Rengasdengklok

Rengasdengklok event is the event starts from the "kidnapping" by the number of youth (al
Soekarni, Wikana and Chaerul Saleh of association "Menteng 31" against Sukarno and Hatta.
Incident occurred on August 16, 1945 at 04.00. WIB, Sukarno and Hatta were taken to
Rengasdengklok, Falkirk, to be urged to expedite the proclamation of independence of the
Republic of Indonesia, through the agreement between the old groups represented by Sukarno
and Hatta and Mr.. Achmad Subardjo with a young group of when the proclamation will be
implemented.

Faced with such pressure, Soekarno and Hatta remain volatile. Meanwhile in Jakarta, Chairul
and his colleagues have devised a plan to seize power. But what has been planned is not
successfully executed because not all members of the MAP supports the plan.
Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia plans to read Bung Karno and Bung
Hatta on Friday, August 17, 1945 at Ikada field (which has now become the field Monas) or at
home Bung Karno Stadium in East Jl.Pegangsaan 56. Selected homes because Bung Karno
pitch Ikada had spread that there was an event to be held, so that the Japanese soldiers are on
guard, to avoid the chaos, the audience-goers during the reading of the text of the proclamation,
chosen Sukarno house in East Pegangsaan road No. .56. Text Proclamation prepared in
Jakarta, not in Rengasdengklok, not in the house of a Chinese, Djiaw Siong Kie who were
expelled from their homes by members of PETA to be occupied by a "group of Jakarta". The
manuscript text of the proclamation in the flats in the house Rear Admiral Maeda in Jakarta, not
in Rengasdengklok. The flag was flown fighters in Rengasdengklok on Wednesday 16 August,
in preparation for the proclamation of Indonesia's independence.

Because there was no news from Jakarta, Jusuf Kunto then sent to negotiate with youth in
Jakarta. But when he got in Jakarta, Kunto just met Wikana and Mr. Achmad Soebardjo, then
Kunto and Achmad Soebardjo to Rangasdengklok to pick Sukarno, Hatta, Fatmawati and
Guntur. Soebardjo Achmad Sukarno and Hatta invites left for Jakarta to read a proclamation
Pegangsaan Road 56 East. On 16 midnight troupe arrived in Jakarta.
The next day, the exact date is August 17, 1945 statement echoed the proclamation of
Indonesian independence proclamation by Sayuti Melik typed using a typewriter that "borrowed"
(exactly actually taken) from the office of the Chief Representative of the German Navy, Major
(Sea) Dr. Hermann Kandeler.
At the time of Sukarno and Moh. Hatta, leaders want the proclamation made through PPKI,
while youth groups want the proclamation made quickly without going through the agency PPKI
regarded as made in Japan. In addition, it is done so that Sukarno and Moh. Hatta is not
affected by the Japanese. The youth groups worried that real freedom is the result of the
struggle of the Indonesian people, be as if a gift from Japan.
Previous group of youths had entered into a negotiation at one institution Pegangsaan
bacteriology in East Jakarta, on August 15. In this meeting it was decided that the
implementation of freedom removed all ties and relationships with the promise of independence
from Japan. The results of the decision presented to Ir. Sukarno Sukarno evening but declined
because he felt responsible as chairman PPKI.

Battle Of Surabaya
On 10 November, Indonesia celebrates Hari Pahlawan or Heroes Day in remembrance of the
Battle of Surabaya which started on that very date in the year 1945. The bloody battle took
place as Indonesians refused to surrender their weaponry to British army which was part of the
Allied forces then. The defiant Bung Tomo is the well-known revolutionary leader who played a
pivotal role in this battle.

It all started due to a misunderstanding between British troops in Jakarta and those in
Surabaya, under the command of Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby. While Brigadier Mallaby already
had an agreement with Governor of East Java Mr. Surya that British would not ask Indonesian
troops and militia to surrender their weapons, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets all
over Surabaya requesting Indonesians to do otherwise on 27 October 1945. This action
angered the Indonesian troops and militia leaders because they felt betrayed.
On 30 October 1945, Brigadier Mallaby was killed as he was approaching the British troops’
post near Jembatan Merah or Red Bridge, Surabaya. There were many reports surrounding the
death but it was widely believed that the Brigadier was murdered by Indonesian militia. Looking
at this situation, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison brought in reinforcements in
preparation of sieging the city.
In the early morning of 10 November 1945, British troops began to advance into Surabaya with
cover from both naval and air bombardment. Despite the heroic resistance from the
Indonesians, half of the city was conquered within 3 days while the whole battle lasted for 3
weeks. In total, between 6,300 and 15,000 Indonesians died while casualties on the British side
are only numbered at about 600.

Battle of Surabaya caused Indonesia to lose weaponry which hampered the country’s
independence struggle. However, the same battle provoked Indonesian and international mass
to rally for the country’s independence which made this battle especially important for
Indonesian national revolution.

Sumpah Pemuda
The idea of organizing the Second Youth Congress Student Association Students from
Indonesia (PPPI), a student-member youth organizations from all over Indonesia. On the
initiative of GN, the congress was organized in three different buildings and is divided in three
meetings. Resulting in the Youth Pledge.

First meeting, Katholieke Jongenlingen Building Bond

The first meeting, Saturday, October 27, 1928, at the Katholieke Jongenlingen Building Bond
(GOC), Bull Field. In his speech, Soegondo hope the conference will strengthen the spirit of
unity in the hearts of the youth. The event continued with a description of the meaning and
Jamin Moehammad union relationships with youth. According to him, there are five factors that
can strengthen the unity of Indonesia that is history, languages, customary law, education, and
willingness.

Second Meeting, Building Oost-Java Bioscoop

The second meeting, Sunday, October 28, 1928, in Building Oost-Java Bioscoop, discuss
education issues. The second speaker, and Sarmidi Poernomowoelan Mangoensarkoro, agrees
that children should be educated nationality, must also be a balance between education at
school and at home. Children also should be educated in a democratic manner.
Third Meeting, Building Indonesisch Huis Kramat
At the next session, Soenario explains the importance of nationalism and democracy in addition
to scouting movement. While Ramelan argues, scouting movement can not be separated from
the national movement. Scouting movement since the early to educate children and self-
discipline, the things that are needed in the struggle.

Before the congress closes played the song "Indonesia" by Wage Rudolf Supratman. The song
was greeted with a very festive by congress participants. Congress closed with a statement
announcing the results of the congress. 

Battle Of Ambarawa
On October 20, 1945, Allied forces under the command of Brigadier Bethell landed in Semarang
with the intention of taking care of prisoners of war and Japanese soldiers who are in Central
Java. The Central Java Governor Mr. Wongsonegoro who was not suspicious about their side-
purpose of their arrival openly welcomed them. However, when the Allied forces and NICA have
reached the Ambarawa and Magelang to free the captives Dutch troops, instead of arming
them, giving rise to anger the Indonesian side. Armed incidents arising in the town of Magelang,
until the fighting. But they saved from destruction thanks to the intervention of President
Sukarno, who managed to calm the atmosphere. Allied troops then secretly left the city of
Manila to the fortress Ambarawa. As a result of these events, the Middle Kedu Regiment under
the command of Lieutenant Colonel M. Sarbini immediately called the pursuit of them.
Backward movement of Allied troops stranded in the village of Jambu as confronted by the
forces under the leadership of the Young Oni Sastrodihardjo reinforced by the joint forces of
Ambarawa, Tell and Surakarta.

Indonesia troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman seeking the release of the
two villages, Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman fall. Colonel Soedirman, the Commander of 5th
Division of Banyumas, having lost one of his best officers, decided to take over the battle
leadership himself. On 23 November before the day break, with the support from recruited
troops coming from Jogjakarta, Solo, Salatiga, Purwokerto, Magelang and Semarang,
Soedirman launched simultaneous swift attacks at all sectors. The Allies, however, were able to
defend their stronghold within the city, thanks to the back up of the rearmed Japanese
detainees fortified by their previous battle tanks. On 12 December, Soedirman coordinated his
subordinates to drive the Allies out of Ambarawa at all costs. By then, he used the technique
called the Shrimp Pincer, derived from Bharata Yudha epic.

During the 4-day continuous battle, the Allied troops were totally cut-off from their headquarters
in Semarang. Indonesian soldiers supported by the recruited civilians fought fiercely against the
Allied troops: British troops, NICA and the rearmed Japanese detainees combined. The British
Royal Air Force intensively bombarded Ungaran  to open the road to Semarang which then held
by the Indonesian troops and strafe Ambarawa from the air repeatedly. The Allies also launch
air raids upon Solo and Jogjakarta aiming  to destroy the local radio stations from where the
fighting spirit was sustained.By 15 December the battle initiated by the Allied troops ended at
last in a debacle. Ambarawa became sea of fires as the retreated Allied troops burnt local
houses before they withdrew to Semarang. The balance of the battle: 2,000 Indonesian troops
and 100 Allied troops died together with 75 Allied prisoners of war and internees. 

General Offensive 1 March 1949

In early 1949, Hamengkubuwono IX conceived the idea of a major offensive to be launched
against Yogyakarta and the Dutch troops occupying it. The purpose of this offensive was to
show to the world that Indonesia still existed and that it was not ready to surrender. The idea
was suggested to General Sudirman, the Commander of the Indonesian Army and received his
approval. In February 1949, Hamengkubuwono IX had a meeting with then Lieutenant
Colonel Suharto, the man chosen by Sudirman to be the field commander for the offensive.

After this discussion, preparations were made for the offensive. This involved intensified guerilla
attacks in villages and towns around Yogyakarta so as to make the Dutch station more troops
outside of Yogyakarta and thin the numbers in the city itself. On 1 March 1949 at 6 AM, Suharto
and his troops launched the 1 March General Offensive.
The offensive caught the Dutch by surprise. For his part, Hamengkubuwono IX allowed his
palace to be used as a hide out for the troops. For six hours, Indonesian troops maintained
control of Yogyakarta before finally retreating. The offensive was a moral and diplomatic
success, inspiring troops all around Indonesia, as well as proving to the United Nations that the
Indonesian army still existed and were capable of fighting. On the other hand, the offensive had
demoralised the Dutch forces, who did not expect Indonesian forces to have the capability to
assault and control the city, even for a few hours.

Battle Of Medan Area

As a result of that action was to provoke a variety of incidents. The first incident happened on 13
October 1945 at Bali, Medan, that began in the a monolingual Dutch speaker of the hotel that
robs and trample on a Red and White. As a result of the hotel was attacked and damaged by
the youths. In the incident, 96 people were injured, mostly people NICA, was spread to other
cities such as Pematang Siantar and Brastagi. Meanwhile, on October 10, 1945 formed TKR of
Sumatra the East led by Ahmad Tahir. Selanjutnya, a lawyer against the former Heiho in the
Sumatra. Pemanggilan it received a warm welcome from them, so that in addition to TKR, there
are organizations struggle, the Youth of the Republic of Indonesia's Sumatra East who later
became Pesindo. After the release of the Maklumat the Government of the establishment of the
political parties in November 1945, in Sumatra, the formed army of the party. PNI have army of
the National Parliament of Indonesia (Napindo), Masyumi have army Ilizbuilah, and Parkindo a
Youth Parkindo. As in other cities in Indonesia, the Allies (English) the start of the action to
weaken the position of the Republic of Indonesia by giving an ultimatum to the Indonesian
nation hand over their weapons to the Allies. It was also conducted by Brigadier Ted Kelly to the
youth field pata on 18 October.

 On December 1, 1945, the allies to put the " Fixed Boundaries The area in a suburb of Medan.
Since that time, the term The area became famous. Britain with NICA the cleanup on the
elements of the republic in the city of Medan, so that young people to reply to these actions so
that the city of Medan is not safe. Every effort of the rewarded with the siege and even often a
lot of gunfire. On the December 10, 1945, British troops and NICA of trying to destroy the
concentration of forces TKR in Trepes.
Furthermore, the British had been kidnapped by young and some of the truck managed to be
destroyed. With the event, Brig. Gen. Ted Kelly again threatened the youth to hand in their
weapons. If you don't give up, they will be shot. In April 1946, British troops have started to urge
the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to get out of the city of Medan., the TKR, and the
mayor moved to Pematang Siantar. Thus, the British managed to occupy the city of
Medan.Without the existence of a chain of command, impossible can be done on the effective
against the British forces. On August 10, 1946 the meeting be held at Tebingtinggi between
forces commander who fought in the Field Area. Pertemuan the memberntuk one command
bemama of the Warriors of the People's Field Area. of that consists of four sectors, each sector
are subdivided into four sub-sectors. Each sector has the power of one battalion. The komandi
in performing All right, Trepes. Under the command of the struggle The area to be better.