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jy,fjyD;jzpfonf[k qdkum jrdK@e,fpnf;&kH;a&;tzGJ@qdkif;bkwfrsm;udkyifjzKwfcsydkifcGifh r&SdbJ jzKwfcscJh=u
ygonf? ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&Sif. 1989-ckESpf rwfv (22)
&ufpGJyg a=unmcsuftrSwf-245/ tydk'fwGif-----
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ndKESdKif;aqG;aEG;yGJY ajym=um;csuf?
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&m;0ifaqmif&Guf&ef tcuftcJtusyftwnf;rsm;pGm=uHKawG@cJh&ygonf? ?
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ajrmuftcrf;tem;wGif jynfol@vGwfawmfwpf&yf ay:aygufa&;twGuf pDpOfcJh&m tzGJ@csKyfrSa&G;cs,f
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rSL;ESifh A[dktvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@0iftcsKd@ tygt0iftzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm armfawmf,mOfrsm;ay:
Y &uf=um&SnfpGmaexdkifcJh&onfhjzpf&yfrsm; t=udrf=udrfjzpfay:cJh&ygonf? wzef 2000-ckESpf puf
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r&Sd jyefvGwfay;jyD;aemuf pmrsufESmopfwpf&yfzGifhvSpfa=umif; a=unmcJhygonf? xdkae@wGifyif
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ay;cGifh&&SdcJhygonf? ,cifu tm%mydkifwdk@. zdtm;ay;rltrsKd;rsKd;a=umifh jzKwfcsxm;cJh&aomtm
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oG,fa&;&kH;zGifhvSpfI tzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpwifEdkifcJhygonf? ?
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jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvm=ujyD; tzGJ@csKyf. a&$*kHwdkifvrf;&Sd &kH;csKyfudk jyefvnfzGifhvSpfcJhygonf?xdkum
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uwufa&mufcJhonfh tzGJ@csKyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xH zdwfpmrsm;ay;ydk@cJhygonf?trsKd;om;nDvmcHodk@
jyefvnfwufa&muf&ef tm%mydkifwdk@ESifhoabmwlnDrSK &&SdcJhjyD;aemuf nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufcg
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aom vufiif;jy\emrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonfhtjyif/ tzGJ@csKyf. a&S@vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh
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aom tzG J @ csKyf a tmuf a jctzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; jyef v nf & S i f o ef v mcJ h o nf u d k a wG @ jrif & ygonf ? ?
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&efukef+rdK hodk ha&muf+yD; rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf ÏmecsKyf zGifhvpfxm;&m avmif;0pPvrf;( ,ck tif;,m;
+rdKifvrf; rif;uGe;f awm&bke;f }uD;ausmif; )wGif Armhwyfrawmf twGujf yefxrf;0ift&m&Srd sm; *ENpD mcsKyft&
a&G;cs,fcef hxm;aeonfhowif; =um;&I oGm;a&mufpkHprf;&m r_vwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonfh awmfvSefa&;
wdkif; (4) /wyf&if; (102)pm&if;wGif aemifjyefvnfzGJ hpnf;rnfh ArmhwyfrawmfwGifwdkuf&kduf jyefwrf;0if

t&m&St d jzpf (odk rh [kw)f t*Fvyd f bk&ifph pfwuUov kd w f iG f Adv
k af vmif;tjzpf ausmif;wuf&ef axmufcx H m;
ojzifh t&m&Sdtjzpfjyefvnfav#mufxm;cJh&m (=unf; 3651) 'kwd,Adkvf ( Second Lieutenant )
tjzpfceftyfcHcJh&onf// xdkaemufjrif;+cH+rdK h&Sd +Adwdo#ppfwyfrS ppft&m&Sdrsm; oif=um;ay;onfh tajccH
ppfynmoifwef; wufa&muf&onf/xdkaemuf 1946 ESpfqef;wGif ar+rdK h(odk h) ,ckjyifOD;vGif wGif
t&m&Sid ,frsm;oifwef;odk h Adv k rf LS ;ausmaf Zm/ Akv d rf LS ;pef;,k/ Adv k rf LS ;atmifa&$/ Adv k }f uD; wifarmif (jrwfxef)
wdk hESifh wJwckxJwGiftwlaexdkifI wufa&mufcJhonf//
1947 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif puFmyl&dS +Adwo d #ta&S zh sm; wyfrsm;qdik &f m ÏmecsKyfrS OD;pD;zGiv hf pS of nfh
ppfqifa&;avhusirhf o _ ifwef;odk h 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D tvnftxd wufa&mufc&hJ onf// 1950 ckEpS w f iG f
w&kyfjynfol hvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf. xdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufr_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ usL;ausmf0if
a&mufvmcJhonfh w&kyfjzLwdkhudk Armwyfrsm;u &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H wGefvSefwdkuf cdkufcJhonfh twGuf ol&bGJh
csD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&onfhtjyif tjcm;ppfajrjyiftoD;oD;wGif &J0ifhpGmwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfhtwGuf jyif;xefpGm'%f&m
rsm;&ouJo h kd o
h &l aJ umif;rSww f rf;0ifEiS hf aZ,sausmx f ifbJG u h kd cs;D jrifjh cif;cHc&hJ onf// wyfrsm;tm; &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H
wGefvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonfhtwGuf ol&bGJ hcsD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&onf//
1964 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 12 &ufae hwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD a=unmcsuf trSwf (59)jzifh
taemuf awmifwdkif; ppfÏmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;tm; awmfvSefa&;aumif pD0iftjzpf cef htyf
cJo
h nf// 1972 ckEpS f {+yDv 20 &ufae w h iG f awmfveS af &;aumifpD a=unmcsuf trSw(f 100)jzifh Adv k rf LS ;csKyf
wifOD;tm; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme 'k0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efay;tyf chJonf// 1974ckESpf rwfv 3 &ufae@
wGif jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpforRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf / jynfol hv$wfawmf yxr t}udrftpnf; ta0;rS
AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifOD;tm; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfcJhonf//
1974 ckEpS f ukvor*~tawGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef ph smyeta&;tcif; 1976 ckEpS f
ZGefv 6 &uf tvkyform;ta&;tcif;wGif jynfolvlxktxdtcdkufenf;atmif aqmif&GufcJhojzifh
jynfov l x
l .k =unfnKd av;pm;r_ cHc&hJ onf// 1974 ckEpS f rwfv 1&ufae rh S 1976 ckEpS f rwfv 6 &ufae@
txd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1976
ckEpS f pufwifbmv 10 &ufae w h iG f tif;pde+f rdK t
h usO;f axmifteD;&Sd txl;w&m;&k;H wGif &efuek w f ikd ;f w&m;
ol}uD;tzGJ hOuUX OD;tkef;armif/tzGJ h0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;jrwfwdk;/ Od;armifarmif0if;wdk h yg0ifonfh &efukefwdkif;
w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ o h kd h jynfol &h w J yfzJG /h owif;wyfzJG rh LS ;&k;H / &JrLS ;OD;pd;k jrifu h Edik if aH wmfacgi;f aqmifrsm;tm;vkyf
=uH o wf j zwf & ef pD p Of a qmif & G u f r _ / jref r mh
qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf ygwDtm; zsuf&ef=uHpnfr_
tm;ay; ulnDr_wdk@jzifh Adkvf}uD; tkef;ausmfjrifhESifh
Adkvf}uD; 0if;odef;wdk@ tm; EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_jzifh
w&m;pGJqdk&mwGif odvsufxdefcsefcJhonf [kqdk
um xnfhoGif; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cHcJh&I oufao
taxmuftxm; r&Sb d J axmif'%f 7 ESpf tjypf
ay; cHcJh&onf// 1980 jynfhESpfwGif vGwf+idrf;
csr;f omcGijhf zifh axmifrjS yefvw $ o f nf// /

vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhjzifh axmifrSvGwfvm+yD;aemuf omoemhabmifodk h 2 ESpfcef h0if a&mufcJhonf//
xdk haemuf vlxGuf+yD; Oya'ynm avhvmoif,l qnf;yl;&m 1984-86 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
rSwfykHwifa&S hae( R.L )atmifvufrSwf&cJhonfhtjyif Oya'ynmbGJ h (LLB )yg &&Sd cJhonf// 1988 ckESpf
=o*kwfv 27 &ufae heHeufydkif;wGif &efukef+rdK h AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf; taxGaxGa&m*g ukaq;&kH}uD;
ta&;ay:Xmea&S hY usif;yaom vlxktpnf;a0; }uD;wGif 'Drdku a&pDjyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf pnf;&kH;
a[majymcJh onf// 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 8 &ufae hwGifzGJ hpnf;cJhonfh wyfrawmf wyfrSL;a[mifrsm;ESifh
&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ w h iG f 'kw, d OuUX tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf// 1988 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 29 &uf eHeuf
10 em&DwGif A[ef+rdK he,f 0uFbmvrf; jcHtrSwf 10 aetdrfwGif
tzGJ h0if 21 OD;jzifh zGJ hpnf;cJhonfh 'Drdkua&pDESifh+idrf;csrf; a&;tzGJ h
(,m,D) wGif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf yg0ifc+hJ yD; pufwifbmv
10 &ufae h wGif E_wfxGufcJhonf// 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 24
&ufae w h iG f zGJ ph nf; cJ+h yD; 27 &ufae w h iG f w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk ifco hJ nfh
trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyfwGif 'kwd,OuUX jzpfvmcJh+yD; xdkESpf
'DZifbmv 10 &ufae w h iG f (OuUX OD;atmif}uD; Ekwx f u G o f mG ;ojzifh
)OuUX jzpfvmonf//
1989 ckESpf Zlvd_ifv 20 &uf ae hwGif EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,Suf zsufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;
tE W & m,f r S umuG , f a qmif h a &S m uf o nf h O ya't& ta&;,l j cif ; cH c J h & +yD ; /aetd r f t us,f csKyf j zif h
(6)vuscH c J h & onf / /'D Z if b m 22 &uf ae h w G i f tif p d e f a xmif t wG i f ; &S d txl ; ppf c k H & k H ; t rS w f ( 5)rS
tvkyfESifhaxmif'%f 3ESpf uscHap&ef tjypf'%fcsrSwfcJhonf/tjypf'%fjynfhcgeD;wGif aemufxyfppfckH&kH;
twifcHcJh&+yD; ,cifu pGJqdkcJhonfh pGJcsuftwdkif; aemufxyf axmif'%f 7 ESpf csrSwfcHcJh&onf// 1995
ckEpS rf wfv wGiaf xmifrjS yefvw G o f nf/ 1992 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D
24 &ufae w h iG f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ ch sKyf tzGJ 0h iftjzpfrS
xkwfy,fjcif; cH&+yD; 1995 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &ufae@
wGifjyefvnfzGJ@ pnf;cJhonfh trsKd; om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf
A[dktvkyftr_ aqmiftzGJ hwGifOuUXtjzpf jyefvnfxrf;
aqmifchJ onf//
2000 jynfEh pS f =o*kwv f 24 &ufae w h iG f trsK;d om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;
pk=unf &efukefwdkif;pnf;&kH;a&;aumfrwD OuUX ocifpdk;jrifh/
&efuek w f ikd ;f pnf;&k;H a&;tzGJ 0h if a'guw f m rsK;d atmifEiS hf tzG@J csKyf@
vli,f 16 OD; ,Ofarmif;ESpfOD;wdk hESifhtwl aumhrSL;+rdK hESifh
uGrf;+cHukef; +rdK hrsm;odk h ygwDpnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyf
aqmif&ef toGm; 'v+rdK htxGufwGif tm%mydkif rsm;.
wm;jrpfyw d pf kd jh cif;cH&+yD; 9 &uft=um pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@
nOfeh ufoef;acgif wGif twif;t"rR csKyfaESmifzrf;qD;+yD; aetdrf
odk h jyefydk hcHcJh&um aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh 2000 jynfhESpf
pufwifbm 14&ufae htxdaecJh&onf//
2000 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv 22 &ufae hwGifa':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl rE Wav;+rdK hodk h
rD;&xm; jzifhc&D;oGm;&ef &efukefblwm}uD;odk ha&muf&SdpOf tm%mydkifrsm;u [ef hwm;+yD; zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifI &JrGefwyfpcef;wGif txdef;odrf;cHcJh&onf// xdk haemufaetdrfodk hjyefydk hI tus,fcsKyf csxm;+yD;
2001 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 26 &ufae h naeydik ;f wGirf S jyefvnf vGwaf jrmufco hJ nf//
2003 ckESpf arv 30 &ufae hwGif ucsifjynfe,f pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; 'DyJ,if; +rdK hteD;Y
tm%mydik rf sm;u pepfwusjyifqifwu kd cf ukd cf o
hJ nfh aoG;acsmif;pD;vky=f uHowfjzwf r_}uD;rS toufraobJ
zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cHc&hJ +yD; ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f uav;axmifwiG f zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;&mrS 2004 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D
14 &ufae h nydik ;f wGif &efuek +f rdK ah etdro f kd h jyefykd +h yD; aetdrt f us,cf sKyfjzifh qufvufxed ;f odr;f cHc&hJ onf/
/ 2005 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D 14 &uf ae w h iG f 1975 ckEpS w f iG jf yÏmef;I 1991 ckEpS wf iG f jyifqifxwk jf yefco
hJ nfh
EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf ,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tE W&,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya' yk'fr
10(c)jzifh 2006 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 13 &ufae htxd aetdrftus,fcsKyfoufwrf; 1 ESpfxyfwdk;cJhonf//
jypf'%f jynfhajrmufonfh 2006 azaz:0g&Dv 13 &ufae hwGif wzef aemufxyfjzpf'%foufwrf; 1ESpf
xyfwdk;jcif;cHcJh&onf// xdkaemufwzef jypf'%fjynfhajrmufonfh 2007 ckESpfwGifvnf; jypf'%fqufvuf
wd;k jcif;cHc&hJ um ,QKtcsed w f iG f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ ch sKyf. 'kOuUX OD;wifO;D onf tus,cf sKyfoufwrf;
(6)ESpjf ynfo h nfh 2010 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D 13 &ufae n h 8em&D 30 rdepfcef@ wGif jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm
cJhonf//
xdk ah emuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&;kH Y ygw. D vkyif ef; wm0ef rsm;udk jyefvnfxrf;aqmifc&hJ m
A[d k t vk y f r _ a qmif a umf r wD tpnf ; ta0;wG i f wuf a &muf I tpnf ; ta0; obmywd t jzpf
aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf// A[dv k rl t
_ axmuftultzGJ w h iG f OuUXwm0ef/A[dOk ya'jyK tzGJ w h iG f vnf; OD;aqmifol
tjzpf2010 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufae hrS pwifI vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdygonf/
rSwfcsuf// /
atmifvif;Edkif bavmufwGif wifxm;aom udk,fa&;tusOf;udk om;jzpfol udkoef hZifOD;rS tenf;i,f
jznhfpGufzmfjyygonf//

jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonhf
azazmf0g&D 13 &ufaehnaeykdif;
u awGh&onhf
OD;wifOD;
(bDbDpD/ rdk;rc tifwmeufrS)
aetdrftus,fcsKyfusaecsdefrSm Oa&my abmvkH;yJGawGukd wDADGuwqihf=unhfw,f/ b0 tawG@
t}uKH rSwfwrf; a&;w,fvkd@ trsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pD tzJG@csKyf (NLD) 'k OuUÏ OD;wifOD;u bDbDpD
toHv$ihfXmeukd paenu ajymygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ tEkdifusifh/ touftE W&m,fjyKwmawG &dSayr,hf
wkdif;jynf+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;vkdw,fvkd@vnf; ajymygw,f? ppftpkd;& xkwfjyefzG,f&dSwhJ
a&G ; aumuf y J G q k d i f & m Oya'awG u k d avh v mzk d @ apmih f q k d i f ; aew,f v k d @ vnf ; qk d y gw,f ? bD b D p D u
xkwfv$ifhoGm;w,f OD;wifOD; &JŒ ajym=um;csufawGukd rkd;rc tifwmeuf pmrsufESm a&mufvmolrsm;
zwf&_Ekdifzkd@ jyefvnf pmpD+yD; azmfjyay;vkdufygw,f? OD;wifOD;u ol txdef;odrf;cHae&whJ umv 6 ESpfukd
b,fvkd ausmfjzwfchJovJ qkdwm yxrqkH; ajymjyygw,f?
usaemfu Ak'b < mom0if jzpfawmhAsm &wemok;H yg;ukd txl; ukid ;f &di_ ;f &awmhwmayg?h aemuf+yD;awmh
vnf; Ak'<&JŒ yXmef;wkd@/ y&dwf}uD; 11 okwfwkd@ / "rRp=umwkd@ - - - pojzihfayghAsm/ tzrf;cHae&whJ
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@wuG xdef;odrf;cHae&whJ 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pk tm;vkH; tjrefqkH; vGwf=uygap/
tjrefqkH; awG@qkH aqG;aEG;Ekdif=uygap/ bk&m;uk ukw,fayghAsm/ aemufawmhvnf;yJ just to kill the
time (tcsed u f ek af tmif) aygAh sm usaemfu i,fi,fwek ;f u abmvk;H orm; qkad wmh/ abm0goemygawmh
abmvkH;yJGawGukd rvGwfwrf; =unhfw,fAs? y&DrD,mvd*f }udKufwhJyJGawGukd =unhfygw,f? refcsufpwm
,lEkdufwufwkd@/ cs,fvfqD;wkd@/ tmqife,f wkd@/ vDAmylwkd@ pojzihfaygh? aemuf - trsm;wkdufwGef;vkd@/
usaemhfrdom;pku wkdufwGef;vkd@ ukd,hf&JŒ tusKd;ta=umif;av;ukdvnf; a&;jzpfw,fAs? pmtkyfvnf;
usaemfxifw,f tkyf ESpfq,f/ tpdwfavmufawmh a&;xm;wmyJ? pmtkyfpmwrf;awG zwfygw,fAsm/
tcgtm;avsmfpGm ay:vmwhJ pmtkyfawGaygh?
2007 ck E S p f oH C mOD ; aqmif w h J v_ y f & S m ;r_ } uD ; rS m ( NLD )&J Œ aqmif & G u f r _ e J @ ywf o uf v k d @
tm;r&=uwhJolawG &dSygw,f? tJ'geJ@ ywfouf+yD; OD;wifOD;&JŒ tjrifukd odcsifygw,f//
odwhJ twkdif;yJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; taESmiftzJG@ cHae&whJtcsdef/ usaemfuvnf;
taESmiftzJG@ cHae&whJtcsdefrSm usefaewhJolrsm;u tzJG@csKyf}uD;ukd rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfEkdifatmif/
a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwv f mwhJ tcsed rf mS aumif;aumif; &yfwnfEidk af tmif aqmif&u G &f whJ udpaP wGvnf;
&dSawmh xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; csdefcsdefqqeJ@ vkyf&wm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umihfrkd@ e,fawG e,fawGrSmu
trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pD tzJ@G csKyf0ifawGu a'otvku d f txdu k t f avsmuf aqmif&u G =f uwmawGudk tzJ@G csKyf
taeeJ@ 'Dtwkdif;twmtaeeJ@ aqmif&Gufwmukd auseyfESpfoufvdrfhr,fvkd@ usaemf ,kH=unfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J OD;wifO;D xde;f odr;f cHxm;&vk@d NLD rSm A[kcd sKyfuidk rf _ ykrd sm;vmw,fv@dk
ajymoH =um;&ygw,f? 'grsKd;u tckacwf tcktajctaeeJ@a&m oihfawmfyg&JŒvm;?
csKyfuidk w
f m r[kwyf gb;l / tjyifrmS u bmav;yJjzpfjzpf wckck vkyv f u
dk v
f yk v
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jyif;xefwhJ taESmiftzJG@ txdef;todrf; tcsKyftaESmif 'gawG odyfcH&whJtwGuf csdefcsdefqq vkyf&whJ
oabmawGygAsm? olwkd@[m taumif;qkH; twwfEkdifqkH; vkyfukdif=uw,fvkd@yJ usaemf ,kH=unfygw,f?
OD;wifO;D tus,cf sKyfu vGwv f w G cf si;f rSmyJ NLD a&$*w Hk idk f a=unmpmwrf;ukd ukid pf o GJ mG ;r,fv@dk
ajymchJygw,f? ppftpkd;&uvnf; 'DESpfxJ a&G;aumufyJG vkyfr,fvkd@ a=unmxm;+yD;yg+yD? 'Dawmh ESpfbuf
tqifajyzkd@ jzpfvmyghrvm;? wjcm; a&G;cs,fp&ma&m bmawGrsm; &dSygao;ovJ?
'guvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf ajymwhJ pum; &dyS gw,f/ tcsed f rusao;bl;/ tcsed rf usao;bl;
vk@d ol ajymvku d yf gw,f? ck avmavmq,frmS awmh a&$*w Hk idk pf mwrf;eJ@ ywfouf wht J ykid ;f rSmyJ ckid cf idk rf mrm
&yfwnfxm;&whJ taetxm;vkd@ usaemfwkd@ jrifygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; oufqkdif&m
t}uD;tuJrsm;eJ@ awG@+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;csifygw,f/ 'gawG &dSw,f/ tJ'ga=umihf a=ua=uvnfvnf
aqG;aEG;vkduf&ifawmh 'Djy\em[m acsmacsmarmarmeJ@ ajyajy vnfvnf jzpfoGm;p&m ta=umif;
&dSw,fvkd@ usaemf jrifygw,f?
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;whJtqihf a&mufatmifvkd@ b,fvkdenf;vrf;eJ@ oGm;&if taumif;qkH; jzpfrvJ?
usaemfwkd@u tajzwckukdawmh wkdif;jynfukd ajym&r,f qkdwmukd oabmaygufygw,f? ajym&
r,fh[mvnf; avmavmq,f olwkd@bufuvnf; 'Dae@txd odwhJtwkdif;yJ a&G;aumufyJGOya'wkd@/
'geJ@ywfoufwhJ pnf;rsOf;wkd@/ ygwDrsm;rSwfykHwifjcif; (Oya')wkd@u bmrS rxGufao;awmh a':atmif
qef;pk=unf ajymaewhJ tcsdef rusao;bl; qkdwhJ rl[m avmavmq,frSmawmh avsmfuef oifhjrwf
w,fvkd@ usaemfu 'DvkdyJ ajym&awmhrSmyJ?
OD ; wif O D ; u umuG , f a &;OD ; pD ; csKyf a [mif ; tjzpf wm0ef xrf ; aqmif c h J z l ; awmh tck
vGwfvmwhJtcgrSm ppfacgif;aqmifykdif;eJ@ qufqHa&; ykdaumif;vmr,hf taetxm;a&m &dSygovm;?
aqG;aEG;zk@d ajymvmwm tckrS r[kwb f ;l / 1988 ckEpS u f wnf;u ygy?J usaemfw@dk u aqG;aEG;zk@d [mukd
wpkdufrwfrwf &yfwnfaeygw,f?
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MIZZIMA NEWS
azaz:0g&v D 22 &uf 2010 ckEpS f 20 em&D

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1 February 2010 VOA News
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yxrajcvSrf;tjzpf jynfol@v$wfawmfac:ay;&ef tifeft,fvf'DrSawmif;qdkcJhonf?
1998 ck E S p f / ZG e f v (23)&uf a e@wG i f &uf a ygif ; (60)twG i f ; (=o*k w f v 21 &uf r wd k i f r D )
v$ w f a wmf a c:ay;&ef awmif ; qd k o nf h p mud k Ed k i f i H a wmf a t;csrf ; om,ma&;ES i f h zG H @ òzd ; a&;aumif p D
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1998 ck E S p f / =o*k w f v (21)&uf a e@wG i f tzJ G @ csKyf r S a=unmcsuf x k w f j yef I etzrS
v$ w f a wmf a c:ay;rnf r[k w f o nf h t wG u f wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;yg0if o nf h
jynfol@v$wfawmfw&yfudk r=umrD&uftwGif; ac:,lzJG@pnf;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?
Edik if aH wmftm%mudk 1998 ckEpS w f iG f odr;f ,lcahJ om tm%mydik w f @kd onf/ zJ@G pnf;yHt
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;.aetdrf(aetdrf)Yyif/ ‚if;. q&m0efrsm;jzifh aq;ukor_cH,l&ef trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh
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(c) {&m0wDwdkif;/ rtlyifc¶dkif/ yef;waemfòrd@odk@ 20-7-98 &ufae@wGifoGm;cJhonfhc&D;pOf?
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tqifajyr_rsm; &¶SdcJh=uygonf?
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nd‡Ed_if;jcif;jzifh/ tqifajyr_&¶dSEdkifrnf[k txufygom"ursm;t& tzJG@csKyfu wxpfcs,Hk=unfygonf?
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csufcsif;tajzay;Edkifrnfh tqifh¶dS&ygrnf?
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tm%mydkifwdk@onf jynfol@v$wfawmf a¶G;aumufyJGOya'ESifhtnD wm0ef¶dSonfh jynfol@v$wfawmf
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A[dktvkyftr_aqmifwOD;ESifh tzJG@udk tm%mydkifrsm;u ,refae@ (29-7-98)&ufae@ n (21;50)
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taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;r– ; . oabmqEN v H k ; 0rygbJ / taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;r– ; .aetd r f o d k @
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taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;. cGifhðycsufr¶dSbJ ‚if;wdk@bmom armif;ESifcJh=uygonf?
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tEdkiftxufðycsKyfaESmifI tm%mydkifwdk@u oGwfoGif;=u+yD;/ twif;t"rRac:aqmifvmcJh=uygonf?
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toD;oD;xJwGifvnf; tm%mydkifwdk@. wm0ef¶dSyk*d~Kvfrsm;ESifh vHkòcHa&;tzJG@0ifrsm;om¶dS=uygonf?
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tEd k i f t xuf ð yjcif ; / vuf a &muf r _ u sL;vG e f j cif ; wd k @ jzpf y gojzif h trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf u
av;av;eufeuf jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGuf¶_wfcsvdkufonf?
tjzpfrSefrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
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(08;33)em&Dcef@wGif jyefðzwfonf?
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armfawmf,mOfjzifh c&D;xGufcJh=uygonf?
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tzJ@G csKyfrS *k%o f a&odumQ ¶dv S oS nhf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; vl@ou d mQ udk wrifoufouf
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rd o m;pk r sm;ud k tm;ay;pum; ajym=um;&ef t wG u f j zpf y gonf ? Tonf r S m jref r mh , Of a us;r_
xHk;wrf;pOfvmt&vnf;aumif; tzJG@csKyf. acgif;aqmifrsm;. wm0efESifh 0wW&m;rsm;t&vnf;aumif;
c&D;oGm;=u&jcif;jzpfygonf?
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taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;r– ; ES i f h t zJ G @ tm; 24-7-98 &uf a e@eH e uf (10;15)em&D c ef @ wG i f /
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armfawmf,mOfudk0dkif;&Hxm;=uonf? armfawmf,mOfudk teD;¶dS acsmif;ul; opfom;wHwm;uav;ay:odk@
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;.um;bD ; av;bD ; vH k ; tm; wqif h c H b &d w f r sm;jzif h tm%myd k i f w d k @ u csKyf x m;vd k u f o nf ?
wHwm;xdyfvrf;ay:wGif 4u§9518 'dkifemum;wpD;jzifhydwfqdk@xm;onf? eHeuf (10;30)cef@wGif y§3614
wDtD;-11 um;}uD;jzifh xyfIydwfqdk@xm;+yD; 'dkifemum;udk z,fvdkufonf? nae (16;05)em&Dcef@wGif
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tvGe¶f ikd ;f jyonfh yHpk jH zifh ðyrlqufqo H nf? yJc;l wdik ;f rif;vSòrd@EiS hf {&m0wDwikd ;f yef;waemfòrd@c&D;pOfrsm;uJo h @kd
csuf c sif ; tajzxk w f a y;Ed k i f r nf h tqif h ¶ d S o l r [k w f o nf h tjyif quf q H a &;¶d k i f ; jyr_ a =umif h
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;u zGifhray;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
,if;wHwm;av;. aemufwGif oHql;óud;acGrsm;jzifh n(19;10)em&Dcef@Y xyfqifhum&Hxm;
vd k u f o nf ? wH w m;xd y f w G i f ,l e D a zgif ; 0wf v H k ò cH a &;tzJ G @ 0if r sm;tif t m;jzif h yd w f q d k @ xm;onf ?
,if ; oH q l ; óud ; acG r sm;ud k 26-7-98 &uf a e@wG i f tm%myd k i f w d k @ u oH w ref r sm;/ ppf o H r – ; rsm;ES i f h
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7-98 &ufae@uwyfqifxm;cJhaom wqifhcHb&dwfrsm;udk ðzwfoGm;=uonf? eHeuf (10;52) em&Dcef@wGif
armfawmf,mOfa¶S•wGif vrf;¶Sif;aoma=umifh ykodrfbufodk@ armfawmf,mOfudk armif;xGufpOf vrf;v,fY
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vrf;ay:rSarmfawmf,mOfukd acsmif;ul;wHwm;av;ay:od@k jyefI wGe;f a¶$x • m;=uonf? vHòk cHa&;tzJ@G 0ifwOD;u
a&oef @ bl ; wbl ; ud k taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;r– ; ES i f h tzJ G @ tm; 0,f a y;onf ? xd k v H k ò cH a &;tzJ G @ 0if t m;
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(06;52)em&D c ef @ wG i f armf a wmf , mOf u d k yk o d r f b uf o d k @ armif ; xG u f p Of vH k ò cH a &;tzJ G @ 0if r sm;u
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armf a wmf , mOf u d k wH w m;ay:od k @ wG e f ; Ia¶$ • x m;=ujyef o nf ? eH e uf (08;00)em&D c ef @ wG i f
aomufa&oef@bl;oGm;0,f&m tm%mydkifwdk@u “txuftrdef@t&”[kqdk+yD; 0,fcGifhrðy=uyg? eHeuf
(08;50)cef@wGif wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;rS Adkvfr–;&efEdkif[kqdkolu “tefwDb,foGm;rvdk@vJ”[k
vmar;&m/ taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;r– ; u “ajccsKyf E S i f h c H 0 ef t uf O ya'jzif h zrf ; qD ; jcif ; /
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jyefajymcJyh gonf? ‚if;jyif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;u “vHòk cHa&;rygv@kd qufomG ;cGirhf ðybl;vd@k oHwrefawGukd
ajymwJhudpP/ vdrfwm”[kvnf;ajymcJhygonf?
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apmjrifh? AdkvfrSL;BuD; pdef0if; (AdkvfrSL;csKyf0efBuD; zwf&? rSwf&vdkUjzpfygw,f/
a[mif;) wdkUESifh twl rdk;BudK; ppfqifa&;jzihf ord k i f ; &J U awmif ; qd k r S K Ut& Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf
awmifil oHawmif jyefvnfodrf;ydkufa&; ppfqif ausmfaZm[m w&kwfjzLjynfy usL;ausmfol &efol
a&;rsm;ud k atmif j rif p G m aqmif & G u f E d k i f c J h w m rsm;tm; wdkif;jynf&JU trdajrrS wdkufcdkufarmif;
awGU&ygw,f/ xkwf&ef txl;wm0efeJU arNrdKUwGif tajcjyKxm;wJh
xdk(49-50) wyfrawmfordkif; tqpf ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppf|me csKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpf 1953
tauG U rS ppf q if a &;atmif j rif r I r sm;aMumif h ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif wzefjyefa&mufvdkU vmjyefyg
wyfrawmftwGi;f rSma&m? wdik ;f jynf&UJ jynfov l x l k w,f/ xdu k mv ordik ;f tqpftauGU rSm tmPm&
twGi;f rSm Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D ausmaf Zm&JU wdu k cf u
kd pf rG ;f &nf tpd;k &twGi;f wGif qd&k , S v f pfEikd if aH &;orm;a&yef;
&JU *kPfowif;[m awmufajymifausmfaZmNyD; ysHU pm; wpcef;xaeMuovdk wyfrawmfwiG ;f rSmvnf;
ESH hausmfMum; vlodrsm;cJhwm rSwfom;rdygw,f/ qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;BuD;rsm;u ta&;ygwJh xdyfydkif;
AdkvfrSL;BuD;ausmfaZm&JU *kPfowif;[m jynfwGif; wyfrawmf&mxl;|mersm;udk &,lvTrf;rdk;csKyfudkif
rSmomru tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh tar&duef? xm;Muwm awGU&ygw,f/ wyfr[m wyf&if;wyfzUJG
NAd w d o Q pwJ h tm&S E d k i f i H r sm;wG i f r S m yg jyef U ES H U rsm;wGif vlwGifus,fvkyfaeMuovdk ppf½Hk;csKyfrSm
ausmfMum; vlodrsm;cJhMuygw,f/ 'ghaMumifhvnf; vnf; OD;? a&;? axmuf?MS eJU JAG pwJh|meBuD;
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyt f qifo h Ukd wd;k jri§ ahf y;cJ&h Ny;D 1950 ckEpS rf S rsm;tjyif ñTefMum;a&;rSL;pwJh ae&m|mersm;
pvd k U Ed k i f i H j cm;c&D ; pOf ppf r pf & S i f t zG J U rsm;wG i f rS m vnf ; trsm;pk u qd k & S , f v pf w yf r S L ;rsm;u
a&yef;pm; yg0ifcJhygw,f/ wyfrawmf&JU 'kwd, pdk;rdk;&S,fvS,faeMuwmawGU&ygw,f/ qdk&S,fvpf
OD;pD;csKyf cefUtyfzdkUwGif &mxm; cHcJh&w,f vdkU xdyfoD;AdkvfrSL;BuD; atmifBuD;u ppf½Hk;csKyfppfOD;pD;
tqdk&Sdygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;BuD; ( Cd: Gs) &mxl;BuD;wm0efudk pdk;rdk;
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmESifhtwl wdkufyGJ0if qkyfudkifum ppfOD;pD;csKyfydkif ae0if;&JU ta&;yg
ppfqifcJhMuwJh ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;[mvnf; (50- qHk; vufaxmuftjzpf vkyfpm;aewm owdjyK
51) ordkif;tqpf tauGUrsm;rSpí wqifhjr§ifh rdygw,f/ w&kwfjzLppfqifa&;rSm qdk&S,fvpf
&mxl; wm0efrsm;&&Scd w hJ m owd&aeygw,f/ rSwrf d wyfrSL; AdkvfrSL;BuD; ausmfaZmudk ]]e*g;Edkif}} ppfqif
orQ a&;jy&vQif AdkvfrSL;csKyf bvdyf? ajrmuf a&;eJU yGJxkwfpifwifay;cJhMuovdk urÇmhukv
ydkif;wdkif; ppf|mecsKyf? wdkif;rSL;AdkvfrSL; BuD;cspfNrdKif? or*¾&JU qHk;jzwfcsuft& pkzGJUtaumiftxnfazmf
AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh ? AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdef0if;? 0efBuD;csKyf aqmif&GufcJhMuwJh jrefrm? xdkif; ? tar&du?
AdkvfrSL;BuD;aomif;Munf? AdkvfrSL;BuD; oD[ol& w&k w f j zL av;Ed k i f i H p pf a umf r &S i f w G i f v nf ;
vSarmif? xyfwdk;csJU pkzGJUwJh wyfrawmfrsm;wGif Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D atmifBu;D u jrefrmaumfpm;vS,t f zGUJ &JU
vnf; wyfr[mrSL; wyfrif;rsm;tjzpf¤if;? ppforH LS ; acgif;aqmifae&mudk &,lxm;cJw h m awGU&ygw,f/
rsm;tjzpf¤if; cefUtyfcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&wm rSwfom; Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a usmf a Zm ajrmuf y d k i f ;
rdygw,f/ txl;wvnfrSwfom;rdonfuawmh ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;wm0ef,lNyD; rMumcifrSmyif
wdkif;jynfu EkEkrSKefwdkif;uxefxefeJU rSKefwdkif; av;Edik if pH pfaumfr&Sif &JU oabmxm;wck jzpfxeG ;f
ayguf a jrmuf c J h y gw,f / tar&d u ef e J U w&k w f a&mufcgrS jyif;jyif;xefxef wdkufcdkuf &rSmeJU
jzLaumfpm;vS,fwdkUu w&kwfjzLwdkU tajccHpcef; pmvQif tckvt kd aetxm; rd;k &moDrmS yif 'kuc© v H Ukd
rsm;wnf a qmuf x m;wJ h rd k i f ; qwf ? rd k i f ; wk e f ? wdkufyGJav;rsm;udk &oDOwktidkuf,lum &ifqdkif
rdkif;a,mif;wdkUudk ArmhwyfrawmfodkU vTJajymif;ay; oGm;Murnfowd0d&d,eJU tqifhqifh pepfwus
rnf[k tqdk&Sdygw,f/ odkUaomfvnf; acgif;rmwJh jyifqifNyD; tydkif;tqpfrsm;pDrHvdkU ppfqifcsDwuf
w&kwfjzLwyfrSL;tcsdKUvnf; &SdEdkifojzihf wdkufyGJ wdkufcdkuf oGm;MuvQif tust½IH;enf;enf;eJU
tenf; tusO;f jzpfEikd o f nf[v k nf; qdv k mygw,f/ atmifyGJcH Ekdifrnf[k ,lq vu©H oabmwlnDrI
xdkodk haom tajctaewGif tqdkygae&mrsm;odkU &cJhMuygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh vnf; wdkif;rSL;AdkvfrSL;
wyfrawmftae jzihf 0ifvdkr0ifvdk oabmxm; csKyfausmfaZm[m rMumrDtcsdeftawmtwGif;rSm
ay;&ef tmPm& (zqyv)tpdk;&u wdkif;rSL; &moDOwktidkuf? tcsdeftidkuf? tiftm; tidkuf
AdkvfrSL; csKyfausmfaZmxH oabmxm; awmif;cH &,lum ppfqifcsDwuf wdkufcdkufodrf; ydkufr,fvdkU
cJhwm awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[mvnf; tar&duefESifh tpdk;&xHjyefvnfwifjycJhygw,f/
w&kwfjzLwdkUu &moDOwktajctaeudk tjrwf av;Ed k i f i H p pf a umf r &S i f t qd k j yKvmwJ h
xkwf &,lum y&d,m,fus,fus,feJU EdkifiHa&; &ufcsed ;f trSD csw D ufppfqif&ef wdu k yf 0JG ifwyfrsm;udk
upm;NyD;ppfa&;t&toHk; csvdkufwJhoabm jzpfyg cJh&mcJqpf pkzGJUjyifqifcJhwm awGU&ygw,f/ wdkuf
w,f/ yGJ0ifppfonfrsm;? &du©mypönf;rsm;? vufeuf ud&d
&moD O wk t aetxm;t&Zl v d k i f v ,mrsm; 0efwifvm;? jrif;ponfjzihf vdktyfonf
Mo*kwfvrsm;[m rdk;avumvjzpfovdk tvGefjrifh rsm;udk tapmwvsifpkzGJUjyifqif,ifwmudkvnf;
rm;aom awmifwef;BuD;rsm;tay:wGif tvGef rSwfom;rdygw,f/ t"duobm0twm; tqD;
a&pD;oefaom jrpfacsmif;rsm;udk jzwfausmfcsD jzpfwJh oHvGifjrpfudk a&pD;toefqHk;tcsdef 0gqdk?
wufwdkufcdkuf&ef rvG,f ulwmudk wGufcsufoHk; 0gacgifwiG f pepfwusjzwfu;l um rdik ;f ylatmifwiG f
wyfNyD; tusyftwnf;jzpfxGef;aprIudk wrifMuH aygif;ul;tajcukwfwyfpGJapcJhwm awGU&ygw,f/
&G,fum tqdkjyKvmwJh oabmvdkU cH,lrdygw,f/ aemufqHk;&ufcsdef;eD;uyfvmwJh tcgrSm w&kwfjzL
wyfrawmfudk ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfap&ef zefwD; wyfrsm;u Armhwyfrawmfukd olwUkd &JU twif; jiif;
MuH&G,fwJhoabmvnf; jzpfygw,f/ ,if;tajc qefcJhMuw,fvdkU tqdk&SdcJhygw,f/
taersm;ud k wd k i f ; rS L ;Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a usmf Z m[m tcef;quf(22)
uGyfuJrIatmuf wyfrSL;rsm;eJU tao;pdwfñSdEIdif;
aqG;aEG;cJhwmudk vnf; ordkif;rSwfwrf;pmwrf; jrefrmjynfwGif;odkU 0ifa&muf usL; ausmf
pmapmifrsm;rS zwf&IavhvmrSwfom;zl;ygw,f/ vm MuwJh ulrifwefw&kwfjzLwdkU&JU aemufcH
xd k p Of u wyf r awmf & J U tajctae[mvnf ; ordkif;aMumif; waph wapmif;udk odrSD vdkufMuwJh
]]e*g;Edkif}} ppfqifa&;t½IH;ay:cJh&vdkU pdwf"gwf yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? a&;Mu? ajymMuwmrsm;udk Mum;bl;em;
wpH k w &m xd c d k u f u sqif ; aewmud k v nf ; t&S d 0&SdorQeJU ,SufEG,fqufpyf ukd,fpGrf; ?OmPfp?
twdkif; awGUae&w,fav/ oH k ; oyf w if j y&r,f q d k , if ? (1949) ck E S p f w G i f
wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmeJU uGyfuJrI armfpDwHk;OD;pD;wJh w&kwfuGefjrLepf? wyfeDrsm;u
atmuf wyfrSL;rsm;[m tajctaet&yf&yfudk &S e f a u&S d w f O D ; atmif w J h w&k w f trsKd ; om;
avh v moH k ; oyf ½I U jrif q if j cif M uNyD ; tao; wyfrsm;udk w&kwfjynfrBuD;rS wdkufxkwf atmif
pdwfwGufcsuf pDpOfMu&mrSm yGifhvif;&moD aEGOwk yGJcHum wjynfvHk;tm; tNyD;tydkif odrf;ydkufcJh&mrS
jrpfzsm;cHcJhwmvdkUqdk&ygr,f/ e,fwiG o f mru u,m;jynfe,f a'orsm; twGi;f
ul r if w ef ? w&k w f j zLwyf r sm;[m od k U yg wpwp e,f a jrcsJ U xG i f 0if a &muf u sL;
w&kwjf ynftaemufawmifbuf ,leefjynfe,foUkd ausmfcJhMuygw,f/ xdkpOfumvu wyfrawmf[m
qkwcf mG xGuaf jy; vmMuNy;D uGejf rLepf qefUusiaf &; jynfwGif; a&mifpHk olykefrsm;udk tcsdefeJUtrQ
wyf r sm;tjzpf xd k a 'ow0d k u f w G i f tajcjyK ajcrIef;wdkufcdkufaeMuwmrdkU tpGeftzsm;e,fpyf
vIyf&Sm;aecJhMuwmawGU&ygw,f/ xdkw&kwfjzL a'orsm;udk vufvSrf;rrSD tav;w,l umuG,f
autrfwDwyfrsm;udk wyfrrSL;? *sife&,fvDrDu EdkifrI &Sdaeaom umveJUvnf; wdkufqdkifaecJhwm
pkpnf;uGyu f x J m;wm jzpfygw,f/ w&kwu f eG jf rLepf owdjyKrdygw,f/
wyfeDrsm;u xyfcsyfvdkuf ppfqifum wdkufcdkuf wyfrawmf&JU vHkjcHKa&;? umuG,fa&; wm
acsrIef;vmwmrdkU ,leefe,fwGif wyfpGJtajcjyKum 0ef rsm;eJ U jynf w G i f ; rS m tvk y f r sm;aecsd e f u d k
aer&awmhvdkU 1949 ckESpftukef? 1950 ckESpf tcGifhaumif;,lum w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;[m ydkrdk
ESpq f ef;ydik ;f rSm wpwp qkwcf gG xGuaf jy;vmMuum &Jwif;vmNy;D um,m;jynfe,f? u'l;Bu;D ? u'l;av;
jrefrmEdkifiHydkifeuf &Srf;jynf e,frS usKdif;wHk c&dkif rS w qif h u&if j ynf e ,f o d k U ausmf j zwf um
rdik ;f q,fNrKd Uuav;rSm 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf tajccs rGefjynfe,f yifv,furf;pyf? u&kyÜdyi pwJh&Gm
cJhMuygw,f/ rsm;odkUwdkifatmif a'ocHjynfwGif; olykefrsm;eJU
1950 ckEpS ?f 0ifvmcgpuawmh ulrifwef yl;aygif;um usL;ausm0f ifa&muf vIy&f mS ;wm awGU&
w&k w f j zLwd k U \ tif t m;[m (4000-5000) ygw,f/ 1952 ckESpfavmufwGif w&kwfjzLwdkU&JU
cefU&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dppfajy; w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;udk twifh&J usL;ausmf apmfum;rIrsm;udk jynfol
tar&duef (CIA) wdkU&JU ajc&IwfulnDyHhydk;rIaMumifh vl x k B uD ; uvnf ; wpxuf w p od v m&mu
xyfrH0ifa&mufvmolrsm;a&m a'owGif&Sdaeaom w&k w f j zL qef U usif a &;eJ U w&k w f j zLwd k U tm;
w&kwf? xdkif;? Arm polwdkUudkyg pnf;&Hk;pkpnf;um ulnDyHhydk;aeol tar&duef qefUusifa&; pdwf
tiftm;wdk;csJU pkrdcJhwmaMumifh w&kwfjzL wyf "gwfrsm; Edk;Mum;vIyf&Sm;vmcJhwm awGU&ygw,f/
tiftm; [m wpwp BuD;xGm;vmum tiftm; w&kwfjzL wyfrsm;[m olwdkU&JU &yfwnf&Sifoef
12000 cefUrQ 1951 ckESpfwGif wdk;yGm;rsm;jym; rSKrsm; twGuf bdefukeful;rIrsm;udk xdkif;pD;yGm;a&;
vmwm awGU&ygw,f/ rlvyxr w&kwfjzL wyf 0dorom;rsm;eJU yxr qufqHa&mif;0,fae&mu
rsm;&JU BuH&G,fcsufuawmh e,fpyfeJU oHvGifjrpf Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;odUk wdu
k &f ukd uf ;l oef; oGm;vm
tMum; Armhe,fajrudk ajcukwf,lNyD; w&kwfjynf azgufum;&ef MuH&G,fcsuftjyif xdkif0efESifh yif
wGi;f udk aESmif, h u
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k cf u
kd zf Ukd jzpfEikd v
f sif wefjyef v,fvrf;aMumif;rS qufo, G rf &I ,lvakd om Bu&H ,G f
xdk;ppfrsm; qifEGJwdkufcdkufzdkUrsm; jzpfyg w,f/ csuef UJ jrefrmjynf&UJ yifv,fqyd u f rf; a'orsm;odUk
'gayr,fhvnf; w&kwfeDwyfrsm;udk ,Of wd;k csUJ usL;ausm0f ifa&mufcMhJ uwm awGU&S&d ygw,f/
NydKif wdkufcdkufEdkifrI xdxda&mufa&mufrjyK EdkifMu w&kwjf zLwyfrsm;[m yifv,fxu G f ayguf
awmh wmrdkU w&kwfjynfrBuD;u wefjyef wdkufppf vrf; aMumif;udk zGifhEdkifcJhygvsif xdkif0rfESifh quf
qif aESmifh,SufrIrsm;udk pGefUvTwfNyD; w&kwfjzL oG,rf I yDjyifum vdt k yfwhJ ppfvufeuf ypön;f rsm;?
wyftcsdKU[m oHvGifjrpf taemufbufurf;odkU &d k u © m omru? vl t if t m;yg jznf h o G i f ; Ed k i f N yD ;
ul ; 0if u m jref r mEd k i f i H y d k i f e uf &S r f ; jynf e ,f ydkrdktiftm;awmifh wif;BuD;xGm;vmEdkifygw,f/
twG i f ; yd k i f ; od k U usL;ausmf 0 if a &muf tajc 'ghtjyif ¤if;wdkU apmufcsxkwfvkyfaewJh bdef;rsm;
cscJhMuygawmhw,f/ w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;[m &Srf;jynf udkvnf; xdkif;pD;yGm;a&; orm; rsm;rSwqifh rSDcdk
a&mif;0,frI rjyK&awmhbJ EdkifiHjcm;wdkif; jynfrsm; w&kwfjzLwdkUusL;ausmfapmfum;rI[m xifomjrif
odkU wdkuf&dkuf wifoGif;a&mif;csjcif;jzihf tjrwf om &Sdvmwmuvnf; waMumif;? jrefrmjynfwGif;
tpGrf; ydkrdk &&SdrIuvnf; yifv,fa&aMumif; pme,fZif;rsm;uvnf; jynfwGif;u vuf0Jtif
vrf;zGifhvdkjcif;jzpfwef wlygw,f/ wenf;a&;& tm;pk tzGJUtpnf;wdkU&JUzdtm;rsm;t& xl;xl;
vsif w&kwjf ynf usL;ausmo f rl sm;[m ta&;ygvSwhJ jcm;jcm; a&;om;vmMu&m jynfolvlxkBuD;uyg
olwdkU&JU pD;yGm;a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ydkrdk &Sifoef tHk<uqefUusifvmMuaomaMumifh tmPm& zq
cdkifrm vmap&ef ,if;odkU BuHaqmifzefwD;vmvdkU yv tpdk;&[m raeomawmhbJ w&kwfjzL usL;
qdk&ygr,f/ ausmfrI udpöudk udkifwG,fvmcJh&ygawmhw,f/
w&kwfjzLwyfrsm;&JU usL;ausmf0ifa&mufrI xdkodkUjzpfaeaom umvwGif zqyv
yHkpH[m 1953 ckESpfavmufrSm ydkrdk oJuGJ xif&Sm; tpdk;&[m ukvor*¾odkU w&m;0if vlod&SifMum;
vmcJhygawmh w,f/ a&wdk&nfrSef;csuf&Sdovdk? wdik w f ef;rI jyKum w&kwjf zLwyfrsm; Edik if H e,ferd w d f
a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csurf sm;udyk g wpxufwp yHak z:vdUk twGif;rS xGufcGga&;udk pDrHaqmif&Guf& ygawmh
cefUrSef;EdkifcJhygw,f/ jzpfEdkifacs&SdwJh wGufq csuf w,f / wd k i f ; jynf u Ek E k ? rk e f w k d i f ; uxef x ef
rsm; t&qdv k sif w&kwjf ynfrBu;D tm; w&kwf jzLwdUk Mur®miifaewJh jynfwGif;a&;rSm wyfrawmf[m
tapmif h t a&S m uf w nf N id r f r I ysuf j ym;atmif vuf u d k r vnf E d k i f & S m bJ tcsd e f e J U trQ ppf q if
vkyfEdkifcJhygvsif EdkifiHa&;t& urÇmhukvor®u wdkufyGJ0if ae&&Smygw,f/ rkefwdkif;pJpumvrSm
twGif; w&kwfjzLwdkU w&m;0iftzGJU0if jzpfa&; jynf w G i f ; &ef r sm; uk e f p if o G m ;jcif ; r&S d c if r S m bJ
rysufjym; ap&efESifh w&kwfeDwdkUtm; w&m;0if jynfyusL; ausmfol w&kwfjzLwdkUu wpcef;x
tzGJU 0ifjzpfa&;vnf; aESmifhESJBuHhMumrIuvnf; vmjyefwmrdUk rem;Edik rf tm;Edik &f mS bJ w&kwjf zLusL;
taMumif;w&m; wckjzpfEdkifygw,f/ tjcm;wzuf ausmf o l w d k U buf u d k aoewf a jymif ; vS n f h c J h &
udkvnf; apmifhiJh qifjcifMunfhyguvnf; tar&d jyefygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;t& ukv wGifwdkifMum;
uef (CIA) &JU yHhydk;ulnDtm; ay;rIudkvnf; awGU& ta&;,lcJhovdk ppfa&;t&vnf; wyfrawmfu
ygw,f/ 'g[mvnf; &Si;f ygw,f/ tar&duefwUkd &JU &SdorQ tiftm;udk pkpnf;NyD; twGif;ydkifusus
cH,cl suf 'drk ED kd oDt&kd t D & w&kwjf ynfBu;D uGejf rLepf usL;ausmfvmwJh w&kwfjzLwdkUtm; rGefjynfe,f?
EdkifiH jzpfoGm;cJhygvsif jrefrmjynftygt0if ta&SU u,m;jynfe,f? wcGifrS ppfqifum oHvGifjrpf
awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;[m uGefjrLepf EdkifiH ta&SUbufurf;odkU wdkufxkwfarmif; ESifjypfcJh&
jzpfoGm; EdkifrI[m rvGJraoG awGU&awmh r,f vdkU ygw,f/
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bmawGprD t H yk cf sKyfjyD;jyD;vJ ´ tajccHOya' a&;qGaJ y; awmh raumif ; bl ; aygh A sm? tef t ,f ' D ygwD u d k
jyD ; jyD ; vm; ´jynf o l @ vG w f a wmf b ,f E S p f = ud r f emrnfajymif;jyD; a&G; aumufyJG 0ifrvm;´ wckcu k kd
ac: jyD;oGm;jyD;vJ ´vGwfawmf trwfwa,mufu usKyf w d k @ a&G ; &awmh r S m aygh ? wd w d u sustajzwck
wd k i f ; usKd ; jynf u sd K ;jyKud p P a wG u d k tcsd e f o wf r S w f awmh r &S d a o;ygbl ; ? ?
csuw f cke@J vkyaf y;jyD;jyD;vm; ´ w&m;r#wwJh w&m; Ö eH y gwf ( 3) yk p > m uawmh --- 2010-
pD&ifyikd cf iG ahf wGuakd umvkyaf eudik af ewmjrifr&d @J vm;´ a&G;aumufyGJjyD;&if wdkif;jynf aumif;rGefvm Edkifyg
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wpf c k u -rd a t; ES p f c gemwJ h / aemuf w ck u awmh oavmuf t a&G ; cH & &if a wmh ewf w d k @ zef - a&uef
ausmcsrS "m;jyrSefrod&if 'DwacgufrSm cifAsm;&J@ toifh =umtoifhwJh? tckjzpfaewmu 2010-rSm
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ayawmh// xifw,fav? ( Dead Lock ) jzpfaew,f? vk;H 0a&G@Eikd /f
jyD;awmh - 'D 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd r&S m ;Ed k i f a om tajctae jzpf a ew,f v d k @
teft,f'Du r0if&ifbmvkyfoifhovJ xifw,fav? ( Stale Mate) tajctaejzpfwJh
qdkwmuawmh----- a&G@cGif/ &Sm;cGifhtenf;i,f&Sd&ifawmhenf;enf;aumif;
[dkwcsdefwkef;u(z-q-y-v) EdkifwJha&G; ao;wmayg?h r[mynm&Si=f uD;awGuawmh ajym=u
aumufyGJrSm(y-r-n-w) tzGJ@ua&G; aumufyGJ wmaygh A sm? yJ h u d k i f ' D r d k u a&pD ( Guided
Democracy ) wJ?h ppfwyfuyg0ifaom 'Dru
kd a&pDw?hJ vkyfudkifaew,f?
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ppftm%m&Sif ( Totalitarianisn ) awGe@J jynfo@l ukd jynfol@awGtwGufuawmh EdkifiHa&;a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;
ud k , f p m;jyKwJ h 'D r d k u &uf w pf ( Democratic ygpdwfyg0ifpm;pGm vGwfvGwfvyfvyfvkyfcGifh vkH;0r
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aqmif&GufcGifh ( Individual Autonomy ) r&Sdbl;? usKyfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHuurBmtqif;&JqkH;
jyD;awmh ppftpdk;&&J@ EdkifiHjcm;a=umuf0g' ( Xeno- EkdifiHjzpfwJhtwGuf vlOD;a& oef;(60)xJrSm avsmh
phobia )uvJtifrwef=uD;rm;aew,f? ae&Sife,f avsmh ayghayghwGuf&ifawmh okH;ykHwpfykHavmufu
csef y D , H v d k @ ac:wJ h tpd k ; &ol a umif ; jyKcH y k * ~ v d u vl v wf w ef ; pm;jzpf E d k i f w ,f ? usef v l O D ; a&oef ;
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( Lack of Education ) ayg?h udk,fpm; vS,favmif;awG a&G;cs,fwmwdk@/ ygwD&HykH
tJ ' D v d k j zpf a tmif v J 62-ck E S p f u pjyD ; aiG&SmwmawGeJ@ wdkif;jynftwGufbmawGvkyf ay;
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us&wJh=um;xJ todynmygzGH@jzdK;rlr&Sdoavmuf 2010-a&G;aumufyGJ em;uyfjyD; &ufydkif;
jzpfoGm;cJh&w,f? 'Dppftm%m&SifawG&J@ aus;Zl; twG i f ; rS a omf 4 if ; / a&G ; aumuf y G J j yD ; rS a omf 4 if ;
awGav/ urBmay:rSm rnfonfEh ikd if rH qdk ynmwwf v$waf y;&ifvu kd af v#may;&ifvJ bmt"dyg` ,&f rdS mS vJ?
ESKef; rsm;&if pD;yGm;a&;zGH@jzdK;jyD; 'Drdkua&pDa&;rSmyg awmif;qdkcsuftrSwf(2)jzpfwJh---2008-zGJ@pnf;
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wwf E S K ef ; t&rf ; jrif h r m;aevd k @ ygwJ h ? 'D a wmh u|ef bl;vdk@ajymaew,fav? jyifcsif&ifawmhvGwfawmf
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axmifay;EdkifcJh&if urBmudk &ifabmifwef;Edkif vdrfh jyKw,f v d k @ ajymxm;w,f ? tJ ' D a wmh 2008-
r,fvdk@ u|efawmf,kH=unfw,f? wdkif;jynfwck[m tajccHOya'udjk yifqifcsi&f if 2010 a&G;aumufyrJG mS
a&wd k rcsrf ; omcsif y geJ @ / a&&S n f csrf ; ombd k @ bJ vGwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f 75µausm&f atmifvyk &f r
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a':atmifqef;pk=unf yxrt}udrf aetdrt f us,cf sKyfu vGwaf jrmufwhJ 1995 ckEpS rf mS jyKvkycf whJ hJ
awGŒqHak r;jref; r_awGukd tajccHwhJ Voice of Hope pmtkyu f kd a&;om;ol pma&;q&m Alan Clements
uawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ b0[m tusOf;pHb0rSm ydk/ ydk+yD; cufcJvmae+yDvdk@ {&m0wDudk
ajymjyygw,f?
Alan Clements u “a':pk&JŒ txif&Sm;qHk;t&mawGvdk@ usaemftrSwfw& &Sdaewmu olŒ&JŒ
at;csrf; wnf+idrfr_eJ@ &dk;om;r_awGygyJ” vdk@ qdkygw,f?“ol@udk zdESdyfolawGtygt0if b,fol@udkrSraumif;
pdwfarG;wm/ 'grSr[kwf tmCmwxm;wm usaemf wcsufav;rS owdrxm;rdcJhygbl;” vdk@ olu
qufajymygw,f?
“aemuf+yD; a':pk[m ol@wdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJh olawGtm;vHk; rdwfaqGawGjzpfvmEdkifr,fh ae@twGuf
ol b,fvdk qkawmif;w,fqdkwmeJ@ tJ'Dvdkomjzpfvm&if wdkif;jynfwckvHk ;twGuf b,favmufrsm;
tusKd ;&Sv d rd rhf vJqw
kd mawGukd r=umc% ajymavh&w dS mygy”J vd@k vnf; Alan Clements u ajymygw,f?
baumif; a&;om;aom Despite Discomfort˜ Suu Kyi Stay Busy udk qDavsmfatmif
bmomjyefqdkonf?

tcef;quf
a':atmi
a':atmifqf ef;pk=unf
( odk hr[kwf)
oZi
oZifef D
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( MIZZIMA WEB)
tydkif;(8)
(32)
1988 ck/ =o*kwfv (18)&uf?
trSwf 54/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;//
q&myg&*l/ armifudk,k/ wifaqGrdk;ESifh uAsmq&m udkac;wkd@ a&mufIvm=uonf? a':atmif
qef;pk=unfEiS ahf qG;aEG;=uonf? q&myg&*lEiS ahf rmifu, kd wk @dk u Signature Campaign udpP tm;&Si;f jyonf?
pma&;q&mrsm;/ yef;csD/ yef;yk/ umwGef;ESifh owif;pmq&mrsm;tm;vHk;u EdkfifiHawmfaumifpDudkay;ydk@rnfh
pmta=umif;ajymjyonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfrSvnf; vufrSwfxdk;yg&ef ajym=uonf? pkpkaygif;
(700)cef@&Sdrnf? q&m=uD; aZmf*sD/ q&m=uD; rif;ok0%fwdk@vnf;ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfvnf;
vufrSwfxdk;Iay;vdkufonf?
odk@
EdkifiHawmfaumifpD
jynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpf orRwjrefrmEdkifiHrSjrefrmEdkfifiH pmayynm&Sifrsm; tEkynm&Sifrsm;
ta=umif;t&m? ?,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfay:aeaom tajctaersm;tay: wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;?
jref r mEd k i f i H w pf 0 S r f ; vH k ; wG i f jzpf a y:aeonf h qEN j yr_ r sm;ud k tajccH w J h jzpf a y:vmonf h
rvdkvm;tyfaom qkd;usKd;rsm;tay: atmufygtwdkif; oHk;oyf wifjyygonf?
,ckuJhodk@ wifjy&jcif;rSm rdrd qENudk w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;rS wifjyapvkda=umif; oHCmh
r[mem,utzG@J rS arwWm&yfceH @J tnD wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/ 1988 ck rwfv / ZGev f / =o*kwv f twGi;f wGif
ausmif;om;xk/ jynfov l x
l q k ENjyr_rsm;tay: vdt k yfonfxuf ydrk ;kd =urf;wrf;pGm udik w
f ,
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p¶dkuf0g' v$rf;rdk;vsuf jynfoltm;vHk; twd'kuQ a&muf=urnfrSm rvGJraoGjzpffygonf?
,ckuJhodk@ jzpfay:&jcif;rSm vwfwavm jzpfay:&jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyg? (26)ESpfumvywfvHk; zdESdyfcsKyf
cs,rf _ trsK;d rsK;d '%fukd tvl;tvJc&H jcif; Edik if aH &;tusyt f wnf; / pD;yGm;a&; tusyt f wnf;wd@k . a0'emudk
jyif;xefpGm cHpm;&jcif; vGwfvyfpGmajymqdka&;om;cGifhudk ydwfyif;xm;jcif;wkd@rS tH=uGaygufuGJvm
jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk@ tHk=uGaygufuGJjcif;udk t=urf;zufvufeufudkifajz&Sif;rnfhtpm; wdkif;jynf
wGifav;pm;xkdufaom e,u*k%fESifh jynfhpHkonfh tkyfcsKyfr_twwfynm&Sifrsm; OD;aoSsmifuGyfuJEdkifonfh
yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;jcif; tultnDawmif;cHjcif; tkyfcsKyfr_yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;onfom vSsif
taumif;qHk;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfygonf? jrefrmEdkfifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif tjrefqHk;+idrf;csrf;vsuf
uaomif;ueif;jzpfaeaom tajctaersm;onfvnf; uif; a0;apumvkyf&ef&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;pDrH
udef;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;.pdwfwludk,f wl 0dkif;0efulnDaqmif&Gufr_jzifh atmifjrif ap&eftwGuf
wkdif;jynfwjynfvHk;uvdkvm; awmifhwaeaom EdkfifiHa&;yHko¾mefajymif;vJr_udk t"du xm;vsuf
rif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;ESifhtnD aqmif&Gufyg&ef tav;teufxm; awmif;qdkwifjyygonf?
1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (17)&ufae@?
(33)
1988 ck/ =o*kwfv (21)&uf
trSwf 88/ Akdvfol&vrf;/ =unfhjrifwkdif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&mufonfEiS hf aqG;aEG;yGt J m;pwif=uonf? vlta& twGuf rrsm;vSayr,fh
tv$m toD;oD;tm; udk,fpm;jyKonfh yk*~dKvfrsm;yg0if=uonf?
OD;bxGef;/ ocifcspf/ armifudk,k/ ODd;xGef;wif/ a': jrifhjrifhcifponfh a&S@ae=uD;rsm;yg0if=uonf?
wk@d Arm tpnf;t¶k;H 0ifocifrsm;rS ocifcifatmif / ocifxeG ;f cif/ ocif cspaf rmifw@kd wwfa&mufco hJ nf?
pme,f Zif;ESifhtodynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;rS armifaomu( Adkvfrª; baomf) / OD;vS0if; (avol
&JwOD;)/ armifrdk;ol/ armif0Ho/ OD;0if;wif/ OD;wkd;v_dif/ OD;vSwif/ ocifwifjr / udk&Jvif;? jynfol@&JabmfrS
AdkvfomxGef;/ AdkvfpENmausmf/ Adkvfrdk;!kd wdk@ wwffa&mufcJhonf? tm;vHk;u a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
vl x k E S i f h a wG @ qH k + yD ; a[majym&ef aqG ; aEG ; =uonf ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf r S v nf ; oabmwl o nf ?
vlxEk iS ahf wG@rnfh vlxt k m; &Si;f jyrnf? ae&ma&G;=u.? rnfonfah e&mwGif vlxak [majymyGJ jyKvkyrf nfenf;?
yxr odrfjzKuGif; ----? rdk;wGif;jzpfI odrfjzLuGif;twGif; rjzpfEkdfif? a&rsm;/ AGufrsm;ESifh vlxktwGuf
tcuftcJ&Sdrnf? Todk@jzifh ----? a&$wd*Hkbk&m;. taemufzufyrk'fOD;ae&modk@ owfrSwfvkduf=u
awmhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vlxkESifh yxrOD;qHk;awG@qHkjcif;jzpfonf?
1988 ckEpS f / =o*kwv f 26 &uf? (34)

a&$wd*Hkbk&m;taemufzufrk'f?
“ usr'Duae@up+yD;awmh jynfov l x l ek @J yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;qufqyH g&ap? usrEdik if jH cm;rSm aecJw
h ,f
qd k w m vnf ; rS e f y gw,f ? Ed k f i f i H j cm;om;eJ @ td r f a xmif u scJ h w ,f q d k w mvnf ; rS e f y gw,f ? 'gayr,f h
'gav;awGtwGuf a=umifh usrwkdif;jynfay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkrS usqif;roGm;Edkfifygbl;? “
“ aemufwcku usr[m ArmjynfEifkd if aH &;ta=umif; bmrSem;rvnfygb;l wJh ---? wu,fawmh
em;vnf; vGef;vdk@ cufaewmyg“
“ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;[m b,favmuf&_yfaxG;w,f 'D&_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz b,favmufcHcJh&
w,fqkdwm usrwdk@ todqHk;ygyJ“
“ 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@vJ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk@&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsK;dudk
qufr vkyfcsifbl;qdkwm azaz twdtvif;ajymoGm;ygw,f?
“ tJ'DvdkajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdk@vdk@ usrvnf; EdkifiHa&;avmueJ@ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecJhcsif
ygw,f? 'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ@ tckrS bmjzpfvdk@ 'Dta&;tcif;xJrSm 0ifygaeovJvdk@
ar;p&mvnf; &Sdygw,f? “
“ tJ'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ@ qdkifwJhta&;tcif; jzpfaeygw,f?
usrrSmvnf; azaz&JhorD;vkyf+yD; acgif;a&Smifaevdk@ rjzpfawmhygbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh
'kwd,vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ=uD;vdk@ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f“
vufckyfoH=obmoHrsm;u awmfvnf; ouJhodk@ ajrurBmtwGif;jrnf;[D;I aeonf? tawmf
rowfawmh ---?
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vlxk=uD;tm; ajz;ajz;jcif;ausmfjzwf&if; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ pD;eif;vmonfh um;i,fonf

ajrya'omuGsef;teD;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf? vlxk=uD;. a=uG;ausmfoHrsm;u =um;Iae&qJyif ----?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf.rsufESmonf olrcspfaom jynfolvlxk=uD;ESifh xdawG@cJh&ojzifh auseyfESpf
odrfhIaeonf? olr.rsuf0ef;rsm;u =unfvifI ta&mifawmuffyaeonf?
“tefu,f pkawmh jrefrmhEdkifiHta&;rSm t¶dk;ausaus ta&crf;crf; qHk;cef;wkdifatmif vkyfzdk@
ajcpHyk pf+yD; 0ifc+hJ yD --- ?“
ociftek ;f jrifuh a':atmifqef;pk=unfqufIajymvmrnfh pum;tm; apmifah rSsmI f iHv h ifah eonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu qufIrajym ---? ociftek ;f jrif. h vufxo J @kd om olrvufa&;ESihf a&;xm;onfh
a=unmpmwrf;wpfapmiftm;ay;onf?
“tefu,f pk ta=umif;wckckjzpfvdk@&Sd&if tefu,fpDpOfoifhwmudk pDpOfyg “
EdkifiHa&;e,fy,ftwGif; 0if&jcif;ta=umif; (wkdif;jynfESifhtazhaus;Zl;udk/ zcifaus;Zl;udk qyf
vdkI)EdkifiHa&; todkif;t0dkif;twGif;wGif arG;vm/ =uD;jyif;vmolwpfOD;taeESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif
pdwf0ifpm;vm jcif;onf txl;&Sif;jy&ef vkdrnfhta=umif;t&mwck r[kwfyg? usrodwwfpt&G,fuyif
jrefrmhEikd if H a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;/ txl;ojzifh usrzcif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. wdik ;f jynftwGuf =udK;yrf;r_rsm;ESihf
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azazonf wkdif;oljynfom;tcsif;csif;/ owfjzwfwkdufcdkufonfhtm%mvkEdkifiHa&;rsK;dudk vHk;0rESpfouf/
r=udKufcahJ =umif; vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; umvY Edik if aH &;avmuwGif ausmcdik ;f I owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m
wpfa,muftaeeJ@ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&Smzkd@ &nf&G,fcJha=umif;/ EdkfifiHt&yf&yfodk@ oGm;a&mufI
jrefrmjynfoltwGuf ynm&ap/ tjrifus,faprnfh A[kokwrsm;&SmazG&ef rSef;q cJha=umif;rsm;udk
od&SdcJhonf? azaz.rjzpfajrmufEdkifcJhaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk pdwf0,fxm;I usrvnf; jrefrmwkdif;
ol j ynf o m;tcsif ; csif ; t=um; tm%mvk y G J j zpf y G m ;aprnf h Ed k i f i H a &;rsKd ; wG i f ryg0if b J Ed k i f i H w um
todtrSwjf yKjcif;cH&onfh pmayavmutwGi;f rS jrefrmudk urmBu odapa&;? jrefrmhjynfov l x l t k wGuf
toHk;0ifEdkifrnfh pmtkyfpmwrf;;rsm; jyKpka&;wkd@ESifh wkdif;jynftusKd;aqmifzdk@&ef cef@rSef;&nf&G,fxm;cJhonf?
xdkcef@rSef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ qufpyfaompmay/ taxGaxGESifh
azazhb0 azazhEdkfifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh ouffqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;wdk@udk avhvmI oHk;oyf
csuf rsm;a&;om;cJyh gonf? xku d o hJ @kd pmayavmuY at;csr;f jynf0h pGm aecGi&hf cJyh gaomfvnf; jrefrmEdik if rH mS
azazarSsmfrSef;cJhovdk nD!$wfcdkifcef@onfh jynfaxmifpk=uD; wkd;wwfom,monfh wdkif;jynf=uD;tjzpfodk@
ra&mufvmcJhjcif;a=umifh pdwfauseyfr_ r&EdkfifcJhyg? trSefpifppf usrpdwfxJwGif wkdif;jynfESifhzcifudk uGJI
rpOf;pm;Edkifyg? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf pfdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m ta&;tcif;rsm; ay:aygufaevSsif azazhudkyif
xdcdkufaeouJhodk@ cHpm;&ygonf? txl;ojzifh azazhjyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom wyfrawmfESifhazazhtay:
tifrwefrS arwWmxm;cJhaom vlxkt=um;wGif pdwf0rf;uGJapEdkfifrnfh tajctaersKd;jzpfxGef;vmonfudk
jrif&aomtcg ydrk I kd pd;k &dryf yl ifryd gonf? wkid ;f oljynfom;tm;vH;k wk@d onf rdrd w
d @kd . pGr;f tm;&So
d I wdik ;f jynf
tusKd;xrf;aqmifzdk@&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? xdka=umifh jrefrmjynfY pdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m ta&;tcif;rsm;
ay:aygufaeonfudk oHk;oyfqifjcif&ygawmhonf? wkdif;oljynfom; tcsif;csif;tm%mvkyGJuJhodk@ jzpfrnfh
EdkfifiHa&;rsKd;udk a&Smif=uOfcsifvSygaomfvnf; =uD;rm;vSpGmaom wdkif;jynfaus;Zl; / zcifaus;Zl;wkd@udk
qyf o nf h t aeES i f h trsm;jynf o l v l x k t wG u f tusKd ; jzpf a prnf h Ed k i f i H a &;pepf tjrpf w G , f a pzk d @
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atmifqef;pk=unf
1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f (15)&uf ?
tydkif; 9
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv) OuUÏ a'gufwmarmifarmifu rqvygwD. ta&;ay:

nDvmcHtm; 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 12 &ufae@wiG f usi;f yjyKvky&f ef ac:,lvu dk .f ? pm;aomufqidk Ef iS hf
tazsm, f rum ukeo f ,G af &;aumfya&;&Si;f tvkyo f rm;or*~u usi;f yrnfh rqv ta&;ay: nDvmcHwiG f
{nfhcHauGs;arG;a&;tm; vkyfaqmifay;rnfr[kwfa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyef.? tpkd;&,Eœ,m;rsm;u
&yfwef@I aeav+yD? tkycf sKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; r¾dKifw@dk um; rqv. vufxw J iG f rwnf&adS wmh// wyfr
awmfonfomvSsif --rqv. opPmtm; emcHvsuf/ OD;ae0if;. ta&SŒY ¶dkusKd;pGm 'l;wkwfI tc
pm;0ifaeqJ//
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ta&;ay:nDvmcHtm; 12 &ufae@wGif usif;y&ef ac:,lxm;aomfvnf; 12 &ufae@txdyif
apmifrh aeEkid af wmh//2 &uf=udKI pufwifbm 10 &ufae@wiG yf if rqv. ta&;ay:nDvmcHtm; usi;f y.?
vufeufudkif tapmifht=uyf xlxyfpGmESifh oHql;=udK;tumt&Hrsm;twGif; jyKvkyfaom ygwDnDvmcH
jzpfonf? odef;ESifhcsDaom vlxku jynfol@v$wfawmf taqmufttHktm; 0ef;&HI qENjy=u.?
jynfo@l qENc, H yl JG h h t
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rqv. ta&;ay: ygwDnDvmcHu h h hrwfwyf&yfI vkyf=u&aom tpnf;ta0;[k ac:&rnf?
ta&;ay:nDvmcHESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;u vGwfvyfI w&m;rSswaom ygwDpHk taxG
axGa&G;aumufyt JG m; usi;f yjyKvkyaf y;rnf[k qH;k jzwfvukd &f onf? +yD;vSsif pufwifbmv 11 &ufae@wiG f
ygwDpkH taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Siftm; zGJ@pnf;.? OuUÏu OD;baX;/aemufw&uf pufwifbmv
12 &ufae@rmS yif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu OD;wifO;D / OD;atmif=uD;wk@d EiS hf aygi;f I a'guw f marmifarmifxo H @kd
tdwfzGifhay;pmwapmif a&;ydk@cJhonf? pmum; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vufcHEdkifonfh =um;jzwftpkd;&tm;
tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef ygwDOuUÏESifh EkdifiHawmforRwtm; t=uHjyKxm;onfh pmjzpfonf?

(36)
1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 18 &uf?
we*FaEGae@//
+rdKŒawmfcef;rta&SŒESifh &efukefaq;¶kH=uD; ta&SŒwkd@wGifu tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJtm; qufvufI
wku d yf JG 0ifae=uqJ? vlxk 5 ode;f cef@u &efuek +f rdKŒ. vrf;rsm;ay: Y a=uG;a=umforH sm; [pfa=uG;I vSnv hf nf
qENjyae=uonf? a'gufwmarmifarmif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;tm; acgif;rmpGmESifh
jiif;qefvsuf&Sdonf?
rqv bufY &yfwnfaeonfh wckwnf;aom rD'D,mu jrefrmhtoH´// vkyfom;jynfol@
ae@pOfowif; pmonfyifvSsif vlxkbufrS&yfonfh vlxkowif;pm jzpfIae+yD? jynfol@&JESifh wyfrawmf
=unf ; / a&/ avrS ppf o nf r sm; vl x k E S i f h yl ; aygif ; I qEN j yonf h o wif ; tm; vk y f o m;jynf o l @
ae@pOfowif;pmu 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf jynfo@l &ifciG o f @kd cd0k ifvm=uonf´ [lI pmvH;k rnf;=uD;ESihf
azmfjyonf? jrefrmhtoHurljynfolvlxk=uD;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;=uonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm; pdwfa0'em
&Sifrsm; [lI owif;wGif a=unmoGm;cJh.? wyfrawmfom;rsm; jynfolvlxkESifh yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;u
enf;onfjzpfap/ rsm;onfjzpfapuef@vef@um=um;wGif &Sdaeonfh Adkvfae0if;twGufrl pdk;&drfzG,f&myif//
pufwifbm 18 &uf naecif; jrefrmhtoH. tpDtpOfu jrefrmpHawmfcsdef 4 em&DY pwifI
xkwfv$ifh.? oDcsif;ya'om tpDtpOfESifh ponf? oDcsif;ya'omu wydkif;wpESifh &yfoGm;.? +yD;vSsif
owif;a=u nmol trsKd;om;wOD;. toHu 0ifvm.? wnf+idrfav;eufatmif =udK;pm;xm;onfh
toHESifh//
“EdkifiH. tzufzufu ,dk,Gif;aeaom tajctaersm;udk tcsdefrDwm;qD;Ekdif&ef trsm;jynf
oltusKd;twGuf wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmf tm%mt00udk ,ae@rSpI v$Jajymif;,lvkdufygonf?
ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yEkdifa&;twGuf jyifqifonfhtaejzifh +idrf0yfydjym;r_&Sdap&ef
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf=uD;apmarmif acgif;aqmifaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmuf
a&;tzGJ@tm; zGGJ@pnf;vdkufonf”
Ad k v f a e0if ; . u=ud K ;u h h h v l x k a wmif ; qd k o nf h =um;jzwf t pk d ; &´ [l o nf t m; ppf w yf r S
tm%modrf;jcif;jzifh wk@Hjyefvdkufawmhonf? tm%modrf; ppfacgif;aqmif 19 OD;. trnfpm&if;tm;
a=unm.? n 8 em&DrS reuf 4 em&DtwGif; tjyifrxGuf&trdef@tm; xkwfjyef.? vrf;rsm;ay: Yvl 5
OD ; xuf y d k I rpk a 0;& trd e f @ tm; xyf r H I xk w f j yef a v.? tm%mod r f ; ppf t k y f p k o nf trd e f @
a=unmcsurf sm;tm; wck+yD;wck jrefrmhtoHrw S qifh xkwjf yefaeonf? a&'D,rkd w S qifh tm%modr;f ae.?
tm%modr;f wyfrsm;url +rdKŒ awmftwGi;f od@k 0ifrvmao;? +rdKŒawmf&dS vlxo k nf csucf si;f yif tm%modr;f
ppfwyfESifh &ifqdkif&ef vrf;rsm; ay:odk@ xGufvm=u.?
"m; ²² "m;csi;f / vSH ²² vScH si;f awG@&efrS vGI J tjcm;a&G;vrf;r&Sad wmh//
aumif;uifwcGiw f jyifv;kH u arSmifraJ om rd;k wdrw f @kd jzifh xlxyl ed ;f yde;f // rd;k u zGzJ JG vlxu
k &efuek +f rdKŒ
. vrf;i,f vrf;oG,f vrf;us,f=uD;rsm; tm;vHk;tm; ydwfqdk@vdkuf=u.? +rdKŒawmfodk@ ppfom;rsm;tm;
t0ifrcHvdk vSsypf pf"mwftm;vkid ;f rsm;udv k nf; jzwfawmufvu dk =f u.? opfyif=uD;rsm;tm; vSI J vrf;tm;
qd@k .?
vlxx k w H iG &f o
dS nfh vufeufu *siu f vd´ESihf ,H=k unfcsu?f

“ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvkdomvnf;
pGJudkifvufeuf/ b,fvkdxufvnf;
jynfol@ESvHk;/ rodrf;=uHK;vSsif
jynfol@cGeftm; / rukd;pm;vSsif
"m;oGm;vnf; a=uG/ vSHvnf; acGtHh?”
(vuf0JokEN&/ eENdaoeysKdŒrS)
(37)
nOD;,HrSmyif tm%modrf;wyfonf ppfum;rsm;/ b&if;u,f&D,mrsm;jzifh +rdKŒawmf. vrf;rsm;
ay:odk@ 0ifvm.? toHcsJŒpufrsm;jzifh 2§88 tm; a=unm.? ydwfqdk@xm;onfrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;&Sif;
vif;ay;&efvnf; trde@f ay;.? jrifjriforSs rJr/J jzLjzL tukeyf pfcwfawmhonf? tm%modr;f n &efuek u f
aoewfo/H ,rf;aiG/ vlaotavmif; h h h aoG;yifv,fw@kd EiS hf ukev f eG cf &hJ .?
pufwifbm 19-20-1 a'gif;tvHESifh armif;jyef´ wkdufyGJrsm;u jyif;xefqJtrdajru ,rf;aiG@/
aoG;nDêeH@wdk@ESifh zkH;v$rf;aevsufyif---
pufwifbm 21 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ukvor*~odk@ wkdufwGef;pmwapmif
a&;om;I ay;yd@k c. hJ ? pmwGiuf rmhEidk if w
H ikd ;f u Armjynfoal wG t"dym` ,fr,fh ypfowfccH &hJ w,fqw kd hJ tcsuf
udk urmu todtrSwf jyKapcsifygw,f´ [lI yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a&;om;azmfjycJh.? jrefrmhta&;u
ukvor*~ taxGaxG nDvmcH=uD;wGif us,fus,favmifavmif aqG;aEG;p&mta&; jzpfIvmcH.?
+AdwdoSs EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Dr. Sir Geoffery Howe u “ArmjynfrSm vufeufrJh qENjyolawG/
trsKd;orD; eJ@ uav;oli,fawG/ owfjzwfjcif; cHcJh&wJhtwGuf usaemfwdk@ xdwfvef@wkefv_yfrdygw,f?
jynfwGif;a&; jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;eJ@ =um&SnfpGm wnfwHhcdkif+rJr,fh
ajz&Sif;csuf[m vGwfvyfr_eJ@ ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;ae=uwJh jynfolawG&JŒqEN jznfhqnf;ay;&efom
jzpfw,fqkdwmukd jrefrmtm%mydkifwdk@taeeJ@ vHk;0 vufcH&vdrfhr,f”
(38)
tm%modrf; ppftkyfpkonf tm%modrf;+yD; aemufwae@wGifyif umuG,fa&;0ef=uD;Xme
'*Hk&dyfomY ygwDpHk taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifESifh awG@qHk.? xkdaumfr&Sifu rqv. jynfol@
v$waf wmfrS pufwifbm 11 &ufae@wiG f zG@J pnf;ay;cJah om aumfr&Sif jzpfonf? xkad umfr&Siu f ykd if tm%m
odr;f ppftyk pf u
k wm0efxyfay;.? pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wiG f ygwpD kH 'Dru kd a&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyJG
usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif Oya'tm; ppftkyfpku jyÏmef;.? pufwifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif Oya' trSwf
4§88 tm; xyfrHI xkwfjyefonf? 4§88 u EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; Oya' jzpfonf? +yD;vSsif
aumfr&Sif OuUÏrSvnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; enf;Oya'rsm; trSwf (1) jyÏmef;csuftm;
a=unm.?
tm%modrf;ppfwyfu vrf;rxuf ypfcwf/ owfjzwfr_rsm;tm; tqHk;owf/ owfjzwfjyDonfh
aemuf oydwpf cef;rsm;od@k 0ifa&mufp;D eif;jyefonf? wzufrv S nf; ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u h h h wEkid if v H ;kH tES@H
vlzrf;yG=J uD;tm; qifEaJ$ eav.?ta&;awmfy=kH uD;u aoG;ESiphf +yD; aoG;ESiyhf if ed*;kH csKyfomG ;Irjzpf a':atmif
qef;pk=unf pOf;pm;&+yD?
eHygwf 1t=urf;rzufonfh ESv;kH &nf wku d yf t
JG m; Under Ground toGiEf iS hf qufI v_y&f mS ;

payhpf (odk@r[kwf) cGif [laom pum;vHk;
onf ,ck t cg wG i f u s,f v mygonf ? 2010
a&G ; aumuf y J G umvES i h f a&G ; aumuf y J G t +yD ; wG i f
2008 zJ G @ pnf ; yH k t & Ed k i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;ud k
vGwfvyfpGm vkyfcGihf &Sdvmvdrhfrnf (odk@r[kwf)
Ed k i f i H a &;cG i f us,f v mvd r h f r nf / xd k t cgusrS
ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pD &&Sdatmif qufvuf¶kef;
uef=urnf [laom t,ltqonf trsKd;om;
'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyf jyifywGif acwfpm;aeonfrSm
rnfodk@rS rqef;yg?
1995 ck E S p f w G i f a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf aetd r f t us,f c sKyf r S jyef v G w f r vmrD u yif
trsK;d om;nDvmcH wufae=uonhf tzJ@G csKyf ud, k pf m;vS,t f csKŒd wGif Tt,ltq a&muf&adS ecJ+h yDjzpfonf?
G -7 [k ac:cJo h nhf tkypf . k tajccHt,ltqrSm Tod@k jzpfonf? xdrk w S qihf wjznf;jznf;ESifh tzG@J csKyfu
xkwfypf&+yD;/ tzJG@csKyfudk qef@usifolrsm; jzpfoGm;cJh=uonf?
xkdodk@jzifh tzJG@csKyfonf ajymae=uonhf
Ed k i f i H a &;cG i f (political space) qd k o nf u d k
rnfvm;// r[mAsL[mt&a&m/ enf ; AsL[mtjzpf y g
ESpfygwf 2e,fpyfodk@ xGufcGmI vufeuf y,f c J h o nf r S m 15 ES p f c ef @ &S d a ecJ h y g+yD ? tzJ G @ csKyf
ud k i f awmf v S e f a &;tm; qif E $ J r nf v m;//eH y gwf wnfaxmifcsed u f wnf;u csrw S cf o
hJ nhf rl0g'rsm;ESifh
3EkdifiHa&;ygwDwck w&m;0ifzGJ@pnf;+yD; 'Drdkua&pD rudu k n f aD oma=umihf vufrcHEidk jf cif;[k ta=umif;
c&D ; tm; yef ; wd k i f o d k @ a&muf o nf t xd csD w uf jycJhaomfvnf;oabmw&m;(ideology) oufouf
rnfvm;//a&G;vrf;u 3 oG,f&Sd.? a=umifh om r[kwfyg/ vufawG@ jzpf&yfrsm; udkyg
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu olr. a&G;vrf; xnhfI pOf;pm;=unhfEdkifygonf?
tm; a&G;cs,x f m;+yD; jzpf.? 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmf
3 &uf a e@/ trS w f 54 wuU o d k v f & d y f o mvrf ; acgif; aqmifr_qdkaom pum;wvHk;rS rygyg? jrefrmh
aetdrYf ociftek ;f jrif/h OD;axG;jrif/h &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD (r-q-v) . zJG@pnf;yHk
Akv
d f p=uFmwk@d EiS hf a':atmifqef;pk=unf awG@qckH phJ Of pnf;rsOf;rSmvnf; ppfr_xrf;zl;rS CEC jzpf&rnf[k
uwnf;u olr. Ekid if aH &;vrf;pOftm; csjyxm;cJ+h yD; rygyg? odk@aomf rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_ aqmif
jzpfonf//usrwd@k h h h 'Dvyk if ef;awG pvkyw f meJ@ vH;k 0 tzJ G @ 0if tm;vH k ; onf ppf A k d v f a [mif ; / ppf A d k v f
t=urf;rzufa&;yJ? t=urf;rzuf0g'/ *EN0D g'ayg?h 'gukd vuf&SdawGcsnf; jzpfonhftjyif jynfol@v$wfawmf
usrwkd@&JŒ (rl) taeeJ@ xm;vdkufr,f? aemuf+yD; aumif p D tqih f q ih f w G i f ppf A k d v f E S i h f ppf A d k v f v l
Oya' abmif twGi;f uyJ vkyrf ,f? ajratmufw@dk / xG u f r sm;u trsm;pk jzpf c J h o nf ? aumif p D
awmcdkwmwkd@/ vufeufudkif wdkufwmwdk@ vHk;0 tqihfqihfwGif ygaeonhf t&yfom;tm;vHk;onf
rvkyfbl;? 'g usrwkd@&JŒ EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfyJ-- rnf o d k @ oabmxm;/ cH , l c suf r sm; &S d o nf j zpf a p
aemuf q H k ; wG i f ppf w yf c k d i f ; orS s vk y f & onh f
qufygOD;rnf// rif ; [ef tajctaeudk a&mufcJh&ygonf?

xko d @kd jzpfc+hJ yD;rS v$waf wmft&yf&yfwiG f 25 &mckid Ef e_ ;f ,ck payhpf (space) ta=umif; ajymaeolrsm;
&,l r nf / ppf a &;tjrif & S d r S orR w vk y f & rnf / xJ w G i f xk d a cwf u ¶k e f ; uef v _ y f & S m ;cJ h = uol r sm;
ta&;=uD ; onh f 0ef = uD ; tm;vH k ; ud k wyf c sKyf u trsm;=uD; ygygonf? xkd@a=umihf cGif (space)
cef@tyfrnf ponfjzihf ajAmifa&;xm;onhf 2008 ta=umif ; ajymol w k d i f ; ud k opP m azmuf o G m ;
ck E S p f zJ G @ pnf ; yH k Oya'atmuf w G i f a&G ; aumuf c H olrsm;[k ajymIrjzpfyg? rrSwaf o;bl;vm;[kvnf;
xm;onhf trwfrsm;onf v$wfawmftqihfqihfY rar;vd k y g? od k @ aomf wck a wmh ajymcsif o nf ?
vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGihf &&Sdrnf[k arSsmfvihfolrsm; olwkd@wawG rqvatmufwGif ¶kef;uefv_yf&Sm;&if;
onf taumif;jrifvGefae+yD[kom ,Ofaus;pGm ao=ua=u=uwkef;u EdkifiHjcm;u od&Sd&ef a0;vkd@
ac:&ygrnf? jrefrmjynfolrsm;uyif aumif;pGm rodcJh=ujcif;rSm
tcsKŒd u qk=d uygonf? 2008 ckEpS f tajccH rqv tpdk;&onf w&m;0if &yfwnfr_ (legiti-
Oya'wG i f jyÏmef ; xm;onh f Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;. macy) ud k wpH k w &m twk d i f ; twmxd &cJ h I
&ydkifcGihfrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;Edkif&ef v$wfawmf jzpf o nf ? twG i f ; uae yl ; owf r nf [ l a om
rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm; &Sdxm;&ef vl r sm;a=umih f ppf w yf u xk d & yf w nf r _ u d k
vdktyfonf/ xkd@a=umifh a&G;aumufyJG 0if&rnf[k &&Sdonf[kqdkvSsif jiif;vdrhfrnfrxifyg? tckwcg
vnf;aumif; tpd;k &tjyifu payhpu f kd umuG,&f ef yl ; owf & ef =uH v S s if Tork d i f ; oif c ef ; pmud k
twGi;f ud0k if+yD; tay;t,lvyk f yl;aygi;f aqmif&f u G &f owd&yg[k awmif;yefyg&ap?
rnf [ k v nf ; aumif ; ponf j zih f ? Tqif a jcrsm; payhpf (space) qkdonfrSm v$wfawmf
onf v nf ; acwf o pf ork d i f ; t& =unh f v S s if txJrSmrS &Sdwmr[kwfyg? tjyifrSmvnf; &Sdygonf?
vufcHp&mr&Sdyg? tjyifu payhpf (space) udk rnfo@kd us,af tmif
1962 ck E S p f tm%mod r f ; +yD ; uwnf ; u vk y f r vJ / rnf o d k @ oH k ; rvJ q k d w muvnf ; ta&;
ppfwyfonf apwemrSef tajccH+yD; rnfoEl iS fh rnfrsS yd=k uD;onf[k xifygonf? NGO rsm;/ Civil So-
tay;t,l tavS s mh t wif ; vk y f c J h y goenf ; ? ciety rsm;ta=umif ; ajymjcif ; r[k w f y g?
olwkd@ESihf yl;aygif;cJhonhf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif t&if w k e f ; uvnf ; pmtk y f t a[mif ; a&mif ; &if ; /
wcsKd Œ rS p I yrnwrsm;/ zqyvrsm;tv,f a&SŒaevku d &f if;/ usL&Siaf y;&if; vkycf =hJ uwmyJ/ 'Dvydk J
wd k i f ; &if ; om;acgif ; aqmif tqH k ; / rnf o l u vk y f = uwmaygh [l I vnf ; ajymIr&awmh y g?
jynf o l v l x k . payh p f u d k us,f a tmif vk y f E k d i f c J h Ed k i f i H w G i f ; u ¶k y f y d k i f ; qk d i f & m tajctaewk d @ onf
ygoenf ; ? 0ef x rf ; b0rS m 0if + yD ; wjznf ; jznf ; odompGm ajymif;vJoGm;+yD/ jynfolwkd@. pdwfydkif;
usOf ; vmaom payh p f (space) ud k =uH Œ =uH Œ cH qkdif&myg wpHkw&m twkdif;twmtxd a&$G@vm
wGef;vSefcJhaom OD;cifarmifvwf/ a':cifrsKd;cspf/ cJ+h yD;+yD/ jynfyu tajctaersm;onfvnf; ,cifu
OD;0if;wifw@dk rnfo@kd jzpfomG ;=uoenf;? 1962 ckEpS f ESihf vHk;0 rwlawmhyg?
tm%modrf;csdefu Ta'owGif vGwfvyfr_t&SdqHk; xkdtcsufrsm;udk xnhfpOf;pm;+yD;rS payhpf
EdkifiHwckb0rS ,cktajctaeodk@ a&mufvmjcif; (Space) ta=umif; ajym=uyg?
onf jynfolvlxku ikwfwkwf/ iHk@cHaeI jzpf&jcif;
r[kwyf g? rqv acwfwavSsmufv;kH ,H=k unf&mudk &efjidr;f atmif(vli,f)
vkyfcJhI axmifuscH/ towfcH/ taocHolrsm;.
owWdonf ,ckv_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;xuf rnHhyg?

rdef;rom;ayr,fh
Ekdi fiHa&;rSm tm;ri,f
eef ; cif a xG ; jrih f
Friday 05 February 2010
usrwk@d &ŒJ trsK;d om; 'Dru
dk a&pD tzJ@G csKyf +id r f a e&w,f ? wjcm; a'oawG r S m qk d & if v nf ;
(NLD) rS m trsKd ; orD ; awG tif e J @ tm;eJ @ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umihf Oyrm pm;0wfaea&;
yl;aygif;chJ=uwm a':atmifqef;pk=unf a=umihfyJ? a=umihf 'Dru dk a&pDa&; v_y&f mS ;r_e@J uif;uGmaeolawG
trsKd ; orD ; tzJ G @ 0if a wG u k d ol u vrf ; zG i h f a y;/ &dSw,f?
jyKpkysK;d axmifay;wht J wGuf tjrifus,v f m=uw,f? usruk d vm+yD ; pnf ; &k H ; wm&d S y gw,f ?
ol@&JŒacgif;aqmifr_aemufukd ,kH=unf r_tjynhfeJ@ Ek d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ u ae uif ; uif ; aezk d @ / pD ; yG m ;
vkduf=uw,f? a&;ukdyJvkyfzkd@ pnf;&kH;w,f? usru pm;0wfaea&;
usrwkd@u trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif awGukd tcuftcJ r&dSawmh zdtm;awGukd wif;cHEkdifw,f?
vnf; av;pm;=uygw,f? 'gayr,hf a':atmifqef; 'gayr,h f vl w k d i f ; u uk d , f e J @ tajctaerwl b l ; ?
pk=unfukdawmh av;pm;r_tjyif tm;us=uwmukd om;orD ; awG rsm;r,f / pm;0wf aea&;
awG @ &w,f ? usr yg0if v_ y f & S m ;aewh J ( NLD) u cuf c J r ,f q k d & if ol w k d @ u wuf º uG a yr,h f v nf ;
w&m;0if Ek d i f i H a &; tzJ G @ yJ ? 'gayr,h f &k H ; awG pd w f a vS s mh v k d u f & wmawG &d S w ,f ? b,f ol u rS
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v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm yg0if ae&ovkdyJ ykef;vSsKd; uG,fvSsKd; uif;uGmoGm;=uw,f? eifwkd@u rvkyfEkdifbl;vm;
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oGm;+yD; tvkyfvkyfwhJolawG trsm;}uD; &dSw,f? wif ; cH E k d i f w h J o l a wG y J quf + yD ; v_ y f & S m ;aewm
uk d , f h r d o m;pk x J u wa,muf a,muf u xk d i f ; awG@&w,f?
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