MELATIH TEKNIK

VOKAL UNTUK
KANAK-KANAK
DAN REMAJA

Development
Perkembangan awal vokal pada bayi biasanya berkembang
dengan munculnya tuturan berperingkat selama dua tahun
pertama kehidupan (Oller, 1980; Stark, 1980). Tempoh ini
perkembangan vokal umumnya diakui sebagai asas untuk
percakapan bermakna dan pembangunan fonologi (Vihman,
1996; Stoel-kakap, 1998).
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Perkembangan vokal boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga tahap
utama: Precanonical, Basic Canonical Syllables, dan Advanced
Forms
 Precanonical vocalizations

Approximate Age of emergence: Birth to 6 months

There are many different kinds of precanonical vocalizations. Beginning with grunt-like
vocalizations (quasi- and fully-resonant nuclei), all lack the well-formedness of true syllables.
Some consist of voicing without any consonants at all (e.g., squeals, vowel-like vocants),
some closants (consonant-like sounds) close the vocal tract in an unusual way (e.g.,
raspberries or clicks), and others combine closants with vocants but lack the rapid timing of
true syllables. Cry and laughter also emerge very early in life. These vocalizations are usually
observed in the first 6 months of life in typically developing children. They continue to be
produced even after more advanced vocalization types emerge.

Click on the buttons below to hear some examples of precanonical vocalizations:

Basic Canonical Syllables

Approximate Age of emergence: 6 - 10 months

When children combine vowels (V) and consonants (C) into syllables, they are said to be
producing Basic Canonical Syllables. Basic Canonical Syllables sound quite speech like.
Here are some examples of the kinds of Basic Canonical Syllables that a child might produce.
Basic Canonical Syllables are the building blocks of words, but they have no meaning by
themselves at the prelinguistic stage of development. These true syllables continue to be
produced (along with precanonical vocalizations) as more advanced vocalizations emerge.

Click on the buttons below to hear some examples of Basic Canonical Syllables:

 
  

Advanced Forms

Approximate Age of emergence: 10 - 18 months

Advanced Forms are more complex and speech-like than earlier developing vocalization
types. For example, the closed syllable (CVC) is more complex than the open (CV) syllables
of the canonical stage. Improved articulatory control is also apparent in diphthongs and
jargon - a multisyllabic vocalization that contains a mix of different consonants and/or
vowels overlaid with changes in intonation. Advanced Forms, along with earlier developing
vocalizations, continue to be produced as children begin to say meaningful words.

Take a listen to some examples below: