Epithelium

Epithelium:
-Broad sheet-like tissue that covers (lines) surfaces
-Divides body into compartments and forms barriers
that control and modify substances traversing it
- Protection, Secretion, Excretion, Absorption, Transport
Sites of Occurrence:
1. Skin
2. Body Cavities
3. Serous Sacs
4. Blood Vessels
5. Glands
6. Many Other Organs

Embryology:
Ectoderm- Skin
Endoderm- GIT
Mesoderm- Endothelium &
Mesothelium
Characteristics in General:
1. Hypercellularity
2. Avascularity
3. Polarity
4. Cell Cohesion/ Adhesion
5. Cell Renewal
6. Metaplasia
7. Surface Modifications
8. Basement Membrane
9. Lamina Propia
10. Nuclei Tend to Conform
with Shape of Cell
Polarity Metaplasia
 Actin Filaments

Apical Surface Specialization #1: Microvilli

Apical Specialization #2: Cilia
Cilium & Centriole &
Flagellum Basal Body

(9 2 + 2) (9 3)
“axoneme”

Microtubules: Core of Cilia, Flagella,

Centriole, & Basal Body
Apical Specialization #3: Stereocilia
Lateral Surface Modifications:
Junctional Complex
“Zonula” – circumferential band, a “belt”
“Macula” – a spot, or a patch
1. Zonula Occludens – Tight Junction
Zonula Occludens – crests fit into grooves, seals off
intercellular space
2. Zonula Adherens – attachment of actin filaments
Zonula Adherens – cell to cell adhesion
3. Macula Adherens (Desmosome) –
two dense plaques on opposing membranes
Desmosome – keratin (intermediate) filaments anchor
to plaques; cell to cell attachment
4. Gap Junction (Nexus) :
- cell to cell transfer of ions and other small molecules
- thus, for intercellular communications
Basement Membrane (Basal Lamina)
Chemical Composition of Basal Lamina
 Simple Squamous, Surface View, Silver Stain

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Types of Epithelium (cont.)
Simple Squamous # 1: Parietal Layer of Bowman’s
Capsule (of Kidney) (Diag.)
Simple Squamous # 2: Endothelium
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Simple Squamous # 3: Mesothelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium # 1: Kidney Tubules
CELLS OF PROXIMAL TUBULE
Simple Cuboidal # 2: Follicular Cells of Thyroid Gland
Simple Cuboidal # 3: Pigment Epithelium of Retina (diag.)
Simple Columnar Epithelium # 1:
Mucosa of Small Intestine
Simple Columnar Epithelium w/ Striated Border
Simple Columnar Epithelium #2 (w/ Cilia) :
Mucosa of Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)
Pseudo-Stratified Columnar
w/ Cilia and Goblet =
“Respiratory Epithelium”
Pseudo-Stratified Columnar w/ Stereocilia :
Ductus Epididymis , Ductus Deferens
Stereocilia = Long Microvilli
Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Keratinized (Dry):
Epidermis of Skin
Stratified Squamous, Non-Keratinized (Wet):
Esophagus, Vagina
Transitional Epithelium : Urinary Bladder, Ureter
Transitional Epithelium = “Stretchable Epithelium”
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: (rare) , Larger Ducts
of Sweat and Salivary Glands
Stratified Columnar Epithelium: (rare), Larger Ducts
Sweat and Salivary Glands , and in…….
Conjunctiva
Formation of Glands
Types of Gland as to Morphology
Types of Gland as to Nature of Secretion
Serous Acinus Mucous Acinus
Mixed Muco-Serous Gland
Serous Demilune (of Gianuzzi)
Types of Gland as to Manner of Cell Participation
During Secretion
Release of Sperm Cell
or Ovum :
“Cytogenic Secretion”
FUNCTIONS:
1. Structural Support 3. Repair
2. Defense 4. Storage
a) Physical
b) Immunological

SITES OF OCCURRENCE: ALL OVER THE BODY, IN ALL ORGANS:

1. Supports epithelium
2. Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, hollow viscera, solid organs
3. Fills in spaces and interstices forming compartments
4. Connects organ to organ

GENERAL PROPERTIES:
1. Less cells, more matrix
2. Highly vascular
3. Rapid rate of metabolism

BASIC STRUCTURE:
1. CELLS
2. MATRIX (EXTRA- / INTER-CELLULAR SUBSTANCE)
- Fibers
- Amorphous Ground substance
CELLS:
I. FIXED ( NATIVE )
1. MESENCHYMAL CELL
2. FIBROBLAST
3. RETICULAR CELL
4. ADIPOCYTE (FAT CELL)

II. WANDERING
1. MACROPHAGE
2. MAST CELL
3. PLASMA CELL
4. LEUCOCYTES (WBC’ s)

MATRIX
I. FIBERS
1. COLLAGENOUS
2. ELASTIC
3. RETICULAR

II. AMORPHOUS GROUND SUBSTANCE

1. PROTEOGLYCAN
CLASSIFICATION:

A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

1. LOOSE (AREOLAR)
2. DENSE
a. REGULAR
b. IRREGULAR

C. SPECIAL TYPES
1. ADIPOSE
2. MUCOUS
3. ELASTIC
4. RETICULAR
5. CARTILAGE
6. BONE
7. BLOOD
8. MYELOID
9. LYMPHOID
FIXED CELLS

Fibroblast, Mesenchymal Cell,

and Reticular Cell have common
morphology:
1. Stellate cell
2. Long cytoplasmic processes
3. Central pale, ovoid nucleus
with prominent nucleolus
4. Features of protein-secreting cell:
a) Abundant ribosomes (basophilia)
b) Numerous RER
c) Prominent Golgi complex
d) Numerous mitochondria
1. FIBROBLAST = the “Matrix Maker”
FIBROBLAST (CONT.)
2. MESENCHYMAL CELL = the “Mother Cell”
 MESENCHYMAL CELL (CONT.)
Adventitial Cells – Mesenchymal cells that remain undifferentiated in adult
connective tissue
3. RETICULAR CELL = “ Fiber Maker”, Stem cell, Immune Cell
Reticular Cells in Stroma of Lymph Node
4. ADIPOCYTE (FAT CELL) = the “Energy Keeper”
UNILOCULAR ADIPOCYTES
 , Unilocular
( At Times Yellow,due to Carotenoid Pigment)

THE MORE ABUNDANT TYPE

 ( Reddish- Brown color due
to mitochondrial cytochromes)

Limited in occurrence to the axillary region, posterior cervical triangles,

and renal hilus of newborn and elderly.
More intense metabolic activity.
 WANDERING CELLS

1. PLASMA CELL = the “ Antibody Producer”

PLASMA CELL (LM)
PLASMA CELL (EM)
2. MAST CELL = the “ Allergy Agent”
MAST CELL (EM)
3. MACROPHAGE = the “ Intruder Swallower”
MACROPHAGE (EM)
MACROPHAGES COALESCE TO FORM – MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELL
4. LEUCOCYTES = the “ Precursors”
 FIBERS

1. COLLAGEN FIBERS = the “strength”

(Collagen type I)
COLLAGEN FIBERS (CONT.)
2. ELASTIC FIBERS = the “Flexibility”
ELASTIC FIBERS (CONT.)
3. RETICULAR FIBERS = the “ Motile Cells’ Support”
(Collagen Type III)
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT.)
2. A) DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE – “Rope-like”
2. B) DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE – “Fabric-like”
3. MUCOUS / MESENCHYMAL / EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4. ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
5. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
6. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Matrix
(Colloidal)

Chondrocyte

Perichondrium
Cartilage Matrix
1. Hyaline
Cartilage
2. Elastic
Cartilage
3. Fibrous
Cartilage
Calcified
Matrix
Compact and Cancellous Bone
Compact Bone
Haversian and Volkmann’s Canals
Cancellous or Spongy Bone
Red Marrow
Endochondral Ossification
Intramembranous Ossification
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated Disc
Smooth Muscle
T-System of Skeletal Muscle
T-System of Cardiac Muscle
FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD:

I. RBC (ERYTHROCYTES)
II. WBC (LEUCOCYTES)
A. GRANULOCYTES
1. NEUTROPHILS
2. EOSINOPHILS
3. BASOPHILS
B. AGRANULOCYTES
1. LYMPHOCYTES
2. MONOCYTES
III. PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
 RBC

1.9 u

7.5 u

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
1. SIZE AND SHAPE
 Central
Pallor

RBC’s , WRIGHT’s STAIN

 PLATELETS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, WRIGHT’s STAIN

MEGAKARYOCYTE
PLATELET’s 2 ZONES:
HYALOMERE & GRANULOMERE
 W B C’s

2 GROUPS: GRANULOCYTES & AGRANULOCYTES

SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2 TYPES OF GRANULES IN LEUCOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS (PMN=POLYMORPHONUCLEARS)
EOSINOPHIL
BASOPHIL
LYMPHOCYTES (MN=MONONUCLEARS)
MONOCYTE
2 TYPES OF BONE MARROW: RED & YELLOW
RED MARROW- CHIEF HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE IN MAN
 BONE MARROW

BONE MARROW SECTION

BONE MARROW SMEAR
 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

1. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE FRAMEWORK

2. CELLS: A) BLOOD CELLS AT VARIOUS MATURATIONAL STAGES
B) CONN. TISSUE CELLS: FAT CELLS, MACROPHAGES,
MAST CELLS, PLASMA CELLS,
RETICULAR CELLS
3. VASCULAR TREE: SINUSOIDS
MONOPHYLETIC THEORY OF HEMOPOIESIS
ERYTHROPOIESIS: BASIC CHANGES
STAGES OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
PROERYTHROBLAST
BASOPHILIC , POLYCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLASTS
POLYCHROMATOPHILIC, ORTHOCHROMATIC ERYTHROBLASTS
ORTHOCHROMATIC ERYTHROBLASTS ( NORMOBLASTS )
BASOPHILIC ERYTHROCYTE
RETICULOCYTES ( BASOPHILIC ERYTHROCYTES )
GRANULOPOIESIS: BASIC CHANGES (nucleus)
GRANULOPOIESIS: BASIC CHANGES (cytoplasm)
STAGES OF GRANULOPOIESIS
PROMYELOCYTE
BASOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
EOSINOPHILIC MYELOCYTE
NEUTROPHILIC METAMYELOCYTE
THROMBOPOIESIS
MEGAKARYOCYTE
LYMPHOPOIESIS, MONOPOIESIS
DEVELOPMENT OF B & T LYMPHOCYTES