Muscular System

Lower Extremity
Reynaldo V. Lopez, M.D.
Senior Lecturer, Department of
Anatomy
AUF School of Medicine
 Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint
The ball-and-socket hip
joint, with its 3 axes of
rotation is capable of:
1. Flexion & extension
2. Abduction & adduction
3. Medial & lateral rotation
 Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint
The flexors of the hip
are the:
1. Psoas major
2. Iliacus
* these muscles are
considered
together as the
iliopsoas
 Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint

The extensors of the

hip are the:
1. Gluteus maximus
2. Hamstring muscles
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
• Biceps femoris
 Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint
The abductors/medial
rotators of the hip
are the:
1. Gluteus medius
2. Gluteus minimus
3. Tensor fasciae
latae
 Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint

The adductors of the hip

are the:
1. Adductor longus
2. Adductor brevis
3. Adductor magnus
 Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint

The lateral rotators of

the hip are the:
1. Piriformis
2. Obturator externus
3. Obturator internus
4. Superior and inferior
gemellus
5. Quadratus femoris
Muscles that Move the Femur at the Hip Joint
Muscles that Move the Femur
at the Hip Joint
 Muscles that Act at the Knee
Joint

The knee is a hinge

joint capable of
flexion & extension,
with a slight
amount of medial &
lateral rotation
when not fully
extended.
 Muscles that Act at the Knee
Joint
The flexors of the
knee are the:
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimebranosus
4. Sartorius
5. Gracilis
6. Popliteus
 Muscles that Act at the Knee
Joint
The extensors of the
knee are the:
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus
intermedius
4. Vastus medialis
Muscles that Act at the Knee
Joint
Muscles that Act at the Knee
Joint
Muscles that Act at the Knee
Joint
 Muscles of the Leg

 Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles

 Tightly binds muscles
 Prevents swelling during exercise
 Aids venous return
 Divides leg into three compartments
 Tendons are held in place by:
 Extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula
 Muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal
joints
 Muscles that Move the Foot

The ankle joint is a

hinge joint capable
of plantarflexion &
dorsiflexion.
 Muscles that Move the Foot

The plantarflexors of the ankle

located at the posterior
compartment are the:
1. Superficial muscles
 Triceps surae
 Gastrocnemius
 Soleus
 Muscles that Move the Foot

The plantarflexors of the ankle

located at the posterior
compartment are the:
2. Deep muscles
 Popliteus
 Peroneus longus
 Peroneus brevis
 Tibialis posterior
Muscles that Move the Foot
 Muscles that Move the Foot
The dorsiflexors of the ankle
located at the anterior
compartment are the:
1. Tibialis anterior
2. Extensor digitorum
longus
3. Extensor hallucis longus
4. Peroneus tertius
 Muscles that Move the Foot
These muscles continue on
to insert into the toes:
1. Extensor digitorum
longus
2. Extensor hallucis longus
Muscles that Move the Foot
 Muscles that Move the Foot

The movements of
eversion of the foot
(turning so the sole
faces outward) &
inversion (turning
so the sole faces
inward) use the
subtalar axis.
 Muscles that Move the Foot
The invertors are the:
1. Tibialis anterior ) tendons pass on the
2. Tibialis posterior ) great-toe side

The evertors are the:

1. Peroneus longus ) tendons pass on the
2. Peroneus brevis ) little-toe side of the
3. Peroneus tertius ) subtalar axis
 Muscles of the Lateral
Compartment

 Peroneus
longus
 Peroneus brevis
 Peronius tertius
Muscles of the Lateral
Compartment
 Muscles of the Toes
There are 4 basic muscle
layers of the foot. The
first layer contains the:
1. Abductor hallucis
(abducts the great toe)
2. Flexor digitorum brevis
(flexes 2nd phalanges of the
4 small toes)
3. Abductor digiti minimi
(abducts the small toe)
 Muscles of the Toes
The second layer
contains the:
1. Quadratus plantae
(flex the terminal
phalanges of the 4
small toes)
2. Lumbricals (flex the
proximal phalanges &
extend the distal
phalanges of the 4
small toes)
 Muscles of the Toes
The third layer contains
the:
1. Flexor hallucis
brevis (flexes the
proximal phalanx of the
great toes)
2. Adductor hallucis
(adducts the great toe)
3. Flexor digiti minimi
brevis (flexes the
proximal phalanx of the
little toe)
 Muscles of the Toes
The fourth layer
contains the:
1. 4 Dorsal interossei
(abduct 2nd, 3rd, & 4th
toes & flex the proximal
& extend the distal
phalanges)
2. 3 Plantar interossei
(adduct the 3rd, 4th & 5th
toes)