Histology

Name or List Questions

Levels of Structural Organization:

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organismal

Basic Kinds of Tissues:

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Histology Types:

1. General
2. Systemic

General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:

1. Basic tissue of the body.

2. Covers surfaces or lines cavities.
3. Forms most glands.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue:

1. Protection
2. Absorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion
5. Filtration

Special Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:

1. Cellularity
2. Specialized Contacts
3. Support by Connective Tissue
4. Polarity
5. Innervated
6. Avascular
7. Regenerative

Epithelial Tissue Forms:

1. Covering
2. Glandular
Simple Squamous Epithelium

Special Types:

1. Endothelium
- Lines hollow organs.
2. Mesothelium
- Lines peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities
- Lines visceral organs of those cavities.

Functions:

1. Passive Diffusion
2. Filtration
3. Secretion

Locations:

1. Kidney (renal corpuscles)

2. Alveoli of Lungs
3. Inner & Middle Ear
4. Lines the heart, blood and lymphatic vessels.
5. Lines ventral body cavity.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Functions:

1. Secretion
2. Absorption

Locations:

1. Kidney tubules
2. Thyroid gland
3. Ovary surface
4. Secretory portion of small glands
5. Capsule of the lens
Simple Columnar Epithelium

Functions:

1. Absorption
2. Secretion (enzymes, mucus, and other substances)
3. Ciliated type, propelling of substances.

Locations:

- Ciliated:
1. Bronchi
2. Uterus
3. Uterine tube
- Non-ciliated:
1. Digestive tract
2. Gall bladder
3. Ducts of some glands

Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium:

Functions:

1. Secretion

Locations:

- Ciliated:
1. Trachea
2. Upper respiratory tract
3. Epididymis
- Non-ciliated:
1. Ducts of large glands (parotid gland)
2. Lacrimal sac

Characteristics of Stratified Epithelium:

1. Contain two or more cells.

2. Regenerates from below
3. Major role is protection
4. Named according to cells at apical surface.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium:

Types:

1. Keratinized
2. Non-keratinized

Function:

1. Protection

Locations:

- Keratinized:
1. Epidermis
- Non-keratinized:
1. Esophagus
2. Mouth
3. Vagina

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:

Function:

1. Passage to secretion.

Locations:

1. Ducts of sweat glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium:

Function:

1. Passage to secretion

Locations:

1. Sweat glands
2. Ducts of sweat glands
3. Large excretory ducts of pancreas & salivary glands.

Transitional Epithelium:

Function:

1. Stretching, and distension of urinary bladder.

Locations:

1. Ureters
2. Urethra (partially)
3. Urinary Bladder
Germ layers of Epithelia:

1. Ectoderm (epithelium of skin)

2. Endoderm (epithelium of gut)
3. Mesoderm (epithelium of peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities)

Epithelial Surface Features:

1. Cilia
2. Microvilli
3. Stereo-cilia

Types of Glandular Epithelium:

1. Endocrine
2. Exocrine

Exocrine Structure Classification:

1. Unicellular
2. Multicellular
- Tubular
- Acinar (alveolar) *alveoli glands are written in the manner in the sheets.

Multicellular Exocrine Gland Duct Types:

1. Simple
2. Compound

Exocrine Gland Mode of Secretion:

1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine

Exocrine Secretory Product Classification:

1. Mucous Glands
2. Serous Glands
3. Mixed Glands

Connective Tissue Components:

1. CT Cells
2. Extracellular Matrix
- Ground Substance (includes specialized protein types)
- CT Fibers

Connective Tissue Functions:

1. Bind & Anchor

Ground Substance Functions:

1. Medium of nutrient & metabolite exchange.

2. Microorganism spread prevention.
Connective Tissue Fiber Types:

1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. Reticular

Collagen Types:

1. Type I (ligaments, tendons, bones, dermis, organ capsules and loose connective
tissue)
2. Type II (cartilage matrix)
3. Type III (bone marrow & spleen)
4. Type IV (basal lamina)
5. Type V (placental basement membrane and blood vessels)

Reticular Fibers Locations (soft organs):

1. Liver
2. Lymph nodes

Elastic Fibers Locations:

1. Lungs
2. Bladder
3. Skin
4. Walls of aorta & pulmonary trunks
5. Walls of large blood vessels

Connective Tissue Cell Types:

1. Wandering Cells
2. Fixed Cells

Fixed Cells:

1. Fibroblasts (production of CT fibers & the surrounding ground substances)

2. Adipose Tissue (formed by adipocytes, protects heart and kidney)
3. Melanocytes / Pigment Cells (give color to hair, skin and eyes, protects from
ultraviolet sun light)

Wandering Cells:

1. Plasma Cells (production of antibodies)

2. Macrophages (phagocytosis of pathogens or clean up)
3. Mast Cells (production of histamine and heparin)
4. Neutrophils
5. Eosinophils
6. Basophils
7. Lymphocytes
8. Monocytes
Fibroblast States:

1. Active
2. Inactive

Specific Macrophage Names:

1. Kupffer Cells (liver)

2. Dust Cells (lung)
3. Langerhans Cells (skin)
4. Monocytes (blood)
5. Osteoclast (bone)
6. Microglia (brain)

Types of Connective Tissue:

1. Proper Connective Tissue

- Loose Connective Tissue
- Dense Connective Tissue
 Regular (tendons, ligaments, periosteum, perichondrium, deep fascia and
some organ capsules)
 Irregular (reticular dermis layer & most organ capsules)
2. Special Connective Tissue
- Cartilage
- Blood
- Bone
- Adipose Tissue

Some Loose CT Types:

1. Adipose Tissue (around heart & kidney)

2. Areolar Tissue
3. Mucous CT (umbilical cord & pulp of young teeth)

Cartilage Components:

1. CT Cells
2. Extracellular Matrix
- CT Fibers
- Ground Substance

Cartilage Forms:

1. Chondroblasts (immature, active, cartilage forming cells)

2. Chondrocytes (mature, less active, found inside cavities/lacunae)

Perichondrium Layers:

1. Outer fibrous layer

2. Inner cellular layer (chondrogenic layer)
Types of Cartilages (based on amount and types of CT fibers in matrix):

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fiber/Fibro

Hyaline Cartilage Locations:

1. Embryo & precursor of bones

2. Ventral ends of ribs
3. Tracheal rings & larynx
4. Joint surface of bones

Elastic Cartilage Locations:

1. External ear
2. Auditory tube wall
3. Epiglottis
4. Larynx

Fibrocartilage Locations:

1. Intervertebral discs
2. Pubic symphysis
3. Tendon & ligament bone insertions

Bones Functions:

1. Support
2. Locomotors
3. Hemopoiesis
4. Storage of Minerals (maintain homeostasis of body fluids)

Bone Components:

1. Cells
2. Intercellular Substance

Intercellular Substance Divisions:

1. Organic (aka osteoid)

2. Inorganic (consist of calcium salts)

Bone Cell Types:

1. Osteoprogenitor
2. Osteoblasts (active)
3. Osteocytes (inactive)
4. Osteoclast

Types of Bones:

1. Woven (low mineral, high osteocyte proportion)

2. Lamellar (high mineral, lower osteocyte proportion)
Bone Layers:

1. Outer cortical / compact bone

2. Inner trabecular / spongy / cancellous bone

Haversian Canals Components (central canal):

1. Blood Vessels
2. Loose CT
3. Nerves

Lamellae Components:

1. Collagen
2. Amorphus substances

Endosteum is:

1. Osteoprogenitors
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoclasts

Blood Components:

1. Solid Part (Blood Cells)

2. Liquid Part (Plasma)

Blood Cells are:

1. RBCs / Erythrocytes
2. WBCs / Leukocytes
3. Platelets / Thrombocytes

Blood Functions:

1. Transportation:
- Gases (O2 & CO2)
- Nutrients (Glucose, Amino Acids & Free Fatty Acids)
- Waste (Urea, Uric Acid)
- Hormones (Insulin)
2. WBCs Defense
3. Homeostasis
4. Hemostasis
5. Storage
6. Acid & Base Balance Regulation (pH)

Blood Type Distribution (Volume = 7L, 7% of Body Weight):

1. Plasma (54%)
2. Platelets + Leukocytes (1%)
3. Erythrocytes (45%)
Leukocyte Classifications:

Granules:

1. Granular
2. Agranular

Shape of Nucleus:

1. Mononuclear
2. Polymorphonuclear

Staining Affinities of Granules:

1. Neutrophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Basophil

WBC Defense Functions:

1. Bacterial Infection Defense

2. Parasitic Infection Defense
3. Viral Infection Defense
4. Tumor Defense

Lymphocyte Size Classification:

1. Small
2. Medium
3. Large

Lymphocyte Function Classification:

1. T Lymphocytes (matured in thymus)

2. B Lymphocytes (developed in bone marrow)

Muscle Tissue Functions:

1. Movement
2. Maintain Posture
3. Stabilizes Joints
4. Produce Heat

Muscle Tissue Types:

1. Cardiac (involuntary striated)

2. Smooth (involuntary smooth)
3. Skeletal (voluntary striated)

Myofibrils Protein Components:

1. Actin
2. Myosin
Muscle Functional Classification:

1. Voluntary
2. Involuntary

Muscle Structural Classification:

1. Smooth (unstriated)
2. Striated (cross-striation)

Muscle Fiber Components:

1. Glyocgen
2. Numerous Mitochondria
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cardiac Muscle Locations:

1. Heart Walls
2. Septa of Heart
3. Walls of Large Vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk)

Basket Cells (myoepithelial cells) Locations:

1. Salivary Glands
2. Sweat Glands
3. Lacrimal Gland
4. Mammary Glands

Nervous System Divisions:

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System Components:

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Spinal Cord
4. Meninges

Peripheral Nervous System Components:

1. Nerve trunk
2. Ganglia
3. Nerve ending

Layers of Meninges:

1. Outer Dura Mater (thick, fibrous)

2. Middle Arachnoid Mater (thinner)
3. Inner Pia Mater (delicate)
Nerve Tissue Structural Components:

1. Nerve cells (neurons)

2. Glial cells (neuroglia)

Nervous System Functions:

1. Detect, analyze, utilize, transmit all info generated by sensory stimuli.

2. Organize, coordinate most body functions.

Neuron Components:

1. Perikaryon (cell body)

2. Dendrite
3. Axon

Neuron Process Number Classification:

1. Pseudo-uni polar
2. Bipolar
3. Multipolar

Neuron Functional Classification:

1. Motor, controls effector organs (glands & muscle fibers)

2. Sensory, involved in reception of senses.

Neuroglia Functions:

1. Surround and hold neurons in place.

2. Supply nutrients & O2 to neuron.
3. Isolation one neuron from other.
4. Destroy pathogen & remove dead neurons.

Neuroglia Include:

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Epindimal Cells
5. Schwann Cells

Synapses Types:

1. Axodendritic
2. Axosomatic
3. Axoaxonic
4. Dendrodendritic