INTRODUCTION

The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by
an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain weighs about 2. 75 pounds, and has
a whitish-pink appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control centre of the body.
The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body.

The messages travel in very fine threads called nerves. The nerves and the brain make up a system
somewhat like telephone poles carrying wires across the city. This is called the nervous system. The
nerves in the body don't just send messages from the brain to the organs, but also send messages
from the eyes, ears, skin and other organs back to your brain. Some nerves are linked directly to the
brain. Others have to reach the brain through a sort of power line down the back, called the spinal
cord.

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesn't just control your
organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind.

PROTECTING THE BRAIN

Twenty-eight bones make up the skull. Eight of these bones are interlocking plates. These plates
form the cranium.

The cranium provides maximum protection with minimum weight, the ideal combination. The other
twenty bones make up the face, jaw and other parts of the skull. Another way the brain keeps it self
safe is by keeping itself in liquid. Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is sent to the
brain. The brain then sends the blood through an intricate network of blood vessels to where the
blood is needed. Specialized blood vessels called choroid plexuses produce a protective
cerebrospinal fluid.

This fluid is what the brain literally floats in. A third protective measure taken by the brain is called
the blood brain barrier. This barrier consists of a network of unique capillaries. These capillaries are
filters for harmful chemicals carried by the blood, but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to enter
the brain.

THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN

The brain is divided into three main sections.

The area at the front of the brain is the largest. Most of it is known as the cerebrum. It controls all of
the movements that you have to think about, thought and memory. The cerebrum is split in two
different sections, the right half and the left half.

The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cortex. It is mainly made up of cell bodies of neurons
called grey matter. Most of the work the brain does is done in the cortex. It is very wrinkled and has
many folds. The wrinkles and folds give the cortex a large surface area, even though it is squeezed
up to fit in the skull. The extra surface area gives the cerebrum more area to work.
Inside the cortex, the cerebrum is largely made up of white matter. White matter is tissue made only
of nerve fibres. The middle region is deep inside the brain. It's chief purpose is to connect the front
and the back of the brain together. It acts as a "switchboard", keeping the parts of your brain in
touch with each other. The back area of the brain is divided into three different parts.

The pons is a band of nerve fibres which link the back of the brain to the middle. The cerebellum
sees to it that all the parts of your body work as a team. It also makes sure you keep your balance.
The medulla is low down at the back of your head. It links the brain to the top of the spinal cord.

The medulla controls the way your heart pumps blood through your body. It also looks after your
breathing and helps you digest food.

THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAINTHE BRAINSTEM:

The brainstem is one of the oldest parts of the brain. It controls such functions as breathing, blood
pressure, swallowing and heart rate.

THE HYPOTHALMUS: This part of the brain is located directly above the brain stem.
The hypothalmus controls basic drives like hunger and sex and as well as our response to threat and
danger. The hypothalmus also controls the pituitary.

THE PITUITARY: The pituitary produces hormones such as testosterone that circulate through out
the body. THE THALAMUS:The thalamus is like a relay area; it receives messages from lower brain
areas such as the brainstem and hypothalmus and sends them to the two brain hemispheres. The
thalamus is located in between above the lower brain and under the two hemispheres.

THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN: Most of the above mentioned parts of the brain were
produced early in evolution but the higher mammals especially humans went on to produce a sort of
"thinking cap" on top of these parts. This "thinking cap" was divided into two different parts, the left
hemisphere and the right hemisphere. If the left side of your brain is more developed like most
people's are, you are right handed. On the other hand if the right side of your brain is more
developed, then you will be left handed. The right side of your brain is more artistic and emotional
while the left side of your brain is your "common sense" and practical side, such as figuring out math
and logic problems. THE CEREBELLUM:One of the most important part of the Human brain is the
cerebellum.

The cerebellum is involved with the more complex functions of the brain and sometimes is even
referred to as "the brain within the brain". The cerebellum acts as a control and coordination centre
for movement. The cerebellum carries small "programs" that have been previously learned. For
example, how to write, move, run and jump are all previously learned activities that the brain
recorded and can playback when needed.

Every time you practice, the brain rewrites the program and makes it better. You may have heard
the saying "practice makes perfect". Well this saying is not entirely true; another way of "practising"
is just to imagine what you wish to do. Since the cerebellum can't actually feel, it will think that you
are doing what your imagining and respond by rewriting it's previous program and carrying out any
other actions needed for that function. This is one why to explain wet dreams.

THE CEREBRAL CORTEX: The cerebral cortex makes up the top of the two hemispheres of the brain.

The cortex is a sheet of greyish matter which produces our thoughts, language and plans. It also
controls our sensations and voluntary movements, stores our memories and gives us the ability to
imagine, in short it's what makes humans, humans.

IN THE FUTURE
Today many experiments are being conducted that may be break through's for the future. For
instance "brain grafting" is one procedure that may be used in the future. Brain grafting is to
transplant a very thin layer of brain skin from one person to another. This would result in control of
parkinson's disease and other seizure related diseases.

Another radical idea that has already been successfully been tried on rhesus monkey's is, brain
transplants. The ethics and legal problems for such a transplant would probably never let this
operation be performed on humans. This is because the person would not be the same, would not
have the same memories or the same abilities that the host body had had. The last idea of the future
that we will list is called "artificial hearing and seeing". Artificial seeing is achieved by planting sixty-
four small electrodes in front of the visual cortex of the brain. The electrodes are connected to a
small camera that is some where on the person's ear.

A computer is attached to the camera. The computer sends the images from the camera directly to
the implanted electrodes. They flash as the picture from the camera, thus enabling the person to
somewhat see. Artificial hearing is much more complicated then artificial seeing.

First a electrodes must be planted in the brain. Then through a microphone a computer produces
electrical pulses that are then sent to the electrodes in the brain. But as of yet these procedures are
not practical first because of the size of the computer, it cannot be taken out of the laboratory
second the cost of the package and third the risks involved.

CONCLUSION

After all of the work and research that we have done it is very evident to us that the brain is one of
the most wondrous organs that humans could have. It guides us through almost every second of our
life. Even after exploring vast and distant sky's to the microorganisms that exist today, the brain has
never ceased to amaze us and probably never will.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lambert, Mark. The Brain and Nervous System Macmillan Education, 1988

Steve Franklin Watts, The Brain and Nervous System by Parker, 1990

Encyclopedia Britannica by Britannica, Encyclopedia Inc. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1986

The Incredible Machine by National Geographic Society, 1992

GLOSSARY

artificial hearing: When a person is able to hear but not naturally. artificial seeing: When a person is
able to see but not naturally.

blood brain barrier: A set of special capillaries that are only found in brain. There purpose is to filter
the blood so only oxygen, glucose and water are able to enter the brain. Unfortuantly they don't
prevent narcotics from entering the brain.brain: An organ that is pinkish-white in appearance and is
located in the skull. This organ controls almost everything that the body does.

brain grafting: Brain grafting is the process of taking a thin layer of brain skin from the donor and
moving to new host.

brainstem: This is what the brain had used to be early evolution, but now it only controls our basic
functions such as breathing and heart rate.capillaries: Tiny blood vessels.

cells: What all living thing are built from. central nervous system: This the brain and spinal cord put
together. Also see: brain, spinal cord.

cerebellum: This part of the brain makes sure that all of your body works together. It also keeps your
balance.

cerebral cortex: This is one of the most important parts of the brain. It also is produces our thoughts,
stores our memories, and plans.

cerebrospinal fluid: This what the brain floats in.cerebrum: The cerebrum is split in to two different
sides. Left and right. It is located at the front of the head.

choroid plexuses: These special blood vessels are what produce the cerebrospinal fluid.

cortex: This is the outer layer of the cerebrum.cranium: This is the part of the skull that holds the
brain.

diseases: Illnesses that can be terminal.electrodes: They are made out metal and emit electricity,
usually very little.

glucose: This is a combination of sugar and water.

grey matter: Mainly made from the cell bodies of neurons.

hemisphere: These are the two different part of the cerebrum. Almost all of the brain's work is done
there.

hormones: Chemicals that can change the chemical make up of your physical body.

hypothalmus: This part of the brain is located above the brainstem. It controls basic drives such as
hunger and sex.

medulla: The medulla is almost right behind the brainstem. It helps you to digest your food.

mind: Not just the brain but the actual consciousness that we have.

nerves: Pathways that the brain uses to send messages to and from different parts of the body.

nervous system: The whole system of nerves that attach to the spinal cord.organs: Important part of
the body.

The brain, heart and lungs are examples of organs.Parkinson's Disease: This disease causes the
victim to have seizures.

pituitary: The pituitary produces hormones.pons: A band of nerve fibre that connect the back the
brain to the middle.

skull: The skull is made up of twenty-eight bones. It is located above the spinal cord. It also contains
the brain.

spinal cord: This cord goes down your back. Almost all nerves in the body are connected to the spinal
cord.

thalamus: The thalamus a sort of relay room. It gets messages from the lower brain area and sends
them to the higher brain.

transplant: To transplant is to take something from one person and put it into another person. white
matter: White matter is tissue made from nerve fibres.