Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
When meeting someone who suffers from persistent pain, one key
question that often arises is: “How do you cope with the pain?” Attempts to
research and clinical practice for the past two decades. Much of the
sophisticated models of pain (e.g., the gate control theory, the neuromatrix
experience that not only has a sensory component, but also cognitive,
1
However, dysmenorrhoea seems to be the most common gynaecological
activity for 1-2 days and absenteeism from work and school as a result of
intolerable pain (13% to 51% women have been absent at least once and
Yet despite this substantial effect on their quality of life and general well
relieved from the discomfort. Some try natural remedies for cramps, heat
exercise, bed rest, self massage, aromatherapy and pills. If the pain
may get temporary relieved from the cramp brought about by this practices
but the problem is still there every month. And sometimes pain may
much pain as she can. Some are even tolerable that it may persist for
years without seeking medical help or relief. Some have even considered
2
The study described how the adolescents cope up with
since most of the researchers belong to the same age bracket and have
secondary (congestive).
typically occurs in the first few years after menarche3 and affects up to 50%
of postpubescent females.
3
The following risk factors have been associated with more severe
dysmenorrhea in some (not all) studies. Physical activity and the duration
menstrual pain.
Theoretical Framework
as wear and tear on the body. He developed his framework to explain the
4
mental illness or both. In this study, the researchers considered the
stressors) and the individual’s goal is to adapt to that stress. Human needs
Roy identifies four key concepts which are the person, recipient of
surround and affect the development and behavior of person and group;
5
subsystems. Outcomes are influenced by factors that are inside or outside
the system.
life and encouraged the patient cope with the change in environment. This
1.1. Age;
6
1.2. Age of menarche;
profile.
The result of this study would give several benefits to the following
people:
7
Adolescent Experience Dysmenorrhea. This enables them to be
also this helps nurses or the allied health professional; understand how
this group of people cope up to assist them properly to achieve their goal.
The knowledge that they could get from this research encouraged the
activities and the awareness of the family, society and the increase
field of medicine and technology in order for them to assess the how
8
Scope and Delimitations
The scope of the study was a data survey gathering among high
questions.
Age
painful episode.
9
The paradigm of this study shows how the profiles of
It indicates that the dependent variable which is the profile and the
Definition of Terms
In the course of doing the study, the following terms was used in the
study:
Pillitteri, 2007).
2007).
pain during menstruation white most women experience minor pain during
(Webster, 2008).
10
Stress a disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences
11
Chapter II
Local Literature
relevant to the research. The review dealt with foreign and local literatures
that were considered significant in the current study regarding the coping
goal of the study is to estimate the current status of young women with
12
or irregular menstruation. Dysmenorrhea scores in the students with
symptoms. Although this study did not show any significant relation
not only in the present but also in the future, these results should be noted
Foreign Literature
United States
13
Dysmenorrhea may affect more than half of menstruating women, and its
but prevalence rates as high as 90% in women aged 18-45 years have
prevalence.
The incidence falls with increasing age and with increasing parity. The
significantly lower in many but not all studies. No significant difference with
14
dysmenorrhea, they were absent from school more frequently (23.6%)
15
Chapter III
treatment of data. This provides the plan and structure of the research.
Research Design
(such as how they cope during the pain) and when it is desirable to sample
a large number of subjects. Surveys are used extensively in the social and
asked to respond.
16
The respondent of this study involve adolescent girls at Dr.
Yanga’s Colleges Inc. they secured a letter of consent from their research
coordinator to ask permission from the owner of the said school before
Sampling
chosen in said area. One hundred (100) students chosen for the accuracy
of the study.
Research Locale
Bocaue, Bulacan.
Sources of Data
came from the personal information sheet and the respondents (High
17
questions about menstruation and pain .Secondary sources of data for this
adviser and by the dean of college of nursing of Dr. Yanga’s colleges, Inc.
these were addressed to these were addressed the principal of the high
screening, time way given for respondents to accomplish the forms with
formulated factors raised in the statement of the problem. The Likert scale
18
with the dysmenorrheal ranging from a maximum of 5 presenting ALWAYS
it does not have a tried and tested formula. A test-retest method was
determine the validity and reliability of the survey at separate locale similar
that the respondent consistently comprehend and that the survey will
19
describe how part relates to its whole. To describe the profile of
the respondents
% = f x 100
ΣfX
WM = -------
20
deviation (calculated using n − 1 in the denominator), are the standard score,
Chapter IV
21
This chapter present the analysis and interpretation of results
that were obtained through the use of questionnaire that was given to
and recommendation.
Table 1
are 13-15 years old and 52 or 52.00% of them are 16-18 years.
young adults and probably this was the average stage where female is
Table 2
Age of Menarche
22
Age Frequency Percentage, %
years old and 30 or 30.00% were 13-14 years old. The result shows that
most of the girls having their first menstruation at age of 11-14 years old
which is normal.
Table 3
23
First 20 20.00%
Second 22 22.00%
Third 28 28.00%
Fourth 30 30.00%
Others 0 0
Total 100 100.00
The table shows that the ordinal position in the family, the first
were third and lastly the majority which is fourth position were 30 or
30.00%.
Table 4
Type of Family
observed that there are 34 or 34.00% were from extended family it means
Table 5
24
Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent Experiencing
Dysmenorrhea
25
D. Coping Mechanism 2.92 Sometimes 2
1. I take Herbal products or medicines,
2.38 Seldom
and dietary supplements
2. I do regular exercise to reduce pain 2.34 Seldom
3. I change my diet to reduce pain 1.92 Seldom
4. I go for a walk to relieve pain
2.48 Seldom
eat less and a feeling to vomit also experience by them during their
on the social response with the total weighted mean of 3.26 with an
26
interpretation of sometimes, it means sometimes they also bothered by this
with their friends and lack of interaction people around them. Base on the
result regarding their coping mechanism during the painful days of having
regular exercise also doing by them to alleviate pain during the painful
seldom, listening to music and watching television are doing to forget the
pain they are experiencing with the computed weighted mean of 4.3 which
if very often use, keeping themselves busy is also try to alleviate pain with
the computed weighted mean of 3.66 with is often and lastly sometimes
they are taking pain reliever with computed weighted mean of 3.38. It was
27
Table 6
Mechanisms X1 X2 Differenc ed r-
e value
High Positive
Effective 0.75 0.29 0.46 0.78 Accepted
Correlation
Moderate
Ineffective 2.62 2.34 0.28 0.52 Positive Accepted
Correlation
Range of Value
0.90 – 1.00 (-0.9 to -1.00) Very High Positive (negative) Correlation
0.70- .090 (-0.70 to -0.90) High Positive (negative) Correlation
0.50- 0.70 (-0.50 to -0.70) Moderate Positive (negative) Correlation
0.30-0.50 (0.30-0.50) Low Positive (negative) Correlation
0.00-0.30 (0.00to -0.30) Little if any Correlation
As shown in Table 6, for the difference in the affectivity of the
28
Moderate Positive Correlation since the sign of r is positive a direct
Chapter V
Bulacan.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
29
After careful study was made in the gathered data, the
following are results that were obtained based on the statement of the
problem:
1. Age- among 100 respondents were 48 or 48.00% are 13-15 years old
young adults and probably this was the average stage where female is
years old and 30 or 30.00% were 13-14 years old. The result shows that
most of the girls having their first menstruation at age of 11-14 years old
which is normal.
3. Ordinal Position in the Family- the result shows that the ordinal
position in the family, the first position were 20 or 20.00%, second were 22
or 22.00%, 28 or 28.00% were third and lastly the majority which is fourth
nuclear family which yield 66 or 66.00%, but it is also observed that there
30
5. Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent
headache eat less and a feeling to vomit also experience by them during
their menstruation. Base on their mental response the weighted mean yield
on the social response with the total weighted mean of 3.26 with an
with their friends and lack of interaction people around them. Base on the
result regarding their coping mechanism during the painful days of having
regular exercise also doing by them to alleviate pain during the painful
31
mean 1.92 as interpreted of seldom, walking to relieve pain also being
seldom, listening to music and watching television are doing to forget the
pain they are experiencing with the computed weighted mean of 4.3 which
if very often use, keeping themselves busy is also try to alleviate pain with
the computed weighted mean of 3.66 with is often and lastly sometimes
they are taking pain reliever with computed weighted mean of 3.38. It was
CONCLUSIONS
1. In terms of Age- respondents are mostly ranges from 16-18 years old
the result shows that this is the time that girls undergoing physical changes
and they are not just ignore what they feel when pain come out during their
menstruation, because they are on the right age they find thing to alleviate
this pain.
32
2. In terms of Age of Menarche- the ages from 11-14 years of age are
the right time for girls to have their first menstruation. It was an observation
base on the result that majority of the respondents 11-12 years old which
minimize the pain they are suffering for. So instead of thinking for
factor.
among the 100 respondents are from an extended family. It means their
during their menstruation days there are effective and sometimes they use
the ineffective one so they are still searching for the effective for them to
RECOMMENDATIONS
33
1. That a more resolute orientation to educate the cancer patient on
2. That the issue of gender that men are mostly prone to have cancer
but our results indicated that it was alarming that women were
3. Those similar studies on the same topic are pursued among other
public and private hospitals both in the urban and rural areas
that has been documented in this study. This will enable medical
4. For newly researches we want you to further study what are the
regimen.
RECOMMENDATIONS
of this.
34
2. Community leaders must educate women community education
problem.
3. Those similar studies on the same topic are pursued among other
public and private clinics both in the urban and rural areas around
the country are made to further collaborate the findings that has
4. For newly researches we want you to further study what are the
this problem.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Pilliteri (2007)
N.Keltner (2007)
Weissman (2005)
Schwecke (2007)
35
Electronic Sources
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_adolescent/dysmn.cf
http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Survey Questionnaire
Dear Respondent.
36
the survey we are conducting. Your participation and cooperation will be
Part I
Age : ( ) 13-15 years old
( ) 11-12 years
( ) 13-15years
( ) 2nd child
( ) 3rd child
( ) 4th child
Part II
Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best
37
5 = Always
4 = Often
3 = Sometimes
2 = Seldom
1 = Never
Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5
I experience abdominal pain
I easily get tired
I experience a headache
I eat less
I feel like vomitting
Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5
I have difficulty in sleeping
I have difficulty in making
decision
I fee like there is something
wrong with me
I feel like people are talking
about me
I feel like people pity me
Social Response 1 2 3 4 5
38
I do not like going out with
friends
I don’t like to talk to anyone
I easily get into a fight
I get embarrassed in front of
people
I like being alone in my room
Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5
I take Herbal products or
medicines, and dietary
supplements
I do regular exercise to reduce pain
I change my diet to reduce pain
I go for a walk to relieve pain
I listen to relaxing music/watch TV
to forget pain
I keep myself busy to forget pain
I drink pain reliever to ease pain
Dear Respondent.
39
We are nursing students from Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. Wakas,
Part I
Age : ( ) 13-15 years old
( ) 11-12 years
( ) 13-15years
( ) 2nd child
( ) 3rd child
( ) 4th child
40
Part II
Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best
5 = Always
4 = Often
3 = Sometimes
2 = Seldom
1 = Never
Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5
I experience abdominal pain
I easily get tired
I experience a headache
I eat less
I feel like vomitting
Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5
I have difficulty in sleeping
I have difficulty in making
decision
I fee like there is something
wrong with me
I feel like people are talking
about me
41
I feel like people pity me
Social Response 1 2 3 4 5
I do not like going out with
friends
I don’t like to talk to anyone
I easily get into a fight
I get embarrassed in front of
people
I like being alone in my room
Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5
I take Herbal products or
medicines, and dietary
supplements
I do regular exercise to reduce
pain
I change my diet to reduce pain
I go for a walk to relieve pain
I listen to relaxing music/watch
TV to forget pain
42
I keep myself busy to forget
pain
I drink pain reliever to ease pain
Appendix B
Tally Sheet
Dear Respondent.
Part I
Age: (48) 13-15 years old
43
Age of Menarche: (26) 9-10 years old
(30) 13-15years
Part II
Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best
5 = Always
4 = Often
3 = Sometimes
2 = Seldom
44
1 = Never
Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5
I experience abdominal pain 40 16 30 6 8
I experience a headache 8 10 36 16 30
I eat less 24 20 28 10 8
I feel like vomiting 26 30 20 14 10
Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5
I have difficulty in sleeping 28 20 22 20 10
I have difficulty in making 14 16 30 20 20
decision
I fee like there is something 14 16 48 8 14
wrong with me
I feel like people are talking
20 32 30 10 8
about me
I feel like people pity me 30 10 32 10 8
Social Response 1 2 3 4 5
I do not like going out with
28 10 16 26 20
friends
45
I get embarrassed in front of
32 14 16 30 8
people
I like being alone in my room 20 12 30 16 22
Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5
I take Herbal products or
medicines, and dietary 38 20 14 22 6
supplements
I do regular exercise to reduce 34 18 38 0 10
pain
I change my diet to reduce pain 44 16 32 4 4
I go for a walk to relieve pain 20 16 38 18 2
I listen to relaxing music/watch
0 3 4 5 52
TV to forget pain
I keep myself busy to forget
4 6 38 24 28
pain
I drink pain reliever to ease
20 8 20 18 34
pain
46