk aoG;ajrusatmif zdESdyfypfygw,f? ygwDwGif; oabmuGJvGJolawGeJ@ jynfolawG
yl;aygif;rdoGm;wmrdk@ armftzdk@ tvGefwkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh wdef@udk
aetdrftus,fcsLyfrS yDuif;&J@ +rdK@pGefwpfae&mqD ajymif;a&$@xdef;odrf;xm;ygw,f?
wdef@udk t&ifuvdk &uf&ufpufpuf tjypfray;&Jawmhygbl;? 'guvnf; ol@udk
cspv f @kd r[kwb f /J ppfwyfwiG ;f wde@f axmufco
H l tiftm;pku tm;}uD;vmaevd@k yg? Zlvikd f
(19)&ufae@rSmawmh wdef@udk tdrfjyefaecGifhjyKvdkufygw,f? wdef@udk xdef;odrf;xm;r_u
okH;vom=um+yD; rdom;pkeJ@vnf; aecGifhjyKygw,f? wdef@uawmh vGwfvGwfcsif;yJ ol@
pdwful; tdrfrufawGeJ@ w&kwfjynf}uD;twGuf ,kH=unfpdwfjyif;jyif;eJ@ jyifqifaeyg+yD?

armf&J@ aemufqkH;ae@rsm;

armf&J@ b0ae0ifcsdefrSm ,cif ol@&J@ vkyfazmfudkifzuf &Jabmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;

tm;vkH;eD;yg; uG,fvGefukefyg+yD? trsm;pku ol@vufcsufa=umihfyg? wdef@wa,mufyJ
a'gifa'gifjrnf usef;rmouf&SifjyD; ol@udk rD;ar$;aeygw,f? wdef@udk ol@rdom;pkeJ@twl
oufawmifhoufomaecGifh ay;xm;&ygw,f? 'gudk armf pdwfrcsrf;omEdkifygbl;? ol
tdyf,mxJ vJcsdeftxd wdef@udk vufpm;acs &Sif;ypfvdkpdwfu qmavmifjyif;jyaeygw,f?
tvdkrjynhf rauseyfpdwfawGu armfhudk v_dufpm;aew,f? q,fpkaygif;rsm;pGm
qlygyg0gEdkifiH}uD;jzpfzdk@ }udK;pm;cJhayr,fh txrajrmufcJhbl;? t%kjrLAkH;&Sdayr,fh aiGxyf
rvdu k Ef ikd cf b
hJ ;l ? wdik ;f jynf&@J pufrv
_ yk if ef;tajccHyikd ;f u yku
H s,ikd ef @J ae+yD? avwyfav,mOf
awGu rdk;ay: aumif;aumif;rysHedKif? a&wyfuvnf; wdk;wufrvm? udk&D;,m;ppfyGJrSmu
t}uD;tus,f txdem?
1974 ckESpfwkef;u ol@udk,fol wwd,urBm&J@ acgif;aqmifvdk@ qGJwifajymwm
&Sdygw,f? urBmokH;ck &Sdw,fvdk@ ol@bmom t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdvdkuf+yD;/ &k&Sm;ukd z,fxm;/
ol[m qif;&JrGJawwJh wwd,urBm&J @ acgif;aqmifjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ol@udk,fol
trGJurBm&J@acgif;aqmif &mxl;cef@cJhayr,fh qkyfqkyfudkifudkif OD;aqmifr_ rjyoedKifcJhyg?

72
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
1975 ckESpf uarBm'D;,m;rSm crmeDtpdk;& tm%m&atmif t"du yg0ifulnD
cJhygw,f? crmeDacgif;aqmif ydkvfaygh [m armf0g'D jzpf+yD;/ oltm%m&cJhwJh okH;ESpfwm
twGif; uarBm'D;,m;jynfol av;ykHwykH aocJhygw,f? vlOD;a& (6)oef;&SdwJh wdkif;jynfrSm
1.5 oef;ausmf pkaygif;v,f,mpcef;awGrSm toufqkH;&SLH;cJh=uygw,f?
urBmhqlygyg0g jzpfvma&;&nfrSef;csuf txrajrmufvdk@ }udwfrEdkifcJr& jzpfae
ayr,fhvnf; ol@&J@ tkyfcsLyfr_ rSm;oGm;r_a=umifh jynfoloef;(70)ausmf +idrf;csrf;wJh
umvrSm aoqk;H cJ&h wmudak wmh wcsuw f av aemifwr&yg? ol&@J twdwu f atmifjrifr_
awGeJ@ vuf&Sd qkH;±_H;r_awGt=um; awmifpOfa&r& tem;&dSoludk ajym&if; rsuf&nfawGus
idkaºuG; aewwfygw,f?
armfta=umufqkH;u ol@udk tm%modrf;rSmudkyg? 'ga=umihfvJ r'rfarmf&J@
av;OD;*dk%f;udk zsufqD;ypfr,fh wdef@a&Smifyif;eJ@ ol@vlawGudk xdef;odrf;ajcmufvSef@aewm
jzpfygw,f? ol@udk qufcHr,fholvnf; rxm;awmhyg? t&ifu vifaAsmifudk tm%m
trsm;pkay;cJhovdkrsKd; b,foludkrS ray;awmhyg? olaooGm;&if w&kwfjynftem*wf
bmjzpfvmrvJvdk@ ar;&if “aoG;rdk;awG&GmEdkifw,f? udpPt00awmh aumif;uifbkHom
odrSmyJvdk@” qkdygw,f?
1976 ZlvdkifvrSm &ufpfwm pau; 7.8 &SdwJh ajrivsif yDuif;eJ@ tjcm;+rdK@}uD;
rsm;rSm v_yfcwfoGm;ygw,f? vl (6)odef;ausmf aoqkH;+yD; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tkd;rJhtdrfrJh
[mvm[if;vif;rSm tdyf=u&ygw,f? armfuawmh ol@xkH;pHtwdkif; jyifyu tultnD
vufurf;r_awGudk y,fcs&if; aoqkH;olpm&if;udkvnf; trsm;}uD; avsmhcsa=unmcJhyg
w,f? 'Dx h ufq;kd wmu rD', D muae “tysut f qD;yk=H um;uae wde@f a&Smifyif;udk &SK@cH s=u”
vdk@ 0g'jzef@aqmf=ojcif;ygyJ?
pufwifbm(8)&ufae@rSmawmh “igaeraumif;bl;/ q&m0efawG oGm;ac:”
vdk@ ol@ eyfpfrav;udk aemufqkH;pum;ajym&if; arhajrmoGm;ygw,f? 1976 ckESpf
pufwifbm (9)&uf noef;acgif,HrSm armf uG,fvGefoGm;yg+yD? aoG;acsmif;pD;zdk@
jy\emawG wykH}uD; vufprowfbJ xm;cJhygw,f? b,fvdk&Sif;p&m tcuftcJawG&Sd&Sd
wdef@a&Smifyif; twGufawmh w&kwfjynf tdyfrufopf pwifzdk@ vrf;yGifhoGm;yg+yD?

0ihfxef;

Ref: - Enfeebled Mao Hedges His Bets

- 58 Last Days of Mao

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