Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
TEXTILE ENGINEERING
FOR
B.E./B.Sc.
(Revised 2003)
1
CURRICULUM DIVISION
Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Director General (Curriculum)
Mr. Muhammad Younas Director Curriculum
Malik Ghulam Abbas Deputy Director
Miss Ghayyur Fatima Research Associate
Mr. M. Shabbir Baig Curriculum Officer
Mr. Tahir Ali Shah Assistant Director
Mrs. Noshaba Awais Assistant Director
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By
looking at the curriculum of a subject, one can judge the state of intellectual
development and the state of progress of a nation. The world has turned into a
global village, new ideas and information are pouring in a constant stream. It is,
therefore, imperative to update our curricula by introducing the recent
developments in the relevant fields of knowledge.
4
5
INTRODUCTION
The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee in Textile
Engineering was held from 29-31 July, 2003 at Higher Education Commission,
Regional Centre, Lahore to revise and update the draft curriculum developed in
the first meeting held from 07-09th January, 2003. The Following attended the
meeting:
6
SCHEME OF STUDIES
FOR
BE/BSc TEXTILE ENGINEERING
First Year
2 Applied Physics 03 01
3 Mathematics 03 00
4 English 03 00
5 Islamic Studies 02 00
Total 13 + 1 =14
Second Year
7
Third Year
Fifth Semester
1 Yarn Manufacturing Engineering 03 01
2 Fabric Manufacturing Engineering 03 01
3 Mechanism of Textile Machines 03 01
4 Textile Testing and Quality Control – I 03 01
5 Dye Stuff Chemistry 02 01
6 Industrial Internship 00 00
Total 14 + 5 = 19
Sixth Semester
1 Wet processing Engineering 03 01
2 Textile Machine Design 02 00
3 Automation and Control Engineering 03 00
4 Fluid Mechanics 03 01
5 Industrial Engineering 03 00
6 Introduction to Computers and 02 01
Programming
Total 16 + 3 = 19
Fourth Year
S.No. Course Title Credit Hrs
Theory Practical
Seventh Semester
1 Advance Textile Engineering 03 01
2 Textile Mill Planning 03 00
3 Textile Testing and Quality Control – II 03 01
4 Manufacturing of Manmade Fibres 03 00
5 Air Conditioning in Textile Industry 02 00
14 + 02 = 16
Total
Eighth Semester
1 Environmental Engineering 03 01
2 Maintenance Engineering 03 01
3 Co lour Physics 02 00
4 Textile Marketing 02 00
5 Graduation Thesis 00 04
Total 10 + 6 = 16
8
DETAIL OF COURSES
First Year
First Semester
General Introduction
Brief history of textile, Scope of textile in Pakistan, Current survey of textile mills
in Pakistan, Present and future status of textile industry in Pakistan.
Cotton Ginning
Detailed description of ginning factories. Important factors affecting ginning
efficiency and quality.
Spinning
Brief study of short staple spinning mills. Main departments, machines and the
products of a spinning mill.
Weaving
Brief study of weaving mills. Main departments, machines and the products of a
weaving mill.
Wet Processing
Brief study of textile dyeing and printing mills. Main departments, machines and
the products of dyeing and printing mills.
Textile Made-ups
Brief study of home textiles and apparel manufacturing units. Main departments,
machines, products and accessories of textile made-up units
Recommended Books
1. Corbman B.P., Textiles: Fibre to Fabric 6th Edition McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1983.
2. Pizzuto J. J., Fabric Science, Fourth Edition, Fairchild Publications, New
York, 1985.
3. Miller E., Textiles: Properties and Behaviour in Clothing Use, B T Batsford
Ltd London, 1984.
9
2. ENGINEERING DRAWING 2-1
Drawing equipment and the use of instruments, Basic drafting techniques and
standards. Geometrical curves including plane curves, cycloid, hypocycloid, and
the Involutes.
LAB
Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course.
Recommended Books
1 A First Year Engineering Drawing, by A. C. Parkinson
2 Elementary Engineering Drawing by N. D. Butt
3 Engineering Drawing by T. T. French & C. J. Vierck
4 Practical Geometry and Graphics by W Abbot.
Bench Fitting
Description, proper use, maintenance of fitting tools e.g. the bench vices,
hammers, files, saws, chisels, punches, blow torches etc. Use and care of
measuring instruments e.g. micrometers, vernier callipers, gauges etc.
Measurement of flatness, squareness, roundness, concentricity. Angled
measurement. Use of marking out tools. Angle plate, v-blocks, parallel
strips, spirit levels etc. Preparation of some specific jobs using the above.
10
Forging
Hand forging: Use and maintenance of forging tolls, the forge, hammers,
chisels, filters, sewages, punches, drifts tong etc. Preparation of
specific jobs using forge welding. Use of power hammers, drop. Dress
forging and riveting.
Wood Working
Use and care of wood working tools; clamps, saws, files, chisels, drills bits.
Plaining, nailing, screwing, jointing etc. Use and care of natural wood,
chipboard, plywood, hard board etc.
Metal Forming
Cold working processes for sheet metals, e.g. pressing, stamping, embossing,
drawing bending, piercing etc. Use of common presses and dies.
Foundry Practice
Bench and floor sand casting, sand and blinders, sand
conditioning. Moulding tools, flasks, boards, spruces, cutters, rammers,
blows brushes vent pins, trowels, spoons etc. Preparation and care
of patterns. Metal melting and pouring.
Practical/Laboratory Work
Recommended Books
11
4. APPLIED CHEMISTRY 3-1
Water
Properties, sources and impurities of water. Hard water types. Removal of
hardness. Effect of water impurities on textile processing. Boiler feed water.
Effects of water impurities on boiler.
Solutions
Physical properties. Surface tension, Surfactants. Index and its importance.
Chemical equilibrium, Le-chatelier’s principle and its industrial application.
Equilibrium law, law of mass action. Detail study of chemical kinetics.
Chemical Kinetics
Definition. Order of reaction and molecular, rate of chemical reaction. First,
second and third order reaction. Reversible reaction. Specific rate constant.
Determining the order of reaction.
Alkyl halides
Reactions (chemistry of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions) and synthesis of different
compounds. Properties of alkyl halides.
LAB
Laboratory work will be based on the contents of the course.
Recommended Books
1. Physical Chemistry by F. Hussain
2. Physical Chemistry by G. Nabi
3. A Text Book of Physical Chemistry by S. Glasstone
4. A Text Book of Engineering Chemistry by S.S.Dara
12
5. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry by Partington
6. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry by M.Z.Iqbal A.M. Qureshi
7. Essentials of Physical Chemistry by B.S.Bahl, G.D.Tuli, Arum Bahl
8. Chemical Testing & Analysis by E.B. Jones
9. Organic Chemistry by Ghulam Rasool Choudary
Pakistan's Ideology
Definition and explanation in light of Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam's
sayings. Aims and objectives for establishment of Pakistan. Formation of
muslim supremacy in the sub-continent and attempts for gaining the lost
glory.
Land of Pakistan
Geophysical conditions, territorial situation and its importance. Natural
resources, e.g. minerals, water etc.
Constitutional Process
Early efforts to make constitution. Problem and issues, constitution of 1956
and its abrogation. Constitution 1962 and its annulment. Constitutional and
political crisis of 1971. The constitution of 1973. Recent constitutional
developments.
Foreign Policy
Relations with neighbours, super powers and the Muslim world
13
Second Semester
Textile Fibers
Definitions and classifications of textile fibers.
Vegetable Fibers
Cotton: introduction of cotton and its types. Cultivation, harvesting, picking of
cotton. Structure of cotton fibre. Physical, chemical properties and end uses of
cotton fiber. Varieties of Pakistani cotton. Cotton grading.
Bast fibres: Fibers such as Jute, Flax, Ramie etc., their production and
processing. Fibre properties and uses.
Leaf fibers: Fiber such as Abaca and Sisal etc. their production, processing ,
properties and uses.
Animal Fibres
Hair Fibers: Introduction, classification, structure, production, properties and
uses of wool fibers. Grading of wool. Introduction of fibers such as Camel,
Mohair, Cashmere, Alpaca and Angora. Silk: Production, properties and uses of
silk yarn.
Mineral Fibers
Introduction, processing, properties and end uses of natural mineral fibers such
as Asbestos
Recommended Books
1. Mannual of Textile Technology by W. Klien
2. Spun Yarn Technology, by Eric Oxtoby
3. Fibre to Fabric by Corbmane
4. Natural Fibres by Gorden Cook
14
Geometric Optics
Reflection and refraction at a plane surface, reflection at spherical surface,
graphical methods for mirrors, refraction at spherical surface, thin lenses,
graphical methods for lenses, fibre optics.
Optical Instruments
Cameras, projectors, eye, magnifier, microscopes telescopes, lens,
spectrometers.
Interference
Interference and coherence sources, two source interference of light, intensity in
interference patterns, interference in thin films, Michealson interferometer.
Diffraction
Frensel and Fraunhofer diffraction, diffraction from single slit, intensity in single
slit pattern, multiple slit, diffraction grating, X-Ray diffraction, circular aperture
and resolving power, holography.
Quantum Physics
Thermal radiation, Planck’s radiation law, quantisation of energy, heat capacity
of solids, photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photon theory, wave behavior of particle
and De- Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg uncertainity, electron microscope.
Recommended Books
1. University Physics by Young and Freedman
2. Physics by Halliday, Resnick and Krange
3. Physics for Scientist and Engineers by Serway
3. MATHEMATICS 3-0
General Mathematics
Basic operations of complex numbers, De’ Moiver’s Theorem with applications.
Circular, hyperbolic, exponential functions of complex numbers and inverse
functions.
15
Quadric Surfaces
Using circles and traces to sketch quadric surfaces, hyperbolic parabolic,
changing the orientation of the axis.
Calculus
Definition of function, limits, derivatives and their geometrical interpretation.
Rules of derivatives, successive differentials, partial derivatives and their
applications. Maxima and minima of function of one and two variables.
Integration by substitution, by parts. Integration of algebraic functions and
definite integration to find area and volume (simple cases).
Statistical Methods
Definition of statistics, population and samples. Descriptive and
inductive statistics. Statistics as a tool for understanding problems their
utility and limitations. Significance of statistics in planning,
systematisation of data frequency distribution, histogram and frequency
polygon.
Probability
Counting problems, sample space and events. Definition of probability.
Probability axioms. Some elementary theorems, conditional probability,
dependent and independent events. Bay's theorem. Method to least square
and regression.
Recommended Books
1. Calculus by Suhaum's Series
2. Introduction to Statistics by Walpole,
3. Applied Statistics for Engineering and Physical Scientists by
Hog.R.V.and Ledolter, J.
4. ENGLISH 3-0
16
Grammar: Identification of verbs in the – present simple tense, -simple past
tense,-passive voice, Classification these verbs as regular or irregular,
Manipulation verb forms e.g., changing verbs in active voice to passive voice
etc., completing a close exercise.
Listening and Speaking: Use of Language Laboratory and Self Assess Centre,
extracting relevant information from a listening passage, making notes from a
listening passage.
Vocabulary: Matching vocabulary items with their corresponding definitions,
identification odds items out of a list of vocabulary items, classification of
vocabulary items in lexical sets.
Recommended Books
rd
1. Thomson A. J. & Mrtenet A. V. “A Practical English Grammar”, 3 Edn.,
OUP, 1986.
2. S. Jannifer, “Grammar in Practice 1”, OUP, 1981.
3. S. Jannifer, “Grammar in Practice 2”, OUP, 1981.
4. S. Michael, “Practical English Usage”, OUP, 1980.
5. S. Michael, “Basic English Usage”, OUP, 1984.
Fundamentals of Islam
Tauheed, arguments for the oneness of Allah. Impact of tauheed on human life.
Place of human being in the universe, purpose of creation. Textual study of
surah Alrehman, Alfurqan. Prophethood, need for prophet, characteristics of a
prophet, finality of prophethood. Seerat-life of prophet as embodiment Islamic
ideology, faith in the hereafter Aakhrat. Effects of belief on worldy life. Study of
other fundamentals of Islam.
Ibadah
Concept Ibadat. Major Ibadat i.e. Salat, Saom, Zakat, Haj and Jehad.
Sources of Knowledge
Islamic approach to intuition, reason and experience. Revelation Wahi as a
source of knowledge.
18
Second Year
Third Semester
Regenerated Fibers
Manufacturing methods of viscose, cuprammonium, acetate, tencel and lyocel
fibers. Their properties and uses in textile industry.
Synthetic Fibers
Manufacturing methods of polyester, polyamide and acrylic fibers. Their
properties and uses in textile industry.
Elastometric Fibers
Manufacturing methods of various elastane fibers. Their properties and uses in
textile industry.
Other Fibres
Manufacturing methods of glass and carbon fibres
Recommended Books
1 Handbook of Textile Fibers
2 Manmade Fibers by J. Gordon
3 Fibre to Fabric by Corbman
4 Manmade Fibers by Moncrieff
Spinning Processes
Flow charts of spinning processes for filament & spun yarns, carded & combed
yarns, jute, flax & spun silk yarn. Input & output of each department. Intermittent
spinning and continuous spinning. Flyer spinning, cap spinning. Rotor spinning
and mule spinning.
Blow Room
Objectives of blow room. Working principles in blow room. Study of bale breaker,
porcupine opener, various beaters, cage condenser, scutcher and removal of
wastes.
19
Carding
Objectives of carding. Carding actions. Working of card. Role of different parts
and their speeds.
Drawing
Concept of drafting. Real and perfect drafting. Draft calculation. Drafting system.
Drafting and doubling. Objects of drawing frame. Working of drawing frame.
Breaker, inter and finisher drawing frame.
Combing
Objectives of combing. Noil %age. Combing preparatory processes. Study of
comber. Working of Rectilinear comber.
Roving
Objectives of roving frame. Winding principles. Working of roving frame. Why
and how twist is imparted in roving.
Spinning
Objectives of ring spinning. Principle and mechanism of twist insertion. Working
of ring frame. Yarn counting and its systems.
Woolen Industry
Wool classification and sorting. Impurities in wool. Raw material for woolen
industry. Wool scouring, carbonizing, drying and blending. Woolen carding and
woolen spinning.
Worsted Industry
Worsted carding, backwashing and gilling. Combing, drawing and spinning.
Recommended Books
1. Manual of cotton spinning by Gilbert R. Merrill.
2. Spun yarn Technology by Eric Oxtoby
3. The Woolen and Worsted Industry by Brearley and Iredale
20
3. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3 -1
D C Machines
Construction, simple lap and wave windings, equalizing connections and
dummy coils, elementary concept of armature reaction and commutation,
cross and demagnetising ampere turns. D C generators, types, E M F
equation, losses, efficiency, performance curves, characteristics, critical
resistance and speed and effect of armature reaction of OCC, internal and
external characteristics from OCC neglecting and accounting armature
reaction, calculation of series ampere turns for level and over compounding.
Motors, principle, back E M F, torque, speed and speed regulation. Types,
characteristics, performance curves, losses and efficiency, speed and
torque problems involving magnetisation curves, charging and ignition
circuits of automobiles.
A C Synchronous Machines
Construction, stator single layer, double layer and concentric winding,
damping winding, coil span factor, distribution factor, leakage armature
reaction, synchronous impedance, alternators, types, E M F equation,
speed and frequency, losses and efficiency, alternator on load, voltage
regulation by synchronous impedance method, synchronous motors, types,
principle of working, vector diagram on load and its analysis for stator
current, power factor, torque and mechanical output, effect of variation of
excitation, losses and efficiency.
21
A C Induction Machines
Induction motors, construction, types, principle of working, losses, efficiency
and performance curves, torque slip characteristics.
Transformers
Construction, working principle, no load working and vector diagram,
magnetising circuit, equivalent circuit, open circuit and short circuit tests,
losses, efficiency and performance curves, voltage regulation and Kapp’s
regulation diagram
Recommended Books
1. Electrical Technology by Huges, E. Longman
2. Examples in Electrical Calculation
3. Electrical Machinery Fundamental by Stephen J Chapman
Solid-State Devices
Semiconductor diodes, special purpose diodes, bipolar function
transistors(FITS), field effect transistors(FITS), TUI Transistor multi-layer
diodes, thyristor, photoelectric devices, operational amplifiers.
Circuits
Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, wave-shaping, rectifier filters, triad light
intensity control, alarm circuit, Universal motor speed and direction control,
12V Battery charger regulated power supplies.
Digital Electronics
The Binary system, Boolean algebra, logic gates, flip-flops.
Logic Circuits
Countess, shift-registers and latches, encoders, deciders.
Amplifier Circuits
Introduction “h” parameters, Hybred model for transistor, elementary
treatment, low frequency transistor amplifier circuits, stage cascaded LF
22
Micro Processors
General characteristics and applications.
Recommended Books
1. Digital Electronics By Tokheim MC Grow Hill
2. Basic Electronics By Malviho
Introduction to communication
Explanation, concept, kinds, process and importance of communications.
Effective communication, SEF model and characteristics of communications,
barriers to communications.
Principles of Communication
Introduction to seven C’s, role of seven C’s, use of seven C’s in daily and
business communication.
Writing Skills
Introduction to effective writing, purpose of writing, stages of writing, reader’s
analysis, organization/gathering of writing material, writing techniques,
approaches to written communication, writing formats (paragraphs, headings,
subheadings, numbering etc).
Report Writing
Introduction and significance of report writing, internal office communication,
effective business letter writing, organizing business messages, managing and
organizing long business reports, feasibility report and incident report, writing a
proposal, business requests, writing job application, resume writing.
23
Effective listening
Understanding the concept of effective listening, importance of effective
listening, effective listening techniques, barriers in effective listening.
Project
Developing and writing an original report.
Recommended Books
1. Writing on the Job by Cosmo F. Ferrara
2. Effective Communication by Murphy
24
Fourth Semester
1. FUNDAMENTAL WEAVING ENGINEERING 3-1
Basics of weaving
History and scope of weaving, Introduction to weaving technology-loom
elements, yarn preparation – warping and its objectives, sizing and its
objectives, primary motion of weaving, secondary and ancillary motions of
weaving, different shedding systems-merits/demerits, shuttle and shuttle less
weft insertion systems. Merits/demerits of different weft insertion systems.
Beating-up and its types – Eccentricity ( pros and cons), Fabric take-up and
warp let – off, Warp and weft stop motion warp protector motion, weave
presentation, repeat, draft, peg plan and reed plan, plain weave and its
derivatives, twill weave and its derivatives, construction of satin and sateen
weaves.
Basics of knitting
History and scope of knitting. Introduction to knitting and its terminology,
machine knitting elements, beard latch and compound needles. Classification of
knitting machines, principles and mechanism of weft knitting, knit tuck and mis
loop formation, usage of different knit loops, properties of plain and rib fabrics,
properties of purl and interlock fabrics. Introduction to warp knitting, mechanism
of loop formation in warp knitting, classification of warp knitting machines, basic
warp knitted structures, stitch notation of warp weft knitted structure, End usage
of warp knitted structures.
Recommended Books
1. Weaving Conversion of Yarn to Fabric by P.R. Lord and M. H. Mohd.
2. Principles of Weaving by R. Marks and A.T.C.Robinson
3. Knitting Technology by D.J.Spencer
4. Woven Cloth Construction by A.T.C. Robinson and R. Marks
5. Introduction to Textiles Vol-III by Eurotex
25
2. FUNDAMENTAL WET PROCESSING 3-1
ENGINEERING
Introduction
Introduction to machinery for cleaning and washing, bleaching and dyeing of
fibers in loose stock, yarns and fabrics. Washing and cleaning, bleaching,
mercerizing and dyeing of fibers in loose stock. Shearing and singeing of cotton,
synthetics and their blends. De-sizing, scouring and bleaching of cotton cloth.
De-sizing, scouring and bleaching of synthetics and their blends. Heat-setting of
synthetics. Mercerization of cotton cloth.
Recommended Books
1. D. J. Hill and Dr. M.E. Hall, ‘Eurotex, an introduction to Textiles’,
volume III, 1991
2. Tyrone. L. Vigo, ‘Textile Processing and Properties’ New Oriens,
U.S.Deptt. of Agriculture, 1994
3. E.R.Trotman, ‘’Textile Scouring and Bleaching’ published by Griffin
London. 1992.
4. Dr. V.A.Shinai, ‘Technology, of Bleaching & Mercerizing’ volume
III- 1991.
Vectors
Vectors and scalars, vector and textiles, properties of vectors and scalars,
compounding vectors, resolution of vectors and application of vectors.
Displacement
Introduction, linear, circular, complex predictable and random displacement.
Acceleration
Introduction, uniform linear acceleration, uniform circular acceleration, non-
uniform acceleration.
Friction
The origin of friction: the surface of materials, extraneous matter, molecular
features and contact between surfaces. The effects of surfaces, useful friction,
inconvenient friction and friction and static electricity. Types of friction: linear
friction and coil friction. Measurement of friction: introduction, general methods of
measuring co-efficient of friction and measurement of co-efficient of friction in
textiles. Changes in Frictional Behaviour: Inherent methods and changes in
mechanical conditions.
Lubrication
Introduction, lubricant action, molecular structure of lubricants and effectiveness
of lubrication.
Circular Movement
Circular movement, equation of circular motion, requirement for maintaining
motion, forces acting during circular motion. Application: the conical
pendulum and tension in a rotating ring, belt or thread.
Non-circular Movement
Origin of linear simple harmonic motion (SHM), oscillation in a spring,
equations of linear SHM, linear SHM in circular motion.
Angular SHM
Comparison with linear SHM, exact and approximate angular SHM.
PRACTICAL
Practical work will be based on the course contents.
Recommended Books
27
4. FIBRE SCIENCE 2-1
Introduction
Textile Fibres; Requirements for fibre formation, constitution of fibre forming
substances.
Structure Of Fibres
Crystalline and non-crystalline materials, structure of crystals, polymer crystals,
X-Ray Diffraction and crystallinity, assessment of crystallinity, microstructure and
macrostructure of natural fibres; cotton and other vegetable fibres, silk wool and
other animal fibres, micro and macro structure of synthetic fibres; polymer
crystallization from the melt solution, fibre formation, microstructure of manmade
fibres.
Dielectric Properties
Definition of dielectric properties, effect of frequency, effect of moisture, effect of
temperature, static electricity, influence of moisture on resistance, measurement
of static charge, and static problems in textile.
Optical Properties
Refractive index and birefringence, measurement of refractive indices,
absorption and dichroism, reflection and luster.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties; true stress, specific stress, tenacity, breaking length, elastic
and plastic deformation, Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio, stress-strain curves,
elastic recovery. Torsion of fibres, bending, compression. Strain rate and
temperature dependence, creep and stress relaxation.
Thermal Properties
Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, decomposition and degradation, co-efficient
of thermal expansion.
28
Fibre Friction
Fibre friction, effect of fibre friction and lubrication.
PRACTICAL
Observation of amorphous and crystalline regions. Observation of surface
structure by using high power optical microscope. . Observation of cross-
session of different fibres by employing high power optical microscope.
Recommended Books:
1. Warner, S. B., “Fibre Science”, Prentice-Hall, Inc, USA, 1995.
2. Morton, W.E. and Hearle, J. W.S., “Physical Properties of Textile
Fibres” 3rd enn, Textile Institute, Manchester, 1993.
3. Slater, K., “Chemical Testing and Analysis”, Vol.25, The Textile
Institute, Manchester, 1993.
5. THERMODYNAMICS 2-1
Introduction to thermodynamics
Heat, work, and the system, temperature and heat, the state of the working
fluids.
29
Nozzles
Nozzle shape, critical pressure ratio, maximum mass flow Nozzle efficiency,
the steam nozzle, approximations for the steam nozzle, super saturation,
total head or stagnation condition, flow measurement.
Combustion
Introduction, basic chemistry, fuels, combustion equations, chemically
correct, air/fuel ratio, exhaust and flue gas analysis, calorific value, Air
and fuel vapour mixture.
Compressors
Reciprocating compressors, isothermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency,
multistage compression, single and double acting, compressor centrifugal
and axial compressors, uses of compressor in the textile mills.
Recommended Books
1. Khurmi. R.S. “ Thermodynamics” Khana’s Book Publishing Co., India
1990.
2. J. Holman “ Heat Transfer” 1980
3. Burghardt, “Engineering Thermodynamics with applications”
4. R. Jhon. & Howel Richard “Fundamentals of Thermodynamics”
30
Production Planning and Control
Formalized production planning, production planning methods, master
scheduling, MRP, MRP inputs, MRP outputs, product structures, types of MRP,
capacity planning and control, production control systems, scheduling
techniques.
Method Study
Definition, objectives, procedure, process chart symbols, outline process chart,
flow process charts, multiple activity chart, two handed chart, critical
examination, principles of motion economy, case studies and application.
Work Measurement
Definition, objectives, techniques of work measurement, stop watch time study,
timing methods, performance rating, standard timing, allowance factors. Work
sampling, confidence level, determination of samples size, making random
observations, scope of work sampling. Predetermined time standards, definition,
advantages and criticisms, motion classification, TMU, use of PTS systems.
Recommended Books
31
Third Year
Fifth Semester
Introduction
Introduction to various yarn manufacturing processes.
Ring Spinning
Working principle of ring frame: drafting, twisting and winding. Conventional
and compact spinning. Design of ring frame and creel. Design of drafting
arrangement: influence of drafting arrangement on quality and economics,
design concepts in the structure of the drafting arrangement, top roller and
its classifications, top roller weighting. Fibre guiding devices: lappets,
balloon control rings, separators. Design of rings and their types. Design of
different types of travellers and their function. Design of spindle: thread
path, spindle mounting, influence the spindle on spinning, classification of
spindle drives. Structure of cop: the cop building, builder motion. Doffing:
manual and automatic. Automation of ring frames. Spinning geometry:
concepts, spinning triangle, inclination of the drafting arrangement, roller
overhang, wrap of yarn on thread guide, balloon height. Optimum spinning
conditions. Yarn faults and their remedies. Atmospheric condition for ring
department. Ring calculation: spindle speed; draft: actual, mechanical,
break draft, main draft, total draft, draft constant; traveller speed, winding
speed, twist contraction, linear density of yarn, yarn diameter, lay constant,
twist, twist equation, twist constant, twist factor, coils per unit length, draft
change wheel, twist change wheel, lifter wheel, builder wheel, efficiency and
production.
Doubling
Study of doubling machine, types of doubling machines and utility of
doubled yarns. D/S characteristics of double yarn, cabled yarn
manufacturing, reeling principle and types, end uses,
Coning
Auto coning and auto coner machines, comparison of different types of
corner, especially mach coner, design of cams, shafts and gears, yarn
measurement system, clearing device.
32
Twisters
Working principle and design of two for one type twisters; calculation for
winding, doubling and twisting.
Recommended Books
Woven Fabrics
Types of standard and commercial woven fabrics made from staple spun
and multifilament yarn. Development of designed fabrics made with the help
of dobby and jacquard machines. Common faults in fabrics. Grading of
fabrics. Different types of selvedge of woven fabrics
Knitting
Knitting mechanisms, construction of knitted fabric, technique of loop
formation and its types, comparison of knitting with weaving, jacquard
mechanism, classification of knitted fabric, knitting calculation.
33
Felted and Non-Woven Fabrics
Felted Fabrics: felt process, type of felt, properties of felt, use of felt.
Non-Woven Fabric: method of manufacturing, web formation, bonding the
web, type of web bonding, needle punching, the web, finishing of the non-
woven fabrics, characteristics and use of non-woven fabrics.
Weaving Calculations
Factor involved in cloth contraction, cloth geometry, determination of
diameter of yarn, fractional cover and cover factor, cloth setting rules,
production planning for weaving process, weight of warp and weft per
running yard/meter, weight of warp and weft per square yard/meter, weight
per yard when using different counts and different material, weight of fabric
and wastage calculation, weight of cloth with reference to picks and ends,
yarn requirement for a particular quality and quantity of cloth, yarn quantity
for a particular width and length of cloth, production planning and machinery
requirements for certain quality and quantity of cloth in specific period,
economic evaluation of different machines, cost of production and
profitability calculation, material cost calculation, labour cost & total cost
calculation, calculation of moisture regain and moisture content.
Atmospheric condition in weaving shed i.e. relative humidity and
temperature
Recommended Books
1 Weaving Calculation by Sen Gupta
2 Weaving Machine, Mechanism & management by Talukdar
34
Mechanism of Wet Processing Machines
Study of different parts and working principle of wet processing machines
(from desizing to finishing machines including machines used for processing
knitted fabric)
Recommended Books
1. Weaving Mechanism by J.E.Fox
2. Weaving Mechanism by N.N.Banerjee
3. Practical Weaving Course by Jarvis
4. Weaving Calculation by Sen Gupta
5. Machine Mechanism & Management by Talukdar
Sampling
Various terms. Fiber sampling from bulk. Fiber sampling from lap, sliver, roving
and yarn. Yarn and fabric sampling
Fiber Dimensions
Fiber fineness, fineness measurement by various methods including cotton
fineness by airflow method.
Cotton Maturity
Maturity and its Measurement by Various Methods
35
Fiber Length
Various methods for measurement of fiber length including comb sorter,
fiberograph and HVI (High volume instrument). Cotton Grading.
Yarn Testing
Linear density. Measurement of linear density of single and folded yarns. Linear
density of yarn removed from fabric sample.
Twist
Measurement of twist for single and plied yarns.
Yarn Evenness
Measurement of yarn evenness by visual examination, cut and weigh method
and by uster evenness tester
Tensile Strength
Introduction and various definitions such as breaking strength, stress, specific
stress, tenacity, breaking length, elongation, strain, extension percentage and
gauge length. Units for various parameters. Force elongation curve. Yield point,
modulus, work of rupture, time dependence and elastic recovery. Factors
affecting tensile testing. Measurement of single fiber and fiber bundle strength.
Single yarn strength testing and lea strength testing. Simple testing of fabric
strength.
Quality Control
What is quality? What is quality control? Objectives of quality control. General
requirement of quality control department. Activities of quality control
department. Inspection. Textile testing. Objectives of textile testing. General
requirements of textile testing. Types of textile testing. Latest quality control
schedules for weaving.
Recommended Books
1. Physical Textile Testing by Textile Institute, U.K.
2. Handbook of Textile Testing and Quality Control by Grover.
3. Principles of Textile Testing by J.E.Booth
36
5. DYE STUFF CHEMISTRY 2-1
General
Introduction to dyes, History of Dyes, Configuration and chemical nature of dye
molecule, Auxochromes and Chromophores, Characteristics of Dyes, Physical
forms of dyes, organic pigments, fluorescent brightening, pigment dyeing,
Classification of dyes, classification according to solubility, Classification
according to method of application, Classification according to chemical
constitution, Criteria for the selection of dyes, Dye absorption isotherms, Fiber-
Dye interactions,
Reactive Dyes
Introduction to reactive dyes, First commercial reactive dyes, Further
development of reactive dyes, Chemistry of reactive dyes, General properties of
reactive dyes, Classification of reactive dyes, Application of reactive dyes by
different methods of dyeing, Different auxiliaries used in dyeing with reactive
dyes, Suitable fiber substrate for reactive dyes, Stripping of Reactive dyes,
Fastness properties of Reactive dyes,
Direct Dyes
Introduction to Direct Dyes, Classification of direct dyes, Configuration and
chemical nature of Direct dyes, Application of Direct dyes by different methods of
dyeing, Different auxiliaries used in Dyeing with Direct dyes, After Treatment of
direct dyes, Stripping of direct dyes, Fastness properties of Direct dyes Suitable
fiber substrate for direct dyes,
Vat Dyes
Introduction to vat dyes, History of vat dyes, Chemistry of Vat dyes, Application
of vat dyes with different methods of dyeing, Different auxiliaries used in dyeing
with vat dyes, Stripping of vat dyes, Fastness properties of vat dyes Suitable
fiber substrate for vat dyes
Sulphur Dyes
Introduction to sulphur dyes, chemistry of sulphur dyes, application of sulphur
dyes, stripping of sulphur dyes, fastness properties of sulphur dyes, Suitable
fiber substrate for vat dyes,
37
Acid Dyes
Introduction to acid dyes, chemistry of acid dyes, Application of acid dyes,
Mechanism of dyeing protein fibers with acid dyes, Different types of acid dyes,
Acid milling dyes, Acid leveling dyes, Neutral dyeing acid dyes, Premetallized
acid dyes, Stripping of acid dyes, Fastness properties of acid dyes,
Basic Dyes
Introduction to basic dyes, Chemistry of basic dyes, application of basic dyes,
Stripping of basic dyes, Fastness properties of basic dyes,
Mordant Dyes
Introduction to mordant and mordant dyes, Different methods of dyeing with
mordant dyes, Chrome-mordant method, Meta-chrome method, After-chrome
method,
Disperse Dyes
Dyeing with Disperse dyes, Commercial forms of disperse dyes, Dyeing
hydrophobic fibers with disperse dyes, Chemical characteristics of disperse
dyes, Classification of disperse dyes, Use and chemistry of carriers in dyeing
with disperse dyes, Stripping of disperse dyes, Fastness properties of disperse
dyes, Suitable fiber substrate for disperse dyes,
Azoic Dyes
Introduction to azoic dyes, Configuration and chemistry of azoic dyes, General
properties of azoic dyes, Application of azoic dyes by various methods of dyeing,
Stripping of azoic dyes, fastness properties of azoic dyes, Suitable fibre
substrate for azoic dyes.
Recommended Books
1. The Dyeing of Textile Fibers, Theory and Practice by Joseph R.,
2. Technology of Dyeing by Dr. V.A. Shinai, Sevak
38
Sixth Semester
1. WET PROCESSING ENGINEERING 3–1
Theory of Dyeing:
The effect of Fiber Structure on Dyeing and factors responsible for attachment of
dye Molecules to Fibers, Kinetics of dye adsorption, Adsorptin and retention of
dyes.
Dyeing Machinery/Equipments
Fiber and yarn cloth-jigger, winch, padder, jet and continuous dyeing plants-pad-
steam.
Direct dyes:
Structure and properties of direct dyes, dye structure and dyeability of cellulosic
fibers, application, batch-wise, semi-continuous and continuous methods, after
treatment and significance.
Recommended Books
1. Theory of Coloration of Textile Fibers by Alan Johson
2. Cellulosics dyeing by Jhon Shore, Soc. Of dyers
3. Chemistry of dyes and principles of dyeing by shenai
4. Technology of dyeing by Shenai
5. Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers by Trotman
6. J.S.D.C., 1943-1998.
39
Cotter and Knuckle Joints.
Introduction, design of cotter joints, cotter, connection of a piston rod to a
cross head, cotter foundation bolts, design of knuckle joint, joint of
suspension links, design of a coupler or turn buckle drawings of all designed
parts.
Design of Bearing
Introduction, bearing area, sliding bearings, solid Journal bearing, divided
journal bearing, plumer block, Hydrodynamics theory of lubrication, oil
grooving, designer procedure for hydrodynamics journal bearings, design of
bearing caps and bolts foot step or pivot bearings, collar bearings,
antifriction bearings, ball bearing, roller bearings, bearing loads, carrying
capacity and life relationship between load and life, influence of high
temperatures on load carrying capacity, permissible misalignment, sleeve
bearings, drawing of all design bearings.
Gears
Introduction, design of spur gears, general characteristics accuracy of
gears, allowable stresses in gears, design considerations, strength of gear
teeth, Lewis equation, dynamic tooth load, design for wear, gear wheel
proportions, internal gears, racks, design of helical gears, design of helical
gear teeth, rating of machine cut spur and helical gears, design of bevel
gears, strength of bevel gear teeth, bearing load, design of worm gear,
worm gear nomenclature, strength of worm gear teeth, bearing loads on the
shafts, drawing of all types of gears.
40
Levers
Introduction, general procedure for design of levers, hand lever, foot lever,
Cranked lever, lever of a lever loaded safety valve, rocker arms, angular
levers, design of over hung cranks, design of crank pin, drawing of designed
components.
Welded Connections
Introduction, typed of welded joints, working stress in welds, special cases
of fillet welds, eccentric loads on welded connections, design procedure,
fillet welds under varying loads.
Recommended Books
1 Machine Design by R S Khurmi
Automation
Automation defined, types of automation, reasons for automation, arguments for
an against automation.
41
Optimal Control
Structural model of a manufacturing process, steady state optimal control,
adaptive control, on line search strategies.
Recommended Books
1. Collett, C. V. and Hop, A. D., “Engineering Instrumentation”,
2. Haslam, J. A. et al, “Engineering Instrumentation and Control”,
3. Grady, P. L. et al, “ Automation in the Textile Industry”, The Textile
Institute, Manchester, 1995.
Fluid Dynamics
One dimensional inviscous flow (flow filament theory), equation of continuity,
Euler’s equations of motion, beruouili’s equation, inputs and momentum. One-
dimensional viscous flow; generalized bernoulli’s equation, laminar and turbulent
flow in circular pipes, pipe flow problems.
Dimensional Analysis
Buckingham Pi Theorem, Reynold’s law of similitude.
42
Fluid Measurements
Measurements of static pressure, stagnation pressure, flow velocity and flow
rate.
Fluid Machinery
Pumps, turbines, similarity laws for turbo machinery
Recommended Books
1. Slater, K., “ Textile Mechanics” Vol.2, Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1987.
2. Morton, W. E. and Hearle, J. W. S., “Physical Properties of Textile
Fibres” 2nd Edition, The Textile Institute, Manchester, UK, 1975
3. Booth, J,E , “Textile Mathematics” ,Vol.II, III , The Textile Institute,
Manchester, UK,1975.
Introduction
History and development, Modern definition and function of Industrial
Engineering.
Financial Management
Concept and definition, Types of capital, sources of finance, Reserves,
Surplus, financial Accounting and Book Keeping, System of Book keeping
(Single Entry and Double Entry System). Assets and liabilities. The journal &
ledger, Trial balance, financial statement, profit & loss accord, Balance
sheet.
43
Cost Accounting and Control
Introduction, Elements of control, types of control, Depreciation, causes of
Depreciation, Methods of calculating Depreciation, Breaks even Analysis,
concept, Importance and scope, calculation of Break even point, Break even
chart.
Work Study
Method study, Procedure of conducting method study, work measurement,
synthesis and analytical estimating, PMTS (MTM1, MTM2, MTM3) and
ready work factor (R.W.F), system Manual time study, Rating Technique.
Network Analysis
Introduction, Techniques, Terms related to Network planning Method,
PERT, CPM, and Application of network techniques to simple Engg.
Problems.
Recommended Books
1. R. B. Gupta. “Industrial Engineering”
2. K.C.Jain & L.N.Aggrawal “ Production Planning/Control & Industrial
Engg. Management.
3. T.R.Range & S.C.Sharma. “Industrial Organisation & Engineering
Economics”
4. Richard C. Vaghun “Industrial Engineering”
Operating Systems
DOS and Windows.
Internet
Tools and Applications.
C++ Programming
History, IDE, Basic structure, Compilation, data types, Declaration and
initialization statements, Input / out put statements, Operators (Arithmetical,
relational and Logical), control statements (Decision making and iterative
statements), Casting, Arrays, Structures and unions, pointers, Functions, Filing,
Data Structure, Graphics and Loops.
44
PRACTICAL
Books Recommended
1. Robert Lafore, Object Oriented Programming in C++, Howard W, Sons
& Comp: 1990
2. Deiliet & Delite, How to programming with C++.
3. Urooj Anwar Zaidi, Comprehensive Computer Studies, Gaba Sons, and
Karachi: 1995.
45
Fourth Year
Seventh Semester
Spinning
Modern spinning techniques, reasons for their development. Comparison of ring
spun yarn with the yarn prepared on modern systems. Study of open-end
spinning system, air vortex, friction , self twist, repco spinning system etc.
Weaving
New development in weft insertion system, multiphase weaving, multi-shed weft
insertion system, monitoring and control systems on loom. Modern knotting and
drawing system, leno devices. Specialty fabric forming methods. CAD/Cam in
weaving.
Recommended Books
1. Grosberg, P. and Iype C., “Yarn Production: Theoretical Aspects”, The
Textile Institute, Manchester, 1999.
2. Tomer, G., “Rotor Spinning” Milland, Germany, 1999.
3. Rohlena, V. et al, “Open-End Spinning”, Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Company, New York 1975.
4. Basu, A., “ Progress in Air-Jet Spinning”, The Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1999.
5. Jhatial, R. A. “Advance Spinning”, Jhatial Scientific Book Publishing Co.
Ltd., Jamshoro, 2002.
6. Lawrence, C. A. and Chen, K. Z., “Rotor-spinning” The Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1984.
7. Klien, W., “New Spinning Systems”, The Textile Institute, Manchester,
1993.
46
2. TEXTILE MILL PLANNING 3-0
Selection of Site
Factors and criteria in selecting a site. Soil testing, water testing, availability of
civic amenities. Availability of gas and electric facilities.
Selection of Machinery
Consideration of price and quality of the machinery, availability/training of the
worker to run the selected machines. After sale service. Maintenance cost of
machines. Efficiency of machines. Quantification of machines as per required
production. Selection of humidification, air-conditioning and ventilation system.
Requirement compressed air.
Recommended Book
1. Ormerod, A., “Textile Project Management”, The Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1992.
Serviceability of Fabrics
Introduction. Snagging. Testing for pilling. Testing for abrasion resistance and
factors affecting abrasion resistance.
47
Quality Control
Definitions of quality. Types of quality control. Quality assurance. ISO 9000,
data, tabular form, construction of tables/essentials for tables. Quality control
charts, basis of control charts, control limits/action limits, specification limits.
State of statistical control. Types of variation of quality assessed from quality
control charts, variation due to chance, and variations due to assignable causes.
Advantages of using quality control charts, types of quality control charts, x-bar
charts (day to day i.e. subgroup to subgroup variation), r-bar charts (within day
i.e. within subgroup variation), p-bar charts (percent defective), how and when
corrective action is taken by using Q.C. charts.
Yarn Testing
Evenness, advance details of evenness testing with help of UT-3 and UT-4
testing devices. Testing of hairiness of yarn with the help of various devices,
Friction, Measurement of yarn friction. Yarn Strength, Advance details of testing
comparison of single yarn testing and yarn lea testing.
Recommended Books
1. B. P. Saville, “Physical Testing of Textiles”, The Textile Institute,
Manchester,1999.
2. Bona, M., “Textile Quality : Physical Methods of Product and
Process Control”, Eurotex, Italy, 1994.
3. Bona, M., “Statistical Methods for the Textile Industry”, Eurotex,
Italy, 1993.
4. Leaf, G., “Practical Statistics for the Textile Industry: Part I & II”,
The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1984.
5. Steadman, R. G., Cotton Testing”, The Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1997.
6. Barella, A., “ The Hairiness of Yarns”, The Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1993.
7. Slater, K., “Yarn Evenness”, The Textile Institute, Manchester,
1986.
Manmade Fibers
Latest techniques for producing manmade fibers used in textile industry.
48
Filament Yarns
Modern methods of manufacturing filament yarns used in woven /knitted fabrics
and carpets. Systems of texturizing filament yarns.
Recommended Books
1. Goswami, B. C. and Martindale, J. G., “Textile Yarns: Technology,
Structure and Applications”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977.
2. Wilson, D. K. and Kullo, T., “The Production of Textured Yarns by
the False-Twist Technique”, The Textile Institute, Manchester,
1989.
3. Wilson, D. K. and Kullo, T., “The Production of Textured Yarns by
Methods Other than False-Twist Technique”, The Textile Institute,
Manchester, 1989.
4. Wilson, D. K., “Monitoring and Testing of Manufactured Fibres”,
The Textile Institute, Manchester, 1998.
Air-conditioning:
Physical Properties of air; composition of air, air pressure, air temperature, air
humidity, heat contents of air, measurement of humidity. Principles of air-
conditioning, comfort and industrial air-conditioning. Basic heat transfer and
mass transfer, application to textile industry. Refrigeration equipment, primary
and secondary refrigerants, Psychometric chart and its use, calculation of
requirements, complete calculation of the simple air-conditioning system. Air
distribution systems, duct design, distribution equipment. Design of an air-
conditioning plant for a textile industry.
Humidification:
Humidity, measurement of humidity, automatic temperature and humidity control;
pneumatic, electric and hydraulic systems. Dehumidification. Equipment
selection and design, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, fans and diffusers, prevention
of noise and vibration, cooling towers.
Ventilation:
Hygienic aspects of ventilation; aims of ventilation, Industrial health hazards
(dust, high temperature, high humidity, deleterious gases, and liquids), types of
ventilation: general air change ventilation, local ventilation, cleaning air of
suspended matter: dry cleaning, wet cleaning. system of air change in textile mill
ventilation: upper-level delivery, low-level delivery, active system of delivery,
dustless system of delivery, features of air delivery and removal from
windowless buildings. Equipment.
Ventilating, humidifying and air conditioning installations employed in textile mills
processing different fibres
49
Illumination:
Introduction, requirement of illumination in the different sections of textile
industry, effect of illumination on working efficiency.
PRACTICAL
Practical work will be based on the contents of the course.
Books recommended
1. Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Heating in Textile Mills, by N. Sorokin.
2. Modern Air Conditioning Practice, by, Norman C. Harris
3. Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by Althouse, Turnquist and
Bracciano.
4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by Wilbert F. Stocker and Jerold W.
Jones
50
Eighth Semester
1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 3-1
Sources of Energy
Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy, recovery of waste heat,
applicable principles
Atmospheric Pollution
Its origin and prevention, emission and control technology, industrial air pollution,
air quality pollution and criteria setting.
ISO 14000
EMS (Environment Management System). Environmental Aspects Identification.
Tracking environmental laws and regulations. Setting objectives and targets.
Scheduling for EMS action plan. Documentations and communication (internal
and external parties) EMS auditing.
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Chemistry by A.K. Dee
2. Environmental Science, the way the world works by B. J. Nebel, 1990.
3. Environmental impact of chemical industry, A. Hursthouse in “ An
introduction to industrial chemistry” by Ed. By Alan Heaton
4. Environmental Engineering by Gerard Kiely
51
2. MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING 3–1
Basic Principles
Basic principles of preventive and scheduled maintenance, inspection, cleaning,
servicing, lubrication, replacement, repair, factors necessitating regular
maintenance, maintenance personnel, schedule and procedures.
Record Keeping
Accuracy/ efficiency testing charts, routine maintenance charts and log sheets,
performance, reports, histories, job order forms scheduling.
Maintenance costs
Major components, personnel, material, storage, downtimes, reassembling.
Calibration
Introduction, calibration and ISO, calibration standards, primary and secondary
standards, traceability of standards, calibration of balances, dimensions,
pressure gauges, load cells, thermometers and thermocouples, temperature
gauges and indicators, volumetric gauges, documentation and record keeping
for standards and calibrated equipments.
Spares Storage
Criteria for storage of parts, care during storage.
Safety
Precautions, installation, testing and replacement of safety warning equipment,
alarms, shut-off procedures, evacuations.
PRACTICAL
As per course outline
Recommended Books:
1. Lewis, B. T., “Management Hand Book for Plant Engineers”,
McGrawHill.
2. Higgins, L. R. and Morro, L. C., “Maintenance Engineering Hand Book”,
McGrawHill.
52
3. COLOR PHYSICS 2-0
Introduction
Definitions, nature of light, waves, electromagnetic waves, spectrum, wavelength
range of light, assignment of color in visual spectrum, monochromators, prism,
diffraction grating, light sources, continuous sources, daylight, incandescence,
tungsten filament, black body radiators, color temperature, line sources, gas
discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps, triphosphor lamps,
Color Reflection
Absorption of light by dyes and pigments, reflectance and transmission,
reflectance curves, fluorescence, metamerism,
Color Mixing
Additive, portative, subtractive, color reproduction, color description, hue,
lightness, and saturation,
Color systems
Color order systems, Munsell system, NCS, Pantone, deficiencies of color
atlases, the CIE System, color differences, color and concentration,
Color Measurement
Principle of color measurement, color measuring instruments: colorimeters and
spectrophotometers, anatomy of spectrophotometers, comparison visual and
instrumental color assessment, and system selection.
53
Recommended Books
1. Kurt Nassan, “The Physics and Chemistry of Colour”, John Willy’s &
Sons, 2001
2. Hans G. Volz, “Industrial Colour Testing”, Willy’s-VCH, 1995
3. Rodricick McDonald, “Colour Physics for Industry”, Society of Dyers &
Colorists, 1997.
Overview to Marketing
Understanding marketing and the marketing process, basic concepts and
definitions, marketing in changing world, marketing process, marketing
environment
Product Pricing
Pricing essentials and factors, pricing approaches, pricing strategies
Product Placement
Understanding the need of placement / distribution, nature of distribution
channels, channel behavior and organization, retailing and whole selling
Product Promotion
Advertising, sales promotion and public relation, personal selling, managing
sales force, principles of personal selling
54
Recommended Books
1. Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong
2. Marketing in Action by Richard
RECOMMENDATIONS
4. The class rooms should be provided with modern teaching aids like
overhead projector, multimedia projector etc.
55
10. The experts in the field should deliver lectures on various areas of
specialization in the universities.
11. The universities should have strong contacts with the alumni and
alumni bodies should be encouraged / patronized by the universities.
_______-sd-___________ _________-sd-______________
Dr. Mumtaz Hassan Malik Prof. Dr. Rafique Ahmed Jhatial
Convener Secretary
_______________-sd-_______________________
Wing Commander Syed Badar-u-ddin Hashmi ®
Member
56